d most likely will not be observed.
how many sections there are in it, or what is The ultimate reputation, however, of any bis-
contained in a single section ?” (Annals, p. torical work rests upon its accuracy of state-
479.) There are historians who have written ment. Mr. McMaster has the qualities of a
upon the subject and would find difficulty in first-class historian; and if he will make a re-
answering Mr. Bayard's interrogatories. Later / vision of the two volumes he has already
in the debate, Mr. Bayard stated concisely the printed, and will take more time in the prepara-
facts over which so many historians have | tion of the three remaining volumes, he will
stumbled:
give us a standard and most entertaining his-
“This subject has not been correctly understood. | tory of the United States from the Revolution
I have heard much said about additional courts to the Civil War.
created by the act of the last session. Under the
W. F. PoolE.
former system there was one Supreme Court,
and there is but one now. There were seventeen
district courts, and there are no more now. There
THOMAS MIDDLETON. *
are six circuit courts which sit in twenty-two dis-
tricts. Each court visits at least three districts, The writings of Middleton possess a greater
some four. Each district has now always the same intellectual value when they are read in
court. By the repeal you save nothing but the
connection with the literature which they
salary of sixteen judges, at $2,000 each.” (Annals,
1801-02, pp. 623, 625.)
illustrate than when they are read for them-
Mr. McMaster (p. 453) attributes the au-
selves alone. He ranks among the body of
writers who are loosely classified as Elizabethan
thorship of the noted sentence concerning
Dramatists more because he was contempo-
Washington, “First in war, first in peace, and
raneous with them and worked in their lines
first in the hearts of his countrymen,” to
Chief Justice Marshall. Marshall, indeed,
* THE WORKS OF THOMAS MIDDLETON. Edited by A. H.
read in the House of Representatives the l fin & Company.
| Bullen, B.A. In eight volumes. Boston: Houghton, Mif.


1885.]
115
THE DIAL
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than because he was a dramatist. If we read the expense of the author and read in the
him, it is not as we read Marlowe, who, with closet, but to be purchased by enterprising
all his fustian and bombast, rose at need to managers who knew what they wanted, and
the dramatic demands of his subject, as in played to expectant audiences who also knew
“Edward the Second” and “Dr. Faustus”; as what they wanted. The audiences that made
we read Jonson, who, in spite of the deliberate or marred the fortunes of the old dramatists
declamation in which he loved to indulge, was were not exacting, provided they were suffi-
not without tragic and comic power; or as we ciently amused. They went to the Globe, the
read Beaumont and Fletcher, who, in the Blackfriars, or the Curtain, as they went to a
midst of much false writing, were occasionally wrestling match, a bull baiting, or an execu-
natural and pathetic. We read him as we tion for high treason. They demanded the
read Lyly, and Greene, and Peele, not because horrible in tragedy—clamoring for crimes that
he depicts life and character, but because he could not be expiated, and a succession of ca-
entertains us by the ingenuity of his action, tastrophes that strewed the stage with the
the movement of his scenes, and the odd say dead and the dying. What they demanded
ings that he puts into the mouths of his char in comedy we may divine from reading the
acters. He is not a dramatist, but a play | interludes of Heywood, “Gammer Gurton's
wright, and a very clever one. The impressions Needle,” “The Four P's," and other sixteenth
that we derive from Middleton and writers of century foolery, as we may divine what they
his class, differ in kind and duration from the demanded in the next century, which was less
impressions that we derive from Shakespeare, robustious and more sophisticate, from read-
Fielding, and Thackeray. It is the difference ing the plays of Middleton, whose predilection
which separates the world in which we live, as well as his practice was towards the comic
move, and have our being, from the world of in life and character. Like Dekker and Nashe,
« The Fairie Queene” and “The Princess,”— he was a student of the “humours” of his time.
the world of men and women from the world It is not, and could not well be, a nice study,
of poetic shadows. The life of Middleton's considering the coarse manners and coarser con-
plays is not the life that we live, or that any. versation of the time; but it might have been
body ever lived: it is fictitious, unnatural, im nicer than it was. He lacked the refinement
possible. We are entertained by it, however, which we feel in Shakespeare, in spite of his
as we are entertained by the personages in a indelicate allusions, and he lacked the decorum
fairy tale or the puppets in a pantomime, which is the salvation of comic art. It is a
though it adds nothing to our permanent strange life to which he introduces us in
intellectual enjoyment.
“ Blurt, Master Constable,” “ Michaelmas
The little that we know of Middleton does Term," “ The Mayor of Queenborough,” “A
not enlighten us as to his personality, nor does | Trick to Catch the Old One,” “The Family of
it enable us to understand why he devoted so Love,” “Your Five Gallants,” “The Roaring
many years to dramatic writing, for which he Girl," and “A Mad World,” my masters. It
had no special aptitude. He began his literary is a mad world, indeed, and its inhabitants are
career, when he was about twenty-seven, with worthy of it-haunters of taverns, ordinaries,
a tedious paraphrase in verse of the Wisdom and stews, addicted to drinking, dicing, and
of Solomon, and followed it two years after drabbing, spendthrifts and sharpers, cutpurses
ward with “Six Snarling Satyres." He must and catchpoles, bullies and kept women; an
have made something which passed for repu Alsatia of animal spirits into which decency
tation then with these productions, indifferent never penetrates, and where the name of the
as they were; for before three years were | Deity is never heard except in imprecations.
ended he was employed by Henslowe with It does not offend the moral sense, unless it has
Munday, Drayton, Dekker, Webster, and been emasculated by prudery; at any rate, it
others, in the writing of sundry plays. Time, need not offend it, for we never for a moment
which “hath an art to make dust of all accept it or mistake it for a reality. The
things,” hath made dust of these plays, but life that animates it is not so much immoral as
hath spared the diary in which this careful old unmoral. It has not abrogated the Ten Com-
manager recorded the sums of money dis mandments: it has simply never heard of them.
bursed by him to their writers, on account or | Something like this, I imagine, is the impres-
in full payment. That Middleton was con sion which the works of Middleton are likely
sidered a gocd hand at this kind of work was to leave upon the mind that curiously consid-
evident from the standing of the men with | ers them. They have left this impression upon
whom he wrote in partnership, and who were my mind, and it does not lessen the admiration
certainly not “prentice han’s," whatever wel that I feel for Middleton, who was a poet if
may think them now, and from the number of he was not a moralist. He belonged to a
his works, which would not have amounted to school of poets who sought to interest their
so manı if they had not been more or less popu- countrymen in the fortunes and feelings of
lar. They were not written to be published at 1 mankind. They might have written epics,


116
[Sept.,
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which were still in fashion, or pastorals, which laws are not only analogous to natural laws,
were still in fashion, or philosophical poems, but are identical with them.
which were still in fashion ; but they chose to “In two hundred years," says Drummond,
write dramas. They did not appeal to scholars, “the scientific world has been rent with dis-
or thinkers, or poets, but to simple folk like cussions upon the Origin of Life,” one school
themselves. Poetry with them was not the claiming that “matter can spontaneously gen-
labored exercise of an ambitious art, but the erate life," the other that “life can only come
impulsive expression of a natural feeling. from pre-existing life.” Not to follow the
The sanctity of the poet's mission, which is so arguments on either side, the question is at
much insisted upon nowadays, was unknown length regarded as settled, and science an-
to them ; if they had any message to deliver, nounces, in the words of Iluxley, that “the
they delivered it unconsciously. They wrote doctrine of Biogenesis, or life only from life,
because they were moved to write ; and as the is victorious along the whole line.” For a
race to which they belonged was a manly one, much longer period a similar discussion has
they wrote manfully. They wrote as they engaged the religious world. “ Translating
lived, frankly, heartily, and healthily, and if from the language of Science into that of Re-
they indulged in the pale cast of thought, ligion,” the theory of spontaneous generation
which was not often, it was bestowed upon the is simply that a man may grow better and
characters they created, and not upon their better until he “reaches that quality of relig-
petty selves. They could not have understood ious nature known as Spiritual Life.” Op-
the morbid self-consciousness of Rousseau, or posed to this is the doctrine of Regeneration,
Byron, or Leopardi, and if they could have or Spiritual Biogenesis. There are the great
understood it their robust personality would kingdoms of Nature—the inorganic and the
not have allowed them to depict it. Their organic—the dead and the living. The inor-
poetry may be coarse, but it is never diseased. ganic or mineral world has no power within
It differs from ours-and nowhere more than itself to enter the kingdom above it; but “the
in the dramatic work of Middleton--in its plant stretches down to the dead world be-
masculinity, its sense, and its contempt of arti neath it, touches its minerals and gases with
fice. It is obvious and not recondite, exhaust its mystery of life, and brings them up enno-
ive and not suggestive, and whatever else itbled and transformed to the living sphere."
lacks it never lacks expression. We have a A scientific classification would compel us to
larger vocabulary than theirs, but a smaller class all natural men, “ moral or immoral, ed-
language.
ucated or vulgar, as one family,” and all
The length to which this notice has extended spiritual men as another. Man in his natural
prevents me from saying what I intended to | condition is dead. He is, compared with the
say in regard to this edition of Middleton, spiritual man, as a crystal to an organism.
which leaves nothing to be desired in a classic | By no power within himself can he enter the
edition of a favorite Old English Dramatist. kingdom above him. “Except a man be born
Precisely what qualifications are needed for again he cannot enter the kingdom of God:”
such a task as Mr. Bullen has performed a law of Biogenesis pronounced by Christ.
therein, I am not enough of a specialist to According to science, three possibilities of
determine ; but whatever they may be, I am life are open to all living organisms: Balance,
satisfied, from the pleasure which he has | Evolution, and Degeneration. Bulance is
afforded me, that he possesses them. That his persistence in a level path, and is only possible
scholarship is larger than the scholarship of in theory as regards the world of life. “From
Dyce and Gifford, and other editors and com. this apparent state of balance, Evolution is
mentators of Middleton, I am sure; and I am | the escape in the upward direction, Degen-
equally sure that it is wiser, partly because iteration in the lower." Degeneration in
has enabled him to correct many of their | animals and plants is the returning of an
errors and oversights, but more because it is improved race to its original condition. The
more temperate than theirs, being judicial cultivated strawberry, if left to itself, will
where theirs is critical, and decisive where become “the small, wild strawberry of the
theirs is controversial. It is admirable work. woods.” The garden rose will degenerate
R. HI, STODDARD. into “the primitive dog-rose of the hedges."
Precisely the same thing happens in the case
- ---- -------
of man. If he neglect his body, it will suffer
NATURAL LAW IN THE SPIRITUAL WORLD.*
accordingly; if his mind, he will “ degenerate
into an imbecile;" if his soul, it will“ drop
Butler discussed the question of Analogy; off in ruin and decay,”—here, as elsewhere,
Drummond, in his “Natural Law in the Spir the author making a distinction : between
itual World,” offers to show that spiritual mind and soul. Degeneration is the tendency
natural to mankind.
* NATURAL LAW IN THE SPIRITUAL WORLD. By Henry
Theologically, 't is de-
Drummond. New York: John Pott & Co.
| scribed as “a bias toward evil,” and ill men


1885.)
THE DIAL
117
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are conscious of it. “Instead of aspiring to conditions are eternal, and Life is eternal.
Conversion to a higher type, he submits by a Christianity abolishes Death by meeting a
law of his nature to Reversion to a lower." demand of Science: i. e., it abolishes imper-
“This is the active destroying principle, or fection. This is the theory of Eternal Life
Sin.” The opposite of this is “the active which “bridges the grave," and harmonizes
saving principle, or Salvation.”
completely with the declaration of Scripture:
Growth.– Consider the lilies, how they “ This is Life Eternal, that they may know
grow.” They grow spontaneously. “They thee, the only true God, and Jesus Christ
toil not, neither do they spin.” The soul whom thou hast sent.”
grows as the lily grows, not by toiling and Heredity and Environment.-In writing a
fretting, but by placing itself in the conditions biography, the first points to be considered are
of growth. The lily grows mysteriously; we the parentage and surroundings of the subject
do not attempt to explain it; we say “it is of the memoir. The naturalist, in writing the
Nature, it is God.” But when the soul grows history of an animal, proceeds upon the same
mysteriously into the image of Christ, we put lines. “These two, Heredity and Environ-
it to the account of “a strong will," "a high ment, are the master-influences of the organic
ideal,” “Christian influence." We allow, that world.” “In the Spiritual world, also, they
is to say, a miracle to the lily, but none to the are the subtle influences which form and
man. A man may attain high character by transform the soul.” Although the main in-
hard work and self-restraint, but the process is fluence belongs to Heredity, we are practically
not Christianity. Christianity is growth, not more concerned with Environment, because we
accretion.
can, to some extent, choose our own surround-
Death.—The meaning of Death depends ings. We can choose a spiritual atmosphere,
upon the meaning of Life. Herbert Spencer or a worldly atmosphere. The soul finds its
defines life to be “ The continuous adjustment life in God. “God as the environment of the
of internal relations with external relations." soul, has been from the remotest age the doc-
“ In ordinary circumstances and in health the trine of all the deepest thinkers in religion.”
human organism is in thorough correspondence Conformity to Type.—The oak, the palm-
with its surroundings.” To be partially out tree, and the lichen “are separated by the
of correspondence is to be deaf to sounds or broadest line known to classification,” but in
blind to sights, and is disease. To be entirely the first young germs of these three plants no
out of correspondence, “as when the lungs difference is discernible. The same is true in
refuse to correspond with the air, and the the animal creation. “The apple which fell in
heart with the blood, is Death.” The natural | Newton's garden, Newton's dog Diamond,
world and spiritual world are one; “the inner and Newton himself, began life at the same
circles are called the natural, the outer the point." The name of this point at which all
spiritual.” The great mass of men are out of | life starts is Protoplasm. The mystery of its
correspondence with this outer circle. Call development no man can fathom, but the
the outermost environment, God, and for cor scientific law by which it operates is called
respondence substitute communion. Those “The Law of Conformity to Type.” “ There
who are in communion with God, live; those is another kind of life of which science, as
who are not, are dead. “To be carnally yet, has taken little cognizance. It obeys the
minded is Death.” The change by which a same laws. It builds up an organism into its
natural man becomes a spiritual man is de | own form. It is the Christ-life.” If there is
scribed by Christ as a passing from Death mystery in the natural life, there is also mys-
unto Life. The moment the new life begins, 1 tery in the spiritual life. The New Testament
there is a desire to escape from the old. Some uses the language of Biology in describing it:
sins must be dealt with suddenly; the branch “The new birth,” “begotten of God.” “What
must be pruned to save the vine. Others may corresponds to the protoplasm in the Spiritual
be gotten rid of by a gradual mortification. Sphere?” In brief, the natural characteristics
If, as has been shown, “correspondence with of the man—“these are the basis of spiritual
environment” is Life, then “uninterrupted | life,” but they are dead until born of the spirit.
correspondence with a perfect environment”. “What is the Life ?” Christ is the Life.
is “ Eternal Life.” But this is a state of | How is the Christian conformed to it ? For
things which does not exist in the natural centuries men have striven to find out ways to
world; "a mere biological conceit.” Suppose, conform themselves to this type, but they
however, we apply the language spiritually, I have “tried and struggled and agonized in
and for “correspondence” substitute “com vain.” From the standpoint of biology the
munion,” for “environment” “God.” Here answer is clear: “Conformity to type is
we have an “uninterrupted correspondence | secured by the type. Bird-life makes the bird
with a perfect environment,” and this is the -Christ-life makes the Christian.” Submis-
scientific definition of Eternal Life. God is sion, not effort, is called for. “We are
eternal, communion with him is eternal, the l changed into the same image."


118
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[Sept.,
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Semi-Parasitism.—“Parasites are the pau-
FRANCIS BACON. *
pers of Nature.” They are forms of life
Dr. Abbott's readers may fairly be con-
which draw their nourishment from other life.
gratulated that their author did not carry out
The hermit-crab, which takes up its abode in
his first intention of utilizing the copious
the cast-off shell of the whelk for purposes of
material of this welcome volume for one of
protection and safety, is a semi-parasite. The
the primers of Mr. Green's series. The life
“Parasitic doctrine of salvation” may well be
and works of him who took all knowledge to
illustrated by reference to the Church of
be his province do not form a subject suited
Rome, which offers safety to all who come
either to the narrow limits of a “primer” or
within its pale, and by the narrower Evangeli-
to the comprehension of those who depend for
cal school, which offers salvation by a per-
their instruction upon these pontes asinorum
verted doctrine of the atonement.
which lead men to cross but not to fathom the
Parasites.—The Sacculina is the parasite of
deep places of knowledge. That Bacon's life
the hermit-crab. Originally equipped for an
and Bacon's works are among these deep
independent existence, it *shrunk from the
places is sufficiently evident to one who
struggle of life," and entered the shell and
attempts to understand either. With respect
finally the body of the crab, and became en-
to each, eminent authorities have reached very
tirely dependent upon it for existence. Then
different conclusions. The present volume
legs, eyes, mouth, and every trace of organism
reviews the evidence compendiously, cites
disappeared, and it degenerated into “a torpid
authorities impartially, and states the author's
and all but amorphous sac”: an impressive
verdicts so frankly and clearly as to leave no
illustration of the physiology of backsliding.”
doubt in the reader's mind as to Dr. Abbott's
Precisely the same process may take place in
views. To perform this task satisfactorily,
the soul. “He who abandons the personal
and to give between the same covers an intel-
search for truth, under whatever pretext,
ligible account of Bacon's philosophical scheme
abandons truth.” In this view, even “ Going
and of his hundred-handed literary activity,
to Church” may become a “temptation to par-
would be impossible within much narrower
asitism,” especially where the service is largely
limits than those of his crown-octavo volume.
liturgical. Another form of parasitism is that
Even Dean Church's sketch of Bacon in the
induced “by certain abuses of certain systems
“English Men of Letters” series, felicitous
of Theology.” “The same thing that makes
and suggestive as it is, is too brief to lead to
men take refuge in the Church of Rome,
anything like a real comprehension of the
makes them take refuge in a set of dogmas."
subject. That admirable performance will
Classification.-“ On one of the shelves of
doubtless always maintain its place in Baco-
a certain museum lie two small boxes filled
nian literature ; but the reader who desires
with earth.” Examined with a microscope
facts, as well as conclusions and criticisms,
they show forms of equal beauty, but they
will certainly find Abbott the more useful
belong to different worlds. The contents of
guide.
one box are crystal, of the other shells. The
Mechanically, this volume is nearly all that
difference is radical. One is inorganic, the
it should be. The publisher's part is fault-
other organic. Between two men clothed
lessly done; convenient head-lines. indicate
with an apparently equal beauty of character,
sections, subject, and date; there is a useful
there is a radical difference. One is a Chris-
table of events, similar to those in the well-
tian, the other is not. It is the difference be-
known Clarendon Press text-books published
tween spiritual beauty and moral beauty; the
by this house; and, best of all, a carefully
organic and the inorganic. Christ formulated
prepared index of topics and of the quota-
the first law of biological religion and laid
tions from Bacon. The text is divided into
the foundation for a permanent classification
numbered sections, each containing the discus-
when He said: “That which is flesh is flesh,
sion of a given topic. This insures perspicuity
and that which is spirit is spirit.” “The nat-
while involving, perhaps inevitably, a number
ural character finds its limit within the or-
of repetitions of the same matter under differ-
ganic sphere," but there is no limit to the
ent heads. These repetitions may not be un-
spiritual. “It doth not yet appear what it
welcome to those unfamiliar with the subject,
shall be.” “Every organism lives for its
especially when, as is frequently the case, they
kingdom.” The highest kingdom, the last out-
consist of Bacon's own quaint or weighty say-
come of Evolution, is the Kingdom of God. ings. The volume is enriched with a great
HELEN A. F. COCHRANE.
multitude of citations from Bacon, and with
NOTE.-In this summary of a work that has attracted
valuable summaries of his principal works.
unusual attention in this country and England, discus.
sion and criticism are purposely avoided. The author of I FRANCIS BACON: AN ACCOUNT OF HIS LIFE AND
the book, Prof. Henry Drummond, is a Scotchman, thirty WORKS. By Edwin A. Abbott, D.D., author of “ Bacon
three years of age, a specialist in natural history, and for and Essex," and editor of Bacon's Essays; formerly
the past six years a lecturer in the Free Church College Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. London: Mac.
of Glasgow, on “Natural History and Science."
millan & Co.


1885.]
THE DIAL
119
= =
There are too many clerical or editorial slips master in all the arts of the courtier, the syco-
and inadvertencies, which, while not materially phant, and the lobbyist. There is a contrast,
impairing the usefulness of the volume, are at times dramatic, between his wonderful
still regrettable blemishes in a work of such sagacity, astuteness, and breadth of mind, on
permanent value.
the one hand, and his “ deficiency in moral
The author's attitude towards Bacon is one taste and in the instinct of honor" on the
of great independence and considerable origi other. He seems to have persuaded himself
nality of view. Dr. Abbott is in nobody's that it was of the utmost importance to the
leading-strings, and is awed by the authority success of his vast intellectual schemes that he
of no previous investigators, with most of should rise “ to such high and honorable ap-
whom he has occasion to take issue upon one pointments.” While condemning his courses
point or another. For instance, Wright, with vigor, Dr. Abbott still has the charity
Fowler, Church, even Spedding and Gardiner, to suggest that he is to be judged no more
attempt to exonerate Bacon as Lord Chancellor | harshly than many a religious or other enthu-
from any deliberate perversion of justice, and siast who has been tempted “to suppress the
this to the confusion of multitudes of readers. instinctive promptings of common-sense mor-
Dr. Abbott points out a very plain case of the ality when morality seems to stand in the way
kind which Mr. Heath had brought to light, of a great cause.”
but which was relegated by Spedding to an Our author is far from being in accord with
appendix where it was so little noticed that Professor Gardiner in the latter's theory that
biographers could safely overlook it in their Bacon was equally great as statesman and as
apologies for Bacon. Seemingly to make up philosopher, and that, had James I. accepted
for an oversight so persistent, Dr. Abbott his wise counsels, the approaching Revolution
prints the case in the large type of his intro- | would have been turned aside. But Bacon's
duction, where it becomes painfully conspicu political policy, though wiser in its generation
ous. It will be evident from this that little than that of the king, was still, as Dr. Abbott
attempt at extenuation of Bacon's moral conclusively shows, quite in harmony with the
defects is to be expected from this author. king's in principle, its avowed aim being the
Whenever there is occasion for blame, he establishment of an enlightened despotism.
speaks with a manly directness, a moral The numerous citations from Bacon's diary
sanity, as commendable as it is rare in biog are tolerably convincing that his political
raphers of Bacon. The clearness with which plans were concocted with an eye largely to
the lines are drawn in the difficult case of what he styles “his own particular.” Many
Bacon's relations with the unhappy Essex, is of these jottings consist of memoranda of
refreshing. For this part of the work Dr. | cold-blooded plans for pushing his fortunes at
Abbott was exceptionally fitted, being the Court by cajoling and “working” influential
author of an exhaustive monograph upon the personages, and would be amusing enough if
subject. The defects mentioned in the found in Pepys. When, however, one recalls
following skilful characterization of Bacon's who the author really is, how benevolent his
“Apology” for his treatment of Essex, are professions, how lofty his aims, how noble his
exhibited in many a passage of his life:
powers, one is smitten with a kind of moral
“A slippery memory, and inattention to facts,
dismay. It is difficult, for example, to recog-
especially to inconvenient facts, in a man of deter nize the author of “ The Advancement of
mined self-complacency, may easily lead to a com Learning” in the following:
plete distortion of history without definite and
“ To furnish my Lord of Suffolk with ornaments
conscious falsehood. Just as Bacon habitually
improved upon the authors from whom he quoted,
for public speeches; to make him think how he
should be reverenced by a L(ord) Chancellor, if I
giving us, not what they said, but what he thought
they ought to have said, so in the 'Apology' he
were-princelike."
has improved upon himself, by slight touches and The affair turned out as in the old fable of
minute divergences from the truth, conveying to us the fox and the goat. When Francis Bacon
the picture, not of his actual conduct, but of what had actually climbed upon the woolsack, and
he felt his conduct ought to have been. But how my Lord of Suffolk, having incurred the en-
ever interesting the “Apology' may be, from a liter-
mity of the royal Favorite, was on trial for
ary and rhetorical point of view, for the ease and
smoothness of its style, and for the dexterity with
corruption in office before his former flatterer,
which it colors facts without greatly falsifying them,
my Lord Chancellor Bacon industriously re-
it can never be regarded as a contribution to his ports to the Favorite whenever “ the evidence
tory-unless it be a psychological history of the went well” (i. e., against Suffolk), and does
manifold and labyrinthine self-deceptions to which what he can, upon occasion, “a little to warm
great men have been subjected.”
up the business," that is to say, in the slang of
Upon Dr. Abbott's evidently unbiased show- | our day, to make things red-hot for Suffolk.
ing, the Columbus of modern science was not It is a pity to rake up these things. In
only a theoretical professor of Machiavellian spite of Professor Gardiner, the world is
political morality, but also in practice a pasied I rightly becoming more and more indifferent to


120
[Sept.,
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Bacon the broken-down politician and corrupt transfer to himself the Baconian charm. By
place-holder, as a merely accidental and tem- a strange irony of Providence, the great de-
porary Bacon; and will doubtless be more and preciator of words and the professed despiser
more fain to hold fast to what is genuine and of terrestrial hope seems destined to derive an
abiding in the man who could truly say of immortal memory from the rich variety of his
himself these noble words:
style and the vastness of his too sanguine ex-
“I possessed a passion for research, a power of pectations.” MELVILLE B. ANDERSON.
suspending judgment with patience, of meditating
with pleasure, of assenting with caution, of cor-
:-
recting false impressions with readiness, and of
arranging my thoughts with scrupulous pains. I had
RECENT FICTION.*
no hankering after novelty, no blind admiration for
By far the most noteworthy of the publica-
antiquity. Imposture in every shape I utterly de-
tested. For all these reasons I considered that my
tions which may be classed as recent fiction is
pature and disposition had, as it were, a kind of
the long-delayed English version of Tour-
kinship and connection with truth."
guénieff's “ Zapiski Okhotnika.” A translation
Bacon left his works so incomplete and
(through the French) of this classic work has
fragmentary, his language in describing his
at last been added to the collection of the
intended art of invention is so grandiose and
Russian novelist's writings contained in the
vague, that nobody knows exactly how to de-
“ Leisure Hour Series," whose publishers de-
scribe the tenets of his philosophy. Probably
serve the warmest thanks of all lovers of
no clearer statement of the matter can be
literature, for this volume as well as for its
made than Dr. Abbott has given in the excel-
predecessors. That series now includes, in
lent Summaries in Part II. He follows Mr.
translations of varying degrees of excellence,
Ellis in believing that the key of Interpreta-
all of the more extended works of Tour-
tion, the Novum Organum or New Organ for
guénieff, as well as this epoch-making collec-
the interpretation of nature—“some per-
tion of sketches which has the English title of
fected Logic by which an ordinary mind could
the “Annals of a Sportsman." There are
discover secrets of Nature not to be detected
eight volumes altogether, and, to complete the
by the highest unassisted genius”—was the
good work, translations should now be made
central point of the Baconian philosophy. In
of the remaining sketches and short stories (of
furnishing such a key, Bacon is agreed to have
which there are, perhaps, sufficient to fill four
signally failed. What, then, it is sometimes
more volumes), thus making accessible to En-
asked, gives him a right to the lofty title of
glish readers, in a uniform edition, the entire
philosopher? To this it is surely enough to
imaginative work of the greatest, or very
answer that it was the greatness of the at-
nearly the greatest, of novelists, and the one
tempt, the range of thought and the play of
Russian whose name belongs to the literature
intellect shown in the attempt, the suggestions
of the world.
of truth that have so nearly disguised the
It is singular that a work like the “Annals
failure, above all the constant and sublime
of a Sportsman," whose greatness has been so
faith in the power and value of experimental
long generally recognized, should have had to
knowledge, rather than any positive final
| wait for an entire generation to pass by be-
achievement, which have fairly won for Bacon
fore being presented to the English-reading
a place by the side of the greatest systematic * ANNALS OF A SPORTSMAN. By Ivan Tourgénietf.
thinkers up to his time. Perhaps it will be Translated by Franklin Pierce Abbott. New York:
admitted that to some since his time the name
THE DYNAMITER. More New Arabian Nights. By
of philosopher is granted upon less valid Robert Louis Stevenson. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
grounds.
THE RISE OF SILAS LAPHAM. By William D. Howells,
Boston: Ticknor & Co.
It is almost superfluous to add that the Ba-
ZOROASTER. By F. Marion Crawford. London and
conian philosophy has been rendered obsolete New York: Macmillan & Co.
and valueless by a philosophy built upon those
of Hawái. By C. M. Newell, New York: G. P. Putnam's
completer inductions which the state of
Song.
knowledge in his time precluded him, or any A MARSH ISLAND. By Sarah Orne Jewett. Boston:
one, from undertaking. The literary and
DOWN THE RAVINE. By Charles Egbert Craddock.
rhetorical value of his writings has, on the
other hand, been enhanced rather than dimin AT LOVE'S EXTREMES. By Maurice Thompson.
ished by the flight of time. It is probably
New York: Cassell & Co.
THE ADVENTURES OF TIMIAS TERRYSTONE. By Oliver
safe to say that no works, professedly philo-
sophic, in any literature, are richer in memo WITHIN THE CAPES. By Howard Pyle. New York:
rable obiter dicta. In Dr. Abbott's words:
Charles Scribner's Sons.
RED RYVING TON. By William Westall. London:
“ Few men now read the works of Copernicus
Cassell & Co.
or Kepler. Their great discoveries are trans AT THE RED GLOVE. A Novel. New York: Harper &
Brothers.
ferred to the works of later authors. But no
BY SHORE AND SEDGE. By Bret Harte. Boston:
English-speaking author can ever hope to ! Ho ighton, Miftin & Co.
Henry Holt & Co.
KAMEHAMÉHA, THE CONQUERING KING
A Romance
Houghton, Mifllin & Co.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Bell Bunce. New York: D. Appleton & Co.


1885.]
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public, yet such has been the fate of the work significance was for the first time generally
in question. It is true that as long ago as in perceived, but it was then too late for the cen-
1855, some portions of it were translated by sorship to interfere, and it was necessary to
J. D. Meiklejohn, and published at Edinburgh make the best of them. For the first time the
under the title of “Russian Life in the In institution of serfdom stood revealed in its
terior," but the translation was a very imperfect | true light to the literary public. There was
one, besides being incomplete, and few readers no special pleading in the presentation, it was
have ever heard of it. The book has fared calm and deliberate, its manner was merely
better in French, German and Danish, and the that of all noble art. We know from the
authorized French version has served as the letters of Tourguénieff how he felt upon the
basis of the present translation. While trans- subject, but it would be difficult to find in the
lations at second-hand are always objectiona sketches themselves any evidence of strong
ble, it may be said that translations of Tour- . feeling. And yet they aroused in other men
guénieff from the French are as little objec-| feelings similar to those which the author so
tionable as possible; for the reason that they carefully concealed, and his book was doubt-
are practically translations from the French | less much more effective in bringing public
of Tourguénieff. That is to say: the novelist sentiment to oppose serfdom than it would
was quite as familiar with the French as with have been had that been proclaimed upon
his native language. The French versions of every page to be the object of the work. A
his novels were revised by him, and in some few years thereafter the edict of emancipation
cases the stories were actually first written by was promulgated, and Alexander II, has borne
him in French and afterwards rewritten in personal witness of the extent to which he
Russian. With regard to the present work, was influenced by this book in bringing about
however, which was the first one to receive the great reform. Considered merely as a
translation, he was unfortunate. One M. piece of literature, the “Annals of a Sports-
Charrière, at the time of the Crimean war, man” is one of those works upon whose every
published, under the title of “Mémoires d'un page is set the indefinable stamp of genius.
Seigneur Russe," what purported to be a trans Earliest of the masterpieces of Tourguénieff,
lation of this work. The book gained con it hardly yields in artistic value to any of
siderable popularity, but was grossly in- i the subsequent ones. In its present transla-
accurate, and M. Charrière had suppressed so l tion, which is unusually close and careful, it is
much of Tourguénieff's invention to make room a most welcome addition to the collection of
for his own that the author was very indig- foreign classics which are now accessible to
nant and pronounced it “ une véritable mysti- | English readers.
fication littéraire.” “One can have no idea," It is pleasant, in an age whose fiction is
he wrote, “ of the changes, the interpolations, | painfully inclined towards introspection and
the additions to be met with on every page. explicit psychological analysis, for the jaded
One would not recognize it. I affirm that in mind to turn to the refreshing art of the ra-
all the · Mémoires d'un Seigneur Russe’ there conteur, and so we may extend an exceptionally
are not four consecutive lines faithfully trans- cordial welcome to a fresh volume of those
lated.” To correct the impression made by “New Arabian Nights” which stamp Mr.
this version, M. Delaveau made a real transla- Robert Louis Stevenson as one of the most
tion soon thereafter, and this was subjected to delightful of story-tellers pure and simple.
the revision of the author himself. Under the For those who have missed the volumes of
name of “Récits d’un Chasseur" it has been which “ The Dynamiter" is the successor, we
the accepted French translation ever since, I may fitly extract the author's own words to
and it is this which Mr. Abbott has now put his readers: “ The loss is yours and mine; or
into English. So much for the rather curious to be more exact, my publishers’.” For the
bibliography of the matter.
same class of unfortunate persons, the informa-
The work itself consists of twenty-two tion is also not amiss that the proprietor of
short stories and sketches. They are the ad the cigar store who figures in this narrative
ventures and experiences of the sportsman as Theophilus Godall is none other than the
who plays the part of narrator. They depict, Prince Florizel who figures in the earlier tales
with a faithfulness and an art that are beyond as the Haroun al Raschid of those new Ara-
all praise, the conditions of Russian country bian Nights, and who, although reduced to
life before the emancipation. The part which the humble estate of a retail tobacconist, is
was taken by this book in bringing about the still the same sage and genial man of the
emancipation is well known. Beginning with world as before. Although the scene is some-
“Kor and Kalinitch," the sketches were pub what changed in this new series, the spirit of
lished one by one in Russian periodicals, and, the original design is faithfully preserved, and
singly, made no great stir. But they were | Mr. Stevenson has contrived to invest so pro-
widely read even in that form. When at last saic a theme as that of the dynamite "patriot”
they were collected and put into a book, their | with all the mystery and fascination of Eastern


122
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romance. The reader must let his imagination for the first time told, and afterward chief
have full sway, and place himself in a mental counsellor for Darius Hystaspes. The story
attitude to which nothing is surprising, if he of the handwriting on the wall serves as an
will rightly enjoy these fanciful narratives. If | introduction to the romance, and supplies the
he cannot thus control the receptive mood element of hocus-pocus which is so essential
which is necessary, he may as well leave the a feature of Mr. Crawford's stories. No at-
book alone for all the good it will do him. Mr. tempt seems to be made to bring the tale
Stevenson’s fertility of invention is something within the bounds of historical possibility,
surprising, and the skill with which he has and the figure of the founder of the great
connected the several portions of this work so religious system which bears his name is hardly
as to make them interdependent is especially less than ludicrous as here presented, driven
deserving of mention. Considering his sub by the love of one woman and the intrigues
ject, the dedication to the two police officers of another to renounce the world. The plot
whose personal bravery so lessened the disas itself is the most threadbare imaginable, the
trous effects of the explosion at Westminster device of rival queens is not exactly a novel
is most appropriate.
one, and the closing scene, in which Zoroaster
Those who have been waiting impatiently is slain at the altar by a mob which has forced
for the completion of “The Rise of Silas its way into the temple, does not bear a com-
Lapham" may now obtain it in book form, parison with the last scene of Lord Tennyson's
and renew an acquaintance which they have “Becket” well enough to excuse the obvious
doubtless made to some extent already. If imitation. Throughout the book Mr. Craw-
there are any who have resisted the temptation ford makes an assumption of learning as
offered by the separate chapters of the story hollow as it is large, and he cannot resist the
as they have appeared in the Century maga temptation to introduce numerous excerpts
zine, their reward is now at hand. We are from oriental poetry to supply the local color
inclined to think that Mr. Howells has never which he fails to give in any other way, or to
done anything better than this picture of the allow Zoroaster turned mystic to deliver him-
self-made American. The material offered self at length of the doctrines of his newly-
him was unpromising enough, but he has be found religion. It is now just about two years
stowed upon it the genial touch of the artist, since we were all reading “Mr. Isaacs," and
and made of his homely hero something which indulging in the not unreasonable hope of at
comes very near to being a veritable creation. least creditable work from its author when his
It is almost a new species of work-one which powers should become more mature. But in-
might perhaps be styled the business man's stead of saving himself for work that was
novel—that Mr. Howells has done in this worth doing, he has written five more novels,
story, and the instant recognition which was and the last of the five is naturally the weakest
accorded it even in its early stages indicates of them. No man can write at the rate of
the truth and force of the presentation. three novels a year, and hope to be successful
People who do not care for novels ordinarily in any high literary sense.
can hardly fail to like this one, and may say, The novel writer who will be really novel
with some sort of not unjust reflection upon must go far for his materials in these days of
novel-writing in general, that here at last are overproduction in fiction. Mr. Crawford's
such people as one meets in every-day life, and stories afford a good illustration of this prin-
who talk in a natural and familiar way. The ciple, and we have a still better one in “Kamé-
interest of such a story is not probably very haméha,” which is nothing less than a historical
lasting, but it is very great for the time being, romance of the Sandwich Islands. Many will
or as long as people continue to talk and act be surprised even to learn that these islands
in just the way which it describes.
have a history in the dignified acceptation of
Mr. Crawford's new novel only serves to the term, and still more will wonder at the
strengthen the opinion that his earlier work amount of human interest which attaches to
was the best he could do, and that his re- the career of the remarkable monarch whose
sources have long been exhausted. Although name gives a title to the book under consider-
he takes us to ancient Persia, he is still his ation. When we think of the Fredericks and
very limited self as far as imagination is con the Henrys and the Georges of modern his-
cerned, and the masquerade is too evident in tory, we do not usually think also of the
its clumsiness to impose upon any one. He Kamehaméhas, and yet there were five of
takes advantage of the fact that the life of them, of whom the first and greatest is now
Zoroaster is veiled in almost complete ob presented to view; and in the eight isles which
scurity, and that the uncertainty which attends were by him first united to form the present
it extends even to the period of his career; kingdom, he played very much the part of the
and, with the field thus open to his invention, Cæsar or the Napoleon of a better known and
makes him a youthful friend of the prophet a larger field of activity. How quickly the
Daniel, the history of whose later years is now past becomes legendary with a people who do


1885.]
123
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not possess the art to perpetuate it in writing and Tennessee is so little known to literature
is here strikingly illustrated. Thus the birth that such glimpses of its life as Miss Murfree
and early life of this Polynesian king are nar gives us are very welcome.
rated in the highly fanciful manner in which When Mr. Maurice Thompson wrote “At
they have been handed down from mouth to Love's Extremes” he was upon his own ground
mouth, while the history of his manhood, being as far as the scene of action and all of the
coincident with the contact of the Hawaian accessory part of the story is concerned. He
islands with civilization, at once takes on that knows the character of the Southern scenery
firmness of outline in which the subsequent and the Southern people which appear in his
history of the islands stands forth. The narra tale thoroughly well. But his skill as a story-
tive extends from the time of Kamehameha's teller is hardly equal to the skill which he dis-
birth to that of his undisputed sway over the plays in sketching scenery and character, and
whole group of islands, and gives a vivid ac- so, after his story has progressed for awhile,
count of his warlike career as well as of his he finds himself at invention's extreme, and
domestic life, besides depicting the early steps brings it to an abrupt close from the sheer
taken during his reign towards the civilization necessities of the complicated situation into
of the kingdom which he organized. The which he has brought his principal characters.
visits of Cook and Vancouver are among the How it is all coming out is a conundrum as
most interesting of the episodes in the story, insoluble as one of those which Mr. Frank
and the contrast between the coarse brutality Stockton so perversely puts to his confiding
of the one, which led to his not undeserved readers. The story is bright and pleasing, and
fate, and the humanity of the other, in whom not too long-in fact, not quite long enough
the islanders found one of their best friends, to gratify the reasonable curiosity of the one
is forcibly drawn. Dr. Newell has the essen who has reached the last page, and finds to his
tial quality of sympathy with his subject and surprise that there is no more to come.
with the people whose history and whose ways “The Adventures of Timias Terrystone,” by
he knows so well, and his book is surprisingly Mr. O. B. Bunce, is an old-fashioned story,
interesting. It enlarges for us the sphere of told in the first person, of a rather imbecile
human interests, and every one whose thoughts | young man, who contrives to have three girls
conform to the famous Terentian saying which in love with him at once, one of them being a
asserts, better than any religious formula, the dashing actress considerably older than him-
brotherhood of man, will give it a cordial self, another a romantic maiden from Phila-
welcome.
delphia, and the third a daisy (as he delights
There are few things more characteristic of in calling her) from the Mohawk Valley.
New England scenery than the salt marshes of When Timias has settled it in his mind that
the coast. It is to these that Miss Jewett he prefers his Mohawk daisy to either of the
takes us in her new novel, which has just been others, and has delicately intimated to them
rescued from the dismembering grasp of the this preference, they magnanimously withdraw
“Atlantic Monthly,” as the "marsh island” | their suits, Timias marries the daisy, be-
which she describes has itself been rescued comes famous by a painting of the Mohawk
from the Atlantic Ocean. It is unnecessary Valley with the daisy standing in the middle,
to say that “A Marsh Island” is a simple and indignantly rejects the overtures of the long-
exquisite story of, for the most part, the life of lost family who wish to reclaim him now
country people, and that it is, in a high sense, that he has distinguished himself, and—that, we
an artistic production. Miss Jewett has little believe, is all. The book would make good read-
invention, but she has a rare delicacy of touch, ing for leap-years, although the boldest maiden
and the American fiction of to-day shows no might well hesitate before imitating the roman-
more healthful sign than that which is given tic young woman from Philadelphia, in her
by her stories and sketches.
efforts to secure a matrimonial prize.
Miss Murfree has given us, in “ Down the “Within the Capes” is a story by Mr.
Ravine," a story which is chiefly intended for Howard Pyle, who is better known as an artist
juvenile readers, but “children of a larger than as a story-teller. It is a tale of the old-
growth” will probably find it no less interest fashioned sort which was popular before the
ing for its style and dialect, if not for the advent of the psychological novelists with
narrative itself. It is the story of a Tennessee their refinements of style and subtleties of
country boy, whose chief desire is to become analysis, but it is not a very good example of
the owner of a mule. After various reverses, its kind. A sailor shipwrecked upon a desert
his object is attained, and the story ends hap island, who returns home to find his sweetheart
pily for all concerned, excepting the bad boy about to be married to another man, is not the
of the tale, who, in his eagerness to outwit most novel of characters, nor is his situation as
others, finds himself completely outwitted. the suspected murderer of his rival any more
There is a good deal of clever study, both of novel. But this, with a little of the clever detect-
character and of scenery, in this little volume, I ive work which a certain class of French writ-


124
[Sept.,
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ers have recently popularized, is all the material cultivated, and whose resources seem to be
with which Mr. Pyle has provided himself. still unlimited, for Mr. Harte does not repeat
The best feature of his work is the atmosphere himself, although he writes so much upon the
of realism with which he has contrived to | same general subject, and these stories are
invest it, and he has done this by means of quite up to the level of his many earlier ones.
devices of a well-worn sort. The story has
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
the merit of being brief, and rapid in its nar-
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ration, so that no one can throw away much of
his time upon it, and this is perhaps the most
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
favorable criticism to be made.
THE fame of M. Necker, the brilliant financier
Readers of Stepniak's last work on Russian and popular successor of M. Turgot in the adminis-
affairs will remember that the English transla tration of the disordered treasury of Louis XVI.,
tion is by Mr. William Westall. That gentle and the renown of his eminent daughter, Mme. de
man has turned his acquaintance with the
Staël, have thrown into obscurity the name of the
wife and mother whose distinction was based upon
revolutionary movement to account in a novel
personal virtues and charms, and was confined to
entitled “Red Ryvington," of which one of
the social life of Paris, in which she shone as the
the principal personages is an exiled Russian centre of an attractive salon for nearly twenty-five
prince. The story starts off in a spirited and years. Mme. Necker is mentioned in history as one
interesting fashion, but only to relapse into an who supported gracefully the honors of her husband;
even stupidity, from which it feebly rallies in but the respect due herself as a woman of character,
the closing chapters. The central figure is an education, and varied noble and lovely traits, has
English cotton manufacturer—a sort of char-
not been generally understood. It has remained for
the Vicomte d'Haussonville-a descendant, as may
acter which it is difficult to invest with any of
| be inferred from the title-to pay a deserved tribute
the attributes of romance, and the author does
to her worth in an entertaining sketch of “The
not seem even to have tried to do so. He be- Salon of Madame Necker" (Harpers). Although
comes enamoured of an earl's daughter, and is the author professedly limits the aim of his work to
allowed to marry her without that share of a portrayal of the drawing-room of Mme. Necker, he
obstacles which the novel-reader may reasona-
has been compelled for the sake of symmetry to pro-
bly expect. There is not even a dreadful mis-
| duce a complete memoir, which includes much
understanding, although all the materials are
interesting matter regarding the husband, the
daughter, and the friends of Mme. Necker, who
provided for one, and it is a purely wanton act
enjoyed with her a prosperous and exalted career.
on the part of the author to clear up the diffi-
The Vicomte d'Haussonville has had access to the
culty with so little delay.
archives of Coppet Castle, which contain documents
“At the Red Glove” is a story which has of much historical value, and he has made good use
been running in Harper's Monthly as a serial, of these in the construction of his narrative. They
and is now reproduced with the illustrations by
have enabled him to correct various errors which
C. S. Reinhart. The story itself is anonymous.
| have crept into the annals of the period immediately
prior to the French Revolution, and to set in a truer
It is a pleasing but slight narrative of the for-
light incidents in the lives of celebrated personages
tunes of a young girl, an orphan with a convent
of the time. Mme. Necker, born Suzanne Cur-
education, who goes to Berne to earn her living chod, was the only child of a Protestant clergyman
as assistant in the glove shop of Madame Bobi dwelling at Crassier, in the canton of Vaud. Gifted
neau, a relative. Here she has a hard time of with a lively and precocious intelligence, her father
it, for this relative is a very mean and vulgar took delight in developing her faculties and sub-
person, while Marie herself is refined and of
jecting them to the training then reserved especially
for the masculine mind. The little Suzanne was
generous character. She is soon rescued, how-
taught Latin, mathematics, and the sciences in
ever, by the inevitable young man, greatly to
vogue, together with the accomplishments of music
the disappointment, first, of a captivating and painting. She was endowed with notable per-
widow who wants the young man, and, second, sonal attractions, and was distinguished in the
of a French captain, somewhat advanced in circles in which she moved for beauty of face and
years, who wants the young woman. As a
form as well as for her superior intellectual attain-
faithful picture of bourgeoisie life in the Swiss
ments. In her young girlhood Suzanne met Gibbon,
capital the story is creditable, while it is not
the future historian, who was pursuing his studies
at Lausanne. They were of the same age, their
uninteresting as a narrative.
birth-year being 1737, and soon became lovers.
When Mr. Bret Harte has completed three
The tie uniting them was dissolved at the end of
of his short stories, he puts them into a dainty five years, as Gibbon declares in his “Memoirs,"
little volume. The last volume of this sort is through the opposition of his father, but, as the Vi-
entitled “ By Shore and Sedge," and includes comte d'Haussonville shows convincingly, because
« An Anostie of the Tules" Sarab walker" of the waning affection of the rather cold-hearted
and the story called “A Ship of '49,” which
swain. The correspondence between the young
couple, which the Vicomte publishes, establishes
has been running as a serial in the English
the fact that Suzanne was more fervent and faithful
Illustrated Magazine. These stories are fur-
in feeling than Gibbon, and that the sorrow of their
ther gleanings in the romantic field of west-
ern life which the author has so assiduously | the conclusion of this episode in her life, Suzanne
+oT


1885.]
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made what was esteemed a brilliant match by her Shepard. The sisters were not only eloquent and
marriage with the rich banker, Jacques Necker, a effective advocates of the abolition of slavery in the
native of Geneva, and a Protestant like herself. M. 1 days when to be identified with that cause was to
Necker had long been a resident of Paris, where he invoke the bitterest pangs of obloquy and persecu-
had accumulated a large fortune during the Seven tion, but they were the first American women who
Years War. His ample means, joined to her own ventured outside of the Quaker meeting-house to
winning manners and facile talents, enabled his wife address audiences in public; they were the first
to found a salon which in a brief time became one enunciators of the rights of women to a higher edu-
of the favorite resorts of the satants of France. 
126
[Sept.,
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striving to conform every thought and act to the capacity for play, for the enjoyment of leisure, for
higher law of reason and religion. Their experi- i the pursuit of healthful and essential sports, which
ence through life was progressive, a continual ad the American lacks by nature or heritage, and
vance in liberal and lofty principles, and an untir needs to have cultivated as carefully as his aptitude
ing practice of loving and unselfish charity.
for useful and profitable work.
Who that has had occasion, either as teacher or A NEAT pamphlet bearing the legend of “The
learner, to meddle much with modern-language | Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World” has
translation books, has not often cried out with the been published, for the benefit of the Pedestal
misanthropic bard,
Fund, by the North American Review.” It is a
“ Commentators all dark places shun,
monograph by the sculptor, Frederic Auguste Bar-
And hold their farthing candles to the sun”? tholdi, presenting a minute history of the inception
Those who have spent the flower of their youth in and execution of the grand scheme for the erection
looking up references to the obvious and the regular, of a suitable and a lasting memorial of the ancient
and in unrewarded search for calmly ignored friendship between France and the United States.
“exceptions," will wish, if they see Dr. Buchheim's It narrates with clearness and simplicity the whole
“Materials for German Prose Composition,” that course of the undertaking, from its origin in the
they might live their life again for the sake of minds of a few generous-hearted and influential
learning, by the aid of so accomplished a mentor, to Frenchmen, to the final completion of the colossal
write genuine German “as she is wrote." Dr. monument which has since been conveyed by a
Buchheim deserves the homage of all ingenuous French man-of-war to the site in New York Bay
youth who would be glad of a chance to follow destined for its abiding-place. The sculptor omits,
Carlyle's good advice: "Throw away your Byron with refined delicacy, any allusion to the deplorable
and take up your Goethe." Here is a cultivated tardiness of the people of the United States in pro-
German so conversant with English and so trained viding a pedestal for the magnificent work of art so
to take “the other point of view” that he knows kindly donated to them. This courtesy does not
where the rub comes every time; who, having made spare the American reader of the essay a feeling of
a delightfully fresh lot of selections from the best shame at the cold and unresponsive manner in which
English and American prosaists of the century, has his countrymen have received the munificent gift
given himself the pains first to translate every ex of a friendly nation,--the token of a sincere regard
tract into German, then to search the dictionaries and a symbol of the spirit and progress of modern
most in use for explanations of difficulties, and civilization. Among the illustrations adorning the
finally to supply in footnotes the deficiencies of all brochure is exhibited the fine, strong face of the
the books of reference. The booklet contains a | sculptor, which of itself is worth the cost of the
grammatical introduction, and-a new feature-an pamphlet.
index to all the notes. For learners who have
taken the usual first-year course of grammar and
LIEUTENANT SCHWATKA has produced, under the
reading, the resolute mastery of this manual will be title of “Nimrod in the North” (Cassell), an inter-
worth more than a year “with a native teacher" esting account of his experiences and observations
unless that native were a second Dr. Buchheim. in the field of natural history lying in those regions
The publishers (Putnams) have given the ninth edi. of frost and ice. His sketches refer exclusively to
tion an attractive American dress. With such an
the animal kingdom, and to the furred or feathered
aid the academic youth of the present generation
and finny species which afford game worthy of the
must be very degenerate if they continue to write pursuit of the sportsman. He has made especial
the Kauderwelsch or pidgin which hitherto has passed
studies of the polar bear, the musk-ox, the reindeer,
for German composition.
the Eskimo dog, the aquatic birds of the Arctic
zone, the seal, the sea-horse, and other and smaller
THE address on - The Case of the Educated Un-
inhabitants of the polar seas. Lieutenant Schwat-
employed," delivered by Dr. W. H. Rawle, of Phil-
ka's protracted sojourns and extended explorations
adelphia, before the members of the Phi Beta Kappa
in the higher latitudes have afforded him the best
Society at Harvard, and issued in pamphlet form by
opportunities for becoming acquainted with the
Porter & Coates, is a ripe product of culture, expe-
various forms of life abounding there, and his habits
rience, and reflection. It is occupied with the great
of accurate observation, his candid disposition, love
question of the value of classical education, and takes of humor, and ready powers of description, qualify
a decided position on the affirmative side. While
him for a spirited and successful historian. His
placing a high estimate on the advantages of the
volume is presented in a handsome form, with an
old collegiate course of studies, the author dwells
ornate cover and an abundance of illustrations.
upon the fact that the professions are over-crowded
and that there is no longer a hope of success in THE “Six Lectures upon School Hygiene," deliv-
them for any but the fortunate possessors of excep ered under the auspices of the Massachusetts
tional talent. Neither education nor influence will Emergency and Hygiene Association, and now
ensure advancement, or even a permanent place, to published by Ginn & Co,. are to be commended
a man of merely average ability. The circumstances to the notice of all interested in the welfare of
of modern life have here literally enforced the law our children in public or private schools. The
of the survival of the fittest. The multiude must lectures treat the subjects of school hygiene,
therefore work with their hands rather than with their heating and ventilation, the use and care of the
brains. But the Doctor asserts that to develop the eyes, epidemics and disinfection, drainage, and the
utmost manual efficiency, the mind should be dis relation of our public schools to the disorders of
ciplined by the processes of the highest education. the nervous system. These are important themes
Finally, he declares that an important end obtained vitally connected with the health of both pupils
by the college graduate at the present day is al and teachers, and are ably discussed by experts in


1885.]
127
THE DIAL
the medical profession who have given special Home Life," by Robert Laird Collier; a new vol-
attention to the topics severally considered. They ume by Uncle Remus, “ Songs and Ballads of the
communicate many facts regarding the defective Old Plantations;" "The Knave of Hearts," by
construction of school buildings and the defective Robert Grant; “Lectures on House Drainage," by
regulations existing in our public-school system J. P. Putnam; and a new and enlarged “Concord-
which should arouse immediate action on the part ance of the Holy Scriptures,” by Rev. J. R. Walker.
of those in authority to secure the proper remedies. FORDS, HOWARD & HULBERT announce: “Bryant
and His Friends," by Gen. James Grant Wilson,
THERE is subject for profitable meditation in illustrated with portraits and manuscript fac-similes;
Mrs. Bolton's sketches of the “Lives of Poor Boys “ Hyperästhesia," a novel by Mary Cruger; “ The
Who Became Famous” (Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.) Infant Philosopher: Stray Leaves from a Baby's
The lives are necessarily brief, as twenty-eight of Journal," by T. S. Verdi, M.D.; “Reason and Rev-
them are compressed into a duodecimo volume ; and elation, Hand in Hand,” by Rev. T. M. McWhinney,
they have no charms of style to commend them. D.D.; “Heavenly Recognition,” by Rev. T. M.
Nevertheless, the stories of great men who have McWhinney, D.D.; “Evolution and Religion," by
risen from indigence and obscurity by industry and Henry Ward Beecher; “Aucassin and Nicolette,
talent, are enticing, though limited to meagre out The Lovers of Provence," a new edition.
lines and sketched by an unskilled hand. The por GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & Sons announce: - The
traits are of a miscellaneous character, bringing History of Manon Lescant and the Chevalier Des
together men of such diverse pursuits and careers as Grieux,"by the Abbé Prevost, with 225 original illus-
Mozart the musician, Eads the engineer, Moody trations and borders by Maurice Leloir, and 12 page
the evangelist, Greeley the journalist, and Gam etchings reproduced by the Goupil process; “A
betta the statesman.
Sentimental Journey," by Laurence Sterne, with 220
illustrations by Maurice Leloir, and 12 page plates
A COLLECTION of “Wonder Stories of Science,"
by the Goupil process; “Idyls of the Months," a
by well-known contributors to children's periodical
book of colored designs, by Mary A. Lathbury;
literature, has been gathered into a book for young
“Great Cities of the Modern World," by Hazel
readers by D. Lothrop & Co. The title of the work
Shepard, illustrated, “Great Cities of the Ancient
is not exactly the fit one, as the articles included are
World" by Hazel Shepard, illustrated; “Heroes of
descriptions of industrial processes rather than of the
American Discovery," by N. D'Anvers, with portraits
phenomena of science which the name implies. The
of the early navigators, and scenes of their exploits;
first paper, telling “How Christmas Cards are
“Paul and Virginia," by St. Pierre, with over 300
Made,” is delightfully written by A. B. Harris, who
illustrations; “A Museum of Wonders,” explained
is also the author of a number of the succeeding
| in many pictures by F. Opper, printed in colors;
pieces. A merry account of “Racing a Thunder
* Picture Fable Book of Animals,” “Picture Book
Storm,” in a balloon, is by F. H. Taylor. There are
of the Sagacity of Animals," “Little Patience Pic-
twenty-one sketches in all, which without excep-
ture Book," "Boys' Playtime Book," "Girls' Play-
tion are instructive and entertaining. The wood-
time Book," and “The Surprise Picture Book.”.
cuts accompanying the letter-press are as a rule
WHITE, STOKES & ALLEN announce : “Recent
cleverly designed and executed.
American Etchings,” ten plates, in various editions,
---- -
from $12.50 to $125 per set; several new volumes in
the “Flower-Song Series" of Susie Barstow Skeld-
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
ing, with colored illustrations and a new patented
THE Fall announcements of the various publishers, binding; “Easter Bells," an entirely new poem by
thus far received, are as follows: Houghton, Mifflin Ilelen Hunt Jackson, reproduced in fac-simile of
& Co. will issue four new volumes in the "American MS. and illustrated in colors by Miss Skelding;
Commonwealths" series, Michigan by T. M. Cooley, “Little Blossoms," "Rosebuds," "Tiny Men and
Kansas by Leverett W. Spring, California by Josiah Maidens," and “Merry Little People,” color-books
Royce, Tennessee by James Phelan; a life of Henry for children; Dickens's Complete Poems, now first
Clay, by Carl Schurz, in the “American Statesmen". collected in one volume; “Breakfast Dainties," by
series; Holmes's “Last Leaf” and Whittier's the author of “Fifty Soups," etc.; the “Favorite
“Poems of Nature," illustrated holiday volumes; Edition” of Fielding's novels, in four volumes;
" The Prophet of the Great Smoky Mountain,” by the “Gem Series" of miniature books; a reprint of
Charles Egbert Craddock; “Due South, or Cuba Palgrave's "Golden Treasury"; several additions
Past and Present," by M. M. Ballou; “Orient,” by to the “Handy Volume" edition of popular works;
Joseph Cook; “ Italian Popular Tales," by T. F. | a new edition of Suckling's Poems, with notes and
Crane; “Bird Studies," by Olive Thorne; “The memoir; “Mission Flower," a novel, by George H.
First Napoleon," by J. Č. Ropes; “Household Picard; “An Outline History of Sculpture," by
edition" of Aldrich's poems; “Poets of America,” Clara Erskine Clement; “Yuletide,” a collection of
by E. C. Stedman; new popular edition of “Uncle Christmas Poems; “Leaves from Maple Lawn," by
Tom's Cabin," and calendars for 1886, including a William White; and “Sharp, Sharper, Sharpest,
new one of Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney.
a humorous tale of Old Egypt.
TICKNOR & Co. announce, in addition to the titles Thos. Y. CROWELL & Co. announce a new edition
given in our last issue: “In Camp and Battle of Tennyson's poems, complete, with twenty-four
with the Washington Artillery of New Orleans,” | full-page illustrations by leading American artists;
a narrative of events during the civil war, by "Initials and Pseudonyms, a Dictionary of Literary
Lieut. Wm. Miller Owen; “For a Woman,” a Disguises," by Wm. Cushing and A. R. Frey; a
novel, by Nora Perry; “Love, or a Name," a novel, work on the Labor Question (title not announced)
by Julian Hawthorne: “Tuscan Cities,” “Italian | by R. T. Ely; “Some Noted Princes, Authors, and
Poets,” and “A Sea Change," by W. D. Howells, Statesmen of Our Time," illustrated; and several
with a new revised edition of his poems; “English, new juveniles.


128
THE DIAL
[Sept.,
- - - - ---- -- --
TOWNSEND MacCoun announces an edition of and hunter in India, by W. T. Hornaday; “Marvels
Laberton's Historical Atlas, with text and thirty of Animal Life," by C. F. Holder; a new edition of
additional English maps.
the 24 volumes of "The Illustrated Library of
PORTER & COATES announce: “Beauties of Ten Wonders"; new and cheaper edition of Dr. J. G.
nyson," with twenty illustrations from original Holland's Poems; “Bric-à-brac Stories," by Mrs.
designs by F. B. Schell; “Rose Raymond's Wards," Burton N. Harrison, with illustrations by Walter
by Margaret Vandegrift, with illustrations; and Crane; “ Winter Fun," by W. 0. Stoddard.
v The Young Wild-Fowlers," by Harry Castlemon. DODD, MEAD & Co. announce: “English Etch-
E. P. DUTTON & Co. announce an illustrated ers," fifteen plates, uniform with previous volumes
quarto edition of Tennyson's “Day-Dream," the of etchings; “Half a Score of Etchers," ten plates
designs by Fenn, Garrett, and others; an edition of by French artists, with text; volume two of Wolt-
Longfellow's “ Village Blacksmith," illustrated; | man and Woermann's “ History of Painting," com-
“Songs of the Master's Love," by Miss Havergal; pleting the work; a new edition of Fergusson's
and many new juveniles.
“History of Architecture," with 1,015 illustra-
JANSEN, McCLURG & Co. announce: "The tions; a translation of the Sanskrit poem of “Sa-
Standard Operas, their Plots, Music, and Compos koontala," with the sub-title “The Lost Ring ";
ers," a handbook by George P. Upton; and "We "An Original Belle" and “Driven Back to Eden,"
Two Alone in Europe," sketches of two girls' travels by E. P. Roe; a new edition of Mrs. Browning's
abroad, by Mary L. Ninde, with twelve full-page | poems, 16mo; “Heroes of Chivalry," illustrated;
illustrations from original designs.
*Colonial Days," stories and ballads, illustrated;
THE CENTURY Co. announce “The Life and Maberley's “Print Collector," edited by R. Hoe,
Times of William Lloyd Garrison,” by his sons; Jr.; “Lamps, Pitchers, and Trumpets," lectures on
6. The Life and Times of Samuel Bowles,” by the vocation of the preacher, by E. Paxton Hood.
George S. Merriam; “St. Nicholas Songs," with
original music; and a new trade edition of “Sport
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
with Rod and Gun," by Alfred M. Maver.
SEPTEMBER, 1885.
HARPER & Bros. announce “Writings and
Alto Velo, Island of. S. J. Barrows. Atlantic.
Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden," edited by John
Americans,Reminiscences of Famous. J.R.French. N.A.R.
Bigelow; “Principles of Political Economy," by Archological Notes. Joli P. Taylor. Andover Review.
Bacon, Francis. Meville B. Anderson. Dial,
Simon Newcomb; “ The Boy's Book of Battle
Baltimore in 1861. John C. Robinson. Mag. Am. Hist.
Lyrics," by Thomas Dunn English, illustrated ; Banking System, National. F. J. Scott and others. N.A.R.
Barve, Antoine Louis. Theodore (hild. Harper's
“ The Boy Travellers in South America," by Thomas
Biology, Recent Progress in. E.R. Lankester. Pop. Sci.Mo.
W. Knox; “History of Christian Doctrine,” by H. Blockade, How It was Run. Capt. Wright. Overland M
C. Sheldon.
Cavalry Column Across Country. R. F. Zogbaum, Hr.
Civil War. Beginning of the. Tlios. Jordan. Mag.Am. Hist.
LEE & SHEPARD announce " Our Father in
Colors, Physiology of. 1. E. Mascart. Pop. Sci. Mo.
Heaven," the Lord's Prayer in a series of sonnets, Congregational Churches and Their Seminaries. And. Rev.
by W. C. Richards, illustrated; “Young People's
Congresses, 351h and 36th. S.S. Cox. Overland Mo.
Connecticut in the Middle Ages. W. P. Garrison. Century.
England," by George M. Towle; “ English History Cooke's Cavalry at Gaines's Mill. General Cooke. Century.
for American Readers," adapted by F. H. Under-
Country Living and Town Living. Century.
Drama, Mediaval, Poetic Element in. D. Coit. Atlantic.
wood; "A Captive of Love," adapted from the Ecclesiasticism, Decay of. R. H. Newton. No. Am. Rev.
Japanese, by Edward Greey; and new juveniles by
Education, Experiment in, Mary Putnam-Jacobi. P.S.M.
Egypt, Modern. F. G. Bartlett. Overland Monthly.
Trowbridge and other popular writers.
Fauna of the Sea-Shore. H. N. Mosely. Pop. Sci. Mo.
A. C. ARMSTRONG & Son announce: “Fairy Fiction, recent. Wm. M. Payne. Dial.
Fiction, Tendencies of English. “Ouida." No. Am. Rev.
Tales from Brentano,” told in English by Kate F.
Ghost. The Primitive. James G. Frazer. Pop. Sci. Mo.
Kroeker, with illustrations; “The Autocrat of the Gordon at Kartoum. Atlantic,
Nursery," with forty illustrations from designs by
Gospel Fragment, The Alleged. Prof. Woodruf. And. R V.
Grant's Burial Place, Historical Associations of. M. A. H.
Pym; · Stanley Grahame, a Tale of the Dark Con Grant's Memorial. Launt Thoinpson and Others. N. A. R.
tinent," by Gordon Stables; Poe's “Raven," with Grant, Reminiscences of. Horace Porter. Harper's.
Grant, Tributes to. Hamilton Fish and Others. M. A. H.
historical and literary comments by J. H. Ingram,
Greek, Ancient and Modern. W.C. Lawton. Atlantic,
the English biographer of Poe; “Expository Ser Helen Hunt Jackson, Sara A. Hubbard. Dial.
mons of the Old Testament;" and a new edition of
Helen Hinnt Jackson, Flora H. Apponyi. Overland Mo.
Indian Corn. Edith M. Thomas. Atlantic,
Asbjörnson's popular fairy tales.
Indian Schools in New Mexico. R. W. D. Bryan, Century.
ROBERTS BROTHERS announce: “The Sermon on Indian Question, The. E. V. Smalley. Century.
Insect Fertilization of Flowers. W.J. Behrens. P. S. M.
the Mount,” the Bible text from Matthew v., vi.,
Inventions, Recent. Charles Barnard. Century.
vii., with historical introduction by Rev. E. E. Island Number Ten, Canal at. Schuyler Hamilton, Century.
Labrador. C. H. Farnham. Harper's.
Hale, and illustrations from designs by Fenn,
Leopardi, Giacomo. W. D. Howells. Atlantic.
Church, Taylor, Schell, and others, engraved by Literature and Art, Childhood in. II. E. Scudder. Atlantic.
Andrew; “Favorite Poems," by Jean Ingelow, with
Louis XIV., Closing Days of. J. W. Gerard. Mag. Am. Hist.
Madison, James. Henry Cabot Lodge. Andover Review,
a hundred illustrations; “Franklin in France," by Man and Other Vertebrites. E. D. Cope. Pop. Sci. Mo.
Rev. E. E. Hale; “Short History of Philadelphia," McMaster's History. W. F. Poole. Dial.
by Susan Coolidge, and by the same author “A
Medical Edncation. W.G. Thompson. Pop. Sci. Mo.
Middleton, Thomas. R. H. Stoddard. Dial.
Little Country Girl”; “The Alcott Calendar for Morality, Science of. S. M. Franklin. Pop. Sci. Mo.
1886"; "The Joyous Story of Toto," by Laura E.
Murray, House of. F. Espinasse. Harper's.
Musical Taste. R. J. Wilmot. Overland Monthly.
Richards; " Nature's Teachings,” by J. G. Wood, Nachtigal, Dr. Gustav. Pop, Sci. Mo.
with many illustrations.
National Aid to Education, C. X. Jenkins. Century.
Natural Law in Spiritual World. H. A. F. Cochrane. Dial,
CHARLES SCRIBNER's Sons announce: “The
tics of the Future. Woods Pasha. No. Am. Rev.
Wheel of Fire," a new novel by Arlo Bates; “The New Guinea, Partition of. Andover Review
New York in 1861. Military Affairs in. M. Read. M. A. H.
Last Meeting," a new novel by Brander Matthews;
Ohio, Earliest Settlement in. Alfred Matthews. Harper's.
“ Roses of Shadow," new novel by T. R. Sullivan; Orthodoxv, Progressive. Andover Review.
“ Color Studies," novel by “Ivory Black”; “ Two
Poets, Twilight of the. E. C. Stedman, Century.
Political Education. J. B. Peterson. Century.
Years in the Jungle," the experiences of a naturalist
Portfolio, The New. 0. W. Holmes. Atlantic.


1885.]
129
THE DIAL
Psychical Opportunity, The Great. E. S. Phelps, N. A. R.
Public Charities, Private Aid to. D. McG. Means, And. R.
Railway Managers and Employés. W. T. Barnard. P.S.M.
Religion, Family. Washington Gladden. Century.
Religious Problem of Country Town. S. W. Dike, And. R.
Roman Martyr, A. R. T. Nevin, Andover Review
Sacramento squatter Riot of 1850. Josiah Royce. Overland.
Serial Story, The Charlotte Porter. Century.
Sewage, Disposal of in Cities. J. S. Billings. Harper's.
Siberia and the Exiles. A. E. Brehm. Pop. Sci. Mo.
Sociological Discussions, Recent. Overland Monthly.
South, Impressions of the. Charles D. Warner. Harper's.
South, The Silent. George W. Cable Century.
Spelling, How It Damages the Mind. F.E.Fernald. P.S.M.
Sussex. Alice M. Fenn, Century.
Sunlight and Earth's atmosphere. S. P. Langley. P. S. M.
Vicksburg, Siege of. V. S. Grant. Century.
Vicksbury, Diary of Siege of. Century
Wallace and McCook at Shiloh. C. S. Grant. Century.
Washington's First Public Service. T.J.Chapman, M.A.H.
Women and Finance. Emily F. Wheeler. Century.
Yukon, Exploring the. Frederick Schwatka. Century.
POCKET VOLUMES OF QUOTATIONS.
Shakespeare Forget-Me-Nots. A Text Book of Shake.
speare Quotations. Illustrated in color. E. P. Dut.
ton & Co. Plain edges, 25 cents; gilt edges, 49 cents.
Snote Drops. A Selection of scripture Texts for morn.
ing and evening. Illustrated in colors. E. P. Dutton
& Co. 15 cents.
Living Waters. A Bible Text. Brok. Illustrated in
colors. E. P. Dutton & Co. 25 cents.
Grains of Gold for Morning and Evening. Illustrated
in colors. E. P. Dutton & Co. 15 cents.
The Beauty of the King. Daily Food for the King's
Household. By F. M. H. Hlustrated in colors. London.
35 cents,
The Child's Own Tert-Book, Illust rated in colors. E.
P. Dutton & Co. 25 cents.
Rosebuds and Proinises. Illustrated in colors. E. P.
Dutton & ('o. 25 cents.
A Casket of Pearls. Selections from Holy Scripture
for morning and evening. Compiled and edited by E.
kery. Designs by W. H. S. Thompson. Illustrated
in colors. London. 35 cents.
Rays of Light. Daily Text Book for Divine Guidance.
Compiled and edited by E. Keary. Designs by W. H.
S. Thompson. Illustrated in colors. London. 35 cents.
.
-
-
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[The following List includes all New Books, American and For.
eign, received during the month of August, by MESSRS.
JANSEN, MCCLURG & Co., Chicago.]
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
The Story of Greece. By Prof, James A. Harrison. Illus.
trated. Pp. 515. "The Story of the Nations." G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
Francis Bacon. An account of his Life and Works. By
Edwin A. Abbott, D.D. Svo, pp. 508. Macmillan &
Co. $1.00.
Sarah and Angelina Grimké. The First American
Women Advocates of Abolition and Woman's Rights.
By Catherine Il. Birney. PP. 319. Lee & Shepard.
$1.25.
Words of Our Hero, Ulysses S. Grant. Edited by
Jeremiah Chaplin. With personal reminiscences by
Mrs. Jessie B. Frémont. Portrait. Pp. 76. Paper.
D. Lothrop & Co. 35 cents.
RAILROADS---TRAVEL.
Manual of the Railroads of the United States for 1885.
Showing their routeand mileage; stocks, bonds, debts,
(out, Uulic, earnings, expenses and dividends, their
organizations, directors, oficers, etc. By Henry V.
Poor. 10, pp. 100. H. 1. & II. W. Poor. Net, 36.00.
The Elements of Railroading. By Charles Paine. Pp.
154. Railroad Gazette. $1.00,
A Canterbury Pilgrimage. Ridden, written and
illustrated by Joseph and Elizabeth R. Pennell. Pp.
79. Paper. Charles Scribner's Sons, 5) cents.
Ableton's Dictionary of Neur York and Vicinity.
Kerised Edition for ins5.With maps. Pp. 236. Paper.
D. Appleton & Co, 30 cents.
ESSAYS AND BELLES LETTRES.
Discourses in America. By Matthew Arnold. Pp. 207.
Macmillan & Co. $1.59.
Representative Essays. Comprising twelve unabridged
Essays by Irving, Lamb, De Quincey, Emerson,
Arnold, Morley, Lowell, Carlyle, Macaulay, Froude,
Freeman, and Gladstone. Pp. 395, G. P. Putnam's
Song. $2.00.
Letters on Daily Life. By Elizabeth M. Sewell. Pp.
352. E. & J. B. Young & Co. $2.00.
The Complete Works of llerander Hamilton. Includ.
ing his private correspondence, with a number of
leiters that have not heretofore come into print, and
che contributions to "The Federalist" ot llammilton).
Jay, and Madison. Edited, with an introduction and
notes, by 11. C. Lodge. To be completed in 9 vol...
8vo. Vols. I.-II. now ready. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Per vol., ret, $5.00.
The Ingenious Gentleman, Don Qui.cote, of La Mancha.
By Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra. A Translation,
with Introduction and Notes, by Johu Orusby.
8vo. Vol. IV. completing the work. Macmillan & Co.
Per Vol., $3.50; per set, 4 vols., $14.00.
The Works of W.M. Thackeray. Standard edition, to be
completed in 26 vols., 8vo. Vol. XXII.-Roundabout
Papers and The Second tuneral of Napoleon. With
Illustrations by the author, Charles keene and M.
Fitzgerald. J. B. Lippincott Co. $3.00.
The Works of Orestes A. Brownson. (lollected and ar.
ranged by H. F. Brownson, Vol. XLI.- Containing
the Writings on Literature. 800, pp. 605. T. Nourse.
Net, $3.00.
Eulogy on General Grant. Delivered at Westminster
Abbey. By Canon Farrar. Pp. 36. Paper. E. P.
Dutton & Co. 25 cents.
POETRY.
City Ballads. By Will Carleton. Illustrated. Square
$v0, Harper & Bros. Plain edges, $2.00; gilt edges,
$2.50.
Glenaveril; or, The Metamorphoses. By The Earl of Lyt.
ton (Owen Mereditli). Books IV., V. and V I., complet.
ing the work. Paper. D. Appleton & Co. 50 cents.
The Same. Complete. Cloth, $1.50.
Elijah the Reformer. A Ballad. Epic and other Sacred
and Religious Poems. By G. L. Taylor, D.D. 4to,
Pp. 279. Funk & Wagnalls. $1.50.
REFERENCE-EDUCATIONAL.
The Encyclopedic Dictionary. A new and original
work of reference to all the words in the English lan.
guace, with a full account of their origin, meaning,
pronunciation, and use. With numerous illustrations.
810. Vol. IV. (Part II.) Int.-Mel. Cassell & Co.
$3.00,
Casar's Gallic War. Seren books, Edited by J.H. and
W.F. Allen and J. B. Greenough. Revised with notes
and dissertations, fully illustrated, on Cæsar's Cam.
paigns and the Roman Military Art, by I. P. Judson.
Pp. 119. llalt leather, red edges. Gin & ('o. $1.33.
Neue High School Music Reader. For the use of Mixed
and Boys' High Schools, By Julius Eichberg. $10,
Pp. 320. Boards. Ginn & Co 31.05.
Outlines of Practical Philosophy. Dictated Portions
of the Lectures of Hermann Lotze. Translated and
edited by G. T. Ladd. Pp. 156. Ginn & Co. $1.0)
Sir Lectures U pon School Ilygiene. Delivered under
the auspices of the Massachusetts Emergency and Ily.
giene association to Teachers in the Public Schools.
Pp. 208. Ginn & Co. 88 cents.
PRACTICAL AND NATURAL SCIENCE.
Applied Mechanics. By Gaetano Lanza, s.B., C. & M. E.
810, pp. 729. John Wiley & Sons. $3.00,
Modern Moulding and Pattern-Making. A Practical
Treatise upon Pattern-Shop and Foundry Work, Em.
bracing the Moulding of Pulleys, Spur Gears, Balance-
Wheels, Stationary - Engine and Locomotive Cylin.
ders, Globe Valves, Tool Work, Mining Machinery,
Screw Propellers, etc., etc. By J. P. Mullin, M.E.
Illustrated. Pp. 237. D. Van Nostrand. Vet, $2.50.
A Manual of Topographical Drauling. By Lieut. R. S.
Smith, ('.S. A Revised and enlarged by: McMillan,
C.E. 8vo, pp. 112, and Plates. John Wiley & Song.
$2.00.
Properties of Matter. By P. G. Tait, M.A., Sec. R. S. E.
Pp. 320. London. Vet, $2.25.
Cattle-Raising on the Plains of North America. By
Walter Baron Von Richthofen. Pp. 102. D. Appleton
& Co. 75 cents.
Forest Leares. A Practical Work on the Propagation
and Management of Trees for Forest and Ornamental
Planting, etc. By W. W. Johnson, Illustrated in
colors. 870., pp. 60. Paper. W. W. Johnson. 50
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1885.]
135
THE DIAL
CASSELL & COMPANY'S NEW PUBLICATIONS.
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etc., etc.


1885.]
THE DIAL
137
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138
THE DIAL
[Oct., 1885.
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THE DIAL
-- - --
-- - -- --
VOL. VI. OCTOBER, 1885. No. 66.
Brown's life some years before the Virginia
campaign. He was Brown's friend through
all the stormy part of his career—that is, from
CONTENTS.
1856 to Brown's death in 1859. The Brown
family have furnished him with all papers at
SANBORN'S LIFE OF JOHN BROWN. David Utter - 139
their disposal, and, besides, he has been a most
assiduous collector of everything written or
ENGLISH LAW FOR THE PEOPLE. James 0. Pierce 141
printed in any way concerning Brown or any
RECENT PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS. John Bascom - 143 part of his life.
But this book, although written in the man-
GUSTAVE DORÉ. Sara A. Hubbard . . . . . . . 145
ner of an ordinary biography whose object is
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 148 to place before the reader a complete and per-
Cooley's Michigan.- Memoirs of Karoline Bauer. fect picture of the man, is, indeed, essentially
-- Masson's The Atomic Theory of Lucretius Con. an apology for John Brown. It is written in
trasted with Modern Doctrines of Atoms and the spirit of the Great Man theory of Carlyle:
Evolution. Shepard's Enchiridion of Criticism. namely, that the world runs down or gets into
-The Spirit of the New Testament.-- Havard's
a bad way periodically through the deficiencies
The Dutch School of Painting.-John H. Bryant's
of merely common men, and would go to the
Poems Written from Youth to Old Age.-Bullou's
bad entirely, only it is so arranged that just in
Due South.-Some Noted Princes, Authors, and
the nick of time the Lord sends down a Hero,
Statesmen.-George Eliot's Works, Popular Edi.
a Great Man, and he straightens out every-
tion.-The Garnet Series of the Chatauqua Press.
thing so effectually that we can then get along
for perhaps a generation or two with only men
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS ........ 152 of the common sort. The theory is unsound,
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS FOR OC. unscientific, and has little hold upon the minds
TOBER ................. of young Americans anywhere, even in New
BOOKS OF THE MONTII...........
England; yet if this were different, if the
Great Man theory were ever so firmly estab-
lished and acceptable, it would require more
SANBORN'S LIFE OF JOHN BROWN.*
than Mr. Sanborn's abilities to sustain New
England's original exaggerated estimate of
More than a quarter of a century has passed Brown's greatness. But this is the task he
since Captain John Brown of Kansas was | has set before himself, at which he has wrought
hanged on a Virginia gallows, and his soul with great intensity for more than twenty-five
began its wonderful march toward the valhalla years. To Mr. Sanborn, John Brown is not
of mythical heroes and demi-gods. But an only a hero, but one of the very greatest
age of voluminous printing and general read heroes that the world has produced. He not
ing is unfavorable to myth-making; and so far only tells us that Brown believed himself
as any interest remains in the career and char divinely commissioned to overthrow the slave
acter of Captain Brown it is manifest in the power, but intimates, on several pages, that he
desire to know the whole truth concerning himself believes in this divine commission of
him, with nothing added through malice or Brown's. Consistency of course demanded
envy, and nothing subtracted that might injure this; for Mr. Sanborn was an accomplice, or
his fame. A life of Brown, written in a calm co-conspirator, of Brown's in the Harper's
and judicial spirit that should correct the mis Ferry foray. That is to say, in 1858 Mr.
takes and exaggerations of Redpath and Sanborn had been informed in detail as to the
Webb, was much to be desired; and Mr. San Virginia campaign; and he publishes with
born's book will be warmly greeted by many, I pride, in this book, a letter in which John
in the hope that such a life of the famous Brown urges him to become one of his little
abolitionist has at last been written. But such army upon that expedition. Being thus closely
readers are doomed to disappointment, not- | identified with his hero in this Harper's Ferry
withstanding Mr. Sanborn's eminent ability affair, it is of course only common consistency
and ample literary qualifications for the task that he should cover himself with the same
he so long ago assumed. He tells us, in the defence which best shields Brown. But al-
Introduction, that he has been engaged upon though Mr. Sanborn avows his faith in the
this work for nearly thirty years; which divine mission of Brown, this is not his chief
means that he began to prepare to write John line of defence. He of course could not fail
to see that if this were insisted upon, all other
* LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOIN BROWN. Edited by F. B.
Sanborn. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
defence becomes entirely unnecessary.


140
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
The general scope and tone of the book are writing, and is as well put as anything so un-
indicated in its title-page, upon which we read: | true and fallacious could be. But the common
“ John Brown, Liberator of Kansas and Mar moral sense of the American people decided in
tyr of Virginia." If we grant that these titles 1856, if not long before, that there should be no
properly belong to Brown, Mr. Sanborn's work war for the overthrow of slavery, and very
is well done. All the details of his early life, few to-day conceive the war of the Great Re-
the many commonplace letters to his family, bellion as having been waged against slavery.
all the particulars given in the chapters upon The prevalent conception, and the true one, is
“ Ancestry and Childhood,” “Youth and that so strenuously insisted on by President
Early Manhood,” “ John Brown as a Business Lincoln: that the war was a war for the pres-
Man,” “Pioneer Life in the Adirondacs," ervation of the Union. Slavery may have
“ Preparations for the Conflict,” and “Family caused the Rebellion,-but there is all the
Counsels and Home Life,” occupying the first difference that exists between being wrong
one hundred and sixty pages, are interesting up- and being right, between fighting to overthrow
on this hypothesis. Yet it is observable that the slavery and fighting to sustain the government.
editor's art reaches beyond the mere effort to A failure to perceive this difference was the
entertain those who begin the book fully con- unsound point in Brown's character. He did
vinced of Brown's greatness ; and that from not see why he had not as much right to de-
beginning to end the apologetic aim is never clare war in Kansas as the Government of the
for a moment lost sight of. The very forms United States; and so he organized his little
of the sentences on the first page foreshadow “Northern Army," consisting of his own sons
the defence of the “ Pottawatomie Executions." | for the most part, and killed five men, going
That Mr. Sanborn should have felt under obli- to their cabins at night and taking them out of
gation to defend those assassinations and the their beds for that purpose. Mr. Sanborn
Virginia campaign of John Brown and his sons, justifies the act, thinking it the same as war.
precluded his writing in any broad, fair and But this will never be the common opinion,
candid way, such as would commend itself to as it is not the true view, where all the circum-
the generation that has come upon the stage stances are known. If this was war, then any
since these events took place. Indeed, all the man may “remove” an offensive member of
morally sane, not only of this generation but of society whenever he thinks the good of the
John Brown's contemporaries, before whom community demands it. Brown's example
the whole matter has been laid, bave failed would not justify murder for money, nor for
and must fail to justify his deeds of violence any selfish purpose perhaps, but it would
and bloodshed, however much they admire justify the "execution of any individuals be-
and commend his unselfish heroism and self-
lieved to stand in the way of the public good.
sacrificing love of freedom, and his unflinching Mr. Sanborn sees this, and so he urges that
advocacy of the rights of the slave. Of the “ only heroes” have the right to take the law
exalted and unselfish purpose of Brown, and | into their own hands and declare war in this
the sincerity and purity of his intentions, few fashion and execute bad men. “The Brown
people in the North have any doubt; and his Family,” he says on page 187, were to be
defenders would have done well to rest his classed by themselves. On page 248 he quotes
claims to immortality upon this plea alone, these lines from Milton:
and to confess his unsoundness of mind, lack “ As if they would contine th’ Interminable,
And tie Him to His own prescript,
of judgment, and great mistakes both in Kan-
Who made our law, to bind us, not Himself,
sas and Virginia. But such is not the tone of
And hath full right to exempt
the volume before us. On page 268 Mr. San-
Whom it so pleases Him by choice.”
born writes of Brown:
And the following is Mr. Sanborn's comment:
“This is a high doctrine applying only to heroes;
“He knew, what few could then believe—that
but it holds good of John Brown, and particularly
slavery must perish in blood; and, though a peace-
in regard to the Pottawatomie executions of May,
ful man, he had no scruples about shedding blood
in so good a cause. The American people a few
1856. Such a deed must not be judged by the
every-day rules of conduct. .... The crisis was
years after engaged in organized bloodshed for the
momentous and yet invisible to all but eyes divinely
attack and defence of slavery, and hundreds of thou-
sands of men died in the cause that Brown had
appointed to see it and to foresee its consequences.
killed and been killed to maintain. Yet we, who
Upon the swift and secret vengeance of John Brown
praise Grant for those military movements which
in that midnight raid hinged the future of Kansas
as we now can see; and on that future again hinged
caused the bloody death of thousands, are so incon-
the destinies of the whole country.”
sistent as to denounce Brown for the death of these
five men in Kansas. If Brown was a murderer, then
It is quite true that only the “divinely ap-
Grant and Sherman and Hancock and the other
pointed "eyes of Brown saw the necessity of the
Union generals are tenfold murderers, for they raid at the time. A meeting of citizens on the
simply did on a grand scale what he did on a small ground, within three days after the tragedy,
consisting of men of all parties, denounced
This is a fair example of Mr. Sanborn's | these “executions” as a crime of the deep-
one."


1885.]
141
THE DIAL
est dye, and all present pledged themselves This letter is genuine. Mrs. Doyle is now
to do all in their power to ferret out the living in Chattanooga, and acknowledges it
assassins of the Doyles and others, and bring | as hers. Yet, without the slightest reason for
them to justice. Some Free-State men after- so doing (so far as anything has been made
ward were persuaded that the raid had a public), such men as Higginson and Redpath
salutary effect, but probably very few could and Sanborn pronounced it a forgery, and
now agree with Mr. Sanborn as above quoted. stoutly denied-upon Brown's explicit author-
To justify these assassinations is the great ity, as they then said--that Brown had killed
effort of this book; and on the whole it must the Doyles or anybody else “except in fair
be counted a failure. The author goes to fight." Had all been known then of the mat-
quite an unwarrantable length in his attempts ter that is known now, it is not probable that
to blacken the characters of the murdered Brown would have been approved as he was
men, the Doyles, Wilkinson, and Sherman, by Parker and Emerson and the others to
In this he has been assisted by the sons whom his name owes its peculiar exaltation.
of John Brown, by a Jewish gentleman Mr. Sanborn's book contains much matter
named Bondi who served under Brown at | in the way of letters not hitherto published,
Black Jack, and some others anxious to clear some of it valuable as historical material; but
Brown's name of the stain of killing innocent we feel all the time that only that is printed
men. But in the eyes of unprejudiced men, which bears out the editor's views. When a
who have read both sides of the discussion, man has become an “enemy” of Brown, he
the case against Brown's victims is not at all need not expect justice at the hands of Mr.
clearly made out, and Mr. Sanborn shows his Sanborn. For this reason, Governor Robinson,
unfairness in giving only ex-parte testimony in G. W. Brown, Eli Thayer, and even A. A.
regard to them. Why should he be so anxious to Lawrence, make but a sorry appearance in this
show that they were bad men ? If Brown was volume. How different it would all have been
divinely appointed to “execute” them, is not with them had they remained “friends” of
that enough? The truth is that this midnight | Brown, instead of wickedly becoming his
assassination in Kansas seems to a great many “enemies," we may see by the glowing tributes
people so wicked and unjustifiable an act that paid to Mr. George L. Stearns and Mr. Gerritt
it changes their whole conception of Brown's Smith. But the great public, that feels neither
character. He can be no hero, they say, who friendship nor enmity toward the hero of Os-
will go about killing unarmed men, when there sawatomie, will ultimately be possessed of the
were plenty of armed men for him to fight had facts, and Brown, like others, will be judged
he wished. A report of this matter had almost by his deeds.
David UTTER.
proved fatal to Brown's fame in its very in-
ception in 1859, had it not been skiliully
hushed up. When Brown was spending his
last days in prison, writing those wonderful
ENGLISH LAW FOR THE PEOPLE.*
letters of his by which he captivated New Not upon the plan of making “every man
England, there came a feeble cry from the | his own lawyer," but with the more practical
stricken widow, Mahala Doyle, of which this object of giving non-professionals some sub-
is a copy:
stantial and comprehensive ideas of what the
“ CHATTANOOGA, TENN., Nov. 20, 1859. rules of law in part are, were written the two
** Joux BROWN: Sir.-Although vengeance is not modest books whose titles appear below. But
mine, I confess that I do feel gratified to hear that
while possessing in this respect a common ob-
you were stopped in your fiendish career at Harper's
ject, they differ broadly, both as to the subjects
Ferry, with the loss of your two sons. You can
discussed and the mode of treatment. Mr.
now appreciate my distress in Kansas when you
then and there entered my house at midnight and
Williams's brochure, as its title indicates, aims
arrested my husband and two boys and took them to remove misconceptions, and, to some extent,
out in the yard and in cold blood shot* them dead popular prejudices, while at the same time
in my hearing. You can't say you did it to free our illustrating his subjects by practical informa-
slaves; we had none, and never expected to own
tion. Eleven of his twelve chapters are de-
one; but it has only made me a poor disconsolate
voted to general topics, all of great interest to
widow with helpless children. While I feel for your
intelligent people. The titles “Freedom of
folly, I do hope and trust you will meet with your
just reward. Oh, how it pained my heart to hear
Contract,” “Libel and Slander,” “The Court
the dying groans of my husband and children. If of Chancery and the Law's Delay,” and “Evi-
this scrawl gives you any consolation you are wel dence,” will give some general idea of the
come to it.
MAHALA DOYLE." class of topics thus illustrated. Mr. Williams's
* By the way, here is direct contemporary evidence * FORENSIC FACTS AND FALLACIES. A Popular Consid.
avainst Sanborn's theory that Brown himself did not do eration of some Legal Points and Principles. By Sydney
the killing. Townsley testifies that John Brown shot the E. Williams, Barrister at Law. London: Macmillan & Co.
elder Doyle. Owen Brown (probably) tells Sanborn that JUSTICE AND POLICE. The English Citizen, his Rights
no gun was fired. Mrs. Doyle told the writer that she is and Responsibilities. By F. W. Maitland. London:
positive there was a shot.
Macmillan & Co.


142
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
style is lucid and agreeable. He has observed various writers, designed to instruct the
closely those phases of English jurisprudence average Englishman in the political institu-
as to which the popular idea is most commonly tions and economy of his own country. The
or most easily a mistaken one, and he aims to title “Justice and Police” was doubtless
correct popular errors, without rancor or sar adopted with reference to its position in that
casm, and with a sympathetic appreciation of series, in which its semi-political character
the honest intent which underlies most of the gives it a proper place. In its semi-juridical
popular criticisms upon the law's defects. He character, its scope and object might be better
believes that “there is at the present time understood if it were entitled “Courts and
especial need of popular instruction in legal Procedure.” It gives, in plain and popular
principles;” but he realizes that “to tilt at language, an analysis and description of the
popular fallacies with the heavy lance of close present judicial system in England, with ref-
reasoning is a fruitless endeavor.” Primarily, erences to the past sufficient to show the won-
he would correct the common supposition derful progress made during the present
“that the law is ever engaged in spinning fine century. Students of Bentham and Austin,
webs of sophistry, instead of deciding cases who recall the reforms recommended by them
according to common sense;" and he attempts and encouraged by Brougham, will find here
to inculcate the vital truth that “when the law the results of their labors, as achieved up to
presses harshly, as it must in some cases, it is the present time, clearly summarized. The
not because of any perverse ingenuity on the old and intricate system of civil courts in Eng-
part of the law or lawyers, but because of the land has given place to one which, though not
inherent fallibility of human foresight.” The perfect, is “fairly simple and symmetrical."
style of this essayist is admirably adapted to In response to the popular demand for cheap
the work of teaching these important and and local justice, the old centralizing tenden-
sometimes disagreeable truths, plainly and in- cies of the English jurisprudence have been
telligibly. On the subject of “Freedom of arrested by the creation of a grade of local
Contract," for example, the reasons for the courts of original though limited jurisdiction,
rules adopted by the courts are explained in called county courts, of which there are, in
ordinary language, and while briefly, yet so England and Wales, five hundred. Though
clearly that their entire reasonableness is ap they are styled county courts, they are more
parent. On the subject of “Evidence,” it may be | properly district courts, for the geographical
noted how generally the practice of courts and unit of the system is a district of less size than
lawyers in the matter of examining witnesses a county. In these, most of the smaller and
provokes popular censure. Mr. Williams more general litigation is prosecuted. Lord
well says that “legal evidence is little more than Coleridge recently called American attention
a common sense view of what constitutes suffi to the desuetude into which the old common-
cient probability upon which to act or form an law pleadings have fallen in the original home
opinion;" and he then applies the test of “com of all pleading. It is worthy of remark, too,
mon-sense” in demonstrating not only the pro- that while in America we are discussing the
priety but the necessity also (in an economic question of the size of the civil jury, doubtful
sense) of the exceptions which the courts whether it can be constitutionally reduced be-
make to the desire to let witnesses tell every low twelve men, England has solved the prob-
thing they wish to. Of “ Customs," he essays lem. In her county courts, the usual or normal
this definition, that they are “the laws of lay trial is now before the judge without a jury.
men, as distinguished from the laws of law A litigant whose claim exceeds £5 may, if he
yers;” which is correct if we are considering desires a jury, have it upon demand, but it
only those customs which become a part of the will be a jury of five only. And how does
law. He then shows how these customs have this scheme work in practice? The popular
developed until they have been “stamped with desire for jury trial is proportionately so small
the approval of legislatures or judges, and thus as to be almost infinitesimal. In 1883, the
have become law.” It would be unfair to Mr. actions determined in these courts by juries
Williams to illustrate by long excerpts the were 949; those without a jury were 610,009.
charming manner in which he strips abstruse Thus far has England, in forty years, pro-
legal propositions of all that makes them for- gressed in the work of judicial reform, about
midable. His little work will tend greatly to which we in America are still talking. There
increase popular respect for law and lawyers, is also, as is well known, a new and simple
as the servants rather than the foes of the system of appellate courts, in which there
people themselves. It will doubtless prove a have been, since its first adoption ten years
more readable and more widely read book than ago, some changes in the direction of greater
its companion volume, to which reference is simplicity. The final appeal is to the House of
now to be made.
Lords, which is not only a legislative but also
Mr. Maitland's book is one of the “English a judicial body. To Americans this blending
Citizen” series; a succession of essays, by 1 of the two functions in one body seems anom-


1885.]
THE DIAL
143
- ---------------- -- ------
-- ----- - -- - - --- ------- ----------
alous, so accustomed are we to our constitu- of the will, and of the duties which attach to
tional separation of these departments of men directly and in their social relations. The
government. In the fact that during recent field is defined as follows;
years only those lords who are learned in the “How are we to conduct ourselves so as at the same
law do in fact act as judges of the court of time to attain to outward good fortune and inward
last resort, we may see an intimation that a peace?” “It is the problem of Practical Philosophy
final separation of these departments is ap-
to investigate these rules—the rules for the attain-
proaching in England.
ment of this object--and to combine them into a
Our substantive law has so much in com- |
system."
mon with that of England-in fact, is in so
The author does not belong to that large class
many respects identical with it—that Amer-
of thinkers who have striven to find other
ican readers will find much more of general
foundations for reason than the reason itself.
interest in Mr. Williams's book than in Mr.
All conclusions must rest back, centrewise, on
Maitland's. But the signs of the times indicate
the reason; and the reason, by its own insight,
an adoption by all English-speaking peoples
must sustain them. On no other ground can
of systems of procedure which shall be based
the reason question and criticise the world
on substantially identical principles; and all
about it. The very thing it asks is the con-
those who are interested in this question of a
formity or want of conformity of this world
proper organization of our American courts
to its own principles.
will note with profit the changes made in the
"We can leave the different values of pleasure
English system, as disclosed by Mr. Maitland.
also to be immediately revealed to us by the voice
of conscience, precisely as we learn of its existence
JAMES O. PIERCE.
in general only from experience; and it is nothing
---
--------
but pedantry to be unwilling to take for granted
this knowledge from such a source, and demand for
RECENT PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS.*
it instead some origin as a matter of method more
Philosophy has shared in America, in the
profound."
last few years, the activity which has prevailed
Reason is competent to do its own work, but
in other departments of literature. We may
must do it in the midst of the facts, within
fairly begin to speak of a revival of philosophy,
the range of the entire experience to which it
as contrasted with, not opposed to, science.
belongs. This vigor, this capacity of the spirit
One of the results of this increased interest is
once recognized, the recognition becomes
the publication, now in progress, of the Out-
decisive of such a controversy as that of the
lines of Philosophy, by Hermann Lotze. Three
freedom of the will.
volumes have already been published: “Out-
“If we make the will perfectly ineffective, then
lines of Metaphysics,” “Outlines of Religion,"
it can no longer be told by what means the will is
still to be distinguished from a mere theoretical in-
and “ Outlines of Practical Philosophy”; three
sight into the praiseworthiness or badness of an
remain to be published, “Outlines of Psy-
action. Now however little we may be able to de-
chology," “ Outlines of Esthetics,” and “Out scribe in yet other words its essential nature, it is
lines of Logic.” We are indebted for the none the less certain that we are speaking of the
translation in which these works are offered will only in case there exists a certain amount of
to the American public, to Prof. George T.
exertion towards its actualization, in addition to the
Ladd. We are glad to express our apprecia-
aforesaid insight; that is to say: Every act of the
tion of the successful labor of the translator
will must have some degree of effective intensity."
so far, and our high sense of the value of the
We may well hope that this work will not
philosophical discussions of Lotze. They be-
only be helpful in quickening thought, but in
long to the region of pure speculative thought,
guiding and correcting it.
and traverse it with clearness and strength.
The second volume before us is that by
We hope that the sale of these works will
Prof. Edward Caird, of the University of
show that this venture was not ill-timed.
Glasgow. It is a work of exposition and
The present volume, the third in the series,
criticism. Prof. Caird is already favorably
is devoted to practical philosophy. Practical
known by a somewhat similar, though more
philosophy with Lotze covers the ground of
extended, work on the Philosophy of Kant.
ethics. The compact volume contains a dis-
“ This volume,” says the author in the preface,
cussion of ethical ideas and principles, freedom
" consists of a series of articles which have
already appeared in the Contemporary Re-
*OUTLINES OF PRACTICAL PHILOSOPily. Dictatel Por.
tions of thie Lectures of llermann Lotze; translated and
view.' A few paragraphs have been re-written,
cited by George T. Ladi, Professor of Philosophy in and a few verbal changes introduced to re-
Yale College. Boston: Ginn & Company.
move obscurity or inaccuracy, but the general
THE SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION OF COMTE. By
substance of the articles remains unaltered.”
the University of Glasgow. New York: Macmillan & Co.
Comte belongs to that suggestive class of
THE RELIGION OF PHILOSOPHY; OR TITE UNIFICATION authors in whom a bold critical temper is ac-
OF KNOWLEDGE. A Comparison of the Chief Philosophical
companied with insight into the nature and
and Religious Systems of the World. By Raymond s.
Perrin. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
difficulties of the problem before them. Such
Edward (aird, LLD., Professor of Moral Philosophy in


144
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
- ---- -
-
writers, while much more destructive than they philosophy must be objective as well as sub-
have any right to be, cast in many directions jective, and there can be no religion of Human-
intense rays of light. They may well, there- ity which is not also a religion of God.” The
fore, exert an influence quite other than that task undertaken is executed with a clearness
they intend. A portion of the disciples of and thoroughness that make the perusal of the
Comte have been more reasonably coherent book a pleasure.
than their master, and so proportionately less The last volume we have to consider is a
productive. Many others, not disciples, have voluminous one. Life is short to write it, and
made a study of the works of Comte, not for almost too short to read it. It is not, as it
the sake of their ultimate conclusions, but for should be, pressed and compacted throughout
changeable diffusive light which attends on | by a stringent purpose. It is on another plane
the discussion. Comte was not content with of philosophy quite from the previous ones.
the bald results of his own theory, when Its undertaking is to furnish a new centre of
strictiy applied. He was not willing to accept | religious thought to those who, by scientific
absolute agnosticism in reference to the nature inquiries, have lost the old centres. The uni-
of things, the source and coherence of ideas. versal fact which is to perform this service is
The theological and metaphysical stages in motion.
their passage into oblivion swept away more “For the Infinite and the Absolute mean simply
than he wished to lose, and it became a later space and time, the objective and subjective aspects
and urgent inquiry with him, what, as religion of Motion.” “The reduction of these categories
and social impulse, could be put in the place of the categories of thought-to the simple fact of
the illusions of faith and of speculation which
Motion, gives us the solution of the metaphysical
had been dispelled. Even if the substitute
problem." And so of the theological one. - The
activities of the mind and of nature are forms of
had no absolute validity, it might serve the
motion, and can be expressed in terms of its aspects,
purpose of social life, and carry men forward,
space and time." “ This generalization, apparently
ready otherwise to sink into inaction and de so simple, is of transcendent importance. It is
spair. Comte showed the largeness of his fatal to every superstition and every form of mys-
nature by a keen sense of how much had been tery.”
lost to men in religion and social philosophy. The attributes of God are identical with the
" The decay of the old faiths, and of the objective
aspects of motion. It is the purpose of this
synthesis based upon them, has emancipated us volume to replace the religions of the world-
from many illusions, but it has, as it were, taken the assumed to be wrecked and stranded by
inspiration out of our lives. It has made knowledge science-by the plain primary phenomenon of
a thing for specialists, who have lost the sense of motion, the centre of physics, and so, as phi-
totality, the sense of the value of their particular
losophy is but the highest translation of
studies in relation to the whole; and it has made
physics, of philosophy. The new image is set
action feeble and wayward by depriving men of the
conviction that there is any great central aim to be
up, and is only waiting for worshippers. The
achieved by it.”
author sounds the sackbut to summon the
It was the later effort of the life of Comte
devotees. This undertaking is much like the
later effort of ('omte to construct a new faith;
to restore somewhat in religion and in society
the waste he had helped to make. It is the
| though to our taste the fruit of Comte's labor,
the religion of humanity, is as much more juicy
nature and success of this effort that Prof.
Caird has under consideration in “ The Social
than the result of Mr. Perrin's effort, the
Philosophy of Comte.”
religion of motion, as is the pulp of a peach
While the author
superior to the dry rind of a bitter almond.
shows the inadequacy of Comte's substitu-
The volume contains three parts: A discus-
tions, and emphasizes the fact that they
sion of the history of philosophy, a discussion
involve far more restitution of the old than
of the doctrine of perception as held by
Comte was willing to admit, he is still very
Spencer and Lewes, and a discussion of the
appreciative of the merits of Comte, and of
religions of the world. “The Religion of
the value of his work.
Philosophy” is accepted as the title which
"If there is anything which the history of philos-
best unites these distinct parts. The present-
ophy teaches with clearness, it is that contempora-
ation of a new religion is the tenuous thread
neous movements of the human spirit, even those
which is relied on to bind together these three
which appear to be most independent or antagonis-
tic, are but partial expressions of a truth which is
topics, though it is at no time drawn taut, at
not fully revealed in any one of them, and which no time made to tie up the discussions into a
can be adequately appreciated only by a later gen-| compact treatise. Were it not for a brief in-
eration."
troduction, we should easily miss the entire
In the spirit of this passage, the author en connection of thought. The second part, the
deavors to show that what Comte readmits as doctrine of perception, is the germ of all con-
religion to and for the mind, can only be clusions, and the religion offered is what re-
successfully retained as a valid expression of mains possible under this view of the processes
the world about us. “The true synthesis of 1 of mind.


1885.]
THE DIAL
145
-- --- -
--- -- -----
It is very surprising that anyone should ordinary paths of thought; to recognize suffi-
think it worth while to offer men à religion of | ciently the flashes of light which may illumi-
motion. A religion expressed simply in terms nate the usually dark way; or to estimate at
of motion is no more intelligible than would their true value the subordinate parts of the
be a treatise on mechanics expressed in terms | book. The scale of justice may, however, be
of religion. Indeed, if the one thing is possi levelled up in this instance by the fact that
ble, the other should be also. That any one | some will esteem highly the very things I have
can call motion, God, and make the idea the censured.
John BASCOM.
source of a religion, distinctly shows this: an
-- - ---- - - --- -
absolute sense of the need of some faith. It
is equally strange that one who holds to evo-
GUSTAVE DORÉ.*
lution should expect to meet with any success
The opulent book containing the “Life and
in bringing forward a brand-new religion. If
| Reminiscences of Gustave Doré," by Blanche
evolution means anything, it means that the
Roosevelt, is the tribute of a warm-hearted
foundations of every great truth are already
friend laid upon the tomb of a man of genius.
deeply implanted in the human mind. For a
It is a spontaneous offering; the gift of ap-
single man to propose an essentially new
preciative and affectionate admiration, with
movement, is as if he should try to turn aside
none of the cool and deliberate method of a
a glacier with his hand.
formal biography. Its absence of rule and
The book is dogmatic in the absolute asser-
conventionality is indeed its main charm. It
tions it makes of the failure of all forms of
has the chatty, vivacious, familiar style of a
faith; in the complete confidence with which
cultivated woman's talk on a subject she has
it reposes in any, the most extreme, conclusions
studied with sincerity and enthusiasm. Miss
of the philosophy it has accepted. The essence
Roosevelt was a frequent guest at the house
of dogmatism is to suppose that one's own
of Doré during the last years of his life, and
convictions and feelings are, or should be,
when it was made desolate by his sudden
universal. This conviction the author has in
death, she was inspired with the idea of per-
a surprising degree. There is in this dogma-
petuating in a short sketch her memories of
tism a systematic oversight and perversion of
the artist and of his domestic environment.
the facts. The author conceives a faith-for
The project, once undertaken, grew in propor-
example, the Christian Religion on the side
tions until it assumed the form of a memoir.
of the objections which have attached to
Materials were gleaned from all sources, more
it; and the removal of these objections within
especially from the recollections of Doré's old
the faith itself, by its own growth, goes for
and intimate friends, and these were woven
nothing with him. The faiths of the past and
into a narrative which is irregular, though
the present are irredeemable and unchangeable
conforming to a general plan, sometimes ram-
under the characteristics he has put upon
bling and prolix, occasionally incorrect in point
them.
of syntax, once in a while blundering obviously
This work, like the Psychology of Spencer,
in statement, and which yet has always a de-
is, in spite of superficial perspicuity, pro-
lightful spice of individuality and creates an
foundly obscure as a whole. I doubt whether
absorbing interest in the man it delineates.
any writer surpasses Spencer in the form of
Louis-Auguste Gustave Doré, when his
mystification which arises from using familiar
death startled the world of art in January
words in new relations not fully fathomed by
1883, had barely concluded his fifty-first year.
his readers. Let Mr. Spencer state his conclu-
Ile was born in Strasbourg, Alsace, where his
sions in mental science plainly, in terms of
early years were passed. His father was a
matter and motion, and they would repel at
civil engineer, whose talents were the founda-
once most minds. Let Mr. Perrin persistently
tion of a successful and lucrative career.
talk of God and his attributes in familiar
There were three children, sons nearly of an
terms of motion, and his discussion would
age, and all uncommonly gifted and engaging.
hardly survive a dozen pages, instead of run-
Gustave, the second, attended school with his
ning readily through five hundred and sixty-|
brothers and rivalled or outstripped them in
six. If the religion of motion should ever get
his progress in learning. He was stimulated
so far as to require a symbol, I suggest the
by the ambition of his father, who, proud of
cicada, an insect unusually persistent in trans-
the precocity of the child, destined him for
lating motion into meaningless sound.
some literary or scientific profession. A re-
I dislike to be called on to criticise such a
markable memory and power of inventiori
book as this by Mr. Perrin. I always have a
sense of injustice in connection with the *LIFE AND REMINISCENCES OF GUSTAVE DORÉ. Com-
piled from Material supplied by Doré's Relations and
process. When one is out of sorts with the
general drift of a work, it is difficult to give Original Unpublished Sketches and Selections from Doré's
sufficient credit to the assiduity and dexterity
which have carried the writer so far from the |
Friends, and from Personal Recollection. With many
best Published Illustrations. By Blanche Roosevelt, au-
thor of "Stage-Struck," etc. New York: Cassell & Com.
pany.


146
(Oct.,
THE DIAL
_
—
-
--
were traits which first distinguished the boy.
He remembered everything he saw and heard,
and was ever exercising the creative faculty in
manifold ways. A pencil was constantly in
his fingers with which he drew pictures on
every scrap of paper at hand. The margins
· and vacant spaces in his books and letters
were filled with original illustrations. Fac-
similes which Miss Roosevelt gives of these
sketches made at the age of five years and
upward, are amazing examples of youthful
genius.
His musical and dramatic talents were only
inferior to his special art gift. When but
seven years old he witnessed a performance
of “Robert le Diable," and after that single
hearing was able to repeat all the principal
arias and scenes of the opera. About this
time he began the study of the violin, in
which he displayed extraordinary ability. IIe
had an equal taste for acrobatic feats, and
throughout his life a favorite pastime was
walking about on his hands in parlor or studio,
leaping over tables and chairs, and executing
the tricks and antics of a circus tumbler with
- astonishing ease and agility. His father
frowned upon the boy's predilection for draw-
ing; but his mother, with a truer instinct,
encouraged him in the liking, while his grand-
mother maintained a discreet silence, exhorting
him only “to study hard, read his Bible, and
remember that he bore an honest name.” The
little Gustave satisfied all three by his conduct
at school, where he kept without effort the
first place in his classes.
The lad often accompanied M. Doré in his
exploration of the Vosges provinces through
which he was conducting a railroad, and to
these opportunities for observing nature in
her varied wild and beautiful aspects the
artist afterward ascribed many of the influences
which gave bent and direction to his creative
moods. The tinge of superstition in his char-
acter was deepened by the legends which
abounded in the mountainous regions of Alsa-
tia. The elves and gnomes which dwelt by tra-
dition in every wood and glen were more real
to his mind than the actual things about him,
and as a result, his biographer states, “he
never conquered the habit of believing in illu-
sions and expecting miracles to be performed
in his favor as soon as he had set his heart
upon anything."
From infancy Gustave had a passion for
being out of doors, in the streets, gazing rapt
and wide-eyed upon the scenes before him. He
never took visible notes at the time, but, as
Miss Roosevelt relates:
“When he had looked his full, without uttering
a word he would return quietly to his father's
house. Once indoors, he relieved his mind by per-
forming a few circus tricks, or turning head over
heels all through the different rooms, and indulging
in all the antics of a lively kitten, but never saying
a word about his outdoor excursions. Next day,
however, his sketch-book faithfully reproduced the
leading incidents of his promenade. There was a
touch of pathos in his sketches, but the comic vein
ran more or less conspicuously through them all.“
At this period Gustave is described as very
gentle but exceedingly self-willed, devoted
and dutiful to his mother, independent of the
control of his father, and wont to exhibit a
hasty and domineering temper with his broth-
ers. Ile was light-hearted, good-humored,
fond of play, industrious, capable of incessant
activity, strong in self-confidence, fond of the
mysterious, and inclined “to take extreme
views of most things.” It was intended that
the three sons of M. Doré should follow the
scientific course laid down by the Polytechnic
School, but during his first visit to Paris, in
1847, Gustave induced his parents to allow
him to continue his education at the Lycée
Charlemagne, and in the meantime prepare
himself for the career of his choice. In April
1848, a contract was concluded with M. Phili-
pon, the publisher of the Journal pour Rire,
whereby Gustave, aged sixteen, was to furnish
one cartoon per week for this periodical dur-
ing his stay at school. The terms of the
agreement were successfully sustained by the
young draughtsman, who not only supplied
M. Philipon with a weekly page of drawings,
but made sketches for a half-dozen different
publishers, and before his school-life was ended
had begun to illustrate Lacroix's volumes,
Rabelais, the “Contes Drolatiques,” the “Wan-
dering Jew," and other famous works. “His
pencil was never idle," remarks his biographer.
“ He was very quick at his studies, however,
and took great delight as usual in the mys-
terious and unreal. He developed an aston-
ishing aptitude for poetry, history, mythology,
and Latin." Doré was ever a marvel of in-
dustry. It was said by one of his family:
“I do not think that during a whole year Gustave
slept on an average more than three hours of the
twenty-four. The wonder is that he did not go
mad, for really he went through enough to turn any
one's brain. His life was one continual come and
go of publishers, authors, journalists, and the like,
and of excitement that never abated. We all ex-
pected that his health would give way, for it did
not seem possible that any human being could con-
ceive and accomplish so much within the limit of
time that he allotted to himself. Yet he never com-
plained of any physical ailment, not even a head-
ache, but only worked and worked and worked.”
The artist was only twenty years of age
when he undertook the illustration of Rabelais;
he was twenty-two when he executed the de-
signs for “La Sainte Russie,” and twenty-
three when he began “L’Inferno.” The
drawings for this last work, rated by many as
bis greatest production, were finished within
little more than a year. He never in any


1885.]
THE DIAL
147
------- - - -
case made preliminary drawings, but traced ther. He had, as clear-sighted friends claimed,
his conceptions directly upon the wooden the most marvellous artistic organization en-
block.
countered in his generation, but it was accom-
"To watch him designing his sketches was panied by an overweening pride and conceit
enough to make one dizzy; his fingers absolutely which prevented its achieving what would
flew over the surface of the block, and every time otherwise have been possible. Doré's fancy
he took up a fresh one it seemed to be finished be-
and ideality were so exuberant they over-
fore one had time to realize what he had been about.
powered his sense of truth. It is questionable
* * * This extraordinary quickness of execution
was outstripped by that of his imagination, always
if he saw many things as they appeared to
miles ahead of any possible mechanical work. It
others. His imagination played him false, ex-
seems all but incredible that any artist should have aggerating, transforming and distorting forms
been able to accomplish so much in so short a space and facts until vision and reality were con-
of time. A convincing proof of his extraordinary founded in his mind. Nevertheless, Doré was
duplex faculty of lightning-like conception and honest in his intention and faithful in his
scarcely less rapid execution was that he never in
efforts. He did the best he could with his
those days made a sketch twice over. Some he
endowments and eccentricities, and we are to
rarely glanced at, but threw the blocks aside as
soon as they were finished, sure that his faithful
read in his work a new lesson in human
pencil had exactly reproduced his fancies and con-
achievement and human infirmity.
ceptions."
Doré's great triumphs were accomplished as
An example of Doré's phenomenally quick an illustrator, but his ambition was to become
perception and retentive memory is afforded a great painter. His first attempt in this di-
in the following anecdote:
rection occurred when he was about sixteen.
“One morning M. Templier, a well-known pub-
It was a little water piece, drawn, as M. La-
lisher, showed Gustave Doré a photograph which croix states, with masterly skill, but painted
he wished to reproduce that day in his journal. | all in one color!
Doré picked it up, looked at it carelessly, and laid
“The subject was pretty enough: a fisherman haul-
it on the table. He did not even comment upon
ing in his little boat before a storm. The man was
it, and the conversation turned to other subjects.
represented in a stooping attitude, handling a rope;
Doré went out hurriedly, forgetting to take the
he was grey, and so were the boat, the rope, and
photograph with him. At four o'clock he met M.
everything in the picture. Even the water was
Templier, who at once asked for the required sketch.
grey, and doubtless the fishes, had he painted them,
Dear me,' replied Doré, I forgot the photograph;
would also have been grey.”
but I will make the sketch at once.' He picked up
a block, and in a few minutes handed an admirable
Doré was furious when Lacroix pointed out
drawing to M. Templier. It was an excellent copy
the absurd failure in his coloring, and declared
of the photograph, the only change being one for his obstinate belief that nature had intended
the better, viz., an indistinct road had been clearly him for a painter and not for a draughtsman.
and accurately indicated in such style as to enhance A few years passed, and he called a second
the general effect of the picture. He subsequently
time upon Lacroix for approval of his work
explained that glancing casually at the photograph
in oils. Ile had covered twelve colossal can-
he had noticed the road as almost a blemish, and
had at once seen in his mind's eye how it might be
vases with scenes representing the degrada-
improved."
tion and misery abounding in the slums of
It is to be remembered that this rapidity of
Paris. The pictures were vigorous and effect-
execution, this fertility of production, were
ive, “but each one more horrible than the other
the result of native unaided talent. Doré had
-all were positively sickening in their real-
never taken a lesson in drawing, had attended
ism.” They were too loathsome for exhibition,
no school of art, had never made a sketch
and it was not known what became of them.
from nature nor been known to copy any work
In 1854 two paintings by Doré appeared in the
of any master. Ilis genius was utterly with-
Salon, and from this time on he strove for the
out discipline, except that which his unguided
recognition as an artist which his own country
experience had given it. He rejected the ad-
ever withheld. The disappointment embit-
vice and entreaties of friends to put himself
tered his life. IIis other successes were a
under teachers, and study after established
mockery, while France refused the only honors
methods. This was partly from arrogance and
he considered worthy of his talent. But
partly from an incapacity of his nature to
money flowed in upon him plenteously. It is
submit to law and precedent. He toiled pro-
believed that between the years 1850 and 1870
digiously, but in a self-appointed fashion,
he earned nearly $1,400,000. His friend and
believing in the power of his imagination to
colleague, M. Bordelin, once said:
assert its supremacy independent of outward
"I have seen Gustave earn 10,000 francs in a
curb and direction. It was a fatal error, man-
single morning. He made no fewer than twenty-
one splendid designs, finishing the last on the stroke
ifest in his grandest work, causing it to remain
of twelve. He then thrust his pencils from him
to the last short of completeness and perfec-|
with a laugh, threw back his head with that pe-
tion. But just here was the limitation of his
culiar gesture which always sent his hair moving
faculty. He would not, he could not go far- | with it, and said to me gaily, Not a bad morning's


148
THE DIAL
[Oct.,
work, my friend. Here are enough bank notes to and glaring to allow him to be named among
keep a whole family for a year. Do you think I
even great French painters; and he aspired to
have earned the right to a good breakfast? Upon
be the greatest. It was lamentable; but na-
my word, I am hungry enough, at any rate. Shall
ture, while prodigally endowing this favorite
we go?'"
No designer was ever paid such large sums
son, had kept back the one gift which would
have made him the rival of the mightiest cre-
for his work, it being estimated at one time
ative spirits of all time. He could not be
that “his blocks were worth a hundred times
made to understand that even a Da Vinci and
their weight in gold.” His income was gener-
Michael Angelo must command the technique
ous, and he spent it lavishly. His home and
of art in order to produce the masterpieces of
studio were together in the Rue St. Dominique,
the world.
and there he dispensed hospitality in a princely
manner. After his father's death, in 1848, his
As early as 1871 Doré had tried his hand at
sculpture, and his first group, “ La Parque et
mother resided with him in Paris, supplying
l'Amour," was exhibited at the Salon six
the need of woman's companionship so com-
years later. In this branch of art he was
pletely that he never took a wife. He slept in
again doomed to the failure of his high hopes.
a little cabinet opening out of his mother's
apartment, and the door between them was
France greeted with fresh wonder and praise
each new evidence of the versatile genius of
open all night. After Gustave had gone to
bed, mother and son would talk together for
the many-sided man, but still refused him the
hours, reviewing every incident of the day.
coveted laurels. Neither his sculptures por
In the year 1868, Doré came to a momentous
his paintings ever received a medal at the
epoch in his life. He was now thirty-six; he
Salon, and the mortification of the artist was
had lived in Paris twenty years, and the idea
intense. It weighed heavily on his spirits; his
health became impaired, and the death of his
of visiting London had taken root in his mind.
It had been first broached two years before by
mother in 1881 added the final blow. Doré
an English publisher, who proposed to him the
had contemplated marriage at different times,
illustration of Tennyson's “Idylls of the
but he was now alone and desolate in the Rue
King," and suggested his establishment
St. Dominique. He found some solace in
of a Doré gallery of paintings in the great
transfixing in marble his design for a monu-
metropolis across the channel. To leave home,
ment to Dumas, but his letters to absent
to leave Paris, for a sojourn of a few weeks or
friends were full of sadness and his manner
months in a strange city three hundred leagues
was habitually melancholy. The 20th of
away, was a distressing notion to Doré, to
January, 1883, he was expected as the chief
guest at a little festivity among his dearest
be settled only after a prolonged struggle
confrères. He failed to appear.
with his prejudices and superstitious fears.
A stroke of
Finally, May of the year mentioned above
apoplexy had smitten him in the early morn-
found him in the English capital, the lion of
ing. He revived, and the danger seemed past,
the season, receiving flattering attentions from
when he suddenly dropped away on the night
of the 23d.
the leaders of society, beginning with the
Prince of Wales. He was back in the Rue
The volume in which Miss Roosevelt has
gathered with loving industry the details of
St. Dominique by the last of June, and during
the remaining fifteen years of his life he was
his life is made rich by the insertion of a mul-
often welcomed by the people of London, with
titude of engravings reproducing interesting
whom he enjoyed an immense popularity.
examples of the work of Doré. Many of them
The homage of the English was a slight balm
have been before unpublished, and altogether
to the sore heart of the artist, which could not
they comprise a valuable collection of memen-
toes of a most brilliant and fecund talent.
recover from the hurt inflicted by what he
called the misappreciation of his own coun-
SARA A. HUBBARD.
trymen. The honest expression of one of his
warmest Parisian friends, made in answer to
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
the remark of an Englishman, shows the rank
he held among artists and critics at home:
The fifth issue in Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s series
“What? Doré our greatest painter? You must be
of “American Commonwealths" is Michigan, by
beside yourself! You mean your greatest painter.
Thomas M. Cooley, LL.D. Judge Cooley's reputa-
He is our greatest illustrator; but a painter ---never!
tion as a jurist and historical writer is so well known
Hle is neither the greatest nor great; indeed, we
that we naturally expect to find in this volume,
never knew he was a painter at all until you told
which he calls “a history of governments," a valu-
able and entertaining narration of what has occurred
us so."
The compatriots of Doré gave him all due
in his own State. No other State in the American
Union has had a political history so strange and
credit. They appreciated his amazing powers
varied as that of Michigan; for during the period
of invention and his executive capacity, but
of a century its territory has been under the domin-
the faults in his work arising from an exclu ion of France, Great Britain, and the United States.
sive reliance upon inspiration were too many | It was a portion of the Northwest Territory which


1885.]
149
THE DIAL
came under the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787; but it would nevertheless be untrue. Jefferson was
it was later included in the Territory of Indiana; a theorist and trimmer. His proposal was put out
then it became the Territory of Michigan, and in as a compromise likely to receive the support of the
1837 became a State. For a century and a half North and South. It would, in any event, have
after European settlements were made in America, been fatal to freedom in the Northwestern States.
its history was a part of that of New France, and
hence Judge Cooley devotes his first seven chapters A STRANGE and painful revelation of the frailties
to that subject, which is the least interesting por of human nature is unfolded in the “Memoirs of
tion of the book, because it has been more fully and | Karoline Bauer,” a brilliant German actress well
accurately treated by other writers. The reader known to the play-goers of Europe, after her début on
will get the best of Judge Cooley's work if he skips the court-stage of Karlsruhe in 1822. Mlle. Bauer
these chapters, and begins at the date 1805, on page | has given to the public portions of the history of her
140, when the Territory of Michigan was set off career as an artiste prior to the publication of the
from that of Indiana, and was given its own rulers. present book, which was written by herself from
From that point the story of the civil, social and her retirement in Switzerland when approaching the
political changes through which the State has passed age of seventy. The memoirs cover only the early
is told in a most entertaining and readable style, and period of her life, and were composed apparently
the interest is sustained to the end. Judge Cooley's for the purpose of disclosing her singular relations
treatment (p. 127) of what he calls “the immortal with Prince Leopold, husband of the Princess Char-
Ordinance of 1787-immortal for the great results | lotte of England, and afterward King of Belgium.
which have followed from its adoption, not less Mlle. Bauer was of honorable descent, her father
than for the wisdom and far-seeing statesmanship tracing his ancestry to the noble house of Ponia-
that conceived and gave form to its provisions"--is towski of Poland, and her mother being a Stock-
a surprise, because of its meagerness and inaccura mar, and nearly allied to the celebrated diplomat
cies. “No charter of government,” he says, “ in Baron Christian Stockmar, the intimate and es-
the history of any people has so completely with teemed counsellor of Prince Leopold, of Queen
stood the tests of time and experience." With such Victoria, and of the Crown Princess of Prussia.
encomiums one would expect to find something Karoline was born in 1807. Supported by the en-
about the origin and history of so beneficent an couragement of her cousin, the Baron Stockmar,
instrument, and perhaps ascertain whose “wisdom she obtained the consent of her widowed mother to
and far-seeing statesmanship” was employed in de adopt the profession of her choice, and made her
vising it. There is no evidence in the book that début on the court-stage of Karlsruhe at the age of
the writer has any knowledge on the subject, fifteen. Her success was immediate, for she had the
although he treats at length other matters of less gifts of youth, beauty, and talent. She pursued her
importance. He says: “In July 1787, a coinmittee vocation with earnest assiduity, and maintained
of which Nathan Dane was the chairman reported amidst its myriad temptations an unsullied name.
the Ordinance." This is an error, for Edward Car In 1828 it was her misfortune to attract the atten-
rington, of Virginia, was the chairman. Again he tion of Prince Leopold, who proposed to her a
says (p. 129): "For its dedication of the territory secret morganatic marriage. The romance and am.
to freedom credit has been given by partial friends bition in her character were stirred by the unex-
to several different persons; but Jefferson first for pected overture, and it was accepted. Leopold was
mulated the purpose, and for him it constitutes a then a wearied and melancholy man of thirty-eight,
claim to immortality superior to the presidency whose dark handsome eyes appealed effectually to
itself." Jefferson was not in the country when the the heart of the young and inexperienced girl.
Ordinance was passed by Congress, and had been in Baron Stockmar was the adviser and abettor of the
France for nearly three years. By the anti-slavery arrangement by which his cousin abandoned the
clause (which was struck out) in his draft of an or fascinations and fair prospects of her artistic career
dinance in 1784 slavery was admitted into the Ter to assume the compromising offices of an unacknowl-
ritory until 1800, and then was to cease. A more edged wife. She followed her suitor to England in
absurd proposition, if it was intended to prevent the May 1828, and was soon after united to him by a
introduction of slavery, was never devised. The private marriage in the presence of her mother and
Ordinance of 1787 prohibited slavery from the out cousin. Her happiness with the prince was very
set ; it forbade Southerners coming in with their brief. He tired of her in a few weeks, and separ-
slaves, and encouraged immigration from the North ated from her entirely in little more than a year,
ern States. Yet with these discouragements to continuing to her, however, an annuity so long as
slavery, Judge Cooley (p. 134) shows that in 1800 | he lived. At the conclusion of the episode she re-
the pro-slavery sentiment in the Territory was so turned to the stage, where she renewed her early tri-
strong that a majority of the citizens, with the umphs, but from the blight cast on her life she never
Governor, petitioned Congress to repeal the anti recovered. Such is her story, related with seeming
slavery clause of the Ordinance. A third petition artlessness and sincerity. It is a one-sided account,
was made to Congress in 1807, and the contest for but, with every allowance, it is a disgraceful ex-
introducing slavery ran on till 1823, when it was posure of the selfishness and immorality of two
settled by a small majority of the popular vote in eminent men who have figured before the world as
Illinois, after a most exciting campaign conducted conspicuous examples of uprightness and propriety.
by Governor Coles. It is truly a surprise that Judge Mlle. Bauer mingles with her memoirs passages
Cooley should attribute the credit of keeping slavery from the lives of many distinguished people with
out of the Northwestern States to Jefferson, who whom in her vicissitudes she was thrown in contact.
proposed to give slavery a legal status there for six The privacy of members of the royal families of En-
teen years, and then to abolish it. If Jefferson's gland and the continent, of titled men and women,
enemies should say that he proposed the measure as and of artists of renown, is recklessly torn away,
a trick, the statement would have some plausibility; and we see them in circumstances often most injur-


150
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
ious to their repute. It is an extraordinary disclosure this century. The manner in which it is edited be-
by a garrulous old woman who betrays her weak trays one of two things: Either the editor is
nesses without discretion, but also evinces some of wholly incompetent to distinguish good criticism
the loveliest traits which characterize her sex. from bad, or his range of reading in critical litera-
(Roberts Brothers).
ture has been exceedingly limited. In proof of this,
we might multiply instances without number. We
A CURIOUS and at the same time valuable contri look in vain for Mr. Symonds on Shelley, Mr. Morley
bution to modern scientific discussion comes in the on Emerson, Lord Houghton on Keats. Mr. Swin-
form of a treatise on “The Atomic Theory of Lucre burne has given us the best criticism extant upon
tius Contrasted with Modern Doctrines of Atoms and Blake, Byron, Coleridge, Landor, and others, but
Evolution," by John Masson, M.A., of London. No this volume contains no word of his. Upon Charlotte
ancient writer is to-day more appealed to or oftener Brontë we find nothing but a few reflections by Mr.
quoted than Lucretius. “This unwonted popularity," Justin McCarthy, who is also quoted upon so many
says Mr. Masson, " is not on account of his bold at other writers that one is tempted to ask since when
tempt to abolish the gods and give a death-blow to have his critical utterances been supposed to carry
superstition, hardly caring, meanwhile, whether re any weight with them. Even so insignificant a
ligion might perish at the same time. Nor is he read writer as Robert Buchanan is permitted to speak as
by all even for his splendid poetic genius. The true with authority of such men as Scott and Whitman,
reason is that his poem contains an admirably clear In almost every case we find that competent critics
and straightforward exposition of a scientific theory have been neglected to make room for feeble or
which is now almost universally accepted, and obscure ones. There is no sense of proportion dis-
which, in connection with Evolution, has gained a I played. Washington Irving gets twice the space
new and somewhat startling importance. The prop | allotted to Shelley. It would have been difficult to
ositions in which Lucretius stated his atomic theory make a more ill-assorted and unrepresentative selec-
anticipate some recent discoveries in both chemistry tion than that which is contained in this volume.
and physics in a marvellous way.” The Epicurean
philosophy, which was the inspiration of Lucretius A LITTLE volume entitled “The Spirit of the
splendid poem “On the Nature of Things,” reduced New Testament, or, the Revelation of the Mission of
everything to the atom. This, in the eyes of the Christ,” (published by E. W. Allen, England),
poet, was much the same as the atom recognized by is put forth as a woman's contribution to the litera
modern science. Before the world was, ran the | ture of independent and untrammelled scriptural
Epicurean creed, an infinite number of atoms were interpretation as it bears on the problems of human
following straight downward through infinite space. life. We are able here only to make a note of the
But some swerved from right lines, and, becoming work, which is very radical, and in some respects,
entangled, formed a whirling nucleus. To this, more at least to us, original. The author, who seems to
and more became attached. Like gathered with be familiar with the text of the sacred records and
like. There was a differentiation into parts, and lo! with the utterances of science, and who apparently
the world was. From the surface of the earth trees accepts both, professes to interpret from a more
and grasses grew just as bristles come out on interior and spiritual view than is usual with writers
the back of swine. Chance combinations of atoms on the same subjects. She gives at first what she
produced living things, of which some were able to thinks is the significance of the Gospel narrative of
meet the conditions of existence and continue their the life of Christ from his birth to his death, and
kind. There is no such thing as spirit; the soul of then goes through, in the same way, the rest of the
man, being composed of atoms, at death perishes as New Testament. It is plain that she quite discards
the body does. So with no dread of the unseen the orthodox beliefs, and seeks to show a spiritual
world men should lead lives god-like in supreme sense that harmonizes with the divine order in the
content, strong in the knowledge of Nature and her operations of nature and that points the way to the
laws, knowing that no divine power can help or progressive elevation and happiness of the human
hurt them. This doctrine of the Roman poet-phil race. For the mission of Christ she professes the
osopher, the writer of the book before us has ably | highest possible appreciation, and she declares that
explained and set forth in its relation to similar “the work of the Nazarene was to accomplish for
doctrines of modern times. The work is exceed the race what the hierophant of old did for the neo-
ingly well done. The scope of the volume is com phyte: to educate it, at whatever cost, into a power
prehensive, the method thorough-going, the discus and liberty which would result in the deliverance
sion of doubtful points candid and scholarly. The of the spiritual." The position and functions of
book deserves to be widely read as a forcible and woman in the progressive career of mankind have a
accurate presentation of Lucretius' system, but large place in the discussions of the volume. The
especially as casting much light on the historical
theological views of the author all along are in con-
antecedents of modern Materialism.
flict with popular notions, and the theory presented
in the last chapter, “The Future of Man," is, to
THE “Enchiridion of Criticism” (Lippincott) is a say the least, an extraordinary one.
book in which a very good idea is very badly car-
ried out. The title-page informs us that it contains I HENRY HAVARD's essay on “ The Dutch School
" the best criticisms on the best authors”; and al of Painting" (Cassell) is a piece of art-writing of a
though Mr. Shepard, the editor, has the grace to high order of merit. It does not suffer in compari-
characterize this as a “blatant” announcement, we son with Taine's “Art in the Netherlands ”—which
cannot help feeling that his modesty does not ex- | is a good deal to say—and will sustain itself in the
cuse the selection which he has made. The book front rank in company with the works of such au-
is made up entirely of passages which are supposed thoritative art-critics as Hamerton. Mr. Havard is
to be representative of the general tone of standard the possessor of a noble style, vigorous, elastic, and
criticism of the English and American authors of spontaneous, and his translator, Mr. G. Powell, has


1885.)
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had the skill to preserve all the fineness of its States commercially, and the importance of its ac-
quality. He also possesses a profound knowledge quisition by our government on account of its loca-
of the topic under treatment, and discusses it with tion, its natural and comparatively undevelop d
impressive earnestness and candor. The opening wealth, and its desperate need of emancipation from
chapter, in which the origin and character of what its present selfish and despotic owners. It is a de-
is termed the Dutch School of Art are determined, plorable picture of the effects of centuries of abuse
is a fine prelude to the intelligent and careful criti- and misrule, which the unhappy land now exhibits,
cisms on individual painters which form the bulk of land one which every lover of humanity would de-
the work. Mr. Havard controverts the general light to see reversed by legitimate means.
opinion that Holland is a foggy, dull, gloomy coun-
try, asserting that it is, on the contrary, one of the
A SERIES of short biographical sketches, pub.
most luminous in the world, and cites as proof the
lished originally in the columns of “The Youth's
fact that a love and feeling for color is the distin-
Companion," have been brought together 'by the
guishing quality of the Dutch painters. In the
skilled author and editor, Mr. James Parton, in a
whole of his discourse there is manifest a warm
handsome volume bearing the title “Some Noted
esteem for the merits of his fatherland and of the
Princes, Authors, and Statesmen,” (Thomas Y. Cro-
artists whose works have conferred distinction upon
well & Co.) The sketches are very attractive read-
it, but it does not go beyond the natural and com-
ing, as anyone will believe who sees the names of
mendable expression of an ardent and patriotic
Canon Farrar, James T. Fields, Archibald Forbes,
spirit. The essay reviews the entire period of the
E. P. Whipple, Louisa Alcott, Louise Chandler
history of Dutch art, and furnishes one more admir-
Moulton, James Parton, and others of their order,
able number for “ The Fine-Art Library" in whose
recurring frequently in the list of writers. Among the
catalogue it belongs.
subjects of the sketches are a number of the crowned
heads of Europe, and some of the most famous
MR. John HOWARD BRYANT, a brother of the late
and endeared men and women of the century, about
William Cullen Bryant, has published a final col-
whose personal life there is universal and endless
lection of his own poems in a comely volume with interest. Portraits and other illustrations add their
the title “Poems Written from Youth to Old Age,
charm to that of the letter-press.
1824-1884." The collection includes all that its
honored author chooses to acknowledge as his final
contribution to the literature of his country. Some
THE “Popular edition" of the works of George
of these productions are favorites with the reading
| Eliot, published by the Harpers, has been completed
public, to whom they have long been familiar.
by adding to it the Life and Letters, in three vol-
The author has many of the characteristics of his
umes, and the poems together with two short stories
illustrious brother,--the same passion for nature,
in a fourth. There are fifteen volumes altogether,
the same ardent patriotism, the same veneration for
and the edition is cheap without being vulgar. The
domestic and private virtue, and the same preference
poems are evidently printed from some old set of
for simple, natural, direct expression. He fails, of
plates, and their typography does not accord with
course, to reach the heights and depths attained by
that of the remaining works, the type being un-
his brother, for his poetic gift is less affluent and his
pleasantly small. The stories which accompany
life has been spent in a different sphere. His work,
them are, on the other hand, printed in a type
however, is meritorious, and honorable to himself,
which is disproportionately large, and the contrast
to his occupation, and to his adopted State. Mr.
is anything but pleasant. These stories are
Bryant is one of the pioneers of Illinois, and in lay-
“Brother Jacob” and “The Lifted Veil," which
ing the foundations of the civic and religious life of
really belong to the series of “Scenes from Clerical
this great commonwealth, it was fortunate that men
Life,” and are almost the earliest of her imaginative
so richly endowed, animated by such strong princi-
work. They deserve to be better known than they
ples of virtue and patriotism, so zealous in the cause
are (a remark which also applies to the remaining
of education, and so devoted to elegant literature,
"Scenes"), as the work upon which the reputation
were among its early settlers. Mr. Bryant has left
of the writer was first established.
his strong mark upon what is best in the region
where he has lived for some fifty years, and his THE Chataugua University has extended its edu-
name is held in reverent esteem by a wide circle cational enterprises by the establishment of a pub-
throughout the land.
lishing department, under the name of " The
Chatauqua Press." The issues bearing its imprint
MATURIN M. Ballou's “ Due South” (Houghton, will consist of works especially adapted to the re-
Mifflin & Co.), following in natural sequence “Due quirements of the pupils of the Chatauqua School.
West” by the same author, is the product of a win The first volumes offered the public comprise - The
ter's residence in Cuba, where Mr. Ballou occupied Garnet Set "--a scries of four numbers, presenting a
himself with a serious study of the past and present pretty exterior, and tucked neatly in a paper box.
of this rich possession of Spain, lying in the sea The first volume contains “Readings from Ruskin,"
that washes our southeastern coast. A detailed including his chapters on “ The Poetry of Architect-
and comprehensive description of the island in its ure," "The Cottage," 6. The Villa,” and “St.
various aspects, historical, geographical, political, Marks." Volume II, encloses “Readings from
social, etc., is comprised in the work. Nothing has Macaulay," viz., the essays on Dante, Petrarch, and
escaped the practiced eye of the observing writer. | Machiavelli, the Lays of Ancient Rome, and Pom-
The ground has been travelled over numberless peii. Volume III. embraces six admirable lectures
times before, but to those not already familiar with it on “Art, and the Formation of Taste," by Lucy
this latest careful delineation will afford much useful Crane. The fourth volume reprints " The Life and
information. Mr. Ballou has looked upon Cuba Works of Michel Angelo," by Charles Christopher
with especial reference to its value to the United | Black.


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LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
Grange," illustrated by A. B. Frost; “Bric-a-Brac
Stories,” by Mrs. Burton Harrison, illustrated by
MR. E. C. STEDMAN'S “Poets of America,” his
Walter Crane; new novels by Brander Matthews and
maturest prose work, is to appear in October.
T. R. Sullivan; and new volumes of poems by Mrs.
MARY HALLOCK FOOTE, author of "The Led- Julia C. R. Dorr and Mr. R. W. Gilder.
Horse Claim," etc., is to furnish the leading serial
Of the two leading juvenile periodicals, “St.
of "The Century" next year.
Nicholas " will next year have contributions by the
The biography of Prince Bismarck, upon which late Helen Hunt Jackson, Mrs. Burnett, Mr.
Mr. Charles Lowe has been for some time engaged, Howells, Miss Alcott, Horace Scudder, F. R. Stock-
will be published this fall, in two volumes, by ton and J. T. Trowbridge, “Wide Awake" announces
Cassell & Company.
illustrated serials by Mrs. Spofford, Charles Egbert
A WOMAN's “Story of a Ranch,” by Mrs. Alice Craddock, Margaret Sidney, and C. R. Talbot.
Wellington Rollins, -the outgrowth of her own ex D. APPLETON & Co. have just issued “Without a
periences in Kansas, —will soon be published by Compass," a novel, by Frederick Van Vorst; “The
Cassell & Company.
Old Doctor, a Romance of Queer Village," by John
MR. CHARLES HOWARD SHINN, author of a work
Vance Cheney; “ The Study of Political Economy,"
on "Mining Camps," and a magazine writer of
by Prof. Laughlin of Harvard; “Why We Be-
reputation, has become editor of "The Overland
lieve the Bible," by J. T. P. Ingraham; and a new
Monthly” at San Francisco.
and cheaper edition of “ The Money Makers.”
REBECCA HARDING DAVIS will have in the Novem-
MR. TILDEN'S “ Writings and Speeches,” edited by
ber" Atlantic" an article giving testimony by
John Bigelow, appear in two handsome volumes,
Southerners of all classes concerning the present
but without a portrait, from the press of Harper &
condition and prospects of the Negroes.
Brothers. The same house has just issued " The
Principles of Political Economy,” by Prof. New-
LIPPINCOTT's Biographical Dictionary appears in a
comb; " The Boy's Book of Battle-Lyrics," by
new extensively revised and enlarged edition, with
Thomas Dunn English; and “ City Ballads," by
several thousand new names: improvements which
Will Carleton.
give a considerable increase of value to this standard
MR. Gosse's Lowell Institute and Johns Hop-
work of reference.
kins University lectures of last winter, revised and
The fine humor of the “Biglow Papers" seems
amplified, are to be published immediately by
finer and more delicious than ever, in the fastidious Dodd, Mead & Co., in a volume entitled “From
typography of the “Riverside Aldine Series,” of
Shakespeare to Pope; an Inquiry into the Causes
which they form a recent number. This series is
and Phenomena of the Rise of Classical Poetry in
deservedly popular with those who are fond of good England." The famed 'Oriental poem of “Sakoon-
literature in good dress.
tala,” already spoken of in these columns, will be
TENNYSON's “Day-Dream,” which has been issued by the same firm at an early date.
chosen by Dutton & Co. as the subject of their MR. D. C. HEATH, of the late publish ng firm of
leading holiday book this year, will be illustrated
Ginn, Heath & Co., has established a new house in
by several of the leading American artists, and the Boston, under the style of D. (. Heath & Co., for
volume will be embellished with decorative pages
the publication of educational works. The new
in a new style of monochrome.
house controls a considerable portion of the publi-
A VOLUME of the more notable poems of the cations of the old firm, and has a very creditable
Civil War is announced by White, Stokes & Allen, list of books in preparation-among them Com-
New York. It is intended that the collection, payré's “ History of Education,” translated by Prof.
although restricted in size, shall be truly represent | W. H. Payne, of the University of Michigan.
ative of both North and South. Interesting An addition to the number of cheap libraries of
details of authors and pieces will be given in notes standard literature is announced by Cassell & Com-
accompanying the poems.
pany. It will be called “Cassell's National Li-
The new popular edition of " Uncle Tom's brary," and will include works in every branch of
Cabin," published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., is an literature, including travel, biography, history,
appropriate honor to a book which in itself is so religion, science, art, adventure, fiction, drama,
great an honor to American literature. The volume | belles-lettres, etc. Each volume will contain 192 pages
is a tasteful one, and, sold for a dollar, should find | small 8vo, in paper covers. The services of Prof.
a place in every American household that is unsup- | Henry Morley have been secured as editor of this
plied with an earlier copy.
library. One number will appear each week.
L. PRANG & Co. announce for early publication a DE AMICIS “Spain and the Spaniards" is to
series of wood-cuts, over 2,000 in number, selected appear in an elegant new edition, printed from
from the works of the best artists, and forming an type, and limited to six hundred copies. The work
atlas of illustrations of the history of art at differ will be illustrated with eleven full-page etchings,
ent periods. They issue also a practical work on six photogravures, and wood-cuts, all new. G. P.
“ Mushrooms of America," by Julius A. Palmer, Jr., Putnam's Sons are the publishers. They announce
illustrated with colored plates of different species of also “The Travels of Marco Polo," edited by Col.
mushrooms, both edible and poisonous.
Knox, and profusely illustrated; “Historic Boys,"
PROF. WILHELM SCHERER's great “ History of an illustrated quarto volume; and the initial volume
German Literature," just completed in Germany, (Greece, by Prof. J. A. Harrison) in the extensive
will appear immediately in an English translation, historical series to be called “The Story of the
published by Charles Scribner's Sons. They will Nations."
also issue this fall Dr. Schliemann's new volume, The past ten years have witnessed a remarkable ad-
containing accounts of the excavations in 1884-'85; vancement in the cause of humanity to animals, espe-
an edition of Stockton's clever book, “Rudder | cially horses. The decrease in instances of brutality


1885.)
153
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by drivers in city streets is a matter of common prodigal of unimportant details—those little foxes
personal observation. A book of significance in i that do so terribly spoil the grapes--of touches in-
this humane movement, and one of especial interest significant and superfluous, of words for words'
to all lovers of horses, is about to be published in sake, of cadences that have no raison d'être save
London, with the title “Horse and Man, their themselves. Mr. Arnold alone says what is worth
Mutual Dependence and Duties," by the Rev. J. G. saying." Yet even he has his limitations, and the
Wood, M.A., the well-known writer on natural play of “Merope," “his one serious mistake in
history. The treatment is to be both ethical and literature," is cited as proof that for a genius so
practical; the writer assuming that all those who peculiar and introspective drama is impossible. The
have the management of horses ought to understand curt dictum that Mr. Arnold is “no dramatist" is,
the organization of the animal under their charge, however, softened by the closing paragraph; “It is
just as an engine-driver is obliged to understand the written that none shall bind his brows with the twin
structure of the machine which he controls.
laurels of epos and drama wreathed in one garland.
Shakespeare could not, nor could Homer; and how
D. APPLETON & Co. announce a new biographical
should Mr. Arnold?"
series, which, under the general title of “English
Worthies,” will present short lives of Englishmen of GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & Sons' announcements,
influence and distinction, past and present, military, though late, contain some items of unusual interest,
naval, literary, scientific, legal, ecclesiastical, social, ---among them, an English edition of "The History
etc. The series will be under the general editorship of Manon Lescaut and The Chevalier des Grieux,” the
of Mr. Andrew Lang. Each biography will be in well-known masterpiece of the Abbé Prévost, with
trusted to a writer specially qualitied for his task. 225 illustrations by Maurice Leloir, and 12 exquisite
The “Life of Charles Darwin,” by Grant Allen, and full-page plates; a six-volume illustrated edition of
of the “Duke of Marlborough," by George Saints the Novels of Victor Hugo, containing “Les Mi-
bury, will be the initial volumes of the series. sérables," "Ninety-Three," “ Notre Dame,” “By
Steele will be treated by Austin Dobson; Welling Order of the King," “ Toilers of the Sea,” and
ton, by R. Louis Stevenson; Raleigh, by Edmund “History of a Crime,” translated by Lascelles,
Gosse, Latimer, by Canon Creighton; Ben Jonson, Wraxall, Frank Lee Benedict, and others; a new
by J. A. Symonds. Other announcements of this complete edition of the works of Captain Marryat,
firm are: “Farther North; or, The Life and Ad in 24 volumes, and also bound in 12 volumes; a new
ventures of Lieutenant James Booth Lockwood, of complete large-type edition of the works of Lord
the Greely Expedition," prepared from his diary by Byron, edited by W. B. Scott, in three volumes,
Charles Lanman, with a number of illustrations; uniform with Knight's three-volume Shakespeare;
“ Anecdotes and Incidents of the Civil War," by the famous old-English Ballad, “King John and the
Admiral Porter; “ History of Bimetallism," by J. L. Abbot of Canterbury," printed in a quaint old-En-
Laughlin, Ph.D., assistant professor of political glish style, in court-text, with full-page illustrations
economy at Harvard University; “ Tried by Fire,' a by William Hinscliff; “Idyls of the Months," a
book on decorating china and pottery, with numerous Christmas book of colored designs, with verses by
illustrations by Mrs. S. S. Frackelton; “French Mary A. Lathbury; poems by Oliver Goldsmith,
Dishes for American Tables,” translated by Mrs. edited by Robert A. Willmott, with colored illustra-
Frederick Sherman; “ The Mother's Manual of tions by Birkett Foster and H. H. Humphreys; a
Children's Diseases," by Dr. Charles West; “A biographical dictionary of eminent characters of
Strong-Minded Woman; or, Five Years Later," a both sexes who have died during the reign of Queen
sequel to “ Lal," by Dr. William A. Hammond; Victoria, to be called “Men of the Reign"; a new
and “ Babylon," a novel, by Grant Allan.
“Concordance to the Plays of Shakespeare,” com-
piled by Davenport Adams (uniform with the
THE London "Athenæum,” in reviewing a new
library edition of Howard Staunton's Shakespeare);
edition of the poems of Matthew Arnold, has some
two new volumes by Henry Frith, “Escaped from
strong words of praise that will be reassuring to
Siberia, the Adventures of Three Fugitives" (a
those who believe Mr. Arnold's chief greatness
translation), and “In the Brave Days of Old, the
is to be found in his poetry. “In every page of
Story of the Crusades"; a hitherto unpublished tale
these volumes," says the reviewer, “there is some-
of adventure in South Africa, by the late Captain
thing to go back upon and to admire. One reads
Mayne Reid, entitled “The Vee Boers"; new
them for the fiftieth time, and for the fiftieth time
issues, for 1886, of Routledge's “Every Boy's
one feels inclined to esteem their author for the
Annual,” “Every Girl's Annual," and "Little
chief of living poets." The severe restraints imposed
Wide Awake;" also, “The Marigold Garden" by
by Mr. Arnold upon himself, causing his poetry
Kale Greenaway, “Mrs. Mary Blaize” and “The
sometimes to be “cold even to austerity "and * bald
Great Panjandrum" by Caldecott, and many other
to the point of uncomeliness," are the secret of his
illustrated and colored books for children.
strength. “For him, the essentials are dignity of
thought and sentiment, and distinction of manner THE American Library Association held its seventh
and utterance. It is no aim of his to talk for general conference at the Sagamore House, on Green
talking's sake; to express what is but half felt and Island, in Lake George, from September 8th to the
half understood: to embody vague emotions and 11th. The attendance was larger and the papers
nebulous fancies in language that all its richness and discussions more interesting than at any former
cannot redeem from the reproach of being nebulous meeting. Eighty-five librarians were present, repre-
and vague. . . . . Other poets say anything senting nearly all the larger institutions of the
sav everything that is in them. Mr. Browning has country. In the absence of the President (Mr. Win-
realized the myth of the Inexhaustible Bottle; sor, of Harvard College Library), Mr. Poole, of the
Mr. Morris is fluent and copious; Mr. Swinburne Chicago Public Library, Occupied the chair, and
has a facility that would seem impossible if it were later was elected President for the ensuing year.
not a living fact; even the Laureate is sometimes | The papers and the discussions treated nearly every


154
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department of library economy and administration. | mortality, though he had never written another.
Library construction, arrangement, classification, First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of
cataloguing, transliteration, indexing, reading for his countrymen will last while language lasts.” The
the young, and the distribution of public documents, | question is still unanswered—“In what form will it
were some of the subjects treated. A verbatim re- last?" We venture to express the opinion that
port of the proceedings will be printed in the i Colonel Lee used, on different occasions, both forms;
* Library Journal.” The iron stack system which ! and hence either form is correct. He was an ardent
was first introduced in the Harvard Library, and has | Federalist and a devoted military and personal friend
since been adopted in other college libraries, was of Washington during and subsequent to the war.
severely criticized by the librarians who had used it, His grief at the death of this dearest friend first
as being unnecessarily expensive, as warping and took form in his own personal loss; and then, as a
showing signs of weakness under the weight of Virginian, in the loss his State had sustained. While
books it is required to sustain. It was shown to in this frame of mind he wrote the resolution read
have the disadvantages, and none of the aesthetic in Congress, ending with “his fellow-citizens "—
effects, of the old alcove and gallery system which has which to him meant “ Virginians." Having later
generally been discarded. In view of the interest in been appointed by Congress to deliver an oration on
library matters existing in the Northwestern States, i Washington, as an expression of the grief of the
and a cordial invitation from its public librarian, | nation, he again used the sentence, and gave it a
Mr. Linderfelt, the next meeting of the association broader meaning by changing “his fellow-citizens "
will be held at Milwaukee, during the last week in to “his countrymen."
June or the first week in July next. This meeting,
and the hospitalities proffered by Milwaukee, will
bring to the West a large delegation of Eastern
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
librarians, and will enable the smaller libraries of
OCTOBER, 1985.
the Northwest to be represented.
THE reviewer of McMaster's second volume, in the America and the Vatican. William W. Istor. N. A. Rev.
last Dial, noticed his error in attributing to Judge
Am. Artists, Sumner Haints of. L. W. Champney. Cent.
American Board, Seventy-fifth Anniversary of. And. Rev.
Marshall, instead of Colonel Henry Lee, the author Ant, The White. Henry Drummond. Pop. Sci. Monthly.
ship of the well-known sentence concerning Wash-
Beer, Manufacture of. G. P. Keese. Harinr'.
Brown, John, Saunborn's Life of, David Utter. Dial.
ington : “First in war, first in peace, and first in
Brown, Mrs. Joh. Overland Monthly.
the hearts of his countrymen." The correct reading Canada Paucitic Railway. G. M. Grant. Century.
Childhood in Literature and Art. H. E. Scudder. Atlantic.
of this familiar quotation is in doubt. Marshall, in
Churches, American Congress of. J. H. Ward. And. Rev.
his “Life of Washington” (Vol. V., p. 767), prints Comets, The Doctrine of. A. D. White Pop, Sci. Monthly.
the proceedings in the House of Representatives,
Commerce, Civilization, and Christianity. Andover Revieto.
Congo Free State, The Atlantic.
and the resolutions read, on the death of Washing Crimes in England. Cardinal Manning. No. Am, Review.
ton, in which the sentence first appeared. The last Doré, Gustave. Sara A. Hubbard. Diul.
Earthquakes, Recent. M. A. Daubrée. Pop. Science Monthly.
clause there reads— " and first in the hearts of his
Eliot, George, Private Life of. E. P. Whipple, N.A. Rev.
fellow-citizens.” Colonel Lee, a week later, used English Law for the People. J. 0. Pierce. Drial.
the sentence in his oration before Congress, and
Fallacy of 1787, The. A. W. Clason. Mag. Am, History.
Galant, Abbé. Atlantic.
makes it end with countrymen " instead of "fel Germany, Relig's Cond'u of. I. H. W. Stuckenberg. And. R.
low-citizens.” The “Annals of Congress" (1799–
Grant, Last Days of. Adam Badeau. Century.
Grant, Letters of. Admiral Ammen. No. Am. Review.
1801, p. 204) reports the resolutions read in the
Grant, Reminiscences of. J. H. Wilson. Century
House, and ends the sentence with “countrymen.” Grant's Military Abilties. II. W. Cleveland. Mag. Am. Hist.
Ilartford, Connecticut. George P. Lathrop. Harper's.
The “Annals," however, was not a contempora-
Journalism, Independent. G. S. Merriam. Century.
neous publication, having been made up more than Kentucky, Campaign of '01-'02. W. F. Smith. Mag. Am.Hist.
Labrador. (. HI, Farnham. Harper's.
twenty years later, by Gales and Seaton, from such
Lima Temple in Pekin. Miss C. F. Gordon. Overld Mo.
materials as they could find. Its wording of the
Leibnitz's Théodicée, Prof. Torrey. Andover Review.
resolutions is so unlike that given by Marshall and Libraries, Free. Warren Olney. Overland Monthly.
Life Evolution, Energy of. E. D. Cope. Pop, Sci. Monthly.
other contemporaries, that they must have been
Lincoln and Grant. llorace Porter. Century. .
reported from memory. “Washingtoniana," pub Lincolu in Illinois. Elilu B. Washburne. No. Am. Rev.
Maularious Countries and Their Reclamation. Pop. Sci. Mo.
Jished at Baltimore in 1800, is a compilation, made
McClellan's Change of Base. North American Review
up soon after the death of Washington, of public * Metaphysical Society," The. R. H. Hutton. Pop. Sci. Mo.
resolutions, testimonials of respect, and orations.
Mexican Politics. T. S. Van Dyke. Harper's.
Mobs, How to Quell. Fitz John Porter. No. Am. Review.
The resolutions read in the House there appear in New England Company, The. H. A. Hill. Andover Review.
precisely the words quoted by Marshall, except that Newton, Hubert A. Popular Science Monthly.
Oneidas, llomes of the. W. M. Beauchamp. Mag. Am. Hist.
the sentence under consideration ends neither with
Orthodoxy, Progressive. ndover Review.
“ fellow-citizens" nor “countrymen," but with Philosopliical Works, Recent. John Bascom. Dial.
"country" (p. 110). Two pages later, the same
Plants, Early Study of. Eliza A. Youmans. Pop. Sci. Mo,
Portfolio, The New Oliver W. Holmes. Atlantic.
resolutions are given as adopted in the Senate, and Port Royal Expedition of 1861. E. L. Viele. Mag. Am. Hist.
the sentence again ends with “ country." General
Presiclent's Policy. J. B. Eustes and Others. No. Am. kell.
Prison Life, An Escape from. J. M. Drake. Mag. Am. Hist.
Robert E. Lee, of the Confederate army, was the
l'rotestant Missions, Statistics of. Arudover Review.
son of Colonel Henry Lee; and in the life of his Public Land Policy, Our. V. B. Paine. Harper's.
Railway Managers and Employés. W. T. Barnard. P.S.MO.
father, 1869 (prefixed to the reprint of Colonel
Revolutionary Relic, A. Clark Jillson. Mag. Am. Hist.
Lee's "Memoirs of the Revolutionary War in the Riverside Park. W. A. Stiles, Century.
Southern Department”') quotes, on p. 51, the sen-
Shakespeare and Montaigne. Karl Blind. Shakespeariana.
Shakespeare Societies in America. hakespeariana.
tence, and ends it as Marshall gave it, with “fellow Solar Corona. William Huggins. Pojnular Science Monthly.
citizens." This statement might be regarded as Stephens, A. H., Death of. U.S. Grant. Mag. Am. Hist.
Tissue-Selection in the Genesis of Disease. Pop. Sci. Mo.
authoritative as to the reading, if General Lee on
I'riding-Rat, The. Mrs. E. D. W. Hatch. Pop. Sci. Monthly.
the next page had not spoiled the inference by say. Tuscan Cities. W. D. Howells. Century
Vice-Presidential Politics in '64. B. F. Butler. N. A. Rev.
ing: “But there is a line-a single line-in the
Yosemite Camping Trip, A. Joseph Le Conte. Overlºd Yo.
works of Lee which would hand him over to im- | Yukon, Uper and Lower. Frederick Schwatka. Century.


1885.]
155
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BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
(The following List includes all New Books, American and Eng.
lish, received during the month of September by MESSRS.
JANSEN, MCOLURG & Co., Chicago.]
BIOGRAPHY.
The Writings and Speeches of Samuel J. Tilden. Ed.
ited by Jolin Bigelow. 2 vols., 8vo, gilt tops. Harper
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one consistent system of political doctrine. These yol-
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biographer of Franklin--wliose personal relations with
Mr. Tilden and wide and thorough acquaintance with
American political atlairs especially fit him for the un.
dertaking."-Publisher's Announcement.
Life and Reminiscences of Gustare Doré. Compilei!
from material supplied by Doré's relations and
friends, and from personal recollection. With many
original unpublished sketches, and selections from
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Roosevelt. Svo, pp. 502. Cassell & Co, $7.50.
Life and Letters of John Brourn. Liberator of Kansas,
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Portraits. Svo, pp. 615. Roberts Bros. $3.00.
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Some Noted Princes, Authors and Statesmen of Our
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Whipple, J. Parton, Louise C. Moulton and others.
Edited by James Parton, Illustrated. 8vo, pp. 354.
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Memoirs of Karoline Bauer. From the German. Pp.
544. Roberts Bros. $1.50.
“One of the rarest treats ever otſered to lovers of biog.
raply."-St. James Gazette, London.
Memoirs of Count Grammont. By Anthony Hamilton.
A new Edition. Edited, with Notes, by Sir Walter
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In Camp and Battle with the Washington Artillery
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156
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
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1885.]
157
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158
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
The Surgeon's Stories,
THE LIFE OF
ABRA
From the Swedish of Z. TOPELIUS, Professor of His-
tory, University of Finland.
BY THE HON. ISAAC N. ARNOLD.
COMPRISING
TIMES OF GUSTAF ADOLF,
TIMES OF BATTLE AND REST,
TIMES OF CHARLES XII.,
TIMES OF FREDERICK I.,
TIMES OF LINNÆUS,
TIMES OF ALCHEMY,
Large Svo volume, 462 pp., with Portrait.
Price, $2.50.
This able and absorbingly-interesting work, at
once a biography and a history, was issued only eight
months ago, and it is now distinctly acknowledged
to be the one adequate and satisfactory Life of Abra-
ham Lincoln. Very many commendatory notices
have heretofore been published. We append ex-
tracts from two long reviews which have only
recently appeared:
“Mr. Arnold's 'Life of President Lincoln' is ex-
cellent in almost every respect. ... The author
has painted a graphic and lifelike portrait of the
remarkable man who was called to decide on the
destinies of his country at the crisis of its fate."
'-From a two-column review in a recent issue of the
London Times.
“The book is particularly rich in incidents con-
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is without exception the most satisfactory record of
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and enduring interest that will enchain the atten-
tion more effectually than any novel."- Magazine
of American History.
Each book is complete in itself, but a historical
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Familiar Talks on
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By ABBY SAGE RICHARDSON. Price, $1.50.
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1885.]
159
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160
THE DIAL
(Oct.,
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1885.]
161
THE DIAL
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---
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LEE & SHEPARD'S
LEE & SHEPARD'S
Original Library of
ROYAL
Gift Books for the Season Illustrated Hymns and Songs
The new Annual volume is
UR FATHER IN HEAVEN;
The Lord's Prayer in a series of Sonnets, by William C.
Richards, author of "The Mountain Anthem” and “The
Lord is My Shepherd,” completing the series of BIBLE
GEMS, viz.i-
The 23d Psalm,
The Beatitudes, and
The Lord's Prayer.
Full page illustrations by Garrett, and Minses McDermott,
Shepherd, Oakford, and Tucker. Bound in cloth and
gold; price, $1.50. Uniform with the following:-
The Mountain Anthem,
From Greenland's Icy Mountains.
The Lord is My Shepherd.
Curfew Must Not Ring To-night.
That Glorious Song of Old.
My Faith Looks Up to Thee.
It was the Calm and Silent Night. Come Into the Garden, Maud.
Ring Out, Wild Bells.
Nearer, My God, to Thee.
Rock of Ages.
He giveth His Beloved Sleep,
Abide with Me.
Home, Sweet Home
The Breaking Waves Dashed High. O, Why Should the Spirit of Mortal
* Hannah Jane.
be Proud.
* The Vagabonds.
* Lady Geraldine's Courtship.
Price, each, cloth and gold, $1.50.
The foregoing (excepting starred [*] titles) volumes are
also issued in
THE GOLDEN FLORAL
ORCHIDS: The Royal Family of
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cent specimens in colors, illustrated from
nature by Harriet Stewart Miner. Price,
gold cloth, full gilt, $15.00 ; Turkey mo-
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$15.00 (new style.)
*** The Gardener's Monthly says that it is "the most mag.
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ONE YEAR'S SKETCH BOOK.
Comprising, with suitable text, forty-six
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The lady who is both author and artist has looked
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BABY'S KINGDOM. A mother's
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ISSUED ON THIS CONTINENT.
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The following eight,-
Nearer, My God, to Thee,
Come Into the Garden, Maud,
Home, Sweet Home,
Ring Out, Wild Bells,
Abide with Me,
Rock of Ages,
My Faith Looks Up to Thee, Curfew Must Not Ring To-night,
are this year offered in the superbly beautiful
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* The publishers are confident that these styles of
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THE SATIN FLORAL STYLE
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Nearer, My God, to Thee.
Abide with Me.
Home, Sweet Home.
It was the Calm and Silent Night.
Come Into the Garden, Maud. Curfew Must Not Ring To-night.
The covers are genuine satin,impressed with floral de.
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Price, each, $3.50.
|
Sold by all Booksellers and Newsdealers, and
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10 MILK STREET, BOSTON.
Sold by all Booksellers and Newsdealers, and
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162
(Oct., 1885.
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168
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Nov.,
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Contents: Early and Recent Conditions; Growth
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ments of Natural History and his contributions to its
By Richard GRANT WHITE, author of a “Life of
literature were of so high rank and authority as to assure
Shakespeare,” “Words and their Uses," “En-
him a permanent and conspicuous place among the
world's teachers. To a host of personal friends lie was
gland Without and Within," etc. Uniform
no less charming in his personality than he was illustri.
with the Riverside Edition of Shakespeare.
0119 as a scientist. Mrs. Agassiz has written in the most
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delightful manner the story of his life, and woven into
the narrative a large number of his letters, the whole Contents: On Reading Shakespeare; The Lady
forming a peculiarly attractive biography and a work of
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Gruach's Husband; The Case of Hamlet the
History.
Younger; The Florentine Arithmetician; The Tale
of the Forest of Arden; The Bacon-Shakespeare
Craze; King Lear; Stage Rosalinds; Glossaries and
Vol. VI. KANSAS: The Prelude to the War for
Lexicons.
the Union. By LEVERETT W. SPRING, Professor
Mr. White possessed in a rare degree qualities and ac-
in the University of Kansas. With a fine Map. quirements which peculiarly fitted him to interpret
16mo, gilt top, $1.25.
Shakespeare with great benetit to all who read him. The
No one of the United States has a more distinctive and
present volume contains the ripe results of years of study,
memorable history than kansas. To the heroism and
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it a rich and permanent contribution to Seakespeare
fortitude shown by immigrants in settling other States
literature.
was added, in the case of Kansas, a peculiar quality and
degree of heroic effort. Kansas was for a few year's the
battle-ground between Slavery and Liberty, and its
early history is almost limited to the incidents of the
conflict and to the conspicuous actors in them. Pro.
By SAMPSON REED. New Edition, with a Biograph-
fessor Spring tells this dramatic story as impartially as ical Sketch of the Author by Rev. JAMES REED,
possible, and adds whatever is needed to complete the
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and a Portrait. $1.00.
This work first appeared nearly sixty years ago. Cir.
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but it won the praise of Mr. Emerson and other clear.
This is a story of new England life and character, in. sighted men in both England and America. Mr. Reed be.
cluding elements of plot, incident, conversation and lieved profoundly in the views of Swedenborg, and his
description, which novel.readers, who read all the good thoughtful book is based upon, and permeated by, the
current stories, cannot fail to appreciate. In some re. New Church philosophy. Its ability and earnestness
spects it may suggest the very popular stories of Mrs. commend it to a new and wider circle of readers.
Whitney, though in no sense imitating them.
American Commonwealths.
Observations on the Growth of the Mind.
High-Lights.
For sale by all Booksellers. Sent by Mail, post-paid, on receipt of price by
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., PUBLISHERS, BOSTON, MASS.


THE DIAL
VOL. VI. NOVEMBER, 1885. No. 67.
CONTENTS.
WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON. Samuel Willard . . 169
MR. STEDMAN ON THE POETS OF AMERICA.
Horatio N. Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
TILDEN'S PUBLIC WRITINGS AND SPEECHES.
Slason Thompson · ... · · · · · · ..
PACIFIC COAST HISTORY ..........
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ....
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . .
The Life and Correspondence of Louis Agassiz.-
Bacourt's Souvenirs of a Diplomat.-Upton's The
Standard Operas.-Higginson's Larger History of
the United States.--Reid's Academica of Cicero.-
The American Catalogue, 1876 to 1884.--Spring's
History of Kansas.-Gummere's Handbook of
Poetics.-Miss Weeks's Text-book of Nursing.
-Smith's Studies in English Literature.- Miss
Ninde's We Two Alone in Europe.--Harrison's The
Story of Greece.-Holder's Marvels of Animal Life.
-Christiani's The Principles of Expression in
Pianoforte Playing.-Miss Bonney's The Wit
and Wisdom of Bulwer.-Labberton's Historical
Atlas.
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS . . . . . . . . 186
TOPICS IN NOVEMBER PERIODICALS..... 187
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 188
-- -- - -
- --- - - -
- -
The conflict with slavery in America from
1830 to 1865 illustrates the power of men in
forming and molding public sentiment, and
shows the result of preparation. From the
issue of the Declaration of Independence to
the beginning of the Immediatist movement,
as we must call the anti-slavery movement of
1830 to 1865, there was an education of the
popular mind in the ideas of theoretical democ-
racy. People heard on every fourth of July,
and on a hundred other days of every year, that
this is a free country, the refuge of the op-
pressed; that all men are created equal, and
with an inalienable right to liberty; and that
it is the mission of our country to extend the
area of freedom. The slave-trade was abolished:
it was even declared piratical; and the aboli-
tion of slavery went on in the North until it was
ended, practically, in 1827 by complete emanci-
pation in New York. The Missouri Compromise
is a hint of the battle of Freedom and Slavery
in politics.
It may be said that the sentiment was vague
and unproductive; and that the North lost in
the political contest. Certainly the strong
pro-slavery party did not think so: they felt
the future insecure for their institution. Nor
is Lundy to be forgotten, who roused Garrison
and set him on his path of reform; nor the
work of Hopkins, Edwards, Elias Hicks, Rankin,
Bourne, and others. Lundy was especially
zealous, with his “Genius of Universal Emanci-
pation.” The discussions in England which
resulted in West India emancipation in 1834
were not without effect in our country.*
Upon the field of effort for public ends came
William Lloyd Garrison in 1830, using the
cutting doctrine that slave-holding is a sin,
and that God demands that all men guilty of
it shall cease from it immediately, as they
should from other sins. This was the terrible
weapon of the new reformer. The doctrine was
not indeed first put forth by him, but was by
him first sounded with such energy as to make
men hear, whether they would or no. All pre-
vious abolition of slavery bad been gradual: it
was startling to think of so vast an experi-
ment: it was no less startling to be called on
to regard a large class of respectable men, often
church members and men of many virtues,
as sinners above other men, daily guilty of
“the sum of all villainies.” The doctrine not
WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON.*
Some philosophers maintain that personal
influence and power are of small importance
in history; that everything happens through
the great movements of masses and the forces
operating upon them; and that great men are
only the exponents of their times, the creatures
of the Zeitgeist. Others see in single men
great impelling forces; powers that lead, push,
and drive slow and reluctant humanity for-
ward, despite its incorrigible dullness and in-
ertia: they believe that great men make their
times or cast the future; and, granting a provi-
dential movement in history, that is true which
Luther said, “God cannot do without great
men.”
It is indeed true that the power of the great
man is wasted in vain effort, if there is not
preparation for him in the minds and hearts of
men. Frederick II., the Hohenstaufen Em-
peror, was the greatest man of five centuries;
yet, in his grand struggle with the papacy, he
failed to do what the stiff-necked and bull-
headed Philip the Fair quickly effected. But
the Hohenstaufen helped prepare the way for
the Frenchman's work.
* WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON, 1805–1879. The Story of
* Perhaps others, like the writer of these lines, got
from a school book of Joshua Leavitt a first strong bias
against slavery ; so strong that when he heard one of Gar.
rison's first lectures, in 1830, he found himself an aboli.
tionist at once. It was his privilege to present himself to
Mr. Garrison in 1865, in the Representatives' Hall at
Springfield, as one of his few auditors of that October
evening so long before.
Illus.
bis Life, told by his children. In two volumes.
trated. New York: The Century Co.


170
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
only struck at the vast vested interest of slave free. If this be calumny, I dealt freely in it.” (Vol.
property, twelve hundred millions of dollars, I., p. 387.)
according to Henry Clay's estimate, but it
A moral nondescript, though physically a human
shook many connected conservative interests,
being, named A- T- I " (I., 390.)
"Mr. Garrison was cautioned by estimable aboli-
and assaulted the public conscience.
tion brethren not to be too precipitate or too unchari-
The two volumes under review contain a
table or too harsh in passing judgment on the new
history of ten years of the battle that followed. society.' [This was a moderate anti-slavery society,
A large part of the first volume gives an ac- | with a long name; it set forth that the system of
count of the early life of this Cromwellian slavery was wrong, and ought to be abandoned with
hero, and of his preparation for his great work
the least possible delay. Accordingly he let it off
of arousing the American people; for, medi-
by branding it as cold and proud in its spirit,
defective in its organization, corrupt in its origin,
ately or immediately, he did it, as Luther
deceitful in its object, and delusive in its action; a
stirred up the colossal movement of the Refor-
wretched imposition,' doomed to come to naught;
mation. The men who were already moving a 'a soulless organization with a sounding title.'” (I.,
little in the matter turned to him as the source 470.)
of a new inspiration, a new hope, and a new
And this was “letting it off”! Well does
determination. Weld, Goodell, Phelps, Leavitt,
Ecclesiastes say, “Oppression maketh a wise
Johnson, Phillips, May, Wright, Whittier,
man mad.” Can anyone wonder at the oppo-
Rogers, Birney, and a host of the foremost in
sition Garrison aroused ? How can his sons,
the struggle, willingly owned his preëminence.
authors of the book, ascribe all the hatred
Persecution came soon enough to make him
lavished upon him to his doctrine only? Pos-
famous and to test his stern endurance.
sibly no other mode of speech would have
But the very qualities that made him leader
been effective; but is it not fearfully severe?
soon lost him the leadership, as the movement
This reminds one of Lowell's satire upon
extended. These volumes show that his in- Wendell Phillir
tensity, his unshrinking devotion to the cause,
“It may be that I do not understand the nature
and his imperious demands upon others, made
of philanthropy. Why, here is Philip Vandal, for
it impossible for all others to work with him;
example. He loves his kind so much that he has not
and the second volume closes with the con a word softer than a brickbat for a single mother's
summation of the schism, parallel with the son of them. He goes about to save them by
dissensions of the helpers of Luther in the proving that not one of them is worth damning.”
great religious movement of the sixteenth . . . “He opened our lyceum as if it had been
century.
an oyster, without any regard for the feelings of those
Garrison was a true Puritan. It is the quality
inside.” (“Atlantic Monthly,” vi., 740.)
of the Puritan not only to judge himself
We learn (II., 271) that Garrison was ac-
sternly, but to judge others with equal severity, cused of acting as “whip-master general and
and to apply his standard as the measure of supreme judge of all abolitionists.” Another
their actions. He gives and demands entire man, an early friend and helper, declared Mr.
devotion to some one great cause, which is Garrison resolved “to cripple the influence of
part of the greatest object, the supremacy of all who will not come under the yoke which
the Kingdom of God on earth. Though he dis he has bent for their necks." With such facts
claims infallibility, he is so sure he is right appearing in their own record (many more
that he cannot admit an honest doubt or dif such would appear, if the record of his oppo-
ference of opinion. He stands, so he is sure,
nents in the ranks were to be presented), it is
for reason as well as justice; and what he does in vain that the authors of this book throw all
is for God's own cause. To him there can be the blame of the schism in the anti-slavery
no doubt as to God's will; no ambiguity in the ranks upon those who differed from their father
expression of it. If he is severe in language, in policy. They represent it as coming from
he is, in his own view, only pronouncing the
“ clerical” dislike of Mr. Garrison because of
divine and universal judgment in fitting words.
his departure from orthodox standards of
Ilis sense of duty obscures any consciousness | belief and practice.
of human passion. Probably the following
There is abundant evidence that Mr. Gar-
examples of Garrison's language were calmly rison, in spite of all his severity of tone and his
written, though the words are not calm.
dictatorial ways, was a man of kind heart,
even of gentle spirit. The anecdote (I., 396)
"To the charge made against me by the cowardly quoted from May's “Recollections” shows
ruffian who conducts the New York Courier and this. A gentleman travelling on a steamboat
Enquirer' (James Watson Webb), and by the miser-
with a party of abolitionists, full of objections
able liar and murderous hypocrite of the New York
and dislike, was brought unknowingly into
"Commercial Advertiser [Col. Wm. L. Stone), of
having slandered my country abroad, I reply that
discussion with Mr. Garrison. After a long
it is false . . . . I shall hesitate nowhere to brand
brand talk, he thanked his interlocutor for “the
this country as hypocritical and tyrannical in its exceedingly frank and temperate manner” in
treatment of the people of color, whether bond or / which he had treated the subject. “If all


1885.]
171
THE DIAL
abolitionists were like you,” he added, “there paper, “The Liberator,” to the one topic, aboli-
would be much less opposition to your enter tion, but put in peace, temperance, non-resist-
prise. But, sir, depend upon it, that hair- ance, no-government, woman's rights, and his
brained, reckless, violent fanatic, Garrison, will sabbatarian doctrines, as he thought proper.
damage, if he does not shipwreck, any cause.” | In meetings, he wished women to speak. He
What must have been his bewilderment when ceased to vote or to advocate political action.
Mr. May stepped forward and introduced the Many friends were highly offended; especially
“frank and temperate” talker as Mr. Garrison! those of the orthodox clergy who had thus far
Accordant with this anecdote is another, been with him.
told by Lewis Tappan (I., 403) and by Harriet A separation into two parties was inevita-
Martineau(II., 70, and "Westminster Review” | ble : they could no longer walk together. As
1838). A gentleman put up in his parlor a we said above, the severity of his language
picture which he thought the most saint-like and the dictatorship of which they accused
portrait he had ever seen, and then learned it him helped make the breach. The estrange-
was a likeness of Garrison. Miss Martineau ment was painful to both parties : it especially
said he was the most bewitching person she hurt Garrison that his friend Arthur Tappan,
had met in the United States. His conversa- who had ransomed him from Baltimore
tion, she said, “has none of the severity, the jail, was one who left him. As the time of
harshness, the bad taste of his writing: it is as final rupture drew near, each party, like gen-
gladsome as his countenance, and as gentle as uine politicians, strove to secure control of
his voice.”
existing organizations. It is not a pleasant
To explain the severe language of the Gar story. But is it a fair representation to turn
risonians we resort to hypothesis. It seems as Mr. Garrison's former helpers at once into
if, by logical process, they acquired a certain malcontents, intriguers, fraudulent schemers ?
technical language, in which words, as in the The portion of the book which treats of the
Pickwick Club, lost their ordinary meaning. schism and of the origin of political abolition-
Thus: Whoever knowingly receives stolen ism, Liberty Party, etc., is tinctured with an
goods is himself a thief ; every slaveholder unfairness, natural, indeed, but unhistorical.
knowingly receives stolen goods in the person We have here the case of Garrison vs. Phelps,
of his slave; therefore, every slaveholder is a Stanton, Wright, Leavitt, & Co., but no re-
thief. This being logically settled, it is proper joinder from the defendants.
to call a slaveholder a thief without mean Outside of New England, these men had
ing that he will pick a pocket or slyly purloin more influence than Garrison. Goodell well
spoons at dinner. So that erratic and untrust compared Mr. Garrison's power to an Atlantic
worthy genius, Wendell Phillips, a shining east wind : it blows fiercely in New England,
light in this peculiar school, was able to call is felt on the Hudson, but is hardly heard of
Mr. Lincoln “the slavehound of Illinois.” Here at Lake Erie. These seceders did almost all
is the process : Major—whoever does not the anti-slavery work west of the Hudson and
disapprove of all slave-catching practically the Alleghenies ; and the western abolitionists
aids and abets it, and makes himself a slave who survive will defend their reputations in
hound; minor-Lincoln does not disapprove spite of these volumes. These men and their
all slave-catching, since he refuses to say that associates and followers did the work which
there should be no Fugitive-Slave Law; ergo drove slavery to its last resort, secession, and
- Lincoln is a slavehound. By some such then filled the ranks of the armies that crushed
process Mr. Garrison was able to say concern it. Political opposition to slavery was nerved by
ing the new organization of abolitionists that the sentiment of hatred to slavery, to which
had parted from him, “In our meetings we Mr. Garrison has so largely contributed. He
denounce it as the worst form of pro-slavery.” had taken such position that he must oppose
(II., 428.)
political abolition. Was the position wise ?
. Mr. Garrison became convinced that a dis- | The last paragraph of these volumes denies
ciple of Christ cannot use violence to any that the founders of the Liberty Party were
man. This non-resistance doctrine became a “the true channel for the principles first formu-
no-government doctrine, since all governments lated by William Lloyd Garrison." Perhaps
are maintained by force. He determined “to not, since they felt the obligations of citi-
go for the rights of woman to their utmost | zens, from which he freed himself; but no
extent”: “to redeem woman as well as man less than Garrison did Leavitt, Wright, Hol-
from a servile to an equal condition.” (II., ley, Birney, Gerritt Smith, Goodell, Bailey,
204.)
Chase, Sumner, Giddings, and Lovejoy, while
He came to regard Sunday as not specially voting and working in politics, continue to
a holy day, so agreeing with Calvin, Fox, teach that slavery was wrong and should be
Paley, Luther, and many other learned and immediately abolished; and that the evil and
pious men. (II., 410.) With him, belief led at wrong of slavery was the ground of political
once to speech and action. He did not hold his l action against it.


172
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
Mr. Garrison said, “Poor Birney, it is esti tuneful numbers he interprets so well. Mr.
mated, has received some five or six thousand Stedman's poetic genius is healthy, sprightly,
votes out of two millions and a half. The robust, and invigorating. He has passion,
farce is equally ludicrous and melancholy." humor, pathos, melody, simplicity, à noble
(II., 428.) But wisdom is justified of her elevation. With his strength and directness,
children : it was no farce ; the seven thousand he has delicacy, tenderness, a mastery of his
votes cast for Birney and Earle in the whirl- materials, pure color, and sustained move-
wind election of 1840 led on to the abolition ment. He is an artist, but his art is fidelity to
of slavery, while Garrison and his friends nature and the vehicle of its sincere expression.
were calling all who shared the movement as He has the inward vision, creative power, a
bad as slaveholders.' Much as we must honor voice in many keys, and a conscience which is
the courage, devotion and high principle of controlling at the springs of his intellectual
this mighty pioneer in the cause of human activities. The eccentricities and affecta-
rights, we cannot admit that he was always tions of unbalanced and wayward natures
wise, nor let his biography be the vehicle of l endowed with the poetic gift are foreign to
unjust aspersions upon the character and work his disposition and habit. With imagination,
of men who came early to his aid, and who energy, and a fine enthusiasm, he possesses a
ran risks and faced perils only less than his sanity of judgment and sensibility that give
own. He is not to be belittled to do them tone and symmetry to his productions. He
due honor ; nor does he need to be exalted at has, however, his own characteristics and indi-
the expense of their good fame.
viduality. His touch is lighter than Bayard
Considered as specimens of book-making, Taylor's, he has a wider range than Stoddard,
these two volumes deserve the highest praise : deeper insight than Aldrich, more imagination
type and paper are delightful ; and we have than Boker, a finer art than DeKay or Trow-
not detected a printer's error in the thousand bridge. Fawcett is not to be compared with
and more pages. There are twenty-eight him. Gilder only equals him in gracefulness,
illustrations, twenty-three of which are por condensation, and suggestiveness. Mr. Sted-
traits of persons who figure in the history : | man has worked under disadvantages that
the frontispiece is one more than the list would have been discouraging to a nature less
includes.
sturdy than his, and less devoted to the cause
The style of the text is easy, and the story of letters. He has been nobly loyal to his
well told. The great value of the book lies in | ideal, and, that he might win the leisure to do
the huge mass of citations from the speeches his best for the literature of his country, has
and correspondence of Mr. Garrison, and from submitted to the drudgery of a distasteful
the “Liberator." Letters from most promi. business as a means of subsistence. Through
nent abolitionists thus find place. The device many hindrances and trials he has kept his
of marginal quotations refers us to all books sweet temper and judicial mind; and no per-
and papers cited. If we have occasion to sonal calamity has divorced him from scholarly
take a view different from that of the authors, pursuits and his devotion to poetry. His tem-
they have given us much material to aid in perament, training, and experience eminently
forming an opinion, Garrison as he was, fit him for the execution of a critical work on
right or wrong, is fully shown in the clearest the Poets of America, or, indeed, the poets of
light. We can trust that the volumes yet to any land. He has ingrained honesty, breadth
come, dealing with the time from 1840 on, of apprehension, versatile sympathies, exact
will do us the same great service. The work knowledge, and withal he is a poet with a
is crowned with an index of forty pages, poet's passion for beauty and love of song;
remarkable for its excellence.
and so he is a wise critic, a candid and lumi-
SAMUEL WILLARD. nous interpreter of the many-voiced muse.
No one is so well qualified to write of poets,
and expound the poetic art, as a poet, if in
MR. STEDMAN ON THE POETS OF AMERICA.* other respects he is properly equipped. Mr.
Stedman, by virtue of his genius and accom-
This elaborate and sincere work lacks one plishments, has achieved an authority as a
chapter more to make it complete. No treatise critic in this country very like Matthew Ar-
on the Poets of America can be adequate that
nold's in England.
does not include Edmund Clarence Stedman; The “Poets of America" is a companion of
but of course this was out of the question in | Stedman's “ Victorian Poets,” but will doubt-
the present volume. After Whittier, Holmes, less be received with more favor among us,
and Lowell, he undoubtedly ranks next on the from the greater familiarity of our reading
roll of the choir of our living singers whose public with its subjects and their interest in
American literature. Its first chapter is a
* POETS OF AMERICA. By Edmund Clarence Stedman,
study of the early and recent conditions of
poetry in America—a difficult theme, but
Boston and New York:
author of " Victorian Poets."
Houghton, Mifflin & Company.


1885.]
THE DIAL
173
- - - - - - - -
admirably done from a large view and fair though finely shaded, its matter is solid and
comprehension of the factors through which nutritious, its style strong, incisive, luminous,
imaginative literature is evolved. Next comes suggestive. The feeling that one has, after
a discussion of “The American School,” in reading a chapter, is that of satisfying sym-
which a long train of singers pass in review, metry and conscientious fairness. On almost
the influences that inspire and shape their every page of the book are wise and pregnant
work are noted, the affinities that hold them sayings, and I venture to select, at random,
in groups pointed out, and their general merits a few as specimens, from the paper on
indicated. These two chapters, which evince | Emerson:
wide and careful reading, a fine appreciation of "I take it that those who have fairly assimilated
spiritual undercurrents, a keen sagacity of the Emerson's poetry in their youth have not been so
literary sense, and unusual power of statement, much born poets as born thinkers of a poetic cast."
are an invaluable introduction to the beauti.
“Emerson's prose is full of poetry and his poems
ful critical work that follows in the studies
are light and air. His prose, then, is that of a wise
man plus a poet, and his verse, by turns, light and
of Bryant, Whittier, Emerson, Longfellow,
twilight, air and vapor.” “But he suggested the
Poe, Holmes, Lowell, Whitman, and Bayard
subtlety and swiftness of the soul's reach even when
Taylor. It has been Mr. Stedman's effort he failed to sustain it.” “In his verse, Emerson's
to use his own clear phrase—“ to approach the spiritual philosophy and laws of conduct appear
subject of each from his own ground, to com again, but transfigured." "As in his early discourse
prehend his motive, and to judge him at his
he recognized two entities, nature and the soul, so
best; at the same time to see where he has
to the last he believed Art to be simply the union of
Nature with man's will." "The key to Art is the
failed of that standard and of the true spirit
eternal fitness of things; this is the sure test and
of ideal expression.” He asks, and rightly,
solvent.” “He caught both the external and the
that his work be taken as a whole. The poets scientific truth of natural things, and their poetic
enumerated above have marked individuality, charm withal." "Emerson never felt the strength
sharp differences, in some cases antagonistic of proportion that compels the races to whom art is
traits; they occupy different fields of the great a religion and a law."
poetic domain, and their voices are of various But it is as a whole, in the case of each
quality and range; but each is understood and individual, that the work of this admirable
described and valued by our author according critic is to be judged. And here one notes
to his merits. Nothing shows more impres- the justice that is done to merit of all sorts,
sively the capacity of the critic and the and the clear recognition of the forces that
sincerity of his purpose and execution than his operate in nature and society for the produc-
discriminating and unprejudiced interpretation tion of vital literature. Stedman's preparation
of the diverse, peculiar, and significant charac- for successful critical performance has already
teristics of the respective bards. Bryant's been suggested, and his firm-set purpose to be
priesthood of Nature, his solemn strains and just has vivid illustration in the cases of Poe
majestic repose; Whittier's sympathetic and Whitman, who have been overpraised and
humanity; Emerson's mysticism and oracular overblamed, but whose offensive peculiarities
voice; all that makes Longfellow dear to fire- do not for an instant affect his candid estimate
sides, lovers, and scholars; Poe's affectations, of their real merits. It seems to me that Poe
idiosyncracies, and charming art; the grace has never been so justly interpreted as in this
and wit of Holmes; the wise humor and volume. His literary reputation, it is well
breezy, refreshing song of Lowell; the eager, known, has suffered in the esteem of those
daring muse of Taylor; the purpose and speech who recoiled from the character of the man.
that entitle Whitman to the poet's bays; It is inevitable that a writer's moral habit
whatever is subtle or obvious, vital or me should affect the quality of his productions. If,
chanical, deep-souled or hollow in these with an equal poetic faculty, Poe had possessed
minstrels, has his clear and full recognition. a sweet and sane nature, his work, while of
The candor, sincerity and sympathetic spirit course different from what it is, would have
in which Mr. Stedman treats the many themes been nobler. It was, indeed, his exceptional
that come under review in connection with nature to which must be attributed the pecu-
the poets included in his scheme, are apparent liarities of his poetry. His verse lacks quali-
all through the treatise, which covers the ties which endear poetry to serious and pro-
whole ground of poetic production—its in found natures, though such may appreciate its
spiring motive, the laws that govern its structure, its movement, its haunting spirit,
expression, its versatile keys, its vicissitudes, , as well as his most ardent admirers. But it
its influence and value in life and human does not satisfy ; something is lacking at the
affairs. There is not a word in the volume basis ; and this is true of its imitators, and of
that can be fairly regarded as impertinent, the school that is built upon it. Their work,
ostentatious of learning and culture, flippant, in which art is the supreme motive, has a
or unkind. It is free from vague generaliza- | hollow sound. It lacks seriousness ; it lacks
tions; its critical delineations are clear-cut | soul: it is not imbued with the priestly spirit


174
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
which throbs with the world's sorrows, which of the motives that induced them to break off from
voices the cry of humanity, imparts medica-
the British Crown, and to take up arms to establish
tion to the heart, and affirms, by its apprehen-
| here an empire in which the common people the
sion of the unseen, a present God. But it
people who had no advantages above their fellows
might have safety, protection, peace, and prosperity.
may be said that such poetry is ethical and
When I grew a little older-a sickly youth and medi-
outside the province of art. But it is the
tative,- I read the teachings of the great fathers of
province of art to deal with eternal Truth, the American Republic, and I believed that there
which is eternal Beauty,—to reveal it, to was a great destiny for humanity before my country,
inspire its worship, to glorify it in the sight of -a destiny broader than any class, broader than
men. There cannot be for this purpose, it is
any interest."
true, too fine a melody, too much delicacy, Thus spoke Samuel J. Tilden to the electors
proportion, balance, knowledge of technique ; of Columbia County, New York, during the
but we want, besides this, the warm blood, the campaign of 1868. He was then in his fifty-
high motive, the prophetic voice, the investi fifth year, having been born at New Lebanon
ture of a pure atmosphere, glimpses, at least, in that county, February 9, 1814. But whether
of the infinite Loveliness.—I do not think that at fifty-five, or twenty, or three score years
Whitman, as a poet, deserves the eminence and ten, the writings and speeches of this
that seems to be given him by a separate chap remarkable figure in American history have
ter; but for the purpose of discussing satis