the terse and pithy sayings of Mr. Stevens has
rather than in any importance pertaining to his own been translated by Charlotte Adams under the title
character and attainments. Sir Francis was beyond of 6 Impressions on Painting" (George J. Coombs
threescore and ten when he undertook the task of The apothegms, though not confined exclusively to
writing out his life; and the garrulity of age, joined the subjects of his art, are connected with it in a
to an habitual indifference to order and earnestness more or less direct manner. A few sentences
in literary work, then incapacitated him for the | quoted from the work will reveal their suggestive
construction of a methodical and coherent narra and axiomatic style.
tive. He hits the truth squarely when he speaks of
"Every colorist is a lover of music."
his autobiography as a mere jumble of disjointed
"The more one knows, the more one simplifies."
memories. Still, a man who was the classmate of
“ A man's hand has the same expression as his face."
Gladstone, Arthur Hallam, Cardinal Manning, and
“The masterpiece of God is the human face."
Lord Elgin, who was the “best man ” at Gladstone's
“Draughtsmen, like colorists, are born, not made."
wedding, who had been the companion of Sydney
“A man of genius is he who has received a gift which
Smith, who dined at Holland House and breakfasted labor has logically developed and balanced.


254
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
A WORK of both popular and scientific interest is of ancient oriental history. Among the novelties
that in which Dr. J. M. Anders treats of “House are also fine maps of the Transcaspian region and of
Plants as Sanitary Agents” (Lippincott). The North Afghanistan. American history is very fully
author completely refutes the idea that flowers or illustrated, fifty-two of the maps being devoted to
growing plants are injurious in living or sleeping it. The work has a full index. We notice a few
rooms. He discusses the subject with great fulness misprints in the maps, and a few ill-considered
and from every point of view, calling to the support historical statements in the text, but not more than
of his argument the highest authorities in botanical might be expected in a work of this scope. Such
and medical science. He also details the history of an atlas is absolutely essential to the intelligent
a series of practical experiments conducted by him student of history, and the present work is better
self with a view to determining the influence fitted to meet the wants of the general reader than
which plants have upon the atmosphere of rooms anything else with which we are acquainted.
with windows closed and open, and consequently
of their effect upon the inmates in sickness and A VOLUME of notes gathered in the islands of the
health. His researches have yielded weighty testi Southern Pacific Ocean by Julian Thomas, a special
mony to the virtues of plants as hygienic agents, correspondent of the Melbourne “Argus," is pub-
especially in cases of throat and lung diseases. lished with the title “Cannibals and Convicts"
Many instances are related in which invalids (Cassell). As a citizen of Australia, the author's
affected with phthisis were materially benefited,
field for journalistic enterprises lay in a region re-
and sometimes cured, by remaining day and night mote and to us almost unknown. With the energy
among growing plants. It is a delightful remedy and diligence characteristic of the news reporter, he
for disease, and within the reach of everyone. To searched for facts and incidents of interest in the
complete the usefulness of his treatise, Dr. Anders Fiji Islands, the New Hebrides, New Caledonia,
includes in it minute directions regarding the New Guinea, Norfolk Island, and other compara-
choice and culture of plants to be grown in dwell tively contiguous spots isolated from continental
ings for the sake of their healing service to body worlds by the waste of waters sweeping around
and mind.
them. As the result of his industry he presents a
mass of intelligence concerning the natives and col-
It is seldom that such a diversity of gifts is pos-
onists inhabiting these places, which will be fresh
sessed by a single individual as in the case of to most readers. Convict settlements have been
William Hamilton Gibson. He is an artist, an
established on a number of the islands visited by
author, and a naturalist, of unusual ability. His Mr. Thomas, and into their condition, past and
last beautiful book, “ Happy Hunting Grounds,"
present, he inquired minutely. He also observed
(Harper), the companion to “Pastoral Days" and
closely the influence of missionary work upon the
“Highways and Byways," illustrates the versatile aborigines, and of the operation of the “labor
phases of his talent. In a series of papers on trade" by which means Queensland draws recruits
themes taken from Nature, he evinces his wonder from island populations for house and field service.
ful knowledge of wood-craft and his equal power Mr. Thomas is a loyal Englishman, and in all his
of communicating it by the use of words or of investigations regarded British interests in the South
lines and shades. His verbal pictures rival his
Pacific islands with a jealous eye.
pencil-drawings, and both delineate facts and
scenes in the animal and vegetable worlds known ADMIRAL HOBART PASHA's “ Sketches from My
only to the few happily constituted observers like
Life" (Appleton) outline the career of a valiant Eng-
himself. Thoreau and Burroughs are his peers in
lish sailor, who entered the naval service in 1835 at
the study of nature. They have the same keen the age of thirteen, and after the preparatory term
perception of its mystery and poetry, and the same
of training, received rapid promotion as the reward
fine faculty for interpreting them in eloquent lan-
of signal skill and bravery. While waiting for a
guage; but they lack the qualification of the artist,
command, in 1868, Captain Hobart entered the
which Mr. Gibson enjoys. By his many.sided
Turkish navy, where he gained the rank of Admiral.
genius, he attracts an audience of diverse tastes,
He died in the year just passed. His last work was
—those who have a fondness for all wild life, those the brief memoir under notice, written when a fatal
who have an ear for melodious prose, and those
illness was wasting his strength. It is a record of
who love dainty and graceful pictures, Mr. Gib-
stirring adventures, dashed off with a strong, free
son's book is in every sense a work of art, gratify-
hand. There is no parade of perils encountered or
ing the eye and the mind.
brilliant deeds achieved, but the spirit of an intrepid
and true-hearted seaman pervades the narrative.
A new edition of Labberton's Historical Atlas
(Townsend MacCoun) is before us, which differs in The last legacy which Captain Mayne Reid left
many respects from those previously published. In to the youthful public for whom he had provided
the first place, it is a volume two or three times as so many captivating tales of adventure, is a story
large as that published a year ago. It contains 198 | entitled “The Land of Fire" (F. Warne & Co.).
maps as against the 141 of the preceding edition, It relates, in his enticing style, the incidents of the
and the text is expanded into a fairly comprehensive shipwreck of an American vessel on the Fuegian
outline of general history. The bibliographical coast. A small boat-load, containing the captain,
notes are omitted, but there is added a set of twenty-| his family and several of the crew, after leaving
nine genealogies, from the Temenidæ of Macedonia the ship, meet a succession of perils and hardships
to the House of Bourbon. The maps are new, and which by pluck and shrewdness are happily over-
are more detailed and better printed than those of come. It is the excitement of watching the alter-
the earlier editions. Some of them are based upon nate dangers and escapes of the personages concerned
recent investigations, and are not to be found else- | which constitutes the charm of this sort of narrative
where. This is especially true of those illustrative for the young reader.


1887.)
255
THE DIAL
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
A VOLUME of reminiscences of Salem, Mass.,
entitled “A Half Century in Salem," by Mrs. Na-
thaniel Silsbee, is to be published shortly by
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
THE “Atlantic Monthly" for March will contain
the first of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes's papers
describing his recent trip abroad, entitled “One
Hundred Days in Europe.”
TICKNOR & Co. have just issued “Sons and
Daughters," a new novel by Mr. Henry Hayes,
author of "The Story of Margaret Kent"; and
“Happy Dodd," a novel by Rose Terry Cooke.
We have only commendations for the new edi.
tion of Scott's - Waverly Novels," issued by J. B.
Lippincott Co. The volumes are fair duodecimos,
convenient in size, printed from clear type on fine
paper, and moderate in price. Twenty-five vol-
umes will complete the series.
F. WARNE & Co., New York, will soon publish
a new and thoroughly revised edition of “Nuttalls'
Standard Dictionary,” edited by the Rev. James
Wood of Edinburgh. The work will be an etymo-
logical as well as a pronouncing dictionary; it will
contain all words that have recently come into use,
and will be illustrated.
THE visits of Justin McCarthy and of James
Russell Lowell, this month, are literary events of
no common interest in Chicago. Both gentlemen
come as lecturers; Mr. McCarthy will speak on
“ Home Rule," and Mr. Lowell will deliver a
Washington's Birthday address—the date (February
22) being his own birthday as well.
WORCESTER's Unabridged Dictionary has recently
received the important addition of 12,500 new
words, together with a Pronouncing Biographical
Dictionary of nearly 12,000 personages, and a Pro-
nouncing Gazetteer of the World, noting and
locating over 20,000 places. This standard dic-
tionary is published by J. B. Lippincott Co.
THE Rev. Dr. H. N. Powers, formerly of Chicago,
now of Piermont on the Hudson, has a new volume
of his poems ready for spring publication, with the
title “À Decade of Song." Dr. Powers has long
been known as a poet, through an earlier volume
and through his contributions of verse to the lead-
ing magazines; and his new volume will be accorded
a kindly welcome. D. Lothrop & Co. are the pub-
lishers.
MR. MARION CRAWFORD'S new serial, “Paul
Patoff," which is now running in the “ Atlantic
Monthly,” is being translated into French, and will
appear simultaneously in the “Nouvelle Revue."
Several of Mr. Crawford's books have been trans-
lated into French, and “Mr. Isaacs" has a place
upon the list of works of which a copy is sent to
every municipal library in Paris; but none of his
books have been hitherto published serially there.
MR. B. J. Lossing, the veteran historian, has just
completed a popular history of the State of New
York, illustrated after the manner of the well-
known “Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution."
The latest published history of New York, except-
ing Randall's School History issued in 1868, is said
to be Yates and Moultons, published in 1829, nearly
sixty years ago; and that was only a colonial history.
Mr. Lossing's new work will be published by Funk
& Wagnalls,
We have heretofore spoken favorably of the com-
pilation of poetry made by Mr. Oscar Fay Adams,
called “Through the Year with the Poets," a vol-
ume being devoted to appropriate selections for
each of the twelve months. We are glad to note
that this excellent series is completed, and the twelve
volumes may now be had in a set. The selections
are made with discriminating taste, and the matter
is well edited and arranged. D. Lothrop & Co. are
the publishers.
Some hitherto unpublished verses by Lord Byron,
the last he ever wrote, found after his death among
his papers at Missolonghi, will appear in the second
number of “Murray's Magazine,” along with a
letter to Byron from Sir Walter Scott, and one from
William Gifford which was characterized by Byron
as “the kindest letter he had ever received in all
his life.” The “ Athenæum” says that none of
these Byroniana fragments has ever been seen by
any former editor.
MR. BROWNING's new book of poetry, with the
title “Parleyings with Certain People of Impor-
tance in their Day," is just issued by Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. A new volume by Bret Harte, con-
taining two characteristic stories, " A Millionaire of
Rough and Ready " and “Devil's Ford,” is pub-
lished by the same firm; also, a life of Benton by
Theodore Roosevelt, in the "American Statesmens
series, and “The Emancipation of Massachusetts,"
by Mr. Brooks Adams.
We are glad to note the successful completion of
the second volume of the “New Princeton Review."
By its judicious and enterprising management, this
periodical has in a single year reached the foremost
place among American reviews. It has published
à considerable number of really brilliant articles;
and its contents as a whole have a high literary
quality and a scholarly dignity that distinguish it
from all the publications of its class. The “New
Princeton” is published by A. C. Armstrong & Son,
New York.
D. APPLETON & Co.'s latest publications include
the following: “Creation or Evolution?” a philo-
sophical inquiry, by George Ticknor Curtis; *The
Geographical and Geological Distribution of Ani-
mals,” by Angelo Heilprin, Professor at the Academy
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; “On the Susque-
hanna," a novel, by Dr. William A. Hammond;
"The Rise and Early Constitution of Universities,"
with a survey of mediæval education, by S. S. Laurie,
LL.D., Professor in the University of Edinburgh;
and "The Poison Problem, or, The Cause and Cure
of Intemperance,” by Felix L. Oswald, M.D.
HARPER & BROTHERS have just issued an - Intro-
duction to Psychological Theory,” by Prof. Borden
P. Bowne; “Retrospections of America,” by John
Bernard, an English comedian and one of the
earliest American managers, who left at his death
an unpublished manuscript containing his impres-
sions of life and society in the American republic
between 1797 and 1811; a “History of Medieval
Art," by Dr. Franz von Reber, director of the Ba-
varian royal and state galleries of paintings, and
professor in the University and Polytechnic of Mu-
nich, and “A Tramp Trip: How to See Europe on
Fifty Cents a Day," by Lee Merriwether.
In a little volume just published by Charles H.
Kerr, Chicago, Kate Byam Martin and Ellen M.
Henrotin present some sensible and well-considered
views of " The Social Status of European and Amer-


256
Feb.,
THE DIAL
ican Women.” The marked differences in French, that they are willing and ready to undertake the
German, English and American society are pointed printing of long articles," although the present
out, with especial reference to the influence of capacity of their publication is severely taxed.
women in producing their characteristic phases. To most people it is a matter of indifference
The morality of American women is found to be whether one person or another should be credited
“higher to-day than that of any other civilized with the invention of so common an article as a
community," and "the great consideration is to
postage-stamp. Since the establishment of the
maintain it at this high standard." These brief but
present system of prepayment, and up to within a
suggestive essays will well repay perusal.
very short time, Sir Rowland Hill has been com-
The first volume has appeared of the new edition monly considered the inventor of the adhesive
of Franklin's complete works, edited by the Hon. postage-stamp. But now a new claimant appears,
John Bigelow and published by G. P. Putnam's who disputes the priority of invention. In a pam-
Sons. This edition, which is intended to be the phlet entitled “The Submission of the Sir Rowland
most complete ever issued, will be limited to six Hill Committee" (London: Effingham Wilson)
hundred sets, in ten royal octavo volumes, printed Mr. Patrick Chalmers maintains that his father, the
from pica type, in the general style of Lodge's late James Chalmers, is the one to whom this honor
edition of Hamilton's Works, with several engrav. is due. The pamphlet comprises a number of docu-
ings on steel. Franklin's private as well as official ments, letters, etc., tending to prove the claim
and scientific correspondence will be included, made by Mr. Chalmers. His position is substantially
together with numerous letters and documents now endorsed by high authorities in England, among
for the first time printed; also, the unmutilated and which are the “Encyclopædia Britannica” and the
correct version of his autobiography.
“Dictionary of National Biography.”
THE quarterly publication of the “ American
The new “Riverside Edition” of Longfellow's
Journal of Psychology” is announced to be begun
works, in which the poet's writings appcar in
at an early date, with Dr. G. Stanley Hall, Professor
their final form, is now completed. Of the eleven
of Psychology in Johns Hopkins University, as
volumes comprising the set, two volumes are given
editor. The main object of the journal will be to
to the prose works, six to the poems, and three to
record the general progress of scientific psychology,
the translation of the “Divina Commedia." All
with special reference to methods of research. It is
the poems which have appeared since Longfellow's
hoped that the classes for whom the new publica-
death are included in this edition. It has, also,
tion is chiefly intended-teachers of psychology,
bibliographical features included in no other edi.
biologists and physiologists, anthropologists, and
tion. Head-notes, some of them furnished by Mr.
physicians who give special attention to mental
Longfellow and others supplied since his death,
and nervous diseases—will extend their prompt
give interesting information as to the inception of
encouragement. Mr. N. Murray, Baltimore, is the
the separate works and pieces; foot-notes to the
poems show the various readings, as found, in each
publication agent.
case, in the form of the poem as it appeared when
The first volume has appeared of “Appleton's first printed in book form; and notes at the end of
Cyclopædia of American Biography," a work that each volume, most of them Mr. Longfellow's own,
promises to cover its ground with admirable fulness
give facts relating to the subject-matter. New and
and thoroughness. It will include above 16,000
improved indexes are provided, and, in short, the
dames, and will be completed in six volumes, of edition is furnished with all literary, historical,
between seven and eight hundred pages each, biographical, and bibliographical equipment neces-
similar to “Appleton's American Cyclopædia.”
sary to a full understanding and enjoyment of Mr.
Each volume will be illustrated by at least ten fine Longfellow's writings. The volumes are simply
steel portraits, and numerous smaller vignette por-
but elegantly printed and bound, and, inexpensive
traits made by a new process from original draw-
as they are, form a most admirable popular edition
ings, accompanied by fac-simile autographs; and
of this beloved poet.
also by views of the birthplaces, residences, monu-
Four years ago Major James Walter of England
ments, and tombs of distinguished Americans. The
visited the United States with three portraits of
work is published by subscription.
George and Mary Washington; and they were
We take pleasure in stating that “Modern Lan brought to Chicago and seen by many of our citi-
guage Notes" has entered upon its second volume zens. These pictures were painted from life by an
with a successful year behind and with every prom English artist, Mr. James Sharples, who was sent
ise of a long and useful career before it. It has been by Mr. Robert Cary to this country in 1794 to exe-
a welcome addition to American periodicals, having cute this commission. Mr. Cary was Washington's
a definite place to occupy, and doing great credit business correspondent for many years in England,
to American scholarship in a department whose and had a great personal admiration for the General.
importance is more fully realized with every year. These pictures were taken to England, and have
It has maintained from the outset the highest been in the possession of the family ever since,
standard of scholarship, and has made itself indis Major Walter being a member of the family by
pensable to students of the modern languages and marriage, and its present representative. These
their literatures. Starting a year ago with a sub portraits were shown in other large cities, and they
scription list of a single name, it has been able to made a very favorable impression upon the persons
meet expenses, and to more than double its size. who were most competent to pass judgment upon
It is now printed upon excellent paper, and presents their merits as authentic and faithful portraits of
a very creditable typographical appearance. It has these two eminent historical personages. In Eng-
contributions from American and foreign philol land these pictures had often been seen and greatly
ogists, those from the latter being frequently printed admired by Washington Irving, Jared Sparks,
in the original French or German, as they properly R. W. Emerson, and many other American scholars.
should be. The editors "desire it to be understood'Efforts were made without success some years ago


1887.)
257
THE DIAL
_
_
_
_
Nassau. W. C. Church. Century.
Nations, Strength and Weakness of. Ed. Atkinson. Cent.
Navies of Italy, Russia and Germany. Harper's.
New York Harbor, Needs of. H. C. Taylor. Forum.
Novelists, Why we Have no Great. H. H. Boyesen. Forum.
Ohio, When Did it become a State ? J.I. Howard. Mag. Hist.
Poetry, Recent. William Morton Payne. Dial.
Ranke. J. H. W. Stuckenberg. Andover.
Retorm, Problem of. A. H. Bradford.. Andover.
Religious Education. D. G. Thompson. Popular Science.
Religious Exercises in State Schools. N. K. Davis. Forum.
St. Bartholomew Church, London. Century.
Saloon, Crusade Against the. A. J. T. Behrends. Forum.
Science and Morals. T. H. Huxley. Popular Science.
Spiritual Apprehension. G. F. Genung. Andover.
Stars. S. P. Langley. Century.
Taxation, Evils of Indirect. J. R. Tucker. Forum.
Taylor, Father, and Oratory. Whitman. Century.
Wealth, Use and Abuse of. Lester F. Ward. Forum.
Zoology, The Study of. Carl H. Eigenmann. Dial.
to secure them in New York. It appears that
while they were in Minneapolis four years ago an
attempt was made to steal them by cutting the
canvases from their frames; the attempt was un-
successful, but made it necessary to take the pict-
ures to England to be re-lined. Major Walter has
again brought the pictures to this country, and
offered them for sale. They have been on exhibition
in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, and a lively
controversy has arisen about their authenticity and
value. The Massachusetts Historical Society ap-
pointed a committee, of which the eminent historian,
Mr. Francis Parkman, was the chairman, to inves-
tigate the subject. Mr. Parkman's report, of which
only extracts have come to our notice, casts suspicion
upon the genuineness of the pictures as life portraits,
and upon the methods by which they have been
placed before the public. Major Walter has replied,
in a vigorous letter to the Philadelphia “Times"
of January 17, to Mr. Parkman's attack, and pro-
duces letters written in 1843 by G. W. P. Custis,
the surviving member of the Washington family,
recognizing the pictures as genuine originals, and
of John Quincy Adams to the same effect. He takes
Mr. Parkman to task for saying more about some
inaccuracies in a book which Major Walter had
written on George and Mary Washington, than
upon the merits of the portraits. The Major admits
that he is an inexperienced writer and did make
some mistakes in his book; and that his printer, in
making up the pages, made other mistakes for
which he is not responsible. In the present phase
of the controversy the gallant major seems to be
ahead.
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[The following List contains all New Books, American and For.
eign, received during the month of January by MESSRS.
A. C. MOCLURG & Co., Chicago.]
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
FEBRUARY, 1887.
Abbott, Charles C. Popular Science.
Acadian Land, The C. D. Warner. Harper's.
Actors and Their Preferences. C.E.L.Wingate. Lippincott's.
Art. Works of, in Rome. R. Lanciani. Century.
City Government, Outgrown. James Parton. Forum.
Cherokee Experiment, The. Wm. Barrows. Andover.
Congregational Churches and TheirMissionaries, Andover.
Cooper, James Fenimore. Susan F. Cooper, Atlantic.
Cosmic Day, The Wm. Graham. Century.
Cossacks. F. D. Millet. Harper's.
Craddock, Charles Egbert. Lippincott's.
Crazy Mountains. Lite in. Mrs. Hatch. Popular Science.
Davis, Jefferson, Bailing of. G. P. Lathrop. Century.
Diamond Mines of South Africa Popular Science.
Editors Between 1776 and 1800. Mag. Am. History.
European Complications. Andover
Faith and Physical Science. W. H. Mallock. Forum.
Federal Convention. John Fiske. Atlantic
Feticbism or Anthropomorphism, Popular Science.
Habit, Laws of. William James. Popular Science.
Harvard Celebration. Century.
Homestead Bill, The First. Nathan Greeley. Mag. Am. Hist.
How I Was Educated. Andrew D. White. Forum.
Hunter, Maj.-Gen. R. C. Schenck. Mag. Am. History.
Indian Education. H. O. Ladd. Century.
Japan, Politics in. E. A. Lawrence. Andover.
Jay. Tbe. Olive Thorne Miller. Atlantic.
Labor Parties. Century
Land Question, The O. B. Bunce. Popular Science,
Lee in Pennsylvania, Jas. Longstreet. Century.
Lee's Antietam Order. S. Colgrove. Century.
Lightning-holes. G. P. Merrill. Popular Science.
Lincoln, Abraham. Hay and Nicolay. Century.
Literature, American. J.J. Halsey. Dial.
Lowell, James R. Melville B. Anderson. Dial.
Lowell's Addresses. Atlantic
McCosh, James. John Van Cleve. Century.
Massachusetts, Emancipation of. Atlantic
Massage. Lady Jane Manners. Popular Science.
Materialism and Morality. W. S. Lilly. Popular Science.
Mere Egotism, John Burroughs. Lippincott's.
Minority, Future of the. George Batchelor, Forum.
Misgovernment of Great Cities. Pop. Science.
Moose Hunting. H, P. Wells, Harper's.
Mourning, The Reproach of. J. M. Oxley. Forum.
BIOGRAPHY-HISTORY.
Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United
States. From the days of David Garrick to the present
time. Edited by B. Matthews and L. Hutton. Vol. V.
The Present Time. 12mo, pp. 317. Gilt edges. Cassell
& Co. $1.50.
Paracelsus. The Life of Philippus Theophrastus,
Bombast of Hohenheim, known by the name of
Paracelsus, and the substance of his teachings, etc.
By F. Hartmann, M.D. 8vo, pp. 220. London. Nel, $3.70.
The Pioneer Quakers. By R. P. Hallowell. 18mo, pp. 98.
Gilt top. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.00.
Napoleon and Marie Louise.. A Memoir. From the
French of Madame La Générale Durand, First Lady
to the Empress Marie Louise. 12mo, pp. 266. Rand,
McNally & Co. Paper, 35 cents; cloth, 76 cents.
The Emancipation of Massachusetts. By Brooks
Adams. tamo, pp. 332. Gilt top. Houghton, Mimin
& Co. $1.50.
Annals of the Life and Work of William Shake.
speare. Collected from the most recent authorities.
Illustrated. 16mo, pp. 146. London. Net, $1.25.
GUIDE-BOOKS-TRAVEL.
The Mexican Guide. By T. A. Janvier. New edition.
With maps. 16mo, pp. 523. Leather tuck. C. Scrib.
ner's Sons, Net, $2.50.
Marquis' Hand-Book of Chicago. A comple History,
Reference Book and Guide to the city. Illustrated.
12mo, pp. 357. A. N. Marquis & Co. $1.00.
Surprise Land. A Girl's Letter from the West. E.G. H.
ismo, pp. 121. Paper. Cupples, Upham & Co. 75 cents.
ESSAYS-BELLES-LETTRES.
The History of the Forty Vezirg; or, The Story of the
Forty Morns and Eves. Written in Turkish by
Sheykh-Zada. Done into English by E. J. W. Gibb.
M.R.A.S. 12mo, pp. 420. London. Net, $3.70.
How to win. A Book for Girls. By Frances E. Willard.
With an Introduction by Rose E. Cleveland. Post
8vo, pp. 125. Fupk & Wagnalls. $1.00.
Aphorisms of the Three Threes. By E. 0. Towne, 16mo,
pp. 38. 0. 11. Kerr & Co. $1.00.
An Introduction to the Study of Browning. By Arthur
Symons. 12mo, pp. 216. Cassell & Co. 75 cents.
Faith and Action. From the Writings of F. D. Maurice.
Selected by M. G. D. With a Preface by the Rev.
Phillips Brooks, D.D. 16mo, pp. 269. D. Lothrop & Co.
$1.00.
The Faith that makes Faithful. By W. C. Gannett
and J. L. Jones. 18mo, pp. 131. Gilt edges. C. H. Kerr
& Co, $1.00.
Extracts from the Writings of W. M. Thackeray.
Chiefly Philosophical and Reflective 16mo, pp. 395.
London. Net, 90 cents.
The Modern Jew. His Present and Future. By Anna L.
Dawes. 16mo, pp. 52. D. Lothrop & Co. 50 cents.
The Legend of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. As found
in the works of Saxo Grammaticus and other writers
of the twelfth century. By G. P. Hansen, late U.S.
Consul at Elsinore, Denmark. Edited by O. B. Simons.
18mo, pp. 57. C. H. Kerr & Co. 50 cents.


258
Feb.,
THE DIAL
Co-operation in a Western City. By A. Shaw. Ph.D.
8vo, pp. 106. Paper. American Economic Associa.
tion, Net, 75 cents.
How to Cook Well. By J. Rosalie Benton. 12mo, pp.
435. D. Lothrop & Co. $1.50.
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BY THE AUTHOR OF “BEN HUR.”
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THE DIAL
VOL. VII.
MARCH, 1887.
No. 83.
CONTENTS.
THE EMANCIPATION OF MASSACHUSETTS.
W. F. Poole ...........263
THE ORIGIN OF THE FITTEST. David S. Jordan . 268
CHARLES EGBERT CRADDOCK. James O. Pierce.
EARLY DAYS OF THE AMERICAN THEATRE . 271
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 273
Bancroft's British Columbia.-Mrs. Kirby's Years
of Experience.-Wilkeson's Recollections of a
Private Soldier in the Army of the Potomac.-
Meriwether's A Tramp Trip Abroad.-Laurie's
The Rise and Early Constitution of Universi.
ties, with a Survey of Mediæval Education.-Miss
Jewett's The Story of the Normans.-Andrews's
Brazil, Its Condition and Prospects.
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS ........
TOPICS IN MARCH PERIODICALS. ... ... 275
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ..........
-
276
THE EMANCIPATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. *
As an historical study, “ The Emancipation
of Massachusetts” is a disappointment. Some-
thing better was to be expected from a mem-
ber of a family which has been identified with
all that is good, or otherwise, in Massachusetts
history from its earliest records, and has
worthily received from the state and the
nation honors second to no other family in the
land. The four later generations of the
Adams family have been diligent students of
New England history, and have taken delight
in writing up the proud annals of their native
state. The youngest scion of the house now
comes forward to cast reproach upon the rec-
ord which his brothers, his father, his grand-
father, and his great-grandfather have helped
to make, and of which his earlier ancestors
were a part. Thomas Adams was one of the
grantees named in the first royal charter of
the Massachusetts Colony, 1629; and was
chosen one of the “assistants” at the first
election of officers of the company held in
England. He contributed freely to the early
expenses of the company; but when his asso-
ciates brought the charter to New England, he
did not accompany them. Henry Adams,
supposed to be a brother, came, and was
assigned land at Mount Wollaston, or Merry
Mount (now Quincy), from which Thomas
Morton, “the sinful roysterer,” had been
ejected. Henry Adams was the ancestor of
the Massachusetts family; and in the line of
his descendants appear clergymen, deacons,
and brewers, as well as Presidents of the
United States. If, as the youngest Adams
supposes, the evils attending the early bistory
of the Massachusetts Colony are to be mainly
ascribed to its having so many clergymen and
so much religion, it is evident that his own
family in early times contributed its share of
those disturbing elements.
In marked contrast with the pessimistio
spirit of the book before us, are the charming
and scholarly introduction and notes, by the
author's brother, Mr. Charles Francis Adams
Jr., to the Prince Society's reprint of Thomas
Morton's “ New English Canaan," 1637. In
this book, Morton, professing to be a church-
man, lashes the Massachussetts colonists for
their persecution of him, and for their bigotry
and stern theocracy. When they sent Morton
back to England, they arranged that he should
have a view of his blazing house at Merry
Mount, as he sailed out of the harbor. Mr.
Brooks Adams terms this treatment “mali.
cious vindictiveness." He mentions the inci.
dent to show that “ One striking characteristic
of the theocracy was its love for inflicting
mental suffering upon its victims.” It is
noticeable in the book that everything which
he regards as discreditable was done by the
clergy. “The magistrates," he says, “were
nothing but common politicians nominated by
the priests. The clergy seized the temporal
power which they held till the charter fell."
His great-grandfather, President John Adams,
knew well the record of Morton, and said of
him: “Such a rake, such an addle-headed fel.
low, could not be cordial with the Plymouth
people, or with those who came over with the
patent. I can hardly conceive that his being
à churchman, or reading his prayers from a
book of common prayer, could be any great
offense. His fun, his songs, and his revels
were provoking enough, no doubt; but his
commerce with the Indians in arms and am-
munition, and his instructions to those savages
in the use of them, were serious and danger-
ous offenses which struck at the lives of the
new comers, and threatened the utter extirpa-
tion of all the plantations.” The only persons
in the early annals of Massachusetts for whom
this new historical writer seems to have any
* THE EMANCIPATION OF MASSACHUSETTS. By Brooks
Adams. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


264
[March,
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sympathy, are the interlopers, the malcontents, | founders of the other English and Spanish
the disturbers of the peace, the heady, exor American colonies!
bitant ranters, those who fell under the ban of The burden of Mr. Adams's complaint is
the civil government, and were, or deserved that there was too much religion in the Colony,
to be, shipped back to England. For the which he attributed to the zeal of its numerous
fathers of the Colony he has no respect. and highly-educated clergy. The clergy were
“ John Winthrop was a lawyer; he spoke as a indeed zealous religionists, but the people were
partisan, knowing his argument to be falla- more so; and, as is usually the fact, pushed
cious.” On the other hand, he says: “Samuel the clergy up to their own standard. The
Maverick is a bright patch of color on the sad people brought this zeal with them from En-
Puritan background.” Sam, Maverick, it is gland; and but for the opportunity of enjoy-
scarcely necessary to state, was no Puritan, ing their own religion in their own way, which
but an interloper and churchman. He found they were denied at home, there would have
it convenient to go back to England. He re- been no Massachusetts Colony. The amount
turned to Massachusetts, in 1665, as a royal of preaching, praying and exhortation which
commissioner, with the intention of robbing the people required in those days is something
the Colony of its charter. An illustration of extraordinary. As they had no newspapers
his character may be seen in the disgusting and few books, religious meetings were their
narrative of Maverick's attempt, in 1639, to im chief intellectual recreation. The amount of
prove the breed of his negro slaves, recorded labor which these meetings required of the
in Josselyn's Voyages (p. 28) and Dr. Geo. H. clergy was so enormous that the custom could
Moore's “ Notes on the History of Slavery in not have been their own device. These meet-
Massachusetts” (p. 8). Mr. Adams's sympa ings began at eight o'clock in the morning, and
thy for this class of persons often expands continued till noon, when there was an hour's
into admiration.
intermission for refreshment. They were re-
Mr. Adams's opinions of men are, in the sumed in the afternoon, and continued till
main, based on a false standard of criticism; sundown, and often into the evening. Pray-
his book has no perspective, and no proper ers were from an hour to two hours long.
adjustment of lights and shades. The past At an ordination in Woburn, in 1642, “Mr.
and the present jostle each other in bewilder Symes preached and prayed for four or five
ing confusion. In judging of the past he has | hours" before the regular services began.
the present constantly in mind. He brings Winthrop, in 1639, went out to Cambridge
into the foreground men who have been in to hear Mr. Hooker preach, who, when his
their graves for more than two centuries; and voice failed him, “went forth, and about half
because they do not look and act like men an hour returned again, and went on to very
living in the closing years of the nineteenth good purpose about two hours." Besides
century; because they are demurely sober, Sundays, one and often two secular days
unfashionable, sing unmetrical psalms through each week were given to lectures, which were
their noses, and have never practised, or heard attended by the people from other towns. In
of, religious toleration, he regards them as 1633 the magistrates ordered that the lectures
unlovely beings, and pronounces them hypo should not begin before one o'clock, on the
crites and bigots. To his æsthetic taste, ground that they were “in divers ways prej- ,
Oliver Cromwell, John Hampden, and John udicial to the common good, both in the loss
Pym would appear quite as unlovely as John of a whole day, and bringing other charges
Endicott, John Winthrop, and Thomas Dud and troubles to the place where the lecture
ley, who were contemporaries and men of the is kept." Now Mr. Adams asserts that the
same type. When he has had more experi magistrates were created and ruled by the
ence as an historical writer be will judge men clergy. This nominal action of the magis-
by the standard of the period in which they trates, therefore, was the real action of the
lived, and by the record they made upon that clergy, in an attempt to throw off the dread-
period. Where in the wide world, during the ful burden of labor which the people had
seventeenth century, did men leave behind laid upon them. The effort was not a success.
them a better and more enduring record than The lectures continued, “two and three in
the men who founded the Massachusetts the week,” said Winthrop six years later
Colony? “Old England,” said an eminent (i. 324), “to the great neglect of their
English writer, “was winnowned for the best affairs and the damage of the public. The
seed with which to plant New-England.” Did assemblies also were held till night, and
a better class of people live at that period in sometimes within the night, so that such as
France, Germany, Italy, or Spain,-a people dwelt far off could not get home in due season,
with better ideas on government, general and many weak bodies could not endure so
education and social order? How immeasur. long, in the extremity of the heat or cold,
ably superior is their record to those of the without great trouble, and hazard of their


1887.]
265
THE DIAL
W
health. Whereupon the General Court ordered, to do, they put their charter privileges into
that the elders should be desired to give a | operation.
meeting to the magistrates and deputies, to . Most of the charges which Mr. Adams
consider about the length and frequency of brings against the founders of the Massa-
church assemblies.” The churches resented chusetts Colony grew out of the exercise of
this interference in their affairs, and nothing the rights conferred upon them by their char.
came of the action. They were, therefore, ter. He denies, however, that they had a
not a priest-ridden people, but they rode their government which gave them any such rights
own priests unmercifully. The same frequent as they exercised; and he approaches the dis-
and protracted meetings were going on at the cussion in a very dogmatic style, for so imma-
same time in England, and the same intermi ture an historian, when the authority and
nable sermons and prayers were required of | deliberate judgment of some of the best
their clergy. In 1644 Robert Baillie of Scot-writers on American history are against him.
land made a visit to London. “This day, “But discussion is futile;" “ the proposition
May 17,” he says, “is the best that I have seen is self-evident;" “no doubt can exist,” he
since I came to England. After Dr. Twiss states, that his views are correct. He says
had begun with a brief prayer, Mr. Marshall the Massachusetts charter was nothing more
prayed large two hours most divinely in a than an instrument incorporating a trading
wonderful pathetick and prudent way. After, company to do business in the American trade,
Mr. Arrowwith preached an hour, then a as the business of the East India Company
psalm; thereafter, Mr. Vines prayed near two was trade in Hindostan; that within the ter-
hours, and Mr. Palmer preached an hour, and ritory between the Merrimack and Charles
Mr. Seaman prayed near two hours, then a rivers they were authorized to establish plan-
psalm; after, Mr. Henderson brought them to tations and forts, and to defend them against
a sweet conference of heat. Dr. Twiss closed | attack; that they were permitted to govern
with a short prayer and blessing.” (Baillie's the country by reasonable regulations calcu-
Letters, ii. 18.)
lated to preserve the peace; but that the
Claiming so much religious liberty for corporation was subject to the municipal laws
themselves, the Massachusetts colonists gave of England and could have no existence with-
little or no attention to the religious liberty out the realm; therefore, the governing body
of others, and offered no inducement to per could legally exercise its functions only when
sons who did not hold their views and procliv domiciled in some English town. In the last
ities to come among them. Hence religious clause Mr. Adams has stated substantially the
toleration, as the term is now understood, had opinion of Gov. Hutchinson and some other
no place in the theory of the founders. It writers on Massachusetts history, while, on
was then an unknown principle. Their inten the other hand, Dr. Palfrey and Prof. Joel
tion was to keep out all intruders; and for Parker of Cambridge believed that the char-
that purpose made themselves a close corpor ter was adroitly drawn giving the patentees
ation, held the fee simple of the land, and ad the right to use it either in Old England or
mitted to settlement and the privileges of the New England. At all events, there was no
company only such persons as held their relig requirement in the charter that the corpora-
ious views, and with whom they could live in tion should be located and administered in
harmony. In those days persons of different England. I am inclined to think that Mr.
religious opinions, as a rule, quarrelled. Their Adams's statement is correct as to the original
purpose was to set up a Christian common and generally understood meaning of the
wealth after their own fashion; and as they charter, both when it was drawn by John
found no model of procedure in secular history, Whyte, the counsel for the patentees, and
the Bible was the political text-book they when it passed through the several offices of
most revered. For their defense against state and was signed by the King. It soon
strangers, interlopers, anarchists—the persons | dawned upon the minds of the directors of the
upon whom Mr. Brooks Adams lavishes his company that it would be good policy to
sympathy—their charter from the Crown gave transfer the company to America; and five or
them the right: “At all times hereafter, for six months later this proceeding was decided
their special defense and safety, to encounter, upon. The charter was then critically exam-
expulse, repel, and resist, by force of arms, as ined to find some authority for, or justification
well by sea as by land, and by all fitting ways of, its removal to New England. The most
and means whatsoever, all such person or per encouraging evidence found was that it con-
sons as shall at any time hereafter attempt ortained no clause that the corporation should
enterprise the destruction, invasion, detriment, l be located and its affairs administered in
or annoyance of the said plantation, or inhab- | England. The corporators were bold and
itants." From the outset they were disturbed, energetic men, and assumed the risk of the
invaded and annoyed; and, as they had a right transfer. It was their good fortune that they


266
March,
THE DIAL
were not disturbed during the removal by any | Dyer, another Quaker, who was hanged be-
objection from the Crown, and that the govern- cause she wanted to be a martyr, when she
ment they set up in Massachusetts was later might have gone to her home unharmed, told
recognized as legitimate. No question as to her persecutors: “You have no government;"
its legitimacy was raised in the quo warranto and, to convince her that they had a govern-
proceedings in 1684. If the removal of the ment, they foolishly hanged her. Roger Will-
charter was not legal, the neglect of the Crown | iams, during his troubled stay in the Plymouth
to prevent it, and its subsequent recognition and Massachusetts colonies, before his dis-
of the act, made it so. No historian, there covery of the doctrine of religious toleration,
fore, has a right to say that Massachusetts | told the Massachusetts authorities that their
had no government and no right to punish its charter was of no account, and that they had
offenders.
no right to the lands they possessed. Sam.
Judge Story, who held that the charter itself Maverick, that “bright patch of color on the
did not justify the act of removal, says: “The sad Puritan background,” was of the same
boldness of the step is not more striking than opinion; and because the charter was worth-
the silent acquiescence of the King in permit less, he wished to take it home with him. Dr.
ting it to take place.” Sir Fernando Gorges Robert Childe and his Episcopal associates
who held a patent of Maine, Capt. Mason who obtrusively despised the laws of Massachu-
had a New Hampshire patent, Morton, Gar setts, and claimed to be subjects only of the
diner, and others who had been sent back, | realm of England. It is late in the day for
were constantly pouring in the ears of the | one who professes to be an intelligent student
Privy Council complaints against the Colony-| of history to take up the cry of these lunatics
that it had cast off allegiance to England and and cranks, and claim that Massachusetts had
its laws, was persecuting churchmen, etc.; but no legitimate government before the arrival of
in these complaints the removal of the charter the Province charter in 1692.
to America was never mentioned. Mr. Adams, Many of the early laws and customs of
however, at this late day is sure that the govern Massachusetts are often supposed to be pecu-
ment was wholly illegitimate. “Nothing," he | liar to that Colony, and are mentioned as in-
says, “can be imagined more ill-suited to serve stances of Puritan intolerance, such as the
as the organic law of a new commonwealth | fining of persons who did not attend church.
than this instrument.” For fifty-five years it | They also fined persons who did not attend
answered the purposes of the colonists very the town-meeting. There was no Puritanism
well, and without complaint on their part or | in Virginia in 1623, but here is an extract
request that it should be amended. No person from tening's “Statutes at Large” (i. 123):
ever came in conflict with it but was ready “ Whosoever shall absent himself from divine
to admit that they had a strong government. service on Sunday, without an allowable ex-
They studied well their patent, and supplied cuse, shall forfeit a pound of tobacco; and he
its deficiencies by a liberal construction of its that absenteth himself a month, shall forfeit
general clauses. Mr. Adams says: “From fifty pounds of tobacco.” Similar laws existed
the beginning they took what measures they | in England before the advent of Puritanism,
thought proper without regarding the limita- and were enforced after the Restoration. Here
tions of the charter.” If he had said “they is a specimen: “A person not coming to some
took what measures they thought proper by church or chapel forfeits 12d. to the poor, to
a careful construction of the charter,” his be levied by distress and sale of goods, and in
statement would have been correct. The default of distress to be committed. He who
charter was very extended and had many keeps any servant in his house or other person
clauses. Mr. Adams thinks he has a sure not coming to church for one month together,
grip on the unhappy colonists: In view of the forfeits £10 per month.” (Dalton's Justice,
violation of the conditions under which the 1727, p. 71.) “ If any shall strike another in
charter was issued, “the ordinances made a church or church-yard, or draw a weapon in
under it were void, and none were bound to a church or church-yard with intent to strike,
yield them their obedience.” He is now fully and being thereof convicted, shall be adjudged
prepared to defend all the culprits and mal to have one of his ears cut off, and having no
contents, including the Quakers, who wrestled, ears [they had been cut off previously) then
to their great sorrow, with the municipal and shall be burned in the cheek with a hot iron
police regulations of the Colony. These per-|| having the letter F.” (Idem, p. 70.) Such
sons, he claims, were not amenable to the laws | laws were the fashion of the time, and it is no
of Massachusetts, but to the laws of England. | wonder that traces of them, but none so bru-
This is the substance of what Wenlock Chris- tal, are found in the laws of the early Amer-
tison, the Quaker, told John Endicott: “You | ican colonies.
have gone beyond your bounds, and have for Mr. Adams has a chapter on Witchcraft
feited your patent; you have no government." I which affords him an opportunity to give us
John Endicott thought otherwise. Mary | an outline of how little he knows on the sub-


1887.)
267
THE DIAL
ject, and to abuse Increase and Cotton Mather, neighbors, believing that by separating the
upon whom he lays the chief burden of re children, and taking them out of the excite-
sponsibility for the miseries which attended ment in Salem village, the influence, charm,
that wretched delusion. The first case he | or whatever it was, upon them might be broken.
mentions was that of the Goodwin children, The Salem people thought they knew more
1688, and he accounts for it in this fashion: about witchcraft than he did, and declined his
“ The elders began the agitation by sending offer. He kept out of the excitement and
out a paper of proposals for collecting stories of attended none of the examinations or trials;
apparitions and witchcrafts, and, in obedience and yet he is charged with being the chief
to their wishes, Increase Mather published instigator of Salem witchcraft. He believed
his Illustrious Providences,' 1683-4. This in the reality of witchcraft, as did everybody
movement seems to have inflamed the pop- else, in and out of the church, at that period;
ular imagination.” Mr. Adams can never have but neither he nor his father Increase Mather
read the book. It was an historical account justified the methods practiced by the magis-
of curious and strange incidents which had trates in treating it. When the trials were in
occurred in New England, including deliver progress at Salem, and persons who were
ances from shipwreck, remarkable thunder and evidently innocent were being executed, In-
lightning, tempests, and also of apparitions and crease Mather wrote a treatise entitled “Cases
witch cases. It exposed the folly of many of of Conscience concerning Witchcrafts," which
the superstitions about charms, horse-shoes, exposed the injustice and cruelty of the methods
lucky days, and wbite spirits, which were then pursued by the courts, and made further con-
universal. It was a sedative to, rather than demnations impossible. Mr. Adams makes no
an excitement of, the popular imagination. | mention of this tract.
Thirty thousand persons had been put to death Concerning the case of the Goodwin chil.
in England for supposed confederacy with the | dren, 1688, Cotton Mather wrote a little book
devil; seventy-five thousand in France; and a entitled “Memorable Providences,” in which
hundred thousand in Germany. Witch books he minutely described the conduct of the
from Europe were as common among the people children, which resembled the antics which we
as the New England primer. The trouble read of in books on modern spiritual manifes-
began in Massachusetts, not in 1688, but in tations. One of the children he took to his
1648, when Margaret Jones of Charlestown home, and kept her for several months that
was tried and executed under the charge that he might study the case more minutely. His
she had a malignant touch, and being a female conclusion was that the children were under
physician her medicines had an extraordinary diabolical influence, and that it was an in-
effect, and her predictions as to the termination fluence that could be controlled by prayer and
of diseases proved to be true. John Winthrop religious influences. He applied his remedy
presided at her trial, signed her death-warrant, and all the children recovered. The purpose
and wrote up the case in his journal. This of the book was two-fold: (1) To show that
was fifteen years before Cotton Mather was witchcraft is a reality; and (2) To show the
born. Mary Johnson was executed the same proper method of treating it. He concluded
year at Hartford, Conn.; and Mrs. Knap at by saying: “All that I have now to publish is,
Fairfield, Conn., in 1653. In 1656 Mrs. Ann that prayer and faith was the thing which
Hibbins, the widow of a Boston merchant and drove the devils from the children; and I am to
magistrate, was hanged on some most absurd bear this testimony unto the world: That the
charges; but we read nothing about these Lord is nigh to all them who call upon Him in
cases in Mr. Adams's chapter, and probably he truth, and blessed are all they that wait on
never heard of them. From the date last Him.” All this will be new to Mr. Adams,
mentioned, till 1692, the courts were constantly and will doubtless appear to him very super-
investigating alleged cases of witchcraft, with stitious; but he cannot say that it is heartless
which the Mathers had no connection. Of and cruel. The views Mather expressed on the
Salem witchcraft, in which twenty persons lost reality of witchcraft were in perfect harmony
their lives, we have an enormous amount of with the views held at that period by edu-
authentic documents; but of the twelve per cated persons in every civilized community.
sons who were executed in New England The book has a preface endorsing its prin-
before 1692, we have but little evidence in ciples signed by four of the clergymen of
addition to that collected with much labor by Boston. It was reprinted in London in 1691
Increase Mather, and given in his “Illustrious with a commendatory introduction by Richard
Providences," as Mr. Adams calls it, but the Baxter. “This great instance," said Mr. Bax-
book is commonly known as “Remarkable ter, “cometh with such full, convincing evi-
Providences.” When the excitement broke dence, that he must be a very obdurate Sad-
out at Salem in 1692, Cotton Mather, living ducee that will not believe it.” Mr. Adams
in Boston, offered to take six of the afflicted has never read the book; for he speaks of it
children to his own house and those of bis 1 thus: “Cotton Mather forthwith published a


268
[March,
THE DIAL
terrific account of the ghostly crisis, mixed
with denunciations of the Sadducee or atheist
who disbelieved.” To this little and harmless
book, Mr. Adams and other writers who have
followed Mr. Upham attribute the origin of
Salem witchcraft.
The remark was recently made to me by a
friend who is in the line of watches and jew-
elry: “I could never quite excuse the Massa-
chusetts colonists that they did not come over
in the White Star line of steamers with Frod-
sham watches in their pockets."
Certainly, and happily, there has been an
emancipation of thought everywhere during
the past two and a half centuries; and such
an emancipation has taken place in Massachu-
setts. It was a noble theme for an historian
to trace the steps and progress of this eman-
cipation. It is, therefore, a misfortune that
the writer in this instance did not appreciate
his opportunity, and lay aside prejudice and
passion; for an historian has no right to mis-
represent facts and absolve himself from an
honest code of criticism ; and this error is here
charged upon Mr. Brooks Adams.
W. F. POOLE.
THE ORIGIN OF THE FITTEST.*
It has been one of the characteristics of what
we may call the American school of evolution-
ists, that they have not been contented to regard
a law of nature, with Darwin, as simply the
“ascertained sequence of events,” but have
been constantly endeavoring to go behind nat-
ural selection, heredity, and variation, to find
the higher law on which these observed laws
depend. In this search, Professor Cope, per-
haps the most industrious and the most subtle
of our naturalists, has taken a leading part.
The present volume is a reprint of twenty-
one essays by Professor Cope, contributed at
different times within the last twenty years to
various scientific or popular periodicals, and all
of them bearing more or less directly on the
subject of the evolution of animal life. One
of the prominent features of the book is the
attempt to give to the theory of evolution
what Huxley declares to be one of its chief
needs, “a good theory of variation.” It is
manifest that there can be no “survival of the
fittest” unless in some way different degrees
of fitness are produced. That such is the case,
and that consequently variation is a natural
law or observed fact, is evident to everyone;
but Professor Cope is not satisfied until he has
found out how or why this is so. It is this
search which has given this volume the strik-
ing, and to some extent appropriate, title of
the “ Origin of the Fittest." This origin is to
be found, in great part, in that which Profes-
sor Cope has called the “ Law of Acceleration
and Retardation.”
Professor Cope is satisfied that the law of
natural selection is not a real cause, as most of
the followers of Darwin have considered it.
In his review of the laws of evolution, he says:
"Before the excellence of a machine can be
tested, it must exist, and before man or nature
selects the best, there must be at least two to choose
from as alternatives. Furthermore, it is exceed-
ingly improbable that the nicely adapted machinery
of animals should have come into existence without
the operation of causes leading directly to that end.
The doctrines of selection' and 'survival' plainly
do not reach the kernel of evolution, which is, as I
have long ago pointed out, the question of the
'origin of the fittest.' The omission of this problem
from the discussion of evolution is to leave Hamlet
out of the play to which he has given the name.
The laws by which structures originate is one thing;
those by which they are restricted, directed, or de-
stroyed, is another thing."
In the admirable essay on the Evolution of
the Extinct Mammalia (p. 297), Professor Cope
discusses this “law of acceleration and retar-
dation" as follows:
“Biology is a science of analysis of forms. What
the scales are to the chemist and physicist, the rule
and measure are to the biologist. It is a question
of dimension, a question of length and breadth and
thickness, a question of curves, a question of
crooked shapes or simple shapes—rarely simple
shapes, mostly crooked shapes, generally bilateral.
It requires that one should have a mechanical eye,
and should have also something of an artistic eye,
to appreciate these forms, to measure them, and to
be able to compare and weigh them.
“Now when we come to arange our shapes and
our measurements we find ... a certain number
of identities, and a certain number of variations.
This question of variation is so common and so re-
markable, that it becomes perfectly evident to the
specialist in each department that like does not at all
times produce like. It is perfectly clear ... that
variability is practically unlimited in its range and
multiplied in the number of its examples. That is
to say, species vary by adding or failing to retain
certain characteristics; and generic and other char-
acters are found to appear or disappear in accord-
ance with some law to be discussed further on. I
believe that this is the simplest mode of stating and
explaining the law of variation: that some forms
acquire something which their parents did not pos-
sess; and that those which acquire something ad-
ditional have to pass through more numerous stages
than their ancestors; and those which lose some-
thing pass through fewer stages than their ances-
tors; and these processes are expressed by the
terms 'acceleration' and 'retardation.'”
This is a simple statement of this law, the
elaboration of which, in one way or another,
fills a large part of the book.
The essay on the “Origin of Genera,” the
earliest in date of all these papers, has had a
*THE ORIGIN OF THE FITTEST. Essays on Evolution.
By E. D), Cope, A.M., Ph.D. (Heidelberg), Member of the
United States Saiional Academy of Sciences, Corre.
spondent of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences.
New York: D. Appleton & Company.


1887.)
269
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very marked influence on systematic zoology usual standards of book-making we find much
in America. In this essay the author has tried of which to complain. The author seems al-
to show that generic characters, properly ways in a hurry. He seems to have no time
speaking, are different in kind from specific in which to elaborate his ideas, and when in
characters, and may in many cases have ap | one essay he strikes a theme already treated
peared later in time. Thus, certain individuals in another, he has recourse to the scissors and
of one species may, by the acquisition of a the paste-pot to save the trouble of re-writing.
certain additional character, become members As a result of this, we have many mannerisms
of a genus different from that to which the of expression, many repetitions and self-quo-
rest of the species belong. This is, of course, tations, and a style as different as possible
in part a matter of definition, for some from the plain, exact, matter-of-fact way in
writers, recognizing the facts, would not re which Darwin has treated similar subjects.
gard the supposed new genus as properly | As a whole, this is the raw material of a great
established. In Professor Cope's view, the book, perhaps an epoch-making book, rather
separate genera of any group are properly than the book itself.
separated from each other by single charac But Professor Cope has the right to demand
ters, thus standing related to each other like other than ordinary standards of judgment.
steps in a staircase. In his practice as a sys Other persons can write the book, of which he
tematic naturalist, the genera he recognizes furnishes the subject matter. Constantly en-
have been so arranged. There are numerous gaged in the study of new material, in the
difficulties in the way in the practical appli development of new facts and laws, he can do
cation of this view to all cases, but it has the better than to write good books. We should
enormous advantage of insisting on precision be thankful for the thoughts and generaliza-
of definition, which has been one of the great | tions of nature, which he casts out to us from
needs in biological writing. The influence of his study windows, without criticism as to the
Professor Cope's views and methods in this shape in which the bundles may fall.
respect over other naturalists has been very few people will read the book through, but
great. The various groups in zoology and no one can take it up without broader and
botany are, in a sense, subjective, and to insist clearer notions of the problems involved in the
on precise and simple definitions of genera is origin of species. Whether we agree with
to insist on clearness in the mind of the writer Professor Cope's theories or not, whether we
who discusses them. Nature goes on in her understand them or not, they form an impor-
own way in any case, and sometimes she makes tant part of the history of evolution. These
leaps and sometimes not.
essays, as a whole, certainly represent the
The chapters on the origin of the foot most valuable contribution to the subject yet
structures of the mammalia are especially in made by an American author.
structive, but lack of space forbids quotations
David S. JORDAN.
from them. The volume contains several
essays of one sort or another on the meta-
physics of evolution. Some of these will be CHARLES EGBERT CRADDOCK.*
found to the ordinary reader very difficult to
The secret veiled under the nom de plume
follow, and two or three of the essays, I venture
to say, are easy reading to Professor Cope and
of Charles Egbert Craddock almost surpassed
in interest the mystery of George Eliot, be-
to no other man on earth. One peculiar pas-
sage (page 167) seems to be either concealed
cause in this instance the sex of the unknown
author was not suspected, so skilfully did her
humor or else nonsense-certainly not science:
literary style keep its appointed secret. But
“In our present translation of Genesis, the fall
this adventitious circumstance has ceased to
is ascribed to the influence of Satan assuming the
form of the serpent, and this animal was cursed in
enlist readers for the author; and now that
consequence, and compelled to assume a prone po-
her writings, under her proper name and
sition. This rendering may well be revised, since
simply by their merits, are attracting more
serpents, prone like others, existed in both America readers than before, the question becomes op-
and Europe during the Eocene epoch, five times as portune, wherein consists their peculiar charm?
great a period before Adam as has elapsed since his
Certainly, this is not to be found in the new
day. Clark states, with great probability, the 'ser-
localities to which she has introduced us, nor
pent' should be translated monkey or ape—a con-
in that uncouth dialect with which she has
clusion, it will be observed, exactly coinciding
made us familiar. If these had been her at-
with our inductions on the basis of Evolution. The
instigation to evil by an ape merely states inherit-
tractions, she could not have held her audience
ance in another form. His curse, then, refers to as she has; we should long ago have tired of
the retention of the horizontal position retained by the mountain girls, who, in her early stories,
all other quadrumana, as we find it at the present | were all cast in the same mould, and who
day."
* IN THE CLOUDS. By Charles Egbert Craddock. Boston:
If we judge Professor Cope's book by the Houghton, Mimin & Co.


270
(March,
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dreamily surveyed the mountain vistas with the mountains, but places him en rapport with
the same lustrous eyes. If her work were to them. The same fine sympathy extends to
be judged by such features, it might be perti the dwellers in these fastnesses, and she is
nent to consider the correctness of her presen scarcely less felicitous in painting them. En-
tations of dialect, and to discuss with her critics tering herself with cordial interest into the
the doubt whether the author knows the Great feelings and emotions which control their
Smoky Mountains as well as she professes. simple lives, she depicts them at their best,
But Miss Murfree's art is far too profound to and her friendly portraiture awakens in her
be illustrated by such criticisms. The ver interested reader a tender appreciation which
nacular of her people is their least attraction. approaches esteem. Under her pencil, charac-
It has served its purpose in awaking attention ters like Dorinda Cayce, Judge Gwinnan, and
and eliciting discussion; it remains but an in lawyer Harshaw, take on the vividness of ac-
cidental and subordinate feature of her work. tual life. The toothless veterans who carry
Its excessive use may become a blemish; it enthusiastically to the grave the moss-covered
can scarcely obscure entirely the beauties of political antipathies of their youth will be re-
her style.
membered as pen portraits when their names
Doubtless her intimate acquaintance with are forgotten. But her crowning art is the
these mountaineers, and their strangeness to skill with which she links mountain and man
her readers, were the reasons for confining to together. Her mountaineer is no mere so-
them her maiden efforts in romance. Now, journer upon the heights. He lives among
however, why should she not feel free to de them; they influence, they color, they domi-
vote the same powers, upon proper occasion, nate his daily life; his nature is stamped with
to other scenes and peoples? That she is their impress; his thoughts and feelings are
under no necessity of taking her readers to the outgrowth of association with them; and
the mountains in order to entertain them, is the lights and shadows of his mind are images
evident in her novel, “ Where the Battle was of the sunshine and shadow that pursue each
Fought," which owed none of its interest to other over the mountain tops around him.
mountain scenery or accessories. True, she This intimate and continuous sympathy
was there presenting scenes familiar to her between the moods of the man and the kalei.
self. But her work often shows capacity for doscopic phases of the mountain range is so
close study and accurate understanding of delicately suggested that at times it escapes
topics and characters not naturally familiar. casual observation. The “ Atlantic Monthly,"
Her happy illustrations of the many little pe curiously oblivious as to this feature of Miss
culiarities of the Tennessee law and practice Murfree's work, says of her “In the Clouds":
indicate more than the gathering into a reten “She forgets that her art is essentially dra-
tive memory of fragments of gossip or anec matic. She resorts to wholly unnecessary spec-
dotes contributed by purveying friends; they tacular effects, and constantly distracts the
suggest an individual and independent knowl. spectator's attention from the persons in the
edge, the result of personal study and research, drama to independent activity of the scenery
an easy acquaintanceship akin to that which itself. Many of the scenic pictures are thrust
the lawyer acquires by years of practice. A into the action in such a way as to interrupt
similar knowledge of the practical aspects of the movement of the story without in the
the miner's work of prospecting and testing | least intensifying the effect."
ores was exhibited in her “Down the Ravine." That Miss Murfree has often obscured her
May she not, then, find new opportunities for meaning, and left it to the penetration of her
entertaining the reading public as thoroughly readers to discover what was behind the veil
as she has done in her mountain tales ?
of her symbolism, may be construed as a com-
· The deeper charm which has thus far im pliment to their intelligence. But although
bued Miss Murfree's stories, and which is in her earlier stories her interpositions of
indefinitely felt rather than seen, as one reads, scenic description may have at times seemed
lies in her happy combination of the elements obtrusive, and the relation between mental
of scene-painting and portraiture. Her pic and atmospheric moods may have been misty
torial faculty is the most conspicuous in her and vague, she has surely now unfolded her
mental equipment. As a word-painter, she riddle. In her latest novel, the storms that
has achieved a new success. That indefinable sweep the summits of the balds, and dash im.
glamour which distinguishes the landscapes petuously down the rugged declivities, are
of great mountain ranges has impressed and themselves among the dramatis persona.
possessed her, and her sympathetic heart has When Mink Lorey started to ride down “those
caught the art of so suggesting it that, while solemn spaces where silence herself walked
for the uninitiated she has merely painted a unshod,” the misty condition of his mind was
landscape, those who have felt that occult in in harmony with the mountain mists which
fluence again experience it. The author's enveloped him, and his thoughts grew clearer
subtile power not only brings her reader to l as he emerged into the sunlight. He felt the


1887.]
271
THE DIAL
burden of the clouds again when endeavoring flict which created those mountain ranges, and
to bring his irresolution to the point of offer which is imaged in the periodic storms that
ing restitution for the injury done by his mis sweep over them, reappears in the lives of those
chief, and confessed to himself, “I would n't whose homes are fixed among them. Before
feel so weighted if the weather would clear." the misty background of the Smoky Moun-
To him and his companion on the lonely bald, tains, the mind now sees portrayed the sorrow-
the mysterious summit of Thunderhead, ever ful climax of such a tragic conflict. It is the
bafiling their close observation, seemed a fit picture of Alethea, with her lithe and supple
abode for a herder who was only a “harnt." figure, her native grace of attitude, her wealth
It was itself an embodied superstition.
of golden hair, and her deep brown eyes illu-
But it is not chiefly in individual instances minated by an ecstacy which is more pathetic
that the story exhibits the ascendancy over than grief. It will long stand as an unique
the characters of their surroundings. It is a figure in our literature.
subtle influence which pervades all their ex-
JAMES 0. PIERCE.
periences and dominates their lives. Simple
though their tastes may be, and modest their
aspirations, their little drama takes on the
tragic complexion. For people so residing and
EARLY DAYS OF THE AMERICAN
THEATRE.*
so circumstanced, the essential dramatic move-
ment is the tragic. No other conception was The early days of the drama in America,
possible to the acute imagination of the author, notwithstanding the many difficulties which
and the skill with which the tragic element is attended its development, offered alluring
portrayed in its mastery over mount and man compensations to the qualified actor. The
evinces the accuracy of the conception. These manager and the proficient members of a stock
simple mountain folk have their depths of feel company were received with social honors in
ing, their heights of devotion to duty, and every community, and brought into cordial
their sublime submission to fate; in their relations with its best and pleasantest elements.
plainness and bluntness of character, they re Their professional labors were not arduous, as
flect the simple grandeur of the balds, ravines in the largest cities the theatre was opened
and precipices around them; their lives are only three or four evenings in the week, and
modelled after their Appalachian homes. It a few standard plays sufficed for an entire
was a tender sympathy which could appre- season's entertainment. The emoluments of
ciate and quietly invite others to share in the players were generous for that period, an actor
overmastering sorrow of a life wasted in of prominence commanding a salary ranging
“drifting down Lost Creek.” Only a clear from fifty to one hundred dollars a week, with
intellect and a bright imagination could con one or two annual benefits in addition. Mr.
ceive of the rugged strength and firm devoted- | John Bernard, a talented English comedian,
ness of Kelsey, the Prophet of the Great who joined Mr. Wignell's corps in Philadel-
Smoky Mountains, living through a conflict phia in the summer of 1797, was engaged on
with the evils of the baser natures around the liberal terms of £1,000 a year. There were
him, to a tragic death in the vain attempt to three leading theatrical companies in America
subdue that conflict by taking them with him at this date, occupying three distinct circuits.
up to the heights where repose might be found. The “Old American Company,” controlled by
So the double tragedy, in mountain and in Hodgkinson and Dunlap, established head-
man, is the controlling element in the author's quarters in New York and Boston; the troupe
latest work. The sunshine might peer through managed by Wignell and Reinagle was at home
the rifts of the clouds, and scatter for a time in Philadelphia and the neighboring cities of
the storm, but in vain. Even the playful Baltimore and Annapolis; while that of Mr.
nature of Mink Lorey could not avail to miti. Solee travelled over the southern district, the
gate the essential conflict. Even the loving centre of which was Charleston.
devotion of Alethea Sayles could neither save In New York and Boston the winters were
the light-hearted Mink from the tragic strug deemed too severe, and the summers there and
gle, nor silence in herself the voice of duty elsewhere too hot, for successful dramatic
which was but a call to combat and sorrow. enterprises; hence the seasons were limited to
Their clear mountain skies seemed to promise | the spring and autumn, and in the intervals
these simple young people peace and content the actors divided into small parties, and
ment, but involved them instead in the storms moved from place to place, giving varied
of continual contention, ending in misery.
*RETROSPECTIONS OF AMERICA. 1797-1811. By John
“ The short and simple annals of the poor”
become painfully realistic in thus exhibiting
author of “Retrospections of the Stage." Edited from
life “in the clouds,” where thunders and the Manuscript by Mrs. Bayle Bernard, with an Intro.
duction, Notes, and Index, by Laurence Hutton and
lightnings and tempests work their way unre-
Brander Matthews. Illustrated. New York: Harper &
lentingly, irresistibly. The great terrestrial con- | Brothers.
Bernard, sometime Secretary of the Beefsteak Club, and


272
[March,
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entertainments of a theatrical and musical He had friendly intercourse with many distin-
character. The stage was supplied principally guished men, and was a privileged guest at
by foreign talent, managers drawing from the homes of Washington, Jefferson, Carroll,
England not only their leading performers, and others of their rank. His retrospections
but their scenery, costumes, and other necessary are plentifully interspersed with pithy anec-
appurtenances. The first complete American dotes, and do not lack interest or historical
theatre was opened in 1793, by Mr. Wignell;
value.
and when, four years later, Mr. Bernard-from The comedian's first meeting with Washing-
whose reminiscences these particulars are | ton happened by accident. A chaise had
taken-came to the United States, Boston overturned in the road near Mount Vernon,
could boast of the only other adequately and Mr. Bernard was joined in the rescue of
equipped play-house in the country. The best its occupants by a stranger galloping to the
accommodation provided for the mimic scenes scene on horseback. The two men toiled long,
of the actor was a vacant warehouse or barn, in the heat of a July day, to right the vehicle
even the metropolis of New York affording and despatch it again on its way in due order.
them no better shelter than a barren wooden This service done, the gentlemen had leisure
building.
to recognize each other; and great was the
At this era, dramatic ventures suffered surprise of the actor to find in his vigorous as-
greatly from the incursions of the yellow sistant the venerable “Father" of our repub-
fever, which, introduced in 1792, swept over | lic. Accepting his pressing invitation, Mr.
the greater portion of the land yearly. In the Bernard accompanied General Washington to
time being, cities were depopulated and busi Mount Vernon, where he was received with
ness was paralyzed; yet as soon as the awful the warmest hospitality. His impressions of
scourge was passed, the desire for diversion, his entertainer are recorded with enthusiasm.
for recovery from the strain of anxiety and " Whether you surveyed his face, open yet well
depression, filled the theatres with a throng | defined, dignified but not arrogant, thoughtful but
of eager pleasure-seekers, one half of whom benign; his frame, towering and muscular, but
were draped in mourning and all alike craving
alert from its good proportion-every feature sug-
in excitement temporary forgetfulness. The
gested a resemblance to the spirit it encased, and
showed simplicity in alliance with the sublime.
Quakers and others who regarded the drama
. . . . In conversation his face had not much
adversely, attributed the visitations of the
variety of expression; a look of thoughtfulness was
plague in no small degree to this ungodly form
given by the compression of the mouth and the in-
of amusement, and its supporters were looked dentation of the brow (suggesting an habitual con-
upon by them, in consequence, with severe dis flict with and mastery over passion) did not seem
favor. Yet among the profession here were so much to disdain a sympathy with trivialities as
to be found some of the brightest figures that
to be incapable of denoting them. Nor had his
have enlivened the American stage. Cooke,
voice, so far as I could discover in our quiet talk,
much change or richness of intonation, but he al-
Cooper, Placide, Caulfield, the Merrys, Mrs.
ways spoke with earnestness, and his eyes (glorious
Stanley, Mrs. Woodham, Mrs. Whitelock (sister
conductors of light within) burned with a steady
of Mrs. Siddons), and scores of gifted players, fire which no one could mistake for mere affability;
were contemporary with Mr. Bernard during they were one grand expression of the well-known
the twenty years in which he was identified line, I am a man, and interested in all that con-
with our theatrical history.
cerns humanity.' In our hour and a half's conver-
After the death of Mr. Bernard in 1828, a
sation he touched on every topic that I brought
before him with an even current of good sense, if
portion of his autobiography was published
he embellished it with little wit or verbal excel.
under the title of “Retrospections of the lence. He spoke like a man who had felt as much
Stage.” He was an agreeable writer, the same as he had reflected, and reflected more than he had
gentle humor and amiable disposition appear spoken.”
ing in his pages which inbued his manners Equally vivid recollections of other eminent
and made him a universally welcome com personages are preserved by Mr. Bernard:
panion. His first posthumous book met with but the reader must be referred to his volume
a notable success but is now out of print. A for a perusal of them. There is not space here
second volume has lately been gathered from to extract from his store of incidents relating
his literary remains and presented to the to Dr. Franklin, Lafayette, Jefferson, and a
public with the kindred title of “Retrospec multitude of their class, which were known to
tions of America.” It has the unstudied gos him personally or repeated by trustworthy
sippy style of a familiar talk, which, in a witnesses.
light, cursory way, touches persons and things In the group of actors associated with Mr.
of importance at the moment. The author's Bernard, the character of Mrs. Whitelock
views of America were sensible and kindly. attracts attention because of her kinship with
He appreciated its struggles, its achievements, the Siddons and the Kembles. Mr. Bernard
its spirit, and its promise ; and in his observa. | states that she was in no way unworthy of her
tions and comments he was liberal and just. 1 illustrious sister, but suffered from the defects


1887.]
273
THE DIAL
of a short, ungainly figure, and a heavy, thick merce is very imperfectly understood in the United
voice; “but she had the family face, and a
States. The volume has a vast amount of informa-
genuine passion, which could kindle the sym-
tion digested in the thorough manner characteristic
pathies and blind the spectator to every defi-
of the series. It is peculiarly rich in anecdotal
matter, which makes it entertaining as well as in-
ciency.” One anecdote from the many con-
structive reading. The book is well supplied with
nected with his stage life, which refers to this
maps.
lady, we make room for because of its laugh-
able character. Mrs. Whitelock, at one time THE autobiographical narrative of Mrs. Georgiana
the tragedian in Mr. Bernard's company, had
Bruce Kirby, entitled “Years of Experience" (Put-
witnessed the burning of a theatre, by which
nam), describes a career of uncommon vicissitude,
by a remarkable woman. She was born of gentle
the lady's nerves were much disturbed. It
parentage, in England, in 1818, but has resided in
chanced that “a few evenings afterwards, just America since the age of sixteen. Her father died
as she had been effectually smothered as Des before her birth, and her mother's fortune being
demona, the front cloudings dropping a few dissipated by a second husband, the girl left
feet, a boy in the gallery cried out "Higher! home soon after she had entered her teens, for
higher!' which similar sounds striking her sen-
a time serving as a governess in the family of a
sitive ears, she started up, thrust aside the
friend, and then casting herself adrift into the
world to follow her fate alone. She was resolute,
curtains, and exclaimed “Good heavens ! fire ?'
independent, and courageous, and she had already
The roar of the audience and the look of
a considerable amount of practical training and of
Cooper (no mimicry of passion now) threw mental culture which she strove ever to enlarge.
her back to her recumbency, but the interest Her first experience in the United States was as a
of the scene perished with her.”
nursery-maid in the house of a clergyman in Boston.
From this place she stepped into the Brook Farm
Association, to which her character and talent
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
gained her a cordial admittance. Here she was the
pupil, the co-laborer, and the companion, of that
THE latest volume of Mr. H. H. Bancroft's ad group of select spirits who tried the futile experi-
mirable Pacific States History series (The History ment of founding an Arcadia on a bleak estate in
Company, San Francisco), is entitled “British Col the environs of Boston. Their life was ideal, as all
umbia," and covers the history of that province the inmates of the Farm, except Hawthorne, have
from 1792 to 1887. Mr. Bancroft has divided the pictured it, but nowhere has there been produced
period between these two dates into six parts, each a more captivating sketch of its delights than Mrs.
part forming a distinct era in the life of the colony, Kirby inserts in her narrative. This portion of her
These are: First, discovery and diplomatic disputes experience, however, is not more interesting than
as to ownership of land; second, the coming of the the year she spent in the women's prison at Sing
fur-traders, the Northwest Company first and then Sing as assistant-matron under Mrs. Eliza W. Farn-
the Hudson's Bay Company, and the colonization and ham, or the term she spent in Missouri as teacher on
colonial government of Vancouver Island; third, a slave-owner's plantation. Mrs. Kirby enjoyed the
the period preceding the Fraser River gold excite friendship of Margaret Fuller, and her testimony to
ment of 1858, during which both Vancouver Island this rare woman's genius and loving nature is of
and the mainland were ruled by the Hudson's Bay much value. As one of the band of dauntless reform-
Company, fourth, the governing of the island and ers who worked for the emancipation of the slave
the mainland as separate colonies, ending with and the elevation of the suffering and oppressed,
their union under one governor in 1866; fifth, the | her associations were with the most liberal and
affairs of the consolidated colony until its confed- high-hearted men and women in the Eastern States.
eration with Canada in 1871; and sixth, the events. Her connection with them gives a distinction to her
up to the present year. Among the most interest experience. The narrative ends with the year 1849,
ing chapters of the work are those relating to the when the author followed the tide of emigration
Hudson Bay Company's intercourse with the In which had set toward the Pacific coast. Her home
dians. The officers of the company regarded the has since been in California, but of this later por-
natives as men of like nature and creation as them- tion of her life she does not speak.
selves, and treated them accordingly. All their
dealings with the Red Men were marked by patience, A SIDE of the history of the war of the Rebellion
mildness, and firmness; and we look in vain for | which has been almost entirely neglected is that
anything resembling the border ruffianism and which the private soldier can alone present. We
brutality which characterize the American policy. have had innumerable records and testimonies
The finding of gold in the Fraser River region in from the officials who controlled our armies, and
1858 produced an excitement almost equal to that from observers outside the ranks, but seldom has
in California in '49. Thirty thousand people hur the man who carried a gun or wore the blue without
ried to Victoria and thence on to the placers. Not a chevron or shoulder-strap borne his witness in
withstanding the efforts of the company to keep print to the management of our battalions and the
them out, British Columbia was soon filled with incidents of the camp and the field. None can tell
miners; and between the years 1862 and 1871 over the story better than he, as we have proof in Frank
$22,000,000 worth of gold was carried out of the Wilkeson's “Recollections of a Private Soldier in
country. Mr. Bancroft gives, in the latter part of the Army of the Potomac" (Putnam). Our North-
the present volume, perhaps the best account yet ern soldiers were drawn largely from the most
written of the Canadian Pacific Railway, an enter intelligent and energetic of our citizens. They
prise whose importance to our continental com- knew how to observe and to reflect, and in almost


274
March,
THE DIAL
every company there were numbers as capable of different European states add much to the value of
leading their comrades on to victory as those who | his unique narrative,
held the posts of authority. Mr. Wilkeson ran away
from home before he was sixteen, and joined the The latest addition to the International Education
Eleventh New York Battery, then at the front in Series (Appleton) is the most valuable volume yet
Virginia. It was in the winter of 1863; and he re published. It is the work of Dr. S. S. Laurie, of
mained in the service until there was no further the University of Edinburgh, and is entitled “The
use for a corps of volunteers. He entered the ranks Rise and Early Constitution of Universities, with a
in a passion of patriotism, and its fire never dimin Survey of Medieval Education." The author
ished while his country had need of him. There is treats, in a series of fifteen lectures, of the develop-
no boasting in his account of what he went through; ment of the modern university system of Europe,
nor is it to set off his own daring deeds that he has showing how its germs existed in the schools of
related his experience. It is because of his convic Athens, Alexandria, and Rome; how Christianity
tion that the full story of our great contest cannot for a time narrowed the scope of the higher learn-
be gathered without the contributions of the private ing; how scholarship began to revive under Char-
soldiers on whom the hardest of the fighting and lemagne; how the university in the modern sense
the suffering fell, that he now offers his quota of arose in the schools of Salerno, Bologna, and Paris;
personal information. Mr. Wilkeson writes with how the trivium and quadrivium gradually gave
terse and graphic power, making us see almost with place to the faculties, and how the university, once
actual vision the grim and ghastly scenes which established, worked out its autonomous character
war brings to pass. His pictures of life in the bar and extended the circle of its influence. The sub-
racks and in the tent, of the desperate encounters ject is a vast one, and Dr. Laurie's book is compar-
on the Potomac, of how soldiers bear themselves on atively very small, so that his survey of the field is
and off duty and how they die in battle, are thrill rapid, and he has no room for detail. But it is
ing in the extreme. It is an unvarnished and un evident that the author himself is master of all the
sparing tale, lending new horrors to our conception omitted detail, and that his generalizations are
of the cruelty of warfare, and enforcing the con carefully grounded. His work is that of a scholar,
viction that the darkest pages of the annals of the and his subject is one that has long waited for just
Rebellion are yet unwritten.
such treatment as he has given it. Dr. Harris, in
his capacity as editor of the series, furnishes a
LEE MERIWETHER is the name of a young preface and an analysis of contents. The analysis
traveller who lately made what he calls “A Tramp is a useful addition, but the preface has rather the
Trip" through Europe. Desiring to study the effect of obscuring the simple and lucid text. Dr.
life of the working classes abroad, he put off his Harris seems unable to resist the temptation to
modish raiment and donned the coarse clothing of reduce to the lowest terms of Hegelian abstraction
a laboring man, took a steerage ticket to Naples, any discussion with which he is associated.
and, arriving there, with knapsack on back and
walking-stick in hand, traversed the principal THE name of Sarah Orne Jewett on the title-
states of the continent, alone and afoot. Carrying page of “The Story of the Normans," the latest
out to the letter the part he had assumed, he number of the “Story of the Nations” (Putnam),
fraternized with the poor and the lowly, seeking leads us to expect a narrative of blended symmetry
their acquaintance, accepting their hospitality, and and strength; and our expectation is perfectly
acquiring their inner history from close observation fulfilled. The quiet, earnest spirit, the scrupulous
and their frank and friendly communications. He
veracity, the careful construction, the finished style,
chose the right method for attaining a true insight which mark the essays and stories of Miss Jewett,
into the condition of the common people, who | distinguish this more serious and comprehensive
compose the foundation and the bulk of a nation, work. She has studied the subject faithfully,
and of whom the ordinary tourist sees and learns mastering it to a degree which enables her to treat
little or nothing. Mr. Meriwether gained a vast it with an original picturesque force. It has all the
amount of fresh and serviceable information, which
charm of a romance, with the truth of a veritable
he was able to present officially to the United
history. The record of a people, written with such
States Bureau of Labor Statistics, and which he simplicity and beauty, impresses lastingly the mind
now rehearses for the benefit of the general reader, of the reader, old or young. “The story of the Nor-
with much vivacity, in a volume entitled “A mans" is confined to a few generations, extending
Tramp Trip Abroad” (Harper). It is true that he from the middle of the ninth to the beginning of
rushes with haste from one incident to another in the eleventh century; but as Miss Jewett relates it,
his recital, and does not always finish an interesting it is relieved from all obscurity and elevated to its
story-as when he begins to tell of a visit to Ouida, due rank and importance. We are not to forget
and fails to proceed, after despatching his note of that the lives of our ancestry go back to the North-
introduction. Such sins of omission are to be par man as well as to the Anglo-Saxon, and that to him
doned, however, in consideration of the amount he Englishmen and Americans are indebted for some
has to relate. Mr. Meriwether's trip cost at the of their most estimable qualities. It is, in truth,
frugal rate of fifty cents per day. How it was per our earlier history we trace in this story of the
formed at this slight expense, he states with precise Norman Dukes.
detail, in order that anyone so minded may do the
same thing. Following his experience, one can MR. C. C. ANDREWS, who was the United States
travel a year in Europe, visiting every land within Consul-General to Brazil for three years under the
its boundaries, and for comfortable subsistence and administration of President Arthur, has written a
transportation, including the ocean voyages, spend valuable account of the country which his position
no more than $320, Tables of statistics showing enabled him to observe under exceptionally favor-
the wages and living expenses of workingmen in able circumstances. He did not travel through the


1887.)
275
THE DIAL
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
MARCH, 1887.
country to any great extent, and so his volume is
defective in descriptive geographical matter, al-
though he has quoted liberally from the earlier
writers whose main business was exploration. But
the subjects which were capable of treatment with-
out extended journeys are very fully, and at the
same time concisely, discussed. The chapters on
public instruction, parliamentary government, Bra-
zilian literature, slavery, and the religious orders,
are particularly valuable, as are also those dealing
with the resources and commerce of the country.
The book is just what we should expect a painstak-
ing consular official to write. It is detailed, statis-
tical, and matter-of-fact. Its object is stated to be
that of answering " such questions as an intelligent
American would be likely to ask in regard to Brazil,".
and it accomplishes its purpose satisfactorily. (Ap-
pleton,)
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
HENRI TAINE's article on Napoleon Bonaparte,
in the “New Princeton Review,” is perhaps the
most brilliant literary feature of the March
periodicals.
THE Leonard Scott Publication Co. of Philadel-
phia have added “The Scottish Review” to their
regular series of foreign periodicals reprinted by
them for the American market.
THE " Atlantic” for April will contain a new
etched portrait of Dr. O. W. Holmes, accompany-
ing his series of characteristic sketches descriptive
of his recent “One Hundred Days in Europe."
“PUBLIC OPINION," a weekly publication credit-
able in appearance and character, which reprints
extracts of all leading journals on leading topics,
will hereafter be issued in New York City.
Houghton, MIFFLIN & Co. have in press " Zury:
the Meanest Man in Spring County," by Joseph
Kirkland. It is a novel of serious purpose-the
depicting of the almost incredible toil, privation
and hardship of the pioneers on the Grand Prairie
of Illinois, their dialect, humor, piety, and other
characteristics good and bad.
PROF. E. L. YOUMANS, who died recently in
New York City, had a distinguished career as a
scientific writer and editor, and did perhaps more
than any other individual in this country to foster a
popular taste for scientific reading. He was the
founder of the “Popular Science Monthly," and,
until his death, its senior editor. We are glad to
know that this indispensable periodical will be
continued under the editorial management of Dr.
W. J. Youmans, brother of Prof. Youmans, and
connected withthe magazine from its beginning.
Mr. H. H. BANCROFT's extensive historical
library, including some 43,000 books and man-
uscripts relating to the history of the westerly
portion of North America, has, since the recent dis-
astrous fire in Mr. Bancroft's publishing establish-
ment in San Francisco, been offered for sale, An
appraisement, made by a full committee of experts,
including Mr. F. B. Perkins, Librarian of the San
Francisco Public Library, has placed the value of
the collection at $250,000, and recommends its pur-
chase by the state of California. The collection is
one that can never be duplicated, and its purchase
and preservation by California would seem proper
and desirable.
American Theatre, Early Days of. Dial.
Animal Plants and Plant. Animals. Dr. Pfuhl. Pop. Sci.
Bayeux Tapestry. E. J. Lowell. Scribner.
Birds and their Daily Bread. W. Marshall. Pop. Science.
Birds of New Zealand. lloratio Hale. Popular Science.
Books that have Helped Me. E. E. Hale. Forum.
Camping out in California. J. R. G. Hassard. Century.
Cathedrals of England. Mrs.Schuyler van Rensselaer. Cent.
Centenarians. Prof. Humphreys. Popular Science.
Christianity and Its Competitors. Andover.
Christianity, Future of. St. George Mivart. Forum.
Clocks, Celebrated. F. G. Mather. Popular Science.
Confessions of a Humorist. R. J. Burdette. Lippincott.
Craddock, Charles Egbert. J. 0. Pierce. Dial.
Creation and Salvation. F. H. Johnson. Andover.
Criticism, Curiosities of. Agnes Repplier. Atlantic.
Dakota Joel Benton. Century.
Duelling in Paris. Theodore Child. Harper.
Earth, Stability of the. N. S. Shaler. Scribner.
Emerson's Poems. C. C. Everett. Andover.
Euripides's Hippolytus. W. C. Lawton. Atlantic.
Evangelism in Faneuil Hall. Andover.
Faith Healing. R. K. Carter and J. M. Buckley. Century.
Fashion, Tyranny of. Eliza L. Linton. Forum.
Fredericksburg, First and Last. M. D. Con way. Am. Hist.
French Sculptors. W. C. Brownell. Century.
First Mayor of x. Y. City. C. W. Parsons. Mag. am. Hist.
Gautier, Théophile. J. B. Perkins. Atlantic.
Genius and Mental Disease. W. G. Stevenson. Pop. Sci.
George's Economic Heresies. George Gunter. Forum.
Greek Coins. W. J. Stillman, Century.
Humanitarianism. Andover.
Instinct. William James. Scribner.
Insurance. H. C. Lea. Lippincott.
Japan, Church Development in. E. A. Lawrence. Andover.
Jury System, The. E. A. Thomas. Forum,
Kent, Chancellor. W. S. Pelletieau. Mag. Am. History.
Labor Organizations. Richard T. Ely. Forum.
Lincoln, Abraham. Hay and Nicolay. Century.
Lincoln's Virginian Ancestors. Century.
Logan, John A. Lippincott.
Longfellow's Art. H. E. Scudder. Atlantic.
Massachusetts, Emancipation of. W.F. Poole. Dial.
McGlynn, Dr., and Sacerdotal Rights. Andover.
Mind Cure. J. H. Denison. Andover.
Mysterious Disappearances. W. A. Hammond. Forum.
Naturalist, Training of a. J. S. Kingsley. Popular Science.
Notes of a Congressional Chaplain. Lippincott.
Origin of the Fittest. David S. Jordan. Dial.
One Hundred Days in Europe. O. W. Holmes. Atlantic.
Paris, Siege of. E. B. Washburne, Scribner.
Photography, Composite. J. T. Stoddard. Century.
Plaintield, Massachusetts. Mrs. M. J. Lamb. Mag, Am. Hist.
Population, Increase of. Thomas W. Knox. Forum.
Police of New York. Richard Wheatley. Harper.
Prohibition, Effectiveness of. Neal Dow. Forum.
Psychology, Comparative. T. W. Mills. Popular Science.
Railroads as Public Enemies. A. Morgan. Popular Science
Raleigh, Sir Walter. Horatio King. Mag. Am. History.
Rent and Taxes. F. P. Powers. Lippir.cott.
Russia. A. F. Heard. Harper.
Sandwort, A Mt. Washington. Grant Allen. Pop. Science.
Sea Serpent Myth, The. Theodore Gill. Forum.
South Revisited. The. C. D. Warner. Harper.
Stanton, C. F. Benjamin. century.
Sugar Plantation in Louisiana. C. Gayarre. Harper.
Tone.color in English. A. II. Tolman. Andover.
Universalist, Confessions of a Forum
Van Buren, John. C. H. Peck. Mag. Am. History.
Voting Power of Ignorance, The. Century.
Woman, Higher Education of. L. M. Hall. Pop. Science.
Wreck of the Singinaw. E. B. Underwood. Mag. Am. Hist.
Youmans, Edward L. Popular Science.
om pop. Science
-
-
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[The following List contains all New Books, American and For.
eign, received during the month of February by MESSRS.
A. C. MCCLURG & Co., Chicago.)
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
The Provinces of the Roman Empire. From Cæsar to
Diocletian. By Theodor Mommsen, Translated with
the author's sanction and additions by W. P. Dick-
son, D.D., LL.D. With maps. 2 vols., crown 8vo. C.
Scribner's Sons. $6.00.
A Journal of the Reign of Queen Victoria. From 1852
to 1860. By the late C. C. F. Greville. Edited by H.
Reeve. 12mo, pp. 554. "The Greville Memoirs," third
and concluding part. D. Appleton & Co. $2.00.


276
[March,
THE DIAL
The Pioneer History of Illinois. Containing the Dis.
covery in 1673, and the History of the Country to the
year 1818, when the State Government was organized.
By John Reynoliis. Second edition, with Portraits,
Notes and a compl-te Index. First edition published
in 1852. 8vo, pp. 459. Fergus Printing Co. Net, $5.00.
Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Medieval and
Modern History, and Kindred Subjects. Delivered
at Oxford, under Statutory Obligation, in the years
1867-1884. By William Stubbs, D.D. Svo, pp. 393. Half
roan. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Net, $2.60.
History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations. From
149+1514. By Leopold Von Ranke. Translated from
the German by P. A. Ashworth. 12mo, pp. 388. Bohn's
Standard Library, London, Net, $1.00.
Retrospections of America, 1797-1811. By John Ber.
nard. Edited from the Manuscript of Mrs. Bayle Ber.
nard. With an Introduction, Notes and Index by L.
Hutton and B. Matthews. 12mo, pp. 380. Harper &
Bros, $1.75.
Young People's History of Ireland. By G. M. Towle.
16ino, pp. 314. Lee & Shepard. $1.50.
Perry's Saints ; or, The Fighting Parson's Regiment in
the War of the Rebellion. By J. M. Nichols. Illus.
trated, 16mo, pp. 293. D. Lothrop & Co. $1.25.
In Four Reigns. The Recollections of Althea Alling.
ham, 1785-1812. By Emma Marshall. Illustrated. 16mo,
pp. 361. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25.
The Fall of Maximilian's Empire. As Seen from a
United States Gun.Boat. By S. Schroeder, Lieut.
U.S. N. 12mo, pp. 130. Portrait. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.00.
The Conflict of East and West in Egypt. By J. E.
Bowen, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 204. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.25.
The Nation in a Nutshell: A Rapid Outline of Ameri.
can History. By G. M. Towle, 18mo, pp. 147. Lee &
Shepard. 50 cents.
The City Government of Boston. By J. M. Bugbee.
8vo, pp. 60. Paper. Johns Hopkins University
Studies. 25 cents.
Franklin in France. From Original Documents, most
of which are now published for the first time. By
E. E. Hale and E. E. Hale, Jr. 8vo, pp. 478. Portrait.
Roberts Bros. $3.00.
Life of Giordano Bruno, The Nolan. By I. Frith.
Revised by Prof. M. Carriere. Crown 8vo, pp. 395.
Portrait. Ticknor & Co. $4.50.
Life and Work of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury,
K.G. By Edwin Hodder. 3 vols., 8vo. "Portraits.
Cassell & Co. 87.50.
James Hannington, D.D., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., First
Bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A History of
his Life and Work, 1847–1885. By E. C. Dawson, M.A.,
Oxon. Portrait and Illustrations. 12mo, pp. 451.
London. $2.00.
Life and Labours of the Rev. W. E. Boardman. Bv
Mrs. Boardman. With a Preface by the Rev. M. G.
Pearse. 12mo, pp. 260. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25.
Margaret of Angouléme, Queen of Navarre. By A.
Mary F. Robinson. “Famous Women" Series. 16mo,
pp. 316. Roberts Bros. $1.00.
Col. Henry Bouquet, and his Campaigns of 1763 and
1764. By Rev. C. Cort. 16mo, pp. 108. Net, 75 cents.
Life, Character, and Public Services of General
George B. McClellan. An Address. By George T.
Curtis. 12mo, pp. 103. Paper. Cupples, Upham & Co.
50 cents.
TRAVEL
Brazil. Its Condition and Prospects. By C. C. Andrews.
12010, pp. 352. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
A Tramp_Trip. How to See Europe on Fifty Cents a
Day." By Lee Meriwether. 12mo, pp. 276. Harper &
Bros. $1.25.
Tartarin on the Alps. From the French of Alphonse
Daudet. Profusely and beautifully illustrated. 18mo,
pp. 367. Paper. G. Routledge & Sons. $1. 0.
Marquis' Hand-Book of Chicago. A complete llis.
tory, Reference Book and Guide to the City. Edition
for 1887. 12mo, pp. 357. Paper. A. N. Marquis & Co.
35 cents.
piled and edited by John Bigelow. To be completed
in ten volumes, royal 8vo, half leather, gilt tops.
This edition (which will be the most complete ever
issued) will be printed from type and limited to 600
sets, numbered. Vol. I. now ready. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. Per vol., net, $5.00.
George Eliot's Works, Edition de Luxe. Limited to
500 copies, numbered. Vols. VII. and VIII. Middle.
marcb. 8vo. With very fine etchings and photo-
etchings. Estes & Lauriat. Per vol., net, $6.00.
Thomas Carlyle's Works. The Ashburton Edition.
To be completed in seventeen volnmes. 8vo. Vol. XIV.,
being Vol. VI., and completing Vol., of Frederick the
Great, now ready. J. 'B. Lippincott Co. English
cloth, uncut; or, i loth, paper title, Gilt top. Each,
$2.50.
Dame Heraldry. By F. S. W. Illustrated. Squarc 8vo,
pp. 217. D. Lothrop & Co. $3.00.
Modern Methods of Illustrating Books By H. T.
Wood, M.A. 16mo, pp. 247. A. C. Armstrong & Son.
Cloth, $1.25.
The Same. Printed on hand made paper. Half morocco,
gilt top. Net, $2.50.
The Rhetoric of Aristotle, Translated, with an Analysis
and Critical Notes. By J. E. C. Welldon, M.A. 12mo,
pp. 306. Macmillan & Co. Net, $2.00.
Familiar Short Savings of Great Men With Historical
and Explanatory Notes. By S. A. Bent, A.M. Fifth
Edition, revised and enlarged. 12mo, pp. 665. Ticknor &
Co. $2.00.
Sketches and Impressions. Musical Theatrical and
Social. (1799-1885.) Including a Sketch of The Phil.
harmonic Society of New York. From the After.
Dinner Talk of Thomas Goodwin. By R. O. Mason,
A.M., M.D. 16mo, pp. 294. Gilt top. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.25.
Dr. Channing's Note-Book. Passages from the Unpub.
lished Manuscripts of William E. Channing. Selected
by his granddaughter, Grace E. Channing. 16mo, pp.
110. Gilt top. Houghton, MiMin & Co. $1.00.
Social Studies. By R. H. Newton. 16mo, pp. 380. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.00.
Goethe's Letters to Zelter. With Extracts from those
of Zelter to Goethe. Selected, translated and anno.
tated by A. D. Coleridge, M.A. 12mo, pp. 504. Bohn's
Standard Library, London. Net, $1.00.
A Half Century in Salem. By M. C. D. Silsbee. 16mo,
pp. 121. Gilt top. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.00.
Travel-Pictures. Including the Tour in the Harz,
Norderney, and Book of Ideas, together with The
Romantic School. By Heinrich Heine. Translated by
F. Storr. 12mo, pp. 367. Bohn's Standard Library. Lon-
don. Net, $1.00.
George Washington's Fifty-seven Rules of Behavior.
With an Historical Préface by W.0. Stoddard. W. H.
Lawrence & Co. 40 cents.
General Grant. An Estimate. By Matthew Arnold.
Paper. Cupples, Upham & Co. 25 cents.
POETRY
The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Ploro.
man. In three Parallel Texts. Together with Rich.
ard the Redeles 4. By William Langland. (About
1362-1399 A. D.) Edited from numerous manuscripts,
with pretace, notes, and a glossary. By the Rev. W.
W. Skent, Litt.D., LL.D. 2 vols., 8vo. Clarendon
Press, Oxford. Net, $8.00.
Chapters on English Metre. By J. B. Mayor, M.A. 8vo,
pp. 206. London. Net, $2.00
Parleyings with Certain People of Importance in their
Day. By Robert Browning 16mo, pp. 268. London,
Net, $3.15.
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. The Prologue, The
Knightes Tale, The Man of Lawes Tale, The Prior.
esses Tale, and The Clerkes Tale. rdited by A. W.
Pollard. "Parchment Library” Series. 18mo, pp. 245.
Cloth. London, $2.00.
Locksley Hall Sixty Years After, etc. By Alfred, Lord
Tennyson, P.L., D.C.L. 16mo, pp. 198. Harper & Bros.
60 cents.
Poems by Elizabeth B. Barrett (Mrs. E. B. Browning).
18mo. op. 320. Boards. Gilt top. G. Routledge & Sons.
60 cents.
The Romance of the Unexpected. By D. S. Foster. 12mo,
pp. 140. Gilt top. G. P. Putnani's Sons. $1.95.
Ballads of the Revolution, an other Pooms. By G. L.
Raymond. lomu, pp. 191. Gilt top. G. P. Putnam's
Sonis. $1.25.
Civitas. The Romance of Our Nation's Life. By W.L
Campbell. 16mo, pp. 136. Gilt top. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.00.
ESSAYS, BELLES-LETTRES, ETC.
The Complete Works of Benjamin Franklin. Includ.
ing his private as well as bis official and scientific
correspondence, and numerous letters and documents
now for the first time printeil, with many others not
included in any former collection. Also the unmuti.
lated and correct version of his autobiography. Com.


1887.]
277
THE DIAL
PRACTICAL SCIENCE.
Practical Treatise on Petroleum : Comprising its
Origin, Geology, Geographical Distribution, History,
Chemistry, Mining, Technology, Uses, and Trans.
portation. Together with a Description of Gas Wells,
the Application of Gas as Fuel, etc. By B. J. Crew.
Illustrated. 8vo, pp. 508. H. C. Baird & Co. $4.50.
The Mechanics of Machinery. By A. B. W. Kennedy.
With numerous illustrations. 12mo, pp. 652. Flexible.
Macmillan & Co. Net, $3.50.
The Steam Engine Catechism. A Series of Direct
Practical Answers to Direct Practical Questions.
Mainly intended for Young Engineers and for Exam.
ination Questions. By R. Grimshaw, M.E. Fourth
and enlarged edition. 18mo, pp. 194; and Supplement,
containing further Questions and Answers, pp. 195.
J. Wiley & Sons. 2 parts. $2.00.
Locomotives and Locomotive Building. Being a brief
Sketch of the Growth of the Railroad System and of
the various improvements in Locomotive Building in
America, together with a History of the Origin and
Growth of the Roger3 Locomotive and Machine
Works, Paterson, New Jersey, from 1831 to 1886. Por.
traits, Diagrams, and Illustrations. Small quarto, pp.
200. W. s. Gottsberger. $2.00.
- Practice. Ils Principles and Suggested Re.
forms Reviewed. By E. P. Alexander. 12mo, pp. 60.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. 75 cents.
ART-ARCHITECTURE.
History of Medieval Art. From the German of Dr.
Franz Von Reber, by J. T. Clarke. With 422 Illustra.
tions and a Glossary of Technical Terms. 8vo, pp. 743.
Harper & Bros. $5.10.
Salon de 1886. Par Georges Olmor. Cent Planches en
Photogravure par Goupil & Cie. Small quarto, Paris.
Nt, $211.00.
The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scot.
land. From the Twelfth to the Eighteenth Century.
By D. Macgibbon and T. Ross, architects. Profusely
illnstrated. Vol. I. 8vo, pp. 584. Gilt top. Edinburgh.
Net, $14.70.
Our dmerican Artists. By S. G. W. Benjamin. With
Portraits, Studios and Engravings of Paintings.
16mo, pp. 193. D. Lothrop & Co. $1.00.
EDUCATIONAL.
A History of the University of Oxford. From the
Earliest Times to the Year 1530. By H. C. M. Lyte,
M. A., F.S.A. 8vo, pp. 594. Macmillan & Co. $5.00.
Le Romantisme Francais. A Selection from writers of
the French Romantic School. 1824-1848. Edited for
the Use of Schools and Colleges, with an Introduction
and Notes, by T. F. Crane, A.M. 16mo, pp. 362. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
Practical Pedagogy; or, The Science of Teaching
Illustrated. By Louisa P. Hopkins. 16mo, pp. 276.
Lee & Shepard. $1.50.
Cassell, Public School French Reader. Grammati.
cally Graduated. With Complete Etymological Vo.
cabulary and Notes. By G. S. Conrad.' 12mo, pp. 232.
Cassell & Co. $1.00.
Our National Institutions. A Short Sketch for
Schools. By Anna Buckland. 18mo, pp. 111. Macmil.
lan & Co. Net, 30 cents.
LAW-ECONOMICS.
The Constitutional Law of the United States of
America. By Dr. H. Von Holst. Translated from
the German by A. B. Mason. 8vo, pp. 369. Callaghan
& Co. Net, $2.00.
Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production,
By Karl Marx. Translated from the German by S.
Moore and E. Aveling, and edited by F. Engels. 2
vols., crown 8vo. London. Net, $7.00.
FICTION
The Country Doctor. From the French of Honoré de
Balzac. 12mo, pp. 304. Half morocco. Roberts Bros.
$1.50.
The Waverly Novels. By Sir Walter Scott, Bart. New
Library Edition. To be completed in 25 vols. 8vo.
Gilt iops. Vols. 1-6 now ready. J. B. Lippincott Co.
Per vol., $1.75.
On the Susquehanna. By W. A. Hammond. 12mo, pp.
412. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Saint Michael. A Romance. From the German of E.
Werner, by Mrs. A. L. Wister. 12mo, pp. 411. J. B.
Lippincott Co. $1.25.
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282
[April,
THE DIAL
Every Oroner of SPARKS'S LIFE AND WRITINGS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN should have
FRANKLIN IN FRANCE, which is a complement of that work.
FRANKLIN IN FRANCE.
From Original Documents, most of which are now published for the first time. By EDWARD
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text. One handsome 8vo volume of 500 pages. Cloth, $3.00. One-half calf, extra, $5.00.
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most of the correspondence of Franklin's later years. Probably the new materials will not oblige us to reverse any
g light upon some obscure affairs, and illustrate with fresh
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283
THE DIAL
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bes


THE DIAL
VOL. VII. APRIL, 1887. No. 84. suicidal butchery. The front assault, if it be
| successful, only pushes him out of one fortified
position into another; he always choosing his
CONTENTS,
time, his place, and his defences, and killing a
THE SECOND CORPS OF THE ARMY OF THE
squad of your men for each of his own that
POTOMAC. Joseph Kirkland .......
falls. Mr. Lincoln, brave, merciful, and reason-
able, accepted the answer while McClellan
MEDIÆVAL ART. W. F. Allen .......
was present to urge it; but he was—by what
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne .... 290
assumed to be and seemed to be military
THE EMPIRE STATE. J. J. Hasley .....
authority_talked out of his position as soon
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... as that commander had gone to the front.
Mrs. Fremont's Souvenirs of My Time.Grant Under the first impulse, he agreed to McClel-
Allen's Common Sense Science.- Wood's Man and lan's allotment of forces for the Peninsular
His Handiwork.Samuels's from the Forecastle
campaign. Under the second, he allowed
to the Cabin.-Lawrence Oliphant's Haifa; or,
almost one-third of those forces (McDowell's
Life in Modern Palestine. - Van Dyke's The Prin.
corps and Blenker's great division) to be re-
ciples of Art.---Miss Robinson's Life of Margaret
of Angoulême.-Schroeder's Fall of Maximilian's
tained at the rear in useless idleness—a change
Empire.-Catherine Owen's Ten Dollars Enough.
which, with McClellan's peculiar temperament,
-Rees's Diversions of a Book. Worm.-Stokes's made that campaign a failure.
Microscopy for Beginners.-Mendenhall's A Cen.
Nothing is so cruel as fear. Cowardice and
tury of Electricity.-Skottowe's Short History of inhumanity are brothers in selfishness, as
Parliament.-Mad. Monteiro's Legends and Pop.
courage and mercy are in generosity. The
ular Tales of the Basque People.-F.S. W.'s Dame
non-combatants, civil and military, in Wash-
Heraldry.-Matthews's and Hutton's Actors and
ington, always insisted that Lee should be
Actresses of Great Britain.
attacked in front because that would keep the
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS........ 298
army between them and him. No matter bow
TOPICS IN APRIL PERIODICALS ....... 300
absolutely safe they were, inclosed in fortifi-
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 300 cations and surrounded by their ample guards,
they craved always the additional protection
of a moving wall of human flesh and blood,
THE SECOND CORPS OF THE ARMY OF the Army of the Potomac, to make assurance
THE POTOMAC. *
doubly sure, at any cost of life.
It is said that President Lincoln asked Gen-
That is the text, to which this book is the
sermon. It might be divided into three heads.
eral McClellan why, since he had to fight Lee,
and newly named: “The Second Corps; its
he might not as well fight him in front of
Construction, its Fruition, and its Destruc-
Washington as away off in front of Richmond.
tion.” The first part, “ Construction,” begins
Doubtless there are thousands of men who
with the touching picture of the almost spon-
think that the question is unanswerable; while
the merest tyro in soldiering knows that the
taneous formation of that army-a body of
men unrivalled in human annals.
answer is among the first principles of the art
“None who remember the first winter camps of
of war. Here is the answer: The duty of the
the Army of the Potomac can have wholly forgotten
strategist is to strike the enemy in his most
the high resolve, the fervent enthusiasm, the intense
vulnerable spot.
susceptibility to patriotic appeals, the glad and
Richmond was our objective point. A vic joyous confidence in the speedy success of the Union
tory there must give us possession of the cause, which animated officers and men. ....
enemy's capital. A victory in front of Wash From every camp a host of young fellows looked
ington would merely make necessary another
up in almost childlike readiness to follow, quick-
ness to learn, and eagerness to imitate, as their
fight at the next position chosen by our op-
appointed leaders swept by.”
ponent; and then another, and another, until
at last Richmond should be reached and
Next comes the placing of this corps, with
stormed if the assailant's strength held out.
scarce the loss of a handful of men, at the
To turn your enemy's flank, maintaining your
exact place where its work—the capture of
connections, sends him spinning to the rear to
Richmond—could be best done: that is, in the
maintain his. This is war. To assault in front,
very suburbs of the city, with a secure base
when his flank might be safely turned, is
on navigable water close at hand. (The rebels
of course fell back the moment we outflanked
• HISTORY OF THE SECOND ARMY CORPS IN THE ARMY them.) Then follow its efforts, feeble and
OF THE POTOMAC. By F. A. Walker, Brevet Brig. Gen.,
U.S. Vols. With Portraits and Maps. New York: Charles
purposeless through no fault of its own, ending
Scribner's Sons.
in needless withdrawal.


286
[April,
THE DIAL
“Fruition” includes its battles of South story of Cold Harbor, he is, in a sense, writing tho
Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chan- | epitaph of the Second Corps.”
cellorsville, Gettysburg the ever-glorious, Cold Harbor was the very spot which
Bristoe Station, and Mine Run; not always McClellan, by his flanking movement of 1862,
successful, but never disgraced or disheartened. reached and seized without a loss equal in all
The turning-point at Gettysburg is described to the losses of this one corps in those twenty-
in words that glow with the light of battle. two minutes.
"The time has come to advance the standards of After this battle, Grant proposed (page 518),
the Second Corps. With loud cries and a sudden as a mutual concession, a cessation of hostili.
forward surge in which every semblance of forma ties, to care for the dead and wounded of both
tion is lost, the Union troops move upon the now sides, lying between the lines. Lee replied
faltering foe. Most of the surviving Confederates
that he had no dead and wounded uncared for,
throw themselves on the ground; others seek to
but offered to concede the truce to Grant, if
escape capture, and retreat hurriedly down the hill
and across the plain .... Then did the Second
he desired it, to attend to his own. So no truce
Corps go forward, 'gathering up battleflags in
was had until five full days after the assault,
sheaves and prisoners by thousands. Thirty-three and meanwhile the cries of our wounded for
standards and four thousand prisoners are the fruits water, distinctly heard at first, grew faint and
of that victory.”
fainter until the last died away.
Then follows “Destruction”: the Wilder Then what? The army (June 12th) retired
ness campaign; the savage waste of the noble from that line, moved to the southeast (past
corps; its overtasking until not only its men the rear of Butler's force which had been safely
but its very spirit perishes. For men and posted on the James all through the campaign,
armies become “veteran” only by certain and attacked Petersburg on lines that it could
degrees of toil, suffering and fighting. Pushed have reached by sea without fighting the
beyond human endurance, they grow demoral Wilderness campaign at all. And then it was.
ized instead of fortified by their hard experi nine months before Petersburg fell, and Rich-
ence: they are like an athlete overtrained and mond, outflanked at last, was ours.
80 made weaker than before he began his May 3d to 6th. “The Wilderness." Losses
exercise. In previous campaigns-
of the Army 15,387; of the Second Corps
“Between the rapid, exhausting marches, and
alone, 5,092.
the desperate battles, had been intervals of rest and May 8th to 19th. “Spottsylvania." Losses
discipline, in winter and in summer camps, when of the Army 14,679; of the Second Corps
the shattered regiments regained form and tone; | alone, 5,457.
the new men learned the ways of the old, and
May 20th to 31st. “North Anna." Losses
caught the spirit of the organization they had
of the Army not given; of the Second Corps
entered. The time had now come for a fierce change
alone, 1,651.
in the constituents, and by necessary consequence
in the character, of the Second Corps. .... The
June 2d to 12th. “Cold Harbor." Losses
new body thus composed was to be thrown into one of the Army not given; of the Second Corps
of the most furious campaigns of modern history; | alone, 3,510.
the strength of a regiment, the strength of a brigade In six weeks, during which the roster of the
to be shot down in a day, with as many more the | corps showed “present for duty” April 30th,
next; a month to be one continuous battle, only
28,854; May 31st, 26,900; June 30th, 17,201;
interrupted by long and fatiguing marches ...:
This, with no long, benign intervals for rest, for
its losses had been, killed and wounded 13,695,
missing 2,015.
healing, for discipline, for mutual acquaintance,
was to be the experience of the Second Corps in
General Grant himself says, in his auto-
the months immediately following the period that biography: “I have always been sorry that
has been reached in our story.".
the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever
It is hard to see how anyone can read the
narrative of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania On the subject of these assaults General
battles, and finally the butchery at Cold Har-
Walker says:
bor, without tears of grief and anger. Here “The terrible experiences of May and June, in
is the summing-up of the Cold Harbor carnage:
assaults on intrenched positions; assaults made,
often, not at a carefully selected point, but ‘all
"At last, scarcely twenty-two minutes from the
along the line;' assaults made as if it were a good
time the signal was given, the repulse of the corps
thing to assault, and not a dire necessity; assaults
was complete. Three thousand men had fallen."
made without adequate concentration of troops,
Then follow pages of names (only including often without examination of the ground-these
commissioned officers) all from one corps, in bitter experiences had naturally brought about a
one charge, against one line of breastworks,
reaction by which efforts to outflank the enemy
which it could not take. A fruitless sacrifice:
were to become the order of the day .... Unfor-
not till a year later did Richmond fall, and
tunately, this change of purpose did not take place
until the numbers and morale of the troops had been
then only by being outflanked.
so far reduced that the flanking movements became,
“ The historian feels that, as he concludes the | in the main, ineffectual from want of vigor in attack,
made"!


1887.]
287
THE DIAL
at the critical moments when a little of the fire and the oblivion which is enshrouding the
which had been exhibited in the great assaults of martyrs; but the wrong is irreparable-im-
May would have sufficed to crown a well-conceived
mortal. True, each of the murderous affairs
enterprise with a glorious victory. But that fire
was known as “a flank movement;” but it
had burned itself out .... In the Second Corps
more than twenty officers had already been killed
was the flanking of mere tactics on the field
or wounded in command of brigades; nearly one
of battle—not of strategy in the planning of
hundred in command of regiments. Nearly seven a campaign. For all that appears in this book,
teen thousand men had fallen under the fire of the General Grant went where he was sent and did
enemy, and among these was an undue proportion the best thing open to him when he got there.
of the choicest spirits. It was the bravest captain, We daily moved to our left; but as often as
the bravest sergeant, the bravest private, who went
we moved we found new intrenchments facing
farthest to the fore and stayed longest under fire.
· Had the men who fell at Cold Harbor, alone, been
us. Never did we meet the foe in fair fight
with their colors during the months of July and
on equal terms. It was "attrition," the slaying
August, victory would on more than one occasion
of one Rebel in exchange for the loss of per-
have been the lot of the Second Corps, instead of haps five Union soldiers. It was a course
failure and even defeat.
which would have been justifiable inevitable
"Nothing could so clearly show the disorganiza -if the Rebels had control of ocean and rivers,
tion brought about by the terrible losses of this
instead of our having it.
campaign as that such language could be truthfully
General Walker does not agree with the
used about these troops . ... It is evident that
assaults all along the line' had left very little of
sentiment that these fruitless assaults were
the old material there.
necessary to dispirit the foe and show the
“General Hancock was deeply stirred by the South that the North was in earnest. He
situation .... He could no longer conceal from thinks that a bloody repulse dispirits the re-
himself that his once mighty corps retained but the pulsed and encourages the victors. He thinks
shadow of its former strength and vigor. Riding
that Lee was weakened by Gettysburg and
up to one of his staff, in Werner's battery, covered
strengthened by Cold Harbor.* A bloody
with dust and begrimed with powder and smoke,
he placed his hand upon the staff-officer's shoulder
repulse suffered to-day is not remedied by
and said: 'Colonel, I do not care to die, but I pray
another bloody repulse suffered to-morrow by
to God I may never leave this field.””
the same army. “If thine enemy smite thee
To cap the climax of the narrative of
on one cheek turn to him the other also” is
“assaults all along the line,” read the story
good Christianity, but poor war.
of the ruin of a single regiment of this corps
An old War Department officer (Charles F.
a week later-June 18, 1864.
Benjamin), writing in the March - Century,”
says of Secretary Stanton: “If I might ven-
“The attack of Mott was especially memorable
ture to put into phrase his art of war as I have
on account of the heroic bearing and monstrous
heard him variously expound it, it would read
losses of the 1st Maine heavy artillery, which that
general, determined to try what virtue there might
something like this: Get together all the men
be in the enthusiasm of a new, fresh, strong regi-
you can and move against the enemy; if he
ment, not yet discouraged by repeated failures, retreats, follow him and fight him till he
had placed in the front line .... The charge was breaks up or surrenders; if he resists, fight
a most gallant one, though unsuccessful, the Maine | him till he retreats.'”
men advancing over a space of 350 yards swept by
There is a naive cruelty about this “art of
musketry, and only retiring after more than 600 of
war” that suggests Sitting Bull. It proposes
their number had fallen; the heaviest loss sustained
by any regiment of the Union armies in any battle
to do just what a civilized foe wants you to do.
of the war. Thus ended the last of the great series of
He chooses his position and intrenches his
assaults on intrenched positions.”
force-you get together all the men you can,
In that one newly-arrived regiment, in that
and “move against him," and then (keeping
fruitless effort, there were killed or mortally
yourself out of range) you push forward your
wounded, Captains Howes, Daggett, and
young heroes to spaiter their hearts' blood on
Jaquith, and Lieutenants Barry, Hall, Ruggles,
impregnable breastworks. I hope the War
Drummond, Abbott, Crowell, Forster, Spooner,
Secretary is not truly quoted. It seems im-
and Clark. Follow, in thought, the news as
*"The enlisted men spent much time in comparing
it flies to 'those New England homes—the Grant with McClellan. The latter .... only of all the
Howes, the Daggetts, the Abbotts, and the men who had commanded the army of the Potomac was
rest—if you have the heart to look upon war
personally liked and admired by his troops. And still
it was atfection only; they did not as a rule concede to
in its worst aspect: young life wasted in mis-
him military talent. The general opinion among them
directed self-devotion. The corps—the army was-given Grant in command in 1862 and the rebellion
-had been sacrificed to civil cowardice and
would have been crushed that year. .... Six weeks
later-six weeks in which every day had seen an engago.
unmilitary wrong. The final success has dim.
ent, and every week a battle,-1 he same men said.
med the public sense of the hideous holocaust; "No, we are not going to charge. We are going to run
and the private regrets are dying out with the
toward the Confederate enrthworks and then run back.
We have had enough of assaulting earthworks."
passing away of bereaved friends and relatives
Wilkeson's " Recollections of a Private Soldier."


288
[April,
THE DIAL
possible that in all his intercourse with soldiers, parsimony with which the army was treated by
he never caught the idea that tbe “art of war". Congress, and secondly, to the political trifling of
leads to striking at the weakest point instead
the executive which could find a Brigadier's com-
of the strongest; that it recognizes the fact
mission for the Hon. Dick Busteed . .. but could
that an opposing force may be scattered like
not find one for men who had, in many a desperate
chaff by seizing its military base of supply, or
battle, shown the highest qualities of generalship."
its political base of government. Such “art |
The writer of corps annals necessarily
of war” as is attributed to him would never
holds the position of an enthusiastic biog-
rapher, rather than that of a cold historiog-
have carried Grant around the flank of Vicks.
burg—would never have sent Sherman athwart
rapher. He is writing the story of the life
the flank of the whole Confederacy, where
and death of his brothers: it would be un-
there was no sign of any enemy to fight,- |
seemly to be cool, calm, judicial. His words
properly come from the heart and not from
would never have inspired Farragut to steam
grandly past Forts Jackson and St. Philip and
the head. Every battle, every action, is a
place himself at New Orleans in utter indiffer-
climax and a turning point for somebody.
ence whether those strongholds ever capitu-
Every individual man who, cherishing hope
lated or not. No; if Stanton ever talked such
in a hopeless emergency and conquering fear
folly it must have been before the first Bull
in a fearful peril, faces musketry in line of
Run. He was a patriot, though a partisan-
battle, has come to a crisis in his life; and he
who describes the occurrence without excite-
no soldier, yet also no fool.
But then, how account for the operations of
ment must be one who stands outside his
May and June, 1864 ? Well here is what the
subject.
soldiers thought and said: “Oh, there's going
Suffice it to say that General Walker does
to be an election in fall, you know; and the
not stand outside his subject, nor write other-
country loves a big butcher's bill.” Then they
wise than from the heart-bis heart and the
took the matter into their own hands and put
heart of the Second Corps. Every battle is a
a stop to it. Poor fellows—who can blame
thrilling event by its own force. No climax
them? What General Scott called “the fury
of interest is reserved for dramatic effect.
of the non-combatants” is most slow to learn
The narrative opens in courage and hope, it
that slaughter is not the object of war; it is
goes on in exultation, it enters the valley of
only a means, and not the only means either,
the shadow of death, and takes on a tone of
toward success,-Sitting Bull to the contrary
gloom that even the Nation's final victory fails
notwithstanding.
to illuminate except with a cold and joyless
General Walker, while a warm friend, is an
gleam-sunrise coming over a landscape of
outspoken critic. He speaks (page 18) of “the
nameless graves. JOSEPH KIRKLAND.
mischievous meddling of the Government at
Washington.” And, on the other hand, regard-
ing “Fair Oaks” and “Seven Pines” he says
MEDIAEVAL ART. *
(page 43):
Mr. Clarke has done the American public
“But there are not wanting grounds for com-
a good service by following up his translation
plaint as to the way in which the functions of the
commander of the Union army were exercised.
of Reber's “ Ancient Art” with the “Mediæ.
With troops to many of whom it was to be their
val Art” of the same author, published in the
first battle, under corps commanders picked from same tasteful and appropriate style. He has
colonels in the regular army, and staff officers placed in the hands of our students of art a
almost absolutely raw and uninstructed, it will manual which will be of the greatest service as
always seem strange that General McClellan did not a guide to their studies, by its completeness,
feel that his place was with the half of his army
compactness, and accuracy
that was to fight, rather than with that half that
It will be a disappointment to many, who
was not to fight."
have been accustomed to reckon the fifteenth
This cuts cruelly close to the most sensitive
century as a part of the middle ages, to miss
spot in a soldier's heart. The only counter
from this volume the great Italian sculptors
suggestion which can be made is this: a deli.
of that century, and the præ-Raphaelite
cate consideration for the fame of the corps
painters. The author's point of view is not
commander tends to keep his superior away
that of the political historian: and, indeed,
from the field of actual conflict, in order that
there are not wanting historians who regard
the latter shall have no personal share in the
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as be-
glory of a victory.
longing to modern rather than to mediæval
Here is another specimen of spicy criticism
(page 404):
* HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL ART. By Dr. Franz von
Reber, Director of the Bavarian Royal and State Gallery
“A striking feature of the roster of the corps is
of Paintings, Professor in the University and Polytechnic
the number of brigades (six out of eleven infantry
of Munich. Translated by Joseph Thacher Clarke. With
brigades) commanded by officers below the rank
422 illustrations, and a Glossary of technical terms. New
of General .... The result is due, first, to the 1 York: Harper & Brothers.


1887.)
289
THE DIAL
times. From the point of view of general dynastic history, it is interesting to note that,
history, the commonly accepted division seems as a matter of fact, these two great periods,
most correct: the fall of Constantinople, the the Romanic and the Gothic, coincide very
discovery of America, and the Reformation, nearly with the principal divisions in the polit-
make an historical break more complete than ical history of the middle ages. The introduc-
can be found at any other period since the tory chapters carry us down to the close of
Germanic migrations. But in the history of art the Carolingian period. At the disruption of
no doubt the author is right, and the middle the Carolingian empire, the political ascen-
ages ended when the Renaissance began. But, dency and the lead in civilization passed to
of course, there is here no hard and fast rule, that section of this empire which was occu-
testing by dates. In Architecture, the con- | pied by the young and aspiring German
trolling branch of art, the “Gothic period” | nationality. Under the kings of the Saxon
lasted in England until late in the sixteenth house, particularly Otto the Great, Germany
century (p. 531); while in Italian painting it obtained the leadership in the empire, and
ended with Giovanni da Fiesole (Fra Angelico), especially a controlling position in relation to
of whom it is said (p. 673) that's when his tomb Italy. At this epoch began the Romanio
in S. Maria Sopra Minerva at Rome was closed period of architecture, the architectural active
in 1455, the new era in Italian painting had ity first being “ especially on the slopes of the
long since commenced.”
Hartz Mountains-a district which had previ.
The special merit of this treatise, as claimed ously been without important buildings. This
by the author in the preface (p. xxxi), is that of had been the home of the House of Saxony.
arrangement, in respect to which it is hoped . . . The Hartz thus offered the greatest
that “an improvement has been made upon possible opportunities for the development of
earlier histories of art. If the reader find the monumental architecture. The style of the
arrangement to be simple and natural, the pur buildings of the Carolingians was based as
pose of the author will have been attained; the much upon that of Byzantium and Ravenna as
works of his predecessors, following other upon that of Rome. In the German archi-
systems, have seemed to him to lack these tecture of the tenth century, however, the
qualities. Should, however, this plan be found former influence wholly disappears,' the
disadvantageous and defective, the chief claim churches, almost without exception, being of
of the book upon the attention of scholars will the basilical type” (p. 254). The influence of
be lost." An examination of the work fully this German style, we are told in the preface
confirms the judgment of the author: nothing (p. xxvi), “ was not of great extent. West-
could be more simple and natural than the plan ern France, Northern Italy, and some districts
upon which it is constructed, and the historical of Eastern and Northern Europe adopted the
principle of development followed in it. For principles of German architecture; but in the
“ the logical sequence which it has been the main the French and Italians followed an
endeavor of the author to follow," we are independent course of development.” The
referred to the table of contents. Here it is details of this are given very fully, and with
well exhibited in detail; but we miss a sys copious illustrations in the text.
tematic grouping of the chapters, as well as “ After the twelfth century, medieval art
a clear and compendious statement of the prin found its most brilliant and important expres-
ciple of arrangement, whether in the introduc sion in the heart of Northern France. The
tion or the body of the work. The book advance was at first almost entirely limited to
consists of fourteen chapters besides introduc architecture, the methods of which, after a
tion, and these fourteen chapters properly fall comparatively short period of development,
into five groups, which might be called were adopted by the neighboring countries.
“books”; but these groups are not indicated The centre of European culture was removed
or distinguished typographically. Three of from Germany to France, becoming of a
these divisions are properly introductory: the higher perfection and exercising a wider
two first chapters treat of early Christian and influence in the Gothic than in the Romanic
Byzantine art; the next two of Asiatic art epoch” (p. xxvii). It is just at this period -
(Indian and Mohammedan); the chapter which that of the Hohenstaufen--that Germany
follows is entitled “the Christian art of the began to decline politically, reaching the
North until the close of the Carolingian Epoch." extreme of weakness and disintegration in the
These five chapters occupy rather more than middle of the thirteenth century, at just the
a third of the volume, the rest of the volume time that France, under St. Louis, was rapidly
being divided between the two great periods advancing in unity and power. When, how-
the “Romanic” in four chapters, and the ever, we reach the close of the Gothic period,
“Gothic" in five.
the sceptre of art had been transferred to
Although, as we have already seen, the Italy, without, however, in this instance, being
epochs of the history of art do not neces accompanied by a transfer of dynastic preced.
sarily correspond with those of political and I ence; for France in the fifteenth century


290
[April,
THE DIAL
retained its political ascendency. “The pre from the Russian, and it is far the best, con-
eminence of Italy, after the first decades of sidered as a translation alone. “Dead Souls”
the fifteenth century, may be compared to is not a novel; it is a document in the history
that of France in the middle of the twelfth; of civilization. It is the permanent record, in
it was, in artistic respects, more than fifty artistic form, of the life of a nation at an im-
years in advance of the rest of Europe" portant period of its existence. It shares with
(p. xxx).
Tourguénieff's “ Annals of a Sportsman” the
In each of the principal divisions of the distinction of preserving for future students
book, Architecture stands first, as having taken the Russia of Nicholas and the period preced..
the lead in the artistic growth: the chapters ing the emancipation. The art of Gogol is
upon Sculpture and Painting are devoted to less perfect than that of Tourguénieff, but the
showing the relation of these arts to the con two writers are equals in the power of minute
trolling art of Architecture. The Romanic observation and its interpretation, and they
and Gothic characteristics are not, however, combine alike the closest attention to details
clearly defined. We read that at the begin with the utmost breadth of conception. Just as
ning of the fifteenth century “the art of Italy in the one book the sportsman who relates
was still entirely Gothic," and that Fra Angelico his experiences comes into contact with all
was “truly Gothic in the conception and form sorts of people, so the rascally hero of the
of his work” (p. xxxi); and, of Giovanni other, in his quest for dead souls, views all the
Pisano, “the greatest sculptor" of his period, typical phases of provincial life, and portrays
and his pupils: “these works have also the them with marvellous accuracy. Dead souls,
lively and pathetic action, the flowing lines, I it should be understood, are souls, or serfs,
both of the nude parts and of the draperies, legally existent and taxable after death, be-
and the gentle, almost sentimental expression cause their names are still on the census lists.
characteristic of Gothic art in general” (p. 636). Tchitchikoff purchases dead souls with the
But nowhere do we find this idea completely extremely discreditable design of mortgaging
and definitely worked out.
them as valuable property, and living in opu-
We do not know whether von Reber has a lence upon the ill-gotten proceeds. His travels
history of Renaissance and Modern Art, a from government to government and the de-
sequel to this, as this is a continuation of his scriptions of the people whom he meets form
Ancient Art. If so, it is to be hoped that Mr. the substance of Gogol's work; the story of
Clarke will continue with his work of transla- | Tchitchikoff and his rascalities is amusing
tion.
W. F. ALLEN. enough, but it is only a pretext for introduc-
ing the reader to a great variety of people, so
the fact that the work was left unfinished at
RECENT FICTION.*
Gogol's death does not greatly detract from
its value. It afterwards found a continuator
Miss Hapgood has earned the thanks of all
in the person of one Vastchenko Zakhartch-
lovers of literature by her scholarly and faith-
erko, and Miss Hapgood rounds out her trans-
ful translation of Gogol, to which she has re-
lation with this supplementary fragment,
cently added the most important work of all taken through the French version of M. Char-
the famous masterpiece of “Dead Souls.”
rière, the original not being obtainable by her.
With the possible exception of the two great This, however, the judicious reader will omit
works of Count Tolstoï, this is the most im-
for two reasons: first, because all such attempts
portant of all the translations recently made
to complete the unfinished work of genius are
*TCHITCHIKOFF's JOURNEYS; OR, DEAD SOULS. By absurdly inadequate, and, second, because M.
Nikolai Vasilievitch Gogol. Translated from the Rus.
Charrière was so very talented a gentleman in
sian by Isabel F. Hapgood. Two Volumes. New York:
Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
his own esteem that he never could refrain from
SPRINGHAVEN. A Tale of the Great War. By R. D. improving upon the originals of works which
Blackmore. New York: Harper & Brothers.
he condescended to translate. Miss Hapgood
JE88. A Novel By H. Rider Haggard. New York:
would have done just as well not to reproduce
A YEAR IN EDEN. By Harriet Waters Preston. Boston: this fragment at all; but we are too grateful
for what she has given us to quarrel with her
SONS AND DAUGHTERS. By the author of “ The Story
of Margaret Kent." Boston: Ticknor & Co.
about so unimportant a point. And now that
A ZEALOT IN TULLE. By Mrs. Wildrick, New York: she has done with Gogol, may it not be sug-
gested that she could do nothing better than
Robert Louis Stevenson. New York: Charles Scribner's
to re-translate Tourguénieff ? With two or
Sons.
three exceptions, the existing English versions
IN THE WRONG PARADISE, AND OTHER STORIES. By
are taken from the French and are miserably
inaccurate. We can think of few things as
FORD. By Bret Harte. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. well worth doing as a new and literal trans-
THE SENTIMENTAL CALENDAR. Being Twelve Funny
lation of all the novels and short stories of the
Stories. By J. S. of Dale. New York: Charles Scribnur's
greatest of Russian writers.
Harper & Brothers.
Roberts Brothers.
D. Appleton & Co.
THE MERRY MEN, AND OTHER TALES AND FABLES. By
Andrew Lang. New York: Harper & Brothers.
A MILLIONAIRE OF ROUGH-AND.READI, AND DEVIL'S
Sons.


1887.)
291
THE DIAL
The most important work among new novels productions. With the Transvaal country for
is unquestionably the “Springhaven” of Mr. its scene, “ Jess” is a romance of love and
Blackmore, if a work may be called new which | jealousy, made both complicated and exciting
has been for a year past in process of filtration by a Boer rebellion against the English gov-
through the issues of a monthly periodical. ernment. It is certainly interesting; more
Mr. Blackmore comes very near to being a | than this can hardly be said of it. The author
great novelist; nearer, probably, than any of has but a rudimentary ability to delineate
his English or American contemporaries. Some cbaracter, which is the chief function of the
would be great novelists have rashly assumed novelist. He makes up for this defect by a
that the good stories are all told. Mr. Black certain skill in the construction of plots, and
more not only gives practical refutation of this considerable powers of picturesque description.
by still having new ones to tell, but his manner In the literature of to-day, all roads seem to
of telling them is rather the genial manner of lead to the novel. The historian and the
the old masters than the painstaking but inef biographer, the scientist and the essayist, are
fectual manner of the best of the new ones. all likely to turn to fiction at some time or
He has much the same sense of humor that other, either for mental relaxation, or for the
Dickens had, and more than that writer's in opportunity of addressing a larger circle of
sight, if not into individual character, at least readers than mere research can hope to attract.
into nature. If his work were more colloquial Does the eminent mathematician find his work
and less descriptive in form, his popularity grow monotonous, forthwith he sets his pen to
would be much greater, but perhaps this in the composition of romances of thwarted love.
crease of popularity would be dearly purchased, Does the scholar erudite in classical lore and
for the descriptive part of his work could be the myths of savage races become weary of
ill spared, nor would many of his readers like his labors, he straightway invents tales of in-
to see it abridged. His humor sometimes runs genious villainy, and his mind is refreshed.
away with him, as the episode of Erle Twem- So Miss Preston, the graceful essayist and
low's life among the African savages illustrates translator whose novel is before us, finds abun-
in the present story: it is an amusing bit of dant precedent for what she has done in turn-
burlesque, but a little out of place. Then Mr. ing from fact to fiction and from reason to
Blackmore is apt to crowd the closing chapters imagination. The chief defect of “A Year in
of his stories so that they are out of all pro Eden" results from those very qualities which
portion with what goes before. His motto make the author so excellent an essayist.
appears to be festina lente-and a very good There is too much of discussion and too little
one it is, for him—until he is ready to wind of characterization and its dramatic adjuncts.
up the affairs of his characters, when he ab The story produces the general effect of an
ruptly changes his pace, and most indecorously essay upon the decay of the old fashioned
rushes on to the conclusion. “Springhaven”. theology in New England. But it is a very
is “a story of the great war,” a period which faithful study of a kind of life with which
he has made already familiar to his readers. Miss Preston is upon familiar terms. It is like
It is concerned with Napoleon's attempted one of the novels of Miss Jewett, with the
invasion of England, and both the emperor superadded evidence of wide general culture
and England's national hero, Nelson, figure in on the part of the writer. Symmetrical in de-
its pages. The story must be reckoned among sign and finished in workmanship, it is one of
the most marked successes of the author. Mr. the most satisfactory productions of recent
Blackmore sets his fellow-novelists an admir American fiction.
able example in writing little or no faster than “Sons and Daughters" is a novel by the
he can write both freshly and well.
author of “The Story of Margaret Kent,” a
Another writer who is doing a good deal book which had some popular success a year
just now to prove that the stories have not all or so ago. It is strictly a modern society novel,
been told is Mr. Rider Haggard. No novelist and its incidents are certain picnics and din-
has been better read during the past few ners and tennis-parties which are represented
months; his popular success may probably be as taking place somewhere in the suburbs of
attributed to the general reader's insatiable Philadelphia. The author has brought to its
craving for novelty and partly also to a little composition a fair amount of cleverness in the
judicious “log-rolling” on the part of some of management of conversations, and has spread
Mr. Haggard's literary friends. His last story, | over the whole work a varnish of culture whose
monosyllabically entitled “Jess,” shows a thinness a good many readers may fail to per-
certain degree of power, and is, in its setting, ceive. The story is readable, but it is emi-
to some extent valuable as a transcript of per- | nently forgetable. It contains nothing which
sonal experience in Africa. In it the cheap takes hold of the reader and becomes a part of
wonders of “She” and “King Solomon's him. It is weak in characterization and inco-
Mines” are eschewed, and its art is somewhat herent in action. It is ingeniously monotonous,
less slipshod than that of those extraordinary | but its monotony is rendered tolerable and even


292
[April,
THE DIAL
pleasant by occasional flashes of humor. An | Mr. Lang's collection has that happily
hour might be worse spent than in reading it, combined flavor of scholarship and humor
it might also be spent very much better. which gives a distinctive character to his
" À Zealot in Tulle” is the somewhat forced lighter literary diversions. No one but a
title of a novel by Mrs. Wildrick, whose theme classical scholar could have written that
is the concealment and subsequent discovery delightful extravaganza called “The End of
of treasure in an old Spanish buccaneer strong. Phæacia,” and what classical scholar but Mr.
hold on the Gulf of Mexico. Seventy years Lang could have infused into it the humor
elapse between the chapters which relate to which constitutes its essential feature? The
the concealment and those concerning the dis- same query may be made, and with equal
covery. The fort passes into the hands of the | safety, concerning “The Romance of the First
United States Government, and becomes a mil Radical,” only in this case the word “anthro-
itary post. There is here material for a suffi- | pological” must be substituted for the word
ciently romantic narrative, but it is handled in “classical.” And who but Mr. Lang could have
an unskilful manner. The writer has culti produced that delicious satire upon the com-
vated the allusive or suggestive manner of de parative mythologists called “The Great
scription, and it requires at times no little study Gladstone Nyth”? The point of this ques-
to comprehend the situations invented by her. tion is not in the idea, which is anything
After the first few obscure and incoherent but original, but in the incomparable clever-
chapters, the narrative becomes more easily in ness of its execution. The popularity of
telligible, but it grows commonplace at the such stories as these ought at least to dispel
same time, and the reader is at the end hardly the illusion that Englishmen have no sense of
rewarded for his perseverance.
humor.
Several volumes of short stories, by approved Among living American writers of short
masters in the art of writing them, claim our stories, Ňr. Bret Harte is easily the first. The
attention this month. Mr. Stevenson's volume amount of inspiration which he has drawn
occupies the first place among them. The ver from the life of Western mining-camps is
satility of his art has never before as fully simply extraordinary. For a score of years
appeared in a single volume as it does in that | he has been constantly writing stories about
called “ The Merry Men." Here we have sto that contracted phase of existence, and the
ries and sketches in a number of perfectly latest of them produce much the same impres-
distinct manners, and each one of them is a sion of novelty as the earliest. One who has
masterpiece of its kind, both in style and read the whole series, from “The Luck of
treatment. At one time we are reminded of Roaring Camp” on, can still read “A Million-
Hawthorne, at another of Poe; when we are aire of Rough-and-Ready” and “Devil's
reminded of lesser writers than these, we are Ford,” without once feeling that their author
generally made to feel that Mr. Stevenson has | has overdone the thing. The general environ-
surpassed them. And even Poe and Haw. | ment is familiar, but the situations are novel,
thorne at their subtlest are now and then and the stories are unquestionably new ones,
equalled by the genius of this writer. He de not old ones in a new dress. Another attract-
picts for us Scotchmen, Frenchmen, and Span ive volume of short stories is the work of Mr.
iards, in rapid succession, and it would be rash Stimson, better known as J. S. of Dale. It is
to say that he has drawn his own countrymen called “The Sentimental Calendar," and is
any more faithfully than the others. After described as consisting of “twelve funny
“ The Merry Men," the story of “Olalla” is stories.” There is a preface which pretends
the best; it seems to be, if anything, the more to explain “how these stories came to be called
subtle of the two. “The Treasure of Franch funny,” but the only fun traceable in them is
ard” comes in as a close third. It would be that which the writer takes in mystifying his
difficult to find in contemporary literature any readers. The stories make up a “calendar”
finer examples than these three stories of the because each one is fancifully associated with
power of the imagination to deal with the pal- a particular month, and is accompanied by
pable things of actual experience. Nor is that directions for reading it during that month.
other form of imaginative exercise which If we were to choose among them, it would be
handles the unreal and the grotesque without to express a slight preference for the story of
illustration in this connection, as the stories of “Mr. Pillian Wraye," and how he “raised
“Markheim” and “Thrawn Janet "amply tes the 'devil,” but three or four others can fairly
tify. These are also triumphs of their kind, contest the claim of this one. A word of praise
that kind being, however, inferior to the other, should be given to the beautiful and almost
and not lending itself to the use of those higher unique typography of the volume.
powers which the others demand.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.


1887.)
293
THE DIAL
THE EMPIRE STATE.*
pends the rank we give him. The greatest of
The historian of the State of New York has
American historians, John Lothrop Motley,
and John Richard Green, the greatest save
no mean office. He is called to chronicle the
one of English bistorians, have introduced
career of a commonwealth imperial in its
into historical writing a new method: the
extent, position, population, and resources; a
topical and constructive. Gathering out from
commonwealth which is the gateway to our
the complex movement of society, which so
nation for commodities, immigrants, and ideas,
bewilders the uneducated eye, the interwoven
and hence the dispensing centre for all these
movements which make it up, this method pre-
imports,—as well as the financial, journalistic,
and even literary capital of the land. The
sents us, instead of years or centuries or periods,
history of this republic at any period cannot
groups of sequences. It traces for us the
be understood with New York left out. The
growth of a party, an institution, an idea;
carries us by turns to the political, social, in-
state was a large part of the battle-field
dustrial, educational, literary, and religious
of the Revolution; through the powerful
life of the community. The other method
writings of her sons, Hamilton and Jay, the
open to the choice of the historian needs merely
new Constitution was safely launched; within
to be mentioned. It is the strictly chronological,
her borders, National parties were born or
and aims to “speak right on.”
organized or named-Anti-Masons, Whigs,
The day has
come for writing the history of the American
Liberty men, Free Soil Democrats, Repub-
Union and of the States of the Union as Green
licans. Her press, in the hands of William
has written English history. Mr. McMaster
Cullen Bryant, James Watson Webb, Horace
is aiming to do this for the national history,
Greeley, Č. A. Dana, Edward L. Godkin, has
and is partially failing because he fails to grasp
been a national power; for thirty years George
the unity in variety; the reader is not able to
Ripley was a mild literary dictator in her
see the town for the houses. No state in the
metropolitan city.
union furnishes a better opportunity than New
But with the grand position of New York,
York for the same method. Mr. Roberts bas
geographical, economical, political, go certain
essayed it in several chapters. He would have
disadvantages for the historian. It cannot be
done well in applying it to the whole field of
said of the state that it is a land without
his subject. But with the exception of
romantic inspiration,—for here is the region
waterways, education, constitutions, litera-
of the Kaaterskill and Anthony's Nose, the
ture, and land tenure, each of which has a
home of the Knickerbockers and of Leather-
stocking, the haunt of Rip Van Winkle and of
chapter, one must seek for the great features
and movements of social progress in the state
the Culprit Fay. But it is inspiration for the
in a narrative which by its steady consecu-
poet, the painter, or the novelist merely, not
tiveness and accumulation of detail loses
for the historian. Here are no romances of
sight of ideas and institutions. One would
history such as inspired Prescott or Motley.
have been glad to see traced more fully the
The land may be romantic—the life of the
gradual growth of settlement to correspond to
people has been prosaic. Says Mr. Roberts
geographical boundaries, or the growth of the
graphically: “New York never enjoyed the
great metropolis similarly traced, in its topo-
quiet or the repose of Arcadia. The charm-
graphical extension, in its municipal devel-
ing creation of Rip Van Winkle is a portrait
opment, as an entrepôt of goods and of
by contrast. Labor has kept romance in check.
immigrants, as one of the world's greatest
By the rhythm of the factory and the foundry
ports, as the great clearing-house of American
the movements of life have been marked.
banking. One looks in vain for a chronicle of
The rush of production and of traffic has made
the social changes from “Knickerbocker” days
changes rapid, continuous, pronounced.” The
to the present era of “ brown stone fronts”;
very cosmopolitanism of New York's position
for an account of journalistic life and influence;
on the continent has made provincialism im-
for the genesis and progress of Tammany;
possible, and with provincialism, intensity,
for a fuller treatment of the development
impulsiveness, enthusiasm for the ideal, and
of the administrative and judicial "func-
all that makes life picturesque and romantic.
tions from earliest colonial to recent days.
Hence the chronicle must almost necessarily
There are scattered allusions and statements,
have a prosaic grayness as contrasted with the
but no consecutive treatment which can give
vivid colors of life in New England. The his-
an inquirer an adequate conception as to any
torian appeals less to the imagination than to
of these points. The chapter on “Land and
the judgment.
Rent” does not begin far enough back, with
Yet the historian of the unpoetic has a choice
an account of the patroon system of holdings.
left, and upon the use he makes thereof de-
The chapter on “Literary Activity” indicates
no realization of the important position occu-
• NEW YORK. By Ellis H. Roberts, author of "Govern.
pied by the city which saw in its midst the
ment Revenue." In two volumes. (“American Com.
monwealths" Series.) Boston: Houghton, Mimin & Co. I beginnings of American literature in the


294
(April,
THE DIAL
Essay and the Novel, which naturalized two of mass of detail not hitherto gathered into
our typical poets, Bryant and Poe, and which compendious form, and to illustrate it occa-
has been the seat of some of our greatest pub- sionally with flashes of keen and penetrating
lishing-houses. There should have been a criticism.
clearer indication of the attitude of public In a straightforward and lucid style we
opinion in the state, and of her representatives notice only three obscure sentences, and amid
in Congress, toward the Missouri Compromise, a great mass of facts but few errors of state-
the Tariff controversy, the Abolitionists, the ment. The statement on page 615, that
Fugitive-Slave Laws, the Kansas struggle, Bryant “ began his career in Boston,” would
Reconstruction. There is something about | certainly mislead any one who did not already
the mental condition of a people who could know that Bryant never lived in Boston.
tolerate the Oneida Community, and among The date of Cooper's first novel, “Precau-
whom Mormonism arose, that is worth careful tion," is given on page 609 as 1809 instead of
analysis.
1820. The statement at the close of the second
Much space which is given to unimportant volume, that the action of the New York
military details in the earlier portion of the Assembly Oct. 18, 1764, was the first official
book might have been spared for the more act looking toward a union of the colonies,
philosophical treatment we have indicated. ignores the previous action of the Massachu-
Yet, despite what is not found in it, no one setts Assembly June 13, 1864. Misprints are:
can read the book without interest and in latitude 44 instead of 40 as that of New York
struction. The writer is undoubtedly a poli Bay, on page 2; 1624 for 1623 as the date of
tician first of all, and has sketched the politi- the first Dutch colony, on page 34; forty-third
cal history within the state with a discerning instead of forty-second parallel as the southern
eye. The relations of the state to the Na boundary of the state, on page 128.
tional government during the Civil War are
J. J. HALSEY.
treated with an impartial pen, although one
readily perceives that the writer had earnest
convictions at that time as to the duty of the
citizen and of the state. The commanding situ-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
ation of the state in politics, industry, and
THERE is probably no woman of our country who
from a strategic point of view, is held con-
has a richer store of varied and interesting reminis-
tinually before the reader's mind. The gener cences than Mrs. Jessie Benton Fremont, the daugh-
ally ignored promptness of her patriots dur ter of a former eminent statesman of Missouri, and
ing the troubles which preceded the Revolution the wife of a distinguished soldier and explorer.
is forcibly set forth; and in showing that the
From her birth she has enjoyed the privileges of
people of New York were as patriotic as
high social and official position, which have afforded
their fellow colonists, in the face of unusual
her every opportunity for broad and refined culture.
The best and foremost personages have been her
deterrents suggested by selfish interests, Mr.
companions from childhood, and she has watched
Roberts has done an important service. with a keen, trained eye the march of national and
Again, the influences that might prevent a personal events during a long life of unusual activ-
great commercial community from entering ity and vicissitude. Inheriting much of the vigor
enthusiastically upon a civil war are well set and grasp of her father's strong intellect, with a
in contrast with the noble contributions New courage and independence which are characteristic
York made to the recent War for the Union.
of the masculine mind, she has made the impress of
a positive force in every enterprise she has under-
The pen portraits of prominent men through-
taken. As a writer she has shown uncommon vigor
out the book are discriminating and forcible;
and vividness. Her books have not been preten-
the chapter on “The Press Made Free” is
tious; they have apparently been produced with no
the work of a veteran and enthusiastic jour more effort than the writing of a letter; but they
nalist.
have a sprightliness which is unusually effective.
The chapter on “Waterways and their De-
"The Souvenirs of My Time" (D. Lothrop & Co.),
velopment” is an important contribution to
contributed originally to a prominent juvenile mag-
azine, is one of the most engaging. It contains
the industrial history of the nation. The indus-
retrospection of "men, women, and things " which
trial survey given in the chapter entitled
have been specially noteworthy in Mrs. Fremont's
“ Master in Manufactures” is graphic and
experience. Kings and queens of the old world
suggestive; and the closing chapter, on “The and the new, with scenes of pomp and circumstance,
Primacy of New York,” is the best written of quiet simplicity and of genuine beauty, are
in the book. The brief analysis of the cos mingled together like the bits of color in the mag-
mopolitan character of the New Yorker, and
ical kaleidoscope. They make a remarkable story,
the briefer indication of the broad spirit
as suggestive in what is omitted as in that which is
told. An autobiography of the author, prepared
which has animated him, are put in with a
with care and a little more attention to the require-
vigorous pen, which assures us that Mr. Rob-
ments of a literary production than is customary
erts could have written a more philosophical with her, would be a valuable legacy to her country-
history than this. He has chosen to give us a I men.


1887.)
295
THE DIAL
varied information from which to draw the material
for his works, and equal skill in the disposition of
it. The present treatise abounds in interesting inci.
dent, and is copiously illustrated.
MR, GRANT ALLEN'S short essays entitled “Com-
mon-Sense Science" (Lothrop) are of the sort to be
enjoyed by cultivated readers. They exhibit the
learning and observation of a thoughtful and schol.
arly man, who has embraced many subjects in the
field of his inquiry, and studied them in the best
light of modern revelation and philosophy. The
essays are by no means confined to scientific topics,
as we find among them “Home Life," "Amuse-
ments," “Nuts and Nutting," "The English
People," “Beauty,” “Genius and Talent," and
others of a like miscellaneous character. They are,
however, treated in the manner of one accustomed
to scientific methods, to searching, cautious, ana-
lytical and dispassionate scrutiny and reflection.
The style is quiet and polished, making us feel
immediately a sense of delight in the author's com-
panionship. Mr. Allen is a native of America, and
dates his book from Concord, Mass.; yet he writes
as one bred to an Englishman's peculiar habitudes,
He is of the few who, born on our soil, have spent
their lives so largely in the mother-country that
they are reckoned among her subjects, and their
genius is set down to her credit. In his brief preface,
Mr. Allen declares the modest hope that his book
may reflect some of the inspiration of Thoreau. He
has felt the same love for Nature, and is as faithful
an interpreter of her mystic utterances, but he has
an individuality too strong to be in any way imita-
tive. We would not have him lose his identity in
even so fresh and bright a genius as that of the
hermit of Concord.
The biographical sketch by Captain 8. Samuels,
which describes his career "From the Forecastle
to the Cabin" (Harper & Brothers), is a stirring
tale of adventure. It is written in the homely,
manly language which befits one who has earned
distinction by deeds rather than words,—with but
little boastfulness, although it relates the speedy
promotion of the author in his career on the sea
and the honors and fortune he gained through valor
and integrity. His success was won by the hardest
experience, by toil and peril and privation that are
not paralelled outside of the sailor's vocation. He
had the physical strength and moral courage to en-
dure the worst sufferings, and the ambition to make
each level on which his foot was set the stepping-
stone to a higher plane. Captain Samuels ran away
from a home over which a stepmother presided
when a mere child of eleven, and, beguiled by the
tales of Cooper and Marryat, engaged as a cabin-
boy on a coast-trading vessel. His delusions re-
garding the charms of a seafaring life were quickly
dispelled, and for years he was subject to the in-
human treatment which was then the common lot
of the sailor on sea and land. A noble nature tri-
umphed in the end, and at the age of twenty-one the
mature young man was the nominal owner and actual
commander of a full-rigged ship engaged in trade
between European ports. Prompt and daring action,
skill in navigation, and shrewdness in commercial
transactions, were his sureties for future eminence
and wealth. But the mariner's life is fraught with
anxieties and dangers, and Captain Samuels had
his full share. He bore them unflinchingly, he
wrested success from the most threatening situa-
tions, and these are the secrets of his victorious
career.
A WORLD of curious knowledge is packed into
the Rev. J. G. Wood's treatise on “Man and His
Handiwork” (Young & Co.). It deals with the
tools of manifold sort which man has invented
since the primitive ages, for his use and protection.
Man may be described as the only tool-bearing
animal. None other has devised any implement
whatsoever to assist him in accomplishing his desires
and purposes, nor does any other possess the phys-
ical means for wielding an implement to advantage
were it provided. A monkey may be taught to
use a club, and in its wild state it will hurl missiles
with effect; but it naturally trusts to the weapons
with which nature has furnished it, and develops
no ingenuity in contriving mechanical agents to
aid in its struggle for existence. After considering
in the opening chapter the comparative structure of
the hand and foot in man and the higher animals,
Mr. Wood turns to an investigation of the simplest
weapons and implements fashioned by prehistoric
man, and in describing each he indicates the
process of improvement by which it has been
transformed into the complicated and perfected in-
strument employed in civilized ages. Thus treated,
weapons of offense and defense occupy more than
half of the volume. Then follows a history of the
early art of navigation and the invention of water-
craft, from the inflated skin by which the rude
savage crosses deep streams or ventures on the
ocean waves, to the construction of the canoe and
the paddle. Primitive modes of producing fire
and of working metal are afterward treated; and
finally, the preparation of food and the manufacture
of domestic utensils, of musical instruments, and
of conveniences for soothing the senses by the
smoke of tobacco, opium, and other narcotic drugs.
Mr. Wood is well known as a writer of scientific
books of a popular character, who has a treasury of
A BOOK of substantial value is that by Lawrence
Oliphant on “Haifa; or, Life in Modern Palestine"
(Harpers). Its contents are a surprise and a pleasure,
so much do they present that is new and interesting
concerning the development of the Holy Land by
recent explorers, colonists and travellers. The
chapters, or letters, cover a period of three years
(beginning in November, 1862) which were spent
by the author in a study of the noted places in
Palestine, the sites of ancient cities, the spots sacred
in Christian history, the colonies recently founded
by emigrants from different nations and the
astonishing improvements which are apparent in
the conditions of the country and the people.
Mr. Oliphant made his winter residence in Haifa,
a city of six thousand inhabitants, at the foot
of Mt. Carmel, where the first colony of the
“Temple Society” is located, and where the
| influence of this sect, after fourteen years of
severe struggle, is most widely felt. The his-
tory of the Temple Society, and of its efforts to
reclaim Palestine from desolation and barbarism,
forms an important chapter of Mr. Oliphant's vol-
ume. His account of the Jewish colonies, of the
Druses, and of the results of the investigations of
the Palestine Exploration Fund, are likewise replete
with fresh information. The thorough knowledge
of his subject evinced by the author, and the ex-
tent of his personal investigations, justify the con-


296
[April,
THE DIAL
elevate her into a personage of importance, to jus-
tify the place accorded her among famous women,
she excites interest chiefly from the circumstances
of her position. She was more amiable but less re-
markable than many of her female contemporaries.
fidence of the reader; and this is further sustained
by the words of Charles A. Dana, who, in a brief
introduction, vouches for the sound judgment and
accurate statement of one whom he honors both as
a friend and a writer. By the completeness of its
researches and their recent date, “Haifa” corrects
many false impressions regarding Palestine and
much injustice toward the Jew as a colonist.
Just sentiments, formed by careful consideration
and temperately expressed, characterize Mr. Van
Dyke's treatise on “The Principles of Art" (Fords,
Howard, & Hulbert). The work is not large in
dimensions, and yet it holds the results of a long and
profound investigation of its subject. The first
part embraces a review of the history of art, which
reduces into a narrow compass the leading facts
standing out in the development of sculpture and
painting among the ancient and modern. The
central principle which the author believes to be
asserted in the entire progress of art is that it
reflects the civilization in which it is produced,
hence in the record of its changes we may read the
autobiography of man. In his primitive stage,
man does not rise above an instinct for imitation.
In Egyptian art, wholly original and wonderful as
it was, there was no attainment of the ideal; it
remained imitative, decorative, and symbolic. In
classic Greece, the only classic art that has existed
finished its course with the decline of the genius of
the nation. In modern times, art has assumed the
character of different epochs, becoming emotional
in the early Christian and medieval centuries,
intellectual in the period of the “high renaissance,"
and individual in these latter days. Thus, accord-
ing to the author's opinion, art has corresponded
in spirit and form with the civilization of its era
and locality. In the second part of his work, Mr.
Van Dyke considers, under the general term of
“Art in Theory," the aim of art, pictorial ideas,
pictorial subject and expression, and the artist's
individuality. These several chapters are thickly
set with points of interest, judiciously taken and
intelligently sustained.
THE “ Fall of Maximilian's Empire, as seen from a
United States Gunboat," by Seaton Schroeder, Lieu-
tenant U. S. N., recalls one of the most tragic
stories in history, and also one of the most pathetic,
since with it is associated the sad fate of the
Empress Carlotta. In his introductory chapter,
Lieut. Schroeder briefly recounts the steps which
led to French intervention in Mexico, and to the
seating of the Archduke of Austria upon the throne
as Emperor of that country, not by the grace of
God, but by the force of forty thousand French
bayonets. He then proceeds to relate, in a plain,
straightforward narrative, the events which, from
bis point of observation on the U. S. Steamer
Tacony, stationed for some months off Vera Cruz,
came under his notice or were brought to his knowl.
edge. Of the siege of Mexico and of its capture by
the Liberal troops of the Juarez government, and
of the siege of "Queretaro where Maximilian was
captured, tried, and shot, he presents no account.
He confines himself to a description of the pro-
tracted siege and ultimate surrender of Vera Cruz,
and of the worthy and magnanimous part which
his commander, Capt. Roe of the Tacony, played as
an arbitrator, and as one who sought, though vainly,
to save the life of the fallen emperor. But of this
he makes an interesting story, which is well worth
reading. (Putnam.)
THE merit of the last volume of the “Famous
Women Series" (Roberts Brothers) rests more in its
sharp delineation of the reign of Francis I. than in
any special significance in the portraiture of Mar-
garet of Angoulême, sister of the king and queen
of Navarre. Miss Robinson, the writer of the
biography, has done her work with commenda-
ble thoroughness. She has not satisfied herself
with a mere epitome of longer histories, but has
made extended and original studies from which she
has derived an independent version of the story she
had to relate. She is, unfortunately, somewhat stiff
and affected in manner; still, her vigor and her con-
fident possession of her subject go far to atone for
occasional eccentricities of expression. Margaret of
Angoulême was a blind worshipper of her royal
brother, and this declares the limitations of her
nature. She had a fondness for culture, she cher-
ished learning, and wrote endless amounts of poetry
and fiction of the sort fashionable in her time. For
many years she was a brilliant adjunct of her
brother's court, assisting him in the cares of state,
and figuring socially in the place of his neglected
queen; yet she never exercised a controlling influ-
ence over his fickle spirit, from lack of strength in
her own. With all the effort of her biographer to
THE series of papers published in “Good House-
keeping" under the title of “Ten Dollars Enough,"
by Catherine Owen, possessed an enduring value
which warranted their reprodution in a permanent
form (Houghton, MiMin & Co.). Their purpose was
to show, in the popular guise of a story, that we
may keep house well and provide a varied and even
luxurious table for a small family on ten dollars a
week. The heroine of the tale is an adept in the
culinary art, having studied with enthusiasm in the
cooking schools, and learned the great fact that
work in every department of the home, when intel.
ligently and efficiently managed, is as honorable
and enjoyable as any in which a woman can engage.
She has, moreover, the executive ability required
to keep accounts, to market skilfully, and to restrain
expenditures within prescribed limits. An illustra-
tion of the working of such rare talents in the
vocation of a housekeeper cannot but be edifying to
all who are appointed to duties falling within her
sphere. The story is of so practical a nature as to
include the formulas and recipes by which this
accomplished caterer and cook provided for the
daily needs of her family, and created an atmos.
phere of ease and comfort, of dignity and beauty,
throughout her domain. “Ten Dollars Enough"
suggests that in many cases half that amount a
week might suffice, with frugal care, for the main-
tenance of a small family, and no stint be felt. It
is for hints of this sort that the book is to be
chiefly prized by the sagacious housekeeper.
THE “Diversions of a Book-Worm" is a com.
panion volume to the “Pleasures of a Book-Worm,"
and both are the work of Mr. J. Rogers Rees.
This gentleman appears to be an amiable bibliophile


THE DIAL
297
1887.)
who carries the sentiment of his calling to an extent | is too much neglected in science instruction, and a
likely to be pronounced absurd, if nothing worse, series of books similar to this of Prof. Mendenhall,
by readers of a more intellectually robust type. He | and devoted to other branches of physics, would do
is a declared lover of books as books, their literary considerable service to science.
aspect being of quite incidental importance. People
of this sort are to be classed with those who make
MR. SKOTTOwe's “Short History of Parliament"
pilgrimages to the graves of the famous dead, and
(Harper) is an excellent sketch of parliamentary
those whom a line of autograph somehow brings
history in modern times. The author proceeds
into communion with the soul of the writer. We upon the correct view that the history of parliament,
are far from deriding this sort of sentiment; it is
as parliament, begins properly with Edward I.
surely harmless, and seems to be productive of a
The period before this reign, therefore, he passes
great deal of mild enjoyment. Mr. Rees has fol over with only the most cursory notice. In this be
lowed no plan in writing these chapters. He has
perhaps exaggerates the correct view. It is truc
put down whatever has come into his head, or
that parliament, both in form and in power, has
whatever has pleased him in his reading. His little
been developed entirely since the time of Simon de
book is very pleasant to peruse, and one can read it
Montfort. But what is true of its form and powers
without being troubled by that feeling of responsi-
is not true of its intrinsic vitality. As an organized
bility which must accompany the reading of most
body, parliament stands in a direct genetic connec-
books. Its incoherency is restful. It offers many
tion with the Great Council of the Norman time and
quaint surprises. It does not need to be begun or
the Anglo-Saxon Witenagemot; it was not that its
finished. It is altogether the sort of book for the
life began, but that its form and powers were
contemplative mood and the idle hour. (George J.
wholly revolutionized in the last half of the thir-
Coombes.)
teenth century. It would have been well, there-
fore, to give more than the space of five meagre
In the sprightly introduction to his “Microscopy
pages to this early period.
for Beginners" (Harpers) Dr. Alfred C. Stokes says,
in substance, that elementary books upon the micro THE present interest in folk-lore has set students
scope now in use are almost entirely of English and collectors to ransacking all lands and com-
origin, and consequently but ill-adapted for young munities for contributions; and the Basques are too
American readers and students; that in spite of the peculiar and interesting a people to be neglected.
lack of books for their guidance, our boys and girls
Collections have been made of the legends of
are becoming more and more interested in the use
these people, but we do not know of any popular
of the microscope; and that the present handbook
presentation of them before Mad. Monteiro's
is designed “to help the beginner to ascertain the 1. Legends and Popular Tales of the Basque People"
names of some of the common microscopic creatures, (Armstrong). The stories contained in this hand-
both animal and vegetable, with which the fresh some volume are weird and romantic in the extreme;
waters of the land are filled.” Says the writer fur-
their form is, however, manifestly literary. What
ther: “The botanist and zoologist have weighty is wanted is the presentation of the tales as they
books that delight their souls, so why should not fall from the life of the people, not an artistic
the beginner with a microscope have a book to help working-up, such as several if not all of them have
him?" We can think of no answer to this conun-
evidently undergone. The English, too, ought to
drum, being of the writer's opinion that the begin-
have been carefully corrected; it bears the marks of
ner should have such a book, and inclining to being either a crude translation by an unpracticed
believe, moreover, that Dr. Stokes has prepared just hand, or an attempt—very creditable at that-by a
the sort of book that is wanted. His descriptions |
foreigner, to write in English. The illustrations
are made as simple as is practicable, his illustrative
are well in keeping with the general character of the
cuts are well chosen, and his analytical keys to the
stories.
commoner genera of diatoms, desmids, and other
groups, will be particularly appreciated by the young
A NEw field for juvenile literature is opened in
microscopist. The writer brings to his work a con the handsome volume called “Dame Heraldry," by
siderable amount of enthusiasm, which those who F. S. W. This book treats of the interesting sub-
make use of the book will probably find contagious.
ject of heraldry in a manner which ought to make
it attractive both to children and to those grown
We have had a good many popular books about
persons who know nothing of its principles. The
electricity of late years, but still there was room for
writer has mingled with the somewhat dry details
the one that Prof. T. C. Mendenhall has just pre of the technical science a sufficiently large propor-
pared. In “A Century of Electricity” (Houghton, I tion of anecdote and historical gossip to make
Mimin & Co.) this well-known physicist has pre-
the whole rather pleasant reading. The elementary
sented an outline history of the development of the
terminology of the science is illustrated point by
science, and has explained the more important
point, and the reader of the book will find himself
practical applications of its principles. The special
at the end possessed of a considerable store of in-
value of the little book lies, principally, in its being
formation, the importance of which he will not be
the work of a man who speaks with authority upon
slow to discover if his subsequent reading lie in the
his subject, and, secondly, in the admirable lucidity
direction of literature or modern history. In fact,
of its descriptions and explanations. It is exactly it may be said that some knowledge of heraldry is
the book which the general reader, who has not
essential to intelligent reading in either of these
time to become a student of physics, needs for his
directions. The book has a number of colored
information upon a subject of which no one can
plates and many woodcuts. (Lothrop.)
now afford to remain ignorant. The historical treat-
ment adopted by the author is very happy, and is, The popular series of biographies of "Actors and
perhaps, what is necessary to make science “popu- | Actresses of Great Britain and the United States,"
lar” in a desirable sense. The historical element edited by Brander Matthews and Lawrence Hutton,


298
[April,
THE DIAL
and published by Cassell & Co., has been frequently A NEW fortnightly journal appears in Chicago,
noticed in these columns. The closing number of “devoted to the work of establishing ethics and
the series contains sketches of nineteen of the religion upon a scientific basis." Its name is “The
most eminent members of the histrionic profession Epoch;" its editor is B. F. Underwood; and
of the present time, among them being Mary among its prospective contributors are Mr. Mon-
Anderson, Ellen Terry, Clara Morris, Mme. Mod cure Conway, Dr. F. L. Oswald, the Rev. M. J.
jeska, Edwin Booth, Henry Irving, and Joseph Savage, and other well-known writers.
Jefferson. The portraitures are, as a rule, disap-
The new “Library edition" of Scott's novels,
pointing in their meagreness. In the case of some
published by J. B. Lippincott Co., has reached Vol-
of the most notable artists, scarcely a personal
ume VIII., “The Heart of Midlothian." Twenty-
detail is given beyond the date and place of birth.
five volumes in all will form the series. It is
This may be discreet, but it is scarcely satisfying.
printed by Clark of Edinburgh, with excellent
print, paper, and illustrations, and is on the whole
the best popular edition of Scott that we are
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
acquainted with.
D. APPLETON & Co.'s latest publications include:
SIR GEORGE CAMPBELL'S new work on "The
“ Dawn," a novel, by H. Rider Haggard; “ Knight
British Empire” is announced for early publication
Errant,” a novel, by Edna Lyall; “Lil Lorimer,"
by Cassell & Co.
a novel, by Theo. Gift; “In Paradise," a novel,
GEORG EBERS's romance of “The Bride of the
from the German of Paul Heyse; "The Factors of
Nile,” translated by Clara Bell, is just issued by Organic Evolution," by Herbert Spencer; and a life
W. S. Gottsberger.
of George Canning, by Frank H. Hill, in the “Eo-
TICKNOR & Co. introduce their new series of the glish Worthies " series.
once popular “Round Robin " novels with "The SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE has improved perceptibly
Strike in the B- Mill."
with each number, and its April issue will compare
A BIOGRAPHY of Sir Richard Burton, the well favorably with other periodicals of its class-
known traveller and scholar, is to appear shortly, except in the matter of illustrations, in which there
with the sanction of Lady Burton.
is still need of improvement. Its contents are va-
MR. HENRY C. LEA'S “History of the Inquisition
ried and attractive, and in form and typography it
of the Middle Ages," upon which he has been en-
has a charm of its own. Its price, $3.00 a year,
gaged for many years, is at last ready for publi-
should of course be considered in comparing it with
cation.
other periodicals.
Miss Sarah ORNE JEWETT will have another of
LEE & SHEPARD have issued a number of taste-
her sketches of New England life in the May num-
ful publications for the Easter season, forming a
ber of “The Atlantic," entitled “The Courting of
uniform series of “Easter Hymns and Songs," all
Sister Wisby."
handsomely illustrated. The series includes “The
Message of the Bluebird," by Miss Irene E. Jerome;
MR. D. P. LINDSLEY, of Philadelphia, has de-
"Arise My Soul, Arise," by the author of “Nearer
vised a new style of shorthand writing for non-
My God to Thee;" “ See the Land her Easter Keep-
experts, and will soon issue a text-book for school
ing," by Charles Kingsley; and “Gladness of
and general use.
Easter," from the poets.
MRS. HORACE MANN fifty years ago wrote a story
Two important new works are announced by
of real life in Cuba, dealing especially with slavery.
Cossell & Co.-Prof. Henry Morley's extensive
This story is now to be published for the first time.
“History of English Literature," which has occu-
Its title will be “Juanita,” and its publishers D.
pied him for twenty years and will fill as many vol-
Lothrop & Co.
umes; and “ Celebrities of the Century," a con-
AN" Annual Index to Periodicals" for 1886, by densed biographical dictionary, in one large volume,
Mr. Griswold, is published by Q. P. Index, Bangor,
which will include every man and woman who has
Maine. The arrangement is compact and ingenious,
won distinction during the years from 1800 to 1887,
but perhaps too complicated for convenient refer-
in any quarter of the globe.
ence. The Index gives both authors and subjects.
FORDS, HOWARD & HULBERT announce for early
PROF. E. B. WARWICK, of Chicago, has prepared
publication “A Summer in England with Henry
a treatise on Pronunciation, which is just published
Ward Beecher," by Maj. Pond, Mr. Beecher's agent
by W. H. Harrison. The work contains an ap-
and travelling companion during his visit abroad
pendix of over 5,000 words that are apt to be mis last year. The volume will contain also the sermons
pronounced, giving the correct pronunciation of and addresses delivered by Mr. Beecher in England.
each word and the authority for the same.
-A new edition of Dr. Lyman Abbott's Life of
The second edition of Mr. Wharton's “Sappho,” | Beecher, bringing the narrative down to the close,
announced some time ago, will be ready this month. is about to be published by Funk & Wagnalls.
It will contain forty additional pages, with several SCRIBNER'S Sons have just issued Mr. Robert
newly-discovered fragments of Sappho. The Ameri-
Buchanan's volume of slashing criticism, “A Look
can edition is limited to 400 copies; A. C. McClurg
Round Literature." They announce: “Agriculture
& Co. are the publishers.
in some of its Relations with Chemistry," in two
A NEw history of “ The War of Secession” is to volumes, by Prof. F. H. Storer of Harvard Uni.
be published in the fall. It is written by Mr. versity; and a new volume in the series of “Epochs
Rossiter Johnson, much of whose matter has of Modern History” - “The Early Tudors," deal-
appeared in an excellent series of articles in the ing with the reigns of Henry VII. and Henry VIII.,
New York “Examiner” during the past year. It by Rev. C. E. Moberly, late of Rugby School, Eng.
is understood that the volume will be illustrated. land.
-
.-..
-
-
—
-


1887.]
299
THE DIAL
ROBERTS BROTHERS have just published “Cathe-
dral Days," by Anna Bowman Dodd, a record of
travel in southern England, with twenty-three illus-
trations; “Some Chinese Ghosts,” by L. Hearn;
"Sonnets in Shadow," by Arlo Bates; "The Egoist,"
by George Meredith, in the new edition of that
author's novels; and “Franklin in France," by E.
E. Hale, based upon original documents most of
which are now published for the first time,
LEE & SHEPARD announce for early publication:
“Natural Law in the Business World,' a contribu-
tion to the discussion of the labor question, by Mr.
Henry Wood; “Bridge Disasters in America, their
Causes and Remedies,” by Prof. George L. Vose,
President of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers;
“ The Hidden Way Across the Threshold," by Dr.
J. C. Street; “Later Lyrics," by Julia Ward Howe;
and new editions of Horace Mann's “Few Thoughts
for a Young Man” and W. M. Baker's popular
novel of “A Year Worth Living."
A new and attractive edition of Browning, in
six volumes, to contain all the poetry which that
poet has hitherto written, from the latest revised
London edition, is announced by Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. The first two volumes will appear in April,
and the rest will follow in rapid succession. The
same publishers expect to issue soon the works of
John Marston in their series of “English Drama-
tists” edited by Mr. A. H. Bullen. The plays of
Christopher Marlowe in three volumes, and those
of Middleton in eight, have already appeared in
this series.
G. P. PUTNAM's Sons have just issued “An Anal-
ysis of the Inter-State Commerce Act,” by John R.
Dos Passos, author of “Dos Passos on Stock-brokers
and Stock Exchanges,"containing a full review and
construction of the several sections of the law, and
detailing the duties of common carriers thereunder,
together with a legal dissertation upon the consti-
tutionality of the important features of the Act, and
an appendix with the Act in full. They announce
as in press Prof. De Laveleye's work on the Balkan
Peninsula; and “The American Electoral System,"
by Mr. C. A. O'Neil.
THE latest number of the excellent series of mon-
ographs issued by the American Economic Associa-
tion is on “The Relation of the State to Industrial
Action," by Prof. Henry C. Adams, professor of Po-
litical Economy in Cornell University and the
University of Michigan. In it, Herbert Spencer's
theory of the State is explained, the doctrine of
laissez-faire is examined, the doctrines of the English
School of Political Economy are criticised, the views
of the New School are set forth, and the principles
which the author thinks should control industrial
legislation are given.
ESTES & LAURIAT announce for immediate issue:
“The Early Tudors,” by C. E. Moberly, being
Vol. 17 “Epochs of History” series; “Latin
Hymns” (Corolla Hymnorum Sacrorum), translated
by the Hon. John Lord Hayes, LL.D.; “ Social
Customs," by Florence Howe Hall, daughter of
Mrs. Julia Ward Howe; “Miss Parloa's Kitchen
Companion," a new work of a thousand pages; an
entirely new edition, called “The Sterling edition,"
of George Eliot's complete works, printed from new
plates and with new illustrations, in twelve vol-
umes; a reprint of “The White Hills,” by T.
Starr King, illustrated with new cuts and photo-
gravures; and a new edition of Dr. Coues's “ Key
to North American Birds," with revisions and
additions.
THE April “Atlantic” is an unusually strong
number. The prose of Holmes and the poetry of
Whittier are peculiarly characteristic of each. Mr.
W. H. Ray's paper on “Russia in Asia” is an ad-
mirably concise and well-digested statement of
Russia's movement and policy toward the Indian
frontier. One cannot wonder at the outburst of
England's poet-laureate:
“Russia bursts our Indian barrier. Shall we fight her?
shall we yield ?"
Mr. J. R. Gilmore gives some interesting reminis-
cences of President Lincoln and the war, in an
episode whose details are now for the first time
made public. Among the unsigned articles are a
capital review of Dowden's life of Shelley, and a
greatly inferior one of McClellan's Memoirs.
THE third and fourth volumes of Mr. Creighton's
scholarly “History of the Papacy During the
Reformation," devoted to “The Italian Princes,"
are just issued by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Other
late publications by the same firm are: “The Feud
of Oakfield Creek," a novel of California, by Josiah
Royce, Ph.D., author of “California," in the Ameri-
can Commonwealths series; “His Star in the East,"
a study in the early Aryan religion, by Rev. Leigh-
ton Parks, of Boston; “Daffodils," a new volume
of poems by Mrs. A. D. T. Whitney, and a new
edition of her “Pansies; ” “A Club of One," the
note-book of a man who might have been sociable;
“ The History of New York," by E. H. Roberts, in
the “American Commonwealths" series; “A Cen-
tury of Electricity,” by T. C. Mendenhall; Long-
fellow's “Golden Legend," with notes by S. A.
Bent, Part I., No. 25 of the Riverside Literature
Series; and a revised edition for 1887 of the
“ Satchel Guide for Vacation Tourists in Europe."
LORD TENNYSON'S “Jubilee Ode," read in Lon-
don March 29, at the celebration of the Queen's
anniversary, is printed in full in “Macmillan's
Magazine" for April. The poem is written in irreg-
ular measures, all unrhymed. Some of the passages
have a curious resemblance to Walt Whitman,
whose heart must fill with pride to find his elder
English brother writing in a strain like this:
“ You, the mighty, the fortunate,
You, the Lord territorial,
You, the Lord manufacturer,
You, the hardy, laborious, patient children of Albion,
You, Canadian, Indian, Australasian, African-
All your hearts be in harmony, all your voices in
unison,"
No one familiar with Whitman's characteristic
poem “Salut au Monde" will fail to be reminded
of such lines as-
“ You, whoever you are!
You, daughter or son of England!
You, neighbor of the Dannbe!
You, Norwegian, Swede, Dane, Icelander, you Prussian!
You dwarf'd Kamtschatkan, Greenlander, Lapp!
You Austral negro, naked, red, sooty, with protrusive
lip, grovelling, seeking your food!”
From the concluding lines of Tennyson's ode it
would appear that the laureate has happily recov.
ered from the pessimistic mood of his "Locksley
Hall Sixty Years After.”
"Are there thunders moaning in the distance ?
Are there specters moving in the darkness ?
Trust the Lord of light to guide her people
Till the thunders pass, the specters vanish,
And the light is victor, and the darkness
Dawns into the jubilee of ages."


300
[April,
THE DIAL
Infectionaos, our.
R. McCabe olay. Centur.on. Forum.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
Ireland since the Union. Sketches of Irish History.
From 1798 to 1886. By J. H. McCarthy, M.P. 12mo, pp.
APRIL, 1887.
368. Belford, Clarke & Co. $1.50.
Alaska, History of. Charles Hallock. Mag. Am. Hist.
The Early Tudors. Henry VII.: Henry VIII. By the
Alleghenies, Southern Gateway of. E. Kirke. Harper's.
Rev. 0. E. Moberly, M.A. 16mo, pp. 249. “Epochs of
Balloon, Practical Uses of. S. A. King. Forum.
Modern History." C. Scribner's Sons. $1.00.
Beecher, Henry Ward. Andover.
Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United
Beecher, Henry Ward. Mag. Am. Hist.
States. From the days of David Garrick to the pres.
Bird Migration. B. W. Evermann. Pop. Sci. Mo.
ent time. Edited by B. Matthews and L. Hutton. 5
Books that bave helped me. W. T. Harris. Forum.
vols. Paper coverg. Edition de Lure on large paper,
Brain-forcing in Childhood. W. A. Hammond. Pop. Sci. quarto. Limited to 100 sets numbered and signed by
Canterbury Cathedral. Mrs. Van Rensselaer. Century.
the editors. Cassell & Co. Net, $25.00
Caucasus, The Ralph Meeker. Harper's.
Through the fields with Linnæus. A chapter in
Chickamauga. D. H. Hill. Century.
Swedish History. By Mrs. Florence Caddy. 2 vols.,
Christian Consciousness. B. Clark. Andover.
12mo, Little, Brown & Co. $4.50.
Christianity and Competitors. Andover.
Comédie Française. Theodore Child. Harper's.
Verdi. An Anecdotic History of his Life and Works.
Competition, Limits of. J. B. Clark. Pol. Sci. Quarterly.
From the French of A. Pongin. 12mo, pp. 308. Por.
Competition, Persistence of. Pol. Sci. Quarterly.
trait. Scribner & Welford, $2.00.
Elephant Myths of America. W. B. Scott. Scribner's.
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Fort Duquesne. T. J. Chapman. Mag. Am. History.
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Heatherly War. The. W. A. Wood. Mag. Am. History. George Eliot's Life. As Related in her Letters and
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Infection and Disinfection. Robson Roose. Pop. Sci. Mo.
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Legal Chaos, Our. J. F. Dillon. Pol. Sci. Quarterly.
Lesquereux, Leo. L. R. McCabe. Pop. Sci. Mo.
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Haifa; or, Life in Modern Palestine. By L. Oliphant.
Manual Training in Public Schools. T. Davidson. Forum.
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McClellan, George B. Atlantic.
Mediæval Art, Reber's. W.F. Allen. Dial.
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Physiology, True Aim of. W. Preyer. Pop. Sci. Mo.
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Russia in Asia. W. H. Ray. Atlantic.
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$1.00.


1887.)
301
THE DIAL
ART.
Ornamental Interiors. Ancient and Modern By J.
Moyr Smith, Beautifully Illustrated. Large 8vo, pp.
236. Gilt top. London. $6.00.
Alfred Lebrun's Catalogue of the Etchings, Helio.
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REFERENCE-EDUCATIONAL.
The Statesman's Year-Book. Statistical and Histori.
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