325 SEVEN DAYS BOOK. - Bd. May, 1887. BP 304 C C SIGILL COL FOZ ECCL CHRISTO COLESIA ANGL HARVA RiON VO: VINVS FROM THE BRIGHT LEGACY. Receired 10 May, 1886- -I5 April, 1887 Descendants of Henry Bright, jr., who died at Watertown, Mass., in 1686, are entitled to hold scholarships in Harvard College, estab. lished in 1$So under the will of JONATHAN BROWN BRIGHT of Waltham, Mass., with one half the income of this Legacy. Such descendants failing, other persons are eligible to the scholarships. The will requires that this announcement shall be made in every book added to the Library under its provisions. BAADA ਕੇ ਸਨ ਤੇ ਆ Sisi 5 THE DIAL , Monthly Journal of CURRENT LITERATURE, VOLUME VII. MAY, 1886, TO APRIL, 1887. CHICAGO: A. C. McClurg & Company, Publishers. 1887. EL 170 BP 30411 1$$ 6, who le 10 188732 6 سا میرے د سرور INDEX TO VOLUME VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 . . . . 11 . .. AMERICAN DIPLOMACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . William Henry Smith . . . . . 31 AMERICAN HISTORY, DOCUMENTS ILLUSTRATIVE OF W. F. Poole . . . . . . . . 155 AMERICAN LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . J. J. Halsey . . . . . . . . 243 AMERICAN THEATRE, EARLY DAYS OF THE . . . . . . . Sara A, Hubbard . . . . . . 271 AUTHORS, JUSTICE TO . . . . . . . . . . Alexander C. McClurg . . . . . BIBLIOPHILES, A BRACE OF . . . . . . . . . . . . Alexander C. McClurg . . . . 86 BOOKS FOR CITIZENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . Albert Shaw . . . . . . . 149 BROWNING, BOOKS ABOUT . . . . . . . Melville B. Anderson . . . . . 221 COR CORDIUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . William Morton Payne . . . . . 215 CRADDOCK, CHARLES EGBERT . . . . . . . . . . . James 0. Pierce . . . . . . . 269 DEMOCRACY, TRIUMPHANT . . . . . . . . . . . . Rossiter Johnson . . . . . . . 16 EARTHQUAKES . . . . . . . . . Selim H. Peabody .. . . . ECONOMICS OF DISTRIBUTION, THE . . . . . . . . . Albert Shar . . . . . . . . 37 EDUCATION, HISTORY OF . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. B. Roberts . . . . . . . : 81 ELECTRICITY IN THE SERVICE OF MAN . . . . . . . . H. S. Carhart . . . . . . . 184 EMPIRE STATE, THE . . . . . . . . . . . . . J. J. Halsey . . . . . . . . 293 ENGLAND AND GERMANY, LITERARY RELATIONS OF . . . . E. Playfair Anderson . . . . . 127 ENGLISH LITERATURE, OLD, THE STUDY OF . . . . . . J. J. Halsey . . . . . . . . 35 ENGLISH MONARCHY, FORTESCUE's . . . . . . W. F. Allen . . . . . . . . ENGLISH PARLIAMENT, HISTORY OF THE . . . . . . . W. F. Allen . . . . . . . . 185 EPIC SONGS OF Russia . . . . . . . . . . W. F. Allen . . . . . . . . ETHICS, THE HISTORY OF . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. M. Stanley . . . . . . . 130 FICTION, RECENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . William Morton Payne, 13, 65, 187, 290 FISHES OF EUROPE, FRESH-WATER . . . . . . . . . . David S. Jordan . . . . . 34 FRANCE UNDER MAZARIN AND RICHELIEU . . . . . . . W. F. Allen . . . . . . . . 105 FRENCH REVOLUTION, A New HISTORY OF THE C. L. Smith . . . . . . . . 223 GEOLOGIC SCIENCE, A LANDMARK IN . . . . Alexander Winchell . . . . . . 64 GETTYSBURG, COUNT OF PARIS ON . . . . . . . . . Wm. Eliot Furness . . . . . . 126 GRANT'S MEMOIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rossiter Johnson . . . . . . . 57 GREEK LITERATURE, JEVONS's HISTORY OF . . . . . . . Paul Shorey . . . . . . . . 152 Hugo, VICTOR, ON SHAKESPEARE . . . . . . . . . . Harriet Monroe . . . . . . . 181 HUGUENOTS, THE, AND HENRY OF NAVARRE . . . . . . . . Herbert Tuttle . . . . . . . 219 HUTCHINSON, THOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . W. F. Poole . . . . . . . . 102 ILLS OF THE FLESH . . . . . . . . . • James Nevins Hyde . . . . LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH . . . . . . . . . William M. Lawrence . . . . . 9 LOWELL ONCE MORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melville B. Anderson . . . . . 241 MASSACHUSETTS, THE EMANCIPATION OF . . . W. F. Poole . . . . . MEDIEVAL ART, REBER'S HISTORY OF . . . . . . . . W. F. Allen . . . . . 288 MEXICO, ANCIENT AND MODERN . . . . . . . . . . George C. Noyes . . . . . . . 224 MORLEY, JOHN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melville B. Anderson . . . . 40, 101 ORIGIN OF THE FITTEST . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . David S. Jordan . . . . . . . 268 PAGAN CHRIST, THE . . . . . . . . . . Paul Shorey ........ POETRY, RECENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . William Morton Payne . . . . . 246 REJECTED AUTHORS AND DEJECTED READERS . . . . . . Francis F. Browne . . . . . . 45 RUSKIN, JOHN, AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF . . . . . . . . . Sara A. Hubbard . . . . . . 82 RUSSIAN STORM-CLOUD, THE . . . . . . . . . . . . Sara A. Hubbard . . . . . . 61 SECOND CORPS OF THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC . . . . . Joseph Kirkland . . . . . . . 285 SHELLEY, MARY WOLSTONECRAFT . . . . . . . . . . Sara A. Hubbard . . . . . . 106 SOCIALISM, RECENT WRITINGS ON . . . . . . . . . . A. L. Chapin . . . . . . . 99 . . . . . . . . . . · · . . 128 . · · · . · · · · . . · · . · · · . · · · . . · · . · · · · . . 22A . 59 · . · . . · . . · · . . · · · . . · . INDEX. . . . SWINBURNE THE CRITIC . . . . . . THOMAS, EDITH .. TOLSTOÏ AND RUSSIAN FICTION . . . ZOOLOGY, THE STUDY OF . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . Melville B. Anderson . . . . . Sara A. Hubbard . . . . . . Joseph Kirkland . . . . . . . Carl H. Eigenmann . . . . . 156 158 79 245 . . . . . . TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED. . . . 91 224 Abbot's The Blue Jackets of '61 . . . . . 196 Clark's The Philosophy of Wealth . . . . 151 Adams's (Brooks) The Emancipation of Massa Clarke's (Miss) Life of Susanna Wesley . . . 229 chusetts . . . . . . . 263 . Class Interests . . . . . . . . . .. 39 Adams's (Miss) Literature . . . . . . Clemens's La Plata Countries of South America 108 Adams's (Oscar Fay) Post-laureate Idyls. . . 248 | Clement's (Mrs.) Stories of Art and Artists. 196 Adams's (Oscar Fay) Through the Year with Cleveland's Biography of Richard J. Cleveland 132 the Poets. ..::ini :, : : . Lim: . . . . 71 Collins's Life of Bolingbroke . . . . . . 70 Akers's (Elizabeth) The Silver Bridge ... 249 Colton's Elementary Course in Practical Zoology 245 Allen's (Grant) Common Sense Science . . . 295 Compte de Paris's Gettysburg . . . . . . 126 Anders's House Plants as Sanitary Agents . . 254 Conn's Evolution of To-day . . . . . . 22 Andrews's Brazil, Its Condition and Prospects. 274 Conway's Living or Dead . . . . . . . 67 Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography 256 Cope's The Origin of the Fittest . . . . . 268 Atkinson's Sháh Námeh . . . . . 161 Corson's Introduction to the Study of Brown- Badeau's The Aristocracy of England . ing's Poetry . . . . . . . . . . 221 Baird's T'he Huguenots and Henry of Navarre . 219 Coulter's Mr. Desmond, U. S. A. . . . . . 68 Balestier's A Victorious Defeat . . . 66 Craddock's In the Clouds . . . . . . . 269 Bancroft's British Columbia . . . . . . . 273 Cranch's Ariel and Caliban . . . . 248 Bancroft's History of California . . . . 21, 132 Crane's Le Romantisme Français . . . . . 252 Baring-Gould's Court Royal . . . . . . . 67 Crawford's A Tale of a Lonely Parish . . . 13 Baring-Gould's The Story of Germany. . . 90 Curiosities of the Old Lottery . . . . . 17 Barns's The Labor Question . . . . 90 Delaborde's Engraving, Its Origin, Processes, Bassett's Persia, the Land of the Imams . . . 23 and History . . . . . . . . . . 231 Benjamin's (Park) Age of Electricity . .. · 133 Demigod, A. . . . . . . . . . Benjamin's (S. G. W.) Persia and the Persians . 227 . . 190 Dobson's Life of Steels ini , . 160 Bernard's Retrospections of America . . . . 271 Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment . . . 190 Biart's The Aztecs Doubleday's The Filibuster War in Nicaragua 162 Bigelow's Edition of Franklin's Works : : : 256 Dowden's Life of Shelley . . . . . . . 215 Blackmore's Springhaven . . . . . . . 291 Doyle's Reminiscences and Opinions . . . . 253 Blair's Unwise Laws .. 39 Drake's The Making of New England . . . 134 Bolton's (Mrs.) Lives of Girls Who Became Fa Dunn's Massacres of the Mountains .. mous. Duprê's Thoughts on Art.. . 230 Bolton's (Mrs.) Stories from life ..... . . . . . 135 Dupuy's The Great Masters of Russian Litera- Book of American Figure Painters . . . . 191 ture in the 19th Century . . . . . . 109 Book of the Tile Club . . . . . 192 Elliott's Our Arctic Province . . . . . . 231 Bowker's Copyright, Its Law and Literature. 44 Ely's The Labor Movement in America. .. 149 Bowker's The Economic Fact-Book . . . Fauriel's The Last Days of the Consulate .. 22 Bowles's Chivalric Days . . . . . . . . 196 Fawcett's The House at High Bridge ... Boyeson's The Story of Norway . . . . . 90 Fearing's (Miss) The Sleeping World ... Brine's (Miss) A Mother's Song . . . . . Feuillet's La Morte... mis: . . . Brown's (Moses True) The Philosophy of Ex- Field's (Alice D.) Palermo, Christmas to Whit- pression . . suntide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 . Brown's (T. Edwin) Studies in Modern So- Flaubert's Salammbo cialism Siin: 13 . . . . . . . . . . Ford's The American Citizen's Manual .. . 100 Browning's (Mrs.) Sonnets from the Portuguese 192 Fortescue's The Governance of England . . 42 Brunton's Disorders of Digestion . . . . . 128 Fremont's (Mrs.) Souvenirs of My Time . . . 294 Buckley's The Midnight Sun ...... French's Home Fairies and Hcart Flowers . . 193 Bunner's Midge . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Frothingham's Memoir of W. H. Channing. . 251 Burnett's (Mrs.) Little Lord Fauntleroy . . . 197 F. S. W.'s Dame Heraldry . . . . . . . Burroughs's Signs and Seasons . . . . . . 22 Fuller's Fellow Travellers . . . . . . . 67 Burt's (Mary E.) Browning's Women . . . . 223 Garnett's Beowulf . . . . . . . . . . 35 Butterworth's Zigzag Journeys in the South . 196 George's Protection or Free-Trade . . . . Calendars for 1887 . . . . . . . . . . 195 Gerson's (Miss) A Visit from Santa Claus , . 197 Carnegie's Triumphant Democracy . . . . 16 Gibbons's The Physics and Metaphysics of Century Dictionary, The . . . . . . . . Money . . . . . . . . . . . Century Magazine, Vol. XXXII. . . . . Gibson's Happy Hunting Grounds..... Champlin's A Chronicle of the Coach . . . 162 Gilder's (Miss) Representative Poems of Living Christmas Cards . . . . . . . . . . 195 Poets . . . . . . . . . . . . Church's and Gilman's The Story of Carthage 162 | Gilman's The Story of the Saracens . . . . 231 Church's The Adventures of a Roman Boy. 196 Gladden's Is It Peace or War? . . . . . . 100 . . . . 19 39 89 250 . 69 297 47 · 195 INDEX. Life's Verses i min story of Music and M sic and Musi: 195 . 109 151 13 13 27 Gneist's The English Parliament . . . . . 185 Levermore's The Republic of New Haven. . 226 Gogol's St. John's Eve . . . . . . . . 191 | Life of a Prig, By One . . . . . . . . 23 Gogol's Taras Bulba . . . . . . . 92 Life's Verses . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Gogol's Tchitchikoff's Journeys; or, Dea 290 Lillie's (Mrs.) The Story of Music and Musi- Goldsmith's She Stoops to Conquer ... 192 cians for Young Readers . . . Good Things of Life, The . . . . . . . 195 Longfellow's (S.) life and Letters of H. W Gosse's Life of Raleigh . . . . . . . . 161 Longfellow . . . . . . . . Gower's The Last Days of Marie Antoinette 194 Longfellow's Works, Riverside Edition : 136, 256 Gragg's (Agnes) The Odyssey Club . . . . 253 Longfellow's Wreck of the Hesperus . . . . 195 Graham's Neæra, A Tale of Ancient Rome . 188 Lossing's Mary and Martha, Mother and Wife Grant's Memoirs . . . . . . . . . . . 57 of George Washington . . . . . . . 134 Griffin's Mexico of To-day . . . . . . . 225 Lossing's The Two Spies, Hale and André. 161 Haggard's Jess. . . . . 291 Lowell's Democracy and other Addresses . . 241 Hale's (Lucretia) The Peterkins at the Farm. 197 Lubbock's Flowers, Fruits, and Leaves . . 228 Hale's and Mansfield's Bibliography of Educa Ludlow's The Captain of the Janizaries . . . 13 tion . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Lumden's Beowulf . . . . . . . . . Hale's The Story of Spain . . . . . . . 1 Macy's Our Government . . . . . Hallowell's The Pioneer Quakers . . . . . 251 Macfarlane's (Anne R.) Children of the Earth. 67 Hammerton's Imagination in Landscape . . . 193 Madison's (Dolly) Memoirs and Letters . . . 131 Hannay's Life of Blake .. . . . . . 161 Mallock's The Old Order Changes . . . . 187 Hapgood's (Isabella F.) The Epic Songs of Marston's Frank's Ranch . . . Russia . Martin's (Elizabeth G.) Whom God hath Joined 66 Hapgood's (Isabella F.) Thoughts . . . . . 13 Martin's (Kate B.) and Henrotin's (Mrs.) Social Hardy's (Arthur S.) The Wind of Destiny .. Status of European and American Women 255 Hardy's (Thomas) The Mayor of Casterbridge 67 Matthews's and Hutton's Actors and Actresses Harte's A Millionaire of Rough-and-Ready, etc. 292 · 21, 45, 230, 298 Harte's Snow Bound at Eagle's . . . . . . McCulloch's Hymns of Faith and Hope . . . 71 Hawthorne's (Julian) John Parmelee's Curse . 190 McPherson's A Handbook of Politics for 1886 . 152 Hazlitt's Old Cookery Books . . . . . . 162 Mendenhall's A Century of Electricity ... 297 Henderson's The Prelate . . . Meredith's The Earl's Return . . . . . . 194 Herford's Studies in the Literary Relations of Meriwether's A Tramp Trip Abroad . . . . 274 England and Germany. . . . Milne's Earthquakes and Other Earth Move- Hobart Pasha's Sketches from My Life . . . 254 ments . ........... 123 Hood's Fair Inez . . . . . . . . . . 195 Modern Language Notes . . . . . . . . 256 Hoyt's Protection versus Free-Trade . . . . 18 Monteiro's Legends and Tales of the Basque Hudson's The Railways and the Republic. . 37 People . .. 297 Hugo's Les Misérables, Edition de Luxe . . . 136 Moore's (Helen) Life of Mary Shelley . . Hugo's William Shakespeare . . . . . . . 181 | Morley's Collected Works . . 181 . . . . . . . 40 Hutchinson's Diary and Letters of Thomas Morley's (John) Critical Miscellanies . . . . 101 Hutchinson . . . . . . . . . . 102 Müntz's A Short History of Tapestry . Irving's Pride of the Village, etc. . . . . . Naftel's (Maud) Flowers and How to Paint Jackson's (H. H.) Sonnets and Lyrics . . . 249 Them . James's The Bostonians . . . . . . . . Newcomb's A Plain Man’s Talk on the Labor James's The Princess Casamassima . . . 189 Question . . . . . . . . 149 Jeans's England's Supremacy . . . . . . Noel's Buz Jerome's (Miss) Nature's Hallelujah . . . . 194 Norton's The Early Letters of Carlyle . . . Jevons's A History of Greek Literature . . . 152 Oliphant's (Lawrence) Haifa; or, Life in Modern Jewett's (Sara 0.) The Story of the Normans . 274 Palestine . . . . . . . . . . . 295 J. S. of Dale's The Sentimental Calendar . . 292 Ouida's A House Party .. . 189 Juvenile Periodicals for 1886 . . . . . . 197 Owen's (Catherine) Ten Dollars Enough . . . 296 Keenan's The Aliens . . . . . . . . . 13 Painter's History of Education . . 81 Kerr's The Far Interior .. Payne's Contributions to the Science of Educa- Kindergarten, The, and the School . . . . 109 tion . . . . . . . . 133 King's Haschisch . .. Peabody's (Miss) Lectures in the Training- Kirby's (Mrs.) Years of Experience.... 273 Schools for Kindergartners . . . 109 Kirke's The Rear Guard of the Revolution . . 91 Pearson's Flights Inside and Outside Paradise . 72 Knox's Robert Fulton . . . 134 Peck's Cap and Bells. . . . . . . 248 Knox's The Boy Travelers in the Russian Em- Pennell's Two Pilgrims Progress . . . . . 231 pire . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Perkins's France under Mazarin . . . . . 105 Koehler's American Art . . . . . . . . 229 Perry's (Nora) New Songs and Ballads.. 250 Labberton's Historical Atlas . . . . . . 254 Perry's The Reformation in England . . . . 70 Lane-Poole's Story of the Moors in Spain . . 231 Phelps's (Miss) The Madonna of the Tubs . . 231 Lang's Books and Book Men . .. 43 Phillips's Land, Labor, and Law . . . Lang's In the Wrong Paradise, etc. . . . . 292 Posnett's Comparative Literature . . . . . Lang's The Mark of Cain . . . . . . . 67 | Pratt's Bye-a-baby Ballads . . . . . . . 197 Lanman's Haphazard Personalities . . . . Preston's Documents Illustrative of American Lathbury's (Miss) From Meadow-sweet to Mis- tletoe . . . . . . . . . . . 197 ar in Eden . . . 291 Laurie's The Rise and Early Constitution of Preston's (Margaret J.) For Love's Sake . . . Universities. Prestwich's Geology . . . Lawson's and Mack's Christmas Roses ... 197 | Putnam's (Elinore) Old Salem . . . . . . 195 13 40 wie. . . . 22 . dergarten, The, and the anii . . . . 160 . . . . . 13 38 23 Preston's (Harriet w.) A Year in Eden... U S . . . . . . . . INDEX. Radestock's Habit in Education . . . . . 70 Stockton's The Late Mrs. Null. . . . . . 13 Rae's The Country Banker . . . . . . . 40 Stokes's Microscopy for Beginners . . . . 297 Ragozin's The Story of Chaldea .. 18 Sully's Teacher's Hand-book of Psychology. 161 Raju's Tales of the Sixty Mandarins. 195 Swann's An Investor's Notes on American Rail- Read's The Closing Scene . . . . · 1931 roads. . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Reber's Mediæval Art. . . . . . 288 Swinburne's Miscellanies . . . . . . . . 156 Rees's The Diversions of a Bookworm . . . 296. Symonds's Life of Ben Jonson . . . . . . 160 Reid's The Land of Fire . . . . . . . . 254 Symonds's Sir Philip Sidney . . . . . . 252 Rexford's Grandmother's Garden . . . 194 Tadema's Love's Martyr .. :.: jo . . . . 13 Ribot's German Psychology of To-day . . . 21 Tchernuishevsky's A Vital Question. . .. 69 Richardson's American Literature . . . . . 243 Tennyson's Dora . . . . . . . . 195 Robers's History of New York . . . 293 Tennyson's Lockslev Hall Sixty Years After . 246 Robinson's Introduction to Early English Lit. Thaxter's (Celia) Idylls and Pastorals . .. 194 erature . . . . . . . . . . . 35 - Thaxter's (Celia) The Cruise of the Mystery . 249 Robinson's (Mary F., Margaret of Angoulême. 296 Thomas's Cannibals and Convicts . . . . . 254 Rodenbough's Uncle Sam's Medal of Honor . 253 Thomas's (Miss) The Round Year . . . . . 158 Rolfe's Select Poems of Robert Browning . .222 Thompson's Boy's Book of Sports . . . . . 196 Rosenkranz's The Philosophy of Education .228 Three Kings: A Xmas Legend . . . . . . Rossetti's Blessed Damozel . . . . . . . 192 . . 192 Thrall's Life of Shaftesbury in. . . . . . 70 Royce's California. . . . . . . . . . 21 | Todd's Life and Letters of Joel Barlow. .. 19 Ruskin's Præterita . . . . . : : . . 82 | Tolstoi's Anna Karenina . . Samuels's From the Forecastle to the Cabin . 295 Tolstoï's Childhood, Boyhood, Youth . Sanborn's (Miss) A Winter in Central America | Tolstoï's War and Peace . . . . . . . 13, 79 and Mexico . . . . . . . . . . 92 Towle's Young People's History of England . 22 Scannell's Sylvia's Daughters . . . . . . 196 Tredwell's Life of Apollonius of Tyana . . . Schmidt's The Mammalia in their Relation to Trouessart's Microbes, Ferments, and Moulds . 134 Primeval Times . .20 Uncle Warren's Birds and Animals . . . . 197 Schroeder's The Fall of Maximilian's Empire. 296 Underwood's Handbook of English History. 45 Schuyler's American Diplomacy . . . . . 31 Cpton's The Standard Oratorios . . . . . 231 Scollard's With Reed and Lyre . . . . . 248 Urbanitzky's Electricity in the Service of Man 184 Scott's Christmas in the Olden Time . . . . 194 Vambéry's Hungary . . . . . . . . . 134 Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel . . . . . 193 Van Dyke's (J. Č.) The Principles of Art.: 296 Scribner's Cyclopædia of Painters and Painting 47 Van Dyke's (T. S.) Southern California. . . 90 Seeley's Fresh-water Fishes of Europe . . . 34 Ventura's and Shevitch's Misfits and Remnants 110 Seligman's The Christian Socialists . . . . 99 Villari's On Tuscan Hills and Venetian Waters 110 Shaw's Coöperation in a Western City . . . 227 Walker's Second Corps in the Army of the Sheldon's (Niss) Studies in Greek and Roman Potomac . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Literature . . . . Wallace's (Mrs.) Ginevra . . . . . . . 197 Sheldon's (Miss) Teacher's Manual of General Walloth's The King's Treasure House, .. 69 History . . . . . . . 72 . . Wall's (Annie) Sordello's Story Retold in Prose 223 Shorthouse's Sir Percival . . . . . Weeks's Labor Difficulties and their Settle- Sidgwick’s Outlines of the History of Ethics ment . . . . . . . icis . . . . 39 for English Readers . . . . · 130 Wells's (D. A.) Study of Mexico . . . . . 226 Sidney's (Margaret) A New Departure for Girls 45 Wells's (Henry P.) The American Salmon Fi Sidney's (Margaret) The Minute Man . . . 197 erman . . . . . . . . . . . . Skelding's (Miss) Familiar Birds .. Wheatley's How to Form a Library. . . . 110 Skelding's (Miss) Flowers from Dell and Bower 195 Whipple's Recollections of Eminent Men . . 230 Skottowe's Short History of Parliament . . 297 Whiting's The Saunterer . . . . . . . . 72 Smith's Well-worn Roads in Spain, Holland, Whitney's (Mrs.) Holy-tides . . . . . . . 195 and Italy . . . . . . . . . . 192 Wildrick's (Mrs.) A Zealot in Tulle . . . 292 Sons and Daughters . . . . . . . . . 291 Wilkeson's Recollections of a Private Soldier Stephen's The French Revolution . . . . 223 in the Army of the Potomac . . . . 273 Stepniak's The Russian Storm-Cloud . . . . 61 Windgate's Through Yellowstone Park on Sterne's Sentimental Journey ... 195 Horseback ni · · · · · · 72 Stevens's (Alfred) Impressions on Painting . . 253 Winnipeg Country, The . . . . : ; . . . . . 108 Stevens's (Henry) Recollections of Mr. James Wood's Man and his Handiwork . . 295 Lenox · · · . . . . . Woolson's (Abba Goold) George Eliot and her 86 Stevenson's Kidnapped . . . . . . . . 91 Heroines. Stevenson's The Merry Men, etc. . . . . . 292 Woolson's (Constance F.) East Angels .66 Stewart's The Fall of Troy . . . . . . Wright's Ancient Cities. . . . . 162 Stinde's The Buchholz Family . . . . . . 191 Yonge's (Charlotte M.) A Modern Telemachus 189 Stockton's Casting Away of Mrs. Lecks and Zupitza's Beowulf . . . . . . . . . 35 Mrs. Aleshine . . . . . . . . . 189 : 162 92 Tom Dell ands: · 194 45 196 INDEX. MISCELLANEOUS. Bancroft's (H. H.) Historical Library. . . . 275 | Tennyson's Jubilee Poem . . Hay's and Nicolay's Life of Lincoln . . . . 135 Walter, Major, and the Sharpless Portraits . . 256 Invention of the Adhesive Postage-Stamp . . 256 Washburne, Mr., and the State Department. 92 Ranke, Leopold von, Death of . . . . . . 47 | Youmans, E. L., Death of . . . . . . . 275 Taylor, Sir Henry, Death of . . . . . . 23 ind the Sharpless Points . 299 LITERARY NOTES AND News ............ 23, 46, 93, 110, 135, 255, 275, 298 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS . .... 24, 47, 72, 94, 112, 136, 163, 198, 232, 257, 275, 800 Books OF THE MONTH ........ 25, 47, 73, 94, 112, 137, 163, 198, 232, 257, 275, 300 THE DIAL 3 10 1630 A Montbly Journal of Current Literature. PUBLISHED BY A. C. MCCLURG & CO. CHICAGO, MAY, 1886. TERMS [VOL. VII., No. 73.] TERMS-$1.50 PER YEAR. -- - NEXT DOOR. A Rare Book for Sportsmen. By Clara LOUISE BURNHAM, author of “Dearly HUNTING TRIPS OF A RANCHMAN. Bought,” “No Gentlemen," “ A Sane Lunatic, etc. 1 vol. 12mo, $1.50. Sketches of Sport in the Northern Cattle “Next Door is a love story, pure and simple. The con Plains, together with Personal Experiences versations are vivacious, with an exceptional charm in of Life on a Cattle Ranch. By TuEODORE their natural quality, and the heroines, Kate and Mar. gery, are very sweet, true, womanly girls. The tone ROOSEVELT, author of “The Naval War of of the book is refined and pure, and it will make itself 1812.” Popular edition. With thirty-five an especial favorite among the summer novels."- Boston Traveller. illustrations engraved on wood, from de- The author has talent, and with her vivacity, grace, signs made for this work, by Frost, Gifford, naturalness and simplicity and skill is sure to win popu. lar favor. She deserves a prominent position among Beard, and Sandham. Octavo, cloth, $3.50. American novelists for her real power and unaffected. 66* * * He must be a hopeless reader who ness, and the not common faculty of writing an interest. ing story without any sensational elements."--Globe. does not rise from this book with a new and vivid sense of the 'fascination of the vastness, loneli- Jobn Bodewin's Testimony. ness, and monotony of the prairies,' and of the sad and everlasting unrest of the wilderness' of the By MARY HALLOCK FOOTE, author of “The Led- Big Horn Mountains, in addition to pleasant famili- Horse Claim,” etc. 1 vol. 12mo. $1.50. arity with their flora and fauna. * * * As already “Mrs. Foote is only to be compared with our best said, the charm about this ranchman as author is women novelists. To make this comparison briefly, Miss that he is every inch a gentleman-sportsman. Woolson observes keenly, Mrs. Burnett writes charm. ingly, and Mrs. Foote feels intensely."--The Oritic. Again, he is a careful observer of the characters and individualities of animals, and he is a pleasant An American Woman's Life and and graphic describer of them. * * * We be- lieve the author may safely reckon on a wide and Work. permanent popularity with English readers, even A Memorial of Mary Clemmer, by EDMUND HUDSON. those of them who, like the writer, have long laid With Portrait. i 12mo. $1.50. aside rod and gun, and learned Wordsworth's grand lesson.”- London Spectator. Also new editions of POEMS OF LIFE AND • One of those distinctively American books NATURE HIS TWO WIVES-MEN, WOMEN which ought to be welcomed as contributing dis- AND THINGS. In four 12mo volumes, taste tinctly to raise the literary prestige of the country fully bound, forming a beautiful uniform set of all over the world. * * * Many of Mr. Roose- the selected works, together with the memorial velt's narratives are enriched by bits of realism biography of this popular and lamented writer, which linger in the memory like snatches of The set in box, $6.00; price for each volume, poetry.”—N. Y. Tribune. $1.50. “Mr. Roosevelt has given a peculiar charm to "Mary Clemmer had the capacity for greatness in several his book from his intense love of nature and his directions, but she achieved greatness in the higher capacity to communicate to others his own impres- walks of journalism. Her standard was that of ideal morality, refinement and grace, and it is not too much to sions. A great debt is due him for having preserved say that she realized this standard."-Inter Ocean.. in such a charming manner one of the most impor- tant chapters in the long history of the conquest of The Ames Memorial Buildings the American Wilderness.”—Atlantic Monthly. At North Easton, Mass. H. H. RICHARDSON, Ar- “One of the rare books which sportsmen will be glad to add to their libraries. Nothing so good of chitect. Twenty-two Gelatine Plates (from the sort has appeared for years. * * * What nature), 13x16. Also, two lithographs. In neat we like about the author is the certainty that he portfolio, $6,00. is thoroughly trustworthy, and we feel that we * No. 3 in the sumptuous series of Monographs on | may receive his sporting experiences for gospel.'— American Architecture," which this house has begun to issue, will be devoted to the beautiful buildings erected Saturday Review. by the Ames family in North Easton. The town hall is “Mr. Roosevelt's volume is as readable as it is admired the country around for its beauty."-Philadelphia Press. handsome. * * * The author is an eager sports- man and a good writer, His pen is as eloquent as ***For sale by booksellers. Sent, post-paid, on receipt of price his rifle is effective, * * * ”—London Athenaum. by the publishers, G. P. PUTNAM's Sons, TICKNOR & CO., BOSTON. NEW YORK AND LONDON. THE DIAL [May, Ask Your Bookseller for Mark Twain's Scrap Book, and Take No Other. 1 TILI A PATENT ADHESIVE-PAGE EAGLE PENCILS, ALL STYLES, ALL GRADES. MARK TWAIN'S EAGLE, No. 2%, SCRAP BOOK GOLD PENCILS ROUND AND HEXAGON (PATENTED.) The Best Pencil for Free-Hand Drawing, School, Mer- cantile and General Uses. : Our FINE ARTS, The most perfect Pencil made. Graded 6B to 6H, 15 degrees, for Artists, Engineers and Draughtsmen. song one's bottle of mers have the usom De breakin been Has become a universal favorite, and bids fair to super. sede all other Scrap Books. It is a combination of everything desirable in a Scrap Book. The convenience of the ready-gummed page, and the simplicity of the arrangement for pasting, are such that those who once use this Scrap Book never return to the old style. To travelers and tourists it is particularly desirable, being Scrap Book and Paste Pot combined. In using the old-fashioned Scrap Book, travelers have hitherto been compelled to carry a bottle of mucilage, the breaking of which among one's baggage is far from pleasant. This disagreeable risk is avoided by the use of the Mark Twain Scrap Book. The ungummed page Scrap Book is at times of no service whatever, if paste or mucilage be not at hand when wanted. With a Mark Twain no such vexatious difficulty can possibly occur. XORRISTOWN HERALD. "No library is complete without a copy of the Bible, Shakespeare, and Mark Twain's Scrap Book." HARPER'S MONTHLY. “It saves sticky fingers and ruffled pictures and scraps. It is a capital invention." DANBURY NEWS. "It is a valuable book for purifying the domestic atmos. phere, and, being self-acting, saves the employment of an assistant. It contains nothing that the most fastidious person could object to, and is, to be frank and manly, the best thing of any age-mucilage particularly." COLORED CRAYONS, OVER FIFTY COLORS. Preferable to Water Colors in many ways. The STOP-GAUGE, Automatic Pencil. Is an entirely new article, and it is the ne plus ultra of all Pencils. Descriptive and Price Lists furnished by your bookseller and stationer, or by the publishers, DANIEL SLOTE & CO., 119 and 121 William St., New York HAMMANN & KNAUER'S FINE GRADES OF Offenbach Photograph Albums, • ALSO CARD AND AUTOGRAPH ALBUMS, Scrap Books, Portfolios, Binders, Writing Desks, Chess Boards, Etc. Koch, SONS & Co., NEW YORK, IMPORTERS. *** Our goods are sold at the principal bookstores. The Trade supplied by the leading jobbers. JOSEPH GILLOTT'S STEEL PENS. GOLD MEDAL, PARIS, 1878. His Celebrated Numbers 303—404–170—604-332 and his other styles, may be had of all dealers throughout the world. JOSEPH GILLOTT & SONS, NEW YORK. - - A. C. McCLURG & CO.'S ESTERBROOK'S “MATCHLESS” PENS. STEEL PENS, This pen will last as long as three or four ordinary steel pens, and possesses other qualities which make it superior, for business purposes, to any other steel pen made. They are now sold in every State and Territory in the Union, Send six cents in stamps for sainples and price list, and mention the name of this paper, Of Superior and Standard Quality. POPULAR NUMBERS: 048, 14, 130, 135, 239, 333, 444, 161. A. C. MCCLURG & CO., IMPORTERS, PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS, FOR SALE BY ALL STATIONERS. The Esterbrook Steel Pen Co., Works: Camden, N. J. 26 JOHN STREET, NEW YORK. Wabash Ave, and Madison St., CHICAGO. 1886.] THE DIAL - - --- --- RECENT VOLUMES A. C. McCLURG & CO.'S OF THE BOHN LIBRARY Books. NEW BOOKS. Life of Schumann. The Life and Works of Robert Schumann. By August Reissmann. Translated from the Third Edition of the German by Abby Langdon Alger. 1 yol.. Net, $1.00. Specimens of English Prose Style, History of Philosophy. From Malory to Macaulay. Selected and Anno- A Handbook of the History of Philosophy. For the use | tated, with an Introductory Essay, by George Saints- of Students. By Ernest Belfort Bax. 1 vol. Net, $1.50. Boswell's Jobnson. bury. Crown 8vo. Price, $2. “Mr. Saintsbury does so much that it is a wonder he New Edition (Napier's). With the Tour in the Hebrides should often do so well. . . . In this volume of 'Speci. and Johnsoniana. 6 vols. Net, $6.00. mens of English Prose Style' he is seen at his best. The Cervantes' Don Quixote. selection is comprehensive and well made; the annota. tions are always intelligent, and are sometimes as good Motteux's translation revised. With Lockhart's Life as such things can be; the introduction, an essay on the and Notes. 2 vols. Net, $2.00. nature and development of English prose style, is in the author's happiest vein.”-Atheneum, London. Coleridge's Works. Containing The Friend, 1 vol. Biographia Literaria, 1 The Humbler Poets. vol. Aids to Reflection, 1 vol. Lectures on Shakspeare, 1 vol. Table Talk and Omniana, 1 vol. Miscellanies, A Collection of Newspaper and Periodical Verse, Esthetic and Literary, 1 vol. 6 vols. Each, net, $1.00. Goldsmith's Works. 1870 to 1885. Compiled by Slason Thompson. A New Edition, containing pieces hitherto uncollected Crown 8vo. Gilt top. Price, $2. and a Life of the Author. *5 vols. Net, $5.00. "The high poetic character of these poems as a whole is surprising. As a unit the collection makes an impression Hazlitt's Works. which even a genius of the highest order would not be Containing: Table Talk, 1 vol. Lectures on the Litera- adequate to produce. . . Measured by the poetic ture of the Age of Elizabeth, 1 vol. The Plain richness, variety and merit of the selections contained, Speaker, 1 vol. Round Table, 1 vol. Lectures on the the collection is a rarely good one, flavored with the English Poets, 1 vol. Sketches and Essays, 1 vol. 6 freshness and aroma of the present time."--Independent, vols. Each, net, $1.00. New York, Moliere's Dramatic Works. Woman in Music. A New Translation in English Prose, by C. II. Wall, with a short Life and a Portrait. 3 vols. Net, $3.00. By GEORGE P. UPTON. 16mo. Price, $1, Plutarcb's Lives. “Any work upon music bearing Mr. Upton's name is sure to be worth reading. . It goes without saying Newly Translated, with Notes and a Life. By A. Stewart, that the work is a model of accuracy and of good Eng. M.A. 4 vols. Net, $1.00. lish."- News, Chicago. "It is a wholly attractive book, carefully studied and well written, and fills a place occupied by no other work. Chietly Lyrical. Translated by Various Writers. 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The little book ought to have the widest possible circula. tion. Its views are excellent, and they are well put. tice of Banking Mothers of daughters should see that it has a hearing." New Edition. Revised to the year 1881. 2 vols. Net, $3.00. Literary World, Boston, The above prices are net; if ordered sent by mail, add 10 cents « These letters have the three great virtues of brevity, per volume for postage. simplicity, and of good sense. We commend them to We keep a full stock of all the books comprised in our readers without reserve."--Independent, New York, the various Bohn Libraries (American copyright Sold by all booksellers, or mailed, post-paid, on receipt of price by books excepted), aggregating over 650 volumes of standard works. A full catalogue sent on application. A. C. MCCLURG & CO., Publishers. A. C. McCLURG & CO., Publishers, (Successors to Jansen, McClurg & Co.) (Successors to Jansen, McClurg & Co.) Cor. Wabash avenue and Madison street, Chicago. COR. WABASH AVE. AND MADISON ST., CHICAGO. Victor Hugo's Poems. Spinoza's Chief Works. THE DIAL [May, 1886. D. APPLETON & CO. --- ---- St. Gregory's Guest, and Recent Poems. By JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. 16mo, parch- HAVE JUST PUBLISHED: ment, $1.00. Mr. Whittier has here collected the poems he has written since the publication of “ The Bay of Seven Comparative Literature. Islands" in 1883. By Professor H. M. POSNETT. Volume Fifty-four Signs and Seasons. of “The International Scientific Series." 12mo, By Joux BURROUGHS, author of “Wake Robin," cloth. Price, $1.75. “Fresh Fields," etc. 16mo, gilt top, $1.50. This work is an attempt to follow the effects of social CONTENTS: A Sharp Lookout; A Spray of Pine; Hard and individual evolution on literature, from its rudest Fare; Tragedies of the Nests; A Snow Storm; A Taste of beginnings of song down to the present time. It is an Maine Birch; Winter Neighbors; A Salt Breeze; Spring application of historical Science to a study of the Relish; A River View; Bird Enemies; Phases of Farm relativity of literature and of the principle of literary Life; Roof Tree. growth. A delightful book of out-door and domestic life. II. California. The Elements of Economics. From the Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Committee in San Francisco. A study of Ameri- Volume Two By HENRY DUNNING MACLEOD, can Character. Vol. VII. in series of American M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge. 12mo, Commonwealths. By JOSIAH ROYCE, Assistant cloth. Price, $1.75. Professor of Philosophy in Harvard College. Volume Two of Mr. Macleod's work completes Pure Eco- With a fine map. 16 mo, gilt top, $1.25. nomics. Its subjecty are: The Relations between Value and Quantity of Labor and Cost of Productions, Profits; Dr. Royce is a native Californian, is acquainted with Interest and Discount; Banking Discount; Rent; Labor, the State as a citizen, and by very careful research he or Immaterial Wealth; Rights, or Incorporeal Wealth; has collected in a single volume the curious and remark. Foreign Exchanges; Law's Theory of Paper Money; ably instructive facts which the unique history of Cali- Currency: The Bank of England. fornia offers. III. The Autborsbip of Shakespeare. Memoirs of General W. T. Sberman. By NATHANIEL HOLMES. New edition, greatly enlarged. 2 vols. 12mo, gilt top, $4.00. New edition, revised, and with Additions. With Judge Holmes is a firm believer in the theory that numerous Maps and Portraits. Two vols. 8vo, Lord Bacon wrote the plays which bear Shakespeare's name. His work on the subject is unquestionably the cloth. Price, $5.00. fullest and most worthy of attention of all the books This edition of General Sherman's memoirs bas been ever written to prove this thesis. thoroughly revised, and contains two new chapters and Hamlet's Note-Book. important appendices. Fifteen maps and several por. traits, not given in the first edition, enrich the present By W. D. O'CONNOR. Crown 8vo, $1.00. issue. The portraits consist of engravings on steel of An important contribution to the Bacon-Shakespeare Generals Sherman, Thomas, Schofield, and McPherson, controversy. It comprises a thorough-going and brilliant and a phototype group of corps commanders. The new defence of Mrs. Pott's “Promus" against the attacks of chapter at the end of the work, entitled “After the Richard Grant White. Incidentally it has an entirely War," throws light on recent controversies in regard to new and striking theory of the authorship and purpose President Johnson's purpose in wishing to send General of the Sonnets, and closes with a powerful parallel Grant to Mexico. The appendices contain numerous between the lives of Bacon and Shakespeare. letters from army commanders bearing upon events of the war. Gentlemen's Magazine Library. Vol. 5. Archæology, Geological and Historic. 8vo, Aliette (La Morte). cloth, $2.50; Roxburgh, printed on hand-made paper, $3.50 net; Large paper edition, Roxburgh A Novel. From the French of OCTAVE FEUILLET, (50 copies for America), printed on hand-made author of " The Romance of a Poor Young paper, $6.00 net. Man," etc. 12mo, paper cover, 50 cents; half This volume deals with prehistoric and early historic bound, 75 cents. archæology, and records all the numerous barrow open. ings and other excavations which were reported to the La Morte, which we publish under the name of Aliette, Gentleman's Magazine. has been the great success of the season in France, fifty thousand copies having been sold within a few weeks of A Satchel Guide. publication. It is a novel bearing upon certain vital questions of the hour, especially as regards the radical For the Vacation Tourist in Europe. Edition for results of the differences between religious and agnostic 1886 revised with additions. A compact Itin- training. erary of the British Isles, Belgium and Holland, “M. Feuillet has made a very strong hit in La Morte."-- London Saturday Review. Germany and the Rhine, Switzerland, France, “Merit of a most unusual kind.”- London Atheneum. Austria and Italy, with Maps, Street Plans, etc. V. $1.50 net. Songs and Ballads of the Southern Voices For the Speechless. Selections for Schools and Private Reading. Com- People, 1861-'65. piled by ABRAHAM FIRTH, lately Secretary of the Collected and edited by FRANK MOORE. 18mo, American Humane Association. New edition, cloth. Price, $1.00. enlarged. 16mo, $1.00. “ This collection has been made with the view of pre. serving in permanent form the opinions and sentiments One Summer. of the Southern people, as embodied in their "Songs and By BLANCHE Willis HOWARD, author of " One Ballads of 1861-1865'; which, better than any other medium, exhibit the temper of the times and popular Year Abroad,” “ Aulnay Tower,” etc. New feeling. The historical value of the productions is ad. Popular edition. With forty-three Illustrations mitted. Age will not impair it."--Note to Readers. by AUGUSTUS HOPPIN. 1 vol. 12mo, $1.25 (pre- For sale by all booksellers; or will be sent by mail, post-paid, vious price, $2.50.) on receipt of price. *.* For sale by all booksellers. Sent by mail, post-paid, on D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers, receipt of price by the publishers, 1, 3, & 5 BOND STREET, NEW YORK, IV. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., Boston. THE DIAL Barlow.-Frank's Ranche.-Chesneau's The Edu. VOL. VII. MAY, 1886. No. 73. capable. When a man writes a book or an article, he originates what no other person CONTENTS. could have originated. That exact book, or poem, or article, would never have had an ex- JUSTICE TO AUTHORS. Alexander C. McClurg ... 5 istence had he not given it being. Whatever HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. William M. value it has belongs to him absolutely, for he made it. Lawrence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . To say that he may rightfully own houses THE EPIC SONGS OF RUSSIA. W. F. Allen ... or lands, which he did not make, but which he RECENT FICTION. Wm. Morton Payne ...... 13 may have simply inherited, or which some one TRIUMPHANT DEMOCRACY. Rossiter Johnson .. may have given him, but may not own or con- trol the book which he has made, would seem BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ............ to simple and unmetaphysical minds to oppose Curiosities of the Old Lottery.-Hoyt's Protection versus Free-Trade.-Ragozin's The Story of Chal. common sense. dea.-Grimm's Literature.-Dunn's Massacres of And so, when we go back to the old com- the Mountains.-Todd's Life and Letters of Joel mon law, which means, I take it, the old common sense of England, we find by the cation of the Artist.-Schmidt's The Mammalia.-- best authorities the author's ownership in Bancroft's History of California.-Royce's Califor. what he created absolute, unquestioned, and nia. – Posnett's Comparative Literature.- Mat. thews's and Hutton's Actors and Actresses.--- unlimited by time. It was not until, in the Ribot's German Psychology of To.Day.-Bur. reign of Queen Anne, individual reasoners, roughs's Signs and Seasons.--Conn's Evolution of with the best intentions, but with limited To-Day.-Fauriel's The Last Days of the Consul. vision, began to tinker in parliament with the ate.-Towle's Young People's History of England. -- Noel's Buz.--Müntz's Short History of Tapestry. law of common consent and of common sense The Life of a Prig.-Bassett's Persia, the Land of that the right of the author to absolute and the Imams.-Lanman's Haphazard Personalities. unlimited ownership in his own work came to LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS be impaired. To-day, as we all know, in England and in TOPICS IN MAY PERIODICALS ........ 24 America, and in other countries, an author, BOOKS OF THE MONTH .......... his heirs and assigns, are allowed (mirabile dictu) by statute to own and control his liter- ary property in his own country for a limited JUSTICE TO AUTHORS. number of years. It will be strange if some The right of property, or of ownership in day common sense does not reëstablish the all sorts of things, such as lands, houses and common law, and give to him his ownership personal effects, seems to have always, among in his book, just as in his house, absolute, and all peoples, been a right established by com unlimited by years. However, that is a ques- mon sense and common custom. It seems tion for the future, and not, perhaps, of the unnecessary to try to strengthen this right by greatest practical importance. niceties of reasoning; and it does not seem as if The question now is, How can we yield to any such niceties of reasoning could overthrow common sense and common right, and grant it. It must be taken as one of the ultimate to the American author the right to own, con- facts or axioms on which society is built; and trol, and profit by his own works in America, we so take it. But, when we find that there are and to the English author the right to own, fine reasoners, dealers in metaphysical subtle control, and profit by his works in England, ties, who are willing to admit that men may and yet deny to the English author his right rightfully own lands, houses, and other prop to own, control and profit by his works in erty which they may have earned by labor or America, and to the American author his bartering, or have inherited, or received as right to own, control and profit by his works gifts, and who yet at the same time deny that in England ? an author has any real right to the owner If we grant the right of property at all to ship of the works which he has created, one the author—and we must, for common sense begins to wonder whether common sense and grants it,-can we, under any possible plea of metaphysical reasoning have anything in com- right, take it away from him when his work is mon; whether we can, at the same time, serve carried, perhaps against his will, across the these two masters, or whether we must not | frontiers of his country? necessarily hold to the one and despise the To reason about the matter as a question of other. Authorship comes nearer to the act of right and wrong seems to be to throw away creation than any other act of which man is, words. We could not think of so treating THE DIAL [May, --- --- - - - -------- - --- -- -- any other property owner. To take away an millions of readers, without, as a rule, any Englishman's gold on its arrival in New York, recognition of the authors' right in them- or to submit for one moment to an American without one cent of reward to those who by citizen being robbed of his personal effects on labor and toil created them. We hear their their arrival in London, are things which murmurs often expressed with Saxon plainness could not be thought of. But to plain common of speech. From Macaulay to William Clarke sense, is there, really, any difference between Russell their words are bitter. We read in a this and the confiscating of the foreigner's pamphlet issued by Mr. Ruskin in January book? Some one will tell us that by publish last, of “the whole continent of America which ing his book he has given it to the world, and pirates all my books, and disgraces me by surrendered all his own title to it. He has, base copies of the plates in them.” And really, sold copies of it to be read and enjoyed latest of all Mr. Bunthorne Gilbert has pet- by the purchasers, but not to be reprinted tishly but pointedly refused the ten pounds without the author's consent. The man who which were sent him by the Messrs. Harpers, sells a patented machine sells the use of that and has informed us that“notwithstanding the machine, not the right to make similar fact that I have been pillaged right and left by machines, and it is precisely so with the such of your" (our) "countrymen as are engaged author. It is true that, from the ease with in publishing or theatrical ventures, I am not which copies of a book may be multiplied, it | yet reduced to a state of absolute penury.” is more difficult to protect it than to protect We know too in what round terms we are real or personal property. Or, rather, it is denounced as a nation of pirates by that gentle true that the same laws will not protect both. journal “The Times” of London. But it can be protected. It is not quite so But have we not known as well that our easy to protect the right of property in a authors are no better treated in England ? patented machine; but it is protected; and Has not Mrs. Stowe been pointed out as a just so the right to print and publish a book woman from whom Englishmen had wrong- can be protected. It is protected already in fully withheld a quarter of a million of dollars the author's own country, and it can be pro rightfully her due for innumerable copies of tected as easily in another country. If it is | “Uncle Tom's Cabin” sold in England and right to protect by one set of laws one kind of her colonies ? Do we not know that Mr. property, it is right to protect by another set | Longfellow, who never complained, could of laws the other kind of property. count twenty-eight different editions of his Granted the abstract right of an author to works issued in England, from only three of property in his writings, and that right can which he had received any pecuniary reward ? not justly be limited by the boundaries of his Do we not know that most of our authors own country, but must follow him the civil have the same sad story to tell, and perhaps ized world over. The Englishman's book is even sadder ones ? General Lew Wallace's as much his own in America as his trunk, and popular novel was not only reprinted in London the American's book is as much his own in without pecuniary recognition to him, but England as his coat or his hat. That this copies of it were then sold to him with such should ever have been denied will some day rechristening and alterations and emendations seem as strange as that the right of all men to that its author could scarcely recognize the “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” book to which his name was prefixed. should ever have been questioned. That We all know this; and we have thought, under this denial thousands, yes, millions, of perhaps, that we could justly fling back the dollars' worth of property should, through a | Englishman's fierce words, and could say If long series of years of supposed enlightenment our hands are foul, yours are not clean; if and civilization, have been confiscated, as if there is piracy going on you are doing your contraband, from British and American men full share of it, and are as guilty as we. and women of letters, will one day be regarded | It is hard for an American to be compelled as a late instance of the old and ill reign of to say that this conclusion is not true. No might over right. And yet, we, a people matter what stealing is going on on either professing to believe that government is best side of the ocean, we alone are responsible. founded upon a sense of right and justice in We are to blame for the robbery of our own the whole people, are among the last of authors in England as much as for the spoli- civilized nations to sustain this form of the ation of English authors in America. England reign of might and wrong. Perhaps we do has done all in her power to stop it, and only not clearly understand, as between ourselves asks our cooperation. The law of Great and England, how we, and we alone, are Britain to-day grants the privileges of copy- responsible for the whole great wrong. right, that is, of ownership, in Great Britain to We know that the books of English authors the authors of all countries whose laws grant the are to-day, as a matter of course, let us say, same privileges in their own territories to the appropriated in this country, and enjoyed by 1 authors of Great Britain. Should we to-day 1886.] THE DIAL ----------------------- -------------- pass an act giving copyright in the United more than they now do; but that they will States on similar conditions to the citizens of ever be dear—that they will ever bear any other countries, an order in council would relation to the prices at which some books are immediately be issued by the Queen giving to now published and sold in England, no one all American authors the same rights in Great who knows the difference of the market forbooks Britain that her own authors now enjoy. The in America and England can for one moment English law now recognizes the right of the think. In England the buyers of the best new author to ownership in his works the world books to-day are the nobility, the wealthy com- over. It only remains for our law to reach | moners, and the great public libraries. The the same high level, and the whole shameful number of buyers is few, but their purses are wrong, so far as this country and Great Britain deep. In this country the book buyers are the are concerned, will end at once. She has done reading millions scattered over all our States. all she can; and now she only waits for us to | The buyers are many but their purses light. be as just as she, and pass a similar law, and, All books, therefore, whether English or by that act, we will secure the rights of the American, intended to reach a profitable sale authors of both nations. Can it be that this in this country, must be published at a mod- is known. Does it need more than a plain erate price. In France books generally are statement of this situation to the American covered by copyright, national or international, people, and a plain understanding of it by but nowhere do we find well-printed books them, in order that our law shall establish sold so cheaply. The conditions which make justice for our own and foreign authors, as it and keep books cheap in France are very dif- establishes justice for all other owners of | ferent from those which prevail in England, property? but they are similar to those which prevail The Hawley international copyright law, here, and they will make and keep books now pending in Congress, if passed, will do cheap here. Though under an international this. Can there be any reasons why it should copyright new English books will be somewhat not be passed? There is much opposition; dearer than they now are, there is no danger and some reasons are given, but they may that they will be really dear. Some oddity of practically be summed up in this one objec genius, like Mr. Ruskin, may, of course, insist tion : It would not be expedient. We must that his books shall be made only in a certain have cheap books no matter how we get them. expensive style; but not so the mass of authors, The information, the enlightenment, and the for they want their books to sell. The slight culture which come from books are too great increase in price we can well afford to pay. a boon to stop at a little matter of honesty in The satisfaction of reading what Mr. Lowell their acquisition. We would not steal bread happily calls a book “honestly come by ” will and beef for the starving, nor clothes for the certainly repay us for the extra cost. naked, nor medicines for the sick, nor coffins And, after all, what do we want books for for the dead; but we must feed our hungry if not to give us that education and enlighten- minds and our aspiring souls on cheap novels, ment which truly elevates, and which quickens cheap and elevating poetry, cheap and heav the conscience as well as the intellect? As a enly sermons, even though they be stolen. nation, can we really be getting good out of What rubbish to put honesty against enlight books which we are content to steal? Can we enment ! afford to imitate the old lady who stole a Bible The right is always expedient, although it in order that she might read and profit by the may not always seem so. The dishonest man good book? Can it be a good economy which and the dishonest nation always sacrifice more grudges a just recompense to the man or woman than they gain, although the loss can not who spends laborious days and nights to benefit always be so easily shown, as we believe it can us, or to give us pleasure? Stolen corporeal be in this case. Under the present system we goods we long ago conceded can do no one undoubtedly enjoy the use of new English any good. Can we believe then that we get books.at a lower price than we should if an any real good out of stolen intellectual goods? international copyright existed. The English Here, as everywhere, we find at work the books already written and published in this great laws of retribution and compensation. country, that is, the great body of the English While we are feasting on the ill-gotten spoils literature of to-day, and of the times of Chaucer of British and other foreign authors, we are and Shakespeare, and Pope and Addison, and destroying among us that without which no Wordsworth and Macaulay,—would still be | people is great, no nation strong and individual free to us to reprint as cheaply as we will. -a national literature. It is no new truth The new books only would be affected. New that the producer cannot thrive who must sell poems which Tennyson may write, new novels his wares in a market stocked with cheap by Black or Blackmore, new histories by because stolen goods; and that is exactly the Lecky and McCarthy, and even new comic position of him who would to-day strive to be verses by the irate Mr. Gilbert, will cost us | an American author. It was not so when THE DIAL [May, Bryant, and Hawthorne, and Prescott, and armed, but strong sinewed in the sense of Bancroft, and Emerson and Longfellow, and right, worsted the united soldiery of these two Whittier and Holmes, and Lowell made their doughty factions. early essays; nor was it so to anything like We are too well provided with that litera- the same extent when a later school of authors ture which concerns us not. It is in every represented by Howells, and James, and | library, in every home, in every shop, and in Aldrich, and Wallace first gained audience. every railway car. The child reads it, the Then, by what was called the “ courtesy of the | idler reads it, the thinker reads it. It is trade,” which meant the honor and justice of interesting; it has passed the ordeal of the right-minded publishers, the English author critics; it is good literature; and it is cheap. was, as a rule, paid voluntarily that price for What care we for the book of the untried his works which our law did not allow him as American author ? And so the American his due. This could only be done so long as author dies; or rather, he is not born. The publishers generally recognized such voluntary best authorship, like other good things, is of arrangements between one of themselves and slow growth. It is the result of many efforts an English author, and abstained from steal and many failures, of years of study and wait- ing from one another the books so protected. ing. A few geniuses spring full armed into Under such voluntary arrangements, Dickens the field, but in the history of literature they and Thackeray, and, in their earlier days, are the exceptions. The first book is not, Bulwer and Tennyson, received liberal com perhaps, brilliant, but it is good, and the pensation from America for many of their author is encouraged to go on, and the result works. But men are not all honest when it is a Bryant or a Longfellow, a Hawthorne or pays to steal, and a race of publishers sprung an Emerson. up which knew not the “courtesy of the trade." But in the America of to-day this tentative They stole the books which their brothers paid process has no encouragement. The cold for, and the honorarium to the English author wind of summary rejection sweeps down on was practically at an end. We have, perhaps, the tender flowers hidden in the modest first hailed these new publishers with delight, for manuscript, and they are withered, never to they spread cheap books broadcast over the bloom again and bear fruit. It is the custom land. If cheap books, however come by, are to-day of many, perhaps of most of the a blessing, then these men are public bene American publishers to refuse even to read factors; if books dishonestly come by can an original manuscript from an unknown never in any way be a blessing, then let them American author. Of course, the publisher is go down to history with the name of pirate governed by hard-headed business rules. His branded upon them in hue as black as that reasoning is this: To find one good manu- which marked the “long rakish hull” in which script he must read and reject many, a waste a certain gentleman named Kidd once sailed of time or money (for competent readers are into unenvied fame. They made books cheap, expensive), and, if he find a good one, it is and about them, as about him, there may more likely, if published, to bring loss than gather something to please and captivate an gain; and for these reasons. He must publish unthinking, popular fancy. it at such a price as will give him back his But time will show that, with a little good expenditure in type-setting and electrotype they bring untold evil. So far as new authors plates on a moderate sale, for the book being are concerned, we may almost ask in our by an untried author, even though an excel- midst to-day the old question: “Who reads lent book, he cannot surely count upon a large an American book ?” In fiction we pore over sale, while the man who reprints without pay pictures of English society, we learn English the book of an English author of established ways and English slang, we think English reputation, can fix upon it a low price upon the thoughts, and live wearily over again the certainty of a large and continuous sale. And despairing lives of a society that has passed while the reputation of the English book and its prime. We discuss their troubles and author is already made and needs no consider- disappointments, not our own hopes and possi able outlay in advertising, the publisher of a bilities. We waste time on problems which new American book cannot be certain that do not concern us, and have no discussion of even a very large expenditure in advertising those which open vitally on every side of us. it will result in anything but increased loss In history we follow the guidance of Eng- | And, besides all this, he must, of course, if lish historians. We revel in the small details the author is to derive any benefit from of the Saxon kings, and we experience a more | it, pay to the American author a royalty thrilling interest in an episode in the “Wars on each copy sold, while nothing is paid for of the Roses," or in a skirmish between Round the English book. In other words, of the Heads and Cavaliers, than we have ever felt | American book he cannot risk a large edition. in the most gallant battle of our revolution, while the sale of very large editions of the where, perhaps, our own rude forefathers, half | English work is certain; he must incur an w e 1886.) THE DIAL -- - -- - ---------- -- --- - - extra large expense in advertising the one, these are its broad lines. There are questions while the other is already made famous, and of detail, such as where the books shall be he must pay the author royalty upon the manufactured, and by whom, questions of the former, while the latter costs nothing. interests of publishers, and of type manufac- Is not the logic of the situation clearly and turers and printers. But these are minor mat- convincingly against the American book? Of ters and should not be allowed to confuse our course, the publisher says to himself, it is minds, nor to endanger the quick righting of a better that I read no American manuscripts, for, if I do, I may like them, and may weakly While we are combatting the fallacies of publish them. This is no exaggeration of the the new reasoners who would say that the reasoning and the practice of most American land does not belong to him who owns the publishers to-day. Only a few days since, a title, nor the railroads to those who paid for prominent Boston publisher testified before a them, and, in fact, that it is doubtful if anything committee of Congress that for two years he belongs to anybody, we had best ourselves be had not read an American manuscript. honest in all things, and bow to the great With this state of affairs, what becomes of commandment, “ Thou SHALT NOT STEAL.” American authorship ? How can we have an Let us do justice though the heavens fall; but American literature? Mr. Howells has just we should be wise enough to see that the said that “ Mr. T. W. Higginson has gone far heavens will not fall, but, on the contrary, to make us believe with him that our national will shine upon us with greater brightness and story (history) is more important, more varied, blessing, and give us that true prosperity which more picturesque, and more absorbingly inter we never can reach under the old and ill reign esting than any historic subject offered by the of might and injustice. world beside.” But just as we have done in ALEXANDER C. McCLURG. the past, we are likely to go on in the future, reading Hume and Macaulay and Gibbon, and Green, and Guizot, and learning every history HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW.* but our own, because it is cheaper so to do. We shall go on thinking not our own but On the 15th of March, 1882, Henry Wads- Englishmen's thoughts, discussing not our own | worth Longfellow wrote: but Englishmen's topics, seeing life and the “0 Bells of San Blas, in vain world through insular glasses, and narrowing The Past is deaf to your prayer; ourselves through insular prejudices. Can we afford to live on this cheap food, meant for The World rolls into the light; It is daybreak everywhere." men of another continent, and of a fading era, and not intended for us, whose nation and On the 24th of the same month, the poet sank form of government belong emphatically to quietly into death. The world followed him the present and to the untried future ? to his grave at Mt. Auburn, and has waited And thus works the great law of compensa- reverently and patiently for some one, properly tion and retribution. We enjoy our cheap qualified, to tell the story of his life, mean- imported fruits, which have been carried too while contenting itself with such “Studies” thereof as might from time to time appear. far from their native fields to be entirely And this desire to know the life of one whose healthful for us, and while we enjoy them we unconsciously destroy the possibility of that words had become household phrases in many rich and abundant and healthy native growth lands was not that evil curiosity that seeks to turn every public man's life into a mere which should be springing up all over our own museum; but the loving expression of appre- broad land. ciative hearts that wished to come into closer I have but attempted to give a general view of the situation, and to show that common and more permanent relations with him who honesty, and our good repute among the had given them help, comfort, and inspiration. It was the feeling that the life of such a man nations of the world, demand the immediate had in it, if it could be known, that which passage of an international copyright law; would increase the value of his spoken word. and that, while we may short-sightedly think that expediency would forbid us to be just, Our land may yield us, and the world, poets yet in reality we are paying too dearly for our who shall surpass Longfellow in a mere literary supposed cheap books; and that our own self- point of view; perhaps it may have done so already; but it will never produce one who interest calls just as loudly as conscience for this long delayed reform. I have tried to will come any nearer to the heart of the show that here, as everywhere in this divinely people. governed world, the right is the best good, and At last, after some years of expectancy, we honesty is not only beautiful in itself, but the | * LIFE OF HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW. With best policy. extracts from his journals and correspondence. Edited by Samuel Longfellow. In two volumes, with portraits Ye call back the Past again; Out of the shadows of night a Se and other illustrations. Boston: Ticknor & Co. 10 [May, THE DIAL have a biography that, whatever may be its | learn in it how glad he was to be relieved defects, will be the authority upon the life of from the routine work of the chair; and it is Mr. Longfellow. Contained in two octavo | also true that but for this journal we might not volumes, illustrated with portraits of the poet have found how great was his humanity. But (some of which are etchings), reproducing in was it necessary to ask us to read entries con- fac-simile some of the poems so familiar to cerning the “baths he took with his boys," or every schoolboy, having also a pleasing picture his “casting flatirons for his children," or his of Mrs. Longfellow, well printed, and most “ going to the police station to have some carefully and conscientiously edited by his German women released from the charge of brother, the long awaited story reaches us. stealing apples”? Turning to the table of contents, we see the In accordance with the plan, the domestic customary chapters devoted to the childhood | life of Mr. Longfellow receives comparatively and early education of the subject; but the little attention. Yet the omission is so grace- editor has kindly spared us any tedious narra fully made as not to imply any defect in the tion of ancestry, and has introduced us to his character of the poet, but intimates that while college days as soon as possible. But even much could be said the whole was touched then we notice that about one-half of the with the reserve that appealed to all but the work is a publication of Mr. Longfellow's most intimate visitors at Cambridge. In a journal, and that very much of that part manner very charming, we are led to see the devoted to the earlier years, his college devotion of Longfellow as husband and father, days, his travels while fitting himself for and yet he is made perfectly secure from any- the duties of his professorship at Bowdoin, | thing approaching indelicate intrusion on the and again while preparing for his chair at part of the reader. Yet while the editor has Cambridge, is composed of his letters. In intended only to let us see the man, he has fact, these are but his journal thrown into the | really uncovered the poet--for such Long- form of correspondence and mailed at regular fellow was, by nature, choice, and culture. It intervals to his parents. is not necessary to particularize the influence It will thus be seen that the claim of Mr. of his childhood, but these pages make very Samuel Longfellow to be simply an editor is apparent the solid sense of his father and the well sustained. And yet, enjoyable as the | good judgment and affection of his mother. book is, if there be any defect it is just at this And for himself, he had the rare fortune to point; for, as if apprehensive of the fate of so know what was in him and to adhere to his many occupying a similar position, a certain resolution to develop it. He declares this to reserve is practiced in the journal-evidenced his father, who, with matter-of-fact logic, by the entry for Dec. 14, 1853, which reads: | replies to the desire of his son to become a “How brief this chronicle is, even of my out literary man, that “it may be well enough as ward life. And of my inner life not a word. | a diversion, but there is not wealth enough in If one were only sure that one's journal would | the whole country to support mere literary never be seen by anyone, and never get into men.” Nevertheless, Longfellow, without print, how different the case would be! But breaking with his father, carried his point; death picks the locks of all portfolios and for he had a clear idea of the “genius of throws the contents into the street for the modern poetry in its recognition of the public to scramble after.” And five years religious feelings,” and by this recognition of later, this: “A serious question arises: is it the province of poetry shaped his life work worth while to try to live twice at the same into success. time, by recording one's daily life?” But our Notwithstanding the caution with which he editor assures us that he has adopted this penned his journal, there does appear upon its method that the poet might tell his own story, pages much of the inner history of his poems. and because the life of a man of letters is so It is evident that not all is unfolded, but devoid of incident that no other would serve as there is enough to show that the poems do well. All of which we may admit, and we are not owe their wonderful acceptance to a vivid willing to testify to the efficient way in which imagination, whereby he succeeded in simu- the plan has been followed; and yet there are lating the feelings of the reader under the times when the editor has become the author, supposed conditions of the poem and writing and then we cannot forbear wishing that he accordingly, but to experiences through which had not adhered so resolutely to his method; he passed and to emotions and hopes which for, as in the closing chapters of the work, he | had swayed him. Referring to his “Psalm of tells us so graphically and tenderly that which Life," he says: “It was a voice from my we wish to know, that we feel almost impa inmost heart, at a time when I was rallying tient at being compelled to read page after from depression.” It was regarded by him as page of mere diary. It is true that the so much a part of himself that it was kept in journal reveals the poet, the husband and manuscript for some time. Later he remarks father, the friend and the professor; that we | how he heard it quoted in a sermon, but “ the 1886.] THE DIAL 11 - - - - - - - ---- - - -- -- conceit was taken out of him by hearing a lady pursued in writing odds and ends for “ The at Prescott's say that nobody knew where the Knickerbocker. ” Even his friend Sumner quotation came from.'” So again, referring comes in for a share of gentle criticism to “ The Reaper and the Flowers" he writes: for his Anglomania upon his return from “I was softly excited, I knew not why; and Europe. Willis he almost sneers at, though wrote, with peace in my heart and not without that exceedingly light poetaster boasted of tears in my eyes, 'The Reaper and the Flow- | making ten thousand dollars in one year ers.” Often he speaks of his inability to through his “poetry.” He refers to “Jane catch the thought that lies floating in his Eyre” as an interesting book, and to “ Adam brain; but at other times they come into form Bede” as written by one who confuses the not by lines but by stanzas. It must not be sex; but he scarcely notices Poe. It will be inferred that his poems were the result only remembered that his use of the hexameter in of “ moods; ” on the contrary, they were “Evangeline” was severely criticised. Cogi- carefully planned; but however thoughtfully tating one day upon the effect of that metre, outlined and carefully revised, the actual and contrasting it with the pentameter, he suggestion and composition were “inspira makes several couplets, and among them this: tional” in the strongest and highest human " In hexameter sings serenely a Harvard professor; sense. In pentameter him damns censorious Poe.” There is one side to our poet, brought out | Elsewhere appears a letter to this poet – in this work, which may be new to many of purely a courteous one-upon business; but his readers, namely, his critical disposition. nowhere else does there seem to be any allusion It is but just to say that he tried to exercise to him. Longfellow was an habitual church- his judgment as thoroughly upon his own goer; but even here he could not resist a productions as upon those of other writers. temptation to criticise the preacher. One hot The translation of Dante-to which he set day he heard a hair-splitting sermon by Dr. himself partly as a relief from his great sorrow, W., and commented thereon that the preacher and partly at the suggestion of his friends- “ should have lived in the days of Thomas was subjected to the severest criticism. Every Aquinas," adding that “a sermon was no Wednesday Mr. Longfellow would read the sermon to him unless he could hear the heart proof of a canto to his friends Lowell and beat.” Of Carlyle's “ Latter-Day Pamphlet,” Norton, and every doubtful world or obscure No. 1, he says that he appears to be “running phrase would be carefully taken up and made to emptings;" and Mrs. Browning's Portuguese the subject of the most searching examination. Sonnets seem to him “to be admirable, though Perhaps the poet followed this method because, at times rather dusky, yet deep and impassion- in the instance of “IIy perion,” he had discov- ate," while of Ruskin he remarks "that in all ered that his own valuation of his work was his books there are divining-rods and grand at variance with that of the people, and also passages of rhetoric like iliads in nutshells;” because he wished to honor his native land by but he notices of a certain lecturer, that his offering to the Florentines upon ar historic definition of great poets was such as to include occasion the most worthy English translation the lecturer himself. We have not space to of their greatest poet. But it was not to speak in detail of Longfellow's intimate and Dante only that he gave such care. All of beautiful relations with Hawthorne, Agassiz, his poems are shown by this journal to have Felton, and Sumner, nor of his profound been the subject of most conscientious revi | interest in the struggle in which Sumner was sion; and we may be permitted to state that so deeply interested and which eventuated in entries in regard to the “ Christus” are found the war; nor can we quote the record of the covering many years. Parts of that design honors paid him by literary men and institu- appeared in print through the course of the tions. Enough has been given to show the time in which he was engaged upon it as | scope and value of this work. While we do the “inspiration” came upon him, until all not believe it should be the last word concern- were gathered into one complete poem. Even ing its illustrious subject, it has made possible his warm friendships with literary men did | a satisfactory study of our household poet's not prevent him from exercising his critical place in the temple of English literature. faculties. He speaks of Carlyle's “unpolished WILLIAM M. LAWRENCE. manners, Scotch accent, but such fine language and beautiful thoughts that it is truly delight- ful to hear him," and of “the lovely character THE EPIC SONGS OF RUSSIA.* of Mrs. Carlyle, with her simple manners, and One seldom comes upon a more attractive so very pleasing." He does not hesitate to book, both inside and outside, than Miss Hap- criticise a poem of Prescott as “most rabid good's “ Epic Songs of Russia.” The typog- trash "_“trash with a tail to it;” nor to disap- prove of Cooper and Bulwer and Maryatt, *THE EPIC SONGS OF RUSSIA. By Isabel Florence IIap. good. With an introductory note by Professor Francis J. and to deprecate the course which Irving 1 Child. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 12 [May, THÉ DIAL son." raphy is of the most beautiful and the stories dropped off with the leg attached; heads at are among the most entertaining of their his touch spun round like buttons; when he class. The term “epic” may seem to some knocked two or three children together, they inappropriate for a collection of some thirty lay as dead.” As might be expected, “then short stories; but the style and the material came people from the Princes of Novgorod to are purely epic, and the stories, although the honorable widow to make complaint of her short, are not isolated. There is a well-defined group of heroes found in nearly all of them Like the Charlemagne and the Nibelungen -the courteous Prince Vladimir, Dobrynya cycles, these legends gather around the names Nikitich the dragon-slayer, and Ilya of Murom, of real persons. Vladimir is of course a well- the peasant hero. Indeed, Wolf's theory of known historical character, the first Christian the Homeric poems might find strong support prince of Russia, although he is confused in these tales. It would not require much with another Vladimir (Monomachos) of the manipulation—at the hands, say, of a Russian eleventh century. Volga Vseslavich is Olga, Pisistratus—to mould these into a continuous the successor of Ruvik. Most of the names epic, possessing almost as much unity as the are identified with actual personages, and with Iliad. these legends have been incorporated the In saying that these stories are epic in style . memories of the heathen period. An appen- and material, we would not be understood to dix, which explains these historical allusions, place them upon the same level as the great generally identifies the hero with some epics of literature, or even to imply that they natural phenomenon, after the manner of the are capable of being wrought into an epic of prevailing school of comparative mythology, their standard. They are upon a distinctly and these identifications are interesting and lower plane-heroic, but the heroism of Rus valuable. This theory is also stated with sian peasants, not of Greek chieftains or of some detail in the Introduction. In the Scandinavian warriors. We all remember a Preface, however, the author says: “The controversy between Matthew Arnold and F. theory that the epic songs are of purely W. Newman, as to whether the adjective | legendary origin, and not native myths, is “quaint” would apply to Homer's poetry. Mr. gaining ground.” This is an interesting Arnold seemed to us to have on the whole the statement. Undoubtedly the accepted theory best of it, as regards Homer's style; but for has been pushed to an undue extreme by some the style of these Russian songs quaint is al- | writers, and we see a reaction from it in most too weak an expression. They are in various directions. In the stories before us, it many places grotesque, and sometimes, one is hard to trace the representation of natural would think, consciously and intentionally so. phenomena, without the help of the inter- Where Nestor tells with dignity of his prowess preter—and not always easy then. It will not as a youth, the nobles of royal Kief fall to do, however, to go to the other extreme, and boasting at their banquets. “ Thou testest reject this interpretation entirely. not my white swan,” says Vladimir to Stavr, The Introduction is not long (nineteen “neither makest thou any brag.” At which pages), but contains a very adequate and Stavr is incited to relate the splendor of his helpful account of the origin and interpreta- home, among other things that he has “thirty | tion of the legends. Here we learn the im- young tailors-masters of their trade, who portant fact that these are, to all intents and make ever new caftans, so that Stavr weareth | purposes, the only surviving examples of the his garments but a day, or at the most, two popular heroic epic:-in western Europe these days, and then selleth them in the market to epics having been committed to writing in the princes and nobles at a great price. But Stavr Middle Ages, and “their memory having com- will not brag.” The deeds of strength are pletely died out among the people.” În the told in an oddly statistical style. “The Faroë Islands these songs were still sung, measure of that cup was a bucket and a half, we are told, at the beginning of the present and its weight a pood and a half [60 lbs.]. century; but, we suppose, have perished Quiet Dunai took the cup in one hand and since. “Russia presents the phenomenon of a quaffed it at a breath.” “He leaped into the country where epic songs, handed down wholly lofty belfry, tore down the great bell of St. by oral tradition for nearly a thousand years, Sophia, in weight 3,000 poods, and set it on is not only flourishing at the present day in his head as a good cap.” The book is full of certain districts, but even extending into fresh horrors, but the horrors are so grotesque that fields." the effect is often comical in the extreme. Miss Hapgood's book is ushered in with a Vasily Buslaevich, the brave of Novgorod, hearty word of welcome, by Professor Child, when a boy, had a bad habit of jesting “in “for this spirited and sympathetic version of rude fashion with noble and princely children. the more important of the Great Russian When he plucked at a hand, it was torn away | Popular Heroic Songs.” Commendation from from the shoulder; each foot he pulled this source makes all other praise superfluous; 1886.] 13 THE DIAL and we need only add our assurance that the this: “He strongly adhered to the views on student will derive instruction and the reader | all such subjects, as the majority . . . hearty enjoyment from this volume. advocated." Still another is this: “A spirit W. F. ALLEN. of conflict, which she, no more than Vronsky, had power to control.” Elsewhere we find the descriptive phrase “ very enormous,” which RECENT FICTION.* does not seem exactly defensible as grammar, and still elsewhere we have a passage descrip- In our last review of current works of fiction tive of evening twilight which speaks of attention was called to the “War and Peace” Venus as rising “clear above the hills," of Count Tolstoï, a portion of which had which is certainly not defensible as astronomy. then appeared in English. Since that time These are a few cases of something for which there has been published an English translation, we made no special search, but which occa- of the “Anna Karenina” of the same author, sionally forced itself upon our attention. The and the opportunity is now first offered to error of judgment to which we allude is more judge of the famous Russian by the whole of serious. The translator has taken the respon- one of his two acknowledged masterpieces. Insibility of modifying, in deference to the forming a judgment of this sort, the question squeamish taste of American novel readers, of the translation itself is of the first impor certain portions of the work. “In certain tance, and in this respect “Anna Karenina” scenes," he says in his preface, “the realism is has decidedly the advantage over “War and too intense for our Puritan taste; and, per- Peace.” The earlier translation is made force, several of these scenes have been more through the French, and so badly made that or less modified in the present translation." the sense of many parts of the original is no After this frank avowal no lack of good faith longer to be recognized. The present trans can be charged upon the translator, but we lation is made directly from the Russian by regret that it should have been necessary to Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole, and seems to have make the avowal. If we are to have transla- been a very careful and painstaking work. It tions of the masterpieces of literature at all, was certainly no holiday task, for there are we have a right to demand that they shall be nearly eight hundred pages in the compact as accurate as scholarship can make them. volume which contains its final product. The alteration of a single word or any con- The work is, for the most part, so well done scious modification of its meaning is a serious that we notice with more than usual regret offence to literature. If “Puritan taste” the occasional instances of hurry or careless cannot take the great writers as they are, so ness in its use of language, and the one very | much the worse for that peculiar species of serious error of judgment into which the taste. Literary and artistic tastes have quite translator has fallen. Of this carelessness a as good claims to be considered few illustrations may be given. “Had he of Anna Karenina” (1875–1877) was first realized that this news would have had such published in a Russian review. It is the most an effect” is a phrase which occurs in a place mature and probably the greatest of the where “would have” is obviously intended products of its author's imagination. Unlike for “would have had.” Another instance is “War and Peace” it is purely domestic in its subject matter, but there is no lack of variety * ANNA KARENINA. By Count Lyof N. Tolstoi. Trans- lated by Nathan Haskell Dole. New York: Thomas Y. in its scenes and characters. It is, indeed, a Crowell & Co. world in itself, so comprehensive is its grasp, WAR AND PEACE. By Count Leo Tolstoi. Part II. and so intimately does it bring us into rela- The Invasion, 1807-1812. Two volumes. New York: tions with the manifold aspects of country William S. Gottsberger. SALAMMBÓ OF GUSTAVE FLAUBERT, Englished by M. and city life in Russia. Were this work the French Sheldon. London and New York: Saxon & Co. sole available document, it would be possible SNOW BOUND AT EAGLE's. By Bret Harte. Boston: to construct from its pages a great deal of Honghton, Mifflin & Co. Russian contemporary civilization. It is, of THE BOSTONIANS. By Henry James. New York: Mac. millan & Co. course, realistic to the last degree. But its A TALE OF A LONELY PARISH. By F. Marion Crawford. realism is not confined to minute descriptions New York: Macmillan & Co. of material objects, and is no less made use of THE ALIENS. By Henry F. Keenan. New York: D. in the treatment of emotion. There are few Appleton & Co. THE LATE MRS. NULL. By Frank R. Stockton. New works of art in which the art is so well con- York: Charles Scribner's Sons. cealed; few works of fiction which give so HASCHISCH. A novel. By Thorold King. Chicago: A. strong a sense of reality as this. We seem to C. McClurg & Co. THE PRELATE. A Novel. By Isaac Henderson. Boston: look upon life itself and forget the medium Ticknor & Co. of the novelist's imagination through which we LOVE'S MARTYR. By Lawrence Alma Tadema. New really view it. And right here we are brought York: D. Appleton & Co. to compare the methods of Tolstoï with those THE CAPTAIN OF THE JANIZARIES. By James M. Lud. low. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. of his better known and unquestionably 14 THE DIAL [May, -- --- - - - greater countryman, Tourguénieff. In the manent in literature must have been seen, marvellous novels of Tourguénieff we have grappled with, handled, lived.” In pursuance this same feeling of immediate contact with of this idea he spent years in becoming ac- the facts of material existence and of emo- quainted with the material of his romance; tional life, and the effect is produced with he travelled through Phænicia ; he went to much less machinery than Tolstoï is compelled Tunis and examined with untiring industry to use. The work of Tourguénieff surpasses the ruins of Carthage and the characteristics the work of Tolstoï, in revealing that final of the surrounding country; he ransacked the sublimation of thought and imagination which museums of Europe for illustrations, and he give to it an artistic value beyond that of read the literature of the subject with a zeal almost any other imaginative prose. Tolstoï which stood him in good stead when the lacks this power of concentration and this critics assailed the details of his marvellous unerring judgment in the choice of word or reconstruction of antiquity, for they found phrase. He cannot sum up a situation in a him prepared to hold his own and to produce single pregnant sentence, but he can present an authority for each questioned detail. And it with great force in a chapter. Now that the result of all this labor, it is surprising to this story of “ Anna Karenina” has been say, is not a piece of pedantry or a labored brought to the cognizance of the western piece of mechanical construction, but a work world, it is not likely to be soon forgotten. It drawn upon the broad and symmetrical lines will be remembered for its minute and un of art, which meets at once and equally the strained descriptions, for its deep tragedy, I aesthetic and archeological requirements. The unfolded act after act as by the hand of fate, number of modern French paintings which and for its undercurrent of gentle religious have been based upon scenes from this work feeling, never falling to the offensive level of testify in the most striking fashion to its dogmatism, yet giving a marked character to graphic excellence, and the force and beauty the book, and revealing unmistakably the of its style speak for themselves upon every spiritual lineaments of the Russian apostle of page. Flaubert's vocabulary was as large as quietism. that of Gautier, and he had much the same In this connection we have also to note the mastery of expression, bestowing almost in- appearance of the second part of “War and conceivable pains upon this feature of his Peace.” This portion of the work is entitled work. In view of this the task of trans- “ The Invasion," and carries on the story lation presented great difficulties, and the through the years of tranquillity that followed present translator has perhaps done better than the peace of Tilsit up to the period of re was to be expected. There is still a certain newed warfare and the advance of the French harshness in the English which is foreign to army upon Moscow. The same grasp of the original, but we are not disposed to be character, the same descriptive power, and the | over-critical of so careful and sincere a piece same vivid reproduction of military life of work. For its appreciation there is needed which fascinate the reader of the earlier a somewhat robust taste, and those readers volumes, reappear in these later ones. who delight in the effeminate and boudoir Still another and a very important work kind of literature should be warned that there claims our attention in its first English trans-, is nothing for them in this gallery of glowing lation. The “Salammbô” of Gustave Flau pictures wherein the horrors as well as the bert has a well defined place among the beauties of semi-barbaric antiquity are un- classics, and the author's high rank in French sparingly displayed. literature is determined almost equally by "As we turn from the strong meat of such this work and by the better known “Madame works as these to the pastry of the home- Bovary.” The same qualities of minute made fiction, there is a painful sense of the description and unsparing analysis which in limitations of American novelists. Perhaps that story of French provincial life leave an the strongest and most genuine of them all is uneffaceable impression upon the memory are still Bret Harte, whose powers show no sign found in this archeological romance of old of decay. “Snow Bound at Eagle's" is the Carthage. The ordinary writer of the his capital story that the long line of its prede- torical sort of fiction contents himself with a cessors would lead us to expect, and the only few conventional scenes as a background upon regret which this and Mr. Harte's other recent which to outline the successive acts of a productions occasion is that they come so drama whose feeling is essentially modern and quickly to an end. “ Gabriel Conroy” shows of the every-day world. The method of that the kind of interest which these short Flaubert in “Salammbộ ” is very different. stories have can be sustained by the writer Mr. Edward King remarks in his introduction throughout a full-grown romance, and makes to this translation that “Flaubert was a us wish for others of the same generous pro- thorough convert to the idea that every ma portions. terial thing the description of which is per- ! Why Mr. llenry James should call his latest 1886.] THE DIAL 15 - - -- - --- -- --- novel “The Bostonians” is not exactly clear. shining example of the Reverend Mr. Roe, we It is true tbat some of the scenes are laid in see no good reason for looking forward to Boston, and that some of the queer figures who such a critical awakening on the part of this appear in them are represented as inhabitants uncritical world. The new story is common- of that city. But they are types so entirely place in subject as well as in treatment. It is abnormal as to prevent them from reflecting wearisome to a degree even beyond the reach in any degree the character of Boston people, | of “An American Politician.” The style of or, indeed, of any people as a class; the the writer, which once had certain praise- author might, with some approach to fitness of worthy qualities of vigor and concentration, nomenclature, have called his book “The has become relaxed in fibre and flaccid in text- Mississippian,” for the only person in it who | ure. Altogether, it is a very poor example of has much human reality is the one to whom the art of story-telling, and does no credit that designation applies. “ The Bostonians " , either to Mr. Crawford or to American fiction. is long-very long; it is also eminently un “The Aliens” is Mr. Henry F. Keenan's eventful. The secret of its length needs no ! third novel, and exhibits something of an ad- further elucidation than the opening passage vance upon the other two. It has no “ingra- gives. “Olive will come down in about ten tiating epigraph” like “Trajan,” nor is it minutes ; she told me to tell you that. About guilty of the thinly disguised personalities ten, that is exactly like Olive. Neither five of “The Money Makers." The gorgeous vo- nor fifteen, and yet not ten exactly, but either cabulary of the earlier novels has been cut nine or eleven." Not only is the author weari down to limits not greatly beyond the author's somely minute in his own analysis, but he for reach. Moreover, the story is not without a gets himself to the extent of allowing his certain power in its presentation of the condi- characters to imitate him in this respect. tion of our Irish emigrant population. It The net result amounts to what is almost a dates from early in the century, and the scene reductio ad absurdum of the whole method. is laid in Western New York, Warchester and He has never before told so slight a story in Bucephalo standing very evidently for Ro- so many words, and the consequence is that chester and Buffalo. It deals with the fortunes these pages are lacking in most of the quali of an Irish emigrant family and discusses with ties that they should possess. Nothing remains, a good deal of feeling the way in which they in fact, but a mass of analysis of trifling things are treated by the Americans among whom which is burdened by its own excessive weight, they cast their lot. Mr. Keenan is full of a collection of more or less felicitous expres- sympathy for the “aliens” of this race, and sions, most of which are repetitions, and a his book is almost as much a tract as a story. generally accurate use of English. It un As a story it has too much Irish brogue and doubtedly is gratifying to find one writer who too little imagination of the better sort. It uses the word “demean” correctly, and if a alternates, for the most part, between the lurid novel were merely an exercise in style, “The | and the commonplace, and while it undoubt- Bostonians” would be a marked success. edly has a fair supply of local color, it does But it will not quite bear even the microscopic not carry us back into the past with much tests which it invites, and to find one of the effect. Its gravest fault is to be found in the most familiar lines of “Faust” misquoted in confused manner of its telling, and many of its pages is all the more depressing for its the passages have to be re-read before they general excellence in matters of detail. become intelligible. According to Schopenhauer, the people who “The Late Mrs. Null” is certainly better write books are of three kinds : those who late than never, although her failure to appear write to give expression to their previously on time sorely taxed the patience of numbers formed thoughts, those who do some thinking of expectant readers. The story is successful while they write, and those who write without , in preserving the peculiar qualities of Mr. thinking at all. The writer of “A Tale of a Stockton's humor, and has the added interest Lonely Parish” does not appear to belong to given by an intricacy of plot and a variety in either of the first two classes. Mr. Crawford character of which the short story does not gave some promise when he first entered the admit. It is a cleverly planned and delight- field as a novelist, but the promise has become fully written piece of fiction, with just enough more doubtful with each successive appear hold upon the realities to keep it out of the ance. He seems now to have reached the clouds, and just enough of airy humor to pre- point at which the composition of romances is vent us from taking it very seriously. The a strictly mechanical process, and we see no interest deepens continuously as the end is reason why he should not produce a new one neared, and the closing episode is one of the every six months for the remainder of his life. | most amusing things in recent literature. To be sure, it is just possible that the public “Haschisch ” is the brief and significant title will detect the lack of inspiration and refuse to of a simple but clever and interesting story. read him after a while, but, judging from the It deals with a mysterious murder, and the 16 THE DIAL [May, --- -- -- -- -- - - - - detection of the criminal by employment of the Janizaries" is the work of Mr. James M. the titular drug. He is led to partake of Ludlow, and is a refreshing and remarkable the “haschisch" by a ruse, and in the induced production. There is here no wearisome soul- state of excitation which follows he enacts in searching and no minute analysis of the trivial, pantomine the crime of which he was once but a straightforward romance written almost guilty in reality. When he realizes the fact in the great manner of Scott. As a story it of his self-conviction, he promptly puts an end | is absorbingly interesting from first page to to his life. The writer seems to have studied last. As a resuscitation of history, it has the the Gaboriau and Hugh Conway types of accuracy without the pedantry of the works of novel to some purpose, although he has avoided German and other moderns. As a presenta- the over-complexity of the one and the impos tion of the physical aspects of the Balkan sible element of the other. We must object to peninsula it is very striking, and shows close his connection of the Assassins with the drug familiarity with the regions described. As a whose name has a fancied similarity to theirs. study of the life and manners of the remote There is the material of a good story in epoch with which it deals it exhibits without “ The Prelate,” and it fails to be one chiefly ostentation a careful and minute research. from an unfortunate didactic admixture. The | And as a literary composition it has more mer- writer has attempted to combine a tract di its and fewer faults than most of the books rected against Jesuitism with the elements of written in this age of hurried production. a romance, and neither the tract nor the | The colossal historical figures of Scanderbeg romance is benefited by the conjunction. The and of Mahomet II. are drawn with the hand of feeble and incoherent opening chapters are, it a master, and scene after scene of the final is true, chiefly suggestive of the young woman great struggle of Moslem and Christian is. who has spent a few months in some foreign brought before the dazzled sense of the reader, city, and believes herself thereby qualified to | leading him up to the crowning event—the base a novel upon her anything but novel im capture of Constantinople—which is described pressions and experiences, but the faults of the with extraordinary vividness. Those readers story in its earlier chapters get less and less who have preserved their reverence to Scott apparent as we go on. The writer's grasp be- | in the face of all newer developments of the comes firmer, and the somewhat intricate net novel cynical, satirical, analytical, or critical, work of relations in which we are involved is will find this book after their own heart. It untangled with considerable skill. We speak is full of the warm-blooded, healthful life of of the writer as a woman, because the story the age of deeds : a quality which cannot be has characteristics which warrant the suspicion too highly prized in an age of words. It that the name of Isaac Henderson is an as brings us close to the heart of nature and of sumed one, and deceptive as to the writer's man-of nature in a land where nature asserts sex. The story is not unlike the work of Miss herself, and of man as he was before over- Tincker, both in subject and in treatment, and civilization brought enervation in its train gives more promise than is usually given by and much thinking made him prematurely old. first efforts. Besides all this, it gives fascination to an epoch “Love's Martyr" is a novel by the daughter whose history has heretofore been buried in of Alma-Tadema, the celebrated English the collections of those dreariest of annalists painter. It is said to be her first literary pro who chronicled the fortunes of the Byzantine duction, and, considered as such, it has unu empire. WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. sual finish. It is refined in sentiment and graceful in expression, treating a difficult, and, indeed, almost impossible subject with consid- erable power. The story, which is merely a TRIUMPHANT DEMOCRACY.* sketch in retrospect, is of the simplest design, What the Fourth-of-July orators have long and its parts are skilfully grouped. The been telling us in glittering generalities, Mr. total effect would be altogether pleasing, were Carnegie has set forth in a bill of particulars; it not for a certain sombreness of tone, and for and he shows conclusively that the much- the difficulty inherent in the subject, which is ridiculed orators have been telling the truth. that of a woman married to a man whom she He confines the field of his observations mainly does not love, after having thrown herself at to the past fifty years—the era of railroad the feet of another only to be rejected. The building, on which the rapid development of sense of duty which is urged in justification of the country has so largely depended; and her course does not seem a sufficient warrant gives, incidentally, a great deal of significant for it. information regarding other countries besides The surprise of our collection of current fic- our own. He sets out with an array of facts tion comes, however, in the shape of a histori- cal romance of the time of Scanderbeg and * TRIUMPIANT DEMOCRACY; or, Fifty Years' March of the fall of Constantinople. “The Captain of | Scribner's Sons. the Republic. By Andrew Carnegie. New York: Charles 1886.] THE DIAL 17 - - -- -- --- ----- ------------ - - - - that hardly cease to be startling even when he forgets the wholesale suppressions of the familiar; as, that the United States contain votes of freedmen in the South. On the more English-speaking people than all the whole, the volume makes a showing of which rest of the world; that the wealth of the any American may justly be proud, so far at republic exceeds that of Great Britain; and least as present achievements are concerned; that it also surpasses the mother country not and in its indications of the future the citizen only in agriculture but in manufactures. Many may find many texts for serious reflections of the other items in the array of statistics upon our responsibilities as well as our privil- follow as corollaries from these, but not all. eges. It should especially be read by those It is shown that for every pauper in the United who are accustomed to fix their eyes upon the States there are twenty-one in Holland and defects of American institutions and manners, Belgium, and six in Great Britain and Ireland; while ignorantly extolling the supposed supe- that seven-eighths of our people are native riority of something across the sea. Mr. Car- born; that twenty-two per cent of them now negie is himself a living example of the prizes live in towns of 8,000 or more inhabitants; that our country offers to genius, enterprise, that if the live stock in our country were and industry, unhampered by accidents of marshalled in procession five abreast, in close birth and social restrictions. He came here order, the line would reach round the world from Scotland, a poor boy, and he is now, at and overlap; that Chicago alone makes half the age of fifty, the greatest steel manufac- as many steel rails in a year as Great Britain, turer in the world, and a millionaire several and Minneapolis turns out so much flour times over,-made so, not by any gambling that the barrels would form a bridge from stock-jobbing or management of “corners,” New York to Ireland; that we produce six- | but by the development of useful industries. teen pounds of butter annually for every man, He very pertinently says: “Only the man born woman, and child in the country, and if our abroad, like myself, under institutions which crop of cereals were loaded in carts, it would insult him at his birth, can know the full require all the horses in Europe, and a million meaning of republicanism.” more, to move it; that more yards of carpet- ROSSITER JOHNSON. ing are manufactured in Philadelphia than in all Great Britain; that a single factory in ------------- -- -- Massachusetts turns out as many pairs of boots as 32,000 boot-makers in Paris; that our Gov- BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. ernment has given us more land for the sup A LITTLE volume entitled “Curiosities of the port of schools and colleges than the entire Old Lottery" (Ticknor & Co.) gives an entertaining area of England, Scotland, and Ireland. account of a custom which prevailed in New Eng- Nearly every page of the book is crowded land, and especially in Massachusetts, a century with facts, those here cited being only ago, and which was regarded as a perfectly legitimate method of raising money for benevolent, snapped up at random. But Mr. Carnegie religious, and educational purposes, as well as for has not thrown them together at random; he objects of public interest. In January 1761, Fan- has marshalled them in orderly array, consid euil Hall, in Boston, was burnt, and in March the ering in succession the growth of our cities General Court granted the town the privilege and towns, the conditions of life in America, of a lottery to rebuild it, and 6,000 tickets, at two our occupations, our system of education, our dollars each, were sold, of which 1,486 were to religious liberty, our treatment of pauperism draw prizes (ranging from $1,000 to $4 each) and and crime, our agriculture, manufactures, 4,514 blanks. The net proceeds, after deducting expenses, was only $1,200. The saving clause in mining industries, trade and commerce, rail- the statutes was that no lottery could be set up ways and waterways, our progress in litera- without a special act of the General Court. ture, art, and music, and our national balance- Harvard College maintained a succession of lot- sheet. He has done his work so well that no teries from 1794 to 1811. The first building erected reader need pass the book by because he hates for Williams College (then the Williamstown Free figures; he has turned the census into exciting School) was raised by a lottery in 1790. The tick- reading, and rendered statistics poetical. Only ets were hawked about the state and advertised in in rare instances does his rhetoric outrun his glowing terms as they are now in Southern news- papers. The “Massachusetts Centinel" for June 5, facts; but two are noteworthy. When he 1790, gives the information that: “ Two apprentices says, “ The American people have never taken belonging to Mr. Bemis, paper-maker, in Water- up the sword except in self-defence or in town, drew the thousand dollar prize of the Will- defence of their institutions; never has the iamstown Free School lottery." Dartmouth College plough, the hammer, or the loom been deserted had its lottery in 1796, with 1,896 prizes, ranging for the sword of conquest,” he forgets the from $3,000 to $6, subject to a deduction of twelve and a half per cent. ; and Brown University (then Mexican war; and when he says “They (the Rhode Island College), in 1797, had a drawing with freedmen] now exercise the suffrage just as 3,328 prizes, ranging from $4,000 to $9, and yield- other citizens do; there is not a privilege ing $54,000, from which the college reserved $8,000. possessed by any citizen which is not theirs,” | The Providence Episcopal Church had a lottery in 18 [May, THE DIAL 1800, in which the highest prize was $8,000. It quite different from that anticipated by the professor. was advertised freely in the Boston newspapers, Governor Hoyt came to the investigation confessedly with a wood-cut heading representing the goddess under a bias in favor of the policy so strongly and Fortune, with eyes blinded, standing on a wheel persistently advocated by leading citizens of his with arms extended, and holding in one hand a state. He comes out in the book one of the most scroll with “ $8,000” inscribed upon it; and in the intense denouncers of the doctrine of free trade, and other hand an inverted cornucopia from which one of the most unqualifying defenders of the pro- money is dropping, and a naked boy is catching it tective system we know of. The author shows him- in his hat. Above was the legend: “It is impos- self a vigorous writer. His reading has been evi- sible to tell on whom the GOLDEN SHOWER will fall." | dently extensive and thorough; three-fourths of the The Newport, R. I., Congregational Church had its matter embraced in his 435 pages is made up of quo- lottery in 1792, and the Boston advertisement tations from books and treatises of political economy, stated that, "A few tickets may be had at No. 61 and scarcely any author of repute is passed by unno- Long-Wharf, if applied for immediately." Leices ticed. He holds himself quite closely to the line of ter Academy had a drawing in 1790, and the man | inquiry indicated on the title-page, viz., “The agers said: “ As the design of this lottery is for Scientific Validity and Economic Operation of promoting piety, virtue, and such of the liberal Defensive Duties in the United States." The incon- arts and sciences as may qualify the youth to sistencies and contradictions of various theorists and become useful members of society, the managers professors of the so-called science are artfully thrown wish for and expect the aid of the gentlemen together to show that there is really no accepted sci- Trustees of the Academy, the reverend clergy, and ence of political economy—that there are no laws all persons who have a taste for encouraging said of universal application. Some will regard this as seminary of learning." Col. John Russell was a virtual admission that the protective policy, at president of a bank in Salem, and regularly an least, has no scientific basis to stand on. The writ- nounced to his customers the drawings which were ings of Professors Perry and Sumner are made to take place and their features. One of these adver-| special objects of good-natured, yet sharp criticism tisements (March 24, 1807) he heads “A New and assault. The analogy drawn from transactions Dispensary," and in it says: “ Then there is the of trade between individuals as applied to interna- Harvard College lottery which commences in May, tional trade is set aside with the demand that the which has the highly balsamic cordial of twenty | wants of the nation as a whole must alone be con- thousand dollars, which will produce the most sidered in contemplating what we are to draw from wonderful effects, by giving a solid tone to the a foreign market. The history of American indus- regions of the pocket, and by enriching and in vig try is traced in the light of the protective policy. orating the whole system.” Roads were con The high wages paid for labor in our country-a structed, bridges built, mills erected, and every condition to be maintained at all hazards—is mag- sort of public improvements made by means of lot nified as the main consideration demanding the con- teries. During this period a few persons saw their tinuance of defensive duties in the United States evils and severely denounced them. Joel Barlow indefinitely. The discussion throughout proceeds wrote in 1792: "I cannot avoid bestowing some on the assumption that a protective tariff is abso- remarks on public lotteries. It is a shocking dis lutely necessary to the development of diversified grace of modern governments that they are driven industry in this country—that without it our people to this pitiful piece of knavery to draw money from are shut up to the one pursuit of agriculture. The the people. It has its origin in deception; and book presents, on the whole, an able and clear argu- depends for its support on raising and disappointing ment for protection, adapted to the present stage of the hopes of individuals; on perpetually agitating the discussion. Even those who will not accept it the mind with unreasonable desires of gain; on as conclusive may well give it respectful attention. clouding the understanding with superstitious ideas of chance, destiny, and fate; on diverting the at- THE fourth number of the popular series of his- tention from regular industry, and promoting a uni- torical studies called “The Story of the Nations” versal spirit of gambling which carries all sorts of (Putnam) is a work of high merit. It is “The vices into all classes of people.” Such healthy and Story of Chaldea," by Zenaide A. Ragozin, an vigorous prose as this, at a period when it was author with a foreign and unfamiliar name, but needed, is a partial atonement for the writer's bad dating the dedication of his book at San Antonio, poetry. The last gasp of the lottery craze in Mas- December, 1865. He has written out of a fulness sachusetts was in 1840, when it was proposed to of knowledge which has enabled him to discuss his raise by this method the funds necessary to finish subject with admirable ease and force. Young Bunker Hill Monument, and the project failed. A readers, for whom the narrative is expressly de- feeble offspring of the old curse still lingers in signed, will find it every way charming, -a "story" charitable and church fairs. indeed, with all the fascination of a romance. But grave historical students will prize it for this, and We hardly look for anything new to be said in for much beyond: for the extent of its valuable and defence of a protective tariff; yet in the work of precise information, conveyed in a scholarly and Ex-Governor H, M. Hoyt, “ Protection versus Free finished manner. The book opens with an account, Trade” (Appleton), we find the threadbare topics occupying about one-third of its space, of the treated in a fresh and spicy way, worthy the attention present condition of the site of Chaldea, of the of those interested in the subject. The book had circumstances of its exploration by European anti- its origin in a friendly challenge given by an emi- quarians, and of the rich results of their untiring nent professor of political economy in New England researches. It is a vivid description of the labors of to the ex-governor of Pennsylvania, to investigate the modern scholars in disentombing the records of a long- science of political economy, especially its teaching lost and remote era in the history of human culture, in relation to protective tariffs. The result appears, and is freely illustrated with engravings. The remain. 1886.] THE DIAL 19 - ------ - - --- ---- --- - - ----- -------- ------------ ----------- der of the volume is devoted to the story of Chaldea employ an expert to revise her work and to read as it has been pieced together out of the fragments her proof. Were this translation characterized by gathered from tradition, from the Old Testament, the clearness and felicity of the original, these from the structure of the languages spoken by the essays would take their place by the side of the ancient nations of Asia, and from the ruins and the best of the kind that have been produced during literatures unearthed in the plains of Mesopotamia. the present generation in England and America. It is a strange revelation, almost undreamed of a quarter of a century ago. Mr. Ragozin claims for The awful story of the desperate and continuous Chaldea an antiquity older than that of Egypt, its battle between the Indians and the white men on monumental records pointing to a date nearly 4,000 our frontiers is well outlined by Mr. J. P. Dunn, B. C. He suggests that the Turanian race, the Jr., under the title of “Massacres of the Moun- Accads which first settled the country, came orig tains" (Harpers). The story could not be com- inally from some valley in the Altai range. They pletely written in a single volume of portable size; were superceded by the Cushites and Semites, who but the portions narrated by the present author give brought with them an advanced civilization, found a vivid idea of its savage and bloody nature, Mr. ing the cities and developing the arts which distin- | Dunn has devoted much diligent and faithful ex- guished Chaldea in its most prosperous age. The amination to the Indian question, and seems to religion and mythology of these different peoples have preserved a fair and independent spirit in the are detailed at considerable length, with their ma- pursuit of his inquiries. He places blame for the terial progress and vicissitudes, so far as these have wrongs practiced between the Indians and the been at the present date deciphered. The connec- whites, sometimes on one side, sometimes on the tion of the Chaldean history with that of the other; and does not hesitate to declare his verdicts Hebrew patriarchs, and the relation between the in strong and direct terms. He is a vigorous and Chaldean and Hebrew legends, as shown by Mr. picturesque writer, and his narrative, which is Ragozin, are points around which a profound in- compact and solid in statement, nowhere halts or terest centres. Maps of Chaldea are attached in a weakens in interest. It begins with a summary of convenient fashion to the inside covers of the the status of the Indian in the United States since volume. the arrival of the Saxon race to dispute its territory The many Americans who have found the sen with him; the population of the tribes, their rank tences of Emerson “a divining-rod to one's deeper in civilization, and their relations with our govern- nature," as men of such diverse genius as Lowell, ment. After this follows a history of the acqui- Tyndall, and Hamerton have found them, will be sition of the mountains," and then a condensed glad of the evidence of a still wider extension of account of the chief encounters between the Indians the master's sway contained in a recent translation and the conquering race which have been fought in from the German. Professor Herman Grimm of the region of the Rocky Mountains. It is an appal- the University of Berlin, author of standard works ling tale of treachery, outrage, and slaughter, in upon Michael Angelo, Raphael, and Goethe, is one which bloodthirsty warriors, lawless white men, of the most accomplished of living critics and and innocent settlers-men, women, and children, master of an exquisite German style. He is the son have been the indiscriminate victims. Shame, of Wilhelm, the more literary of the renowned horror and indignation contend with each other as brothers Grimm, and inherits to the full his father's one reads this page of American history, so black fine genius. What better evidence do we need of with crime, so stained with the blood and the his sure critical eye than is contained in the fact , anguish of the tortured and the slain. Painful as that he was the first German to discover Emerson? it is to consider, it should be brought to the mind His two essays upon Emerson, together with those of the public by frequent publications like the upon the brothers Grimm, Voltaire, Voltaire and present, until by some wise legislation “the wards Frederick the Great, Frederick the Great and of the nation” are justly and honestly cared for, Macaulay, and others, are now offered us by Miss and open and avoidable causes of offence by and Sarah H. Adams under the title of “Literature" against them are done away with forever. Mr. (Cupples, Upham & Co.). The essays upon Emerson Dunn has made liberal use of maps and engravings are a sincere and unadorned record of successive to render the events he records intelligible. impressions received by the author himself and by others who were led by him to read the American The name of Joel Barlow was conspicuous in the seer. In reading it one has the deep satisfaction of post-Revolutionary age as that of a man of varied learning just what Emerson can do for a cultivated and signal abilities, which gave him rank among scholar bred to habits and views so different from the leading minds of his day. He was the class- ours, who comes to our master with no preconcep mate in Yale of Noah Webster, Zephaniah Swift, tions. No one could be more thoroughly impressed Uriah Tracy, Josiah Meigs, and Oliver Wolcott; he than is IIerman Grimm with the pure genius of was the fellow-townsman in Hartford of John Trum- Emerson, his freedom from vanity, his penetrative bull, David Humphreys, and Dr. Lemuel Hopkins; earnestness, his humanity. He shows how Emerson and later in life was the friend of Fulton, Jefferson, has slowly made his way in Germany, conquering Thomas Paine, and a host of kindred worthies who his adversaries or silencing them as has been the were foremost in science, literature and politics. case at home. The other essays are not of inferior His name is associated with the title of poet, states- value and interest. They will serve to open the eyes | man, and philosopher; titles which were more of readers who are accustomed to regard all Ger- easily acquired a hundred years ago than they are mans as either miners for facts or metaphysicians. now,- yet each was in a measure due him, for his In the present translation, however, Professor earliest and chief distinction was that of a versifier, Grimm shows to little advantage: the rendering, while he displayed in the service of the government although fluent and generally readable, is too no mean skill in statecraft and his interest in philo- often obscure and incorrect. Miss Adams should I sophical and scientific researches was very decided . 20 [May, THE DIAL It has been reserved for a recent biographer, Mr. Charles Burr Todd, to write the history of his career with fidelity and amplitude. The “Life and Let- ters of Joel Barlow" (Putnam) are wanting in no detail which a careful author could supply to present a true picture of the subject under his hand. Dr. Barlow was born at Redding, Connecticut, in 1754. After finishing his course at Yale at the age of 27, he served three years as chaplain in the army. He then prepared for the bar; but the profession not being to his taste, he devoted himself for a time exclusively to literary pursuits. In 1788 he visited Europe as the agent of the Scioto Land Company, and remained abroad seventeen years, during which time he amassed a fortune by trade and speculation. Returning to America he established himself in Washington on the beautiful estate known'as Calo- mora. In 1808 he gave to the world his most pretentious poem, “The Columbiad," on which he had been engaged for many years. It was published in the most sumptuous volume that had at that time been produced in America. In 1811 he accepted an embassy to France, and the year following died near Cracow, in Poland. He left no children. M. ERNEST Chesnau's treatise on “The Educa- tion of the Artist,” (translated from the French by Clara Bell), is one of the best volumes yet selected for Cassell's “Fine-Art Library” by the discriminat- ing editor of the series. Its author is an artist and a man of ideas. He starts out with the assertion that, “Throughout Europe, art is in its decadence;" England being the only nation which is improving on its past. The reason he alleges for this decay is that art recruits its votaries for the most part from the illiterate classes, who lack the knowledge to perceive that the men of the present age have a new ideal before their minds, and therefore art must as- sume a new phase to harmonize with it. Painters insist on following old formulas and old methods which the progressive world has outstripped; there- fore their works make no appeal to the people, con- fer no enjoyment, and find no admirers or patrons among them. It was not so in ancient Greece, when the great masterpieces of architecture and sculpture were created. The artist of that day expressed the life of his time, the spirit and the habits and the customs of his contemporaries. He was no senile imitator of the past. He thought and worked in the present, crystallizing in marble the ideas and emotions, the aims and achievements of his own gen- eration. He reproduced the life before him; hence his work conformed to truth, and like all truth, it was immortal and the common people understood and loved it. But human nature is ever the same in its essential elements. It has not degenerated; it has improved with the passage of time. Men are therefore more capable of great work in art to-day, as they are in all departments of activity, than they were in the age of Pericles. Were our painters edu- cated men, were they to treat art in a philosophical spirit, applying to its development the laws which are obeyed in kindred pursuits, modern architecture and painting would be no less original and noble and inspiring than they were in Greece four cen- turies and a half before the Christian era, or in Italy in the sixteenth century. M. Chesneau supports these and other propositions with forcible argument and eloquent diction. The little volume entitled “Frank's Ranche" (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) contains a pleasantly writ- ten story of a “holiday in the Rockies” which a Lon- doner gave himself last autumn, for the purpose of viewing the home of his youngest son and meeting once more the child from whom he had been separ- ated several years. The youth came out to America in 1880, to try his fortunes in the far West. He had been reared in luxury, and a place had been made for him in his father's counting-house; but he was restless and longed for a wider sphere. As so many of his young countrymen are now doing, he struck out for the broad plains in the Rocky mountain region, and after bravely enduring the hardships of a frontier life--severe labor, rough fare, solitude and privation, succeeded in getting a foothold in the wilderness, and at the date of his father's visit was the owner of a ranche and on the road to inde- pendence. It illustrates again, as so many English books have done before, the sturdy manhood, hardihood, and pluck of the young offshoots of the English race. There is something we never can cease to admire in the character of a young fellow, reared to ease if not luxury, who voluntarily chooses the hard life of the pioneer which brings him back to the soil, and makes all he is and all he has the result of his own exertion. How many Ameri- can youths would imitate this English boy? It will add interest to the little book to know that the modest E. M. which stands for the authorship upon the title page, being interpreted, means Edward Marston, the present head of the old London house of Sampson Low, Marston & Co. This book, and another issued a year or two ago over the same initials, called “An Amateur Angler's Days in Dove Dale," prove that Mr. Marston, if he were not so busy as a publisher, would be apt to take a high rank among the authors of to-day. The “Days in Dove Dale," though known perhaps to but few in America, is really one of the most charming little books in the whole wide range of angling literature. Its style and spirit are as gentle and lovely as that of old İsaac Walton himself, and it is flavored with a humor as genial as that of Addison. In “The Mammalia in their Relation to Primeval Times,” Professor Oscar Schmidt has given a very clear and interesting account of the principal groups of the mammalia, and the probable origin of each, in accordance with modern scientific views. In the words of the author, this work " will be found to contain proofs of the necessity, the truth and the value of Darwinism as the foundation for the theory of descent, within a limited field, and is brought down to the most recent times. * * Although the student of natural history may have become ac- quainted with interesting fragments of the actual science, still the subject has not before been presented in so comprehensive a manner or in so convenient a form." No special reference is made in this work to the ancestry of man, beyond the re- mark that “the alternative as to whether man was created or developed can no longer be raised, now that we are exercising the free use of our reason." “We are all the more justified in postponing any such discussion," he says, “as the study of anthro- pology can in no way boast of having made any definite progress during the last ten years." Among the more interesting chapters is a valuable discus- sion of what Professor Schmidt calls “ The Phenom- ena of Convergence." These phenomena are the 1886.] 21 THE DIAL analogies produced by certain peculiarities of en- by four well-marked stages. These are the com- vironment on different organisms which are not munal or clan stage, the stage in which it reflects closely related by blood. That in very many cases the feeling of the city commonwealth, that in which similar modifications are brought about in the animal it becomes national, and that in which it comes to world, in organisms of different nature exposed to have universal import. The author is disposed to the same environment, is certain; and, as Professor quarrel-somewhat needlessly, we think-with the Schmidt has said, the matter is worthy of more current æsthetic criticism of literature, which takes special attention than has been given to it in the little account of environment and social conditions. works of Darwin. As a convenient compendium of That criticism has its place no less than the other, what is known, or can be guessed with reasonable which it by no means excludes. The author's probability, in regard to mammalian genealogy, this method, as an instrument of independent investiga- work of Professor Schmidt is to be highly com tion, yields in his hands results which are certainly mended. It is fitly placed in the “International sufficient to warrant its further application. The Scientific Series ” (D. Appleton & Co.) style in which these results are embodied, moreover, is nearly always good, and in some places it is re- THERE come to us at the same time a new volume markably good. Special literatures have already in Mr. H. H. Bancroft's “ History of California " been treated in this way, but we do not think that (A. L. Bancroft & Co., San Francisco), and a volume literature as a whole has before been studied in so. upon California written by Prof. Josiah Royce-very broadly scientific a spirit, or with such erudition largely with the aid of Mr. Bancroft's materials-for and analytical ability combined. the "American Commonwealths" series (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) Mr. Bancroft's volume is number The initial number of the series of "Actors and four in the history of the State, number twenty in Actresses," edited by Brander Matthews and Lau- the order of publication, and number twenty-one in rence Hutton, and published by Cassell & Co., the entire series. It thus stands midway among reveals the plan and execution of a work which is the seven to be devoted to California, and also to include five volumes containing biographical among the thirty-nine which will constitute the sketches of about seventy-five members of the complete work. We congratulate the historian upon histrionic profession who have adorned the stage in having thus successfully reached the half-way England and America in the last hundred and station of his long and laborious journey. The events thirty years. The first volume presents, under the of five years, from 1840 to 1845, are covered by this general term of “Garrick and his Contemporaries,” volume, and everything is now cleared away for the a brilliant and gifted group of artists—Macklin, narrative of the conquest and the annexation, which Quin, Barry, Kitty Clive, Peg Woffington, Mrs. will occupy the next volume. In the present vol Abington, Garrick, Sheridan, and others to the ume there is nothing of a very striking nature, number of fifteen, -who flourished in the middle although the constantly increasing influence of and latter part of the last century. The memoirs, foreigners upon Californian affairs is an interesting contributed by several different writers, are as brief subject of study, and we have a very distinct pre and bald as the articles in a biographical diction- sage of the future in the American capture and brief ary, To add something like flesh and blood to occupation of Monterey in 1842. Prof. Royce calls their bare skeletons, they are supplemented by a his volume “a study of American character.” In it collection of extracts from biographies, essays, he deals with but ten years (1846-1856) of Califor critical reviews, etc., which furnish a meager nian history, but with these years in such detail that amount of anecdote and personal characteristics. his work is about twice as long as other volumes of The effect of this style of biography is rough and the series to which it belongs. It is the work of patchy, a poor makeshift for the rounded, finished, a specialist and has involved a great deal of research, life-like delineations which are rightfully antici- but certainly does not carry out the plan of the | pated in any attempt to portray the versatile series, which is to present succinct and readable talents and the romantic and exciting adventures accounts of the histories of the States, for the use of which make up the career of the successful theat- such readers as have little or no previous acquaint rical performer, and offer the choicest material for ance with their annals. the use of a competent historian. The second volume of the series will be devoted to the Kembles THE “historical method” has invaded and taken and their contemporaries; the third, to the actors of possession of nearly all departments of knowledge the generation of Edmund Kean and Junius Brutus during the present century. We have seen it ad Booth; the fourth, to those surrounding Macready vance successively upon such subjects as language and Forrest; and the fifth, to the leading per- and law, mythology, ethics, and economics, and force formers now before the public. them either to a capitulation or a truce. Perhaps in literature alone have æsthetic and apriori methods MR. JAMES MARK BALDWIN makes, and Dr. McCosh remained predominant up to the present time. But introduces to the American public, a translation it would seem that the day of literature has at last of the Psychologie allemande contemporaine by M. come also, and the new criticism is put forth in the Th. Ribot, one of the most important of recent latest issue of the “ International Scientific Series” — psychological works. In this “German Psychology a work written by Prof. Hutcheson Macaulay Pos of To-day" (Scribner), the author has summarized nett, and entitled “Comparative Literature” (D. Ap and clearly stated the recent experimental work of pleton & Co.) The work is a very remarkable one, the Germans, which has so greatly developed the to say the least, and deserves the close attention of physiological aspect of the science. It is almost all students of the subject. Literature is given a impossible to open any of the later works upon strictly scientific treatment by a writer whose psychology without finding references to Weber, sthetical appreciation of it is also very evident. Fechner, and especially Wundt, and all students The growth of literature is found to be characterized | unfamiliar with German or French, will be grateful G æ 22 THE DIAL [May, -- - -- -------- - - - ---- for the English version of this able exposition. state rather than discuss, and the statement is clear, M. Ribot is already well known to English readers forcible, and well provided with illustration. Upon through his works on the subjects of heredity and the main question there is to-day, of course, no memory, and his ability as an exponent and critic longer room for discussion; but there are many of the views of other psychologists is generally minor questions which are still open, and the oppos- recognized. The preface which is furnished by ing or rival views now held upon these questions are Dr. McCosh is of a conservative nature, as might explained with great fairness by the author; and be expected; but a little conservatism is not out of the reader, aided by these explanations, would be place, for the adherents of what is termed “the enabled to follow the discussions of more argument- new psychology" are inclined towards arrogance, ative works. It is certainly a cheering sign of the and often forget that the science which they are times that a work upon evolution, written in the approaching from the side of physiology must yet strictly scientific spirit, should hail from a sectarian be eternally and primarily dependent upon intro educational institution in Connecticut. spection. Far from developing a new science, they are merely studying a neglected aspect of a very The historical sketches entitled “The Last Days old one. No psychologist of to-day can afford to of the Consulate," from the French of M. Fauriel, neglect Wundt, who, of course, figures largely in have a singular history. Some years ago the manu- the present work; but such metaphysicians gone script fell accidentally into the hands of M. La- astray as Herbart and Lotze can contribute little to lanne, together with the papers of the famous giron- the comprehension of psychologic problems. dist, M, Condorcet. It was without signature, and not until the year 1883 was its authorship estab- A NEW book by John Burroughs needs but to be lished. It was then proved without doubt to be the mentioned, to bring to mind fancies of spicy odors, work of the philologist and historian, Claude the balmy breath of trees and flowers, bird-songs, Charles Fauriel. Its importance had been noted by and the varied rustle and stir of wild life. The M. Lalanne on first reading it, and as soon as its freshness and charm of nature are reflected in identity was fixed, he caused it to be published, every page, as the verdant fringes that border still with an introduction and copious explanatory notes waters are mirrored on their face. Mr. Burroughs's prepared by himself. The work comprises a his- latest work, “Signs and Seasons" (Houghton, torical sketch of the events which preceded and Mifflin & Co.), is the same in style and character as foreshadowed the destruction of the Republic, the six volumes which have preceded it. They are dating from the 18th Brumaire; notes on the as like as the seasons which succeed each other-- principal events of the English conspiracy prior to and as diverse. There is a newness in each beauti the arrest of Moreau; and a historical picture of the ful day, as though it were the first which ever trial of Georges Cadoudal and Moreau; with an in- dawned upon the earth. There is a perennial complete chapter treating of the death of the Duc vigor and raciness in the soul of a man living close d'Enghien, etc., etc. The work is valuable for the to nature, which are never lessened or changed. material it furnishes toward a full understanding of John Burroughs allies himself so intimately with the schemes and purposes of Napoleon in the trans- the living things in the woods and fields that he formation of the Consulate into the Empire of has become akin to them in spirit,-simple in aim, France. It is calm and firm in style and minute in unconventional in feeling, clear in vision, patient in detail; recording circumstantially a chain of inci- effort, and unaffected and poetical in utterance. cents which are of interest to the student of history He keeps to a single line of study in harmony with rather than the popular reader. (A. C. Armstrong his instincts. It has been his desire to know but a & Co.) few things, and to know them well; and the value of such a course is declared openly in every page MR. W. M. TOWLE’s “Young People's History of of his writing. It has given him a genuine culture England” (Lee & Shepard) is a fair piece of literary which the most scholarly admire, and wonder at work. It is written casily and clearly, and from a withal. The essays in the present collection treat good general knowledge of the subject. The author of birds and beasts and plants and phases of the lays no claim to original research; he simply works seasons and the weather, each under some apt and over the facts which other men have mined, and pithy title. There are thirteen of them, all idyllic puts them into a shape suited to his purpose. in form, and as replete with beauties as a summer Neither has he any brilliancy or marked individual- sky or a sunny landscape. ity of style. But he is an entertaining narrator, carrying his story along with an agreeable evenness WHEN, at any time, the reach of human knowledge of interest. Occasionally he blunders strangely, as when he says, “For the sixth time, Henry the in some particular direction is undergoing rapid ex- tension, it is well to make an occasional pause for Eighth married his last wife;" but such lapses are not frequent. “The Young People's History" may the purpose of reviewing what has already been ac- complished. The principle of organic evolution has be placed in the hands of an intelligent boy or girl now been before the world for a quarter of a century, with a confidence that it will both amuse and in- and the extension of knowledge to which it has led struct the reader. It is greatly condensed, but the is unprecedented in the history of biology, and per- leading events in the life of the nation are plainly haps in the history of science. Dr. H. W. Conn has defined, and convey a lucid and coherent idea of its thought it well to call attention to the progress development from the conquest of the Britons by Cæsar to the present era. An excellent feature in which has already been made under the guidance of the plan of the work is the portrayal of the progress this principle, and to prepare a summarized account of its present status and prospects. His work of the people in special chapters after each well bears the title “Evolution of To-day" (Putnams), marked epoch. and the author's claim that it fills a vacancy in our The little story bearing the odd name of “Buz" literature is not without foundation. Its aim is to 1 (Holt) is an admirable piece of work. Its author, 1886.) THE DIAL 23 -- -- --- -- - Maurice Noel, offers it to children in the hope of compared with the recent book of Dr. Wills, for interesting them in the habits of bees; and it cannot l example, nor does it seem to occupy a place which fail to effect its purpose, for it is imbued with such works have not already filled. We recommend charms which young people will yield to with its extraordinary system of orthography to the atten- delight. But its influence must reach beyond them, tion of Mr. Frederic Harrison as an apt illustration of to ripe and cultivated minds which alone appreciate what he calls “a pedantic nuisance." at their worth rare literary merits that distin- guish a child's book. Buz, the heroine of the As a journalist, artist, and author, Mr. Charles story, is a lively and venturesome creature, true to Lanman has been during a long career in the way her bee instincts, but marked with a strong indi- of meeting men of distinction in various walks of viduality. The experiences of her short life are life. His recollections of such persons must needs such as befall her species, we may easily believe, be numerous and interesting, and his volume of even when they are most colored by the author's “ Haphazard Personalities" (Lee & Shepard) shows imagination. They teach us a good deal of bee- that he has a pleasant and confiding manner of com- nature, and of human nature too; and when they municating them. He furnishes biographical notes are ended we feel that we have been the spectators of nearly forty different men, many of which are of a vivid and touching drama, which has imparted new and entertaining. The reminiscences of Prof. impressive lessons not soon to be forgotten. The Joseph Henry and Washington Irving are especially book should be passed about from old to young-or attractive; but in nearly all the sketches incidents from young to old; for it will afford every one a are recorded which throw fresh light on the char- pleasure which it is a pity to miss. acter of the original subjects. ANOTHER addition to the “Fine-Art Library" which has special worth is "A Short History of Tapestry," by Eugène Müntz, translated from the French by Miss Louisa J. Davis. It deals with a subject of which little is known, especially in our own country, where tapestries of any art value scarcely exist. “Paintings in textile fabrics," as they have been called, have been produced and prized by all nations, from the Egytians and Assyrians down to the Germans and French of our own day; and the examples of various dates which still exist are sur- prising in number. M. Müntz has gathered a vast mass of facts concerning the manufacture of artistic hangings in all countries and times, and has inter- woven them with critical comments upon the sig- nificance and value of different representative works as expressions of the art-feeling and education of the people with whom they originated. The work is valuable as a manual of reference, being, for its scope, exhaustive and accurate. THE “Life of a Prig, by One," (Henry Holt & Co.) is not as satisfactory a piece of satirical humor as its title would lead us to expect. This is chiefly because the prig who relates his experiences is of the narrow clerical type, so that his priggishness is of a contracted sort, and gives little idea of the rich possibilities of the prig nature as a whole. This particular individual begins his career at Oxford, and in his search for an exclusive and aristocratic religion passes through the stages of ritualism, Ro- man and other catholicism, Buddhism, (probably of the esoteric sort) and agnosticism, and finally reaches his goal in egotism; worship of himself being the only religion in which he finds no one else desirous of sharing. Perhaps the little book is worth the half hour which is all that its perusal requires. LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS. PALGRAVE's “Golden Treasury of English Songs and Lyrics” will soon be issued in a fifty cent edi- tion, by Macmillan & Co, POPE LEO's autobiography, which is announced to appear in the summer of 1887, is first written in Latin, and translated into various tongues. It is said that the publishers of the work, C, L. Webster & Co., expect to print two million copies. The summer season brings the announcement of " Macmillan's Summer Reading Series" of popular novels, to consist of new stories by Mrs. Oliphant, W. E. Norris, and others, with reprints of short tales by Crawford, Shorthouse, Miss Yonge, and other favorite writers. The volumes will be sold at fifty cents each. MR. J. R. Osgood has sailed for London, where he will have charge of Messrs. Harper & Brothers' English branch house. In this position, for which Mr. Osgood's long experience as a publisher gives him peculiar fitness, he will succeed the late Samp- son Low, who represented Messrs. Harper & Broth- crs in London for nearly forty years. It is proposed by admirers of the late Charles Reade-among them Lord Tennyson, Wilkie Col- lins, Edwin Arnold, James Russell Lowell, Walter Besant, Mrs. Oliphant and Henry Irving—to erect a suitable memorial to him, in St. Paul's Cathedral. Messrs. Harper & Brothers, New York, have under- taken to receive and forward subscriptions from this country. A letter from the Rev. Compton Reade says: "Charles Reade was almost an Ameri- can in his habit of thought, and would have come across, but for sea-sickness, which deterred him.” Sir HENRY TAYLOR, who died a few weeks ago, was the last great English writer whose life con- nected the eighteenth century with our own age. He was born near the close of the closing year of that century, October 18, 1800. He led the two- fold life of a man of letters and of a public official. His connection with the colonial office lasted for nearly fifty years, and his efficiency in that connec- tion was tested upon many occasions. His works consist of miscellanies in prose and verse, and a series of blank verse dramas, entitled in the order of their production: "Isaac Comnenus" (1828), “Philip MR. JAMES BASSETT is an American gentleman who spent the greater part of fourteen years as a Presbyterian missionary in Persia. He naturally felt himself in duty bound to write a book about his experiences, and he calls it “Persia: the Land of the Imams" (Scribner). It consists of a very plain matter-of-fact narrative of his travels, and a few supplementary chapters upon Persian customs and institutions. It is a more solid sort of book than the vacation tourist writes, but is not to be 24 [May, THE DIAL -------- Van Artevelde” (1834), “Edwin the Fair” (1862), number of pages, and is sold for a shilling, the be- “ The Virgin Widow" (1850), and “St. Clement's lief is widespread that a gigantic fortune follows. Eve" (1862). His autobiography was published MSS. from untrained hands keep pouring in, but just a year ago. Of these works, “Philip Van probably not one shilling story in every dozen that Artevelde" is unquestionably the greatest, and one see the light pays its expenses. The bookstalls will of the noblest poetical productions of the century. not hold them, the reputation of the publishers is It is a work that will always be secure of the small being ruined by them, and the public is sick of but fit audience of those whose decision is final in them.” matters of literature, and it has already long borne the seal of their approval. It is said that our age has forgotten Sir Henry Taylor and his works. If TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. this be so, the fault is assuredly not with him, but MAY, 1886. with the age that can be so forgetful of what it ought to cherish. Mr. Swinburne's fine sonnet on Alcoholic Liquors, Manufacture of. Popular Science. the death of Sir Henry Taylor, published in the Lon Arctic Exploration, Future of. Lieut. Greely. Forum. don “Athenæum," may fitly be reproduced here: Articles of Confederation, Govt. Under. J. Fiske. Atlantic. Aryans, The. E. P. Evans. Atlantic. “Four score and five times has the gradual year Authors, Justice to. A. C. McClurg. Dial. Risen and fulfilled its days of youth and eld Bird-Song, Genesis of, Maurice Thompson. Atlantic. Since first the child's eyes opening first beheld Blue-Coats on the Border. R. F. Zogbaum. Harper's. Charleston, Defence of. P. T. Beauregard. No. American. Light, who now leaves behind to help us here Civil Service Reform. T. Roosevelt. Princeton. Light shed from song as starlight from a sphere Cleveland and Blaine. Edward Cary. Forum. Serene as summer, song whose charm compelled Colorado, Historical. Mrs. Hodges. Mag. Am. History. The sovereign soul made flesh in Artevelde Colored Race, Future of. Fred. Douglass. No. American. To stand august before us and austere, Cremation. J. W. Chadwick. Forum. Cross Keys, Battle of. A. E. Lee. Mag. Am. History. • Half sad with mortal knowledge, all sublime Crystallization. Alfred Einhorn. Popular Science. With trust that takes no taint from change or time, Davis, Jefferson, Trip to Canada. Mag. Am. History. Trust in man's might of manhood. Strong and sage, Democracy, The Triumph of. Rossiter Johnson. Dial. Clothed round with reverence of remembering hearts, Dramatist, American. Augustin Daly. North American. He, twin-born with our nigh departing age, Dwellings, Country. Mrs. S. van Rensselaer. Century. Education in Germany, Liberal. Andover. Into the light of peace and fame departs.” Elocutionist, An Amateur. Cora U. Potter. Lippincott's. Epic Songs of Russia. W. F. Allen. Dial. MR. EDWIN ARNOLD, who has lately travelled Fiction, Recent. W. M. Payne. Dial. Flat.Fish. Popular Science. through India and Ceylon, has about ready for the Flour Mills of Minneapolis. E. V. Smalley. Century. press a volume, descriptive and poetical, entitled Food Accessories and Digestion. Popular Science Freedmen during the War. 0.0, Howard. Princeton. ** India Revisited.” Galton, Francis. Popular Science. D. APPLETON & Co, have just issued Volume II. Garrison, William Lloyd. Andover. Gough, John B. 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Longfellow, H. W. W. M. Lawrence. Dial. McClellan at the Head of the Army. W. L. Goss. Century. TICKNOR & Co., Boston, have just published Mr. McClellan's Removal in 1862. North American. Hudson's Memorial of Mary Clemmer, with the title Men of Science. W. H. Larrabee. Popular Science, Metallic Currency, Need of. J. F. Hume. Forum. “An American Woman's Life and Work;" and, Mexico, Economic Study of. D. A. Wells. Popular Science. simultaneously with this, a new edition of her Monotheism, Egyptian. C. L. Brace. Princeton. writings, in four volumes. The same firm issue Moral Faculty, Development of. Jas. Sully. Pop. Science. Newspaper, History of. P. L. Ford. Mag. Am. History. also Mary Hallock Foote's new novel, “ John Bode- Novel of Our Times. F. N. Zabriskie. Princeton. win's Testimony," and Clara Louise Burnham's Organic Evolution. Herbert Spencer, Popular Science. Orthodox Pulpit, The Andover. new novel, “Next Door." Peninsula to Antietam, From. G. B. McClellan. Century. MR. SWINBURNE's long-promised volume of prose Petition, The Seventh. George Bancroft. Princeton. Pictures and Prints, Preservation of Popular Science. essays is announced to appear this month, and, Pigeons, Fancy. E. S. Starr. Century. judging from the subjects, its richness will well Poetess, A Western. Ella Wheeler Wilcox. Lippincott's. PopularGovernment, Experimentof. C.T. Congdon. Forum. compensate for the delay. It will include his Prison Labor in California. R. T. Devlin. Overland. critical articles on Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare's Railway Regulations. A. T. Hadley. Popular Science. Religious Reform in Italy. Andover. Sonnets, Milton, Dryden, Pope, Congreve, Pryor, Sap Bewitched. William H. Gibson. Harper's. Wordsworth, Byron, Landor, Keats, Tennyson, Savior, Portraits of Our. W. H. Ingersoll." Harper's. Musset, Charles Reade, and many other authors, Senate, The North American Seymour, Horatio. I. S. Hartley. Mag. Am. History. The following communication from a London Shiloh. W.F. Smith, Mag. Am. History. publisher to the “Athenæum” describes substan- Ship-Building vs. Ship-Owning. No. American. South Mountain, Battle of. D. A, Hill. Century. tially the overdone condition of cheap-novel pub Spaniards in Illinois. E. G. Mason. Mag. Am. History. lishing in this country also: “Shilling story-books Speech. M. A. Starr. Princeton. Stanton, Edwin M. Don Piatt. North American. are appearing at the rate of something like three or Statesmanship, Old and New. Gail Hamilton, No. American. four a day. When a good story does happen to Strikes and Arbitration. T. V. Powderly. No. American. Supernaturalism, Contemporary. M. D. Con way. Forum. make a stir, it is now promptly choked out of exist- Thoreau's Poetry. Jocl Benton, Lippincott's. ence by another treading too closely on its heels, Thrush, The Atlantic. Thurman, Allan G. Arthur Richmond, North American, and that in turn dies before well born. Because a Volunteers, California. Edward Carlson. Overland. story is startling in situation, is told in a certain | Wordsworth's Passion, T. M, Coan. Princeton, 1886.) THE DIAL 25 - ---- --- - BOOKS OF THE MONTH. [The following List includes all New Books, American and For. eign, received during the month of April by MESSRS. A. C. MCCLURG & Co. (successors to Jansen, McClurg & Co.), Chicago.] HISTORY-BIOGRAPHY. The Massacres of the Mountains. A History of the Indian Wars of the Far West. By J. P. Dunn, Jr., M.S., LL.B. Illustrated. 8vo, pp. 784. Harper & Bros. $3.75. California. From the Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Committee in San Francisco. By J. Royce. 16mo, pp. 513. Gilt top. “American Commonwealths." Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25. A Sketch of the Life of Apollonius of Tyana. Or the first ten decades of our era. By D. M. Tred well. 8vo, pp. 354. F. Tredwell. $2.50. The Second Punic War. Being chapters of the History of Rome. By the late Thomas Arnold. D.D. Edited by W. T. Arnold, M.A. 16mo, pp. 435. 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It is per- haps too much to claim that the statesmen of Europe would not have succeeded in consigning CONTENTS. to the infernal regions the cruel system of force and intrigue and bribery without the aid AMERICAN DIPLOMACY. Wm. Henry Smith ... 31 of America, because the moral force ever THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF EUROPE. David working the evolution of society must not be 8. Jordan - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 left out of sight; but we are undoubtedly THE STUDY OF OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE. warranted in saying that the change has been expedited under the influence of the Republic. J. J. Halsey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 This is a triumph of beneficent principles of THE ECONOMICS OF DISTRIBUTION. Albert Shaw 37 which as, a people we justly may feel proud. JOHN MORLEY. Melville B. Anderson · ...... 40 Our diplomacy has not been free from blunders, FORTESCUE'S ENGLISH MONARCHY. W. F. Allen 42 but these have not been serious, and do not require special mention here. Those who have BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 43 occasion to consult Mr. Schuyler's work will Lang's Books and Bookmen.-Miss Gilder's Repre. have no difficulty in distinguishing them. sentative Poems of Living Poets, Selected by When the treaty of peace was signed, in Themselves.-Bowker's Copyright, its Law and its 1783, Dr. Franklin endeavored to introduce Literature.-Underwood's Handbook of English new principles which should protect the rights History.-Matthews's and Hutton's Actors and of neutral states, but Great Britain refused to Actresses of Great Britain and the United States. discuss the question of maritime rights. Two - Margaret Sidney's A New Departure for Girls. years later he succeeded in obtaining the rec- Mrs. Woolson's George Eliot and Her Heroines. ognition which George III. refused from Frederick the Great. This treaty with Prussia REJECTED AUTHORS AND DEJECTED READERS 45 marks the beginning of a new epoch in inter- LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS national law. It is worth our while to read TOPICS IN JUNE PERIODICALS. . this humane article—the beginning of better things: BOOKS OF THE MONTH .......... "Art. XIII. If war should arise between the two contracting parties, the merchants of either country, then residing in the other, shall be allowed AMERICAN DIPLOMACY.* to remain nine months to collect their debts and settle their affairs, and may depart freely, carrying The thoughtful man who compares the po- off all their effects without molestation or hindrance; litical history of Europe from the close of the and all women and children, scholars of every fifteenth to the middle of the eighteenth cen- faculty, cultivators of the earth, artizans, manufac- tury, with the history of the hundred years, turers, and fishermen, unarmed and inhabiting nearly completed, since Franklin opened the unfortified towns, villages, or places, and in general way for that Christian commonwealth now all others, whose occupations are for the common recognized by all civilized nations, must be subsistence and benefit of mankind, shall be allowed to continue their respective employments, and shall profoundly impressed with the magnitude of not be molested in their persons, nor shall their the gain to humanity. The American Revo- houses and goods be burnt, or otherwise destroyed, lution rendered impossible a return to the hy- nor their fields wasted, by the armed force of the pocrisy and cruelty and fraud of the preceding enemy into whose power, by the events of war, they three hundred years, swept away forever the may happen to fall; but if anything is necessary to instruments and methods of persecution, and be taken from them for the use of such armed force, substituted principles based upon the higher the same shall be paid for at a reasonable price. law and the rights of man. The infamous And all merchants and trading vessels employed in exchanging the products of different places, and political philosophy which found its greatest thereby rendering the necessaries, conveniences and exponents in a Machiavelli and in a Richelieu, comforts of human life more easy to be obtained, is as dead to the present as is that motto of and more general, shall be allowed to pass free and kings, L'état c'est moi, to the executive head of unmolested; and neither of the contracting powers government. That nobler sentiment-humani shall grant or issue any commission to any private nihil alienum-which is now professed by armed vessels, empowering them to take or destroy those who have to do with statesmanship, in such trading vessels, or interrupt such commerce.” the character of legislator or diplomatist, Dr. Franklin's correspondence of this period is filled with arguments against the violence * AMERICAN DIPLOMACY AND THE FURTHERANCE OF | and brutality then characterizing the practices COMMERCE. By Eugene Schuyler, Ph.D., LL.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Song. of the nations of Europe, by which the inno- 32 [June, THE DIAL cent were made to suffer. In one of his letters macy has had a much wider range than this he says that it was reported that no less than contest for neutral rights, due, happily, to the seven hundred privateers were commissioned fact that the good of all has been kept in view. by the British Government during the war to The thunder of Decatur's guns in the Medi- prey upon commerce, and asks how can a na terranean was notice to all the world that the tion, “which among the honestest of its people American Republic had decreed the destruc- has so many thieves by inclination, and whose | tion, by war if need be, of piracy on the high government encouraged and commissioned no seas. This purpose was expressed later, in less than seven hundred gangs of robbers, have most forcible language, by President Madison: the face to condemn the crime in individuals, “It is a principle incorporated into the settled and hang up twenty of them in a morning ?” policy of America, that as peace is better than There were not wanting citizens of Great war, war is better than tribute.” “So many Britain who condemned this species of robbery, changes have taken place during the present the Presbyterians of Edinburgh influencing the century,” says Mr. Schuyler, “that it is diffi- town-council to adopt an ordinance forbidding cult for us to realize that only seventy years the purchase of prize goods, under pain of ago the Mediterranean was so unsafe that the losing the freedom of the burg forever. It merchant ships of every nation stood in dan- was high time, for the sake of humanity, said ger of capture by pirates, unless they were Franklin, that a stop should be put to this protected either by an armed convoy or by enormity; and he struck it a fatal blow. All tribute paid to the petty. Barbary powers. honor to him. Yet we can scarcely open a book of travels It was many years before this doctrine that during the last century without mention being free ships make free goods found general made of the immense risks to which everyone acceptance and a permanent abiding-place in was exposed who ventured by sea from Mar- treaties. During the gigantic struggle be- | seilles to Naples.” tween England and France, the former, being After the peace of 1783, the commerce of mistress of the seas, committed all sorts of America grew with remarkable rapidity, Its excesses against the commerce of her enemy, vessels were seen upon every sea, and entered and of neutrals as well. She attempted to evade every port for trade. They soon attracted the the principle that a flag of a neutral has a right attention of the piratical powers, and in the to sail from the ports of one to the ports of the absence of treaties providing for tribute, were other, to carry any merchandise whatever, ex- seized and their passengers and crews sub- cepting contraband of war, by declaring a paper jected to slavery. As early as 1784 Congress blockade against all of the ports of the exten- authorized a commission to be issued to Mr. sive coast line controlled by France. The Adams, Dr. Franklin, and Mr. Jefferson, em- seizures and confiscations of American ves- powering them either directly or through sels, and impressment of seamen, which con commissioners to treat with the Barbary pow- stitute so large a chapter of our grievances ers, and in 1785 these representatives consulted against the mother country, subjected this Count de Vergennes as to the best method of country to such humiliations as to incur the conducting negotiations. Be it said to the bitter taunt of Napoleon that America had credit of Jefferson, that he opposed the pay. deserted the cause of the freedom of the sea ment of tribute and favored war. The nego- from fear of England. But while patiently tiations were transferred to others, and during submitting to many wrongs from motives of several years these went on without definite policy, a study of the state papers shows that | result while American citizens languished in our government never lost sight of the princi- | slavery. Finally, in 1795, Colonel Humphreys. ples involved. Thus we find Mr. Secretary who had been appointed minister to Portugal, Marcy declaring, as late as 1854, that “From with charge of Barbary affairs, persuaded the earliest period of this government it has Joel Barlow, who was living in Paris, to join made strenuous efforts to have the rule that | Joseph Donaldson, who had been appointed free ships make free goods, except contraband consul at Tunis and Tripoli, in the work of articles, adopted as a principle of international putting the United States on better terms with law ; but Great Britain insisted on a different those petty powers and securing the release of rule," and recommending such coöperation of the one hundred and fifty Americans then in the maritime powers as would secure a declara- slavery. Before Barlow could leave France, tion for the universal observance of the prin Donaldson had concluded a treaty with the ciple of neutral rights. We have not space to Dey of Algiers, which involved the expendi- follow the controversy, and note the periods of ture of nearly $1,000,000. Three months were discouragement, until the general acceptance allowed for the payment to be made; and of the principle by the powers of Europe. meanwhile Donaldson took his departure, The result emphasises the power for good of a | leaving to Barlow the task of fulfilling his great and free people. bargain. The money did not come to hand, The beneficial influence of American diplo- | not for many months after the expiration of 1886.7 33 THE DIAL the time set, and Barlow found that he was in sented it abroad. These need to be studied the power of a savage who felt no mercy, with care. It is not unlikely that the present while the condition of the poor captives was complications with Canada, arising from the rendered more horrible by the breaking out of recent seizure of the “Adams," may lead not the plague. The story of the heroic services only to a reading of the literature bearing on of Barlow, throughout this long and perilous the question of the fisheries, but of our gen- year, during which he seemed to be deserted eral diplomatic correspondence. by his government, until he effected the release There is need of a compact history of Amer- of such of the captives as survived the rav ican Diplomacy, and this work of Mr. Schuyler's ages of the plague, are not referred to by is in the right direction. It falls short of what Mr. Schuyler, but may be read in Barlow's is required, and is open to criticism because letters to his wife, happily preserved in a of faulty arrangement and unfounded state- work recently published. Treaties with Tunis ments. Partizanship in a work of this kind is and Tripoli followed. These several treaties out of place, and carelessness in statement of cost the United States the handsome sum of facts makes it worthless as an authority. The $2,650,709, before the system died from the second and third chapters, devoted to “ Our wounds given by the American guns com- | Consular System” and “ Diplomatic Officials," manded by Decatur and Chauncey. That it are valuable, and deserve to be incorporated should have continued so long was due to the in a more carefully written work. The type indirect support of England, who took this and form of the book are creditable to the method to cripple the commerce of other publishers, but there are evidences of careless nations. Pitt is held to be the model states. proof-reading or preparation of copy. For man and great man of that country; and yet example, on page 314, first paragraph, the his moral responsibilities—the horrors of La year of the convention with Denmark is given Vendee, the bribery of Austria and other con in the first line as 1826, and in the ninth as tinental powers to make war on France, and 1816. In the chapter devoted to “The De- the fostering of piracy in the Mediterranean, partment of State,” Mr. Schuyler says: which brought poverty, misery and death to "Probably the worst Secretary we have ever had thousands—are crimes against humanity that was the one who remained the shortest time in no genius, though never so great, can hide from office; but who, in the course of six days, removed the recording angel, and which are so fittingly the greater number of consular and diplomatic depicted in Coleridge's famous War Eclogue, officers, filled their places with new and inexperi- “Fire, Famine, and Slaughter.” enced men, appointed solely for partizan political services, and did harm that it took his successor To America also is due the credit of putting nearly eight years to remedy." an end to the system, that had its origin about This reckless statement is a fair measure of the beginning of the fourteenth century, of Mr. Schuyler's honesty as a historical writer, imposing duties for the benefit of Denmark on and stamps as unreliable anything that may all merchant vessels passing through the sound. emanate from his pen. It is not only untrue, But a more important service has been ren- but it is so foolishly untrue that one is justi- dered to commerce by contesting for the free fied in attributing it to constitutional men- navigation of rivers. This is well described dacity. An examination of the records of the by Mr. Schuyler: State Department would have developed the · "The efforts of our government to secure for facts, and their publication would have ren- the commerce of its citizens the free navigation of dered such a statement impossible. Mr. rivers and seas have been constant, systematic, and remarkable, beginning even before we had obtained Schuyler gives the number of consuls-general, our independence. There had been difficulties be- consuls, commercial agents, etc., alone, as 707; tween the Catholic provinces of the Netherlands and he would have us believe that the greater and Holland with regard to the navigation of the number of these, and of the ministers and sec- Scheldt in the latter part of the eighteenth century; retaries of legation, were removed and their but the United States were the first to insist, as a places filled with hungry partizans by a Secre- matter of international law, that the people who tary of State within the short period of six live along the upper waters of a river have a natural days. It is needless to say that it would be right to sail to the sea through the dominions of other powers. The rights claimed by the United an impossibility, even if the President and the States were laid down as part of the public law of Senate were parties to the scheme, to do it not Europe by the Congress of Vienna, but the credit in six days but in six months. That nothing of having first proclaimed them belongs to the approaching this was ever done, goes without United States alone.” saying. The reference is to the Hon. E. B. I have referred to the principles of inter | Washburne. After he had been commissioned national law contended for by the American as Minister to France, some reckless political government, rather than to the details of opponents made a similar charge, and it served negotiations which engaged the attention of the convenience of his successor in the State the many distinguished men who have repre- | Department to let the statement pass unchal- 34 THE DIAL [June, -- ---- ------- - --- lenged, as calculated to deter office-seekers in the sense in which the word is commonly from making applications. A friend of Mr. understood by zoologists. The rest, including Washburne's made private inquiry subsequent most of the numerous kinds of trout enu- , ly, and ascertained that during his brief stay in merated by Professor Seeley, are more or less the State Department, some three or four for tangible races or varieties, results of the pe- eign appointments were made, and that one of culiarities of the different waters they inhabit. these, the appointment of R. C. Kirk, of Ohio, The key-note of the work is struck in the was made on the direct order of the Presi second sentence of the preface, in which the dent. It is certain that no disturbance to our author remarks that this “undertaking has consular service resulted from acts of Secre been rendered comparatively easy by the tary Washburne as alleged. The reader will valuable special memoirs which have been readily make the appropriate comment on this published upon the fishes of the several libel uttered by the author of “ American European countries." He has indeed made Diplomacy.” Nr. Washburne's services to his easy work of it. It is from end to end country, covering a period remarkable for its apparently a compilation from the works of importance and influence on the destiny of Günther, Heckel and Kner, Siebold, and other mankind, have been so eminent and valuable authors, without criticism, and with scarcely a as to place his reputation beyond the reach of single original observation or idea. This writers of the Schuyler class; but the public method of preparing books of systematic should be protected from such books, put for zoology is becoming too common among the ward as authoritative historical works. present school of naturalists in England and Mr. Schuyler also informs an unsuspecting France. Alphonse Daudet somewhere ex- people that the Government of the United presses his feeling of the difficulty experienced States, “in ordinary peaceful and uneventful by modern writers of fiction in France, “be- times, is a nearly irresponsible despotism," cause the ghost of Balzac stands at the head and that he and the ingenious author of a of every alley." So with these naturalists of book on “Congressional Government” have the learned societies of the two great capitals. made the discovery. The loose writing on In France, the ghost of Cuvier “ stands at the this subject, since the essay of a German head of every alley;" and in England, the writer to supply the American people with a influence of the excellent Keeper of the history of their Constitution, would be amus Museum, Dr. Günther, is scarcely less potent. ing if it were not mischievous. A conscien To systematic zoologists of the calibre of tious study of our political system will show Professor Seeley, to cross the path of one of that practice has not seriously departed from these great men means confusion and the theory propounded by Wilson, Hamilton, paralysis ; while to follow in his wake means Madison, and Jay, and that while one depart a smooth road and an honored position in the ment has encroached on the others at one time, | Royal Societies for Mutual Admiration. and vice versa, the balance has been preserved | Professor Seeley has made an attempt to and remains substantially unimpaired. The | popularize his subject by the expansion and Von Holsts of Europe may accuse Americans dilution of the concise phrases ordinarily used of erecting the Constitution into a fetich, but by ichthyologists. For example, in the de- they know their reverence is due to their | scription of the perch (p. 25) we read : respect for the law that has secured for them “ The caudal fin is evenly lobed, and only moder- and their children the blessings of liberty. ately concave in the outline of its hinder margin. WM. HENRY Smith. This fin forms one-seventh of the length of the perch. The lateral line is nearly parallel to the --=--= -_- back; its length includes from sixty to sixty-eight scales. At the base of the ventral fin, there are THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF EUROPE.* from thirteen to fifteen rows of scales below the lateral line, and seven to nine rows of scales above In Seeley's “Fresh-Water Fishes of Europe” it." all the fishes of the rivers and lakes of Europe are described, correctly for the most part, and This is perfectly correct; but other writers with much appearance of detail, and illustrated on fishes would express it all, with no less by passable wood-cuts. About one hundred clearness, in these words : “Caudal equally and sixty species are recognized. Of these, lunate, its lobes 6 times in length of body. perhaps one hundred and twenty are “species” | Lateral line concurrent with the back: the scales 7 to 9—60 to 684-13 to 15." *THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF EUROPE. A History This mode of “popularizing science” may of their Genera, Species, Structure, Habits, and Distribu- be illustrated by its application to an algebraic tion. By H. G. Seeley, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., Professor of Geography in King's College, equation: “x-5 x y=66.” “Popularized,” London, Foreign Correspondent of the Academy of this might read: “Take the first of these un- Sciences of Philadelphia, Foreign Correspondent of the known numbers; let it be multiplied by a trations. New York: Cassell & Company. number which is numerically equal to it, and K.K. Geologische Reichsanstalt of Vienna, With 214 illus. 1886.] THE DIAL 35 - - - -- -- --- with the whole of this product, diminished by THE STUDY OF OLD ENGLISH LITERATURE.* five times the result produced by the multipli- Within a very few years there has been in cation of this same unknown quantity by the this country a most gratifying awakening of other number, at this stage of the process interest in the language and literature of our equally unknown to us, and in spite of this Old English forefathers. Professor March, of considerable reduction, there still remains a Lafayette College, has been an invaluable pio- residuum of sixty-six." The scientific reader neer in Old English philological study by is impatient of such prolixity, and the unscien- means of his Anglo-Saxon Grammar based tific reader finds his comprehension of the technical facts concerned in no way assisted upon a comparative inquiry, and has become by it. The book might have been cut down facile princeps among our Old English stu- dents. The present decade is seeing for the to half its present size by the use of the com- first time Old English texts given to the Amer- mon language of science, and it would have ican student from American presses in a “Li- lost nothing in clearness or in adaptation to brary of Anglo-Saxon Poetry”——critical texts popular use. A few pages of analytical keys, prepared by such men as Harrison of Wash- or diagnoses, would have made it much more available for the use of the beginner in ichthy- ington and Lee College, Baskervill of Vander- bilt, and Hunt of Princeton. These texts are ology, as the long descriptions of related species, published at moderate prices, so as to be acces- in language scarcely varied, offer nothing to sible to the uses of college classes. Professors catch the eye. Harrison and Baskervill have lately published Accepting Professor Seeley's list of the a Handy Anglo-Saxon Dictionary of poetical fresh-water fishes of Europe as substantially literature, which makes it possible now for all complete, it is apparent that the river fauna students to possess a dictionary of a large por- of Europe is scanty as compared with that of tion of the language, where formerly few the United States. The area of Europe is could procure the expensive and still incom- somewhat greater than that of the United plete edition by Toller of Bosworth's great States, yet our fresh-water fishes number work. Last year, Professor Cook, of the Uni- some 620 species, or about four times the num- versity of California, gave us a translation of ber found in Europe. The great size and that invaluable work in Old English philology- varied character of the basins of the Missis- “Sievers' Old English Grammar.” The “Jour- sippi and of the Great Lakes may chiefly nal of Philology,” published at Baltimore, is account for this difference. Small streams, keeping the little band of Old English students and streams in mountainous regions, never have in this country “in touch” with the older many kinds of fishes in them, although the homes of our race by its current reviews of number of individuals of any one species may the work that English and German criticism be proportionately very great. are doing in Old English. With January of David S. JORDAN. the present year a periodical entitled “Modern NOTE.-The following table shows the relative compo. Language Notes” began its career under the sition of the fresh-water fish-faunæ of the two regions: control of Johns Hopkins men, as a monthly Europe. United States. Lamprey Family ................. 3 species. 8 species. devoted to the interests of German, French and English linguistic studies in this country. This is but one of many indications that in American parlance “Modern Languages” is no longer confined to French and German. In the numbers of this periodical which have thus far appeared, more than half the space has been given to English studies. This recent awakening of scholarly interest in English linguistic studies is the result, no doubt, of contact on the part of our younger scholars with the enthusiastic workers in Old English in Germany, and is but part of a general 90.- Paddle-fish Sturgeon Gar-pike Bow fin Cat-fish Sucker Loach Carp Characin Moon-eye Herring Gizzard Shad" Salmon Trout Perch Blind fish Cyprinodont Mad Minnow Pike Eel Stickleback Silver-side Pirate Perch Elassoma Sun-fish Perch Bass Drum Surf fish Cichlid Goby Scalpin Blenny Cod Flounder Sole : 90-60-conor . . . . . . . . . OOOO 21-- * BEOWULF: Autotypes of the Unique Cotton MS. in the British Museum. With a Transliteration and Notes By Julius Zupitza, Ph.D. London: Trübner & Co. BEOWULF: Translated into Modern Rhymes by Lieut.. Colonel H. W. Lumsden. Second edition. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. BEOWULF: And the Fight at Finnsburg. Translated v James M. Garnett, M.A., LL.D. With Fac-simile of Unique MS. in the British Museum. Second edition. Bos. ton: Ginn, Heath & Co. INTRODUCTION TO OUR EARLY ENGLISII LITERATURE. By W. Clarke Robinson, M.A., Ph.D. Durham, England: | Simpkin, Marshall & Co. . . . . . . . . . . row . D. S. J. 36 June, THE DIAL movement in this domain of letters throughout of Virginia, published a literal line-for-line Teutonic lands. Conybeare, Thorpe and Kem translation, and a second edition of this was ble are having worthy successors in England called for last year. By its literalness it gives in Skeat and Sweet; and in Germany Wulcker to the general reader an idea of the involved at Leipzig, Sievers at Tübingen, and Zupitza structure of Old English poetical sentences, at Berlin, are ably carrying on the work begun but it cannot be considered a successful trans- by Leo, Grein, and Heyne. lation, as its literalness is repulsive enough to This critical study of the language has frighten away the general reader, whilst it yet awakened anew an interest in the noble litera fails to reproduce the alliteration or the rhyth- ture handed down in our mother tongue. No mical swing of the verse. Col. Lumsden's work in Old English has attracted so much translation must still be the “open sesame” attention of late as the long neglected poem for the laity to this grand Old English poem. of Beowulf—the first English epic, the Hom Why read the Beowulf ? Because it is a eric poem of our race. Preserved in the British portion of that Old English literature, prior to Museum in a single mutilated manuscript, it the Norman conquest, which is the basis upon had been edited from time to time-infre which has grown up all our literature that has quently and imperfectly-by Danish, English, come since-a literature also which sets before and German scholars; by Thorkelin and us the old life of our ancestry far more fully and Grundtvig, Kemble and Thorpe, Grein and vividly than all the histories that we have from Heyne. But in 1881 Wulcker gave us our about that time. The students of institutions, first thoroughly reliable text, as a first install of customs, of ideas, of morals, of manners, all ment of his Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry. find here a living picture of a now dead past- This gave the student a text carefully com a picture of a life as naïve and artless as that pared with the manuscript, and printed, first of the Iliad. The whole literature has recently as a literal copy, and then as amended through been put before the public in a volume which assistance drawn from all criticism down to should earn for its compiler gratitude from the date of publication. This was followed, thousands introduced by it to a hitherto sealed in 1882, by the Early English Text Society's book. W. Clarke Robinson, of the University edition by Zupitza, containing a page-for-page of Durham, England, last year brought out autotype copy, and a corresponding fac-simile, his “ Introduction to Our Early English Liter- in which Prof. Zupitza, by a most painstaking ature," containing in translations of seventy- investigation of the burnt and patched manu one copious selections the best of the literature script line for line-nay, letter for letter-has of the Old English period, outside the Beowulf been able to detect portions of the text which, poem. But it is this latter that beyond all even to the critical eye of Prof. Wülcker, were others, speaking from the centuries before the no longer visible. This beautiful volume is a conquest, shows “the very age and body of triumph both of the scholar's care and of the the time, his form and pressure.” Here we find printer's art, and with it in his hands the stu the concepts of the full-souled Englishman- dent of Old English is put upon a footing of his estimate of life, of death, of duty, of the almost equal advantage with the favored few home; we see his characteristics—his faith, his who can inspect the manuscript itself. self-dependence, his pluck, his honesty, his The works thus far spoken of are for the roving spirit, his love of possessions, his de- student and the scholar. But the aim of the | votion to his leader, his joy in the ocean. The present article is to suggest to the educated various customs of his free life pass before us many that the treasures of this rich Old Eng. -his life of warfare and conviviality idealized lish poem are accessible to those who do not by the song ; his admission of woman to the read our language in its earlier form. The banquet and to the social life as a refining and public have not been neglected by the zealous restraining element in the midst of barbarism; students of our literature. Years ago, Kem the service of a people by their king-house- ble gave them a translation of Beowulf, which, father rather than master; the fealty on the however, is out of print and inaccessible. part of the warrior that sacrifices life for the Wackerbarth paraphrased it in a translation leader, following by his own choice a lord more poetical than reproductive of the atmos whose service does not degrade; the dealing phere of the original. But in 1881 Lieut.-Col. of rich gifts by the successful warrior to his Lumsden, of the English army, made a trans men ; the cremation of the hero upon the lation in ballad measure, which has poetical funeral pyre. Here we find the simple imagery merit and is also fairly true to the spirit of the of a simple people, realists not idealists, to old poem. A second edition of this transla | whom the sea is the “ whale-road,” the “swan- tion, in 1883, indicates the interest taken in the path,” the ship the “foamy-necked floater," poem in England. This book is accessible at a hero the “war-beast.” Here, also, we find a moderate cost, and should be read by all who the beginnings of English poetry—the crude claim any knowledge of English Literature. yet nervous epic struggling into life from out In 1882 Prof. Garnett, now of the University | the fleeting songs of a people and preserving 1886.) 37 THE DIAL for us still recognizable fragments of a lyric through long previous centuries of toil and that was never written. Here too is a store | abstinence, has been doubled again and again. house of oldest English words and constructions It has seen the fruitfulness of labor increased and idioms out of which was built the base in some directions twenty-fold and in some ment structure of the edifice in which English directions a thousand. The literature of eco- thought to-day dwells. In short, he who nomics has emphasized capital, production, would understand our language, our literature, trade. The laws, reflecting the spirit of the our life, must go to the sources. The gram age, have been framed and administered in the marians who made English grammar begin in interests of capital, production, trade. The the year of grace in which they wrote, the economic life of civilized nations has been historians who made English history begin subject to these dominant ideas. Doubtless with the Norman conquest, are lorig since the progress of society will always be, as it happily dead. Let us, then, hear no more of always has been, in zig-zag lines. It was im- Chaucer as the first writer in English litera mensely advantageous that the thought and ture, unless we are willing to concede that the energy of the century following Adam Smith thought and purpose of a people count for should be chiefly engrossed with the econom- nothing in their literature. It is time that ics of production. But, that the advantages English readers should avail themselves of the might be properly utilized, it was imperative many helps now provided, and learn for them that there should follow an era devoted to the selves whence flowed the sturdy thought and economics of distribution. The new period is the living expression which have come down fairly upon us, and it is unquestionably to to us through Chaucer, and Shakespeare, and prove the brilliant complement of the brilliant the English Bible, and the “Pilgrim's Prog period which it succeeds. Labor henceforth is ress,” and “Robinson Crusoe," and Hawthorne to receive the consideration that was but lately, and Tennyson. J. J. Halsey. bestowed upon capital; and the concrete wel- fare of the people is to be regarded, rather than the abstract “ wealth of nations.” The economic point of view has radically changed. THE ECONOMICS OF DISTRIBUTION.* Laws are reflecting the change, and the current A century and a decade have elapsed since social and industrial life manifests it at every Adam Smith's “ Wealth of Nations” appeared. turn. Economic literature deals almost exclu- The century has been devoted to the economics sively with the various problems of wealth of production. With the decade has fairly distribution. It is now the standing inquiry begun a new era devoted to the economics of how the producing masses may reap the larg- distribution. The century has witnessed the est benefit from the modern facilities for pro- rise of the “ great commerce.” It has seen duction and the modern accumulations of the development of those methods by which wealth. The new movement has such breadth, production has been revolutionized, and by depth, and power, that it gives direction to all which the wealth of the world, accumulated economic thinking and writing; and the many new books, whether having intrinsic worth or * THE RAILWAYS AND THE REPUBLIC. By James F. not, illustrate the movement, unwittingly re- Hudson. New York: Harper & Brothers. cord its history, and are therefore significant. LAND, LABOR, AND LAW. A Search for the Missing The railroad system of the United States is the Wealth of the Working Poor. By William A. Phillips. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. largest achievement of the modern productive PROTECTION OR FREE TRADE. An examination of the economic life. It is at once the most ponderous tariff question with especial regard to the interests of item and the foremost cause of the wealth- labor. By Henry George. New York: Henry George & Co. CLASS INTERESTS. Their Relations to each other and accumulation of the century. Its development to Government. By the author of “Reforms: Their difti. has been of immeasurable public benefit. We culties and possibilities," etc. New York: D. Appleton have lavished upon it public franchises, money & Co. subsidies, land" subsidies, and innumerable LABOR DIFFERENCES AND THEIR SETTLEMENT. By Joseph D. Weeks. New York: Society for Political Ed. privileges; and its cost to us has been as ucation. nothing in comparison with the returns. Na- UNWISE LAWS: A consideration of the operations of a tional production, wealth-creation, was our protective tarifſ upon industry, commerce and society. By Lewis H. Blair. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. object; and it has been realized beyond the THE ECONOMIC FACT-Book and Free-Traders' Guide. most daring prophecies. We have now Edited by R. R. Bowker. New York: The York Free. reached a new stage in railroad economics. Trade Club. The development of the system has been ECONOMICS FOR THE PEOPLE. By R. R. Bowker. New attended with such grave abuses as must be York: Harper & Brothers. THE PHYSICS AND METAPHYSICS OF MONEY. By Rod. remedied in the interests of the people. It is mond Gibbons. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. from the standpoint of wealth distribution, THE COUNTRY BANKER, his clients, cases, and work. rather than from that of the largest production, By George Rae. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. that railroad economics should now be investi- ENGLAND'S SUPREMACY. Its Sources, Economics and Dangers. By J. S. Jeans. New York: Harper & Brothers. I gated. Mr. James F. Hudson's brilliant work, . 38 THE DIAL [June, = = “The Railroads and the Republic,” is written literature. But his reading has been altogether from this point of view. It is by far the ablest | undigested. He labors through tiresome, and most comprehensive presentation yet made pointless and profitless chapters on “the of those abuses in railway management and political and social system of ancient Israel,” methods which preclude the full and equitable systems of land and labor in ancient empires," enjoyment, by all the people, of the benefits of “ conditions of labor and land in the middle railroad transportation. This work is not, like ages,” “the Christian system as its principles Mr. Arthur T. Hadley's, a scientific and his affect society and organized government,” torical discussion of railroad economics, but “the Mahometan system and the governments rather a trenchant exposé of railroad abuses. and forms of society founded on it,” “land It is written from a Pittsburg newspaper and labor in Russia and Asiatic countries,” office, by an author whose residence and pro the land systems of modern Europe, of the fession have given him a peculiarly intimate British Empire, and of the American aborig- acquaintance with such instances of railroad ines, “the era of American discovery and discrimination between individuals as the settlement,” and “the history of the land case of the Standard Oil company ; such policy of the United States." All this, com- examples of railroad monopoly and tyranny prising three-fourths of the book, is prefatory as the anthracite combination; and such to an alarmist chapter on corporations, another habitual injustice to localities as has been entitled “Shadows of the Coming American meted out to Pittsburg in the matter of rates Aristocracy,” and a concluding one devoted on iron. Pittsburg is the best point in the to “Remedies.” Mr. Phillips finds that land country from which to obtain a vivid impres monopoly is chiefly responsible for social ills sion of the iniquity and magnitude of railroad and inequalities, and prescribes a scheme of abuses; and Mr. Hudson has improved his graduated taxation which would render own- opportunity. His chapter on the Standard ership of land in large parcels impossible. He Oil monopoly is the fullest and best account is evidently earnest and sincere; but economics that has been published. The chapters on and book-making are out of his line. His discrimination, pooling, stock-watering, and crude and incoherent volume, with its painful railroad-law, are replete with telling facts and attempt at universal erudition, is utterly citations. It is the author's forte to expose worthless, except as it may reveal the deplora- abuses rather than to prescribe remedies. In ble mental condition of an average Congress- our opinion he does injustice to the State com | man, or illustrate the general awakening of missions, of which he has an ill opinion, and | interest in the large social problems of the he accords Mr. Reagan and his propositions | day. much more respect than are their due. But in | Mr. Henry George's promised volume on his view there can be no effectual remedy “Protection or Free Trade” has at length except in the complete abandonment of existing made its appearance. It is sub-titled “an ex- methods of railway management. He would amination of the tariff question, with especial have the railroad a public highway, like a regard to the interests of labor." Mr. George navigable river, a canal, or a turnpike. Upon is never apologetic. He maintains an un- payment of fixed tolls he would allow every shaken belief in the importance of all his writ- man to run his own trains, and would leave ings. In the preface to this new book he transportation rates to be adjusted by free says: “By harmonizing the truths which free-, competition. This was the idea, soon aban traders perceive with the facts that to protec- doned, of the pioneer railroad builders. Mr. tionists make their own theory plausible, I Hudson enters upon an elaborate discussion to believe I have opened ground upon which those prove its feasibility, but will not convince separated by seemingly irreconcilable differ- many of his readers. With all its merits, the ences of opinion may unite for that full appli- book is radical and extreme; and Mr. Hadley's cation of the free-trade principle which would volume, which supplies the proper corrective, secure both the largest production and the should be read in connection with it. fairest distribution of wealth. By thus carry- “ Labor, Land and Law, a Search for the ing the inquiry beyond the point where Adam Missing Wealth of the Working Poor,” is the Smith and the writers who followed him have pretentious title of a very dreary and disap stopped, I believe I have stripped the vexed pointing book, written by Mr. William A. tariff question of its greatest difficulties, and Phillips, formerly a member of Congress. The have cleared the way for the settlement of a lack of literary skill, of economic knowledge dispute which otherwise might go on intermi- and training, and of the habit of close and nably.” Mr. George evidently believes that consecutive thinking, is sadly apparent on he is to the economics of distribution what every page. Mr. Phillips favors us with a list Adam Smith was to the economics of produc- of the authorities " he has “quoted and used ” | tion, only somewhat more. But in spite of in his book; and certainly he has turned the the prodigious sale of “ Progress and Poverty," leaves of a good deal of historical and economic | its author cannot rank as a great economist; 1886.] THE DIAL 39 - - - - - - - - - - ---------- and if the tariff dispute should not indeed “go “Unwise Laws, a Consideration of the on interminably," it will probably not be for Operations of a Protective Tariff upon Indus- anything contained in Mr. George's new book. try, Commerce, and Society," is the latest The so-called free-traders are dealt with quite issue in the “Questions of the Day" series. as severely as the protectionists; and a revenue The author, Mr. Lewis H. Blair, is a merchant, tariff is pronounced no less iniquitous than a of Richmond, Virginia. The preface informs protective tariff. Mr. George advocates a us: “ The writer lays no claim to learning or free-trade that signifies the removal of all in wisdom of any description. His book is not direct taxes, whether on imports or otherwise, addressed to the learned, for they are not only and of all direct taxes excepting one which familiar with all of his views, but with a great shall cover the annual value of land. The deal more besides, but it is intended for plain, private ownership of land he denounces as the sensible people who have no time nor taste for great obstruction and evil against which the | elaborate disquisitions on the tariff, but who, principle of “real free-trade” must contend. nevertheless, would be glad to know something The book rings some new changes on the doc about the subject, provided it is presented trines laid down in “Progress and Poverty." in a manner congenial to their methods of It is written in the author's admirable and thought; and this the writer believes he has lucid style, and has symmetry and logical com done.” Quite irrespective of the truth of the pleteness; but it has no qualities which can author's position that the tariff is the prolific give it either sensational success or permanent source of all our social ills, the book abun- reputation. dantly justifies the disclaimer of “learning or An anonymous writer, both gifted and wisdom of any description.” Mr. George and experienced, contributes an exceedingly perti Mr. Blair differ most radically in their pre- nent addition to current discussions in the scription of remedies. Mr. Blair would heal form of a book entitled “Class Interests: Their society by the device of a uniform ad valorum Relations to Each Other and to Government," tax upon all imports, in lieu of all other forms and further characterized on the title-page as of national taxation. He would abolish the “ a study of wrongs and remedies—to ascertain free list, and collect about thirty per cent. on what the people should do for themselves.” | the value of every commodity which enters The volume deals principally with questions our ports. Mr. George would regard this as of taxation, currency, and monopoly. It con infinitely worse than our existing tariff; and tends that remedies for the social inequalities so do the free-trade doctors differ, which it points out are to be applied through What Mr. R. R. Bowker, of the New York government action. The author is not a Free Trade Club, understands by the term radical or a reformer, but rather a critic and a “free trade,” is not what Mr. George on the philosopher. He has cast in his lot with one hand or Mr. Blair on the other under- economists of the new school, who emphasize stands; but he agrees with both of these the State as an agency for social amelioration; reformers in holding that free trade is designed and his arguments are presented with unusual "to meet the tide of social discontent by confidence, skill, and command of the situation. removing one of its most serious causes." A monograph which has value out of all Nevertheless, he disavows the idea that it is proportion to its size and pretensions is Mr. “a panacea for all the ills, political, social, and Joseph D. Weeks's “Labor Differences and economic, that flesh is heir to." Ilis “ Economic Their Settlement.” Mr. Weeks is easily the Fact-Book and Free-Traders' Guide” is a first authority in the United States on this compilation chietly statistical. Its contents subject; and his brochure, which he calls “a are drawn from reliable sources, and are of plea for conciliation and arbitration," is attract great variety and practical value, not alone to ing wide attention and exerting a most timely free-traders, but to all citizens who know how and powerful influence for good. He finds that, to use books of ready reference. better than the let-alone policy, better than | Mr. Bowker has achieved something much strikes and lock-outs, better than codes of more important, however, in his “Economics industrial legislation for the adjustment of for the People,” which is exceedingly well- labor differences, are permanent and purely aimed. Never before were there so many voluntary boards of conciliation and arbitra- | women, young people out of school, ordinary tion. He describes the successful working of readers, and average business men, who want these boards in the industrial districts of Eng to know something about political economy. land, an'l also gives an interesting account of Mr. Bowker's little book exactly appeals to legal aroitration in France. Refreshing good them. It is clear, sensible, and thoroughly sense .nd great practical knowledge charac readable. It gives small space to definitions terize this valuable contribution to the literature and abstract doctrines, and discusses mainly of the labor question. It is absolutely free those live topics which belong to the economics fron bias, and appeals alike to employers and of distribution. It has come so freshly from employed. I the press as to contain references to the South- 40 [June, THE DIAL western strikes and to embody the best ideas March), Mr. Lowell condenses into a sentence contained in Mr. Weeks's brochure on “ Labor or two the lesson which Mr. Morley's Voltaire Differences.” It is simple without being ju has taught us all. Speaking of the benefac- venile or weak, and none will read it with more tions of the eighteenth century, Mr. Lowell pleasure or higher appreciation than those who says : “In France it gave us Voitaire, who, if have already enjoyed some economic training. he used ridicule too often for the satisfaction “The Physics and Metaphysics of Money" of personal spite, employed it also for sixty is an ambitious essay by Mr. Rodmond Gib | years in the service of truth and justice; and bons, who employs Professor Sumner's method to him, more than to any other one man, we of heaping scorn and contempt upon those owe it that we can now think and speak as we whose opinions are not like his own. The choose. Contemptible he may have been in monograph is a bombastic and declamatory more ways than one; but at any rate we owe attack upon bimetallism, which the author re him that, and it is surely something." It is gards as metaphysical and absurd. He admits | even something that we can think that his fury against the double standard arises as we choose concerning Voltaire himself. from his perception that it is illogical and in- | Doubtless it would be pleasanter to think we consistent with axiomatic truth; and yet he owed the boon of free speech to Milton and never suspects that his own method and point his “Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed of view are purely metaphysical. Printing," rather than to Voltaire. But what Mr. George Rae's “The Country Banker" is Milton as nobly as vainly contended for in his a technical rather than an economic work; yet immortal argument, Voltaire had the spirit it has decided economic importance. The re and the initiative to practise indefatigably, lation of good banking to the popular welfare persistently, in opposition to all the powers of is very intimate, and it has no merely inci. darkness in high places. He practised it until dental part to play in the better adjustment he had created a fourth estate, and made Mil- and distribution of the social wealth. The ton's theory a part of that unwritten law fundamental principles of bank management which it is treason for the highest to subvert. are the same in all commercial countries; and Such is the debt of all time to the man toward Mr. Rae's book, intended for British readers, whom most Christians have hitherto believed is not ill-adapted to instruct and aid bankers themselves absolved from that charity which and their employés in the United States. If | dear Robbie Burns could exercise even toward our bank officials were better grounded in the “auld Nickie Ben.” The time had come for science of their business, it would be well for | dealing with Voltaire and his allies at once them and for the community at large. Mr. sympathetically and severely. It is most for- Rae's book is admirable in form and style, and tunate that the task was undertaken by a man is not so technical as to repel the general of Morley's judgment, breadth, and candor. reader. There is undoubtedly danger lest, in attempt- Another new English book, which may be ing to correct the traditional view of Voltaire, called an essay in the economics of interna we be swept into something too much resembling tional distribution, is entitled “England's hero-worship. While there never was a great Supremacy : Its Sources, Economics, and Dan author more humanly weak than Voltaire, so gers.” The author, Mr. J. S. Jeans, is a sturdy there was never one more in gratiating to the admirer and defender of his own country, and reader. Probably the severe traditional view, an optimist as to its future. Extended com with all its injustice and narrow bigotry, is parisons are made throughout the book be safer for the average mind than the attitude tween the economic situation of England and of the disciple. Voltaireanism has done its that of the United States. In defense of his great work; the historical critic cannot but belief that Britannia is destined for an indef express gratitude to the great leader of a move- inite time to maintain her commercial and ment which has done for the human mind industrial prosperity and progress, he makes what the American and French revolutions did out a strong case. The work is in some respects for human rights; and readers of requisite train- the counterpart of Mr. Andrew Carnegie's ing will always profit by the works of so great “ Triumphant America.” ALBERT Shaw. a master of all the arts of the persuader. It - should not, however, be overlooked that the -- - = mocking spirit of Voltaire is infectious to the JOHN MORLEY.* inexperienced, the ignorant, and the shallow. Such persons are quite sufficiently l'rone to In that delicious first-fruit of his new leisure, the essay on Gray (New Princeton Review, doubt, to irreverence, and to flippancy, and are too apt to absorb from their reading not * THE COLLECTED WORKS OF JOHN MORLEY. To be the noble qualities but the infirmities on such an author as Voltaire. However true this may be of Voltaire, it is more pertinent to our pias- PEDISTS, two volumes. ON COMPROMISE, one volume. I ent purpose to say that it is not at all true of completed in nine volumes. VOLTAIRE, one volume. ROUSSEAU, two volumes. DIDEROT AND THE ENCYCLO- New York: Macmillan & Co. 1886.) 41 THE DIAL John Morley. Apart from his theological cable gift ; but he had passed his meridian ere views (of which something presently), he may he learned either its existence or its use. The be upon the whole commended as an excellent power of clear and articulate expression may educative writer. A young man might do far come in the school of life, and Rousseau is a worse than to form himself, intellectually, shining example ; but we hardly need cite upon the writings of an author so serious in Rousseau to prove that Experience is the tone and purpose, so clear in thought and ex sternest of teachers, and that he takes out his pression, and so widely acquainted with the tuition in sight-drafts upon the pupil's time, history of opinions. It is almost superfluous vitality, and temper. to add that Mr. Morley, although evidently Turning now from these powerful and fasci- very much in sympathy with Voltaireanism at | nating eighteenth-century studies, let us briefly its best and highest, is sufficiently self-centred consider Mr. Morley's work of abstract argu- to treat his great master with admirable moral ment and theory; the essay “ On Compromise,” sanity. hitherto his most considerable contribution to The volume on Voltaire is, for obvious current thought. reasons, chiefly a critical study ; those upon In this essay the writer laments that the Rousseau and Diderot are, on the other hand, | crumbling away of dogma, incident to the use apart from their philosophy, of the highest of the historic method in all departments of biographical interest. In their different ways, research, has enervated men to relax their hold these men were as far as Voltaire from being upon positive and categorical beliefs. We are ideally perfect characters, and they were in so persuaded of the relativity of all ascer- commensurably inferior to him in intellectual tained truth in politics, morals, and religion, resources and in definiteness of aim. “Vol | that our minds are hospitable to opinions taire," says Sainte-Beuve, “was the only man which no logic can reconcile, and which imme- of his century who knew what he willed and diately conflict when put into practice. But willed what he did.”. The rest, even the we are in no danger, he thinks, of putting our greatest, were, like most men, gropers. All opinions to so hazardous a test as that of the fallible and peccant readers of their biog- practice. Practical life is governed by the raphies will feel that these men were of like sliding-scale of expediency ; we hold, says he, passions with themselves. As Mr. Morley is a to “the paramount wisdom of counting the healthy moralist, and makes no attempt to narrow, immediate, and personal expediency minimize or to unduly extenuate the faults of for everything, and the whole general, ulti- his heroes, their lives become rather more mate, and completed expediency for nothing.” edifying than those of the majority of unex This general, ultimate, and completed expe- ceptionable men. The life of Rousseau is diency is Mr. Morley's definition of morality; peculiarly fascinating to the student of human and this sentence is only a condensation of the nature. The term “ inspired idiot,” applied proposition, which is very fully developed, that by Garrick to Goldsmith, is much more appli- the huckstering spirit of political life has per- cable to Rousseau. He was at once more stupid meated every department of life and thought and more inspired. During most of his life, his | in England. Has so clear-cut and forthright nature was a battle-ground for warring guerrilla an essay ever been written upon a subject bands of impulse and passion. When occasion admitting and inviting so much casuistry ? ally these predatory passions were induced, by Naturally, the larger part of the essay deals some surpassing interest or danger, to consent to with theological compromise and religious a temporary armistice and to mass their forces conformity, with substantially the following against a common foe, their possessor loomed conclusion : Only three ways of dealing with suddenly into the prodigious proportions of a the two great problems are “ compatible with Wallenstein at the head of his mercenaries: a strong and well-bottomed character.” “We Victor Hugo's metamorphosis of Jean Valjean may affirm that there is a deity with definable into a saintly old gentleman seems more natural, attributes, and that there is a conscious state and is certainly far less sudden, than is the and continued personality after the dissolution transformation of Rousseau from a stupid, of the body. Or we may deny. Or we may shiftless, sensual tramp, into one of the most assure ourselves that we have no faculties eloquent and persuasive of writers—a “far enabling us on good evidence either to deny or shining teacher of men.” Again, the life of | affirm." Accordingly, Mr. Morley leaves us Rousseau illustrates how much a man of in no doubt as to what we are to think of the genius may be hampered and retarded by lack many who “speak as if they affirmed, and * * of systematic mental training. True, his act as if they denied, and in their hearts they mind emerged from the fog which enveloped cherish a slovenly sort of suspicion that we it during the years of his early manhood; but can neither deny nor affirm.” how late was this emergence, and at what cost Those who doubt that an agnostic can be a of misdirected effort and painful groping ! | man of firm convictions, noble ideals, and gen- Rousseau had, as it turned out, the incommuni- | erous endeavor, will find their account in this 42 [June, THE DIAL book. A nobler defence of intellectual hon- / be any doubt that good will come of it? esty, a clearer exposition of the necessity of | Mr. Morley has, then, no thought of dis- definite convictions upon great questions, a pensing with religion. He seems to be one of more unequivocal condemnation of the palter- | those who have decided that although Christ ing concession by which men feebly try to was he that should come, still we must look reconcile contradictory opinions, it would be dif for another. To give form to our vague ficult to find anywhere. We here re-learn the religious aspirations, he looks for some prophet old lesson that a house divided against itself to come, “the Saint Paul of the humanitarian cannot stand, and that those who attempt to faith of the future," " who shall unite sublime buttress it with props and shores must be depth of feeling and lofty purity of life with buried in its ruins. T'hat the writer is one of strong intellectual grasp and the gift of a those who believe it impossible to put the new noble eloquence.” Are there at present any wine into old bottles, need not make the lesson foretokenings of such a prophet? Have we less impressive to candid men of the strictest not, rather, reason to join with the unhappy creeds. Mr. Morley is far from making any De Musset in the despairing cry, mystery of his own theology, which, in speak “Qui de nous, qui de nous, va devenir un Dieu ?” ing of another matter, he incidentally defines (Which of us, which of us, shall become a God ?) as follows: The abysmal contrast suggested by this ques- “Those who agree with the present writer, for tion between the life of Jesus and the best example, are not sceptics. They positively, abso- lives since, may well give pause to all who lutely, and without reserve, reject as false the whole still “faintly trust the larger hope.” Time system of objective propositions which make up the enough to slip our moorings from Christ when popular belief of the day, in one and all of its theo- logical expressions. They look upon that system that prophet shall appear who can do greater as mischievous in its consequences to society, for works. MELVILLE B. ANDERSON. many reasons,-among others, because it tends to divert and misdirect the most energetic faculties of human nature.” FORTESCUE'S ENGLISH MONARCHY.* This is blowing the trumpet with no uncertain sound, and even Mr. Morley's most zealous In this excellent and complete edition of opponents will probably be thankful to him Fortescue's Monarchia, as it is usually called, for thus unmistakably defining his position. together with the translation of the De Laudi- At a time when the air is so full of mystic bus Legum Anglive recently published by eloquence aiming to reconcile the irreconcil Clarke of Cincinnati, we have an important able and harmonize the inconsistent, it is aid to the study at first-hand of English Con- refreshing to meet a serious thinker with the stitutional History. In this study there is no ability to formulate and the courage to express period more barren at first sight than the fif- his conclusions so clearly, whether we accept teenth century, and perhaps it may be said that or whether we reject. A clear, honest, and there is no period really more important-im- final agreement to disagree is a thousand times portant, that is, not in the development of the better than hypocritical, jealous, or half-hearted constitution, but in the determination of its union. If there be a considerable body of character. It is usually held, as stated by Mr. earnest seekers for truth who have deliberately Plumner in his Introduction (p. 3), that the arrived at the conclusions here expressed by Lancastrian period “supplied the precedents Mr. Morley, it is surely better for all the great on which the constitutional party in the seven- interests involved that they should cease from teenth century based their resistance to that all pretence of assent to the dogmas and co caricature of Tudor despotism which the Stu- öperation in the work of the churches. Let arts attempted to perpetuate.” This is essen- them pursue the constructive work, which they tially the view presented by Bishop Stubbs, deem so important, of building up a religion and held, if we understand him aright, by Prof. of humanity, in organizations of their own Gardiner. But Mr. James Gairdner, who cer- and according to the methods they deem tainly stands second to no man in acquaint- wisest. They may do much valuable work; | ance with the history of the fifteenth century, they will certainly stimulate the really vital takes exception to this view, and appears to churches to renewed activity. Christianity hold that the constitutional resistance of the has an apparently limitless elasticity and seventeenth century found no real support in adaptability; the church has in the past the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries—that it learned the most valuable lessons of its oppo was, in fact, a new constitutional movement, nents; and if its opponents can to-day set the church an example of superior fidelity to con- *THE GOVERNANCE OF ENGLAND: Otherwise called The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy. viction, superior honesty and trenchancy in By Sir John Fortescue, Kt., sometime Chief Justice of the the expression of conviction, better organiza King's Bench. A revised text, edited, with introduction, tion and more effective methods for work, notes and appendices, by Charles Plumner, M.A., Fellow and Chaplain of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Oxford: educational, religious, humanitarian, can there ! At the clarendon Press. 1886.] 43 THE DIAL rather than an appeal to precedent, as it French peasants in chapter iii. (p. 114), is fa- claimed to be. miliar: “Thai drinken water, thai eyten apples, Such a controversy as this is not to be de with brede right browne made of rye : thai termined by constitutional and legal details, eyten no flesshe, but yf it be right seldon a litle so much as by the general tone and spirit of larde bacon), or of the entrales and heydes the age ; and it is certain that the reader of of bestis slayn for the nobles and marchauntes Fortescue carries away with him the impres of the land. Thai weren no wolen, but yf it sion that England was above all others a free be a pouere cote yndir thair vttermest garne- country, and that the commons of England had ment, made of grete caunuas, and callid an integral share in its government. One is a frokke. Thair haus yn beth of lyke caunuas, disappointed at first to find so little that bears and passyn not thair kne, wher fore thai beth directly upon constitutional forms and powers. gartered and ther tbeis bare.” Neither of these works is a systematic treatise A still more interesting chapter is the upon the English Constitution : their impor twelfth. “Here is shewid what harme wolde tance, from this point of view, consists essen come to England yff the commons ther off were tially in the fact that “Fortescue, first of pouere.” The commons of France, he says, medieval writers, brings down political philos “haue no wepen, nor armour, nor good to bie it ophy from the clouds to earth by basing his with all;" while of England “the myght stondith theoretical analysis upon observation of exist most vppon archers, wich be no ryche men.” ing constitutions” (p. 82). But the treatises And further on: “The reaume off Ffraunce are practical rather than theoretical, and the givith neuer ffrely off thair owne good will any information they give upon constitutional subsidie to thair prince, be cause the commons points is mostly incidental. More than half theroff be so pouere as thai meynot give any the present treatise is devoted to an argument thyng off thair owne godis. .. But in favor of endowing the king more richly, oure commons be riche, and therfore thai give and placing his revenue upon a firmer foot to thair kynge, at somme tymes quinsimes and ing; for the danger at this period appeared to dessimes, and ofte tymes other grete subsidies, be in the poverty and weakness of the king | as he hath nede ffor the gode and defence off as compared with the wealth and arrogance of | his reaume.” the nobles. A second point that he urges is This edition is in every way a credit to his- the establishment of a constitutional council, torical scholarship in England. The little which shall help control the nobility. “In treatise of fifty pages is introduced by a very this, and in his proposals for permanently en instructive “constitutional sketch of the Lan- dowing the crown and reducing the power of castrian and Yorkist Period,” and a life of Sir the nobles, he certainly prepares the way, how John Fortescue, with an account of his works. ever unconsciously, for what it is the fashion The notes are full and excellent, occupying 175 to call the New Monarchy” (p. 87) of the Tu pages; an appendix contains some other short dors. extracts from Fortescue's works; and the vol- Our main conclusion, that the government of ume ends with a Glossarial Index and a Gen- England was preëminently a free government, eral Index. W. F. ALLEN. , is testified to first, by the persistency with which he calls it a dominium politicum et re- gale, or constitutional monarchy, as contrasted BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. with the dominium regale, or absolute mon- archy of France and other countries. And in The American publisher of Mr. Andrew Lang's “Books and Bookmen” (George J.Coombes) has pro- the next place, the reforms that he proposes duced, with the help of the Riverside Press, a volume are to be instituted by parliament (pp. 143 of which the execution is as great a delight as the and 154). In the present work he nowhere contents. The typography is unexceptionable, and, defines parliament; but that he considers the with the untrimmed edges, the fac-simile plates, the commons to possess an integral share in legis quaint and appropriate initial letters, head-and tail- lation (contrary to the view advanced by Mr. pieces, Mr. Lang's essays have cause to be proud of Gairdner in the Antiquary), may be fairly the manner of their introduction to the public. There is but one criticism that we could have the inferred from a passage in the De Laudibus heart to make upon its appearance, and that has ref- (chap. xviii.), where he speaks of parliament erence to the size of the printed page. A slightly as a more numerous body than the Roman wider margin, secured by reducing the printed area, Senate, of three hundred. Now the Lords, lay would have accorded better with the exquisite gen- and spiritual, could hardly have reached a hun eral taste of the volume, and the consequent increase dred at this time. of thickness would also have been a gain rather than The most interesting to us, and perhaps the a loss. For its contents, the volume has a collection most important chapters of this work are those of eight brief essays upon subjects of interest to the scholar and the bibliophile, although it need not in which he compares the social condition of be said that Mr. Lang's treatment makes them no the French and English peasantry. The de- | less interesting to the general reader. He speaks of scription of the wretched condition of the l his little volume as “the swan-song of a book-hunt- 44 [June, THE DIAL er," and adds in explanation: “The author does | sex, such gentle sisters as the Goodales, and Nora not book-hunt any more; he leaves the sport to Perry, and Howard Glyndon, and Louise Chandler others, and with catalogues he lights a humble cig Moulton, and Ella Wheeler Wilcox. But the ab- arette." He has desisted from the delightful pursuit sence of these may be due to other causes than their of book-hunting because “the game has grown too intentional exclusion by the editor-as, for instance, scarce; the preserves are for the rich; the cheap the pertinacity of the poets themselves; and a sug- book-stalls hold little but “The Death of Abel' and gestion of this in the preface would have relieved Sermons' by the Rev. Josiah Gowles, or Charles the work of this shadow of indefiniteness. On the XII.' by M. de Voltaire." So resigned has he be whole, however, the collection is probably as good come to the new order of things that he says: “I as anyone would be able to make upon this plan. It can pass the very dirtiest stall and never turn over is a great pleasure to turn these well-printed leaves, a page." Not only has knowledge come, but wisdom and note one's choice of pieces from a favorite author has not lingered, and the author has grown “too so often concurred in by the author himself. A new wise to be lured by cheap Elzevirs, those snares interest attaches to “The Forsaken Merman" when of inexperience.” Then he adds, for the benefit of one finds Matthew Arnold selecting it as his most his sworn enemies, the mythologists of the new representative poem; and similarly to Tennyson's school (a book of Mr. Lang without some reference ballad of “ The Revenge,” and Browning's “Abt to them would be an anomaly): “My books are all Vogler," and Dobson's "Good Night, Babette," and German treatises on mythology, stoutly half bound in Holmes's “Chambered Nautilus," and Lowell's rude leather. From these I learn to know (like Cor “ Commemoration Ode,” and Whittier's “My Play- nelius Agrippa) 'the vanity of science'; in these I mate," and Walt Whitman's “Eidolons," and Sted- study the vagaries of the learned, the follies of the man's “The Discoverer," and Stoddard's Ode on wise." Two “ballades," one of the “Real and Abraham Lincoln. The selection by this poet, it Ideal” and one of the “Unattainable," do respec may be remarked, is a curious one, in view of a tive duty as preface and envoy. They are both recent averment by him that our Civil War pro- songs of the bookman fallen upon evil days. The duced no poetry. To Stoddard the critic this vol- one is a melancholy wail of the book-hunter, in ume opposes the weighty testimony of Stoddard the whose fancy the eternal contrast between the real poet, and of a dozen other of our most distinguished and the ideal takes some such shape as this: American authors, who are here represented, at their “O dreams of the Fates that attend us own wish, by selections of their war poems. With prints in the earliest state, O bargains of books that they send us, MR. R. R. BOWKER has rendered an important Ye come through the Ivory Gate! service to all persons interested in the subject of But the tome of a dubious date, copyright, domestic or foreign, and to the cause of But the quarto that's tattered and torn, And bereft of a title and date, international copyright, by the publication of his Through the portals of horn!" volume on “ Copyright, its Law and its Literature,” The other sings of issued from the office of the “Publishers' Weekly," New York. The eleven short chapters which begin “ The books I cannot hope to buy," the book are designed to present a summary of the and its envoy breathes a prayer which proves this principles and law of copyright, under such titles as bookman, at least, to be in a sinful frame of mind, ** The Nature and Origin of Copyright," "What can be Copyrighted,” “. Copyright in the United States," “ Prince, hear a hopeless Bard's appeal; “Copyright in Other Countries,” etc. These chap- Reverse the rules of Mine and Thine; Make it legitimate to steal ters appeared as editorials in the “Publishers' The Books that never can be mine!” Weekly” last year. Although in small compass, they represent a wide range of authorities and an The essays themselves are the most delightful intimate acquaintance with the subject and its lit- reading, full of curious information and suppressed erature. The author's own opinions are not ob- humor. Mr. Lang's literary faculty is of the hap- truded — although of course he takes positive piest, and he keeps it well employed of late, ground in favor of an international copyright law, and gives an excellent summary of the progress of The volume of “Representative Poems of Living the movement in America, brought down very nearly Poets,” prepared by Miss Jeannette L. Gilder and to date. There is also a digest of the existing copy- published by Cassell & Co., is in its form the most / right laws of the United States and of Great Britain; ambitious miscellaneous collection of poetry that and a Memorial of American Authors for interna- has lately appeared. It is a large octavo of more tional copyright, made interesting and forcible by than 700 pages, printed and bound in a manner | fac-similes of its hundred and fifty signatures. Mr. very creditable to the publishers, as the collection Thorvald Solberg, of the Congressional Library at and arrangement of the material is creditable to the Washington, has added to the work a catalogue of editor. The volume has, of course, enough good books and articles relating to copyright and kindred poetry to make it valuable; and there are, further, subjects. This bibliography is surprisingly full, and certain points of novelty and interest connected with must be invaluable to anyone wishing to study the the idea of (such a book. It is, for example, inter subject. Yet it makes one wonder that a matter so esting to learn that the number of poets in Great much discussed should be so little understood, It Britain and America in 1886, according to the present is to be regretted that the publishers of this impor- census, is eighty. This census, it must be noted, tant work should have felt compelled to use the old omits Martin Tupper and Oscar Wilde—the crabbed plates of such portions of it as appeared in the “Pub- age and youth whom we had supposed still managed lishers' Weekly," which fact we suppose explains to live together in England; and Swinburne and the awkward form of the volume; but this is con- Mary Robinson, whom we decidedly object to giving siderably relieved by good paper and printing, and up as dead; and, of Miss Gilder's own country and a delicate and pleasing binding. 1886.1 45 THE DIAL more firm that the stage is not in its decline, that it is assuming new phases in harmony with our devel- opment, and that it is sustained by dramatists and artists who, in genius, culture, and character, do not suffer in comparison with those of any era since Shakespeare's. ONE of the minor phenomena exhibited in the world of letters at the present time is the unusual interest aroused in the department of English his- tory. Each month witnesses the production of one or more treatises dealing with it in some more or less comprehensive form. They are for the most part compilations from the standard works, epito- mizing and popularizing, for the convenience of students and hurried readers, the matter gathered and sifted by the greater historians. Among recent essays of the kind is Mr. Underwood's “Handbook of English History" (Lee & Shepard). The sub- stance of the work consists of the series of “Lec- tures on English History" delivered by the late M. J. Guest before the classes in the College for Men and Women in London, and afterward enjoying a deserved success when given to the British public. The author was a friend and pupil of Mr. J. R. Green, and acknowledges his indebtedness to that eminent historian for materials and suggestions used in the preparation of his lectures. Still, Mr. Guest is in a large sense an original writer. The plan and style of his work are essentially his own, and testify to his native fitness for the task of a histori- ographer. He had so possessed himself of the knowledge pertaining to his subject that he was able to present it in an individual manner, which is at once fresh, picturesque, and fascinating. His narrative, though condensed, is rich in choice and interesting details culled from the oldest writers and often quoted in their own words. The dry annals which compose so large a part of the usual record of the historian, he has avoided, or so worked over and infused with living force that they seem new and consequently absorbing. The work is com- pressed into less than 600 duodecimo pages, and by the skillful retouches of the editor is adapted to the requirements of the American people. Mr. Underwood has supplied one or two chapters which bring the history down to the current date. It is not for any literary merits that Margaret Sidney's story of “A New Departure for Girls " (Lothrop) obtains notice, but for its practical value, which is really genuine. The writer's object is to point out a way of earning a livelihood by women who have neither intellectual tendencies por elegant accomplishments. This is by the employment of the needle, in the humble work of mending and re- pairing wearing apparel, table linen, carpets, cur- tains, and other articles in household use. The suggestion is a good one; and carried out in a sensi- ble and earnest manner, as it was by the two young and delicately-bred girls in Miss Sidney's story, it might in many cases afford an honorable, adequate, and not uncongenial means of support. To women confronting the problem how to gain a subsistence, the book may be commended. MRS. ABBA GOOLD WOOLson's study of “ George Eliot and Her Heroines ” (Harper) is in a line with the work to which, as a lecturer on history and English literature, the author has specially de- voted herself. The work shows close reading, care- ful reflection, some critical acumen, much womanly feeling, and strong religious prepossessions. The writer is not blinded by enthusiasm, nor afraid to speak her opinions. Indeed, she notes the limita- tions of George Eliot's genius with rather more ex- plicitness than she does her rare excellences or high achievements. Many of her criticisms are rightly taken; others show a certain narrowness and injustice. The second volume of the series of biographies REJECTED AUTHORS AND DEJECTED of “ Actors and Actresses,” edited by Brander READERS. Matthews and Laurence Hutton, and published by A publishing-house, whose business involves the Cassell & Co., is given to “The Kembles and Their return-often at its own expense-of many, many Contemporaries." Mrs. Siddons is the great central rejected MSS., lately received from the owner of figure in this group of fourteen personages; yet one of these a lengthy letter, from which the fol- there are striking and brilliant characters clustering around her. Mrs. Jordan, Mrs. Farren, Miss lowing is an extract: O'Neill, John Philip Kemble, Charles Kemble, “I have never seen a critic, and—dare I confess George Frederic Cooke, Charles Matthews, and it ?-I have no desire to; for I imagine one of those John Liston, were shining lights in the theatrical awful beings to be a biped with a tremendous brain sky which even her splendor could not throw but no heart. Now your critic, I have no doubt, into shadow. The period when the Kembles illu- will inform you correctly as to the grammatical minated the stage was a glorious one. We look construction of my story, its elegance or inelegance back to it regretfully, as though its like would not of diction,-but can he judge rightly whether my be seen again. A Siddons may possibly never be story will touch the great warm heart of the people re-created; but who shall say that Rachel or Ristori or not?” were not her equals, or that a Bernhardt even It happened that the appreciative publisher- would not have repeated her successes had aware that the compensations of his position are not she appeared in the same epoch ? It is hard to solely of a pecuniary nature-read this communica- gage the talent of an artist whose merits must tion to his friend the biped critic; and whether the be estimated merely from hearsay. Our age, too, latter was touched by the mingled innocence and is more critical than that of the Kembles and pathos of the letter, or whether its personal allusion their contemporaries. We have grown fastidious fell upon his somewhat jaded sensibilities like the with the multiplication and refinement of our enter rude tread that may cause even a book-worm to tainments. Like the surfeited epicure, the edge of turn, he departed from a rule that is observed by our appetite is blunted, and we come to an intel critics always and by authors never, and “talked lectual feast with a jaded or captious spirit. Nev back.” This is his rejoinder: ertheless, as we read these sketches of the actors My Dear but Erring Sister:-To your gratulation and actresses of a past century, the conviction grows I at never having seen a critic, let me add the assur- 46 (June, THE DIAL ance that you probably never will see one such as Let me beg of you then, dear sister, as you may you conceive; at least, you will not find him having have occasion to deal with a publisher's critic any relations with the publishing business. No again, to dismiss from your mind the illusions you publisher would have the slightest use for such a have formed concerning that unenviable mortal. functionary. The critic known and desired of pub He is no “ critic” in the sense in which you imagine lishers is most unlike the “awful being” whom -no grammatical martinet or literary tyrant whose you depict. He is no dictatorial prig or literary delight and pursuit it is to rend poor authors' heart- despot-no lord-justice in the court of authors' strings. The "grammatical construction” which claims. He is simply a part of the machinery of a you fancy is his chief concern, is a minor matter publishing business: a "reader," a "taster,” a | with him. He has mended and tinkered and Esmeller, or a “butcher,” as he is variously revamped too many MSS. to be disconcerted by known in his profession. To judge whether a story trifles like ungrammatical construction. It is no is likely to "touch the great warm heart of the part of his duties to criticise MSS. for the benefit of people”-in our more subdued expression, whether authors. He owes his services only to the publisher it will sell”—this is precisely what he is paid for who employs him to assist in determining the vexing doing. His feeling toward you, and toward all question, to print or not to print; and his energies honest literary workers, is one of sympathy and are sufficiently taxed in grappling with the problem respect. He is himself a “literary worker," in a whether still another volume may be foisted upon a very intense meaning of the term. Your struggles book-wearied world. His judgment of a MS. is and disappointments are not unknown to him, He not final; he gives his opinion, and the publisher too has perhaps aspired; he may even have produced decides. It costs money to print books, -as over- his share of cherished MSS., and the grim wolf of sanguine authors sometimes find. The critic, dear “Declined with Thanks” may have grinned at his sister, has no hostility to you or to your MS. There own door. The tender firstlings of his budding may be many things in your story that he likes; and fancy may, like yours, have been nipped by an if he could only persuade himself that, when pub- unkindly frost; and around him may be strewn | lished, people would buy it, it would be a happier other ashes than those of his cigar, Hle performs case with him. With all his sympathy, he is a his duties of reading MSS. (and usually rejecting great respecter of facts; and he knows a few facts them) far more in sorrow than in anger. No eyes possibly unknown to you. He knows, for example, are surer than his to discern the tear-blots on the how small is the percentage of MSS. ever published; written lines; and sighs oftener than curses come and of these few, how small a number reach final from his lips and flutter among the leaves that strew success. You hear great tales of brilliant successes his sacrificial table. As he weariedly lays down the gained by MSS. that have been rejected by some last written page, he thinks sadly, not exultingly, stupid and arrogant “critic”; but you do not know of the result that may follow his verdict. He that for every such case there are scores of rejected thinks of the hopes clustering around the perfumed MSS. published by their fond authors in which the pages and bound up with the delicate pink ribbon. record is disastrously reversed. In one respect, it He thinks of the dreams out of which the work is true, the reader must divest himself of sympathy: has grown; the patient toil with which it has been he must exclude all elements of personal friend- wrought; the joys of the hoped for success; the ship,-otherwise, he would soon outlive his useful- pangs and humiliations of failure;-saddest of all, ness, and find himself like an unfortunate MS., of the many cases where strong necessity has rejected by a bankrupt publisher. driven and compelled the task. While the author In Dr. Holmes's story of “ The Guardian Angel," has one disappointment, the reader has hundreds. if you have been so happy as to read that charming He is forever seeking the jewel which he seldom work, you have doubtless found the original of finds; and when he finds it, instead of giving your critical ogre. The raw-meat-and-vitriol- grudging praise, he is scarcely less delighted than punch subsisting “butcher," seated at his manu- the author. In the cynical or dejected moods that script-laden table in a dingy attic, “tasting” poems sometimes follow the reading of a new poem or a and uttering grunts and snorts of disapproval,—this novel, he fancies the “ tremendous brain" with was perhaps the being whom you had fancied ravag- which you so generously endow him, to be a common ing your precious MS. The picture is a striking one sewer, a sluice-box, through which are poured the -but it is not true. It is no longer a secret that the washings from a hundred muddy springs, which he genial Doctor drew it, not to revenge himself on must sift endlessly in the hope, so seldom realized, unappreciative critics, but with the desperate hope of discovering one golden grain. His labors may of intimidating MS.-producers, in the interest of well make him sadder than Job or 'Omar, but they fellow-sufferers like the present will not make him heartless. His heart, by abundant DEJECTED READER. exercise, has become larger, not smaller, than his -- brain. Instead of lacking sympathy, he must be exceptionally supplied with that fine quality which LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS. “sets to soft music the harmonious sigh" that is The success of Lodge's edition of Hamilton's works so often wafted among the leaves of his MSS. has encouraged its publishers, G. P. Putnam's Sons, Without literary sympathies, he would be incapable to undertake a new and complete edition of the of rendering the service for which he is employed. works of Benjamin Franklin. It will be in ten vol- He is glad to reach the helping hand and speak the umes royal octavo, uniform with the Hamilton, and helping word whenever his conscience and time printed only from type. Hon, John Bigelow is the will permit; although he cannot be father-confessor editor. and patron-saint of all literary aspirants. Neither A RIVERSIDE edition of Longfellow is announced does he read MSS. for recreation: there are yet a by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., to be completed in few printed books that have for him superior eleven volumes, from entirely new plates, with attractions. several steel portraits of the author. This edition 1886.] 47 THE DIAL will have numerous notes, giving interesting literary, historical, biographical and bibliographical information. A large-paper edition, limited to 500 copies, will also be prepared. THE “Riverside Paper Series” of 16mo novels, sold at fifty cents each, will be continued the present season. The thirteen numbers will include Dr. Holmes's “The Guardian Angel,” Aldrich's " Prudence Palfrey," Howells's “A Chance Ac- quaintance,” Mrs. Stowe's “ Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories,” and other old favorites; also four new stories—“Not in the Prospectus," by Parke Dan- forth, " The Cruise of the Alabama," a narrative of the late war, by P. D. Haywood, “Burglars in Paradise," by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, and "The Man Who Was Guilty,” by Flora Haines Longhead. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S Sons have issued the first volume of a mechanically superb “Cyclopedia of Painters and Painting," to be completed in four volumes, quarto. The work has required years in its preparation, and founds its claim to superiority upon the comprehensiveness of its information, the authority of its biographical and descriptive articles, its convenience of arrangement, and its exhaustive bibliography of the various subjects treated. Its illustrations include outlines of the important pic- tures of the older masters, portraits, and fac-similes. The edition is limited to 500 copies. LEOPOLD VON RANKE, the distinguished German historian, died in Berlin May 23, in the ninety-first year of his age. Dr. von Ranke was born in 1795, and lately completed his sixtieth year as Professor in the University of Berlin. The work which first gave him European reputation was “The Popes of Rome,” a continuation of his “Princes and Peoples of Southern Europe." Among his more recent pub- lications were "A History of Wallenstein,” “The German Powers and the League of Princes," "A History of England, Principally in the Seventeenth Century," and biographies of Frederick the Great and Frederick Wilhelm. Late in life he projected, as his masterpiece, a history of the world entitled " Weltgeschicte," and lived to complete six of the nine volumes which it was to comprise. It is generally known that the Century Co. of New York has for several years been engaged in preparing a dictionary of the English language, of which Professor William D. Whitney, of Yale Col- lege, is editor-in-chief,—the purpose being to make a more comprehensive work than has yet appeared in popular form: to include, in addition to a very full collection of individual words in all depart- ments of the language, all technical phrases, not self-explaining, in law, the mechanical arts, the sciences, etc. Special features of the new work, which will be called “The Century Dictionary," are: a very complete system of cross-references, embodying in itself a dictionary of synonyms; unusually full definitions of the uses and meanings of words, with a large collection of new words; copious illustrated quotations from standard Eng- lish and American authors; finely executed cuts, which will number 5,000; and careful typography, the printing being already contracted with De Vinne. Some thirty specialists have been employed upon the work, with fifty assistants It is estimated that upwards of a quarter of a million of dollars will be spent upon the Century Dictionary before it is ready for publication, TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. JUNE, 1886. Africa, Southern, Native Worship in. Andover. American Diplomacy. Wm. Henry Smith. Dial. Animals, Teaching of. M. J. Delboeuf. Popular Science, Antietam, Scenes at. C.C. Coffin. Century. Balzac, Honoré de G. F. Parsons. Allantic. Birds' Eggs. John Burronghs. Century. Botanists and Botanic Gardens of Harvard. Century. Boycott, Evolution of the W.A. Haminond. Forum. Boycotting. Century. Canada. Dr. Bender. Mag. Am. History. Charleston. Defence of. G. T. Beauregard. No. American. Clocks. Primitive. F. G. Mather. Popular Science. Colleges, Government of by Alumni. . Andover. College Studies, Group System of. Andover. Confederate Retreat from Richmond. Mag. Am. Historu. Counting Unconsciously. W. Preyer. Popular Science. Country Dwellingy in America. Mrs. Van Rensselaer. Cent. Cumberland Gap. J. L. Allen. Harper's. Domestic Service. A. B. McMahan. Forum. Education, Harvard's “New." Andover. Economics of Distribution, The. Albert Shaw. Dial. Education, Individuality in. Andover. Eels and Their Young. Popular Science. Engelman, George. Popular Science. Evolution and Theology. W. D. Le Sueur. Pop. Science. Evolution, Organic. Herbert Spencer. Popular science. Erikson, Lief. H. Van Brunt. Atlantic. Faith-Healing. J. M. Buckley. Century. Fishes, Fresh Water, of Europe. D. S. Jordan. Drial. Fireplaces, Domestic. T. P. Teale. Popular Science. Fortescue's English Monarchy. W.F. Allen. Dial. Franklin. Unpublished Letters of. John Bigelow. Centuru. Gladstone. Adam Badeau. North American. Government, Self. George Bancroft. Mag. Am. History. Harper's Ferry and Antietam. J. G. Walker. Century. History, Reconstruction of. Dr. Ellis. Mag. Am. History. India, Missions in. Andover. Jackson, Stonewall, in Maryland. H. K. Douglas. Century. James, Crawford, and Howells. Atlantic. Keeley Motor, The Park Benjamin Forum. Labor Crisis. The. Clewe, Hatch, and Elkins. No. American. Labor Disputes, Arbitration in. T. M. Cooley. Forum. Madness. Millennium of. F. L. Oswald Popular Science. Maryland, Invasion of James Longstreet. Century. Mexico, Economic Study of. D. A. Wells. Popular science. Morley, John. Melville B. Anderson, Dial. Mosby, the last of the Confederates. Mag. Am. History. Navy, the U.S. Edward Simpson, Harper's. Ocean Travel, Speed in. R. H. Thurston Forum. Old English Literature, Study of. J. J. Halsey. Dial. Philanthropy, Mischievous. Simon Newcomb, Forum. Poisons in Spoiling Food. Julins Stinde. Pop. Science. Pope Alexander VI.'s Death. T. F. Crane. Harper's. Port Republic and Lewiston, Battles of. Mag. Am. History. President and Senate. D. B. Eaton. North American. Psychical Wave, The, E. S. Phelps. Forum. Rafinesque, Constantine S. D. S. Jordan. Popular Science. San Antonio, Mag. Am. History. Scratching in the Animal Kingdom. S.Lockwood. Pop.Sci. Seventeen.Hundred-and-Eighty-Six. Allantic. Socialism in America. R. T. Ely. North American. "Spoils System,” A Plea for the. G.W. Green. Lippincott's. Stanton, Edwin M. Don Piatt. North American. Sugar. R. R. Bowker. Harper's. Sunday Journalism. J. H. Ward. Forum. Thames, Literary Ramble Along the. Austin Dobson. Cent. « Trent Affair," The C. K. Tuckerman. Mag. Am. History. United States, History of the People of. Andover. Virgin