ian Convention of 1778. Magazine American History.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[The following List includes all New Books, American and For.
cign, received during the month of May by MESSRS.
A. C. MCCLURG & Co. (successors to Jansen, McClurg &
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BIOGRAPHY-HISTORY.
Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, Second edition,
revised and corrected. 2 vols., 8vo. Portrait. D. Apple.
ton & Co. $5.00.
Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United
States. From the days of David Garrick to the pres-
ent time. Edited by B. Matthews and L. Hutton.
Vol. II. The Kembles and their contemporaries.
12mo, pp. 329. Cassell & Co. $1.50.
The Life and Works of Robert Schumann. From the
German of A. Reissmann. 12mo, pp. 271. Bohn's L.
brary, London, Net, $1.00.
A History of the United States. In Chronological Or.
der. From 1492 to 1885. By E. E. Childs. 12mo, pp.
251. Baker & Taylor. $1.00.


48
[June,
THE DIAL
A Handbook of English History. Based on the Lec:
tures of the late M.J. Guest, and brought down to the
year 1880, with a supplementary chapter upon English
Literature of the Nineteenth century. By F. H. Un.
derwood, A.M. 12mo, pp. 614. Lee & Shepard, $1.50.
The Same. Popular edition, plain binding, and printed
on thinner paper. 50 cents.
The Last Days of the Consulate. From the French of
M. Fauriel. Edited, with an Introduction, by M. L.
Lalanne. 12mo, pp. 328. Gilt top. A. C. Armstrong &
Son. $1.50.
Papers of the American Historical Association.
Vol. I., No. 6. Report of the Proceedings, Second An.
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Paper. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Net, 50 cents.
Daisies of Verse. By Mrs. S. L. Oberholtzer, 16mo, pp.
152. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
Songs and Ballads of the Southern People. 1861-1865.
Collected and edited by F. Moore, 16mo, pp. 324. D.
Appleton & Co. $1.00.
A General History of Music. From the Infancy of
the Greek Drama to the present period. By W
Rockstro. 8vo, pp. 535. Lundon. $6.00.
LITERATURE-EDUCATIONAL.
Copyright. Its Law and its Literature. Being a sum.
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especial reference to books. By R. R. Bowker. With a
bibliography of literary property by T. Solberg. 4to.
Half calf. The Publishers' Weekly. Net, $3.00.
The Liberal Movement in English Literature. By W.
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Hold Up Your Heads, Girls! Helps for Girls in School
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throp & Co. $1.00.
Guy Mannering. By Walter Scott. Edited, with notes
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The Elements of Chemical Arithmetic. With a short
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1886.]
49
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o pe Smauit. Cont


50
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[June,
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1886.]
51
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1. Ask Your Bookseller for Mark Twain's Scrap Book, and
Take No Other.
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THE DIAL
[June, 1886.
D. APPLETON & CO. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s
HAVE JUST PUBLISHED:
NEW BOOKS.
I. .
Earthquakes and Other Earth Move The Wind of Destiny.
ments.
A Novel. By ARTHUR SHERBURNE HARDY, author
of “But Yet a Woman." 1 vol. 16mo, $1.25.
By JOHN MILNE, Professor in the Imperial This is at once a fascinating novel, and a picture of hu.
College of Engineering, Tokio, Japan. In man experience and the mystery of human influence.
The scenes are partly in Europe, partly in America. The
ternational Scientific Series. With 38 Ilus same pare, bracing air breathes through this novel which
was so noticeable and welcome in “But Yet a Woman,"
trations. 12mo, cloth. Price, $1.75.
while the style is even more admirable, and the story
An attempt is made in this volume to give a stronger and more masterly.
systematic account of various Earth Movements.
Old Salem.
These comprise Earthquakes, or the sudden violent
movements of the ground; Earth Tremors, or minute
By ELEANOR PUTNAM. 1 vol. 16mo, $1.00.
This little book contains three articles which have ar
movements which escape our attention by the small-
peared in the Atlantic Monthly,--Old Salem Shops, A
ness of their amplitude; Earth Pulsations, or move Salem Dame-School, and Salem Cupboards; in addition,
ments which are overlooked on account of the length
Two Salem Institutions, and My Cousin the Captain; and
an Introduction by Mr. ARLO BATES, The essays are
of their period; and Earth Oscillations, or move written from a familiar knowledge of what is unique and
ments of long period and large amplitude.
curiously engaging in Salem usages and traditions, and
in a singularly charming style.
II.
The Transfiguration of Christ.
Sbaftesbury (The First Earl).
By F. W. GUNSALLUS. 1 vol. 16mo, $1.25.
This is a fresh and engaging book on a theme which
By H. D. TRAILL. VOL. III. of English WOR appeals strongly to the religious imagination of man.
kind. It is original, scholarly, and reverent, and cannot
THIES, edited by Andrew Lang 12mo,
fail to interest those whom its subject attracts.
cloth. Price, 75 cents.
Previous volumes in the series :
In Primrose Time.
A new Irish Garland. By SARAH M. B. PIATT, author
CHARLES DARWIN. By GRANT ALLEN.
of "A Voyage to the Fortunate Isles,” etc. 12mo,
MARLBOROUGI. By GEORGE SAINTSBURY. gilt top, $1.00.
Mrs. Piatt's unquestionable genius is strongly stimu-
“ English Worthies" is a new series of small
lated by Irish scenes, associations, and traditions. This
volumes, consisting of short lives of Englishmen of
volume contains poems on "An Irish Fairy Story," "An
Emigrant Singing froin a Ship," "Bird's Nesting in Ire.
influence and distinction, past and present, military,
land," "The Legend of Monkstowe," "The Ivy of Ire.
naval, literary, scientific, legal, ecclesiastical, social, land," and others, marked by the originality, vigor, and
lyrical felicity which have made Mrs. Piail's previous
etc. Each biography will be intrusted to a writer
voluines so welcome to lovers of true poetry.
specially acquainted with the historical period in
which his hero lived, and in special sympathy, as it
BURGLARS IN PARADISE. By ELIZABETH STUART
were, with his subject.
PHELPS, author of " The Gates Ajar," "An Old Maid's
Paradise," etc.
111.
A PERFECT ADONIS. By MIRIAM COLES HARRIS, author
of “ Rutledge."
The Secret of Her Life.
STORIES AND ROMANCES. By HORACE E. SCUDDER.
These are the initial volumes of the
A NOVEL. By EDWARD JENKINS, author of
“Ginx's Baby,” etc. 12mo, paper cover,
Riverside Paper Series for 1886,
Price, 25 cents.
Which will consist of thirteen numbers, to be issued one
each Saturday, comprising several novels of great excel.
IV.
lence and fame, and others never before printed or issued
in book form. The remaining numbers are as follows:-
A Manual of Mechanics.
THE MAN WHO WAS GUILTY. By FLORA HAINES
LOUGHEAD.
AN ELEMENTARY TEXT-Book, DESIGNED FOR A SUMMER IN LESLIE GOLDTHWAITE'S LIFE. By Mrs.
A. D. T. WHITNEY.
STUDENTS OF APPLIED MECHANICS. By T.
THE GUARDIAN ANGEL. By OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES.
M. GOODEVE, M.A. 16mo, cloth. Price, $1.
THE CRUISE OF THE ALABAMA. By P. D. HAYWOOD.
v.
PRUDENCE PALFREY. By THOMAS BAILEY ALDRICH.
PILOT FORTUNE. By MARION C. L. REEVES and EMILY
Modern Fishers of Men.
READ.
NOT IN THE PROSPECTUS. By PARKE DANFORTH.
A TALE OF THE VARIOUS SEXES, SECTS, ANT) CHOY SUSAN AND OTHER STORIES. By WILLIAM
HENRY BISHOP.
SETS OF CHARTVILLE CHURCH AND COM-
SAN LAWSON'S FIRESIDE STORIES. By HARRIET
MUNITY. By GEORGE L. RAYMOND. A new BEECHER STOWE.
edition. 12mo, paper cover. Price, 25 cents.
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THE DIAL
minn
Call.as
J Monthly Journal of Current Literature.
PUBLISHED BY
A. C. MCCLURG & CO.
• CHICAGO, JULY, 1886.
(VOL. VII., No. 75.)
TERMS-$1.50 PER YEAR.
SIXTH EDITION.
TRIUMPHANT DEMOCRACY;
Or, Fifty Years' March of the Republic.
By Andrew CARNEGIE. I vol. 8vo, $2.00.
TOLEDO
BLADE.
OHIO STATE
JOURNAL.
PHILADELPHIA
BULLETIN.
The influence of every page is to in
cline the American reader to regard
with reverence and affection the no.
ble sacrifices made by our forefathers
in the establishment of civil and re.
ligious liberty.
While the book is a fund of knowl.
edge, free from the staleness of statis.
tics, it also contains the views of a
great observer expressed in the most
pleasing manner.
The English critics cannot contro.
vert it, for it is wholly founded on
fact. The enthusiasm of the writer
will seize every impartial reader.
Few books which have purported to
describe our Republic have approached
it in interest. It is an encyclopædia
of American life, yet has not a prosy
page.
His scathing comments on royalty
and its surroundings, as contrasted
with republican simplicity, will be
read with interest in both countries.
BROOKLYN
TIMES.
“A book for the patriotic American...... Sure to
attract attention, and will make a deep impression on the
mind of whoever reads it carefully and thoughtfully. We
hope it may be read abroad, and we hope it may be read
at home."--The Oritic.
“In many respects Triumphant Democracy'is a book
as yet unsurpassed; the theory and philosophy are admir.
able, and cannot fail to prove a vital and valuable sugges.
tion and delight to every American reader."- Boston Globe.
"This intelligent writer, whose volumes of travels have
delighted thousands of readers, in the present book takes
up a different theme; but, while his astonishing statistics
necessarily include some figures, his story is nevertheless
told in a way to interest every reader."--Hartford Times.
* We have seen no work in which the material progress
and the development and the boundless variety of
resources of the United States are displayed more com-
pletely; none in which the comparison with other
countries is drawn more effectively, and none in which a
more brilliant use is made of ngures.'--Pulsuurgn Post.
"There are books which are properly called epoch.mak-
ing books, because they are a hinge upon which much
thinking turns. Mr. Andrew Carnegie's Triumphant
Democracy'is one of this sort. ..Its influence will
be felt for a long time to come. If every young man in
America would read it carefully, the country would be
bettered."-American Hebrew, New York
“It is a question whether a more peculiar and at the
same time a more intensely interesting book than this
from Mr. Carnegie has been written, certainly not in the
literature appertaining to the rise and progress of the
United States. Let one open the book with the resolution
to read but an opening chapter, and we feel convinced
that only sleep or exhaustion will suggest to him to lay
down the volume.... All through the volume the
American will find something for the glorification of his
country; he will at times himself be dazzled by facts
hitherto unknown to him; and as he lays down the book
he will forget that he has read over five hundred pages,
and wish that the feast of which he has just partaken
was about to begin. The book seems like a wonderful
pyrotechnic display that bewilders the looker-on with its
thousands of different lights and exploding bombo; yet
not a light, but it is clear and golden; not a bombexplodes,
but it has the sound of genuine and well-made powder.
As a compressed encyclopædia of great and important
facts in American progress and development, Mr. Carne.
gie's work is invaluable, not alone to the capitalist finan.
cially interested in the industries of the country, but to
the intelligent laborer as well."— Brooklyn Magazine.
CHICAGO
JOURNAL.
N. Y. COMMER-
CIAL ADVER.
TISER.
One protracted blast of eulogy of the
United States.
CHICAGO DIAL.
BOSTON
BEACON.
Makes a showing of which any Amer-
ican inay justly be proud.... It
should especially be read by those
who are accustomed to fix their eyes
upon the defects of American institu.
tions and manners, while ignorantly
extolling the supposed superiority of
something across the sea.
A copy of Triumphant Democracy
should be placed in every school
library in the United States.
We hope it may be read abroad, and
we hope it may be read at home.
Very interesting and instructive,
and very flattering to our vanity.
Mr. Carnegie takes the dry summa.
ries of the census, and with a few strik.
ing illustrations turns them into won.
der tales.
CRITIO.
BOSTON
GAZETTE.
N. Y. TRIBUNE.
BY THE SAME AUTHOR:
AN AMERICAN FOUR-IN-HAND IN BRITAIN.
One volume, 8vo, $2.00. Popular Edition, paper, 25 cents.
ROUND THE WORLD. One volume, 8vo, $2.00.
*** For sale by all booksellers, or sent, post-paid, on receipt of price by
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743-745 Broadway, New York.


54
[July,
THE DIAL
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of contemporary American writers of light fiction."
-- Bulletin, Philadelphia.
III.
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1886.]
THE DIAL
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MARION'S FAITH.
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etc. 12mo. Extra Cloth. $1.25.
“Captain King has caught the true spirit of the American novel, for he has endowed his work fully
and freely with the dash, vigor, breeziness, bravery, tenderness, and truth which are recognized through-
out the world as our national characteristics. Moreover, he is letting in a flood of light upon the hidden
details of army life in our frontier garrisons and amid the hills of the Indian country. He is giving the
public a bit of insight into the career of a United States soldier, and abundantly demonstrating that the
Custers and Mileses and Crooks of to-day are not mere hired men, but soldiers as patriotic, unselfish, and
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VIOLETTA.
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"1"Violetta,' as adapted by Mrs. Wister, is a clever novel. The characters are clear-cut, natural and
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of manipulation so rare as to be very agreeable. Mrs. Wister has so skilfully adapted the story that it
could not read more smoothly if it had been written in English.”—New York Tribune.
A FALLEN IDOL.
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56
THE DIAL
[July, 1886.
D. APPLETON & CO.
The Diary and Letters of Thomas
Hutchinson, Esq.
Won by Waiting
_ - - - ---- - - =
-
The Wind of Destiny.
By ARTHUR SHERBURNE HARDY, author of “But
HAVE JUST PUBLISHED:
Yet a Woman." Sixth Thousand. 16mo, $1.25.
most of the qualities which made the success of
1.
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With an account of his government of the Colony dur.
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life in the South. "The Rear-Guard of the Revolution," from the
Compiled from original documents. Edited by bis
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grandson, PETER ORLANDO HUTCHINSON, Vol. II. con-
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cluding the work. With portraits of Gov. Hutchinson,
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Boston IUustrated.-New Edition.
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By ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS, author of "The
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Gates Ajar," etc.
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III.
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A History of Education.
charmingly written, and is wholly interesting and at.
tractive reading."-Boston Gazette.
By Professor F. V. N. PAINTER, of Roanoke College,
Virginia. The International Education Series. Ed.
ited by W. T. HARRIS, LL.D. 12mo, cloth.
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Price, $1.50.
piates his offence by imprisonment, but then finds that
the avenues to a respectable life do not readily open to
The publishers have arranged for the publication of a series of
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the way of introductions, analysis, and commentary, as well as
This is no romance, but the authentic story of the
some of the works entire.
famous vessel which at one time played so important a
part in the war for the Union; of its officers and crew;
IV.
of its movements, and the short and sharp contest off
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A NEW AND CHEAPER EDITION.
a chart of the conflict, and a picture of the Alabama, add
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[This is not a reprint of a brief article written by Mr. Haywood A Conventional Bohemian.
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-------
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receipt of price by the publishers,
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THE DIAL
- ------- ---- - - ----- - ----- -- -------- = = = ==
VOL. VII. JULY, 1886. No. 75. even if he were the dullest of writers, it would
be worth a great deal to see the war as it
looked from the door of his tent and be made
CONTENTS.
familiar with the working of the master mind
that carried it through. But here we are
GRANT'S MEMOIRS. Rossiter Johnson . . . . . - 57
doubly fortunate; for the General proves to be
THE PAGAN CHRIST. Paul Shorey ....59 an exceedingly entertaining and often pictur-
esque writer, while the grand simplicity of his
THE RUSSIAN STORM.CLOUD. Sara A. Hubbard . 61
character and frankness of his utterances give
A LANDMARK IN GEOLOGIC SCIENCE. Alexander
unusual value to all that he says as historical
testimony.
Winchell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
His picture of his boyhood home on the
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . . ... 65 bank of the Ohio, a few miles above Cincin-
nati, is thoroughly American, and of itself
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . 70
would make as charming a story as one often
Collins's Life of Bolingbroke, and Voltaire in Eng. meets in the best of our juvenile magazines.
land.–Traill's Life of Shaftesbury.- Perry's His. Solomon could there have had his wish, for it
tory of the Reformation in England.–Radestock's was the home of neither poverty nor riches.
Habit and its Importance in Education.-Brown's Grant the boy knew nothing of the difficulties
The Philosophy of Expression.-Eleanor Putnam's that beset the early life of Lincoln and Gar-
Old Salem.-McCulloch's Hymns of Faith and field, though Grant the man had his share of
Hope. --Adams's Through the Year with the
troubles and discouragements perhaps greater
Poets.-Pearson's Flights Inside and Outside
than theirs.
Paradise, by a Penitent Peri.-Miss Sheldon's
It seems a singular thing to find that a man
Teacher's Manual of General History.-Win.
who was educated at a military academy and
became the greatest general of his age, who
gate's Through the Yellowstone Park on Horse.
back.-Wbiting's The Saunterer.
commanded hundreds of thousands of soldiers,
captured three armies, and brought a gigantic
TOPICS IN JULY PERIODICALS . ....... 72 war to a successful close, had a thorough dis-
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 73
taste for military life, looked unflinchingly at
causes and purposes, and did not hesitate to
declare unholy the first war (that with Mexico)
GRANT'S MEMOIRS. *
in which he was engaged. Perhaps he was all
the greater general because he could do this; for
When Socrates asked his pupils which they in planning and executing his campaigns he
would rather be, the victor in the public games | seems to have taken into consideration every
or the herald that announces his name and element that could have the least influence
achievement, it did not occur to any of them | upon his success—not merely the relative num-
to answer “both.” But if Cadet Grant had
bers of men and guns and the topography
been one of those pupils, he might not only of the field, but the abilities and peculiarities
have answered thus but have had his wish. of his subordinates, the circumstances of his
As the American people were fortunate in the men, the personal character of the opposing
possession of Grant, fortunate in his strong general and his forces, the political influences
constitution and continued health, and fortu-
in the background on either side, and even the
nate in his preservation from the casualties of traditions and habits of thought that had
the battle-field, so also they were fortunate in grown up in the several armies. He was the
his great pecuniary misfortune; for without it | first to discover that the Southern soldier always
we should never have had his personal me did his best in the early onset, and lacked the
moirs. Other writers have given us more crit staying qualities of his Northern foe. It was
ical and exhaustive studies of the campaigns this that caused him to say, when assuming
than could be presented in these two volumes; command in Virginia, that it seemed to him
still others have expounded something of the the army of the Potomac had never fought
philosophy of the causes, and others yet to its battles through ; it was for this that he
come must write the long results of the mighty set himself, first of all, the task of teaching
struggle. But General Grant was preëminently them “not to be afraid of Lee,” for, says he,
the military hero of the great war, unap “I had known him personally, and knew that
proached by any other save Sherman; and he was mortal;” it was this that gave him
* PERSONAL MEMOIRS OF U. S. GRANT. In two vol.
such complete victory at Donelson, at Vicks-
umes, New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.
burg, and at Appomattox.


58
[July,
THE DIAL
.
-- - -
Grant courageously and plainly tells the opinion of some that were not in the service
truth as he saw it, concerning many disputed at all, as when he says: “The history of the
and unexplained points in the military history, defeated rebel will be honorable hereafter,
and does not hesitate to express his opinion of | compared with that of the Northern man who
the character and abilities of numerous generals, aided him by conspiring against his govern-
speaking always from personal observation. It ment while protected by it;" and on pages
is noticeable, in contrast with some actors in 143-145 of the second volume, where he gives
the war who have contributed to its history, two or three anecdotes of his experience in
that he never indulges in mediæval epithets, camp with “a Mr. Swinton, a literary gentle-
never calls anybody “knightly,”-indeed, he man,” which suggest an explanation of the
appears to be unaware that the language fur heretofore mysterious fact, noted by most
nishes any such clap-trap. He looks at a gen readers, that Swinton's “Campaigns of the
eral with this sole question in his mind: Has Army of the Potomac," while in other respects
that man performed his duty with fidelity, skill, one of the ablest books that treat of that army,
and courage ? He looks upon a battle-field, not is grossly unjust to the commander under
as a place for boasting how many of his ene whom it made its final and most successful
mies he sent to the grave, but solely with refer | campaign.
ence to the question whether results were there It could not be expected that General Grant's
achieved which brought nearer the day of Memoirs, written during the last months of his
peace. He appreciates a victory without exult-| life, with the discouragements of sickness and
ation, acknowledges a defeat or an error with financial disaster, by a man not accustomed to
frankness and humility, and in either case historical composition, would be free from
regrets the loss of life, whether of friend or fault; but the blemishes are singularly few.
foe. In all this, it seems to me, he fulfils the One that is perhaps worth noticing is his use
highest ideal of a citizen-soldier. He never of the expression, “the war between the
forgets the part of courtesy to his conquered States.” There never was any such war. The
opponents. When he received the surrenders great struggle of 1861-'5 was no more a war
of Pemberton and of Lee, he would not permit between the States than it was a war between
his army to cheer or fire a salute over the the counties or the towns. Geographically, it
downfall of their misguided countrymen. He was a war between the sections; officially, it
is especially careful to use mild and measured was a war between the United States Govern-
language in criticising the Confederate leaders, ment and an insurrectionary portion of the
and yet he knows how to make a simple inhabitants. No State on either side fought
statement of fact give powerful testimony, as a State, or had the slightest control of its
without the slightest addition of rhetoric soldiers after they were in the field. Indeed,
or comment. One of the best instances of the recognition of State rights in the Confed-
this is on pages 273–276 of the second vol eracy was even less than in the Union; by the
ume, where the brief correspondence seems to sweeping conscription laws and other acts of
show that General Lee either valued punctilio the Davis Government they were almost com-
above all else, or had deliberately determined pletely blotted out. The expression “the war
that no relief should be extended to the between the States” was cunningly invented
wounded men that lay between the lines at by Alexander H. Stephens, to mislead the
Cold Harbor, wishing them all to die (as all reader of history as to the true nature of the
did die, save two) because the National army conflict. But General Grant may be par-
was much more largely represented among doned for repeating it, after a professional
them than the rebel. If this correspondence historian like McMaster has fallen into the
has been published before, it has escaped my same trap.
reading ; if it has not been explained, it be These volumes—with their condensed ac-
hooves the admirers of the Confederate chief count of the great campaigns, their clear and
tain to make all haste with their explana honest explanations of many things heretofore
tions.
misrepresented or hard to understand, their
As General Grant was notable during the estimates of contemporaries, and above all
war for the almost unerring judgment with their unconscious but graphic portraiture of
which he chose his subordinates, so in his me the author's own character,-are a priceless
moirs he is correspondingly notable for his | legacy to the American people. They let us
care to give every one of them whatever credit see what manner of man it was that could
may be his due,-not only those who endured undertake the seemingly impossible without a
the battle, but those who “tarried with the thought of failure, could endure disaster with-
stuff,” as David expresses it. He shows a out profanity, could win victories without
strong affection for Lincoln, a just apprecia exultation, and could bestow praise and promo-
tion of the enigmatical Stanton, and something tion wherever they seemed to be deserved,
very like contempt for the scholarly marplot with scarcely a thought of himself.
Halleck. He occasionally, too, gives us his |
ROSSITER JOHNSON.


1886.]
59
THE DIAL
THE PAGAN CHRIST.*
precision of the equinoxes” is so felicitous
A work designed to prove that the miracles
that we are unwilling to undertake the invid-
of Apollonius of Tyana are as well attested as
ious task of determining its author. The
those of Christ, and that the ethical teach-
remarkable statement (p. 167) that Pluto was
ings of the pagan sage are as high and true as
king of the dead and “resided at Cadiz,” may
those of Christianity, would seem to belong
contain a humorous allusion to the naughty
rather to the age of Bayle or Voltaire than to
girls of whom Byron speaks; but the obvious
that of Renan and Matthew Arnold. What,
rhyme suggests an easy emendation.
according to no very noble conception of
In other instances, we must go back of the
either religion or science, it is the fashion to
compositor to Mr. Tredwell's note-book. Thus.
call the conflict between religion and science,
we shall be enabled to explain “the satires of
was once waged by ponderous tomes devoted
Decimus (J. J. Gifford),” where the initials of
to the “unveiling” of the Platonism of the
the poet have evidently been transferred to
Christian fathers, or to elaborate vindication
his translator. Some such confusion underlies
of the Emperor Julian. But now the issues
the burst of rhetoric (p. 170) about “the im-
of the contest and the methods of the com-
mortal folly of Sardanapalus, who is said to
batants have changed, and “the date is out
have cast himself into the crater of Ætna," and
of such prolixity." Possibly it is an apologetic
the hardly less highly wrought passage (p. 157)
sense of this that leads Mr. Tredwell to declare
in which the “rhetorical diatribes of the elder
that the original occasion of his book (the
Seneca” are designated as “manifestoes of
stoic invectives in the Flavian era” and com-
challenge of a Brooklyn clergyman) was soon
forgotten, and that the reward of his labor
pared with the letters of Junius. The enumera-
“is to be found in the substratum of historic
tion of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, among the
and literary wealth which has been unearthed
great stoics, is, we fear, intentional, the result
by the necessary subsoil process of the work.”
of a classification of all mankind as either per-
His real object, he gives us to understand, is to
verse Christians or virtuous stoics. The his-
present what he calls “a panorama of the geo-
torian Polybius, as founder of the “Dogmatici,”
graphic and historic events of that portion of
“Quintilian's history of ancient literature,”
the Roman Empire lying around and adjacent
and Silius Italicus's history of the second Punic
to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea."
war, can readily be accounted for. But there
By the “panorama of geographic events”
remain darker problems which no ingenuity
we presume Mr. Tredwell means the map of
of type-setter or confusion in note-book can
the Roman Empire that fronts his title-page.
illumine for us. Of these is the note on page
As for the historic and literary wealth, the
168: “Homer speaking of Calypso, a daugh-
necessary subsoil or rather surface process of
ter of Atlas, one of the Titans, who were
a reviewer's hasty reading has enabled us to
great navigators and knew all the sound-
discover a few nuggets which we are moved to
ings of the deep, says: They had also long
exhibit before saying a few words about the
pillars or obelisks, which referred to the sea,
main subject of the book. For some of these
and upon which was delineated the whole sys-
tem of both heaven and earth (amphis), all
marvels, the ingenious compositor is probably
responsible. To him, it may charitably be sup-
around, both in front of the obelisk and on
posed, we owe the “archæological legacies
the other sides.” We presume Mr. Tredwell
had in mind the lines of the Odyssey thus
(p. 31) of the temple of Niki Apteros," and the
“Porta Caperia." To him we may attribute
translated by Bryant:
the “Bibliotheca Græca of Fabricus," the
“ The daughter of wise Atlas, him who knows
identification of Lusitania with Boetica, and
Upright the lofty columns which divide [lit., hold apart]
“ Mommson's History of Greece.” He it is The earth from heaven.”
that has enriched the catalogue of Greek But even allowing for the translation of
authors with the names of Hesijch and Totian, amphis by all around" instead of “apart,"
credited Aristophanes with a new comedy, the we are utterly at a loss to conjecture the in-
Phitus, and Plato with a hitherto unknown tellectual process by which this astonishing
dialogue, the Trinous, and he it is that makes note was concocted. It must remain a mys-
the schools of Athens resound with the names tery, like the Latin verses on page 52, and the
of Hermodus and Aristogeiton. With regard Greek oracle to Hannibal (p. 204), which as the
to “ Jupiter Olympus” (p. 117), “ Lucian's | compositor has left it reminds us of nothing in
Pharsalia” (p. 39), “Apollonius Sidonius” | heaven or earth, unless it be the Greek cita-
(p. 41), and * Apollonius Rhodes” (195), we tions in the “North American Review” and in
are in doubt. The assertion (p. 202) that the the American reprints of English monthlies.
“Egyptians were acquainted . . . with the But the reader is doubtless weary of these
details, and after pointing out these curiosities
*A SKETCH OF THE LIFE OF APOLLONIUS OF TYANA.
of Mr. Tredwell's erudition, it is only fair to
Or, the First Ten Decades of Our Era. By Daniel M.
say that his book, in spite of its total lack of
The ocean to its utmost depths, and holds
Tredwell. New York: Frederic Tredwell,


60
[July,
THE DIAL
criticism and accuracy, presents a tolerably Godhead, from the ineffable and unknowable
readable account of the half-fabulous tradition One of the Neo-platonists down to the ser-
concerning one of the most interesting of the pent divinity of Alexander of Abonoteichos;
many strange figures of the early empire. The and every type of teacher and guide, from the
life of Apollonius of Tyana was nearly coinci stern self-controlled wise man of the Stoics,
dent with the first century of our era. An the ascetic cynic, the visionary Platonist, to
Asiatic Greek, as were Lucian, Dion Chrysos the Jew who interpreted dreams beyond the
tomos, and Maximus of Tyre, he united in Tiber, the mystic priest of Isis, or the ape of
himself many features of the travelling rhe | Indian ascetics who mounted the funeral pyre
toricians, sophists, sages, and thaumaturgists, alive at Olympia. Among these figures, that of
who were the littérateurs, popular preachers, Apollonius, as it has been handed down to us,
barefoot friars and spiritualistic “mediums" is not the least noble. Our knowledge of him
of the time. The wandering sage, however, is almost entirely derived from the biography
predominated in him, as the littérateur in Lu of Philostratus, a littérateur at the court of the
cian, the rhetorician in Maximus of Tyre, and Emperor Severus about the beginning of the
the philosopher in Plotinus. Of the actual third century. The work of Philostratus must
details of his life we have no certain knowl not be read as a history. It is rather a bio-
edge. Like other sages of Greek tradition, he graphical romance of the type brought into
travelled extensively, making his own the lore vogue by the Neo-pythagoreans. How far
of the Brahmans and Egyptians; and, like the the Apollonius of Philostratus is historical,
contemporary rhetoricians, he preached to the we cannot tell. The interest of the figure for
mixed populace of the Hellenic cities of Asia us is that it embodies the religious and philo-
Minor, rebuked the degenerate Hellenes of sophic ideal that a clever Greek writer of the
Greece proper with their contrast to their an third century chose to put before a prince whose
cestors, and contributed to the tempering by chamber is said to have been adorned with
epigrams of the despotism of the Roman em the busts of Chrestus and Orpheus. Ilence
perors. Miraculous powers were attributed to the lack of inward unity and organic symme-
him, and he obtained such a hold on the popu try in the figure as presented to us. On the
lar imagination as to win a place in the Pan one hand, Apollonius is the Pythagorean sage,
theon of the many and strange divinities that wearing linen, keeping the sacred lustrum
competed with Christianity for the devotion of silence, abstaining from animal food, and
of a world whose own creeds were all outworn. by these austerities acquiring the miraculous
It is this fact that has lent him an interest in powers essential to the ideal teacher of a super-
the history of thought.
stitious age: the gift of tongues in Asia, the
The age, like our own, was in search of a power to detect and banish Lamia at Corinth,
creed, a type, an ideal; and for two or three The power to raise the dead daughter of the
centuries its voice was very uncertain, as of an ruler at Rome. On the other hand, he is the
infant crying in the night, and with no lan Greek travelling sophist and rhetorician whose
guage but a cry. The old family, tribal, and positive intelligence rejects and shrinks from
city religions were dead beyond all hope of all supernatural pretensions, who mingles in
galvanization back to life. Philosophic dream the intrigues of imperial politics, preaches to
ers—a Plutarch, a Plotinus, a Julian,-might the Greek cities through which he passes the
seek nourishment for their souls in the baseless diluted Platonic morality of the time in a lan-
visions of a pseudo-Platonism. Hard-headed guage full of literary reminiscences and affec-
cultured scholars like Lucian could find all the tation, and manifests at all times and places
redemption they needed in the Attic muse, and the jealous phil-hellenic spirit so characteristic
could contemplate with Platonic irony or Aris of the lettered Greek in every age. A century
tophanic mirth the weltering chaos of super later than the biography of Philostratus, when
stitions about them. A Marcus Aurelius, the wearisome literature of confutations and
counting reason ripe within, could guide his apologies was at its height, the good Bishop
course by the fixed austere stars of duty and Eusebius, with unerring polemical tact, seized
equanimity. But the masses of this Græco on this point in his reply to one Hierocles. The
Roman empire in a world of confusion and sin, latter, in his “Words of Truth for the Chris-
if they were to escape a worse than Byzantine tians” (there is really nothing new under the
stagnation of soul, needed a strong fresh moral sun in theological polemics), had opposed Apol-
impulse, a concrete faith, a new inspiration and lonius to Christ as an ideal religious figure.
hope, a new human type. The experience of Eusebius, in his reply, contrasts the shame-
our own time warrants us in saying that when faced and uncertain attribution of miraculous
an age is in want of a religion the demand is powers to Apollonius by Philostratus with the
met by only too abundant and varied a supply. triumphant certainty of the Christian writers.
The worshipper who had lost his faith in Jupi- | The Apollonius of tradition is too wonderful
ter Optimus Maximus and the old guardians for a man and not miraculous enough for a
of the Roman State was offered every kind of 1 god, he says. There is undoubtedly a great


1886.]
THE DIAL
61
---
-
--
-
--
- - --
difference between the simple faith with which tions of emperors—all the causes on which
the miracles of the New Testament are related the philosophic or scientific historian loves to
and the rationalizing hesitation with which dwell, were mere machinery.
Philostratus half affirms and half denies the
Paul SHOREY.
marvels attributed to his hero. But in the
face of the vast body of criticism in our day
which rejects the surnaturel particulier every-
where alike, it is perhaps profitable to dwell
THE RUSSIAN STORM-CLOUD.*
rather on a more important distinction between
The latest utterances of Stepniak, as they
the gospel of Matthew and that of Philostra-
reach us in the series of papers grouped under
tus. Otherwise we shall be left to explain the
the title of “The Russian Storm-Cloud,” are
greatest historical problem of the empire, the
more calm and subdued than is usual with this
cause of the triumph of Christianity over Juda-
fervid apostle of the Nihilists. It was his aim
ism, Neo-platonism, and the religion of Mith-
in these dissertations to put a strong bridle on
ras, by the mechanical and external methods of
Gibbon, or to regard it, with Mr. Tredwell, as an
his tongue, to maintain a dispassionate manner,
and speak of what he knew in place of what he
inexplicable victory of the powers of darkness
thought. “I have done my best,” he declares
over that “Stoic philosophy” which for him
in the preamble, “to make it [his speech) as
includes all the good that Christianity has not
objective as possible, describing our country
extinguished. The distinction of which we
rather than advocating any opinion, exposing
speak has already been indicated. It is to be
facts which might enable the reader to draw
sought not in the more or less of miracle or of
his conclusions instead of forcing on him my
its attestation. Every creed of the time of
own." His “ best” has proved good indeed;
fered miracles which, whatever their basis in
for he has exhibited a large power of self-con-
fact, were sufficiently well attested for the
trol, discussing questions which affect him
credulous populace of the empire. It does not
most vitally, in a temperate and deliberate
lie in the abstract moral content of the doc-
tone which commands respect and appeals to
trine. A little ingenuity would gather from the
the reason.
writings of the rhetoricians of the time a flor-
His discourse is instructive; it helps us to
ilegia of Platonizing ethical sayings which,
a clearer understanding of the internal con-
as abstract principles, would not differ essen-
dition of the great Muscovite empire; yet when
tially from the highest formulas of New Tes-
it is ended, the problem with which the Nihi-
tament morality. The difference lies deeper :
lists are struggling remains still inexplicable.
in the unity, simplicity and unaffectedness of
Given, a nation embracing over a hundred
the character of Jesus, in the incomparable
millions of people, of whom more than eighty-
freshness, beauty and directness of the utter-
two millions are peasants, illiterate, bigoted,
ances treasured up and recorded by his disci-
obstinate, stolid, petrified with the apathy
ples. Cum duo dicunt idem non est idem.
of oriental races; with a small but ignorant
İligh moral principles in the mouth of an itin-
and corrupt middle-class composed of mer-
erant lecturer, interspersed with antiquarian
chants, enriched burghers, country usurers and
and philosophic disquisitions and set off with
tavern-keepers; with a profligate and equally
all the outworn graces and allurements of a
corrupt aristocracy, consisting exclusively of
rhetoric in its dotage, are one thing; and the
civil and military officials; and over all, an auto-
fresh and lovely utterance of the same truths
crat who is supposed to be the sole and absolute
direct from the heart of a teacher of unmatched
dictator of the laws under which his subjects
beauty and harmony of life, unweighted by any
exist,—and how, with such elements, is a satis-
sophisticated consciousness of effete literary
factory measure of liberty to be infused into
traditions, are another and very different thing.
the institutions of the state ? how is the dream
There is a difference here past the finding out
of the Nihilists—a republic like that of the
of philosophy, or rather a difference which a
United States-to be accomplished? Are there
superficial and acrid philosophy overlooks just
patriots and statesmen in Russia equal to the
because it makes abstraction of all that really
herculean task? Are there sage and clear-
moves the hearts and souls of men. It was
sighted men in other countries, with freer view
the Sermon on the Mount and the beauty and
and wider experience, who can divine how this
unity of Jesus's life that in the course of the
difficult question, interposed in our nineteenth
second and third centuries gradually drew over
century civilization, may be rightly and effect-
to Christianity most of the stronger and
ually settled ?
more earnest moral natures of the time,
In the first chapters of Stepniak's essay he
and so, since morality is of the nature of
professes to deal with the contending princi-
things, assured its ultimate triumph. All the
rest-miracles, apologies and martyrdoms, the *THE RUSSIAN STORM-CLOUD ; or, Russia in her Rela-
subtleties of metaphysical Greeks, the decrees
tion to Neighboring Countries. By Stepniak, author of
“Russia Under the Tsars," etc. New York: Harper &
of church councils, the patronage or persecu- | Brothers.


62
[July,
THE DIAL
ples of modern Russia-Liberty and Despot The propagandists, in order to facilitate the
ism—as they affect the safety and welfare of acquirement of social knowledge for their dis-
the neighboring European states. In defining ciples, taught them to read. The workmen
the demands of the Nihilists he denies that they thought that we were simply good-hearted
are merely destructionists, that they rejoice in schoolmasters out of employment.” This was
deeds of violence or desire the abolition of polit in St. Petersburg in 1871. But slowly the work
ical and social order. “By our general con has advanced. After the passage of eight or
victions,” he says, quoting from a manifesto | nine years, “the St. Petersburg workmen's
published by his party, “we are socialists and organization, known under the name of the
democrats,” desiring, in a word, only that degree Northern Workmen's League, was composed
of freedom which is accorded the citizens of of about 200 to 300 members, divided into fif-
a republic or a constitutional monarchy, and teen to twenty groups, working in various
which affords them the means of a peaceful quarters of the capital, having their regular
and regular development. Further, he states: secret meetings, their own finances, and their
“That the Nihilists are Atheists, is quite true; but
central governing committee to dispose of the
to say that they are striving to destroy religion, is
material means and the personnel of the organi-
quite false. First, among the instructed classes of zation.”
every description, which until now have furnished It is the belief of Stepniak that the work-
the largest contingent of revolutionists, there is noth men of St. Petersburg are at present no less
ing left to destroy; because among our educated imbued with revolutionary ideas than the
classes Atheism is as general a doctrine as Christian-
youth of the educated classes, and that in the
ity is in England. It is the national religion of
large towns of Southern and Western Russia
our educated classes, and as such it has already had
time to acquire the state of happy indifference which,
the seed of disaffection is sufficiently diffused
according to Thomas Buckle's opinion, is the best
to render them very “unsafe” to the govern-
guarantee of religious tolerance. In this particular, ment. Nevertheless, the conditions of a purely
Russia differs greatly from all European countries, civil revolution are hopeless. The cities,
France and Italy included. I will not dwell on this where alone the revolutionary spirit has oppor-
peculiarity, due to the history and present character
tunity for expansion, contain but a moiety of
of our Church. I simply state an undeniable fact.”
the population of Russia. There are only
Stepniak here speaks, it will be seen, solely thirteen towns in the whole empire in which
of the educated classes. The peasants as a the inhabitants number over 100,000. Paris in-
whole attend strictly to the outward ceremo cludes within its limits one-seventeenth of the
nials of the church, and believe implicitly in | population of France; whereas St. Petersburg
Christ, the Virgin Mary, and innumerable contains less than one-hundreth part of the
saints; albeit their religion is in its essence people of Russia. In St. Petersburg, too,
more heathenish than Christian. The secular there are, as Stepniak states, “two soldiers for
priests, who administer the ordinary offices of every workman; and in the case of the prolon-
the church, are an ignorant, oppressed, and gation of street-fighting for a few days there
despised class, .enjoying neither esteem nor would be twice as many. . . The only in-
reverence as moral teachers and shepherds of surrection having a chance of success in Russia
the people. As yet, the Nihilists have gained is that which combines the advantages of sur-
few adherents among the peasantry, who are prise with energy; an insurrection which par-
as a body blindly devoted to their great father, alyzes the whole governmental machinery by
the Tzar. They are inaccessible to progressive striking from within, while, in the meantime,
ideas. “If you are a propagandist,” says Step other forces are attacking it from without."
niak, "going among the peasants, do not follow The liberal movement, according to Step-
the traditional precept of addressing new ideas niak, has made rapid progress in the ranks of
to the new generations. You will be entirely the army. In 1881-82, about two hundred
disappointed and dispirited by their utter military officers were placed under arrest,
frivolity. You must win the ear of their elders, and traces of conspiracy were discovered in
who in the villages seem to have engrossed the fourteen of the great military centres of the
intellectual activity and the social instincts of empire. It was proved, by judicial inquiry,
the whole community.”
that an organization for overthrowing the
Among the workmen in the towns, who are autocracy united the army and navy, having
drawn almost exclusively from the “Mirs" or its seat in St. Petersburg, and numbering
agricultural communities, Nihilism has made among its active members officers of the gar-
some gains, but after incredible efforts. When rison of the capital and of the navy of Cron-
first approached by the propagandists, as Step stadt.
niak relates, “they were so ignorant of politics The emancipation act, planned by Alexan-
that they could not conceive how the simple der II. for the good of his people, has involved
talking about the poverty of the peasants, the landholders and peasants in a common ruin.
unjust distribution of taxes, and so forth, | The former, incapable of industry, thrift, and
might be an object of importance in itself. I careful management, have already been forced


1886.]
63
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to give up one-fourth of their estates; while
another fourth has been mortgaged to the ter-
ritorial banks.
“The careful statistical inquiries of the Moscow
Zemstvo have startled all Russia, showing that in
this province, possessing so enormous a market as
the old capital, the estates of the landed gentry are
in total ruin; the area of cultivated land is dimin-
ished to four-fifths, sometimes to one-quarter of its
former amount. In many districts there is no cul-
ture at all. The forests are wasted; even dairy
farming, so profitable near the great towns, is in a
most dejected state. Voices coming from all parts
of the vast empire are repeating the same sad dirge.
'The land yields nothing,' is the general outcry of
the nobility; and they rush from the country to the
towns in quest of some employment in the state ser-
vice or liberal professions, leaving the land either
uncultivated or abandoning it to the wasteful culti-
vation of cottiers, or selling it to new men-some
wealthy tavern-keeper or former manager of serfs-
who are more fitted for the new mode of carrying on
business in the villages,”
The peasantry, on the other hand, are being
reduced to penury and starvation by a system
of exorbitant taxation.
“They are the chief, not to say the sole, tax-
payers, as they have been before, and will be in the
future, as long as the autocracy exists. Of the total
budget of the state, the peasants, possessing only
30 per cent. of the cultivable soil, pay no less than
83 per cent., leaving to landowners and capitalists,
having twice as much landed property and five
times as much capital, only 17 per cent. . . . .
Mr. One, one of our best authorities on economical
questions, has made the stirring discovery that the
average consumption of bread, which is the almost
exclusive food of our peasantry, has diminished
during the years 1861–79 at about 14 per cent.”
A report on the sanitary condition of Russia,
read before a society of Russian surgeons,
calling attention to the enormous mortality
among the people, “surpassing normally what
in other countries is considered the precursor
of epidemic disease,” pointed out the fact that
“In England, when the death-rate approaches 23
in 1,000, a regular inquiry and sanitation of the
district is prescribed by law, the case being recog-
nized as an abnormal one. In Russia the death-rate
per 1,000 was above 31, sometimes as high as 35.
And the first cause of this frightful mortality is
stated simply and eloquently to be deficiency of food
(bread). — Novosty, 17th (30th) December, 1885.”
Even the Russian moujik can be roused from
the spell of patient endurance and dense sto-
lidity which centuries of servitude have im-
posed on him, and here and there the ominous
murmur of peasant insurrections suggests the
desperate part he may yet take in the upheaval
of the government. The Nihilists are few in
number, and realize the forlorn prospect of
their unaided endeavors. The average life of
each outlaw, or “illegal man," as Stepniak
names the members of the fraternity, is limited
to two years. He knows from the outset that
he is doomed to punishment and death. “That
is a consideration that does not weigh with
him for a moment. ... He is only concerned
to crowd into the brief term of life allotted to
him the greatest possible number of services
to the cause of liberty and of injuries to the
common enemy.” He counts on the sympathy
of the intelligent class who expect in time to
become an insurrectionary force, and mean-
while have “no disposition to be squeamish
about the means resorted to by the more des-
perate spirits; the inequality of the forces
pitted one against the other is so well appreci-
ated—the wrongs, the griefs, the outrages, are
so intimately felt—that everything is justified,
everything applauded, provided the blow
strikes to the heart of the enemy, and the ser-
pent that strangles the whole nation is made
to writhe.” He counts likewise, in case the
crisis is delayed, upon the assistance of the
peasantry, when, goaded by famine, they rise
against their oppressors in a passion of wild
and relentless fury.
Stepniak invokes the interest of Western
Europe in the success of the Nihilist cause,
by depicting the favorable influences which
a constitutional monarchy or a republic in
Russia will have upon the adjoining nations.
“The transformation of the Northern Colossus
from a gloomy centralized despotism into a vast
union of self-governing states and provinces, the
only form into which a free Russia can mold itself,
will drive into a liberal evolution the whole of Cen-
tral Europe. In Austria first, which otherwise will
be unable to withstand for a year the great attrac-
tions of a free Russian federation on the masses of
her Slavonic population; in Germany next, Prussian
despotism will be unable to keep its hold, surrounded
as it will be on all sides by free states. With it
will fall the reign of brutality, encroachments, and,
perhaps, the unendurable military terror now
crushing and ruining all continental Europe."
The prophecy is a glad one. All liberty.
loving people must desire its fulfillment; but
in the light of the revelations which Stepniak
has made with evident authenticity, we repeat
the question, with increased perplexity: when
and by what agencies shall the mediaval autoc-
racy of Russia be resolved into a liberal and
benign government framed in accord with the
motives and tendencies of our age?
In the chapter on “The Russian Army and
its Commissariat,” Stepniak unfolds a hideous
tale of the malversations habitually practised
by army contractors and sustained by military
officials of every grade. The army service is
honeycombed with corruption, and any attempt
by an honest man to correct the evil simply
brings down a sure retribution upon his own
head. The courage, the docility, the patience
and the fortitude of the Russian character are
wonderfully illustrated in these circumstances;
for the Russian soldiery, despite the frightful
abuses heaped on them by their superiors, have
earned the repute of being among the bravest
and stanchest troops in the world.


64
[July,
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-
--
Stepniak discredits the notion which terror-
izes the English mind, that Russia cherishes
acquisitive designs regarding India. He
understands too well the reasons which have
forced her to extend her boundaries eastward,
and bring under rigid subjection the fierce
and lawless tribes creating perpetual warfare
along her borders. In treating of “Young
Poland and Russian Revolution," he advances
the opinion that should the autocracy of Russia
give place to a liberal government, Poland
would not care to secede from the Empire.
"The reason is as simple as it is conclusive. In
our times of great manufacturing industries and
coming social changes, economical considerations
weigh enormously in the political scale. . . .
This small country (Poland) stands now at the head
of our industries, which afford it a vast, we may say
an unbounded, market for its products. A wise
nation will think twice before forsaking this advan-
tage for the mere pleasure of having a king or
a president of its own. And the perfect mutual
advantage between the most advanced political par-
ties of both countries indicates that the time is close
at hand when the old barrier of hatred dividing both
nations will give place to a better feeling."
In conclusion, Stepniak portrays the slow
but sure approach of a revolt of the rural and
the urban population, which shall effect such
wholesome changes in the political condition
of Russia as the revolution of 1789-93 has
produced in France. His exposition is inter-
esting. But the tissue of facts relating to the
moral as well as political condition of the
empire, which he brings to our consideration,
discourages every hope of an immediate or
extensive reform in the administration. There
must be an infusion of integrity into the char-
acter of the Russian people, before any sub-
stantial amelioration of their circumstances
can be established. A change must be wrought,
amounting to a regeneration of the race, and
along with this a lifting of the nation to the
plane of common intelligence, ere it is fit for the
trusts and the responsibilities of self-govern-
ment. Such transformations are the outgrowth
of ages; and it is not yet two hundred years
since Peter the Great transferred his capital
to the Nova, that he might let in the light of
European civilization upon his barbaric domin-
Sara A. HUBBARD.
years been known as an investigator of wide
observation, and has long held a prominent
position among English geologists. Indeed,
it is more than fifty years since his earliest
investigations were given to the world, and he
has well been characterized as “the Nestor of
British Geology." He has held the chair of
Geology at Oxford since 1874, being the suc-
cessor of the world-renowned Professor Phil-
lips, himself the author of a general work which,
after the lapse of a third of a century, has been
deemed still worthy of a recent new edition..
This manual of Professor Prestwich is the
fruitage of a life of original investigation and
many years of experience as instructor. No
one can turn over its pages without being im-
pressed by the conviction that the author has
followed no master. His method is distinctly
his own, and his matter to a large extent has
been supplied from the stores of his own ob-
servation and reflection. Though a veteran in
the field, he is not the fossil which we find in
some aged German professors who have con-
tinued in the avocation of authorship. He is
conversant with the new masters as well as the
old, though in a few instances we think he
betrays a partiality for his old and familiar
friends. He has availed himself of the impor-
tant results of the celebrated Challenger Expe-
dition, and has drawn freely from the United
States Government reports, and from the Arctic
travels of Dr. Kane. Some of his most striking
illustrations are from American sources. The
work is illustrated by 218 wood-cuts in the
text, and six folded illustrations. The latter
include a geological map of the world reduced
from the large map of Professor Jules Marcon,
revised and with additions. Also a map of
active and more recently extinct volcanoes,
from Darwin, Mallet, and others; and of the
areas affected by earthquake shocks, reduced,
with alterations, from Mallet's map. Also a
map of the coral islands and great coral reefs,
areas of elevation and subsidence, the chief
ocean currents and isothermal lines for both
hemispheres—all from recent and best sources.
As the reader may desire some more precise
intimation of the nature and range of subjects
embraced in the present volume, we state that
the author, after a chapter on the object and
methods of geology, treats of the constitu-
ents of the earth's crust, the composition and
classification of rocks, and results of the decom-
position of the igneous and metamorphic rocks.
The course of the discussion of physical and
dynamical data is here interrupted, to note the
place and range of past life on the earth. Sedi-
mentation and erosion are treated in three
chapters, and the agency of water and ice in
three. Volcanoes and earthquakes are discussed
with a masterly originality, and here the author
introduces the theory first broached by him at
| the York meeting of the British Association,
ions.
A LANDMARK IN GEOLOGIC SCIENCE.*
The distinguished professor of geology in
Oxford University has given us the first vol-
ume of a treatise which, like Lyell's “Princi-
ples," will constitute a landmark in the progress
of the science. Less of a scientific traveller
than Lyell, Professor Prestwich has for many
* GEOLOGY, Chemical, Physical, and Stratigraphical.
By Joseph Prestwich, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S. In two vol.
umes. Vol. I., Chemical and Physical. New York: Mac.
millan & Co.


1886.]
THE DIAL
65
-- -- - - - - --- ----
and more recently elaborated before the Royal priate than the encyclopædic treatises just
Society. Coral islands are duly discussed, and mentioned. But for advanced study, it forms
disturbances of strata are treated in two chap an admirable text-book. For elementary work
ters. This subject leads to the consideration of collegiate grade, no fully satisfactory text-
of mountains and of metalliferous deposits. book or guide exists as yet in America. We
Igneous rocks and metamorphism form the have a considerable number of books on the
themes of the last five chapters.
one hand which are too meagre, and the great
· The point of view from which geological | manuals, on the other hand, which are too
history is considered by the author may be copious. Here is a field to be occupied.
best indicated by a few passages from the
ALEXANDER WINCHELL.
preface:
“The fundamental question of time and force has
given rise to two schools, one of which adopts uni-
RECENT FICTION.*
formity of action in all time—while the other con-
siders that the physical forces were more active and The writing of a novel at the present day is
energetic in geological periods than at present. On
mainly a matter of the construction of an in-
the continent and in America, the latter view pre-
genious plot and the management of clever
vails; but in this country the theory of uniformity
has been more generally held and taught. To this
conversations. Through the brilliant verbal
theory I have always seen very grave objections;
passages-at-arms in which the various person-
so . . . I felt I should be supplying a want,
ages of such a work engage, we look in vain
by placing before the student the views of a school for indications of any real conception of char-
which, until of late, has hardly had its exponent acter; while the various and intricate situations,
in English text-books. The eloquence and ability
ignorant of all deeper purpose, act only as
with which Uniformitarianism has been advocated,
stimulants to the jaded sense. Each year brings
furthered by the palpable objections to the extreme
its hundreds of volumes of which no more than
views held by some eminent geologists of the other
school, led in England to its very wide acceptance,
this may be said. And the same round of rela-
But it must be borne in mind that uniformitarian
tions, outlined with the same affectations of
doctrines have probably been carried further by description and of speech, enforces the still
his followers than by their distinguished advocate unheeded lesson that for the literature of me-
Sir Charles Lyell, and also, that the doctrine of diocrity there is indeed nothing new under the
Non-uniformity must not be confounded with a
sun. We have gone very far in nicety of
blind reliance on catastrophies ; nor does it, as
expression, but it can profit little if there is
might be supposed from the tone of some of its
opponents, involve any questions respecting uni-
nothing to be expressed, if insight and the
formity of law, but only those respecting uniformity
power of building up in the organic fashion
of action.”
have failed to make their contribution to the
The author appears to hold to the golden *WHOM GOD HATH JOINED. By Elizabeth Gilbert Mar.
mean between extreme Catastrophism as tin. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
taught by Cuvier and the elder Agassiz, and
A VICTORIOUS DEFEAT. By Wolcott Balestier. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
sterotyped Uniformitarianism, carried too far,
EAST ANGELS. By Constance Fenimore Woolson. New
undoubtedly, by Lyell, but pushed to absurd York: Harper & Brothers.
limits by certain dabsters who considered that CHILDREN OF THE EARTH. By Annie Robertson Mac.
view the strongest support of the theory of
farlane. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
FELLOW TRAVELLERS: a Story. By Edward Fuller.
evolution in the inorganic realm.
Boston: Cupples, Upham & Co.
It is cheering to find the public interest in LIVING OR DEAD. By Hugh Conway, New York: Henry
geological science such as to justify the pub Holt & Co.
lication of a second great English manual
COURT ROYAL. By S. Baring-Gould. Philadelphia:
J. B. Lippincott Co.
within a brief period. Geikie's treatise in Great
THE MARK OF CAIN. By Andrew Lang. New York:
Britain, Dana's “Manual ” in America, Cred Charles Scribner's Sons.
ner's Elemente der Geologie in Germany, and de THE MAYOR OF CASTERBRIDGE. By Thomas Hardy.
New York: Henry Holt & Co.
Lapparent's Traite de la Géologie in France-
THE WIND OF DESTINY. By Arthur Sherburne Hardy.
all recent or in recent editions-might seem to
Boston: Houghton, Mifilin & Co,
occupy the field ; but Prestwich's bears so MIDGE. By H. C. Bunner. New York: Charles Scrib.
much the impress of another personality and
ner's Sons.
another method, that no one can read its pages
MR. DESMOND, U. S. A. By John Coulter. Chicago:
A. C. McClurg & Co.
without feeling that the demand for it was
A VITAL QUESTION; or, What is to be done ? By Nikolai
real. It is a work to be commended not only G. Tchernuishevsky. Translated from the Russian by
Nathan Haskell Dole and S. S. Skidelsky. New York:
to intelligent novices but to well-read experts.
Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
It is not suited, however, to serve as a text-
THE KING'S TREASURE HOUSE. A Romance of Ancient
book in American colleges in the study of the Egypt. By Wilhelm Walloth. From the German, by
elements, which, unfortunately, mark the limits Mary J. Safford. New York: William S. Gottsberger.
ALIETTE (LA MORTE). By Octave Feuillet. Translated
of geological study in the vast majority of
from the French by J. Henry Hager. New York: D. Ap.
cases. For this purpose it is no more appro- | pleton & Co.


66
[July,
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- --
- -- - - ----- -
------ --- -- - --- --
work. Even the novel of tendency, as the the illustration of the central idea. Its descrip-
Germans call it, is better worth having than tive and dramatic passages are remarkably
the average contemporary fiction. Although good. The dramatic force appearing near the
between it and genuine art there is still a great close makes one wish that the writer could have
gulf fixed, it has at least the merit of serious- found some means of displaying it at an earlier
ness, and an aim more akin to the creative than stage. That it is not thus displayed is one of
is that of the every-day novelist's work.
many indications of the exercise of a rare
The novel to which we wish first to call restraint upon her part. The earnestness of
attention impels these observations, however, this book makes it more acceptable, in spite of
rather by contrast than by example. “Whom its rather tedious religious discussions, than
God Hath Joined” is a work by which our any of the host of trifling fictions that amuse
popular purveyors of fiction might profit in for an hour and are forgotten.
several respects. It has no plot worth speaking The prominence of the religious motive,
of, and will probably be voted “slow" by the | together with a number of other circumstances,
public which systematically reads all the new makes this book strongly suggestive of another
novels. Neither the conversations which it recent novel. "A Victorious Defeat” bears
contains nor the matter which introduces them the name of Wolcott Balestier as its author,
can be called clever; in fact, the author seems | and is, like the work just now under discus-
to have carefully avoided making them so. sion, the story of a young girl whose healthy
But the principal characters appear with great nature outgrows the narrow and unwholesome
distinctness; and they play the part, not of religious environment of the community in
puppets nor of mouth-pieces, but of living and which her early years are passed. The general
soul-possessing examples of humanity, while | resemblance, however, is not carried into detail.
the language in which their lives are set forth The community here in question is one of the
is as admirable in its firmness and precision as Moravian villages of Pennsylvania, and the
in its freedom from any sort of affectation. early part of the present century is the time
The book is chiefly interesting as a psycho of action. Here the love story is the prin-
logical study. Religious discussion is not the cipal thing, and not, as in Mrs. Martin's novel,
most promising material for a novel, but it is merely an illustration of the religious argu-
the chief element in the composition of this ment. The literary faculty is not wanting in
one. The narrow religious life of a generation this author, but the only features of his work
ago, as exhibited in a small Eastern city, and which make anything like a permanent impres-
the spiritual growth of an exceptionally pre sion are those which concern the peculiarities
cocious child, instinctively reaching out for of the Moravian belief. He has given sym-
clearer air and a wider view, form its theme. pathetic study to this variety of religious
Such a study of the influence of instinct in organization, and his account of practices so
shaping a life presents great difficulties and singular and so unfamiliar derives an interest
makes unusual demands upon the sympathies from the very novelty of their subject-matter.
and the knowledge of a writer. It is much Miss Woolson began the serial publication
easier to trace the development of a nature of “ East Angels” a long time ago, and the
fitted for the environment which circumstances readers of Harper's Magazine came, after a
have provided than of one which has to grope year or two, to regard the regular instalment
about to find the conditions needed for its of that story as one of the institutions of the
healthy expansion. Mrs. Martin has dealt very periodical. Now that it is completed, and the
successfully with this difficult task. She has publishers have issued it in book form, the
subtly analyzed the processes of growth, portentous size of the story appears clearly,
whereby the child of her imagination rises, in in spite of all devices of thin paper, narrow
womanhood, to the spiritual level which her margin and compressed typography. Its excess-
nature demands. In this particular case, the | ive length is its greatest fault, for Miss Wool-
level is found in the religion of the Roman son has a fine literary faculty, but she is not
Catholic church, whose historical continuity one of the few writers who can be lengthy
and impressive dignity of organization satisfy without being wearisome. If “East Angels”
the cravings of a nature which is cramped were reduced to about one-third of its present
upon the plane of the “jarring sects” of Pro size it would deserve high praise, for it is based
testantism. It is evident that the author would upon a powerful conception of the old antithe-
have this solution of the problem to be the sis of love and duty. This strong tale “of
true one and applicable in all cases. Those love that never found his' earthly close"
who can see in this particular instance only a ought not to have been weakened by such dif-
case of arrested development, or even of retro fuseness of workmanship. Far more than is
gression, can still hardly refuse to admit the necessary is made of the minor characters, and
force with which the case is presented from the author allows herself all sorts of irrelevan-
the author's standpoint. Of the story proper, cies for their own sake. Her attempt to portray
little need be said, as it is devised solely for 1 a “child of nature” is more successful than


1886.)
67
THE DIAL
that of Mr. Grant Allen, although there are present story, which turns upon the familiar
times when Miss Woolson's Garda reminds us device of the villain in “Much Ado About
not a little of Mr. Allen's Maimie. Incident Nothing,” is an example of skilful instruction
ally, the book gives a fine and trustworthy and straightforward narrative, and for these
picture of Florida, where its scene is laid. qualities we will not grudge it a word of com-
To the class of clever, carefully constructed mendation.
novels, which interest for an hour and are for The latest production of that persistent
gotten, belongs the work of Annie Robertson littérateur, Mr. S. Baring-Gould, is a novel
Macfarlane entitled “Children of the Earth.”. entitled “Court Royal." We cannot find any-
The title does not seem to have much special thing to say in its favor. Its plot is a tissue
fitness, although it will do as well as any other. of wild absurdities. It is without literary
As it has already been given to the famous form, and void of everything but ingenuity.
novel of Paul Heyse, it would perhaps have It is difficult to see how a reader can have the
been better to find another name for the pres patience to go through with it, and it is
ent work. So far as it has any significance at simply impossible to understand how any one
all, it seems to enter a claim upon the indul could have had the patience to write it. The
gence of the reader for the common frailties of story suggests a poor specimen of Wilkie Col-
humanity, and its characters are, as we should lins, without having even the slender merits
expect them to be, erring, suffering men and exhibited by the sensational stories of that
women, caught in the world's great snare,” | popular writer.
living out imperfect lives to such commonplace Who would have thought that Mr. Andrew
tragedy of consummation as falls to the most Lang, with his exquisite poetical and literary
of mankind. One of them—the heroine-has talent, and with his tastes for Greek idyls and
about her story some faint suggestion of that old French ballads and comparative mythology
ideal solution of the difficult problem of exist 1-who would have thought that he would
ence which finds solace in beneficent labor for be the next one to write a novel of ingenious
the common good; a far-off echo of the solu- / villainy after the most approved French and
tion put forward by the wisest spirit of this English models ? Whenever a man who counts
century in the second part of his “Faust." | his thousands of admirers for successes in other
The story is told without affectation, and with fields turns to that of fiction, and what writer
admirable taste and condensation. It is a does not, at some time of his life, nowadays ?-
creditable production because it is simple, his friends approach the new work with a good
and because it accomplishes its unpretending deal of hesitancy. In Mr. Lang's case, ap-
purpose.
prehensions are quickly dispersed, however, for
“Fellow Travellers” is strictly a summer it is evident from the first chapter that his
story, and a very commonplace one at that. story is going to be enjoyable. “The Mark of
In it some uninteresting people from Salem Cain” is not a triumph of realism, it is not a
spend the summer at Posett, which seems to be piece of masterly psychological analysis, it
a seaport town. There are two main episodes, does not even appear to have any serious pur-
that of the young man who marries the girl pose, but it is a capitally told story which
whose own antecedents are questionable and offers to the multitude all the excitement they
whose father's wealth is unquestionably ill- have a right to crave, and to the smaller circle
gotten, and that of the unnaturally protracted of persons of discernment a special stimulus is
quarrel between two other characters of unlike given by its marked literary and scholarly
sex. The writer, whose name appears as flavor.
Edward Fuller, does not seem to have any of Mr. Thomas Hardy comes near to being the
the qualifications of a novelist, and would act first English novelist now living. His work
wisely in leaving the composition of fiction to is of the most careful sort, and the acuteness
those who have some equipment for the work. of his observation of life deserves unstinted
“ Living or Dead” is the not inappropriate praise. His realism is uncompromising, but
title of the latest production of the posthu realism has the upper hand in literature just
mous activity of Hugh Conway. Since the at present. Yet there are distinctions that
author has become a disembodied spirit, new must not be allowed to slip out of sight. Eng.
stories have flowed with unfailing regularity lish provincial life is the field which Mr. Hardy
from his ghostly pen, and his works now num | has made peculiarly his own, and to which he
ber eight volumes, only three of which were | has applied his photographic methods. Now
published when he still walked the earth. in the artistic treatment of this very class of
What is even more singular is that they im- subjects we fortunately have a standard
prove in quality as the years go by, for the whereby the shortcomings of Mr. Hardy's
one whose title has just been mentioned is in work may be exactly measured. Those
many respects the best of them all. This, of “Scenes of Clerical Life” whose extraordinary
course, is asserting very little of the absolute merit has been somewhat obscured by the later
value of these ingenious productions, but the and more brilliant productions of their author


68
[July,
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show, if they show anything, that genius can Nevertheless, “The Wind of Destiny” is a
invest the humblest of persons, and those most very notable book on its own account, and it
closely circumscribed in the spheres of their is made still more notable by its absolute diver-
activity, with a poetry and a pathos of the gence from the current popular methods in
highest order. Mr. Hardy does nothing like fiction. The master-workman in literature is
this; he seems indeed to have no idea that it known by his economy of words, which are its
can be expected of him. His characters, and material. He rejects the easy methods of the
the situations in which he contrives to get them, | photographic realism which tries to parade as
excite the curiosity but rarely the sympathy | literature, and applies himself to the more diffi-
of the reader. The lack of insight which | cult task of idealization. He knows that for
calls for this criticism is a grave defect, and the expression of each thought and each rela-
one which we do not willingly see in so excep tion there is one, and only one, fitting form of
tionally talented a writer. His characters, speech, and he sets out in resolute search of it.
moreover, are little more than curiosities. Mr. Hardy comes very near to being a master-
They say and do such remarkable things workman. Every one of his works has a defi-
that in spite of the realistic descriptions of nite purpose and a telling effect. There is
their surroundings they are themselves essen- more “literature” in one of his pages than in
tially unreal. Mr. Hardy's sense of humor a chapter by Mr. Howells or a volume by Mr.
and his talent for the perverse construction of Crawford. He has now given America two
plots run away with what should be his better of her very best novels. Nothing done by his
judgment. Such a plot as he delights in re- contemporaries is likely to be longer remem-
minds one of nothing so much as of a fox en bered.
gaged in escaping its pursuers. In this case the Mr. Bunner has found the material for his
readers are the pursuers, and the fox that turns story “Midge” in the French quarter of New
and doubles and tries to throw them off the York City, and handles it with evident famili-
scent is the secret of the plot. These devices arity. A girl left an orphan at the age of
are, we submit, unworthy of anything higher twelve by parents of bohemian life; a bachelor
than the Hugh Conway type of novel. “The of forty, once an officer in the army and now
Mayor of Casterbridge” adds another to the | a physician, who takes the child under his
list of stories in which the author has illus guardianship and provides for her; and a
trated these peculiarities. Its details give young man who appears conveniently upon
delight, but no satisfaction is derivable from the scene some years later, when the child has
its whole. And there is no poetic or other jus grown to be a very attractive young lady and
tice in such an accumulation of miseries upon when her guardian discovers that he himself is
the only character who at all awakens our sym in love with her; these are the elements of
pathies or shows himself capable of anything | character which enter into Mr. Bunner's
like heroism, great though his faults; while charming novel. It is simple and skilfully
merit so negative as to border upon meanness wrought, with here and there a bit of such
prospers and is praised of men.
humor as we should expect from the editor of
Turning now from the English novelist “Puck," and now and then such a poetic
whose work is so perversely powerful, to his touch as the author of “Airs from Arcady"
American namesake_Mr. Arthur Sherburne would be expected to give it.
Hardy-we come to the most satisfactory piece Life at one of our military stations could
of fiction that the season has brought forth. I hardly be expected to furnish the material for
We can hardly say that “The Wind of | a very thrilling narrative, and so Mr. John
Destiny" is a surprise, for all readers of “But Coulter has not attempted to provide anything
Yet a Woman” know about what may be | of the sort in his story called “Mr. Desmond,
expected from its author's hands. We have | U. S. A.” What he has done has been to give,
in this novel the same chastened and poetic in the form of an unpretending story, a faith-
style, the same careful choice of incident, and | ful picture of the rather prosaic life and sur-
the same concentration of emotion, that char- | roundings of one of our Western army posts.
acterize its predecessors; and the characters | The military element is of so small consequence
are drawn for us in the same delicate purity of in American society that little is written about
outline. Yet altogether, it does not seem it and few have clear ideas concerning it. The
quite the equal of the earlier work: it has less popularity of Mrs. Custer's sketches would
of substance, less of passion. Mr. Hardy's seem to indicate some considerable degree of
first novel was so evidently the product of curiosity upon the subject, and this Mr. Coul-
long reflection and arduous toil, and it exhib- ter's book will help to satisfy.
ited such a maturity of power, that it is not | Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole, the translator of
strange if his second one fall a little below the Tolstoï's “Anna Karénina,” has prepared, to-
high standard of the other, which was in nogether with a gentleman bearing the suspi-
ordinary sense a first effort, and in whose pages ciously Slavonic name of S. S. Skidelsky, an
the struggles of the beginner left no trace. | English version of the most famous work of


1886.]
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69
---------- -----------
-------- ------ ------ ------ -----
the celebrated Tchernuishevsky. The work the character of a principal actor “has been
almost defies classification; but it has some slightly mended, better to suit the American
thing of the form of a novel, and may be | ideal of man.” A liberty of this sort is abso-
treated as such, due regard being had to its lutely unjustifiable. The school of critics
character as a social tract and to its thinly which lays down the commandment “ Thou
disguised presentation of several actual Rus shalt not commit translations” are certainly
sians now living. “A Vital Question "_for warranted in the procedure where such a vio-
that is the title given to the translation-has lation of the rights of readers is concerned.
little of the attractiveness of a work of fiction, Two other and less important translations
and the medium of fiction is only chosen in claim our attention. “ The King's Treasure
order the more effectively to promulgate the House” is from the German of William Wal-
theories of social relations to which the author loth, and is an Egyptian romance in the ap-
has literally devoted his life. Industrial co proved Ebersian manner. It is a story of love
öperation, the intellectual and social advance and intrigue, worked out with less erudition
ment of woman, and a greater freedom in the than the author's prototype usually displays
relations between the sexes, are the prominent (which is perhaps an advantage), and with
ideas which receive expression in this singular marked artistic feeling. We feel in its pages
book. Regarded from the artistic standpoint, the glow as well as the stateliness of the
it has no form or unity whatever; it is abso ancient Egyptian life, as displayed to the vis-
lutely chaotic in its absence of plan or con ion of a writer of strong romantic propensi-
struction. It derives its interest mainly from ties. He is more successful with the general
the sincerity of the author's purpose, and from picture than with the characters, who are
his strong personality. Tchernuishevsky is one made up of curiously conflicting elements.
of the most conspicuous victims of that bar The translation of M. Octave Feuillet's “La
barous absolutism which makes the Russia of Morte,” which is before us, is rather less satis-
to-day, as represented by its government, a factory than the average piece of translation;
standing disgrace to civilization, and almost which amounts to saying that it is very poor
justifies the excesses of Nihilism. He is one of indeed. The book itself gives another illus-
those thinking men who are always dangerous tration of talent, or possibly genius, perversely
to despotic governments, and he has been per intent upon a didactic aim. The story is a
secuted with a peculiar ferocity, from the time simple one. An amiable nobleman, who is
when his writings began to exert a marked essentially a child of the present age both in
influence upon the growth of liberal thought his love of excitement and in his freedom from
in Russia. Imprisonment, labor in the mines, superstition, marries Aliette, a young girl of
and life at Yakutsk have done their work upon strangely religious nature who has been reared
him, and he is now graciously permitted to in the seclusion of provincial life among the
live, a mental and physical wreck, under police associations and the memories of the past.
surveillance at Astrakhan. Mr. Edmund Noble She hopes by her love to reclaim him to the
visited him there three years ago, and has faith which is so large an element in her own
introduced an account of him into the work life; and he, in turn, imagines that she will
entitled “The Russian Revolt.” The book learn to take complacently the world of to-day,
which we are now considering was written in as yet unknown to her, and live happily in it.
prison, and first published in a periodical. It Both hopes are doomed to disappointment, and
soon attracted the notice of the censorship, the gulf between their natures widens instead
and was promptly prohibited. But the pro of closing. Love, however, remains between
hibition did not check its circulation, and it them as strong as ever, until the appearance
still exerted, and continues to exert, an im upon the scene of the woman who is con-
mense influence. The translators claim that trasted with Aliette, and whose character
their work has been done with great care. the story is really designed to display.
Concerning this claim, we have these remarks | This woman is young and beautiful, and she
to make: The text contains a plentiful and is also a “child of nature.” In other words,
quite unnecessary sprinkling of Russian ex she has been brought up without having any
pressions, and has no pretense of style. Tcher- | of the conventional beliefs and prejudices of
nuishevsky is essentially a man of the people, | the age imposed upon her. Unrestrained by
and his own language is colloquial and in- foolish scruples, she wins the love of the noble-
tensely idiomatic. But we should say that the man, deftly poisons Aliette, whom she finds
translators, in attempting to reproduce this to be an obstacle to her ambition, and marries
idiomatic character, had overdone the thing, the husband. He discovers the crime long
as they make use of the most singular words afterwards, when the subsequent conduct of
and combination of words, and even of slang | his wife has prepared him to learn of it with-
expressions. We have, moreover, a right to out great surprise, and he has the added grief
be very suspicious of a translation of which of knowing that Aliette must have died believ-
confession is made that in one of the scenes | ing him to be accessory to her murder. The


70
[July,
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story is interesting for two reasons, of which sure he has received from Lord Macaulay and
the first is that it reflects a sentiment very
Lord Campbell. Each of these men had a char-
common among cultivated Frenchmen, and
acter which, in spite of (perhaps we may say
which is responsible for some peculiarities of
by reason of) its very faults, is singularly attractive
to the student, and a career which is hardly second
the French social organization. The idea that
to any in interest. Each of these volumes is
religious belief, although by no means to be written in a forcible and graphic style, and em-
supported upon intellectual grounds, is some bodies the results of careful study and equally sound
how a graceful thing for a woman to have, historic judgment. While the traditional reputation
has given rise to that anomalous condition of of both is shown to be on the whole deserved,
things whereby in France the most widespread there is no wholesale and indiscriminating abuse,
unbelief is brought face to face with intense
and the men appear before us with their human
faults and foibles, and also their human excellences.
faith and narrow clericalism. Men who are
Taken together, the two books contain a nearly
free themselves encourage their wives to remain
continuous history of England from the Restoration
in intellectual bondage, and the problem is to the accession of the House of Hanover.
handed down unsolved to another generation.
The other reason for which this story inter THE well-known “Epochs" series of small his-
ests us is that it reveals the author caught by tories, already three in number, have found a com-
one of the most widespread of fallacies. If
panion in the “Epochs of Church History,"
edited by Rev. Mandell Creighton and published
he has sought to do anything in the story, it
by A. D. F. Randolph. The first volume is “ The
has been to inculcate the lesson that the
Reformation in England,” by Rev. Geo. G. Perry.
actions of men and women are regulated by
The point of view of this writer is sound and prof-
the external sanction; that an inner ethical itable. We have learned so much in late years of
sense has no power, unaided, to influence the the discreditable side of this event—the licen-
conduct; that a removal of the restraints, the tiousness of Henry, the greed of his courtiers, the
hopes and the fears, imposed by religious
ambition of Cromwell, the subserviency of Cran-
belief, is a removal of all that impels to
mer,—that it has almost seemed sometimes as if it
nobility of life. The author would have us
were a thing to be ashamed of, in which the bad far
outweighed the good. Mr. Perry does not try to
believe this woman to be criminal because she
apologize for these scandals; he mentions them,
is irreligious; whereas he would come much and in brief terms admits their truth. But they
nearer to the truth of human nature were he are a secondary concern with him. His aim is first
to transpose the cause and the effect, and of all to trace the underlying causes of the revolt
recognize that character is a far deeper thing against Rome, and to show the necessary nature of
than belief, often fashioning it, but never fash-
the revolution, which was sometimes helped and
sometimes hindered by these accompanying abuses.
ioned by it.
It is easy to see that the causes, religious and
William Morton PAYNE.
social, which made the Reformation triumphant in
half Europe, and almost triumphant in large com-
-- ----- ----
munities of the other half, existed in full in Eng-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
land; and the historical student knows that in
hardly any country was the temper of the people
We have received the lives of two English so well prepared for a change as here. This book
statesmen of great distinction-among the highest will therefore accomplish a good purpose, if it
for ability, but whose reputation for integrity is directs attention to the English Reformation itself
not on a par with their genius; Shaftesbury and rather than to its incidents—an effect which could
Bolingbroke. In neither case do we note any of not be accomplished by indiscriminating apologists
that besetting sin of biographers, the disposition like Mr. Froude and Dr. Geikie.
to whitewash a besmirched character. The two
men are made to appear, not so bad perhaps as “HABIT and its Importance in Education” is an
they have been sometimes represented, but certainly essay on pedagogical psychology, translated from
bad enough. Of these the worst and ablest was the German of Dr. Paul Radestock by Fannie A.
Bolingbroke, whose life is written by J. C. Collins Caspari, and published by D. C. Heath & Co. The
and published by Harper & Bros. This essay (or philosophy of the book is well summarized in the
rather collection of essays, which were originally introduction by Dr. G. Stanley Hall, Education as
published in the Quarterly Review) is in three a science and teaching as a profession must be based
parts: Political life of Lord Bolingbroke, Boling upon psychology. Education is progressive habitu-
broke in Exile, and Literary life of Lord Boling ation, and good habits are even more important than
broke. To these are appended an essay upon good principles. “What makes the novice a master
Voltaire in England, reprinted from the Corn | is the power of the brain to lay up earlier stimuli
hill Magazine. Mr. II. D. Traill's “Shaftesbury". in the form of dispositions." The little book is
(Appleton) belongs to the series of “English crammed with facts calculated to give the teacher
Worthies,” edited by Andrew Lang, in which a more living hold of the old truism that habit is
volumes upon Darwin and Marlborough have the tap-root of the human tree: without it a man is
already appeared. Lord Shaftesbury's career is but as sargasso or Dakota "tumble-weed.” Many
certainly more open to excuse and justification than of the philosophical passages are so vague and blind
that of Lord Bolingbroke, and his biographer as to render the book hardly suitable for summer
shows that, while far from an upright statesman, 1 reading, except as a sedative. The effort to assign
he yet by no means deserves the unmeasured cen- a given meaning to certain sentences which might


1886.]
THE DIAL
71
--- -- -- -- -- - ---- -
be quoted is observed to have a narcotic effect, and fondness for detail and a talent for exact and
may be prescribed with some confidence in cases of picturesque description, reminding one of Haw-
insomnia. As Dr. Hall vouches for the author's thorne. Her writings are like pieces of mosaic,
lucidity, this want of clearness must be laid at the constructed of tiny odd bits, insignificant in them-
translator's door. To be frank, it seems evident selves, but capable of marvellous effect when fitted
that the translation should be carefully revised. The together with purpose and skill. She had dwelt
following sentence, purporting to be by Goethe, is in old Salem in her youth, and the queer antiquated
one of the mildest examples of the many with which aspect of the town impressed itself indelibly on her
something seems to be wrong: “Subjects give no memory. It had for her childish fancy the endless
ruler more attention than him who commands with and mysterious charm of a wonderland; and in
out setting the example himself.” If Goethe wrote after years she was able to throw the same charm
that, he was doing what some readers of this book about it in her descriptions for the enjoyment of
(haply the reviewer himself) may be even now doing: others. Death interrupted her plan of completing
nodding. Dr. Hall is undoubtedly right in deeming | a series of papers which should restore the strange
the book of considerable educational importance; and unique forms of New England life which lin-
and in the absence of a clearer translation, readers gered remarkably in this locality, but are now fad.
who manage to keep their wits about them through ing away. The work which Mrs. Bates produced
the abstract and argumentative portions will find was of such fine quality, and possessed of so much
the rest of the treatise amply instructive and sug-
historical value, that its sudden cutting short is to
gestive.
be sincerely regretted.
EVERY attempt to explain and arrange the teach-
ings of Delsarte is of interest to the student of expres-
sion. The latest effort is that of Prof. Moses True
Brown, of the Boston School of Oratory, in a volume
entitled "The Philosophy of Expression”(Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.) Mr. Brown says in his preface:
“ There is to-day no such body of systematized
knowledge left by this great teacher, and open to the
world, as, standing alone and without interpretation,
merits the title of a philosophy of expression.” Thé
Professor's formulation of and deductions from the
philosophy of Darwin and Mantegazza stand them-
selves occasionally in need of such interpretation.
On careful reading, however, the drift of the thought
is apparent. This book, read in connection with a
recent one by Genevieve Stebbins, throws consider-
able light on the Delsarte teachings; but there is
much still in the expounded system that is misty as
well as mystic. Delsarte surely discovered the cen-
tral truth of expression, and gives laws for the
working from the centre out; but the development of
his suggestive thoughts must wait for a master mind
-a Darwin or a Spencer. The underlying principle
of the Delsarte philosophy is, that the mental, moral
and vital nature in man finds expression in the three
modes of motion : motion to a centre, accentric ;
motion from a centre, eccentric ; motion about a
centre, concentric. The vital nature translates itself
in eccentric motion ; the mental, in accentric ; the
moral, in concentric. The practical working out of
this law is clearly stated in Professor Brown's book.
We would suggest to the student, uninitiated in the
mysteries of Delsarte, that he should omit the first
two chapters and read from the third on, skimming
over the abstractions. He may then be encouraged
to turn back and read the comprehensible parts of
the philosophy. A very small portion of the book is
original with its author. As a compilation from
various excellent sources, it has its place and use.
The Rev. Oscar C. McCULLOCH, pastor of Ply-
mouth Church, Indianapolis, has produced a hymn-
book suited to the use of persons who prefer not to
permit too wide a divergence in sense and taste
between what they say and what they sing. These
hymns are good to read and to know by heart, and
those who lack the gift or the accomplishment of
song will find here something that sings in the spirit
and in the understanding. Collected by one who is
a lover of poetry as well as a singer, these “Hymns
of Faith and Hope” (Geo. H. Ellis, Boston) are
genuine births of the emotions of which they treat.
Respectable commonplace, pious languor, unctu-
ous feebleness, glittering pretentiousness, vulgar
triviality, such as jointly and severally pervade
most hymn-books, shine here by their absence.
The collection is characterized by its freshness as
well as by its poetic quality; only the best pieces of
the older authors being included, while the best
authors of this century are more fully represented.
The names of Samuel Johnson, Samuel Longfellow,
John Bowring, Whittier, Keble, W. H. Furness,
J. F. Clarke, occur perhaps as frequently as any;
while those of Lowell, Longfellow, Emerson,
Holmes, Tennyson, C. Wordsworth, T. W. Higgin-
son, C. T. Brooks, F, T. Palgrave, John Sterling,
are also noticeable. Admirably selected Scripture
passages for responsive reading are included.
A SERIES of pretty little books, happily planned
and admirably executed, is that edited by Mr.
Oscar Fay Adams, with the general title “Through
the Year with the Poets" (Lothrop). The plan is
to present a collection of verse in celebration of
the different months, each month having its own
volume. The series has shown improvement as it
progressed, and the latest volume, June, seems to
us the best of all—as it should be for the month
which is the crown of the year. Mr. Adams's selec-
tions cover a wide range of authors, over a hundred
being represented in the 133 pages of verses. We
find here many favorite passages from the older
writers—Spenser, Herrick, Collins, Wordsworth,
| Bryant; while ample space is given to writers of
our own day-Browning, and Marston, and Mat-
thew Arnold, and Lowell, and Stoddard, and
Hayne, and Gilder, and Edith Thomas. A number
of American authors are represented by pieces writ-
ten especially for this volume; the most noticeable
being Dr. Powers's “The Tulip Tree in Blossom,"
The few short essays which constitute the liter-
ary remains of Eleanor Putnam (Mrs. Arlo Bates)
have been gathered by the loving hands of her
husband into a little volume, named from the sub-
ject which they treated “Old Salem” (Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.) They were contributed originally
to the "Atlantic Monthly," where they attracted
unusual attention by the quaint interest of their
topics, the gentle humor shimmering over them,
and the finish of their style. The author had a


72
[July,
THE DIAL
-
-
a finely sympathetic treatment of a theme which
we think is new in poetry. The volume for June
is provided with a peculiarly dainty and winning
cover.
mind. While not evincing any marked degree of
vigor or freshness, they show a refined taste, a quiet
love of nature, and an aptness in the use of the pen.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
JULY, 1856.
A BOOK of desultory records of travel, by an Eng-
lisbman, Mr. George Cullen Pearson, appears under
the fanciful title of “Flights Inside and Outside
Paradise, by a Penitent Peri,” (Putnam's Sons).
Paradise is a figurative name for Japan, which was
the home of the author for many years. When
worn down with office work in one of the port towns,
it was his custom to take a brief trip or “flight"
into the interior of the island for refreshment. He
was a dyspeptic, and as nervous and squeamish as a
woman; hence these excursions were experiences of
torment rather than of pleasure. Wherever he went,
he seemed to be absorbed with himself and his per-
sonal miseries; and they are the perpetual theme of
his discourse. He treats them in a facetious spirit,
and occasionally falls into a vein of humor; but as
a whole they are tiresome and unprofitable reading.
The Englishman is the prince of travellers, daring,
plucky, enduring, and ready to put up with any
amount of hardship to gratify his wandering pro-
pensities. Mr. Pearson is a surprising exception,
He has the national passion for roving, and his
“flights” have carried him to all parts of the world.
But in his book he chooses to appear us a constitu-
tional grumbler; and one quickly wearies of an in-
variable strain of petty though sportive fault-
finding.
THE “Teacher's Manual” prepared to accom-
pany Miss Sheldon's “Studies in General History"
(D. C. Heath & Co.) is marked by the same exact
scholarship, sound historical sense, and skill in
grouping, that characterise the “Studies." For
teachers of that work it will be found indispensable;
and all teachers, and general readers as well, can
Anarchism Defined. C. L. James. North American.
Anarchists. H. C. Adams. Forum.
Animal and Plant Lore of Children. Popular Science.
Apollonius of Tyana, Paul Shorey. Dial.
Art, Decay of. W. J. Stillman. Princeton.
Beauregard, A Mistake of. W. R. Taylor. North American.
Brain, Care of the AL, Ranney. Popular Science.
Bunker Hill. Ballard Smith. Harper's.
California Desert, The, Overland.
Canadian Confederation. J. Carrick. Mag. Am. History.
Capital and Labor. H. B. Metcalf. Andover.
Carlyle. 0. E. Norton. Princeton.
Cedar Mountain. A. E. Lee. Mag. Am. History.
Charity Organization. Century.
Charleston, Defense of. G. T. Beauregard. North Americın.
Chinese Emigration. E. W. Gillam. North American,
Christian Union. Seelye and Fisher. Century.
Christian Union. Richards and Caldwell. Andover.
Civil Service Reform. G. W. Green. Forum.
Civil Liberty. Century.
Clay's Speeches. C.H. Peck. Mag. Am. History.
Co-operation. T. L. De Vinne. Century.
('opyright, International. Lathrop and Sherman. Forum.
Crawford's (ampaign in Mexico. Lieut. Hanna. Overland.
Credit of America after Revolution. John Fiske. Atlantic.
Criminals, Experience with. W. M. F. Round. Forum.
Didache and Kindred Forms. Prof. Warfield. Andover.
Dongan Charter to New York City. Mag. Am. History.
Dwellings, Country. Mrs. Van Rennselaer. Century.
Earthquakes, Popular Science.
Episcopalian, Confessions of an. Forum.
Farragut below New Orleans. Beverley Kenyon. Century.
Fishery Question, The. J. M. Oxley. Mag. Am. History.
France and Indo-China. Augustine Head. Century.
French and English. P. G. Hamerton. Atlantic.
Geology, Fest wich's. Alexander Winchell. Dial.
Glass, Bohemian. H. Schwarz. Popular Science.
Gold and Silver Money. C. M. Clay. North American.
Grant's Memoirs. Rossiter Jolinson. Dial.
Health and Exercise. E. L. Richards. Popular Science.
High Latitudes, Climate in. C. B. Waring. Pop. Science.
Historical Letters. G. S. Boutwell. North American.
Historic Homes of New York City. Mag. Am. History.
Iron, Rustless. J. S. C. Wells. Popular science.
Irrigation and Drainage. A. A. Sargent. Overland.
Jackson, Helen Hunt. Louis Swinburne. Princeton.
Labor as a Commodity. Washington Gladden. Forum.
Labor Question. E. L. Day. Century.
Labor Question. G. F. Parsons. Atlantic.
Labor Question and the Clergy. H. W. Farnham. Princeton.
Libby Prison. John Shrady. Mag. Am. History.
Life, Origin of. H. W. Conn. Princeton.
Literary Career, My. Henry Gréville. Lippincott's.
Literary Experiences. Joailuin Miller. Lippincott's.
Manuscript Market, The. J. H. Browne. Forum.
Mercator, Gerard. Popular Science.
Meteorites. M. A. Daubrée. Popular Science.
Mexico, Economic Study of. D' A. Wells. Pop. Science.
Minerals. M. J. Thoulet. Popular Science.
Missionary Testimonies, Recent. Andover.
Mohammedan Marriages, S.S. Cox. North American.
Morman City in Missouri. W. A. Wood. Mag. Am. His.
Morris, William. Emma Lazarus. Century.
Needlework in Art. Atlantic
New Orleans, Occupation of. Albert Kantz. Century.
New Orleans, Surrender of. Marion A. Baker. Century.
“* Quida." Harriet W. Preston, Atlantic.
Pigeons, Homing. E.S. Starr. Century.
Political Positivist. N. C. Butler. Andover.
Produce Exchange, N. Y. Richard Wheatly. Harper's.
Railway Problem, The. R. T. Ely. Harper's.
Recent Fiction. W. M. Payne. Dial
Religion and the State. J. H. Seelye. Forum.
Revolution, Danger of. J. L. Spaulding. Forum.
Riding in America. H. C. Lodge. Century.
Russian Storm-Cloud. Sara A. Hubbard. Dial.
Salmon Fishing. H. P. Wells, Harper's.
Shakesperian Law. J. T. Dawle. Overland.
Silk-Culture, Margarette W. Brooks. Popular Science.
Spiritual World, Natural Law in. Andover.
Stockton, Frank R. C.C. Buel. Century.
Sunday Question, The H. C. Potter. Princeton.
Telegraph, Government Ownership of North American.
Thomas at Chattanooga. W.F. Smith. Century.
Transportation, J. C. Welch. Popular Science,
Wealth, People's Share in. E. G. Clarke. No, American.
Webster, Daniel W.L. Todd. Ma. American History.
Woman's Duty to Woman. Ella 0. Lapham, Forum.
Words. Gail Hamilton, North American,
T
much historical information of the higher grade in
so brief a space, joined with so profound and lucid
observations. Take the following example (p. 108),
which gives in a nutshell what is best worth
knowing about the mediaval guilds: “They
were built upon the principle of coöperative, in-
stead of upon that of competitive industry.”
Mr. WINGATE's history of an excursion “ Through
the Yellowstone Park on Horseback" (0, Judd Co.)
is related, as the author states, for the benefit
of his friends and others who contemplate a visit
to this interesting region and know not where to
look for the full and exact information needed by
a prospective tourist. Mr. Wingate spent twenty-
six days in the Park in the summer of 1885, travel-
ling meantime over 460 miles. His party com-
prised several ladies, and the trip was performed in
å leisurely, comfortable fashion, the days being
passed in the saddle and the nights in camp. Mr.
Wingate's account is prosaic; but for the purpose
that prompted it, minuteness is a merit.
“THE SAUNTERER" is the title given to a collec-
tion of short articles, often mere paragraphs, which
were written by Mr. Charles Goodrich Whiting for
the columns of the “Springfield Republican," and
are reproduced in a volume by Ticknor & Co.
They are in both prose and metrical form, and deal


1886.)
THE DIAL
73
UUS.
za
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
Up the Rhine. By T. Hood. 15mo, pp. 234. Paper. “The
Travellers Series." G. P. Putnam's Sons. 50 cents.
[The following List contains all the New Books, American and The Greeks of To-Day. By C. K. Tuckerman. 16mo, pp.
369. Paper. “The Travellers Series." G. P. Putnam's
Foreign, received during the month of June by MESERS.
Sons. 50 cents.
A. C. MCCLURG & Co. (successors to Jansen, McClurg &
India Revisited. By Edwin Arnold, M.A., C.S.I. Illus.
00.), Chicago.]
trated. 16mo, pp. 324. Roberts Bros. $2.00.
HISTORY.
ESSAYS AND BELLES-LETTRES.
France Under Mazarin. With a Review of the Adminis.
tration of Richelieu. By J. B. Perkins. 2 vols., 8vo.
Praeterita. Outlines of Scenes and Thoughts, perhaps
Portraits. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5.00.
worthy of memory in my past life. By John Ruskin,
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The Story of Germany. By S. Baring-Gould, M.A.. with
J. Wiley & Sons. $3.00.
the collaboration of A. Gilman, M.A. Illustrated.
12mo, pp. 437. “The Story of the Nations." G. P. Put.
Miscellanea: A Collection of the Minor Writings of
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nam's Sons. $1.50,
The Story of Norway. By H, H. Boyesen. Illustrated.
Aristocracy in England. By Adam Badeau. 16mo, pp.
306. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
12mo, pp. 556." The Story of the Nations." G. P. Put.
nam's Sons. $1.50.
Baldwin. Being Dialogues on Views and Aspirations.
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ington the Expander of England. Two Lectures, with
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be completed in seventeen volumes, 8vo. Vols. 9 and
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74
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Life, based on the system of Theosophical Ethics.
New edition, rewritten and prefaced by Elliott Coues.
Preferable to Water Colors in many ways.
Square 16mo, pp. 123. Vellum paper covers. “Biogen
Series," No. 5. Estes & Lauriat. 75 cents.
*** We will mail any book in this list, when not to be had at the
local bookstores, on receipt of price, ercepting those marked ret, to
the price of which ten per cent. must be added to pay postage.
Automatic Pencil, Is an entirely new article, and it
A. O. MCCLURG & Co. (Successors to Jansen, McClurg & Co.) |
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Our FINE ARTS,
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76
[July, 1886.
THE DIAL
RUSSIAN LITERATURE.
Just Published :
| A Vital Question
Or, What Is To BE DONE? By NIKOLAI G.
TCHERNUISHEVSKY. Translated from the
Russian by Nathan Haskell Dole and S. S.
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Taras Bulba.
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THE DIAL
, Monthly Journal of Current Literature.
--
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PUBLISHED BY
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CHICAGO, AUGUST, 1886.
-- --- ---
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78
[Aug., 1886.
THE DIAL
THE SAUNTERER.
CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS and Stories
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Pics 10 how
THE DIAL
--
:-
------ -
Vol. VII. AUGUST, 1886. No. 76. If there existed in this 19th century such a
portrayal of English life in the 9th or any
earlier century, its value would be simply ines-
CONTENTS.
timable. Hence we may conclude that such
photographic views as these given to the world
TOLSTOI AND THE RUSSIAN INVASION OF THE
by the new school of “realism” will live
REALM OF FICTION. Joseph Kirkland ...79
through the ages, growing in value as they
HISTORY OF EDUCATION. J. B. Roberts ..... 81
grow in years. As long as a copy of Tolstoï
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF JOIN RUSKIN. Sara shall survive, the world need never be ignorant
A. Hubbard · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · of what life meant in Russia when the nobles
A BRACE OF BIBLIOPHILES ......... 86
owned the serfs body and soul, and the Czar
owned all. Meanwhile the question of cur-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 91
rent value must be settled by each reader
Boyesen's The Story of Norway.-Baring. Gould's
largely according to his personal bias.
The Story of Germany.-Van Dyke's Southern Cal.
ifornia.--Edmund Kirke's The Rear-Guard of the
The boy's life begins in the country and is
Revolution.-Stevenson's Kidnapped.-Badeau's
early transferred to Moscow. He finally,
The Aristocracy of England.-Mrs. Lillie's The before the narrative closes, enters the univer-
Story of Music and Musicians for Young Readers. sity; where, through folly and bad guidance,
- Miss Sanborn's A Winter in Central America
he becomes dissipated, and fails in his exam-
and Mexico.-Gogol's Taras Bulba.-Wells's The
American Salmon Fishermen.
ination for the second year's course. Every-
thing, in the country and in the city, is detailed
MR. WASHBURNE AND THE STATE DEPART.
with the minuteness of a mosaic.
MENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
As a specimen of life-like detail, take these
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS ...
from among the earliest recollections of the
TOPICS IN AUGUST PERIODICALS....... narrator:
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 94
"On the other side of the door... was the
corner where we were put on our knees.” (As a
punishment.) “How well I remember that corner!
TOLSTOI, AND TIIE RUSSIAN INVASION OF
I remember the stove-door, and the slide in it, and
THE REALM OF FICTION.*
the noise this made when it was turned. You
would kneel and kneel in that corner until your
In The Dial (March and May, 1886) parts knees and back ached, and you would think, Karl
one and two of “War and Peace” are briefly Ivanitch has forgotten me. . .' And then you
noticed, and a short sketch is given of their would begin to hint of your existence, to softly
author. Now have appeared (in English trans-
open and shut the damper, or pick the plaster from
lation) part three of the same wonderful work,
the wall; but if too big a piece suddenly fell noisily
and also three of the earlier works of Tolstoï:
to the floor the fright was worse than the whole
punishment. You would peep round at Karl Ivan-
“ Childhood,” “Boyhood,” and “Youth,” the
itch; and there he sat, book in hand, as though he
three bound together and forming a connected had not noticed anything."
series. Of them the translator says:
Here is another typical bit:
6. That these memoirs reflect the man, in his
“I knew, myself, not only that I could not kill
mental and moral youth, there can be no doubt; | a bird with my stick, but that it was impossible to
but they do not strictly conform to facts in other fire it off. That was what the game consisted in.
respects, and therefore merit the title which he If you judge things in that fashion, then it is im-
gives them, norels."
possible to ride on chairs; but, thought I, Volodya
Novels they are not. They lack a love himself must remember how, on long winter even-
story or other plot, and a heroine; and they
| ings, we covered an armchair with a cloth and
are without even a hero, unless we accept a
made a calash out of it, while one mounted as
thoughtless child, a bad boy, and an absurdly
coachman, the other as footman, and the girls sat
in the middle, with three chairs for a troïka of
egotistical youth, as the hero. Pictures of
horses, and we set out on a journey. And how
Russian real life, they are-perfect pictures. many adventures happened on the way! And how
The only open question is, are the subjects merrily and swiftly the winter evenings passed !
worth the canvas?
Judging by the present standard, there would be no
games. And if there were no games, what is left ?"
* CHILDHOOD, BOYHOOD, YOUTH. By Count Léon Tols.
To show the boldness of the writer in treat-
toi. Translated from the Russian by Isabel F. Hapgood.
New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
ing of a boy's development, and also (by a
WAR AND PEACE. A historical novel. By Count Léon side-light) the relation borne by female serfs
Tolstoi. Translated into French by a Russian lady, and to their masters, we will venture on one more
from the French by Clara Bell. Part III. Borodino, The
excerpt from “Youth.” (Volodya is the elder
French at Moscow, Epilogue. New York: William S.
Gottsberger,
| brother of the autobiographer.)


80
THE DIAL
[Aug.,
_
“But not one of the changes which took place in darkness has fallen, you spend the night in a
my views of things was so surprising to me myself hospital, with its sobs and groans and stenches.
as that in consequence of which I ceased to regard
If you are a civilian it is all, probably, only
one of our maids as a female servant, and began to
the spectacle of a fine panorama: and you
regard her as a woman. . . . . Mascha was
twenty-five when I was fourteen; she was very
hail it as “glorious !” If you have ever seen
pretty, . . remarkably white, luxuriantly
the actuality, you are more likely, as you read
developed. . . . Some one in slippers was this, to say to yourself once more, “ Accursed
ascending the next turn of the stairs ... the be battles, and those who cause them to be
sound of the footsteps suddenly ceased and I heard fought !”
Mascha's voice: “Now, what are you playing Here is a hospital scene which illustrates
pranks for? Will it be well when Marya Ivanovna
Tolstoï's fine boldness. (In the book it fills
comes?' 'She won't come,' said Volodya's voice
many pages. Want of space compels its in-
in a whisper, and then there was some movement
as if he had attempted to detain her. Now what
jury by omissions.)
are you doing with your hands, you shameless “Prince André was laid on an operating table that
fellow!' And Mascha ran past me with her necker | had just been cleared; a surgeon was sponging it
chief pushed one side, so that her plump white down. The cries and moans, on one hand, and the
neck was visible beneath it.”.
agonizing pain he felt in his back, paralyzed his
The tiresomeness of an egotistical youth is faculties. Everything was mixed up into one
graphically conveyed by the simple process of
single impression of naked, bloodstained flesh
making the record of his mean thoughts and
filling the low tent. . . . . The further table
was surrounded with people. A tall, strongly built
lying words tiresome to the reader. He talks
man was stretched upon it, his head thrown back;
-and talks—and talks-about himself and
there was something familiar to Prince André in
others, through 380 pages, and even then only the color of his curling hair, and the shape of his
reaches his seventeenth year. It is realistic head. Several hospital attendants were leaning on
photographic-almost microscopic. But on him with all their weight to keep him from stir-
the whole it reminds the reader of the Pre-
ring. One leg, fat and white, was constantly
raphaelite who wanted to paint the Rocky
twitching with a convulsive movement, and his
whole body shook with violent and choking sobs.
mountains life-size.
. . : . Prince André felt himself in the hands
The translator has left some rugged spots
of the attendant. . . . The surgeon bent down
which suggest the difficulties he has over and examined his wound and sighed deeply; then
come in other places.
he called another to help him, and the next
Now, turning to the closing part of “War instant Prince André lost consciousness from the
and Peace,” we encounter the same minute intense agony he suddenly felt. When he came to
ness; but being here applied to huge historical
himself, the pieces of his broken ribs, with the torn
flesh still clinging to them, had been extracted from
events, and personages whose very names
his wound, and it had been dressed. He opened his
make the blood boil, it is almost beyond criti-
eyes, the doctor bent over him, kissed him silently
cism. Napoleon, Koutousow, Borodino, Mos-
and wept away, without looking back. After that
cow, the practical annihilation of 400,000 fearful torture, a feeling of indescribable comfort
invaders: this is the theme; and dulness is not came over him. His fancy reverted to the happy
possible to it in the hands of Tolstoï.
days of infancy, especially those hours when, after
Where graphic detail is the pride and glory
he had been undressed and put into his little bed,
of the work, it becomes extremely difficult even
his old nurse had sung him to sleep, . The
to indicate its quality, as a whole, by quotation.
surgeons were still busy over the man he fancied he
had recognized; they were supporting him in their
One might get a fair idea of it by reading,
arms and trying to soothe him. 'Show it to me-
entire, the chapters devoted to the awful day
show it to me,' he said; fairly crying with pain.
of Borodino—the day when Napoleon's star . . . . They showed him his amputated leg,
left the zenith, on its way toward its setting. with the blood-stained boot still on it. 'Oh! he
You pass the night preceding the battle in exclaimed and wept as bitterly as a woman.”
the very tent with Napoleon: you hear him André recognizes him as a man who had
complain of his cold-blow his nose-rail at grievously wronged him-had stolen his lady-
all doctors and all medicine-moralize on the
love.
art of war. You see him rubbed down, like
“Prince André remembered everything ; and
a horse, by his valets. You see him drink his
tender pitifulness rose up in his heart, which was
rum punch; and you go forth with him before full of peace. He could not restrain tears of com-
dawn to peer into the darkness and listen to passion and charity, which flowed for all humanity,
the firing of the first gun.
for himself, for his own weakness, and for that of
Thenceforth, all day long, you watch the this hapless creature.”
hideous struggle; not with the free, roving A fine simile is made by Tolstoï, when, in
glance of the historian, but with the shudder- | moralizing on the Moscow campaign, he com-
ing eyes of a participant. Here and there, pares the combatants to two swordsmen, of
first on one side and then on the other, among whom the attacked and defeated one, sorely
the cavalry, the infantry, the artillery, the wounded, kills his assailant with a club.' Per-
staff, you ride, you run, you walk : and when I haps the greatest literary triumph of the whole


S
"
1886.]
THE DIAL
81
- - - ------ ----- -
work is the picture of Napoleon, at Moscow, arraignment of all despotism; especially mili-
publishing conciliatory addresses to the peo tary despotism.
ple whom he has defeated ; and sinking into These Russian novels mark an era in litera-
helpless despair as they repay his smiles with ture. The romantic and the realistic are
frowns and his futile blessings with curses. engaged in a life-and-death struggle. It is
The difficulty in realistic novel-writing their Waterloo, and lo, in the eastern horizon
(more even than in the other kind) is in know appears a Blücher, with a force which must
ing what to omit. Much detail is good. Too decide the battle in favor of realism. The
much detail is intolerable. Tolstoï seems Old Guard hurls itself on the foe—it is taken
sometimes to lose the sense of perspective. If in flank and must perish if it cannot surrender.
it is in the painting of nature, he begins the It seems that for the present literary genera-
description of a day with such minuteness that tion the victory is won and the war virtually
the reader expects a great event to make it over Photographic exactitude in scene-
memorable—a battle, a crime, a betrothal or painting—phonographic literalness in dialogue
marriage or death of a hero or heroine ;-and -telegraphic realism in narration—these are
when he finds that the appearance of that day the new canons for the art of fiction. Whether
is all there is of it, he feels himself fooled, and this is a novelty or only a restoration, it were
regrets that he broke the good general rule bootless to inquire. Kismet—it is fate, Per-
which is, to skip all scenery. So if it is a haps the height of art is shown by a return to
person, the words given to his characterization nature. Certainly some of Tolstoï's “local
should be in proportion to the part he has to color” (as he portrays the Patriarchs and
play.
bondsmen of wild Russia,) is naïf enough to
In such places the author's fancy runs away remind the reader of the simplicity of the
with him. Also when he mounts a hobby; oldest of narratives: “And Abraham sat in
as, for instance, when he writes whole chapters his tent-door in the heat of the day.”
on Free Masonry : chapters which no man ex Such books as Tolstoï's make the careful
cept a Free Mason will dream of reading. The observer suspect that unless English fiction
general result tends toward the overloading of can shake off some of the iron trammels that
the book with characters—the picture with bind it, it must yield all hope of maintaining
elaborated accessories. Except the historic | its long-held supremacy.
personages, and the heroes, heroines and vil-
JOSEPH KIRKLAND.
lains of the chief plot, one confuses the char-
acters together-hypocrites, buffoons, fools,
statesmen, grannies, faithless wives, serfs;-one
HISTORY OF EDUCATION.*
needs a “cast of the play” always in hand to
identify them as their names appear, especially The materials for a history of education, or
under the Russian system of multiplicity of rather for a history of schools and school-
titles and nicknames.
masters, are abundant and very accessible.
As to “perspective,” it should be observed Prof. Painter has found his facts where any-
(when we criticise dialogues apparently super one within reach of a reasonably good library,
fuous and tiresome) that this is a translation or who possesses an ordinary cyclopædia, can
-perhaps a double translation. Scenes of easily find them. A running view of the
social life which in the original were doubtless | pages and chapter-heads conveys the impres-
droll, gay, scintillating with light and color, sion of a gazetteer rather than a history; and,
come to us shorn of grace and flavor-the indeed, it requires some reflection at any stage
fragments of a foreign feast. It is only solids of the perusal to throw off this impression.
which bear handling and transportation un There is, however, throughout the work a
harmed. Bones can survive mummification, thread of continuity, and a recognition of the
while features perish. Austerlitz is as inter- | law of evolution which runs through the
esting in one language as another : the fun of development of educational ideas along the
a Russian soirée becomes a bore in an English current of human events. The scope, methods,
translation.
and aims of educational systems are seen to
“War and Peace,” here concluded, consists have grown out of the underlying philosophy
of three two-volume novels—some 2,000 duo of life prevalent in each succeeding age and
decimo pages altogether—and is a work few in every nation. Especially does the student
men or women can willingly lay down after of educational progress find that tbe religion
they have fairly begun to read. No one who | of a people has usually, perhaps invariably,
loves either romance or history can afford to been the inspiring motive and guide in all
pass it by. It is the turning of a splendid matters pertaining to the training of youth.
two-sided tapestry, and the studying of its And it is further true, that only where the
picture with action and colors reversed. Con-
*A HISTORY OF EDUCATION. By F. V. N. Painter, A.M.,
sciously, it is a fearful arraignment of Napo-
leonism. Unconsciously, it is a more terrible | Roanoke College. New York: D. Appleton & Company,
Professor of Modern Languages and Literature in


82
[Aug.,
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value and measure of a man, as taught by the THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF JOHN RUSKIN.*
Saviour, has been recognized, has education
The latest news of John Ruskin states that
been to a degree popular and universal.
he is in such serious ill health as to excite the
The necessity of education for the ruling
solicitude of his friends. The intelligence
classes has always and everywhere been under-
quickens the sense of gratitude with which we
stood, and nowhere more clearly than in
receive his last written words, which, under
Oriental nations, where class barriers are most
the title of “Preterita," record the annals of
impassable. Christianity first enlarged the
his life during its first two decades. The
sphere of the schoolmaster in Europe, by open-
author has found a pleasure unalloyed, and
ing to all grades and social conditions the
unwonted in his later years, in recalling the
possibility of church preferment. It is only
scenes of his childhood and youth; and the
within the present century, however, or since
effect is agreeably apparent. It puts him in
the French Revolution, that the universal
the happiest and gentlest humor, keeping ever
brotherhood and general equality of man has
uppermost his loveliest traits. It leads him to
become a controlling doctrine in human affairs.
write, as he says, fondly, garrulously, and at
It is this phase of educational evolution that
his ease, speaking of what it gives him joy to
will most engage the thoughtful reader's
remember and of what he thinks may be
attention as he follows our author in the
useful to others. When Ruskin is at his best,
development of his theme. Slowly the world
one need not try to say how fascinating and
has come to the belief that children are to be
inspiring he is.
educated, not merely that they may play the
In busying himself with his autobiography,
part of machines, or, rather, of parts of ma-
Mr. Ruskin is not hampered with considera-
chines, in the great social factory, but that each
tions of chronology. He notes events as they
one has a possible development in and for
occur to him, with small deference to order and
himself, without reference to others; and that
succession. This irregularity is but another
it is the duty of each generation to supply for
grace adorning the narrative. The privilege
its successor the requisite conditions for this
is so precious of viewing the inner experience
development. This mature thought of the
of a beloved author, uncovered by himself
world has had its influence, of course, upon
with the naïveté of a child, that any wayward-
all educational systems wherever it has pre-
ness or eccentricity in the proceeding forms a
vailed. It has modified the popular notion as
part of its charm. There are repetitions in
to what knowledge is of most worth. The
the story, but none too many. Ruskin never
modern ideas in regard to elective courses
tells a story twice in the same language, and
have come out of a growing reverence for the
there is always a new and wonderful word-
individual. The schoolmaster, with his too
painting when he puts the particles of speech
conservative instincts, is no longer at liberty
together to convey a favorite idea.
to ignore differing tastes, abilities, and im-
Some passing glimpses of his early life, of
pulses. College and even high school curricula
his parents and his home, Ruskin has given us
have lost much of their Mede and Persian
in “Fors Clarigera," but here he pauses for a
unchangeableness, and it is admitted that the
particular account of them. His father and
learner may even early in life make a reason-
mother were cousins, the mother being the
ably wise choice as to how he shall develop
elder by four years. She was of humble
his mind. In the good old days, the subjects
origin, the daughter of “the early-widowed
taught in the best equipped universities were
landlady of the King's Head Inn and Tavern”
few in number and narrow in scope. Now
at Croydon. At twenty, being “a consum-
they cover the whole field of useful knowledge;
mate housekeeper, she was called to the charge
and that field is enlarging constantly as the
of the home of an uncle living in Scotland.
years go by.
“She must then," says Ruskin, “have been
To so arrange the salient features of the
rapidly growing into a tall, handsome, and
educational development of the race as to
very finely-made girl, with a beautiful mila
bring out the law of growth, and to reveal the
firmness of expression." His father was at
causes and effects in their relations and all the
this time “a dark-eyed, brilliantly-active, and
complex changes which have slowly led up to
sensitive youth of sixteen.” Pleasant cous-
current ideas in regard to education, requires
inly relations were maintained by the young
the true historical instinct. This the author
couple, until the youth, at two or three and
of the History of Education has done most
twenty, went to London to begin his career in
successfully.
business. “By that time he had made up his
The general value of the Education series
mird that Margaret, though not the least an
of which this volume forms Part II. is suffi-
ideal heroine to him, was quite the best sort of
ciently guaranteed by the fact that it is edited
I person he could have for a wife, the rather as
by William T. IIarris, who introduces this
volume with a very discriminating and sug-
* PRETERITA. Outlines of Scenes and Thoughts per-
haps Worthy of Memory in My Past Life. By John Rus-
gestive preface.
J. B. ROBERTS. kin, LL.D. Volume I. New York: John Wiley & Sons.


1886.]
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83
2
- -- -
they were so well used to each other; and in a The child's diet was regulated with such
quiet, but enough resolute way, asked her if strictness that the gifts from his mother, one
she were of the same mind, and would wait forenoon, of three raisins out of the store cabi-
until he had an independence to offer her.” | net, and at another time of the remnant of his
Margaret was more deeply in love than her father's custard, marked fixed points of time
suitor, and joyfully acceded to his proposition. in his young life. He was never suffered to
“ On these terms,” we are told, “the engage go near the water, lest accident should befall
ment lasted nine years; at the end of which him; and for the same reason the pleasures and
time, my grandfather's debts having been all benefits of pony-riding were denied. His
paid, and my father established in a business mother had devoted him before his birth to
gradually increasing, and liable to no grave the Lord,—which meant that he was to become
contingency, the now not very young couple a clergyman, and, as both parents fondly
were married in Perth one evening after hoped, in due process of promotion, a bishop.
supper, the servants of the house having no Accordingly, he was exercised in the Scriptures
suspicion of the event until John and Margaret from infancy. Daily, at half-past nine, the
drove away together next morning to Edin lessons began, the mother reading alternating
burgh."
verses with him and seeing that he delivered
The home which the twain founded in with proper intonation every syllable falling
London was phenomenally peaceful and well from his lips.
conducted, and they themselves seem to have “In this way she began with the first verse of
been perfectly mated. Ruskin makes the Genesis, and went straight through to the last verse
remarkable statement that he never once of the Apocalypse; hard names, numbers, Levitical
heard his father's or mother's voice raised in law, and all; and began again at Genesis the next
any question with each other; that he never
day. If a name was hard, the better the exercise
saw an angry or even slightly hurt or offended
in pronunciation,-if a chapter was tiresome, the
glance in the eyes of either; he never heard a
better lesson in patience,-if loathsome, the better
lesson in faith that there was some use in its being
servant scolded, nor saw a moment's trouble
thus outspoken."
or disorder in any household matter, nor any-
thing whatever either done in a hurry or un-
At the end of the reading, which included
done in due time. His parents “lived with
two or three chapters, a few verses were
strict economy, kept only female servants,
learned by heart, until in time the boy had
used only tallow candles in plated candlesticks,
memorized considerable portions of the Bible,
were content with the leasehold territory of
and the whole body of the old Scottish para-
their front and back gardens,-scarce an acre
phrases. As he grew older, Latin, arithmetic and
altogether,—and kept neither horse nor car-
geography were added to his morning studies.
riage.”
By noon his tasks were usually over, and the rest
When their only child was about four years
of the day he was left to himself. His father
old, they removed to a modest residence on
returned from business punctually in season
Herne Hill, a rustic situation near Cornhill.
for the dinner at half-past four, but until
The business of Mr. Ruskin was that of a
grown quite a lad John was not allowed to be
vintner, which he managed with a probity and
present even at dessert. At six o'clock tea he
skill that ensured him ultimately a fortune.
was admitted to the drawing-room and ate his
The inflexible order which prevailed in the
bread-and-butter in the chimney corner, with
Ruskin household was maintained in the gov-
a writing-table before him which held his
ernment of the son.
plate and books. After tea he sat listening
while his father read aloud from Shakespeare,
“My mother's general principles of first treat-
ment were, to guard me with steady watchfulness
Scott, or Don Quixote, or he pored over his
from all avoidable pain or danger; and, for the rest,
own books if he preferred. This daily routine
to let me amuse myself as I liked, provided I was
was sustained almost without interruption.
neither fretful nor troublesome. But the law was, There was seldom company at Herne Hill.
that I should find my own amusement. No toys of Mrs. Ruskin was averse to entertaining
any kind were at first allowed. . . . Nor did I
strangers, and the family were entirely happy
painfully wish, what I was never permitted for an
“in the steady occupations, the beloved same-
instant to hope, or even imagine, the possession of
such things as one saw in toy-shops.
nesses, and the sacred customs of home.”
I had a
bunch of keys to play with as long as I was capable
In mere infancy, the child gave evidences of
only of pleasure in what glittered and jingled; as
his later genius. He strove after expression
I grew older I had a cart, and a ball; and when in rythmic language, his first essays being six
I was five or six years old, two boxes of well poems dated January 1826. Throughout his
cut wooden bricks. With these modest, and as childhood he persisted in the metrical form of
I still think, entirely sufficient possessions, and
composition, planning and partially complet-
being always summarily whipped if I cried, did
ing poetical works of an ambitious nature, on
not do as I was bid, or tumbled on the stairs, I
soon attained serene and secure methods of life and
which his father rested proud anticipations.
motion,”
He early amused himself also in drawing, for


84
[Aug.,
THE DIAL
which he had a rare but restricted talent. He
drew exquisitely with the pen point; and he
says: “There was the making of a fine land-
scape, or figure outline, engraver in me....
But I never saw any boy's work in my life
showing so little original faculty or grasp by
memory." His drawing was of such marked
excellence that, arriving at sixteen, he was
afforded the advantage of lessons in water-color
by Copley Fielding. He had received on his
thirteenth birthday, from Mr. Telford, the
gift of Roger's “İtaly," with Turner's illus-
trations. To this book, he states, may prob-
ably be attributed the direction of his life's
energies. “The essential point to be noted,
and accounted for, was that I could under-
stand Turner's work when I saw it;—not by
what chance or in what year it was first seen.
Poor Mr. Telford, nevertheless, was always
held by papa and mama primarily responsible
for my Turner insanities."
The quiet tenor of the domestic life of the
Ruskins was varied every summer by a journey
in England or on the continent, lasting two or
three months. - It was made in the old-time
leisurely and luxurious fashion, in a travelling
chariot supplied with post-horses. Forty or
fifty miles was the usual limit of the day's
journey, easily accomplished before the four
o'clock dinner. After dinner there remained
time for the inspection of any objects of inter-
est in the vicinity where they stopped. In
this favorable manner, young Ruskin became
familiar with the attractive portions of his own
island and of France, Italy, Germany, and
Switzerland. In depicting the joy of his first
impressions of the mountains and the cathe-
drals during these early excursions, Ruskin
breaks often into strains of impassioned elo-
quence. Of his first view of the Alps he
writes:
“There was no thought in any of us for a moment
of their being clouds. They were clear as crystal,
sharp in the pure horizon sky, and already tinged
with rose by the sinking sun. Infinitely beyond all
that we had ever thought or dreamed—the seen walls
of lost Eden could not have been more beautiful
to us; not more awful, round heaven, the walls of
sacred Death. It is not possible to imagine, in any
time of the world, a more blessed entrance into life,
for a child of my temperament. . . . Thus, in
perfect health of life and fire of heart, not wanting
to be anything but the boy I was, not wanting to
have anything more than I had; knowing of sorrow
only just so much as to make life serious to me, not
enough to slacken in the least its sinews; and with
so much of science mixed with feeling as to make
the sight of the Alps not only the revelation of the
beauty of the earth, but the opening of the first
page of its volume, -I went down that evening
from the garden-terrace of Schaffhausen with my
destiny fixed in all of it that was to be sacred and
useful. To that terrace, and the shore of the Lake
of Geneva, my heart and faith return to this day, in
every impulse that is yet nobly alive in them, and
every thought that has help in it or peace.”
Ruskin was initiated in Greek by the Rev.
Dr. Andrew, who preached in the chapel
attended by the family. His other lessons
remained under the charge of his mother,
until, at the age of fourteen or fifteen, he was
sent as a day scholar to a small private school
kept by the Rev. Thomas Dale near Herne
Hill. Of his position here among his com-
rades he says:
“Finding me in all respects what boys could
only look upon as an innocent, they treated me as
I suppose they would have treated a girl; they
neither thrashed nor chaffed me,-finding from the
first that chaff had no effect on me. Generally I
did not understand it, nor in the least mind it if I
did, the fountain of pure conceit in my own heart
sustaining me serenely against all deprecation,
whether by master or companion. I was fairly
intelligent of books, had a good quick and holding
memory, learned whatever I was bid as fast as I
could, and as well; and since all the other boys
learned always as little as they could, though I was
far in retard of them in real knowledge, I almost
always knew the day's lesson best.”.
As may be supposed, Ruskin had no mind
for mathematics. He “went easy through the
three first books of Euclid, and got as far as
quadratics in Algebra. But there I stopped,"
he says, “ virtually, for ever. The moment I
got into sums of series, or symbols expressing
the relations instead of the real magnitude of
things,-partly in want of faculty, partly in
an already well-developed and healthy hatred
of things vainly bothering and intangible,-
I jibbed-or stood stunned.”
When just turned eighteen, Ruskin entered
Christ Church, Oxford, as a gentleman-com-
moner. His prospects, as he looked forward
on the first night passed in his college-room,
were fair indeed.
“There was not much fear of my gambling, for
I had never touched a card, and looked upon dice
as people now do on dynamite. No fear of my be-
ing tempted by the strange woman, for was not Iin
love? and besides, never allowed to be out after
half-past nine. No fear of my running in debt, for
there were no Turners to be had in Oxford, and I
cared for nothing else in the world of material
possession. No fear of breaking my neck out
hunting, for I couldn't have ridden a hack down
High street; and no fear of ruining myself at a
race, for I never had been but at one race in my
life, and had not the least wish to win anybody
else's money. I expected some ridicule, indeed,
for these my simple ways, but was safe against
ridicule in my conceit: the only thing I doubted
myself in, and very rightly, was the power of
applying for three years to work in which I took
not the slightest interest. I resolved, however, to
do my parents and myself as much credit as I could,
said my prayers very seriously, and went to bed in
good hope.”
In reviewing the results of his college study,
Ruskin adds: “I believe that I did harder and
better work in my college reading than I can
at all remember." He made thorough attain-
ments in Greek, but his Latin writing he


1886.]
85
THE DIAL
thinks “the worst in the university, as I never precision in feeling, which afterwards, with
by any chance knew a first from a second due industry, formed my analytic power. In
future, or, even to the end of my Oxford career, all essential qualities of genius, except these,
could get into my head where the Pelasgi I was deficient; my memory being only of
lived, or where the Heraclidæ returned from.” average power. I have literally never known
Mrs. Ruskin, unintermitting in her watchful a child so incapable of acting a part, or telling
care of her son, accompanied him to Oxford, a tale. On the other hand, I have never known
that she might be at hand in case of accident one whose thirst for visible fact was at once
or illness. Every evening he took tea with so eager and so methodic.”
her at seven, remaining until Tom, the great The absolute quiet of his life, and his moth-
bell in Christ Church tower, “rang in.”
er's practice of throwing him upon himself for
". Through all three years of residence, during amusement, resulted in his acquiring a habit
term time, she had lodging in the High street, .. of regarding the few things which came under
and my father lived alone all through the week at his notice with fixed and prolonged attention.
Herne Hill, parting with wife and son at once for He had a passionate love for the water, and
the son's sake. On the Saturday he came down to
whenever he could get to a beach “spent four
us, and I went with him and my mother, in the old
domestic way, to St. Peter's, for the Sunday morn-
or five hours every day in simply staring and
ing service; otherwise, they never appeared with
wondering at the sea,-an occupation which
me in public, lest my companions should laugh at
never failed me till I was forty.” What he
me, or any one else ask malicious questions con calls the partly dull or even idiotic way he had
cerning vintner papa and his old-fashioned wife.” “of staring at the same things all day long,
A few months after Ruskin's entrance into carried itself out in reading, so that I could
college, he wrote the series of articles published read the same things all the year round. . .
in Loudon's “ Architectural Magazine," upon This inconceivably passive-or rather impas-
“The Poetry of Architecture, and signed sive-contentment in doing, or reading, the
Kataphusin. He speaks deprecatingly of the same thing over and over again, I perceive to
presumptuous spirit out of which these essays have been a great condition in my future power
issued, yet candidly remarks:
of getting thoroughly at the bottom of things.”
“As it is, these youthful essays, though deformed
Ruskin alludes in a passage quoted, con-
by assumption and shallow in contents, are curi-
nected with his college days, to the fact of his
ously right up to the points they reach; and already
being in love. In his eighteenth year it hap-
distinguished above most of the literature of the pened that the four daughters of his father's
time, for the skill of language which the public felt Spanish partner, Mr. Domecq, were domiciled
at once to be a pleasant gift in me."
for a few weeks at Herne Hill. It was the
A year before, he had written the first chap first time the youth had been directly exposed
ter of “Modern Painters." He had not then to the fascination of maidenly charms, and the
seen a Turner drawing, and until his seven effect is piquantly declared.
teenth year had received but confused impres-1 “How my parents could allow their young novice
sions from the Turner pictures in the Academy. to be cast into the fiery furnace of the outer world
His admiration for the great painter had come in this helpless manner the reader may wonder, and
solely from the illustrations in Roger's “ Italy," only the Fates know ; but there was this excuse for
which he had studied and copied with patient,
them, that they had never seen me the least inter-
painstaking love. In 1836 there appeared in
ested or anxious about girls-never caring to stay
in the promenades at Cheltenham or Bath, or on the
“Blackwood's Magazine” an article roughly
parade at Dover; on the contrary, growling and
and severely condemnatory of these paintings mewing if I was ever kept there, and off to the sea
recently exhibited by Turner.
or the fields the moment I got leave. . . . .
“The review raised me to the height of black Virtually convent-bred more closely than the maids
anger' in which I have remained pretty nearly ever themselves, without a single sisterly or cousinly
since; and having by that time some confidence in affection for refuge or lightning-rod, and having no
my power of words, and—not merely judgment, but athletic skill or pleasure to check my dreaming, I
sincere erperience of the charm of Turner's work, I was thrown, bound hand and foot, in my unaccus-
wrote an answer to Blackwood, of which I wish I tomed simplicity, into the fiery furnace, or fiery
could now find any fragment. But my father cross, of these four girls,—who of course reduced
thought it right to ask Turner's leave for its publi- | me to a mere heap of white ashes in four days.
cation; it was copied in my best hand, and sent to Four days, at the most, it took to reduce me to
Queen Anne street, and the old man returned kindly
ashes, but the Mercredi des cendres lasted four
answer.”
years."
This is the only mention in the autobiog The oldest of the young girls, Adele
raphy of any personal communication between Clotilde, “a graceful oval-faced blonde of fif-
Turner and Ruskin, and probably dates the teen,” captured the heart of Ruskin, and like
beginning of their acquaintance.
a ruthless conqueror laughed at his passion.
Ruskin places a modest estimate upon his She would have married him dutifully, how-
natural abilities, claiming no special power or ever, had their parents desired it, but her
capacity, "except that patience in looking, and having been bred a Catholic was an insuper-


86
THE DIAL
[Aug.,
- - - - - -- - -
able obstacle to their union. It does not huntsmen very soon get hold of the sympathy
appear that the youth languished under his of the reader.
hopeless affection, yet it preserved him from Both Mr. Lenox and his biographer were
any similar attack while in the callow period. strong and positive characters. One scarcely
These reminiscences—the first volume of knows in which he is most interested—the
which is alone completed-carry the author canny, close-mouthed, close-fisted, suspicious
into his nineteenth year. “Looking back," | Scotch-American, or the shrewd, industri-
he writes, “from 1886 to that brook shore ous, conceited Vermont - Yankee-Englishman.
of 1837, whence I could see the whole of my They were an efficient pair, a well-matched
youth, I find myself in nothing whatsoever team of bottom and endurance; and it is not
changed. Some of me is dead, more of me surprising that they ran down many wonderful
stronger. I have learned a few things, for- | treasures which are now stored away in the
gotten many; in the total of me, I am but the Lenox Library in New York. We say “stored
same youth, disappointed and rheumatic.” away," and those perhaps are the only proper
Not more remarkable has been Ruskin's words to use; for everyone knows how general
literary career than the formative period of is the complaint of the inaccessibility of the
his life. The account of it is strange and books in that library. The very front of the
instructive. How much of the brilliant talent building, as it shows itself from Central Park,
and the strong self-poised character which massive and stately as it is, looks repellant and
have made him a power for good in the forbidding. It signals no invitation to the
world, is to be referred to the singular manner student and the scholar; and so, when we find
of his education? How far would it be wise in this book that Mr. Stevens affirms the truth
to adopt the same methods in the training of of the story that Mr. Lenox, after he had
other young children? These are questions secured the possession of many rare books and
which make the history of Ruskin's boy-life | manuscripts pertaining to early Spanish explo-
an interesting study. Its sincere spirit and ration and conquest in America, refused to
incomparable diction elevate the work to the Mr. Prescott permission to see and examine
standard of Ruskin's noblest writings.
them, we may feel indignant, but we can
Sara A. HUBBARD. scarcely be surprised. If the Lenox Library
is repellant and secretive, we should judge by
------- -
this book that it is the legitimate child of the
A BRACE OF BIBLIOPHILES. *
rather crusty old bachelor Lenox.
When summing up the man, Mr. Stevens
Intelligent and cultivated people have much gives to his hero many attractive virtues; but
quiet amusement at the expense of the devoted it is well that he stated in so many words that
book-collector; and yet the book-collector not he possessed them, for one never would guess
only continues to exist, but he multiplies and it from the incidents related in the book. He
prospers. For one person who took an inter-
est in book-collecting twenty years ago, there "A cleaner, purer, more finished life it is hardly
are twenty such persons now; and every one possible to conceive. James Lenox died at the age
of these will find the most intense interest in of eighty, the bibliographer, the collector, the
Mr. Henry Stevens's “Recollections of Mr. founder of one of the most valuable public libraries
James Lenox.” Indeed, the intelligent and in the New World, the philanthropist, the builder
cultivated people who look kindly and good-
of churches, the establisher of a large public hos-
pital, the giver to New York of a Home for Aged
naturedly on the foibles of their book-collect-
Women, the dispenser of untold silent charity, and
ing friends, are in great danger if they trifle
the benefactor of his native city and his honored
with temptation, and look into the pages of country.”
this little volume. They will be very likely to
Let us believe that the founder of the great
keep on until they have read every word of it,
library was all this, and thank Mr. Stevens for
and they may be forced to admit that, after all,
stating it plainly: we never would have
there is something to be said in favor of book-
inferred it from anything in the book. Mr.
collecting. Certainly, while the book is written
Stevens shows us very clearly the gradual
with the most charming frankness, the favor-
development of Mr. Lenox as a book-collector,
ite pursuit which brought Mr. Lenox and Mr.
and the nire innocence of some of the early
Stevens into such close relations is presented
incidents in his career is amusing.
with much attractiveness. The humorous
“For instance, in early times he ordered from a
side of the pursuit shows out here and there,
Sa VS
proof sheet of a Berlin catalogue a tract in German,
and the foibles of the collectors are revealed
priced at 115 francs. On receiving it with the
very clearly; but the intense interest of the
price corrected to 15 francs, he returned it as not
chase and the devotion and enthusiasm of the wanted,' because he had ordered it under the
impression that it was a rare book,' as the former
*RECOLLECTIONS OF MR. JAMES LENOX OF NEW YORK,
price indicated. Again, when his tastes had grown
and the Formation of his Library. By the late Henry
| into the mysteries of uncut leaves, he returned a
Stevens of Vermont. London: Henry Stevens & Son.


1886.]
87
THE DIAL
.
very rare early New England tract, expensively ence, he took home the book, and soon learned to
bound, because it did not answer the description of cherish it as a bargain and the chief ornament of
"uncut' in the invoice, for the leaves 'had mani- | his library."
festly been cut open and read.' When it was
Among the many peculiarities of Mr. Lenox
explained to him that in England the term 'uncut'
an amusing one is revealed in this passage:
signified only that the edges were not trimmed, he
shelved the rarity with the remark that he learned
“Mr. Lenox used often to pay an unprecedently
something every day.'”
high price for a prime rarity, with the remark that
he could at present find the five pound notes more
We fear Mr. Stevens has defrauded us if,
easily than such books, but you must not tell any-
as he intimates, he had incidents still more
body how much I have paid.' A few years later,
amusing!
when I quoted the same books at two to four times
It is quite evident that Mr. Stevens had to the prices paid, he willingly removed the injunc-
endure much that was unreasonable and trying | tion of secrecy."
in his intercourse with his wealthy but whim So sedulously has the contents of the Lenox
sical patron.
Library been kept from the public, that this
“I had announced to him, among other biblio- book will give to many readers their first
graphical gossip, that a fine and perfect copy of the knowledge of the richness of its many treas-
forty-two line Latin Bible of 1450-1455, usually
ures. Its most valuable department, no doubt,
but unjustly called the Mazarine’ Bible, was soon
is that which contains the wonderful collec-
coming on for sale by auction at Sotheby's; and,
tion pertaining to the “Age of Discovery”
though a copy had been sold as high as £190, sug-
gested that he should go in for it at that or even a
in America; but all through the book are
higher price if necessary. I gave a careful colla-
hints of other collections like the following:
tion and description of the two volumes, and stated “Besides these, he took very early to his favour-
that though both Mr. Putnam and I would be ite anthor John Bunyan, and not only edited an
absent in Paris at the time of the sale, his order edition of the Pilgrim's Progress,' but undertook
would be attended to by the house of Messrs. to collect all editions and translations of it. In
Wiley and Putnam, to whom he was requested to this he was particularly successful, having event-
address his orders and instructions. Ilis order ually acquired nearly every one of the early English
came during our absence, with a simple request to editions of parts I., II., and III., as numbered from
the manager to buy the Bible for him, without any the 1st to the 32d. No collection known can be
particular instruction or limit as to price. Mr. compared with his, that of the late Mr. Offor being
Davidson the manager was thus unexpectedly in no way equal to it. Indeed for nearly twenty
thrown on his discretion,' and he, it seemed to years I carried in my pocket lists of the editions of
me afterwards, wisely decided to exercise that the P. P. he had, as well as those known ones he
virtue by buying the book against all comers, and wanted, and in that way catered earnestly, allow-
accordingly he attended the sale personally and ing nothing to slip through my fingers that it was
ran the book until it was knocked down to Messrs, possible to secure for him. In reading catalogues
Wiley and Putnam at £500, at that time pronounced and reports from all parts of the world, one eye at
to be a mad price,' though other copies have least was always kept peeled for his desiderata. In
since been sold by auction at from £1,600 to near the same manner he undertook to bring into his
£4.000.
net all the editions of Milton, and succeeded in
- This.mad price' was at once heralded as such in acquiring it is believed nearly all the known
the London papers, and the book was stated to have editions, as well as many not previously recognized,
been bought by a well-known American collector of the early separate pieces in both prose and verse
against Sir Thomas Phillipps, under exciting cir of the author of · Areopagitica’ and Paradise Lost.'
cumstances. Sir Thomas had arranged with Messrs. Indeed his collection of Miltons excels that of the
Payne and Foss, after his peculiar manner, to buy British Museum and that of the Bodleian put
the Bible for him at an agreed limit of £300. But together, rich as those libraries are in Miltons."
Sir Thomas was so anxious about the result that he
Boston liberality and patriotism do not
committed the indiscretion of going to the sale
appear to the best advantage in the following
rooms himself to witness the competition. When
the biddings between Mr. Davidson and Mr. Foss
passage:
had exceeded £300, Sir Thomas, when he could “In 1848 I bought Washington's library of about
not induce Mr. Foss to go on, took up the com 3,000 volumes, for $3,000, to secure about 300 vol-
petition himself, and ran his opponent up to £495, umes with the autograph of the 'Father of his
when Mr. Foss arrested his mad career, and the country on the title-pages, some rarities for Mr.
hammer fell at Mr. Davidson's final bid of £500 for Lenox, and many tracts and miscellaneous American
Messrs. Wiley and Putnam.
books for the British Museum. Mr. Lenox declined
“The sale was a bibliographical event, and was the books with autographs, and there being a great
greatly talked and written about both in London hue and cry raised in Boston against my sending them
and New York, insomuch as Mr. Lenox, whose out of the country, I sold the collection to a parcel
name as that of the unlucky purchaser had been of Bostonians for $5,000, but after passing that old
freely used, declined to clear the book from the Boston hat around for two or three months for $50
New York Custom House, and pay for it. The subscriptions only $3,250 could be raised, and
cost, including the commission, expenses and the therefore, as I had used a few hundred dollars of
customs duty, amounting to about $3,000, was the money advanced to me by the promoters and
deemed by him an amount of indiscretion for was in a tight place, I was compelled to subscribe
which he could not be responsible. However, the rest myself to make up the amount of pur-
after some reflection and a good deal of correspond- | chase.”


88
[Aug.,
THE DIAL
--
How quickly could four times $5,000 be The following passage, telling of Mr. Lenox's
raised in Chicago to-day to purchase these | purchase of one of Turner's pictures, shows at
same books!
the same time the ungentle crustiness of the
Boston and Boston men do not seem to be
great artist and the ungracious bluntness of
favorites with Mr. Stevens. He gives at
his American patron.
considerable length an interesting account of
"This brings to mind a characteristic anecdote,
his purchase in London of the fine lot of
which I often heard Mr. C. R. Leslie, the Royal
Nineveh Marbles which now rest in the rooms
Academician, relate of his two friends, Mr. Lenox
of the New York Historical Society, of his
and Mr. Turner, his brother Academician, Mr.
Leslie, about 1847 I think, received a letter cover-
sending them to Boston, of their enthusiastic
ing a sight draft on Barings, requesting him to be
reception by the learned men and the “ Beacon so good as to purchase of his friend Mr. Turner the
Streeters," of the renewed efforts to pass round best picture by him he could get for the money,
“that old Boston hat,” of its return empty, giving directions for the shipment to New York.
and of their final transfer to the New York | With draft in pocket, Mr. Leslie called on the dis-
Historical Society through the liberality of
tinguished artist, and told him frankly that he had
Mr. Lenox.
called to purchase one of his pictures for an Ameri-
can friend. I have no picture to sell to your
There is in the Lenox Library one of the American friend,' was the grumpy reply. But
greatest curiosities in the way of an early surely,' answered Mr. Leslie, who understood the
geographical globe known to exist. Here is humour of the artist, 'out of so many one might
the singular history of its acquisition:
very well be spared for New York.' 'No, my pic-
“In 1870, while residing at the Clarendon' in
tures are not adapted to American taste or American
appreciation of Art. You had better apply to Mr.
New York, I dined one evening with Mr. R. M.
Soandso, if you require a picture suitable for the
Hunt, the architect of the Lenox Library, a son of
gallery of an American, and then commented
my father's old friend Jonathan Hunt, who repre-
severely on America and Americans, their refine-
sented the State of Vermont in Congress from 1827
ment, their money-grubbings, and their knowledge
to 1832. While talking on library conveniences
of Art.
and plans, I chanced to notice a small copper globe,
a child's plaything, rolling about the floor. On
A few rather indignant words from Mr. Les-
inquiry, I was told that he picked it up in some
lie, who knew Americans much better than
town in France for a song, and now, as it opened at Mr. Turner, and knew also the latter's avarice
the equator and was hollow, the children had ap | and his desire to sell his pictures, ended with:
propriated it for their amusement. I saw at once by
“You are too suspicious; you need run no risk
its outlines that it was probably older than any | from him or me. I have nothing more to say or do.
other globe known, except Martin Behaim's at
Here is Mr, Lenox's letter and draft for £800 which
Nurnberg, and perhaps the Leon globe, and told
you may encash at Barings to-day. Pray select
Mr. Hunt my opinion of its geography, requesting
such a picture as will in your judgment do yourself
him to take great care of it, for it would some day
the most credit in the Art-benighted country you
make a noise in the geographical world. Subse-
decry."
quently I borrowed it for two or three months,
“This speech, or the letter, or the draft, fetched
studied it, took it to Washington, exhibited it to
up the artist, and he promptly confessed that some
Dr. Hilgard and others at the Coast Survey Office,
good might come even out of New York; so he at
and employed one of the draughtsmen there to
once turned round a small picture standing on the
project it in a two hemisphere map, with a diameter
floor against the wall and said, “There, let Mr. Lenox
of the original, about five and a half inches, at a
have that, one of my favorites; he is a gentleman,
cost to me of $20. On returning to New York I
and I retract: will that suit you, Mr. Leslie?' 'I am
delivered it into the hands of Mr. Hunt, telling him
willing to take no responsibility, Mr. Turner, in the
that it was unquestionably as early as 1510 and
selection; if the painting satisfies you, and you rec-
perhaps 1505, and was in historical and geograph-
ommend it at that price, I will endorse the draft to
ical interest second to hardly any other globe, small
you and take the picture away with me.' And that
as it was; and concluded by recommending him,
was the way Mr. Lenox won his first “Turner.'
when he and his children had done playing with it, “But this is not the end of the story. The
to present it to the Lenox Library, the plans of
painting soon after arrived in New York, was
which he was then engaged upon. I also told Mr.
cleared from the Custom House and delivered in
Lenox of its value, and recommended him to keep
Fifth Avenue only a few minutes before the closing
his eye upon it, and secure it if possible for preserva-
of the fortnightly mail for England. Mr. Lenox
tion in his library. My pains and powder were not
therefore had time only to hastily acknowledge its
thrown away. Not long after Mr. Hunt presented
receipt safe and in good condition. He had, he
it to the library, and from that time it has been
wrote, caught only a glance at the picture, but he
known and styled as the 'Hunt-Lenox Globe.' On
could not help adding that that glance disappointed
my return to London I showed my drawing of it to him. On receiving this curt and scarcely courteous
my friend Mr. C. H. Coote, of the map department letter, Mr. Leslie said he resolved thenceforward to
of the British Museum, and lent it to him for the
abstain from executing responsible commissions for
reduced fac-simile in his article on GLOBES in the
friends. By the following mail two weeks later
new edition of the 'Encyclopædia Britannica.'
came a second letter from Mr. Lenox, the substance
Thus the Hunt-Lenox Globe' won its geograph-
of which was, 'Burn my last letter, I have now
ical niche in literature as well as in “Narrative His-
looked into my “Turner” and it is all that I could
desire. Accept best thanks.' In telling the story
tory.'"


1886.7
89
THE DIAL
Mr. Leslie used sometimes parenthetically and Smith's History of Virginia, 1624. Mr.
facetiously to remark, 'I suppose Mr. Lenox, like
Lenox was very anxious to possess a large
some others who view “Turners” for the first time,
paper copy of this book, and had much cor-
somehow got the picture bottom side up.'”
respondence about finding one with Mr.
Mr. Lenox had long wished to possess a copy Stevens as early as 1852. None turned up,
of “The Bay Psalm Book," a metrical version however, until 1873, and then Mr. Lenox was
of the Psalms, printed by Stephen Daye, at stoutly affirming that he had got through
Cambridge, in 1640, the first book printed in buying books. In March of that year Mr.
what is now the United States. He intimated | Stevens wrote Mr. Lenox:
a willingness to pay as high as one hundred “One should never despair. All rare books turn
guineas for a copy, the one in the Bodleian up soover or later in London. Some twenty-five
Library being probably the only perfect one years ago you ordered or enquired about a large
then known to exist. For ten years Mr. paper copy of Smith's Virginia. A few days ago
Stevens's search had been fruitless.
THE copy turned up in the library of a clergyman in
Yorkshire, lately deceased, the Rev. Mr. Lowe,
“Under these circumstances, therefore, only an brother of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. It is
experienced collector can judge of my surprise and
not only large paper, but is in the original binding
in ward satisfaction, when on the 12th January
in dark green, morocco, very richly tooled all over,
1855, at Sotheby's, at one of the sales of Mr. Picker-
and in excellent preservation. It is the Dedication
ing's stock, after untying parcel after parcel to see
copy, and no doubt belonged to the Duchess of
what I might chance to see, and keeping ahead of
Richmond and Lenox. The Richmond and Lenox
the auctioneer, Mr. Wilkinson, on resolving to pros arms, very large and elaborate, with her quarter-
pect in one parcel more before he overtook me, my
| ings, are on the side. The binding alone is, I
eye rested for an instant only on the long lost Ben-
think, the finest I ever saw of Charles I.'s time, and
jamin, clean and unspotted. I instantly closed the
would readily bring £100 without the book.”
parcel, (which was described in the catalogue as
Lot 531 Psalmes other Editions, 1630 to 1675 black
Stevens went on to tell Mr. Lenox that he
letter, a parcel,') and tightened the string, just as
was sending the book to America, and that it
Alfred came to lay it on the table. A cold blooded was first offered to him at 250 guineas. At
coolness seized me, and advancing towards the table the same time, Stevens wrote to Mr. Brinley,
behind Mr. Lilly I quietly bid in a perfectly neutral another famous collector, as follows:
tone six-pence,' and so the bids went on increasing
"The greatest bibliographical rarity that ever
by sixpences until half-a-crown was reached and
crossed the Atlantic Ocean I shall send to Mr. Lenox
Mr. Lilly had loosened the string. Taking up this
next week, but as he is only a millionaire and has
very volume he turned to me and remarked that This
stopped buying, he may not keep it at my price.
looks a rare edition, Mr. Stevens, don't you think
In that case I shall direct Baldwin & Co. to send it
so? I do not remember having seen it before,'
for your inspection, I trust your chances are small.
and raised the bid to five shillings. I replied that
I had the order from Mr. Lenox twenty years ago,
I had little doubt of its rariety, though com-
and am only now able to execute it; but I am
paratively a late edition of the Psalms, and at the
more than rewarded for waiting, though the price
same time gave Mr. Wilkinson a sixpenny nod.
of the book has gone up, while money has gone
Thenceforward a spirited competition arose between
down. The book is Smith's History of Virginia on
Mr. Lilly and myself, until finally the lot was
large paper, in the finest possible condition, bound
knocked down to Stevens for nineteen shillings!
at the time 1624, in rich morocco tooled all over,
I then called out, with perhaps more energy than with the arms of Charles on one cover and those of
discretion, 'delivered,' On pocketing this volume, the Duchess of Richmond and Lenox on the other.
leaving the other seven to take the usual course,
In short, it is the Dedication copy to the Duchess,
Mr. Lilly and others inquired with some curiosity,
her own copy, in the most sumptuous binding, early
• What rarity have you got now?' Oh nothing,'
English, I ever saw. Any book, no matter what,
said I, “but the first English book printed in
in such early English binding, would readily bring
America.' There was a pause in the sale, while all
100 guineas, but when that book is Smith's Vir-
had a good look at the little stranger. Some said
ginia with all this story attached to it, and only
jocularly, there has evidently been a mistake, put
five other large paper copies being known, and four
up the lot again.' Mr. Stevens, with the book
of them in public libraries, what must I ask for this,
again safely in his pocket, said, “Nay, if Mr. Pick-
THE copy of all others-a show book forever, I think
ering, whose cost mark of y (3s) did not recognize
--but you must wait."
the prize he had won, certainly the cataloguer
A day or two later he wrote to Mr. Brinley:
might be excused for throwing it away into the
hands of the right person to rescue, appreciate and
“Mr. Lenox writes me for the twenty-fifth time
preserve it. I am now fully rewarded for my long
that he no longer buys books, and in his last letter
and silent hunt of seven years."
has ordered nothing. So it is possible he may hold
to this resolution until he has had time to pass the
It is worth noting that another copy occurred SMITH. If he does pass it, he is more of a— than I
for sale at the dispersing of Mr. George Brin ever took him for. However, you come in for the
ley's celebrated library in 1878; and that it reversion of it if he does.”
was bought by Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt, for Mr. Lenox resisted the temptation to buy
$1,200.
the book at about $1,275, and Mr. Brinley
One of the extremely interesting and ex- | bought it; but only a year or two later at the
cessively rare books on early American bistory | sale of Mr. Brinley's books Mr. Lenox could
is, as all collectors know, Captain John I no longer be virtuous but must needs buy the


90
[Aug.,
THE DIAL
coveted book at $1,800. But 1884 a similar
copy in the Hamilton Palace sale, wanting the
large map of Virginia, brought nearly $3,000.
These numerous and lengthy extracts, while
interesting in themselves, will have given a
pretty good insight into the book, and many
hints as to the author. The book is most inter-
esting, but marked all over with the peculiar-
ities, and perhaps we should say the innocent
vanities, of the man. The style shows a love
of slang which is surprising in a man so long
and so intimately connected with old and
classic English literature ; but not surprising,
perhaps, in the lover of sensation, who could
place upon the title page of his book, among
supposed titles of distinction, “Black-Balled
Athenaeum Club of London ; also Patriarch of
Skull and Bones of Yale, as well as citizen
of Noviomagus, et cetera ”—leaving it to his
readers to puzzle over what it may all mean.
Henry Stevens of Vermont, as he was foud
of calling himself, was a peculiar character.
IIe was a Vermont boy, who had a natural
and strong love of books, and a still stronger
love of book-hunting. He went to London
when he was twenty-six years old, and, with
brief visits to this country, remained there
until his death at a ripe age. He had been
successful and had achieved a wide reputa-
tion among enthusiastic book-hunters. In-
deed, he had probably been instrumental in
bringing more rare and valuable biblio-
graphical curiosities to this country than
any man who has yet lived. In spite of his
amusing vanities, he commanded the respect
and affection of those who knew him well.
Upon his death, in London, a handsomely
printed memorial card was issued, bearing this
quaint and touching inscription:
IN AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE OF
HENRY STEVENS
LOVER OF BOOKS
BORN AT BARNET VERMONT 24 AUGUST 1819
THE VOLUME OF WHOSE EARTHLY LABOUR WAS CLOSED
IN LONDON 28 FEBRUARY 1886 IN THE
SIXTY-SEVENTH YEAR OF HIS AGE
* And another book was opened which is the book of Life.'
“ The Recollections of Mr. James Lenox”.
is printed, as such a book should be, very
beautifully and luxuriously. It is the work of
the Chiswick Press.
therefore stirs deeply the youthful imagination.
The early history of Norway is its proudest; for,
as Mr. Boyesen says, a nation including only two
millions of people can play but an obscure part in
the drama of the world in an era when “powder
and modern strategy have subordinated heroism to
discipline and numbers." Mr. Boyesen has felt a
justifiable pride in rehearsing the story of his native
country, as no work embodying it in a satisfactory
manner has heretofore appeared in the English
language.-Another interesting number of the same
series is “The Story of Germany," as told by S.
Baring-Gould. The subject is one with which the
author has previously dealt at length, in a work on
the past and present of the great Teutonic pation;
and he handles it with easy familiarity. In the
present volume he discloses a peculiar aptitude as a
historian for young readers. He writes as though
talking to a group of children, whom he holds
spell-bound by the magnetic influence of persuasive
and picturesque delineation. He is accurate and
coherent in statement, following with fidelity the
current of events in the development of the nation;
yet he chooses the facts for recital with such
nice discrimination, and invests them with so much
animation and life, that the tale never for an
instant weakens in interest. The one fault to be
found with the story is that it is not rounded out
in all parts in a satisfactory manner. It is only the
outline of the rise and progress of a nation which
can be given in a book conforming to the plan pre-
scribed for this series; yet Mr. Baring-Gould has
sometimes left gaps in his narrative which we
could wish he had bridged over. And he has given
us too meagre an idea of the growth of the people,
of the development of their industries, of their
advance in education and in the successive phases
of their civilization. But all that he has recorded
is so charming, that this very lack in his work may
prove a virtue by inciting the young student to the
perusal of other and fuller accounts of the German
nation, and finally by confirming him in a love for
all historical reading. The illustrations scattered
profusely through the volume are of such unusual
merit as to deserve mention.
MR. THEODORE S. VAN DYKE, as we infer from
his book on “Southern California” (Fords, Howard
& Hulbert), is one of the multitude who have been
driven to seek a home in the remote southwestern
portion of our territory for the sake of its salubrious
climate. He has adapted himself to the situation
like a philosopher, looking about him in every
direction to estimate the new conditions and cir-
cumstances with an appreciative and impartial eye.
It was necessary to live much in the open air, and
he has occupied himself in exploring the country,
in noting its physical features, its native plants-
trees, shrubs, and herbs, -its birds, beasts, insects,
and fishes, the peculiarities of the seasons, and the
work of the agriculturist, the husbandman, and the
fruit-grower, with their failures and successes.
The country in which Mr. Van Dyke located, bor-
dering on Mexico, and including the counties of
San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles, has
been, until lately, out of the way of the ordinary
traveller, and hence has remained comparatively
unknown to all except its quiet inhabitants. As
the fruit-bearing region of California, it is exciting
lively attention, and likewise as the great sanitarium
of the Pacific coast. Mr. Van Dyke describes it
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
MR. BOYESEN's volume upon Norway forms, as
was to be expected, one of the most acceptable
numbers of the series called “ The Story of the
Nations" (Putnam). The larger half of the book is
occupied with the mythology of the Norsemen, and
tales of the vikings and of the line of adventurous
men whose deeds are related in the sagas preserved
by Snorre Sturlasson. This is the kind of reading
which young people, especially of the ruder sex,
enjoy. It exhibits the child-life of a nation, and


1886.]
91
THE DIAL
with much minuteness and with evident honesty. which the boy is the rightful owner. The suffer-
He mentions its drawbacks along with its advan ings of the lad while on board the “Covenant,"
tages, and although the latter appear finally to be l the cruelties to which the captain and his mates
largely in the majority, the conclusion comes unques- y subject all who are under them, the saving from a
tionably from a succession of fair statements. He capsized boat of the Jacobite Alan Stewart, the
declares that a livelihood is not to be earned from bloody termination of a plot to rob and murder
the soil in Southern California without hard and Stewart, in whose defence David renders such
patient work, and that the shiftless and improvi valiant help, and the shipwreck of the brig on the
dent will fail there as everywhere else. He also little island of Erraid, on the west coast of Scotland,
asserts that the consumptive will not be cured by are all portrayed with a vividness which cannot
the climate alone, or as a rule by a short trial of its fail to fasten the reader's attention. The dangers
remedial properties. His remarks on this, as upon attending the presence of so violent a partisan as
other matters, are pointed and vigorous, and marked Stewart in that portion of the Highlands controlled
by eminent good-sense. The value of the chapters by the hostile Campbells, are heightened by the
on the plant and animal life of Southern California tragic death of ('olin Campbell, the “Red Fox."
would have been greatly enhanced bad the author The Jacobite and his young companion, David
given the scientific names of the species mentioned. Balfour, being accused of the crime, are posted as
To a man of his energy and intelligence this would outlaws and hunted by the royal troops. After
have been an easy task, and the omission is felt in a severe hardships, and with many hairbreadth
book of such painstaking and faithful character. escapes, they reach, far up on Ben Alder, the hid-
ing-place known in history as the “ Cage," where
The services rendered to their country by three Cluny Macpherson lived for several years, and
leaders in the settlement of Eastern Tennessee, where he had sheltered from pursuit Prince Charlie
James Robertson, John Sevier, and Isaac Shelby, himself. The book is filled with thrilling adven-
form a theme on which Edmund Kirke (James R. tures, well told; and the reader, be he boy or man,
Gilmore) dilates with enthusiasm in a work named will not willingly lay it aside until the last leaf is
“ The Rear Guard of the Revolution" (Appleton). turned.
These men were heroes of the type which the
struggles of frontiersmen with the Indians and the
GEN. ADAM BADEAU's sketch of “The Aristoc-
British in the days of '76 not infrequently devel-
racy of England ” (Harpers) is a picture drawn with
oped. They received the due reward for their
a free and forcible hand. Gen. Badeau resided in
bravery, patriotism, and humanity, in the love and
England during the years between 1869 and 1881,
trust of their friends and their comrades-in-arms,
serving a part of the time as Secretary of Legation,
and in the record which is preserved in the annals
and afterwards as Consul-General at London. His
of their State and of the nation for which they
official position gave him opportunities for obsery-
long and bravely fought. John Sevier and Isaac
ing the life of the court and the nobility from a near
Shelby received each a sword from the common-
point of view; while, as we infer, his personal quali-
wealth of North Carolina, in token of their valor
ties gained him many peculiar privileges for study-
at the battle of King's Mountain. They were fore-
ing the character and manners of a class of society
most in all the skirmishes and serious engagements
which formed a subject of curious interest to one
which the settlers of Watauga, now Elizabeth Town,
looking at it with the eye of a philosopher and a
were forced to wage with the murderous savages
republican. Whether a guest at Windsor Castle,
about them, and which they voluntarily undertook
an attendant at royal pageants, an inmate of palaces
with the English troops who, in the darkest period
or an associate of lords and ladies, Gen. Badeau pre-
of the Revolution, attempted the subjugation of
served the character of a critic and historian, retain-
Georgia and South Carolina. John Sevier, the most
ing a careful memory of passing scenes, personages,
distinguished of the brave trio, was chosen the first
and incidents, in order to reproduce them in future
Governor of Tennessee, when the territory was
records. In his portraitures of the Queen, the
erected into a State in 1796, and was re-elected for
Prince and Princess of Wales, and personages of
a second term in 1803. A monument to his memory
lower yet still exalted station, he has noted the sali-
now stands in the public cemetery at Nashville.
ent features of their character and circumstances,
meanwhile maintaining in his frankness a refined
The work of these men, from the first settlement of
Watauga in 1769 to the close of the War for Inde-
and courteous spirit. He does not claim for his nar-
rative the dignity of a historical or political treatise,
pendence, is depicted by Edmund Kirke. The
subject is inspiring, and has kindled the author's
but with more of the fascination it unites much of
feeling to an extreme degree of ardor. He has
the valuable information which is sought in more
gathered a part of the material for his history from
pretentious works.
original sources, and purposes to continue the work
MRS. LILLIE, the author of a little book entitled
in a second volume carrying the lives of Sevier
“ The Story of Music and Musicians for Young
and Robinson to their conclusion.
Readers” (Harper), modestly disclaims the authority
of a professional musician; nevertheless she has
AFTER his marked success in “Dr. Jekyll," one treated her subject with so much learning and ability
looks with more than ordinary interest at the that we must judge her to be as accomplished in
announcement of a new story by Robert Louis , music as she is in literature. The object of her book
Stevenson. The scene of “Kidnapped ” (Scribner) is to stimulate young students of the piano to intel-
is laid in the Highlands of Scotland in 1751, amid ligent and thorough work; and this effect it must
the stirring times which followed the defeat of the produce upon every reader who has a true musical
Young Pretender at Culloden. The story is related instinct and is capable of sincere and persevering
by David Balfour, a lad of seventeen, who has been effort. Its chapters skilfully mingle a history of
kidnapped and sent to sea by the order of his uncle, the development of the science of music and of the
who desires to retain possession of an estate of I lives of great musicians, with hints as to the means


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of securing the surest and simplest progress in the fishing privileges, and the probable expenses of
study of the piano-forte. They point the way to a every sort attendant upon the sport. This is sup-
quick understanding of the ends of musical study, plemented with an inventory and description of the
which are a mastery of the thought and the art entire outfit of the fisherman, including clothing,
united in all good compositions, and to a consequent tackle, etc., and explicit directions how to cast a
delight in them. They show how the joys of the fly and land the prize after it has taken the bait.
musician and the performer may be entered into by An exciting account of the capture of a thirty-two
the learner in the very beginning, through careful pound salmon by the author, forms an appropriate
practice and an intelligent interpretation. By thus termination to this angler's vade mecum.
revealing the pure and high rewards of art to the
young players, the author performs her chief serv-
ice for them, which not only they but the teacher
and the parent will thankfully appreciate.
MR. WASHBURNE AND THE STATE
DEPARTMENT.
The travellers who have the art of seeing all that
ALASSIO (ITALY), July 13, 1886.
is worth seeing in their travels, and of describing
what they see in a style so vivid, picturesque and
TO THE EDITOR OF THE DIAL.- Sir:-Allow me
entertaining as to make their readers sharers, almost
to say a few words in reply to the review of my
equally with themselves, in the pleasure and profit
“American Diplomacy " in your number for June
of their journeyings, are rarely met with. To say
last, with especial reference to a controverted state-
that Miss Helen J. Sanborn is not such a traveller,
ment about the appointments in the Consular and
is not, therefore, and is not intended to be, dispar-
Diplomatic service immediately after the inaugura-
agement. She writes of her experiences and travels
tion of General Grant in 1869.
during “A Winter in Central America and Mexico"
I find from the Register of the State Department
(Lee & Shepard). Of the former country, which
for July 1869, that very shortly after General Grant
has been seldom visited by tourists, she gives many
came into office there were changed 27 out of 35
interesting pictures, and much valuable information
Ministers, 1 out of 12 Secretaries of Legation, 5
concerning its physical features, its material re out of 10 Consuls General, and 76 out of 156 Consuls
sources, and the manners and customs of the people. who had a salary or fees amounting to $1,500 or
Of Mexico, which is better known and which is to
over, to say nothing of the Consuls of lower grade,
the New World what Egypt or Palestine is to the
who, receiving only $1,000 or less, are allowed to
Old, Miss Sanborn tells us nothing which may not
do business, and are therefore of slight importance.
be found in the works of other travellers ; but she
In other words, out of 213 diplomatic and consular
tells it in a style so straightforward and honest that
officials receiving salaries or emoluments of $1,500
the reader readily yields himself, with sympathetic or upwards, 115 were changed. The chief and
interest, to her guidance over these classic lands of
most important officers, and those whose salaries
the Western World.
seemed to promise lucrative positions, were removed
in a very brief space of time; for in few of the cases
In the army of “Russian invasion of the realm
mentioned was the commission dated after May 1,
of fiction” comes Nikolai Gogol, a Cossack by
and the commissions were given only after confir-
descent, whose literary instincts led him to believe
mation by the Senate and the compliance with
there was material for an Iliad in the exploits of
certain formalities.
his savage ancestors. From the legends, traditions
I must admit that I quoted from memory, but I
and impressions of his childhood, Gogol has con-
have always believed that the changes were due to
structed a series of romances of singular power and
Mr. Washburne, and not to Mr. Fish. Verification
interest. The first of these works presented to
is comparatively easy-at least approximately-by
American readers is “Taras Bulba," translated from
consulting in the New York daily newspapers the
the Russian by Isabel F. Hapgood, and published
lists of appointments sent to the Senate during Mr.
by T. Y. Crowell & Co. It is the story of a ro-
Washburne's term of office. If I am found to be
mantic old barbarian and his savage life in the
wrong, I shall gladly change my statement, and
Ukraine. The picture is a rough one, but shows
express my regrets to Mr. Washburne, for whom
the touch of a master hand, Gogol is one of those
personally I have a high respect, and for whose
Russian authors who, within the last half-century,
course, when Minister at Paris, great admiration.
have done so much to develop a truly national litera I am, Sir, respectfully your obedient servant,
ture. He died in 1852, but left a considerable num-
EUGENE SCHUYLER.
ber of works, chiefly historical-romances. These, [The charge made by Mr. Schuyler in “American
we are glad to know, will be brought out in a series Diplomacy,' to which our reviewer took decided
by the present publishers; but we could wish the exceptions, was to the effect that in the six days of
translation of them a little better Anglicised than Mr. Washburne's occupancy of the State Department
is that of “ Taras Bulba."
he "removed the greater number of consular and
diplomatic officers," and “filled their places with
MR. HENRY P. WELLS, known to lovers of the new and inexperienced men, appointed solely for
rod through his treatise on “Fly Rods and Fly partisan political services." As no one could know
Tackle," has prepared also a work on salmon fish the facts in the case better than Mr, Washburne
ing, with the title “ The American Salmon Fisher himself, we have laid Mr. Schuyler's communica-
man” (Harper). Mr. Wells confines his remarks tion before him for comment. - He pronounces the
on salmon rivers to those in Lower Canada, which statement in “ American Diplomacy” grossly inac-
are sufficiently numerous and well-stocked to satisfy curate, and confirms the denial made by our
the demand of the whole body of anglers east of the reviewer. Mr. Washburne also calls our attention to
Rocky Mountains. He gives a full list of these an editorial in the N. Y. Evening Post, giving the
rivers, with information regarding the purchase of result of an examination of the files of newspapers as


1886.]
THE DIAL
93
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suggested by Mr. Schuyler. The examination shows No. 17 of the Bibliographical Contributions of
that “between the dates specified (March 4-12), but the Library of Harvard University, edited by Mr.
a single nomination was reported from the Depart Winsor, is a classified index to the Maps in the
ment of State. Moreover, on March 10, the Tribune Royal Geographical Society's publications, 1830-83,
correspondent at Washington telegraphed: "Sec 43 pages, prepared by Mr. Richard Beirs, of the
retary Washburne to-day stated an interesting fact Redwood Library, Newport, R. I. It is a very
in reply to the personal application of an office valuable contribution.
seeker. He said he should make no appointments
D. APPLETON & Co. will issue immediately
whatever while he remained in office, and that he
“Studies in Modern Socialism and Labor Prob-
could only receive the papers and place them on
lems," by T. Edwin Brown, D.D. They announce
file; that his stay in the Department would be lim-
also “Pepita Ximenes," a novel, from the Spanish
ited to a few days, and he did not intend to interfere
of Juan Valera, with an introduction by the author,
in the question of appointments in that Department.'
who was recently the Spanish Minister to this
No nominations were, in fact, forthcoming up to
country; “ The Two Spies” (André and Hale), by
March 17, when the same correspondent reported
B. J. Lossing; and “A Politician's Daughter," by
Mr.Washburne formally relieved by Mr.Fish's taking
Myra S. Hamlin.
the oath of office.” The evidence appealed to by
Mr. Schuyler is thus found to be conclusively REGARDING the new magazine which it has been
against him.-EDR. DIAL.]
reported Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons will soon
undertake, the publishers authorize us to state that
-- - --- - --
there will be such a magazine, that it will be illus-
trated, and will be called “Scribner's Magazine "-
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
though in no sense a revival of the old “Scribner's,"
which is merged in the present “Century." Mr.
THE “Life and Letters of Charles Darwin," by
E. L. Burlingame, an experienced and scholarly
his son Francis Darwin, will appear in the autumn.
gentleman, is to be the editor.
A “DICTIONARY of Boston,” modelled after the
D. C. HEATH & Co. announce for fall publication
celebrated “Dickens Dictionary of London," is to
6 An Introduction to the Study of Robert Brown-
be issued by Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
ing's Poetry,” by Prof. Hiram Corson, of Cornell
D. LOTHROP & Co. will bring out a new edition University. The work will include, with additions,
of the complete poems of Paul H. Hayne, by whose the Papers on “ The Idea of Personality, as Em-
death, in July, the South lost her most estimable bodied in Browning's Poetry,” and on “Art as an
poet and man of letters.
Intemerdiate Agency of Personality," which Prof.
THE Villon Society of London announce the pub Corson read before the Browning Society in London.
lication, in December, of Payne's translation of Boc In addition to the selections from his works, with
caccio's “Decameron," in three volumes, octavo, explanatory notes, the editor will present exegeses
uniform with their issue of the “ Arabian Nights." of a number of poems, without the texts, and a bib-
But seven hundred and fifty copies are to be made. liography of Browning criticism. They announce
A NEW “Manual of North American Birds,” hy
also a book on Manual Training, by Prof. C. M.
Woodward of Washington University, St. Louis,
Prof. Robert Ridgway, Curator of the Department
of Birds at the Smithsonian Institute, is soon
the founder of the first Manual Training School,
to be published by J. B. Lippincott Co. It will
strictly so-called.
contain over four hundred illustrations.
WHILE François Victor Hugo was making his
Among new periodicals announced for next year
translation of Shakespeare, his father silenced his
is - The Journal of Morphology," to be devoted
"stormy voice of France" for awhile, and beguiled
principally to embryological, anatomical, and his-
| a portion of his exile by long and profound musings
tological subjects. Ginn & Co., Boston, are to be
upon all the questions that pertain to literary art
its publishers.
and literary history. These reflections naturally
TICKNOR & Co. make the interesting announce-
clustered about the translation in which he was so
deeply interested. Starting from Shakespeare, he
ment of a novel of Japanese life, with illustrations
from designs by Japanese artists resident in Amer-
swiftly traverses the whole realm of literary history,
ica. Its title is “A Muramasa Blade," and its
and sceks to point out and to characterize the
author is Mr. Werthember, formerly a writer upon
immortals whose works will abide. Æschylus is
the “Japan Mail.”
to him the Shakespeare of antiquity, and to Æschy-
lus he accordingly devotes nearly as much space as
The next volume of H, H. Bancroft's historical
to Shakespeare. The work is conceived in no mere
works will be the fifth relating to California, and
belletristic spirit: “ To treat these questions,"
will bring the record up to the discovery of gold in
Hugo says, “is to explain the mission of art; to
1849—a period of peculiar interest. It is gratify-
treat these questions is to explain the duty of
ing to know that the severe loss suffered by Mr.
human thought toward man." Gathering up all
Bancroft in the fire of last spring will not check the
his judgments and impressions concerning the great
regular publication of these excellent works.
books and the great authors of ancient and modern
T'. Y. CROWELL & Co. have in press for im times, he binds them together in this glittering
mediate publication “ Thoughts,” by Joseph Roux, sheaf: the offering of the “ wierd Titan" of France
a parish priest in France. Also, “The Great Masters to his Olympian master. This great work will soon
of Russian Literature in the Nineteenth Century,” be presented to American readers, in an English
by Ernest Dupuy, translated by N. H. Dole; and translation of exceptional excellence, prepared by
Dr. Georg Brandes' “Eminent Authors of the Prof. Melville B. Anderson, who is well known to
Nineteenth Century,” translated by Prof. Rasmus readers of THE DIAL. The publishers are A. C.
B. Anderson.
McClurg & Co.


94
THE DIAL
[Aug.,
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BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
AUGUST, 1886.
African Contingent, Our. E. M. Camp. Forum.
Agrarian Agitation, Canadian. Popular Science.
Algiers. Century.
Around the Horn in '49. M.S. Prime. Overland.
Art and Nature. Eva V. Carlin. Overland.
Art, Jugglery in. E. R. Garczynski. Forum.
Art Movement, The Western. R. Hitchcock. Century.
Athlete, A Champion. L. E, Myers. Lippincott.
uthorship, Penalties of. John Habberton, Harper's.
Banks in 1861. A. S. Bolles. Leppincott.
Barlow, Joel Atlantic.
Base- Ballist, A. J. M. Ward. Lippincott.
Bibliophiles, A Brace of Dial.
Birds, Sea. Bryan Hook. Century.
Bird. Destroyers. Century.
Bismarck, J. A. Kasson. No. American.
Brazil. J. W. Hawes. Overland.
Burnside at Fredericksburg. R. C. Hawkins. Century.
Burroughs, John. Edith M. Thomas. Century.
Bushnell, Horace, A. S. Chesebrough. Andover.
Canada, Annexation of. Mag. Am. History.
Catholic, Confessions of a. Forum.
Catholic, Why I am a S. M. Brandi. No. American.
Cedar Mountain. A. E. Lee. Mag. Am. History.
Chemistry, Recent Progress in. Popular Science,
Commercial Crisis of the Present. Popular Science.
Coöperation, A Dutch Success in. A. B. Mason, Century.
Corean Waters, A Battle in. Overland.
Democracy in England. Century.
Detroit. Edmund Kirke. Harper's.
Economy, Domestic, in the Confederacy. Atlantic.
Education, History of. J. B. Roberts. Dial.
Education, Modern. H. A. Rowland. Popular Science.
Extremes, Falsehood of. Century.
Fort Humboldt, California. N. S. Gibson. Overland.
Franklin's “ Left Grand Division." Century.
Fredericksburg, Battle of. D. N. Couch. Century.
Fungi, Destructive Wood. Popular Science,
Genius and Precocity. James Sully. Popular Science.
Heer, Oswald. Popular Science,
Heidelberg. Lucy M. Mitchell. Century.
How I was Educated. W. T. Ilarris. Forum.
Immigrants. W. W. Crane. Lippincott.
India, Missions in. C. C. Starbuck. Andover.
Indians, American, Increase or Decrease of. Andover.
Indian Question in Arizona. R.K. Evans. Atlantic.
Individual Continuity. Andrew Hedbrooke. Atlantic.
Insurance, Life, Elizur Wright. North American.
Jefferson, Joseph. Wm, Winter. Harper's.
Jolinston and Sherman. J. E. Johnston North American.
Labor in Pennsylvania. Henry George. North American.
Labor Struggle, Results of the. Andrew Carnegie. Forum.
Lang, Andrew. W. H. Babcock. Lippincott.
Language as a Political Force. lloratio Hale. Andover.
Lee at Fredericksburg. James Longstreet. Century.
Leisure, American Dovelopment of. Andover.
Louis XVI, and Marie Antoinette. Mag. Am. History.
Majority, Revolt of the George Batchelor. Forum.
Manual Training in San Francisco. Overland.
Mexico, Economic Study of. D. A. Wells. Popular Science.
Military Commanders' Ages. J. G. Blaine. Mig. Am. Hist.
Mineral Springs of France. T. M. Coan). Popular Science.
Mineral Springs of France. T. M. Coan. Harper's.
Montpelier. E. Marguerite Lindley. Mag. Am. History.
Newspaper Espionage. J. B. Bishop. Forum.
North West Territory, The. Mag. Am. History.
Orchids. F. W. Burbidge. Harper's.
Othello, Furness's. Atlantic,
Paddling for Pleasure. John Habberton. Lippincott.
Peace or War. Washington Gladden. Century.
Petrarch and the Universities. Overland.
Phenomena, Prediction of Natural. Popular Science,
Poisons in Food and Drink. Cyrus Edson. Forum.
Political Economy. Prof. Andrews. Andover.
Psychical Research, Progress of Popular Science.
Radicalism in France. Henri Rochefort. North American.
Railway Methods. R. T. Ely. Harper's.
Ruskiu, Autobiography of. Sara A. Hubbard. Dial.
Slaves during the Civil War. Mag. Am. History.
Snake River, Oregon. L. W. Coe. Overland.
Spottsylvania, Fight at. C. A, Patch. Mag. Am. History.
St. Augustine. Octave Thanet. Atlantic.
Superstition, Benefits of. Agnes Repplier. Atlaníic.
Teaching, Scientific, T. H. Huxley. Popular Science.
Time and Its Ascertainment. Popular Science.
Tips, Fees, and Gratuities. Andover.
Total Abstinence Creed, The New. Forum.
Tolstoi, Count. Joseph Kirkland. Dial.
Transatlantic Captains. C. A. Dougherty. Harper's.
Washburne, Hon. E. B., in the State Department. Dial.
Vigilance Committee in California Overland.
Weather, Knowledge of the. A. W. Greely. Forum.
White, Gilbert. John Burroughs. Lippincott.
Zuni Indian Traditions. Overland.
[The following List contains all New Books, American and For.
eign, received during the month of July by MESSRS. A.
C. MCCLURG & Co. (successors to Jansen, McClurg & Co.),
Chicago.]
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
English Constitutional History. From the Teutonic
Conquest to the Present Time. By T. P. Taswell-
Langmead, B.C.L., Oxon. Third edition, revised
throughout, with Notes and Appendices, by C. H.
E. Carmichael, M.A., Oxon. 8vo, pp. 826. Houghton,
Mifin & Co. $7.50.
The Rear-Guard of the Revolution. By Edmund
Kirke. 12mo, pp. 317. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas
Hutchinson, Esq., B.A. (Harvard), LL.D. (Oxon).
Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of his late
Majesty's Province of Massachusetts Bay, in North
America, etc. Compiled from the original docu.
ments, still remaining in the possession of his de.
scendents, by P. 0. Hutchinson. Svo, Vol. II., pp.
848. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Net, $5.00.
History of the Land Question in the United States.
By S. Sato, Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 181. Paper. Johns Hopkins
University Studies. $1.00.
Sacred Mysteries Among the Mayas and the Quiches,
11,500 years ago. Their Relation to the Sacred Mysteries
of Egypt, Greece, Chaldea, and India. Free Masonry
Anterior to the Temple of Solomon, By A. Le Plon.
geon. Illustrated. 8vo, pp. 163. R. Macoy. $2.00.
TRAVEL-SPORTING.
Carlsbad, and its Environs. By J. Merrylees. With a
Medical Treatise on the Use of the Waters. By B.
London, M.D. Map and illustrations. 12mo, pp. 199.
C. Scribner's Sons, $2,50.
Appleton's General Guide to the United States and
Canada, Illustrated. Revised for 1886. D. Appleton
& Co. In 2 vols. cloth, or in 1 vol. leather tuck, each
$2.50.
Appleton's Illustrated Hand-book of American
Summer Resorts. With Maps, and Tables of Rail.
way and Steamboat Fares. Revised for 1886. 8vo, pp.
192. Paper. D. Appleton & Co. 50 cents.
The American Salmon Fisherman By H. P. Wells.
Post 8vo, pp. 166. Harper & Bros. $1.00.
The Law of Field-Sports. A Summary of the Rules of
Law Aflecting American Sportsmen. By G. P. Smith.
12mo, pp. 128. 0. Judd Co. $1.00.
| Lawn Tennis. By 'J. Dwight. 12mo, pp. 94. London.
Net, 50 cents.
ESSAYS, BELLES-LETTRES, ETC.
George Eliot's Works. Edition de laire, limited to 500
copies, numbered. Vol. I., Adam Bede. Svo, pp. 557. With
very fine Etchings and Photo-etchings. Estes & Lau.
riat. Net, $6.00,
Subscriptions received by A. C. McClurg & Co., who will
| send on application descriptive circular, with specimen
of letter press, etc.
Recollections of Mr. James Lenox of New York and
the formation of his Library. By the late Henry
Stevens of Vermont. Foolscap octavo, pp. 211. Ele-
cantly printed on hand made paper. Portraits.
London. Net, $2.00.
A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy.
By Laurence Sterne. Profusely illustrated by M.
Leloir. Cheaper edition. 8vo, pp. 210. J. B. Lippincott
Co. $3.50.
Thackeray's Works. “Handy Edition.” To be com.
pleted in 26 vols. 16 mo. London. Vols. 1 and 2.
Vanity Fair. Cloth, per vol., 50 cents; half morocco,
per vol., $1.00.
After Dinner Stories from Balzac. Done into Eng.
lish by M. Verelst. With an Introduction by E. Saltus.
Cheaper edition. 18mo, pp. 223. Paper. G. J. Coombes.
50 cents.
The olden Time Series, Gleaned chiefly from old news.
papers of Boston and Salem. Selected, with brief com.
ments, by II. M. Brooks. Vol. VI.-Quaint and Curious
Advertisements. 12mo, pp. 153. Ticknor & Co. 50
cents.
POETRY-MUSIC-THE DRAMA.
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. By Lord Byron. Edited
with notes, by W. J. Rolfe, A.M. Ilustrated. 16mo,
pp. 288. Uniform with Rolfe's Shakespeare, Ticknor
& Co. 75 cents.
The Story of Music and Musicians. For Young Read.
erg. By Lucy C. Lillie. Illustrated 16io. pp. 215.
Harper & Bros. $1.00.


1886.]
95
THE DIAL
Roscius Anglicanus : or. An Historical Review of the
Stage from 1660 to 1706. By John Downes. A fac-simile
reprint of the Rare Original of 1708. With an His.
torical Preface by Joseph Knight. 12mo, pp. XXXV.
-52. Vellum. (Edition limited to 135 copies, numbered.)
London. Net, $1.20. .
REFERENCE-EDUCATIONAL
Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Leslie
Stephen. 8vo. Vol. VII.-Browne-Burthogge. Mac.
millan & Co. $3.25.
Poor's Directory of Railway Officials and Railway
Directors for 1886. Containing Lists of the Officers
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SEP 9 1886
LIBRARY
TARY.
THE DIAL
---- -
Vol. VII. SEPTEMBER, 1886. No. 77. The movement looks toward a state of war ;
--- -- - -
and here and there along the skirmish lines
embittered feeling has already found expres-
CONTENTS.
sion in open outbreaks of violence. At this
juncture, it is well for each party to look the
RECENT WRITINGS ON SOCIALISM. A. L. Chapin 99 probable disastrous consequences fairly in the
JOHN MORLEY. Melville B. Anderson . . . .
face, and consider whether counsels of peace
. . 101
may not yet prevail and secure the rights and
THOMAS HUTCHINSON. W. F. Poole ...... interests of all in a relation of true partnership
FRANCE UNDER MAZARIN AND RICHELIEU.
and mutual helpfulness. The article repre-
W. F. Allen ..... ..........
sents the hostile feeling as more bitter and
more wide-spread than to many will seem war-
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT SHELLEY. ....
ranted by actual facts. Yet the tone of ex-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ...........
pression is not stronger than we often hear on
either side, and it is a sign of danger which
Clemens's La Plata Countries of South America.--
The Winnepeg Country, or Roughing It with an
we may not safely blink.
Eclipse Party.-Dupuy's The Great Masters of
Next, we meet in the second number of a
Russian Literature in the Nineteenth century.-
new magazine, “The Political Science Quar-
Miss Peabody's Lectures in the Training Schools terly," instituted especially for the discussion
for Kindergartners.-The Kindergarten and the of grave questions of social science, an admir-
School.-Hale's The Story of Spain.--Villari's ably written article on “The Christian Social-
Tuscan Hills and Venetian Waters.-Ventura's
ists,” by Dr. Seligman. After showing what
and Shevitch's Misfits and Remnants.-Wheat.
a sadly abused word “Socialism” is, and that
ley's How to Form a Library.
socialistic questions are not peculiar to modern
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS ........ 110 times, the writer gives a sketch of the devices
TOPICS IN SEPTEMBER PERIODICALS.... 112
and efforts of Robert Owen, at the beginning
of this century, to relieve the condition of the
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ...........
oppressed working classes and to define a
more equitable basis for the organization of
society. Although the ideas which he took
RECENT WRITINGS ON SOCIALISM.*
up, of a peaceful and voluntary communism
This topic, full of interest, yet having many as the panacea for all social ills, were visionary
diverse phases, comes before us just now in and impracticable, yet his earnest enthusiasm
four forms of presentation. First, we have in gave an impulse to benevolent thought and
the August number of “The Century," a clear, action in this direction which has not been lost
strong, incisive article by the Rev. Washing upon the world. “His economic doctrines
ton Gladden on the question “Is it Peace or were crude and often absurd ; his theory of
War?” The question concerns the relations marriage was, to say the least, peculiar ; his
of Labor and Capital ; and in its treatment socialistic views were utopian ; but he suc-
the author shows plainly how the harmony ceeded in proving that a factory could be made
and stability of our whole social structure are to benefit both master and workman ; he initi-
involved in the struggle which seems impending ated the reform in the condition of the labor-
between these two factors of productive | ing classes ; he laid the firm foundation on
industry, which should ever work together which the coöperative movement of our times
in friendly coöperation. Out of intense and is erecting its successful edifice.” The article
unscrupulous competition have sprung up then gives a full and interesting sketch of the
powerful combinations on either side, which movement called forth in England by the des-
are setting themselves against each other in perate state of the working classes toward the
organized antagonism for defense and assault. middle of this century. The leaders in this
movement were the two eminent ministers of
• THE LABOR QUESTION. Plain Questions and Prac.
the Church of England, Frederick Denison
duction by R. T. Ely, Ph.D., and Special Contributions Maurice and Charles Kingsley. The able
by J. A. Waterworth and Fred. Woodrow. New York: young lawyer Ludlow, Thomas Hughes, and
others of kindred spirit, were associated with
STUDIES IN MODERN SOCIALISM AND LABOR PROB-
them. “This was the keynote of the whole
LEMS. By T. Edwin Brown, D.D. New York : D. Ap.
movement—the ethical force of Christianity
18 IT PEACE OR WAR? By Washington Gladden. The as the leaven of social reform.” Hence they
Century Magazine, August, 1886.
were called, par eminence, “the Christian So-
THE CHRISTIAN SOCIALISTS. By Dr. Seligman. The Po.
litical Science Quarterly, July, 1886.
| cialists.” An association was organized to
tical Answers. Edited by W. E. Barns. With an Intro.
Harper & Bros.
pleton & Co.


100
Sept.,
THE DIAL
further their aims. Many tracts were issued trial enterprises ? 4. Does the remedy lie in
from their keen and able pens. In this inter the direction of industrial partnerships — a
est, Kingsley wrote his novels “ The Saint's / mutual participation of all concerned in the
Tragedy” and “Yeast” and “Alton Locke,” the profits arising from production ? 5. Is pro-
last-named being pronounced the best text-book ductive coöperation practicable in the United
of Christian Socialism. As the more continuous States ? Answers are given to these questions
organ of the association, a weekly paper called by ten political economists. twenty-three
“ The Christian Socialist " was issued in 1850, manufacturers, twelve working-men, six di-
subsequently replaced by the “Journal of Asso vines, six labor commissioners, and fourteen
ciation.” The prominent principles advocated journalists and others. The subject is thus
were three: “1. That human society is a body presented as viewed from all different stand-
consisting of many members, not a collection of points except that of the violent revolutionists,
waning atoms. 2. That true workmen must who, under different names—as Socialists,
be fellow-workers, not rivals. 3. That a prin- | Communists, Nihil