311 THE DIAL cy! Semi-Monthly journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME XXVI. JANUARY 1 TO JUNE 16, 1899 CHICAGO : THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1899 i- AP 0 || 8 () &ZOP, , LD 3- RAJANº. vºlutihell - --~~~tº | | - Y - O . Af. %, ACADEMY, AN AMERICAN . . . . . . ARISTOTELIANISM AND THE MoDERN SPIRIT . Asia, IN UNExPLORED . AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER - - - - - - BEARDSLEY, AUBREY, IN PERSPECTIVE . . . BrogRAPHER, LESLIE STEPHEN's STUDIES OF A . Books, THE DISTRIBUTION of Borrow, GEoRGE, KNAPP's LIFE of Boys AND GIRLs AND Books . - - BrownING LovE-LETTERs, THE . . . . . . BURTon, SIR RICHARD, Post HUMoUs PAPERs of BUTTERFLY Book, THE AMERICAN . BYRON, MR. MURRAY's . . . . CHICAGO EDUCATIONAL CoMMIssion, REPORT of THE . CHINA IN HISTORY AND IN FACT CIVIL WAR, SEcond YEAR of THE . 2. Two ORDERs of . DANTE, Books ABouT DAUDET AND HIs FAMILY . DEGREES, CoNCERNING . . . . . . . “DIAL,” THE, of 1840–45 . . . . . . EconoMIC THOUGHT, PRESENT TENDENCIES IN . EDUCATION, Some RECENT Books on . EDUCATIONAL OUTLook, THE . ENGLISH Constitution, THE . Evangelists, Two GREAT . Evil, AN IDEALIST's IDEAs of FAITH AND FANTASY. - - FAMoUs IMPosture, Story of A FICTION, RECENT . - - - - - - - Folk-LoRE TALEs of AMERICAN INDIANs FREE Discussion, THE MENACE To GENERALs, GREAT, IN BLUE AND GRAY . Gover NMENT, FUNCTIONS AND REVENUEs of HISTORICAL TREASURE TRove HoMER, THE SUCCEssoRs of . IsLAND PossEssions, OUR NEw JASPER PETULENGRo, THE FRIEND of KIPLING HystERIA, THE LANDoR, OLD-AGE LETTERs of “LEwis CARRoll,” of Won DERLAND . LITERARY LIFE, THE LITERARY STANDARDs Lowell AND HIs FRIENDs . - - - - MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATEs . . . Mon Roe, PRESIDENT, WRITINGs of . . . . MUSICAL MATTERs, AND OTHERs NEwsPAPER SCIENCE - - - - - - - - - OLD WoRLD, NEw EAST AND NEw SouTH of THE & PARNELL, IRISH PATRIOT AND NATIONALIST . PLAY, MoDERN, ILLUSTRATIONs of THE r" PLAY, THE “LITERARY " - - PoE, THE AMERICAN REJECTION OF PoETRY, RECENT . . . . . PoliticAL Tonic, A TIMELY . - - Roman EMPIRE, Two EPoCHs of THE RoMANCE, NEw PHASEs of THE . INDEX TO VOLUME XXVI. William A. Hammond Hiram M. Stanley G. M. R. Toose Ellen C. Hinsdale Anna B. McMahan . Josiah Renick Smith Charles A. Kofoid Melville B. Anderson Selim H. Peabody Charles H. Cooper - Charles Leonard Moore. William Morton Payne . Benjamin W. Wells . . J. F. A. Pyre . . . Arthur B. Woodford. B. A. Hinsdale - John J. Halsey . Hiram M. Stanley Caroline K. Sherman John Bascom . - B. A. Hinsdale . . . . . . William Morton Payne 123, 244, Frederick Starr - - - - Francis W. Shepardson. Maac West . . . . . James Oscar Pierce . Paul Shorey Ira M. Price . . . . Alfred Sumner Bradford Henry Austin . . . . . . Tuley Francis Huntington . R. W. Conant . . . . . Tuley Francis Huntington . Frederick Starr . . . . B. A. Hinsdale . - William Morton Payne . Hiram M. Stanley Edward E. Hale, Jr. Edward E. Hale, Jr. Charles Leonard Moore. - - William Morton Payne . . 50, Edward E. Hale, Jr. - - William Cranston Lawton . James O. Pierce . Pagº 359 193 44 187 391 46 363 387 238 196 267 330 37 48 151 360 115 iv. INDEX. page RUSKIN, EconoMICs AND PHILANTHRopy of . . . . . Maac West . . . . . . . . 396 RUSKIN, RossETTI. PRAERAPHAELITISM . Margaret Steele Anderson . . . 336 School, LEGISLATION For CITIES, RECENT B. A. Hinsdale . . . . . . 107 SELBoRNE, Lord, MEMORIALs of - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 149 SHAKESPEARE, SoME RECENT ILLUSTRATIONs of . . . Melville B. Anderson . . . . 11 SKEIN of MANY YARN's - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 SocIAL Movement, D1scussions of THE . C. R. Henderson . . . . . . 19 SocIETY AND HUMANITY, STUDIEs of . C. R. Henderson . . . . . . 398 STAGE or STUDY, FoR THE Edward E. Hale, Jr. . . . . 17 STATESMAN's RETRosPECT, A . - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 THEATRE, THE ENDowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 THEATRICAL CRITICISM, CURRENT Edward E. Hale, Jr. . . . . 119 TRAVEL IN MANY LANDS Ira M. Price . . . . . . . 156 UNDERGROUND RAILROAD, THE - Samuel Willard . . . . . . 112 WAR, Books of THE, A Round-UP of John J. Culver . . . . . . 272 WHITE MAN's PROBLEM, THE . . . . . . . . . E. M. Hopkins . . . . . . 308 WoRKER For THE INsANE, A DISTINGUIshed . . . . Richard Dewey . . . . . . 79 ANNOUNCEMENTs of SPRING Books, 1899 . 204 BRIEFs on NEw Books. BRIEFER MENTION LITERARY Notes . - - - Topics IN LEADING PERIodicals Lists of New Books . 23, 56, 86, 127, 158, 200, 246, 278, 311, 343, 373, 400 . . 60, 90, 131, 162, 203, 248,281, 314, 346, 376, 403 . 25, 61, 90, 132, 163,210, 249, 282, 314, 347, 377, 404 . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 91, 163, 250, 315 26, 61, 91, 133, 164,250, 282, 315, 348, 377, 404 AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED. Adams, G. B. European History Adams, H. C. Science of Finance - Altsheler, J. A. A Herald of the West . - Ames, J. S. Harper's Scientific Memoirs . 162, Andrews, E. B. Historical Development of Mod- ern Europe, Vol. II. . . . . . . . . . Andrews, S. J. Christianity and Anti-Christianity Ansorge, W. J. Under the African Sun Apthorp, W. F. By the Way - Arber, Edward. British Anthologies - - Armstrong-Hopkins, S. Within the Purdah . Arnold's Sweetness and Light, and Pater's Essay on Style, in “Miniature Series” . . . . Astrup, Eivind. With Peary Near the Pole . Austin, Alfred. Lamia's Winter Quarters Bache, R.M. Life of General Meade . Bacon, E. M. Historical Pilgrimages . . . . Baedeker's United States, second revised ed. 377, Bailey, L. H. Principles of Agriculture . . . Balch, Thomas. International Courts of Arbitration Balfour, Graham. Educational Systems of Great Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . Balzac's Works, “Centenary” edition Barron, Elwyn. Manders . - - - - - - Beale, Harriet S. B. Stories from Old Testament Beardsley, Aubrey. Second Book of Drawings Beddard, F. E. Structure of Birds . . . . Beerbohm, Max. More . . . . . Bell, Mackenzie. Pictures of Travel Belloc, Bessie R. Historic Nuns . . . . . . Bentley, C. S., and Scribner, F. K. Fifth of Nov- ember . . . . . . . . . . . . Bergerae, C. de. Voyage to the Moon . . . Besant, Sir Walter. The Pen and the Book. 143, . 282 | Brunetière, F. Manual of History of French Lit- page page . 403 || Besant, Sir Walter. South London . . . . . 161 . 153 || Besant, Sir Walter. The Changeling . . . . 126 124 || Bible, Revised Version, with American Preferences 23 314 Birrell, Augustine. Law of Copyright . . . . 346 Bismarck, Autobiography of . . . . . . . 8 87 | Black, Margaret M. R. L. Stevenson . . . . 58 199 || Blackburn, Vernon. Fringe of an Art . . . . 342 . 372 | Blair, Emma H. Catalogue of Newspaper Files . 132 . 341 | Blanc, Mme. Nouvelle - France et Nouvelle- . 250 Angleterre . . . . . . . . . . . 346 . 157 | Bloundelle-Burton, J. The Scourge of God . . 126 Bonsal, Stephen. The Fight for Santiago. . . 273 282 | Books I Have Read . . . . . . . . . . 377 . 345 Bosanquet, Mrs. Bernard. Standard of Life . . 399 . 203 || Botsford, George W. History of Greece . . . 376 . 304 || Boulger, Demetrius C. History of China . . . 48 162 | Bourget, Paul. Antigone . . . . . . . . 310 404 || Bradford's History of “Plimoth Plantation,” fac- 132 simile edition . . . . . . . . . . . 197 404 || Bragdon, C. F. Golden Person in the Heart . . 51 Briggs, Charles A. Study of Holy Scripture . . 313 . 117 | British Army, Social Life in the . . . . . . 160 . 376 Bronson, T. B. Scènes de Voyages de Victor Hugo 163 124 || Brooke, S. A. English Literature from Beginning 162 to Norman Conquest . - - - 391 || Brown, A. E. John Hancock, his Book . . . 24 . 246 Brown, W. H. On the South African Frontier 308, 371 . 402 || Browning, Robert, and Barrett, Elizabeth, Let- 55 ters of . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 203 || Browning's Works, “Camberwell” edition . . . .247 Brownlee, J. H. War-Time Echoes . . . . . .314 . 245 || Brunetière, F. Essays in French Literature . . 130 187 erature . . . . . 130 INDEX. - V. PAGE Buck, Gertrude. The Metaphor . . . . . . 404 Buckley, Arabella B. Fairy Land of Science, new edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Bugbee, L. G. Slavery in Early Texas, and Some Difficulties of a Texas Empresario . . 404 Bullen, F.T. Cruise of the Cachalot . 265 Burrows, Guy. Land of the Pigmies . . . . 158 Burton, Sir Richard. Jew, Gypsy, and El Islam 196 Butler, Samuel. Homer's Iliad - 60 Byrd, Mary E. Laboratory Manual in Astronomy 210 Caine, Hall. The Scapegoat, new edition . 210 Caird, Edward. University Addresses . . . 128 Caldwell, H. W. Studies in American History . . 132 California Club, The. War Poems, 1898 . . . 61 Call, R. E. Rafinesque's Ichthyologia Ohiensis . 376 Canfield, Arthur G. French Lyrics . . . . 133 Capes, Bernard. The Comte de la Muette 126 Card, Fred W. Bush-Fruits . . . . . . . 90 Carlin, Eva W. A Berkeley Year . . 282 Carlyle's Works, “Centenary” edition . 25, 377 Carpenter, Edward. Angels' Wings . 342 Carpenter, E. J. America in Hawaii . 248 Carpenter, F. I. Cox's Rhethoryke . . . . . 162 Carrington, FitzRoy. The Queen's Garland . . 90 Cawein, Madison. Idyllic Monologues . . . . 51 Century Magazine, Vol. LVI. . . . . . . 133 Cesaresco, Countess. Cavour . . . . 281 Chamberlain, Mellen. John Adams. - 162 Chambers, R. W. Ashes of Empire . . . 123 Channing, Edward. Students' History of the U.s. 60 Chapman, John Jay. Causes and Consequences. 76 Church, S. H. Oliver Cromwell, “Commemora- tion” edition - - - - - - 377 Claretie, Jules. Wicomte de Puyjoli . . 311 Clowes, W. L. The Royal Navy, Vol. III. 158 Coe, Charles H. Red Patriots . . . . . . 203 Colby, C. W. Selections from Sources of English History - - - - - - - - - - - - Coleman, Oliver. Successful Houses . 163 College Requirements in English . - . 156 Collingwood, S. D. Lewis Carroll . . . 191 Collinº, G. W., and cowley, A. E. Kautzsch's Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar . . . 59 Conway, Sir Martin. With Ski and Sledge . 156 Conybeare, F. C. The Dreyfus Case . 127 Cook, Theodore A. Rouen . . . . . . 345 Cooke, George W. John Sullivan Dwight . 341 Cooley, H. S. Slavery in New Jersey . . 210 Corelli, Marie. Modern Marriage Market . . 88 Costelloe, B. F. C., and Muirhead, J. H. Aristotle and the Earlier Peripatetics . . . . . 193 Crockett, Ingram. Beneath Blue Skies and Gray 276 Crockett, S. R. The Red Axe . . . . . . 126 Crook, James W. German Wage Theories . . 86 Crooker, J. H. Plea for Sincerity in Religious Thought . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Crowell, J. F. Logical Process of Social Devel- opment . . . . . . . . - . . 19 Crozier, John B. My Inner Life . 344 Cumulative Periodical Index . . . . . .393 Curtin, Jeremiah. Creation Myths of Primitive America . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Dana, C. A. Recollections of the Civil War . . 160 Dändliker, Karl. Short History of Switzerland . 248 Darwin, George H. Tides . . . . . . 401 Daudet, Léon. Alphonse Daudet . . . . . 242 Daudet's Works, Little, Brown, & Co.'s edition . 376 Davidson, John. Bargain Theory of Wages . . 21 page Davis, John D. Bible Dictionary . . . . . 130 Davis, R. H. Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns 273 Davis, W. M., and Snyder, W. H. Physical Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 De Burgh, A. Elizabeth, Empress of Austria . 344 DeKay, Charles. Bird Gods . - - - - 57 Devine, E. D. Economics . . . - - - 60 Dickens's Works, “Gadshill” edition . . . . 132 Dill, Samuel. Roman Society in the Last Cen- tury of the Western Empire . . . .307 Diósy, Arthur. The New Far East . . 370 Dix, Morgan. History of Trinity Parish . 128 Dixon, W. M. In the Republic of Letters . 375 Dobson, Austin. Miscellanies . . . . . . . 131 Dodd, Anna B. Cathedral Days, and In and Out of Three Normandy Inns, new editions. . 376 Dole, Nathan H. Mistakes We Make . . . . 25 Dole, N. H. Omar the Tentmaker . . . . . 245 Doumic, René. Contemporary French Novelists . 400 Dow, Arthur W. Composition . . . . . . .314 Doyle, A. Conan. Songs of Action . . . . . 55 Drummond, W. H. Phil-o-rum's Canoe . . . 54 Dunbar, J. B. Cooper's Last of the Mohicans . 132 Elizabeth and her German Garden . . . . 58 Elliot, D. G. Wild Fowl of the United States . 282 Emerson, O. F. Gibbon's Memoirs . . . 25 Empress, Martyrdom of an . . 344 Etiquette for Americans. . . . . . . . 313 Fisher, S. G. The True Benjamin Franklin . 203 Fitz, G. W. Martin's The Human Body . . . 131 FitzGerald's Rubaiyat, “Golden Treasury” edition 315 Fleming, W. H. How to Study Shakespeare. . 15 Fletcher, Horace. That Last Waif . . . . . 400 Ford, P. L. Writings of Jefferson, Vol. IX. . . 60 Ford, W. C. Washington's Farewell Address . 249 Foulke, W. D. Slav or Saxon, revised edition . 163 Francke, Kuno. Modern German Culture. . 161 Fraser, Campbell. Thomas Reid - - . 313 Fraser, Mrs. Hugh. Letters from Japan . . 371 Frederic, Harold. Return of the O’Mahony, newed. 314 Furness, H. H. Variorum Shakespeare, Vol. XI. 11 Gade, John A. Book Plates . . . . . 89 Gannon, Anna. Song of Stradella . . .277 Gardner, E. G. Dante's Ten Heavens . . . . 82 Garland, Hamlin. Life and Character of Grant . 25 Garland, Hamlin. Rose of Dutcher's Coolly, new ed. 347 Garnett, Richard. Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Garnett, R. Edward Gibbon Wakefield Garrison, W. P. The New Gulliver . . . . . 90 Gates, L. E. Three Studies in Literature. Geikie, James. Earth Sculpture . . . . . . Gell, Mrs. Lyttelton. The More Excellent Way 131 Giddings, F. H. Elements of Sociology - Gilder, R. W. In Palestine . . . . . . . 50 Gilman, D.C. University Problems 116 Girls' Schools, Work and Play in . . . . 118 Gladden, Washington. The Christian Pastor . 22 Godfrey, Elizabeth. Poor Human Nature 245 Goode, W. A. M. With Sampson through the was 273 Gordon, A. C. For Truth and Freedom Green, A. H. First Lessons in Geology . 132 Gregorovius, F. The Emperor Hadrian . 306 Gronlund, Laurence. The New Economy . . . 83 Grosvenor, E. A. Contemporary History of the World . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Guiney, Louise Imogen. England and Yesterday 53 Guiney, Louise I. Secret of Fougereuse . 311 vi. INDEX. Guthrie, W. D. Lectures on 14th Amendment . Guthrie, William N. A Booklet of Verse. Hale, E. E. Lowell and his Friends Hall, Newman, Autobiography of . . . . Halstead, Murat. Story of the Philippines Halstead, W. R. Christ in the Industries . Hambleton, C. J. A Gold Hunter's Experience. Hamilton, S. M. Writings of James Monroe Hamilton, Sir Edward W. Gladstone . Hammond, M. B. The Cotton Industry - Hancock, A. E. French Revolution and the English Poets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hardy, Thomas. Wessex Poems. . . . . Harkness, Albert. Complete Latin Grammar Hart, James M. Composition and Rhetoric Hastings, C. S., and Beach, F. E. Hay, Helen. Some Verses . . . . . Hearn, Lafcadio. Boy Who Drew Cats Hedin, Sven. Through Asia . . . . . Hemment, John C. Cannon and Camera . Henderson, C. R. Social Elements . Henderson, C. R. Social Settlements - Henderson, G. F. R. Stonewall Jackson . Henderson, W. J. How Music Developed Henderson, W. J. Orchestra and Orchestral Music Heron-Allen, E. Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. . Hewlett, Maurice. Earthwork out of Tuscany,2d ed. Hewlett, Maurice. Songs and Meditations Higginson, Ella. When Birds Go North Again . Higginson, T. W. Tales of the Enchanted Islands Hill, Constance. The Princess des Ursins. Hill, Mary. Margaret of Denmark . . . Hird, Frank. Cry of the Children . . . “Hobbes, John Oliver.” The Ambassador . Hobson, R. P. Sinking of the “Merrimac" . Hobson, J. A. John Ruskin, Social Reformer Hoffman, F. S. The Sphere of Science Holland, W. J. The Butterfly Book Horsmonden School “Budget,” Reprint of . Hovey, Richard. Along the Trail - Hovey, Richard. Launcelot and Guenevere - Houghton, Mifflin & Co.'s Catalogue of Authors . Howard, O. O. Fighting for Humanity Howe, Julia Ward. From Sunset Ridge Howe, M. A. DeWolfe. American Bookmen. Howe, M. A. DeWolfe. Memory of Lincoln. Hoyt, D. L. The World's Painters . . . . . Huddilston, J. H. Attitude of Greek Tragedians toward Art . . . . . . . . . . . . Hume, Martin A. S. Spain . . . . . . Hume, M. A. S. The Great Lord Burghley . Huneker, James. Mezzotints in Modern Music . Hutchinson, Woods. Gospel according to Darwin Hutton, R. H. Religious and Scientific Thought . Hyne, Cutcliffe. Through Arctic Lapland Hyslop, James H. Democracy . . . . . . Jacobs, Joseph. Story of Geographical Discovery Janes, Lewis G. Our Nation's Peril - - Johnson, Clifton. Don Quixote . . . . . . Johnson, R. Brimley. Eighteenth Century Letters Johnson, R. Brimley. Modern Plays - Johnston, W. D. Annoted Catalog Cards. Jokai, Maurus. A Hungarian Nabob Jokai, Maurus. The Nameless Castle . Jones, Henry A. The Physician . . . Jones, Henry A. The Rogue's Comedy Jordan, Charlotte B. Mother-Song . Jordan, D. S. Foot-Notes to Evolution General Physics 274 2so PAGE 90 . 276 . 367 . 156 . 274 . 199 210 . 333 . 130 86 281 . 274 . 132 , 347 346 278 90 44 84 247 . 302 . 339 340 90 249 . 275 52 88 . 375 . 346 . 400 . 269 . 272 . 396 . 162 . 267. . 314 . 276 17 347 . 274 52 . 374 , 249 132 202 . 312 . 278 340 25 314 . 157 278 282 163 249 373 334 25 . 310 . 309 . 376 . 280 25 Pagºg Kelly, James F. Spanish Literature . 86 Kennan, George. Campaigning in Cuba . 273 King, Grace. . De Soto in Florida - - . 162 Kingsley, Mary H. West African Studies . 372 Knackfuss' Monographs on Artists, English edition 249 Knapp, W. I. Life of George Borrow . . . . 363 Krehbiel, H. E. Music and Manners in the Clas- sical Period. . . . . . . . . . . .339 Kuhns, Oscar. Cyrano de Bergerac. - . 314 Lagerlöf, Selma. Miracles of Antichrist . . 310 Lagerlöf, Selma. Story of Gösta Berling . . 310 Lala, R. R. The Philippine Islands . . . . . .394 Langlois, Ch. V., and Seignobos, Ch. Introduction to Study of History . . . . . . . 118 Lanier, Sidney. Music and Poetry . . 338 Lanier, Sidney. Retrospects and Prospects . 404 Larned, W. C. Rembrandt . . . . . . 246 Larpenteur, Chas. Forty Years a Fur Trader . . 201 Latimer, Elizabeth W. Scrap-Book of the French Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Laughton, J. K. Life of Henry Reeve. . 374 Lavignac, Albert. Music and Musicians . . . 343 Lawler, John. Book Auctions in England in the 17th Century . . . . . . . . . 374 Lawrence, R. M. Magic of the Horse-shoe 57 Lawton, W. C. New England Poets . 127 Lawton, W. C. Successors of Homer . . . . 78 Lecky, W. E. H. Democracy and Liberty, 2d ed. 131 Lee, Albert. Key of the Holy House . . . . 245 Lee, Sidney. Life of Shakespeare . . . . . 14 Leudet, Maurice. Emperor of Germany at Home . 200 Levy, Florence N. American Art Annual. . 314 Library Journal, General Index to the . 202 Little, A. J. Through the Yangtse Gorges. . 157 Lloyd, H. D. Labor Copartnership . . . . . 22 Lodge, George C. Song of the Wave . . . . .51 Lord, Eleanor L. Industrial Experiments in Brit- ish Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Lovewell, Bertha E. Life of St. Cecilia 132 Lowe, Martha P. The Immortals - 277 Lowndes, M. E. Michel de Montaigne . . . 60 Lucas, E. W. Charles Lamb and the Lloyds . . 311 Lucas, Fred W. The Zeno Annals . - - 240 Maartens, Maarten. Her Memory 125 Machray, Robert. Grace O'Malley . 126 Maclachan, T. Banks. Mungo Park. 57 Macmillan's English Classics . . . . . . . 61 Madden, D. H. Diary of Master William Silence 12 Maeterlinck, Maurice. Three Plays. - . 336 Manners, Robert. Cuba and Other Verse . 61 Marillier, H. C. Early Work of Beardsley 391 Marshall, Edward. Story of Rough Riders 273 Masson, Rosalie. Pollok and Aytoun . . . . 403 McCarthy, Justin. England in the 19th Century 400 McCarthy, J. H. Short History of the U. S. . 280 McLaughlin, A. C. History of American Nation 404 McQuilkin, A. H. Asheville Pictures and Pencil- lings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Mead, E. C. Historic Homes of Virginia . . . 87 Meredith, George. Odes in Contribution to the Song of French History . . . . . . . 55 Merrill, F. J. H. Guide to Geological Collections of New York State Museum . . . . . . 163 Meynell, Alice. The Spirit of Place . 403 Miley, J. D. In Cuba with Shafter. . . 272 Mivart, St. George. Groundwork of Science . . 161 Molenaer, S. P. De Regimine Principium . 314 Monthly Cumulative Book Index. 25 INDEX, vii. PAGE Moody, W. W. Milton's Works, Cambridge ed. . 403 Moore, Benjamin. Elementary Physiology . . 249 More, Paul E. Century of Indian Epigrams . . 54 Morris, Charles. Our Island Empire . . . . 395 Morris, Charles. Spanish Historical Tales . . 61 Morris, Charles. The War with Spain . . . . 274 Morris, W. O'Connor. Great Campaigns of Nelson 89 Morris, William. Art and the Beauty of Earth . 249 Morris, Wm., and Wyatt, A. J. Tale of Beowulf 50 Morton, Agnes H. Our Conversational Circle . 25 Moses, Bernard. Democracy and Social Growth in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Moulton, R. G. Bible Stories . . . . . . . 162 Muirhead, J. F. The Land of Contrasts . . . 56 Murison, A. F. Sir William Wallace . . 130 Musgrove, Charles M. The Dream Beautiful . .276 Newcomb, H. T. Railway Economics . . . . 89 Newcomer, A. G. Elements of Rhetoric . . . 129 Nichols, A. B. Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm . 163 Noa, F. M. Pearl of the Antilles . . . . . .395 O’Brien, R. Barry. Life of Parnell . . . . . 74 Ober, F. A. Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . .279 Old South Leaflets . . . . . . . . . . 132 Ostrovsky, Alexander. The Storm . . . . . . 335 Oxenham, John. God's Prisoner . . . . 245 Palmer, Roundell, Earl of Selborne. Memorials. 149 Parker, Gilbert. Battle of the Strong . . . . 125 Parker, J. H. The Gatlings at Santiago . . . 272 Parker, W. B. Religion of Kipling . . . . . .314 Peabody, F. G. Afternoons in a College Chapel. 203 Peabody, Josephine P. The Wayfarers 277 Peck, Charles H. The Jacksonian Epoch . . . 343 Peck, Harry T. Trimalchio's Dinner . . . . 159 Peixotto, E. C. Ten Drawings in Chinatown . . 88 Pemberton, Max. The Phantom Army. . . . 245 Perry, Lilla Cabot. Impressions . . . . . . 53 Phillimore, Catherine M. Dante at Ravenna. . 82 Phipson, T. L. Voice and Violin. . . . . 341 Pollock, Sir Frederick. Spinoza, second edition. 314 Potter, Bishop. Addresses to Women Engaged in Church Work . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Proal, Louis. Political Crime . . . . . . . 20 Prothero, R. E., and Coleridge, E. H. Works of Byron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 “Raimond, C. E.” The Open Question . . . 244 Ramsay, Sir J. H. Foundations of England . . 159 Rathborne, A. B. Camping and Tramping in Malaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ratzel, Friedrich. History of Mankind, Vol. III. 402 Rauschenbusch-Clough, Emma. Mary Wollstone- craft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repplier, Agnes. Philadelphia . . . . . . 88 Rettger, L. J. Studies in Advanced Physiology. 248 Rhead, George and Louis. Idylls of the King . 87 Rice, Wallace. Flying Sands . - - - Rice, Wallace. Poems of Francis Brooks . . . 53 Riis, Jacob A. Out of Mulberry Street . . . 399 Rivers, G. R. R. The Count's Snuff-Box . . . 124 Robertson, Sir George S. Chitral . . . . . 157 Robinson, A. G. Porto Rico of To-day . . . 279 Robinson, Harriet H. Loom and Spindle . . . 127 Robinson, J. H., and Rolfe, H. W. Petrarch . . 373 Rocca, Count E. D. Autobiography of a Veteran 281 Romero, Matias. Mexico and the U. S., Vol. I. . 243 Ropes, J. C. The Civil War, Vol. II. . . . . 151 Rose, W. K. With the Greeks in Thessaly . . 158 Rosenfeld, Morris. Songs from the Ghetto . . 54 Rossetti,W. M. Ruskin, Rossetti, Preraphaelitism 336 PAGE Rouse, W. H. D. History of Rugby School . . 116 Royce, Josiah. Studies of Good and Evil . . . 121 Runciman, J. F. Old Scores and New Readings 342 Russell, Frank. Explorations in the Far North .314 Russell, I. C. Rivers of North America . . . 129 Russell, James E. German Higher Schools . . 116 Russell, Lady, Memoirs of . . . . . . . . 246 Saint-Amand, I. de. Court of the Second Empire 131 Sanborn, F. B. Memoirs of Pliny Earle . . . 79 Sanders, George A. Reality . . . . . . . 22 Sanderson, Edgar. History of the World . . . 126 Sands, B. F. Reefer to Rear-Admiral . . . . . 375 Savage, Philip Henry. Poems. . . . . . . .276 Scollard, Clinton. A Christmas Garland . . . 52 Scott, Duncan C. Labor and the Angel . . . 54 Scott, William. Rock Villages of the Riviera . . 313 Scott's Works, “Temple” edition . 25,249, 377 Scudder, Vida D. Social Ideals in English Letters 246 Sears, Lorenzo. Literary Criticism . . . 60 Seklemian, A. G. The Golden Maiden . . . . 24 Seligman, E. R. A. Shifting and Incidence of Taxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Sergyeenko, P. A. How Tolstoy Lives and Works 346 Shaw, Bernard. The Perfect Wagnerite . . . .342 Shaylor, Joseph. Pleasures of Literature . . . 60 Shearman, T. G. Natural Taxation, enlarged ed. 22 Shepard, Irwin. National Educational Association Proceedings for 1898 . . . . . . . . 123 Siebert, W. H. The Underground Railroad . . 112 Sienkiewicz, Henryk. Sielanka . . . . . . 310 Sigsbee, C. D. The “Maine” . . 272 Smith, E. Franklin. Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Smith, Eleanor. Songs of Life and Nature . . . 60 Smith, G. A. Life of Henry Drummond . . . 154 Smith, Pamela C. Color Prints . . . . . . 131 Smithsonian Institution Report for 1896 . . . 267 Smithsonian Institution, Report of Board of Re- gents for 1896–97 . . . . . . . . . 332 Sombart, Werner. Socialism and the Social Move- ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Spanish-American War, by Eye-Witnesses. . . 274 Sparks, F. E. Causes of Maryland Revolution of . 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Spears, J. R. Our Navy in the War with Spain . 273 Starr, Frederick. American Indians . . . . 132 Statham, H. Heathcote. Architecture among the Poets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 Steevens, G. W. With Kitchener to Khartum . . 128 Stephen, Leslie. Studies of a Biographer . . . 46 Stephens, R. N. The Road to Paris . . . . 124 Stetson, Charlotte P. Women and Economics . 85 Stillman, W. J. Union of Italy . . . . 159 Stockton, Frank R. The Associate Hermits . . 124 Stoddard, C. W. Cruise under the Crescent . . 158 Stone, W.J. Use of Classical Metres in English . 210 Strobel, E. H. The Spanish Revolution . . . . 248 Strunk, W., Jr. Dryden's Essays on the Drama . 121 : Sturgis, Julian. A Boy in the Peninsular War . . 280 Suffolk and Berkshire, Earl of, Encyclopædia of Sport, Vol. II. . . . . . . . . . . . .345 Sullivan, E. J. Carlyle's Sartor Resartus. . . 89 Syle, L. Dupont. Essays in Dramatic Criticism . 119 Symonds, J. A. Sketches and Studies, new ed. 60, 250 Symons, Arthur. Aubrey Beardsley . 391 Talbot, E. S. Degeneracy . . . . . . . 312 Tarelli, Charles Camp. Persephone . . . . . 56 Taylor, F. G. Introduction to Calculus . 314 viii. INDEX. page Taylor, Hannis. English Constitution, Vol. II. . 15 “Temple Classics” . . . 249,282,314, 346 Thackeray's Works, “Biographical" edition 59, 89,248, 314, 327 Thomas, Augustus. Alabama . . . . . . . . 402 Thomas, D. M. Day-Book of Wonders, 2d edition 282 Thomas, Grace P. Where to Educate . . . . 131 Thompson, Sylvanus P. Faraday . . . . . 345 Torrey, Bradford. A World of Green Hills . . 59 Toynbee, Paget. Dante Dictionary . . . . . 81 Tschudi, Clara. Marie Antoinette . . . . . 23 Wan Noppen, L. C. Wondel's Lucifer . . . . 58 Werhaeren, Emile. The Dawn . . . . . . 336 Vibart, Edward. The Sepoy Mutiny . . . . 200 Vincent, Leon H. The Bibliotaph . . . . 24 Vivian, T. J., and Smith, R. P. Everything about Our New Possessions . . . . . . . 395 Wace, Henry. Sacrifice of Christ . . . . . 199 Walker, Francis A. Discussions in Education . 115 Wallace, Alfred R. The Wonderful Century . 130 Ward, Mrs. Humphry. New Forms of Christian Education . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Warman, Cy. Story of the Railroad . . . . 281 Waterman, Nixon. Ben King's Verse . . . . 53 Watson, H. B. Marriott. The Adventurers . . 126 Webb, Sidney and Beatrice. Problems of Modern Industry . . . . . 22 Welldon, J. E. E. Hope of Immortality . Wells, B. W. Century of French Fiction. Wenley, R. N. Preparation for Christianity. MISCELLANEOUS. Airs of Spring. Poem. John Vance Cheney . . 301 Anti-Expansion Literature, Recent . - - - “Barbara Freitchie,” An English Version of. J. G. M. . - - - - - - - - - - - Bond and Free. Poem. W. C. Lawton . . . 329 Book Distribution: A Suggestion. W. H. Johnson 43 Boutell, Louis Henry, Death of . . . . . . 90 Boyd, Rev. A. K. H., Death of . . . . . . 210 “Cambridge” Tennyson, Notes to the. W. J. Rolfe 72 Central Modern Language Association, Nebraska Meeting of. - - Collegiate Alumnae, Association of, “Magazine Number” . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Critics, What Are They For? E. E. Slosson . 111 “Death to the Spanish Yoke.” Alexander Jessup 148 Erckmann, Emile, Death of . . . . - 249 Free Speech, Right of. W. H. Johnson. . . 363 Goethe Monument in Strassburg, The Proposed. James Taft Hatfield . . . . . . . . . 8 History, Machine Theory of. James F. Morton . 190 Japan, Renaissances in. Ernest W. Clement . . 147 Japanese, What They Read. Ernest W. Clement 301 Kipling, Suit of, against G. P. Putnam's Sons . . 347 Kipling's “Cynical Jingoism” toward the Brown Man. Henry Wysham Lanier . . . . . . 389 Lampman, Archibald, Death of . . . . . . 133 Lee, Sidney, Sonnet by Professor Dowden to . . 26 “Literature,” American edition of . . . . . 91 Man-Poet, Passing of the. Philister . . . . . 329 “Man-Poet,” the, Is he Passing 2 S. E. B. . . 362 Mason, Edward Gay, Death of . . . . . . 7 W. H. Carruth . . . . 43. Weston, Jessie L. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 25 Wheeler, Joseph. The Santiago Campaign 272 Wheeler, Stephen. Letters of Landor . . 305 White, E. R. Songs of Good Fighting . . . . .277 Whiting, Lilian. From Dreamland Sent, new ed. 314 Whittaker, J. T. Exiled for Lêse Majeste . 125 Wilcox, Marrion. Short History of War with Spain 274 Wilkinson, F. Story of the Cotton Plant . 163 Willert, P. F. Mirabeau . . . . . . . 202 Willoughby, W. F. Workingmen's Insurance 21 Willoughby, W. W. American Citizenship 281 Wilson, David. Mr. Froude and Carlyle . 312 Wilson, R. B. Shadows of the Trees 275 Winslow, L. Forbes. Mad Humanity 313 With Bought Swords. - - - - 125 Witte, Karl. Essays on Dante . . . 82 Woods, Robert A. The City Wildernes 399 Wright, C. D. Practical Sociology . . . . . .399 Wright, C. D. Statesman's Year-Book, 1899 376 Wyckoff, W. A. The Workers in the West . . .399 Wyndham, George. Poems of Shakespeare 14 Yamada, K. Scenes in Life of Buddha . 60 Yarnall, Ellis. Wordsworth and the Coleridges . 401 Younghusband, G. J. Philippines and Round About 394 Modern Language Association, Virginia Meeting of. Thomas S. Baker . . . . . . . . . . 42 Nursery Classics, American Variants of. Charles Welsh. . . . . . . . . . . 189 Philippine Question, Free Discussion of the. David Starr Jordan . . . . . . . . . 390 Pinnace, The White. Poem. Katharine Lee Bates 8 Poe Again. Charles Leonard Moore. . . 236 “Poe, American Rejection of,” Some Causes of. Caroline Sheldon . . . . . . . . . . 110 Poe, Is he “Rejected” in America? John L. Hervey 73 Poe, Was he Mathematically Accurate 2 Albert H. Tolman . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Poe, Why Is He “Rejected” in America? A. C. Barrows . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Poetry, A Philistine View of. Wallace Rice . . 362 Publisher's Protest, A. Alfred Nutt. . . . . .300 Sampson at Santiago.— A Correction. W. A. M. Goode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 School Legislation for Large Cities and Small. Aaron Gove . . . . . . . . - . 147 Scorn Not the Ass. W. R. K. . . . . . . 390 Scouts of Spring. Sonnet. Emily Huntington Miller 237 Shakespeare. Sounet. Edith C. Banfield. . 72 Shorey, Daniel Lewis, Death of . . . . . . 211 Spirit of Song. Poem. Clinton Scollard . . 389 Sullivan, William K., Death of . . . . . 90 Tennyson Bibliographies. Albert E. Jack . . 329 Thackeray and the American Newspapers. Emily Huntington Miller . . . . . . . . . 73 University of Chicago College for Teachers 19 THE DIAL % $tmi-ſāontbig 3ournal of 3Littrarg Criticism, HBigtuggian, amb Information. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month. TERMs or SUBscRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Merico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTANCEs should be by draft, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATEs to CLUBs and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; and SAMPLE Copy on receipt of 10 cents. AdvKRTIsING RATEs furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. No. 301. JANUARY 1, 1899. Vol. XXVI. CONTENTS. - PAGB THE DISTRIBUTION OF BOOKS . . . . . . 5 EDWARD GAY MASON . . . . . . . . . . THE WHITE PINNACE. (Poem.) Katharine Lee Bates COMMUNICATION . . . . The Proposed Goethe Monument in Strassburg, James Taft Hatfield. A STATESMAN'S RETROSPECT. E. G. J. . . . 8 SOME RECENT ILLUSTRATIONS OF SHAKE- SPEARE. Melville B. Anderson . . . . . . 11 The Winter's Tale, variorum edition. — Madden's The Diary of Master William Silence.—Wyndham's The Poems of Shakespeare. —Lee's A Life of Will- iam Shakespeare.—Fleming's How to Study Shake- speare. THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION. John J. Halsey 15 FOR THE STAGE OR THE STUDY. Edward E. Hale, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . 17 DISCUSSIONS OF THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL, C. R. Henderson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Crowell's The Logical Process of Social Progress. – Moses' Democracy and Social Growth in America.- Proal's Political Crime. —Willoughby's Working- men's Insurance. —Davidson's The Bargain Theory of Wages.— Lloyd's Labor Copartnership.–Webb's Problems of Modern Industry.—Shearman's Natural Taxation, enlarged edition.— Miss Lord's Industrial Experiments in the British Colonies of North Amer- ica. —Sander's Reality.— Gladden's The Christian Pastor and the Working Church. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . 23 A new life of Marie Antoinette.- A new reference Bible.—Folk-tales of Armenia.-Literary essays in lighter vein.—A Boston merchant in colonial days.- The latest biographer of General Grant.— A popular treatment of Darwinism.-The revival of a lost art. LITERARY NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS . . . . . LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . . . 26 - - - - - - - - - 26 THE DISTRIBUTION OF BOOKS. Once more the plaint of the bookseller is heard in the land, and one would be indeed stony-hearted who could view his condition without concern. His occupation is slipping from him, through the action of irresistible economic laws, and the thoughtless public pays little heed to his plight. The great dealers in miscellaneous merchandise are slowly but surely absorbing the retail trade in books, and, not content to supply the customers who can come to their vast stores, are reaching out, by adver- tisements and other devices, to get possession of the customers who have hitherto supported the booksellers of the smaller towns. The old- fashioned type of bookseller is by way of join- ing the dodo and the megathesium, just as the old-fashioned college president, and the all- around lawyer, and the general medical prac- titioner, are passing from the places that soon shall know them no more. It is a melancholy sight for those who cling to old ways and old institutions, but “there is no help for these things,” as the poet has it, and we must learn to adapt ourselves to the new conditions. The quiet and venerable scholar who formerly ruled over his college as a world apart has given place to the energetic young man of business instincts and capacity for advertising his institution; the professional man in whose hands you once placed your case, whatever it might be, with- confidence that he would know how to deal with it, has given place to the specialist who nine times out of ten wouldn't understand your case at all. And, coming to the point of our pres- ent theme, the bookseller who used to think fifty per cent not too large a profit upon his wares, considering that he offered as a bonus his good advice and genial friendship, has given place to the merchant who can wax fat upon ten per cent, or less, of profit, but is too busy to have either advice or friendship to spare for you. It is evident that the entire business of the distribution of books is just now in a transition state, and that its immediate condition is dis- tressing, or at least has distressing features, to the more conservative and thoughtful part of the public. We are inclined to believe, as will be suggested later on, that this transition state 6 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, is not altogether unpromising for the future, and that the outcome may be of a nature not inimical to the best interests of culture. But the present condition of affairs is an unques- tionable hardship for the bookseller, who is a middleman, and who is bound to suffer from the general and undiscriminating onslaught upon middlemen which is characteristic of the existing economic situation. As the organiza- tion of business becomes more and more com- plete, it is inevitable that the profits of the middleman should be reduced, and the more compact social arrangements toward which we are tending must mean for the bookseller, as for so many others, a sharper struggle for ex- istence than he has heretofore been called upon to make. One of the experiments most ominous to the bookseller is that recently made by a pub- lishing house which advertises broadcast its willingness to send any of its publications to any address upon the receipt of a postal card re- quest, trusting to the honesty of the prospective purchaser either to return the book or to pay for it. This plan shows a remarkable confi- dence in human nature — at least in the human nature of the book-buying public — and we shall be much interested to learn how successful it proves. Its general adoption by publishers would tend to eliminate retail bookselling from the list of business occupations. Still another experiment of which the bookseller makes com- plaint is that of selling books of the more ex- pensive sort upon the instalment plan, the entire work being delivered upon receipt of the order and the first payment. This method of depleting the book-buyer's purse has long found favor with the publishers of works sold by subscription, and now certain publishers of the regular sort seem inclined to see what they can do with it. Such experiments as these, and others that might be mentioned, are extremely interesting to the economist, and both interest- ing and enjoyable to those tradesmen who profit by them directly, but they are “death to the frogs,” who may be excused for croaking rather more vociferously than usual at the ingenious devices of which they are victims. Still another onslaught upon the bookseller's peace of mind, an onslaught so unexpected and so startling that it left him gasping for breath, was that made a few months ago by Librarian Dewey, who calmly proposed that the public libraries throughout the country should become book-selling as well as book-circulating agen- cies. In other words, he proposed to sweep the private bookseller out of existence as completely as his namesake swept out of existence the Spanish fleet at-Manila. Booksellers have always looked askance at public libraries, not understanding how they create an appetite for reading that is sure in the end to redound to the bookseller's advantage, but their suspicious fears never anticipated the explosion in their camp of such a bombshell as this. Fortunately for them, the suggestion was not taken very seriously by those to whom it was made, its flavor of state socialism being too strong for the public mind, even in the lax and receptive con- dition to which that mind has become reduced of recent years. If the state or the municipality were to go into the business of selling books at cost, what should prevent it from doing the like with groceries? All these insidious devices for supplanting the bookseller must be met, if they are to be met at all, by the more effective organization of his trade. The most promising suggestion put for- ward in his behalf has been “made in Germany,” or rather practised there, and explained to En- glish readers by Professor J. G. Robertson in a recent number of “Literature.” “So com- plete is the organization,” we are informed, of the German retail bookselling trade, “that a publisher can rely on having whatever special treatises he may undertake to publish brought directly under the eyes of every scholar'in the country who is in the least likely to become a purchaser, and this without any trouble or expense for advertising on his part. Every retail bookseller, even in the smallest German town, is, thanks to the excellence of the German system, in a position to send, and, as a matter of course, does send, his customers copies on approbation (Exemplare zur Ansicht) of all new books in which they are interested.” Com- pare such a practice with that of the American bookseller, whose utmost effort in this direction is to send to his customers a classified list of all the publications of the month, leaving the cus- tomers to hunt out the titles that seem attract- ive, and to order the books on the chances of their proving satisfactory. If our booksellers would coöperate in such fashion as this with our publishers, there would be small danger of the publishers’ resorting to ingenious methods for the elimination of the booksellers from the field of competition. Or rather, there would no longer be any real competition between the two classes, but a relation of mutual helpfulness that would impel each of them to cherish the interests of the other. . - 1899.] THE DIAL 7 We said, early in this discussion, that the future of bookselling does not seem to us, on the whole, unpromising. Beyond such special suggestions, as have already been made and that might be made, looking toward an improved organization and a closer coöperation, there is the broad general fact that the appetite for books is constantly growing among our popu- lation. The increasing importance of books as a part of the household furnishings is a phenom- enon that cannot fail to attract the attention of all observers. The sort of household that, a generation ago, had only a few nondescript vol- umes piled away upon the shelf of some closet now has a neat and well-filled bookcase. The household that then had a few shelves now has as many cases. They may be cheap books— but books they are—and the proportion among them of really good literature is surprising. This seems to be an entirely natural develop- ment, and the time is coming when reading- matter will be as staple a commodity as gro- ceries, and as necessary for the daily needs. Nor will these needs be supplied, in the long run, by newspapers and magazines, or by the providence of the public libraries. These things merely create an appetite which nothing but books can eventually satisfy. It is folly, then, to assume that bookstores will be lacking to satisfy this appetite for the possession of liter- ature, since the book-buyer, as a rule, wants to inspect his books before buying, and the retail trade in books is as sure of customers as the retail trade in eggs and poultry. That trade, we have not the least doubt, will emerge tri- umphant from its seeming temporary eclipse, but it will be adapted to the new conditions, it will be reorganized to meet the new demands, and it will be willing to find in its larger sales a compensation for its lessened percentage of profit. EDTWARD GAY MASON. In the death of Edward Gay Mason, on the eighteenth of December, THE DIAL lost a valued contributor, and Chicago one of its most distin- guished citizens. Men of his type are not common in any community, and are rare indeed in such a place as Chicago, where the hitherto all-important spirit of commercialism is but just beginning to recognize the claims of other than business interests upon the life of man. It was in this city that Mr. Mason, a native of Connecticut, lived for nearly forty of the best years of the fifty-nine allotted him. And it is this city alone that realizes to the full the loss that comes from his untimely taking-off. The outside world heard of him from time to time as an eminent lawyer, as a member of the governing body of Yale University, and as a specialist in American history. Chicago knew him continuously and intimately, as the active friend of all worthy enterprises, as an intel- lectual force in the society of which he was a part, as a good citizen in the highest sense of the term. As a leader of the Chicago bar, as a controlling spirit in the higher club life of the city, as a brilliant public speaker upon occasions both formal and informal, his memory will fade as those who knew him in these activities pass from the stage. But one monument, at least, remains to keep his memory green — and that is the impressive building of the Chicago Histori- cal Society, which, with its rich collection of books and manuscripts, of portraits and autographs, relat- ing to the early Northwest, is a memorial of his zeal as a collector, his enthusiasm as a student, and his power to enlist the aid of his fellows in giving per- manent embodiment to a fine conception. He was by no means the only man deserving of remembrance in this connection, but for a score of years past his was the leading spirit in the common endeavor of the members of the Society to bring together for future historians the mass of material now contained within the fine structure in Dearborn Avenue. Since the Society had, upon two occasions in its earlier days, lost all of its collections by fire, he was determined to make a third disaster of the sort impossible, and it was due to his insistence upon this point that the permanent home of the organization is a building into whose construction nothing combustible enters, a building fireproof in the literal sense of the word. As a writer, Mr. Mason never found time to do the work that it was in him to perform. His publica- tions take the fugitive form of such papers and pamphlets as “The March of the Spaniards across Illinois,” “Old Fort Chartres,” “Illinois in the Eighteenth Century,” “Kaskaskia and its Parish Records,” and many other titles. Some years ago he was commissioned by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. to write the history of “Illinois” for the “American Commonwealths” series, and accepted the task. No man was better equipped for this work, and it is cause for deep regret that he should not have lived to complete it: A portion of the manuscript exists, and it is possible that the work is sufficiently advanced to make its completion by another hand a work of no great difficulty. If this be the case, no time should be lost in carrying out the plan, and in utilizing whatever it still be possible to utilize of the material collected by him. If, more particularly, the portion of the work substantially completed covers the early period of Illinois history, with which no other man was so competent to deal, it should not be a matter of great difficulty to supply chapters upon the later period, and thus bring the work down to our own times. The performance of this task would be the best possible service to his memory, besides making an important contribution to Amer- ican historical literature. 8 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, THE WHITE PINNACE. [IN MEMORY or MARY sheldon BARNEs.] “And nowe being here mored in Port Desire.” Ho, the White Pinnace! the Foam-white Pinnace! Blithe and free as the seagull's wing! A-leap to discover the dim seas over Lovelier lands than the poets sing. Ho, the White Pinnaceſ the Joy-bright Pinnace! The blue wave creams at her eager blow. 'Tis well with the sail that hears her hail, And sees her pass like a flight of snow. Ho, the White Pinnace! the Dove-white Pinnace! Tender for rock and fragile for gale! Her Indies rise where to mortal eyes Is only the mid-sea moonshine pale. Ah, the White Pinnace! the Moon-light Pinnace! Trembling from view in that strange white fire! Yet mariners know, where God's tides flow, And only there, lies Port Desire. KATHARINE LEE BATEs. COMMUNICATION. THE PROPOSED GOETHE MONUMENT IN STRASSBURG. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) The year 1899 brings with it the 150th anniversary of Goethe's birth. An influential German committee, under the protectorate of the Grand Duke Carl Alex- ander of Weimar, has invited not only the inhabitants of Alsace, German students, and patriotic Germans in general, but also people of culture everywhere who acknowledge a debt to the great author, to lend their aid toward erecting a statue of “the young Goethe" in Strassburg. The project is progressing steadily, and already more than 12,000 marks have been subscribed in Germany. Many Americans recall with great pleasure the very active interest and participation shown by a number of the most influential professors and scholars of Berlin last year at the time when our students instituted a celebra- tion of Lowell's birthday, an interest which carried the project to a distinct success which it could not have hoped for otherwise. Doubtless many who have responded to the idyllic charm of Goethe's imperishable Sesenheim idyl, who recall that “Goetz” and “Faust” were planned while the poet was a student at Strassburg, and who have had pleasure in his delightful descriptions of that city and Alsace, will be glad to add some share to the noble and substantial tribute which is to be erected. To give Americans this opportunity, an American committee has been named, to assist in making the plan known, and to receive any contributions, however small, which are in- spired by the idea. The committee consists of Professor Kuno Francke of Harvard University, Professor Horatio S. White of Cornell University, and the undersigned. Contributions can be sent directly to any member of the committee, or to Messrs. Ladenburg, Thalmann & Co., bankers, 46 Wall Street, New York City. JAMES TAFT HATFIELD. Evanston, Illinois, Dec. 24, 1898. Čbe #tto $ochs. A STATESMAN’S RETROSPECT.” Bismarck's autobiography, at last before us, is a better book than Dr. Busch's discouraging forecast led us to expect. Doubtless Busch foresaw in it, or fancied that he foresaw, a dangerous rival of his own performance; and, not being bred in a school of over-scrupulosity, he did not hesitate to brand by innuendo the impending competitor in advance as a dull book. He might have spared himself the trouble. The work is of a quite different cast and genre from his own racy and scandal- mongering volumes, and so is not likely to enter into, or at least to remain long in, competition with them. One cannot imagine Dr. Johnson writing an autobiography, however good, that would have supplanted Boswell's book; and what Boswell did for the lexicographer, Busch has done, in a comparatively limited way of course, for the great Chancellor. Bismarck's book is essentially one for the student of po- litical history, who wants clews and explana- tions, and cares little for the lighter matters of personality and anecdote. It is a complete key to the Bismarckian system of politics (if a scheme so tempered or alloyed with opportun- ism can properly be called a system), as car- ried into practice during the period of its hold- er's ascendency in Prussian counsels. There need in the future be no debate as to why the masterful Chancellor acted so or so in this or that important political juncture. Such doubts are now solved for us in the most authoritative way. Of narrative proper the autobiography contains but little. It presupposes in the reader a competent knowledge of the events of which it supplies, in so far as the author's own share in them went, the rationale. Those who look to it mainly for the spectacle of a discarded and embittered statesman indulging his turn for satire at the expense of his whilom foes will be disappointed. Compared with Busch's examples of the Chancellor's ordinary manner of speech, these two volumes seem even elabo- rately circumspect in phrase and temperate in judgment. What the deferred third and con- cluding volume, in which the present Emperor is to be brought upon the scene, may develop, *Bismarck, the Man and the Statesman: Being the Re- flections and Reminiscences of Otto, Prince von Bismarck. Written and dictated by himself. Translated from the Ger- man under the supervision of A. J. Butler. In two volumes, with portraits. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1899.] THE DIAL 9 we can only conjecture. But in the present instalment of the memoirs there seems to be little that “ Herr Lehmann " himself, the touchiest of created mortals (if one may ven- ture to call Him mortal) can take umbrage at — which must be a comfort to the judicious editor, Herr Kohl. In his youth Bismarck did not altogether escape the liberal contagion, then in the air, and he had brought away with him from the preparatory school, which was conducted on Jahn's principles, certain German-National im- pressions on which, he says, “I lived from my sixth to my twelfth year.” These impressions remained in the stage of theoretical reflections, his historical and innate sympathies leaning to the side of authority as embodied in the Prussian monarchy. Nevertheless, on entering the University, he joined a students’ corps whose watchword was German nationalism. Mingled with the Germanism of these young men, however, were certain social and political extravagances not so much to the taste of the well-born Prussian Junker, on whose nerves, too, the under-bred ways of his democratically minded associates grated. Their ideas gave him a lasting impression of an “association between Utopian theories and defective breed- ing.” But he managed to retain a sound leaven of practical National sentiment, and a belief that events would lead in the not remote future to German unity. “I made,” he says, “a bet with my American friend Coffin that this aim would be attained in twenty years.” Bismarck's always modest stock of liberalism was percep- tibly lessened by the Frankfort riot of 1833, and dwindled to a for the time quite negligible quantity when the tocsin of actual revolution affrighted Berlin in the March days of 1848. The Prussian capital, which once cowered under the rattan stick of a decrepit and half-crazy tyrant, now fairly took the bit in its teeth, and seemed, while the fit was on, not unlikely to furnish a clumsy German analogue of the Paris drama of ’89. The part enacted by Bismarck in that momentous year is well known. The course he favored as against the riotous Ber- liners is well indicated in the marginal note made by the King against his name in a list of suggested Councillors: “Only to be employed when the bayonet governs unrestricted.” A conversation Bismarck had with the King in June at Sans-Souci is worth recording: “After dinner the King took me onto the terrace, and asked me in a friendly way: “How are you getting on?” In the irritable state I had been in ever since the March days, I replied: “Badly.” The King said: “I think the feeling is good in your parts.” Thereupon, under the impression made by some regulations, the contents of which I do not remember, I replied: “The feeling was very good, but since we have been inocu- lated with the revolution by the King's officials under the royal sign-manual, it has become bad. What we lack is confidence in the support of the King.” At that moment the Queen stepped out from the shrubbery and said: “How can you speak so to the King.” “Let me alone, Elise,’ replied the King, “I shall soon settle his business'; and turning to me, he said: “What do you really reproach me with, then?’ ‘The evacuation of Berlin.” “I did not want it done,' replied the King; and the Queen, who had remained within hearing, added: “Of that the King is quite innocent. He had not slept for three days.” “A King ought to be able to sleep,' I replied. Unmoved by this blunt remark, the King said: “It is always easier to prophesy when you know. What would be gained if I admitted that I had behaved like a donkey? Something more than reproaches is needed to set an overturned throne up again. To do that I need assistance and active devotion, not criticism?' The kindness with which he said all this, and more to the same effect, overpowered me. I had come in the spirit of a frondeur, who would not have cared if he had been dismissed ungraciously; I went away completely dis- armed and won over.” In his interesting chapter setting forth the opinions he held and the course he advocated as to the conduct of the siege of Paris, Bis- marck states that in the Council of War Roon was the only supporter of his view that the sur- render of the city should be forced at once by a bombardment. The slower “method of fam- ine" (as being the “humaner” one) found powerful support “in the circles where exalted ladies met,” and where “philanthropic hypoc- risy,” harping on the “English catchwords “Humanity and Civilization,” held sway. The intervention of neutrals, taking the form of a congress which in the name of justice and mod- eration should rob Germany of the substantial fruits of victory, was what Bismarck dreaded. He accordingly reversed his moderate counsels of 1866, and pressed for vigorous action. His opinion, backed by Roon, prevailed; and with the bombardment of Mont Avron came the be- ginning of the end. Bismarck's reflections on these matters are characteristic : “In setting one's-self the question as to what can have induced other generals to oppose Roon's view, it is difficult to discover any technical reasons for the de- lay in the measures taken towards the close of the year. . . . The notion that Paris, although fortified and the strongest bulwark of our opponents, might not be attacked in the same way as any other fortress had been imported into our camp from England by the roundabout route of Berlin, together with the phrase about the “Mecca of civilization,’ and other expressions of human- itarian feeling rife and effective in the cant of English public opinion—a feeling which England expects other Powers to respect, though she does not always allow 10 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, her opponents to have the benefit of it. It was from London that representations were received in our most influential circles that the capitulation of Paris ought not to be brought about by bombardment, but only by hunger. . . . Trustworthy information from Berlin ap- prised me that the cessation of our activity gave rise to anxiety and dissatisfaction in expert circles, and that Queen Augusta was said to be influencing her royal hus- band by letters, in the interests of humanity. An allu- sion to information of this kind which I made to the King occasioned a violent outburst of anger, not to the effect that the rumors were untrue, but in a sharp rep- rimand against the utterance of any such dissatisfaction respecting the Queen.” Discussing universal suffrage Bismarck avers the principle to be a just one, not only in theory but also in practice, “provided always that vot- ing be not secret, for secresy is a quality incom- patible with the best characteristics of German blood": “The influences and the dependence on others that the practical life of man brings in its train are God-given re- alities which we cannot and must not ignore. If we refuse to transfer them to political life, and base the public life of the country on the belief in the secret insight of all, we fall into a contradiction between public law and the realities of human life which practically leads to constant frictions, and finally to an explosion, and to which there is no theoretical solution except in the way of the insani- ties of social-democracy, the support given to which rests on the fact that the judgment of the masses is sufficiently stultified and undeveloped to allow them, with the assist- ance of their own greed, to be continually caught by the rhetoric of clever and ambitious leaders. . . . A state, the control of which lies in the hands of the greedy, of the novarum rerum cupidi, and of orators who have the capac- ity for deceiving the unreasoning masses in a higher degree than others, will constantly be doomed to a rest- lessness of development, which so ponderous a mass as the commonwealth of the state cannot follow with injury to its organism.” The Chancellor's satiric turn peeps out occa- sionally, as in his references to Gortchakoff : “His subordinates in the ministry said of Gortchakoff: “Il se mire dans son encrier,’ just as Bettina used to say of her brother-in-law, Savigny, “He cannot cross a gutter without looking at himself in it.' . . . When he dictated he used to take a regular pose, which he introduced with the word “ecrivez’ſ and if the secretary thoroughly ap- preciated his position he turned at particularly well- rounded phrases an admiring glance on his chief, who was very sensible to it.” When Gortchakoff accepted the presidency of the diplomatic conference at Berlin in May, 1876, Bismarck relates that during the delivery of the presidential address “I wrote in pencil: “Pompous, pompo, pomp, pom, po.’ My neighbor, Lord Odo Russell, snatched the paper from me and kept it.” A striking anecdote is told of Emperor Nicholas of Russia. Bismarck had it from Frederick William IV.: “The Emperor Nicholas asked him to send two cor- porals of the Prussian guard for the purpose of per- forming a certain massage treatment prescribed by the doctors, which was to be carried out on the back of the patient while he lay on his stomach. He added: “I can always manage my Russians when I can look them in the face, but on my back and without eyes, I should not like them to come near me.’ The corporals were sent confidentially, and were employed and handsomely paid. This shows how, in spite of the religious devotion of the Russian people to their Czar, the Emperor Nicholas did not absolutely trust his personal safety in a tête-a-tête even to the ordinary man among his subjects; and it is a sign of great strength of character that up to the end of his life he did not allow himself to be depressed by these feelings.” The impression of Bismarck that one gathers from these volumes quite bears out the Gladston- ian verdict: “A big man, but very unscrupu- lous.” They fail to disclose, so far as we can dis- cern, a single distinctive humane, amiable trait on the part of their author. It was in his time, and apparently still is, to the advantage of Prussia that the guidance of her affairs fell into the powerful hands of this Colossus. So far she has been a great gainer, in prestige at least; and in this gain the Empire has shared. But there are nevertheless those who maintain that the cynically confessed unscrupulosity with which the Chancellor sought and gained his ends will bear its natural fruit in the fulness of time; and that as those who live by the sword shall perish by the sword, so a political struc- ture welded through “blood and iron’ is shad- owed by no uncertain Nemesis. The powerful bond of the common danger that lowers over Germany from the North and the South once removed, the formal federal tie may prove to be a rope of sand. Dynastic jealousies, reli- gious differences, inbred sectional patriotisms far more intense and deeply rooted than the State sentiment that once threatened to wreck our own Federal Union, are centrifugal forces constantly tending to drag the still sovereign German states from their new orbit; and that the spectre of “Particularism” will not down was forcibly shown only the other day by the petty but significant Lippe-Detmold incident. The smallest German house refuses to be dra- gooned in respect of its own local and dynastic concerns by the Emperor; and the larger ones, glad of an opportunity to indirectly assert their own dignities, ostentatiously support the recal- citrant, to the infinite chagrin of the Hallowed Person at Berlin. We cannot unreservedly praise the present translation of this important work, nor can we accept as a sufficient excuse for its imperfec- tions the English editor's statement that the 1899.] THE DIAL 11 work was “produced under severe pressure of time.” Mechanically the volumes are satisfac- tory, though we notice a few misprints, notably an absurd one (“Ylarr” for Year) in the Table of Contents of the opening volume. There are a brace of fine portraits of the Chancellor, and a specimen leaf of his handwriting. E. G. J. SOME RECENT ILLUSTRATIONS OF SHAKESPEARE.” In his introduction to the last book on our present list, Dr. Rolfe expresses the opinion that most intelligent people are acquainted with Shakespeare chiefly through the half-dozen plays that are commonly put upon the stage. This view has been often expressed, - notably by Robert Browning in one of his epilogues: “For see your cellarage 1 There are forty barrels with Shakespeare's brand. Some five or six are abroach: the rest Stand spigoted, fauceted. Try and test What yourselves call of the very best! How comes it that still untouched they stand? Why don't you try tap, advance a stage With the rest in cellarage?” It was in 1876 that this taunt, which then had, doubtless, the sting of truth, was flung at the British public. Since then, what battalions of annotated editions of the plays, bristling with scholastic weapons, have been thrown forward in support of the supremacy of Shakespeare' “Advanced in-view they stand-a horrid front Of dreadful length—” Truly “the kingdom of heaven suffereth vio- lence”; and there is a certain mournful justice in the circumstance that one of the most promi- nent leaders in this attempt to force special scholarship upon a bewildered public should now admit by implication the defeat of the enterprise. I would not be understood as dis- paraging the labors of so excellent a Shake- pearian as Dr. Rolfe. It is a question not of a man but of a system. When such a man as Dr. * A NEw VARIoRUM EDITION of SHAKESPEARE. Edited by Horace Howard Furness, Hon. Ph.D. (Halle), etc. Wol- ume XI., the Winter's Tale. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. THE DIARY of MASTER WILLIAM SILENCE. A Study of Shakespeare and of Elizabethan Sport. By the Right Hon. D. H. Madden, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dub- lin. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. THE PoEMs of SHAKESPEARE. Edited, with an Introduc- tion and Notes, by George Wyndham. Boston: T.Y. Crowell & Co. A LIFE of WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. By Sidney Lee. With Portraits and Facsimiles. New York: The Macmillan Co. How To STUDY SHAKESPEARE. By William H. Fleming. With an Introduction by W. J. Rolfe, Litt.D. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co. Rolfe avers that the majority of cultivated people who fancy they know Shakespeare well “have only a smattering of this education,” we understand what the standard of judgment is. Few persons, indeed, are in readiness to sub- mit to an English civil-service examination in Shakespeare, or, what amounts to the same thing, to such a test as Dr. Rolfe would impose. It is likewise probable that few intelligent Greeks of the time of Pericles could have passed such an examination in Homer as a modern pro- fessor would exact. - But unless some signs fail, popular interest in Shakespeare is steadily widening, and with that interest Shakespeare scholarship itself is sus- taining a healthy growth. Of the many signs that Shakespeare appeals now to the popular mind and heart more widely than ever before, I instance only the immediate and enormous success of the beautiful “Temple Edition.” Attractive to the eye, seductive to the touch, provided with all necessary and no superfluous apparatus, this edition captivates learned and unlearned alike. It has been argued plausibly, but, I think, paradoxically, that the success is due to the outward form of these dainty little volumes. Any well-bound edition in tall vol- umes makes, however, a greater show in the library. The “Temple Edition,” being handy to carry to the fireside, to the brookside, or to bed, appeals to the appetite of the actual reader. Of the spread of Shakespeare scholarship, in the best sense, the progress of the magnum opus of Dr. Furness is a cheering sign. That the “New Wariorum Shakespeare” is one of the signal monuments of American scholarship was long ago agreed by those qualified to judge, at home and abroad. In relation to the plays whereof they treat, these noble volumes are a veritable library, —“The best that has been thought and said in the world’’ on these sub- jects. A brief recapitulation of the history of this great work may be of interest. The ten plays thus far edited, with the dates of publica- tion, are as follows: Romeo and Juliet (1871), Macbeth (1878), Hamlet (2 vols., 1877), King Lear (1880), Othello (1886), The Merchant of Venice (1888), As You Like It (1890), The Tempest (1892), A Midsummer Night's Dream (1895), The Winter's Tale (1898). It will be noticed that, except in the cases of Hamlet and Othello, these editions have followed one another quite regularly at inter- vals of two or three years. In the cases of the first four plays, Dr. Furness followed the tra- ditional practice of editors in presenting us with 12 THE TOIAL [Jan. 1, a text of his own. Beginning with Othello, he introduced a notable innovation, from which he has not since seen reason to swerve. This inno- vation consisted in the reprint, line for line, word for word, letter for letter, point for point, error for error, of the text of the First Folio, with all its imperfections on its head. The inno- vation had the boldness as well as the simplicity of genius, and has amply justified itself. It is not too much to say that this is one of the most valuable features of the great work, - although the earlier volumes, which lacked this feature, were sufficient to win for the author recognition as one of the first Shakespearians of the world. In an edition which gives on every page a con- spectus of all the variant readings, and which is intended solely for the student, there is indeed no reason why an original text should not be lit- erally reprinted. Yet such is the force of custom and opinion that it was only after he had spent years upon the work and had completed the edition of four of the most important plays, that Dr. Furness came to see what now, partly by virtue of his example, seems so obvious. This edition of the Winter's Tale contains then, first, a minutely accurate reprint of the text of the First Folio (1623), — in the case of this play, the earliest known text. Fortunately, in spite of the compression of the style, frequently amounting to crabbedness, the text is unusually accurate, presenting almost none of the cruces which are the despair of the reader and the opportunity of the commentator. The commen- tators have, however, not allowed themselves to be discouraged by so small a circumstance; Dr. Furness's citations from them indicate that they have been as busy over this play as over some of those whose texts are less pure. The most apposite comments of all the editors are cited in chronological order, the banquet being frequently sauced with excellent foolery which is none the less entertaining for being so seriously meant. Over all, Dr. Furness presides with wis- dom, moderation, and an unfailing good-temper, which contrasts wholesomely with the “savage and tartarly” tone of some of the eighteenth- century editors, while not excluding a vein of delightful irony. A marked feature of the en- tire work, from first to last, is the growing con- fidence of the modest editor in his own judgment. In the later volumes he more frequently cuts short the droning commentators and gives us of his own, but never a word too much. Surely Dr. Furness is the most genial of editors; and I think it not too much to add that he is for the most part the most convincing. Unlike Homer, he never nods; at least, after communing with him for several years I have never caught him napping. His fault is of an opposite character, and might be said to be a fault that leans to virtue's side: namely, supersubtlety. The acute- ness that renders him formidable in detecting the fallacies of other commentators sometimes makes him over-ingenious in his own interpre- tations. It is the defect of his quality. Inas- much as his criticism of his venerated author is habitually constructive, this subtlety spends itself in the discovery of possible meanings, and is never seriously misleading. In many cases in which the commentators with their darkness do affront Shakespeare's light, Dr. Furness scatters the fog in a masterly way. Take for example the passage from Her- mione's last speech at the trial, thought by Hudson to be “the solidest piece of eloquence in the language”: * “Now (my Liege) Tell me what blessings I have here alive That I should feare to die? Therefore proceed: But yet heare this: mistake me not: no Life, (I prize it not a straw) but for mine Honor, Which I would free: if I shall be condemn'd Upon surmizes (all proofessleeping else, But what your Jealousies awake) I tell you 'Tis Rigor, and not Law.”— (III., ii., 113.) The commentators all stick upon the exclama- tion “no Life”: some of them scent a misprint. White and Hudson read “my life”; Dyce and Rolfe, “for life.” Whereupon Dr. Furness: “I cannot but believe that this phrase has been mis- understood. With line 115, Hermione ends her defence, by commanding the trial to proceed. Then the thought of a sullied name flashes upon her, and that she has not with sufficient emphasis contended for the preservation of her honour; she hastily resumes, but fearing lest the king should misinterpret, and suppose that it is to plead for life, and not for what was, for her boy's sake, infinitely dearer to her, she exclaims: “Mistake me not l No life I Give me not that I prize it not a straw l’ It is really the climax of the speech. Self-commiseration has vanished, and she speaks for her honour with the last fire of her exhausted strength. The lines from ‘mistake me not” to ‘I would free,” inclusive, are parenthetical. ‘'Tis rigor and not law!” the last words she ever ad- dresses throughout the play to her husband, are full of the sternness of Fate, and mean, of course, that her honour will remain unblemished.” Mr. Justice Madden's “Study of Shake- speare and of Elizabethan Sport” may be pro- nounced a fair model of what such a book should be. It is exact without being pedantic and systematic without being tedious, bearing evidence on every page that Ingram and Dow- den are not, in our time, the only representa- tives of Shakespeare scholarship connected with *The quotations from the Winter's Tale in this article are uniformly from Dr. Furness's reprint of the Folio text. 1899.] THE DIAL 13 the University of Dublin. Through the whole runs an agreeable vein of fiction based upon the fragment of a diary supposed to have been written by William Silence, which contains allusions to the presence at Shallow (Châtel- hault) Hall in Gloucestershire of another Will- iam, a quiet observant young gentleman from Stratford on Avon (See the Second Part of Henry IV., Act III., Scene ii.). Not the least interesting feature of the book is the by no means baseless suggestion that, at one time or another, Shakespeare spent a good deal of time in Gloucestershire; that he there partici- pated in the field sports of country gentlemen and yeomen; and that in this particular way he picked up his astonishing knowledge of all matters connected with falconry, horseman- ship, and the chase. The author maintains that Shakespeare's allusions to these matters differ from those of all other writers, ancient and modern, both in number and, on the whole, in quality. True, there are hundreds of such allusions which appear in themselves of an or- dinary kind, but even these acquire significance “from the circumstance that they are seldom suggested by any necessary action of the drama, but seem to spring forth out of the abundance of the poet's heart.” Those which are more distinctly Shakespearian are divided into five classes, accordingly as they embody “1, a secret of woodcraft or horsemanship; 2, an illustration therefrom of human nature and conduct; 3, a lively image; 4, a conceit ; or, 5, an irrelevance; by which I mean an idea some- what out of place with its surroundings” (p. 318). The accumulation of illustrations of all these classes of allusions, and the very great clearing up of obscurities which results from their systematic treatment by an expert in field sports, give very high and doubtless permanent value to the book. In the follow- ing metaphor of Hermione, for example, he finds a secret both of horsemanship and of human conduct: “You may ride's . With one soft kisse a thousand Furlongs, ere With Spur we heat an Acre.”— (I., ii., 117). It is interesting that both Madden and Furness accept without question the reading of the Folio, although Furness quotes without com- ment from Capell the statement that the phrase “heat an acre” has not been traced. Is it pos- sible that the French parallel, brûler le pavé, has never been suggested by any commentator? Had the Diary of Master Silence been given to the world a little earlier, Dr. Furness might have found his account in it for his edition of the Winter's Tale. Referring to Leontes's “note infallible of breaking honesty”— “Stopping the Cariere Of Laughter, with a sigh.”—(I., ii., 332), — Dr. Furness annotates merely as follows: “Cariere, — A term of horsemanship, meaning a gallop at full speed.” Madden points out that our present use of the word “career,” as defined by Dr. Furness, is not at all what was present to the mind of Shakespeare. “We mean something that continues for an indefi- nite time. He meant something that soon comes to an abrupt ending. . . . The length of the career was four or five score yards at the most. The essential charac- teristic of the career, wherein it differed from the ordi- nary gallop, was its abrupt ending, technically known as ‘the stop,' by which the horse was suddenly and firmly thrown upon his haunches. Wherever Shakespeare uses the word, this stop is present to his mind”(p. 298). Thus the word “stop,” no less than the word “career,” is a term of manage, — a term used again by Leontes near the end of the first scene of Act II.: “Now, from the Oracle They will bring all, whose spirituall counsaile had Shall stop, or spurre me.” Dr. Furness would also have found here some- thing to add to his note upon “The Mort o' th’ Deere” (I., ii., 144), which words, he thinks, refer “to the dying sighs of the deer rather than to the raucous sound of a horn.” Madden contributes a third interpretation, ac- cording to which the sound of the sighing is compared neither to the sound of a horn nor to the sighing of the deer. He says: “To some, the notes which tell that all is over with a noble beast of venery summon up sad associations, for Leonatus (sic), among the tokens of woman's frailty, includes *To sigh, as 'twere The Mort o' th' Deere.” This feeling was certainly not generally shared by sports- men,” etc. In other words, the sighs of the supposed lovers are such sighs as would escape a person of effeminate sympathies at hearing the blast of the horns in token that the deer was slain. Madden also suggests a metaphor from the chase as the key to some words of Hermione which have been regarded as among the ob- scurest in the play: “With what encounter so uncurrant, I Have strayn'd t” appeare thus.”— (III., ii., 51). He quotes from “The Noble Arte of Venerie”: “When he (the hart) runneth verie fast, then he streyneth.” Madden is probably right in thinking that this interpretation of the word 14 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, “strayn'd" disposes of the guesses of some of the commentators (strayed, stain'd); but the real stumbling-block is in the preceding line, and one still gets no convincing answer to the question what “encounter so uncurrant”? Mr. Justice Madden's researches, in the light of his special knowledge of field-sports, have disclosed many other facts of interest to stu- dents of Shakespeare. The race-horse is, it appears, “the only horse in whom and in whose doings Shakespeare took no interest, and the horse-race is the only popular pastime to which no allusion can be found in his writings.” To bear-baiting there are many allusions, all of which suggest dislike or contempt for the sport. Baconian fanatics will get little comfort from the discovery that in Bacon there are no references of any significance to field-sports, for which even the “studious recluse” who wrote the “Anatomy of Melancholy” mani- fests some enthusiasm (p. 223). Madden makes a half-humorous classification of Shakes- peare's works upon the basis of his allusions to horses, – and the classification is as judicious as some others that have been made. In “Venus and Adonis” he celebrates the home-bred En- glish horse; but before beginning his English historical plays he becomes acquainted with the merits of the Eastern horse and his conception of the perfect horse was changed. The roan Barb, “prince of palfreys,” appears and re- appears in these plays. Madden thinks that Shakespeare was personally able to say, as early as 1592, “This roan shall be my throne.” “Indeed, if I were disposed to adopt the language of criticism, I should class the historical plays as the roan Barbary group. In the tragedies we meet with Barbary horses now and then, but “the bonny beast he loved so well’ is no more. Can one wonder that the period when they were written was, in Professor Dow- den's language, a period of depression and gloom?” (p.262). Perhaps the most interesting result of these researches is that they have led in all cases of dispute to the support of the readings of the Folio as opposed to those of the quartos. In view of this, it seems strange that Madden should twice refer to the “thirty-four" plays in the Folio (there are thirty-six), and should twice silently alter the Folio reading in a quota- tion from the Winter's Tale. In borrowing the words of the shepherd, “I would there were no age between ten and three and twenty,” Madden in two places prints, “age between sixteen and three and twenty.” These and a few other oversights, one of which has already been ex- emplified (Leonatus for Leontes), are very nearly the only faults I can find in this inter- esting and instructive book. I have left myself too little space in which to speak adequately of Mr. George Wyndham's edition of the Poems of Shakespeare — a work certainly not second in importance to either of those we have been considering. Let me say at once, without going into detail, that this seems to me to be the completest edition for the student. For enjoyment of the poetry, nothing could be better than the Temple edition. In his notes Mr. Wyndham has met the main difficul- ties with the patience and acuteness of a scholar. He discusses in detail the identity of the rival poet (or poets) and of the youth addressed in the first series of sonnets. He inclines to Drayton as the rival poet, and thinks that Tyler's argu- ment for William Herbert and Mary Fitton might win a verdict from a Scotch jury. If he means that the verdict would be “not proven,” I heartily agree with him. He believes, however, that such attempts at identification must “prove detrimental to an aesthetic appreciation” of the lyrical excellence of the Sonnets. He admits, what so many critics have urged, that the Sonnets “express Shakespeare's own feelings in his own person” (Dowden). But he deems it “equally true, and vastly more important, that the Sonnets are not an Autobiography.” Accordingly, at least half of the hundred and forty pages of his sympathetic and well-written introduction are devoted to a consideration of the poems as works of art. This is a refresh- ing innovation; would that it might mark an epoch ! His texts are based upon the earliest editions, the readings of which he has adhered to, whenever possible, and all the variations are conscientiously set down in the notes. The chief weakness of Mr. Wyndham is that he seems unable to find the holes in Tyler's argu- ments. But he has a true appreciation of the Sonnets and the other poems, and his remarks upon these are at once instructive and com- forting. Mr. Sidney Lee's Life of Shakespeare is based upon the already well-known article which ap- peared last year in the “Dictionary of National Biography,” and which is here expanded and provided with a long appendix, containing ex- haustive discussions of several interesting ques- tions. It is especially significant that, after “very narrow scrutiny,” Mr. Lee rejects the claim made for the Sonnets to rank as autobio- graphical material. His detailed discussion of this subject is of interest to all students of the great poet. Perhaps by virtue of his patient 1899.] THE DIAL - 15 investigations and cogent exposition future gen- erations will be able to read the Sonnets without thinking of the delectable amours of William Herbert and Mary Fitton. Those whose minds have been tainted by the reading of Dr. Bran- des's romance about Shakespeare (misnamed “a critical study”) will find Mr. Lee's book an effective antiseptic. It is provided with a good index. Mr. Fleming's “How to Study Shakespeare” may becommended with some confidence to read- ing-clubs and to individual beginners. Its prin- cipal features are, first, a collection of selected annotations to eight of the more popular plays; secondly, a number of questions upon the plot and structure of each of these plays, questions which will encourage the student to think about what he has read. MELVILLE B. ANDERson. THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION.” The first volume of Mr. Hannis Taylor's history of the English Constitution, which now extends to twelve hundred octavo pages, was published nearly ten years ago. In the preface to that volume, as on the title-page to both first and second, the reader is informed that here “is drawn out” the “development of the En- glish constitutional system, and the growth out of that system of the federal republic of the United States.” This is “a large order” even for twelve hundred pages; and a survey of the contents does not justify the statement. Aside from an introductory chapter of eighty pages, in which “the English origin of the federal republic " is necessarily somewhat scantily treated, this history is occupied with the growth of English institutions on English soil. It may be said at the outset that Mr. Taylor has made a useful compend. Among the mul- titude of works on the English Constitution which have seen the light since Dr. Stubbs made the subject popular in 1875, there has been produced no adequate sketch of the whole field. Stubbs's great work in three volumes was intended only to bring the student to the point where Hallam began his work with the Tudors; and Hallam, wonderful as his genius was in his day, is too ancient to be a guide for the present age inquirer. Anson's fine descrip- tion of “The Law and Custom of the Consti. *THE ORIGIN AND GRowTH of THE ENGLISH Constitu- TION. By Hannis Taylor. Volume II. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. tution” deals with things as they are, rather than as they have come to be. Medley's text- book, made only four years ago, would be just the needed work, if he had not adopted the bewildering method of chasing up and down the centuries to trace each institution from start to finish in a separate section. One who reads is in the state of mind of Yankee Doodle, who could not see the town for the houses. This is most unfortunate, for Mr. Medley covers the ground, and is judicious and critical in his dependence upon authorities. Moreover, he has read his subject and is up to date. Taswell- Langmead's one-volume history is a fine piece of work, but neglects some important aspects of the subject, and is now twenty-three years old, and therefore hardly up to date. Only the great master, Stubbs, in the face of the large additions made to our knowledge in the last fifteen years by Maitland and Round, Wino- gradoff and Liebermann, and the school of “diggers” which they represent, can grow old creditably. Gneist is nearly as shelf-worn as Taswell, and in addition has that color blind- ness to the inner truth of English institutions not to be wondered at in one nursed under the shadow of the Prussian bureaucracy. Mr. Taylor is not so much a scholar as a popularizer of the work of scholars. It would be hard to find in his pages anything original, and his references show that he has worked largely, not with “sources,” but with authorities. In the main he has chosen his authorities well, and although not as keen in his evaluation of them as is Medley, he cites continually the master workers, from Stubbs down. Still, one would hardly guess through his guidance that Green is not an authority for any period since the Conquest, or that he does not rank with Gardiner, or even with Lingard on the seven- teenth century. One misses the flavor, too, of the great scholars mentioned after Stubbs in the preceding paragraph, and finds himself wondering if Mr. Taylor knows them well. In the light of what they have done since he first began to publish, a large portion of his first volume will need to be rewritten for a new edition, and that speedily, if this work is to hold its place as a convenient vade mecum. It is not a light undertaking to provide a readable and accurate sketch of the many cen- turies that such a history as this covers, and the critic who himself has spent many years of study in this field is likely to be the most char- itable one. Mr. Taylor has put this story of the constitution into the vigorous and graceful 16 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, English of which he is a master, and he has also kept always before him the larger move- ment of the national life whose details he dis- cusses, so that the inexperienced reader may be entrusted to his guidance with the assurance that he will not miss the “form and pressure” of the times through which he passes. And yet at times there is blundering in details which makes one feel that portions of the nar- rative deal with subjects that were “gotten up" solely for this narrative, and that the writer of it has never entered their atmosphere. When one reads in the first volume about ven- derers in connection with the forest courts, even although the word is repeated in this mis- spelled form in the margin and in the table of contents, he lays the blunder to the account of careless proof-reading; but when, after eight years of waiting, he comes to the index in the second volume, and, looking in vain for verder- ers, reads only the old error repeated, he is inclined to wonder. When one reads at the beginning of this second volume, just as he did in the earlier volume, that “the development of military tenures in England was gradual,” and that “the transition from the military sys- tem by the thegn's service to the new system by knight service was also gradual,” he feels that all the words so recently and so well said by Mr. Round on that subject have been writ- ten in vain. So the recent pushing back by Mr. Round of the scutage composition from the fourth year of Henry II. to a date at least as early as the reign of Henry I., finds no recog- nition; and the author, in spite even of Stubbs, finds the last vestiges of scutage in 1832. Tal- lage is a good enough word for Stubbs and Maitland, Vinogradoff and Dowell; we see no reason for giving us talliage. Hubert Hall on the “Customs Revenues” might correct the statement that “prisage” was “the right to take from each English or foreign wine ship one cask out of every ten "– the italics are ours. In the third line, on page 39, the occurrence of the word “and,” when “but" is the proper word, makes nonsense; and even with the cor- rection one does not learn what is vital to an understanding of the statement that Henry Prince of Wales, when fourteen years of age, was required to repudiate his betrothal to Katharine, that his father's foreign policy had changed since the betrothal. The doubt that is apparently expressed on page 82, whether the appropriation by the crown of the lands of the monastic houses in 1536 was confiscation, seems to be grounded on the contention that it was not unconstitutional, and in its confound- ing of principles suggests the remarkable posi- tion maintained by Mr. Taylor in a recent num- ber of the “North American Review "concern- ing the moral quality of our “steal” from Mexico in 1848. The writer knows no more in the second volume than he did in the first that the court baron was probably not coeval in its beginnings with the court leet and the customary court, and yet Vinogradoff pub- lished his English edition of “Villainage in England” in 1892. We are told that commis- sioners of array were “employed by the crown as early as the fourteenth century,” and referred in a footnote to 1824, although Stubbs in his second volume has much to say about them from 1282 on. One of the things that need most to be done for students of American institutions is to trace adequately the evolution of English local insti- tutions down to the time when the founders of our American states came away. This is espe- cially needed for the system of courts. Pollock and Maitland have done the work exhaustively down to 1272 in their great “History of En- glish Law,” but a more general survey of the whole field is desirable to thread the way through the maze of local jurisdictions and itin- erant commissions which gradually gave place to the more modern system which our fathers brought to the new home over seas. One looks with assurance for this in a work designed to trace the growth of the federal republic out of the English system. But this work is still to be done, although Mr. Taylor's occasional ex- cursions into that field suggest that he might have given a satisfactory account had he es- sayed the task. In fact, throughout the book one feels that the institutional side has not been sufficiently recognized, and is inclined to class this work rather with Gardiner and Froude and Green, among the narrative histories which deal principally with political history, than with the treatises of Hallam and Stubbs. The two chapters which treat of the Civil War and the Protectorate are outside the Constitution, and the space might better have been utilized in presenting some of the interesting constitu- tional conflicts of the Stuart period between the two houses or between the houses and the law courts. Attention to Pike's recent work on the “Constitutional History of the House of Lords,” which finds no recognition, might have been fruitful of suggestion in that direc- tion. Still, it may be said that no better nar- rative of the bulk and scope of this one can be 1899.] THE DIAL 17 found by one who cannot spare the time to run through the series of specialists in the history of England which, with some lamented breaks, stretches from Green in the Old English period and Freeman and Norgate on the Normans and Angevins through Gardiner in the seventeenth century to Lecky in the eighteenth and Wal- pole in the nineteenth. If Mr. Taylor is more interested in men and principles than he is in institutions and processes, he is in most reput- able and brilliant company, and his predilec- tions make him eminently agreeable and read- able. JoHN J. HALSEY. FOR THE STAGE OR THE STUDY.” Almost every age of English literature has proved the vitality and the national character of the legend of King Arthur by translating it into its own language. Geoffrey made it a chron- icle, Malory made it a romance of chivalry, Spenser made it a renaissance epic, Milton might have made it — but Milton is the great exception. Blackmore I never read, and so cannot say what he did about the matter. In the time just before our own, Swinburne, Matthew Arnold, William Morris put life into certain bits of the old story, and Tennyson gave it a form that was characteristic of himself and his time. Is the time ripe for a new expression? Literature has lived quickly in the last twenty years: in a way, we are no longer Tennyson- ians. Has enough something been secreted to enable a new poet to write of Arthur and still be original? Mr. Hovey, who has just completed “Laun- celot and Guenevere,” which he began some years ago, practically offers his work to a very searching test. I may as well say at once that much of it does not appeal to me. Why mingle Scandinavian and German and Greek mythol- ogy with Celtic mysteries? I am as confused as poor old Merlin was by this kaleidoscope of Norns and Goblins and Angels and Bassarids. Or, in the second play, why spend so much trouble in showing the world that Arthur was the real adulterer, not Launcelot? I fear that not even a mystical moralist will be thus pla- cated. Then why, when all's over and done, is there no end? I believe there are to be other plays, – but I mean an end to this third play. *LAUNCELoT AND GUENEveRE: A Poem in Dramas. I. Merlin, a Masque. II. The Marriage of Guenevere, a Trag- edy. III. The Birth of Galahad, a Romantic Drama. By Richard Hovey. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. What has all the scheming and plotting done but throw a little more dust into the already darkened eyes of the king? These objections seem to me to go pretty deep, for they show a lack of creative power. They also show what is more to the present purpose, namely, an absence of character of the time. Our time will stand visions, and also a certain amount of material anachronism. But the mingling together of half-a-dozen mythol- ogies, pagan and Christian, is an artistic incon- gruity very uncharacteristic of the present. Further, however, our time will stand a good deal of immorality, or even of cynical disdain of current morals; but it does not care to have passion try to justify itself by other laws than its own. “The Marriage of Guenevere” is based on the idea that Guenevere was truly married to Launcelot; which is a matter of no importance in the minds of most people nowadays. We can stand justification by fate, as with Tristram and Isolde; but justification by accident seems, to me at least, absurd and even gross. Then, lastly, the present time will stand even heroics; but it wants the old- time swordsman to be approved by some law higher than the sword. We do not want alle- gory, to be sure, but we do want something a little more grown-up than fights and rescues and escapes and love-trysts. Taken by and large, then, we can hardly accept this rendering. I do not say every ren- dering of the Arthurian legend must be char- acteristic of its time. But the great ones have been, and any rendering that is not runs the danger of being the outcome of a striving to be different, which rarely brings about large re- sults. So I am not much taken by these poems in general: in the details, on the other hand, I find much that is delightful. I feel the charm of the girlhood of Guenevere, and also (al- though an anti-neo-celticist) of her song in the palace of Cameliard. I think the last words of “The Marriage of Guenevere” make a fine ending. I like especially to look out on the fresh barbarian British from the crumbling walls of the worn-out empire. These things are good and typical, and other things, too, are good, as the reader will easily see for himself. So far, however, nothing has been said that might not have been said were these plays poems and nothing more; and this is manifestly wrong. For we have here, obviously, productions in- tended for the stage. At any rate, they are fortified by copyright “as dramatic composi- tion,” and, indeed, I believe that Mr. Hovey 18 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, considers himself more of a playwright than a poet. Doubtless he meant these plays to be acted. This is a matter which interests me. Can we read these plays with a satisfaction perfect in its kind and of a good kind, or must we lay them by with an unfinished feeling while we wait for an appreciative manager who will bring them out somewhere where we may never see them? Or, in other words, is it ever really worth while to read a play? These dramas of Mr. Hovey's furnish mate- rial for some observations on this point. Let us take the first one, “The Quest of Merlin, a Masque.” As we all know, the Masque vanished from the public stage some time since. If this masque ever comes to be performed, it will, however, in a measure answer the same tastes on the part of an audience that the old masques did. These tastes were, I suppose, speaking very generally, the same that exist in the mind of an audience nowadays that gathers at the performance of any grand spectacular play. The masques were not exactly ballets, but they depended immensely on costume, dancing, and scenery. They had the accompaniment, also, of music and of poetry, sometimes of very beau- tiful poetry. But the spectacular elements were very important and often enormously elaborate. Indeed, I think that the poetry, even when by John Milton, was a minor consideration with the on-lookers. It seems almost as if this must have been so. Consider an audience, even of the most cultivated: what will seize their immediate in- terest when both are offered at once; beautiful dancing, elaborate and gorgeous scenery and costume, -things that strike the passive eye and mind irresistibly,– or poetry, of which the greatest charm is that it stimulates the imagi- nation and makes the mind active through the unconscious service of the eye or ear? I cannot resist the idea that the poetry in a masque must have always passed more or less unappreciated. It is true that the Elizabethans had a taste for oratorical poetry, if I may so call it, which we have not; but I fancy that even an Elizabethan, like anyone else, must have given his attention chiefly to the beautiful things that presented themselves outright to his eye and ear, and only in a minor way to the poetry which would have. forced him to imagine, to feel, to sympathize. Now, in Mr. Hovey's masque the poetry is the main thing. Yet I cannot conceive these succes- sive entries on the stage of angels, bassarids, maenads, fairies, elves, loves, valkyrs, maidens, these anti-masques of satyrs, fauns, goblins, gnomes, without at the same time imagining the poetry relegated to a wholly secondary place. I think of myself at a production of the masque, probably not catching much of what was sung, not noticing what was accompanied by a charm- ing dance, and in various natural ways overlook- ing the poetry. On the other hand, as I read it, the masques and the anti-masques are second- ary: I imagine them but feebly, for my mind is taken up with the poetry, is taken up with those little black characters" that demand in- terpretation by me, by the very mind that is vaguely conceiving the bassarids and gnomes. Here the poetry has a chance: I can pause over it, think over it, dream over it, if I so de- sire. In other words, I am doing an entirely different thing from sitting passively at a theatre with some hundreds of others. I am alone, and my mind has to work if it expects to get anything. Two different things we have here. This par- ticular masque is good, if it suits either case. The greatest masques serve both. And not so very different is the case with “The Marriage of Guenevere, a Tragedy,” and “The Birth of Galahad, a Romantic Drama.” Here in a less degree, could we see them on the stage, would the poetry as poetry be lost. I take what seems to me the best scene in the first play, — that in which Guenevere first appears. The beauty of the opening song would be lost or subordinated in a performance, but the dialogue between the handsome girl and the disappointed woman of the world would be much more effect- ive; Dagonet might be humorous in a perform- ance according to the actor and the business, but the full sense of his jesting can be perceived only in reading; the general entry of king, queen, and court would be much more effective on the stage, but the succeeding scenes, Guene- vere and her mother, Guenevere alone, and then with her brother, — these are very different things as seen and as read, and it is hard to say that either would be better: the end of the act would probably be more effective on the stage. The stage performance would give something, certainly, but it would as certainly lack some- thing. f I am very fond of the theatre. I incline to think that I enjoy seeing a play more than I do reading one. But I believe the reason for this lies largely in the many attendant circumstances that always accompany theatre-going : the un- conscious effect of the public place, the people *I beg to acknowledge a hint from M. Anatole France. f I find at least that I habitually pay more for the privilege. 1899.] THE DIAL 19 you go with, the other people there, the lights, and what not. I doubt if I should enjoy a play in the same way if I could look out of my win- dow at any time and see a stage with a play upon it, as I sat in my room by myself. But aside from that matter, I can hardly think that the pleasure at the theatre and the pleasure of read- ing poetry have so very much in common. This is, perhaps, something of an excursus. But here are plays meant to be acted; and I have not seen them acted. What am I to do? Read them and say, “In a tentative, general, and altogether indecisive way, I imagine that the plays, if they ever reach the stage, may be thus and so?” Could I say that? Of course not. Here are poems. They are printed in books; as books they come to me, and as books I read them. They are poems: but the author has chosen to write them in dramatic form. It pleased him, or it enabled film to put certain things he could not otherwise, or he thought it would call ideas to my mind in such and such a way, or something of the sort. Will anyone ever act these plays? I have no idea, nor, for the purposes of present enjoyment, do I in the least care. If ever the dramatic performance comes, I will welcome it gladly and allow myself to be stirred and moved by the glittering magic of the charm put in action by poet, actor, musician, scene-painter, costumer, property- man, and I do n't know who else. But now I am by myself, and I read; the books, for the moment, are all I know, or need to know, either. But why so much bother on a matter that nobody ever troubles his head about? Why not tell us whether they are good plays or not? Ah, that is another matter: I fear I have written enough already. Edward E. HALE, JR. THE experiment of the University of Chicago in es- tablishing a down town college, and arranging its courses at such times as would suit the convenience of the teachers of the city and others who could not enter the regular classes at the University, has met with a success beyond the expectations of the warmest friends of the movement. The determination of the University to admit without examination all teachers who are gradu- ates of the Chicago High Schools, or an equivalent course, and the lowering of the fees to them, has helped both the University and the public. At the opening of the College few thought that the enrollment would be more than 100 or 150, but there are already 286 ma- triculants, nearly all teachers, and about 150 schools are represented. All the classes begun in October will continue until the first of April, and new classes will begin with the present month. * Discussions of THE SocIAL Movem. ENT, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL.” In “The Logical Process of Social Development” we have, in the words of the author, “a theoretical attempt to introduce orderly arrangement into the study of the phenomena of social life by the rigid application of a single logical hypothesis—the selec- tive survival of sociological types.” The main topics are the societary process, the sociological postulates, the sociological axioms, and the sociological prin- ciples. The societary process is from the natural, organic or animal, upward to the ideal, and involves in succession consciousness of typal kinship, of typal conditions, of typal relations, and of typal possibili- ties. Progress is mediated by sociological types which are defined to be either “a potentially normal type of personality or a theoretically superior type of social organization projected as a goal of practice.” The sociological postulates are the social situation, which secures the type from dissolution; the social interests, which set up a tendency to variation; the social system, in which tendencies are coördinated; and the social mind, in which the ideals of a higher state become curative and harmonizing forces. Under the head of sociological axioms are dis- cussed typicality, normality, institutionality, and ideality. The main purpose of the work is to show that human association rises above and upon a purely organic state toward an ideal state of personality and organization, by a constant process of selecting and acting upon new types of being. It is the function of sociology to formulate the materials of the various sciences in a way to guide this process. The normal tendency toward the higher type can be compre- hended by scientific method, and errors of direction may be corrected. When these ideals and methods have been thus formulated we have a more reliable basis for the pedagogic art. “Social policy must *THE Logical PROCEss of SocIAL DEVELoPMENT. By J. F. Crowell, Ph.D., L.H.D. New York: Henry Holt & Co. DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL GRowTH IN AMERICA. By Ber- nard Moses, Ph.D. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. SocIALISM AND THE SocIAL Movement in the 19th Cen- tury. By Werner Sombart. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. PoliticAL CRIME. By Louis Proal. New York: D. Apple- ton & Co. WoRKINGMEN's INsurANCE. By W. F. Willoughby. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co. THE BARGAIN THEORY of WAGEs. By John Davidson, M.A., D.Phil. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. LABort CoPARTNERsHIP. By H. D. Lloyd. New York: Harper & Brothers. PROBLEMs of MoDERN INDUSTRY. By Sidney and Beatrice Webb. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. NATURAL TAxATION. (New and enlarged edition.) By Thomas G. Shearman. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co. INDUSTRIAL ExPERIMENTS IN THE BRITISH ColoniEs of North AMERICA. By Eleanor Louisa Lord. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. REALITY. By George A. Sanders, M.A. Cleveland: The Burrows Brothers Co. THE CHRISTIAN PAsroR AND THE WorkING CHURCH. By Washington Gladden, D.D., LL.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 20 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, take into account (1) the facts or conditions of natu- ral association, (2) the forces that belong to social organization, and (3) the coördination of these fac- tors in the individuation of the type of character that normally tends to prevail toward the ideal. The social process being a type-developing process, educational policy must organize knowledge and its uses to that supreme end.” The practised student of sociology will derive many original and thought-provoking hints from this orderly and systematic treatment. In the circles of specialists it will be one of the books for fruitful criticism and debate. For persons not already well equipped for close reasoning, the book will require a translator; for the technical terms and the words used in a sense peculiar to the author will bewilder the amateur. Under a hard crust there is solid food for adults. The formulas or principles proposed need to be used with great caution. It is so easy to accept imaginative constructions as verified laws of reality. It is true that the author calls his theory a hypothesis, and warns us that it is to be used as a guide to induc- tion. But the mode of discussion is such that the incautious student may be strongly tempted to em- ploy this hypothesis as a premiss for deduction, and in some parts of the book the author himself seems under control of this tendency. The corrective, however, is suggested in the array of the scientific preparation required for discovery of the ideal type and of the necessary means of its realization. In the treatment of the social ideal, does our author give a suitable place of dignity and value to the creative minds in literature? He declares that science and religion are the two sources of the ideals toward which progressive society normally tends. But in no place is a distinct or at least adequate place assigned to the greatest poets and literary artists who, apart from beautiful forms of speech, have helped us to see life as it is and to see it as a whole. Without Shakespeare, Goethe, Dante, Browning, Tennyson, the scientific and philosoph- ical and theological formulations of social ideals would be empty as a drum and cold as steel. Ab- stract thinkers, system-builders, offer us a strong osseous skeleton, but great literature reveals the warm heart, the sensitive nerves, the rounded flesh, the perfect form, and, best of all, the endlessly va- ried yet harmonious world of sentiments, hopes, fears, and mysteries of the inmost spirit. It is the mind of a master which carries us for- ward in the lucid argument of “Democracy and Social Growth in America.” The appeal is to facts commonly known; the interpretation is that of a man familiar with economic and political history. Equality belongs to simple rural conditions, and those conditions gave us a democracy. Industrial revolution has caused inequality and complexity and a pure democracy is impossible. There is an inev- itable tendency to bring industry under some form of political control, and so far the Socialists have rightly interpreted the process of history. But those who imagine that Socialism will make presi- dents of railroads and section-hands change places each month or year, or who fancy that the highest places will be easily reached, build on the shadows of dreams. Inequality and conflict will continue under all forms of government. The last chapter is a noble plea for a “political revival,” for the preaching of social duty above individual rights, for simplicity of living, for standards of goodness, intelligence, and taste, to compete with the social criterion of wealth, and for religion as a necessary conservative force. The teaching of this volume should be pondered by everyone who desires to appre- ciate and promote the most sane, elevated, and inspir- ing ideals of our economic and political movement. Sombart's popular and sympathetic lectures on Socialism have been translated in a delightful way by Rev. Anson P. Atterbury, and Professor J. B. Clark thinks the book worth a special introduction from his pen. A social movement is defined to be “the aggregate of all those endeavors of a social class which are directed to a rational overturning of an existing social order to suit the interests of a class.” The central aim of the movement in this century is toward a socialistic, communal order of society, in place of the existing method of private ownership. The formation of the proletariat is shown to be the inevitable result of capitalistic modes of production. Misery, contrast, uncertainty spring from the same system, and the intensity of all life heightens class feeling. The Utopian forms of Socialism, the agitation of Lassalle, the masterly discussions of Marx, and the tendencies toward unity in all lands where the wage-class has been formed, are neatly described. The lesson from the history of Socialism is that class strife is the cause of move- ment and progress, but that strife should be carried on within legal limits and without the poisoned weapons of hate, revenge, and misrepresentation. Monsieur Louis Proal is a French judge who has contributed important works to the discussion of crime and punishment. In the work on Political Crime the main topics are the anti-social actions done in the name of government, Machiavelism, assassination and tyrannicide, anarchism, political hatreds and hypocrisy, spoilation under legal forms, partisan corruption, electoral corruption, corruption of law and justice by politics, and the corruption of morals by evil example in high places. The plan of the author is to present historical illustrations of these subjects from ancient, mediaeval, and modern sources. The result is a rogue's gallery of very forbidding pictures, and the effect is depressing. Strictly speaking, many of these actions are not legally criminal, because they do not come under the condemnation and penalty of particular statutes; but they are all instances of violation of the “higher law" of social and international morality. At this moment we have experience of the subversive influ- ence of war, even in as righteous a cause as one can imagine. Acts which in times of peace were called lying, treachery, robbery, and murder are now the duty and the business of representatives of national 1899.] THE DIAL 21 honor. The contradictions of the situation, if long continued, would destroy the socializing and elevat- ing influences of generations of peaceful education. So awful is the responsibility for world-wide retro- gression of those who force upon us war. Monsieur Proal has massed his illustrations in an effective way, and he has compelled us to judge all the con- duct of parties, rulers, and nations by the standards of ideal ethics. The author misses no opportunity to expose the destructive tendency of social agitators who poison and irritate the minds of men and sub- vert the moral judgments on which the security of life, person, property, and culture rest. He believes the ills of society are far more due to defective ideals and morals than to economic suffering. He sees clearly that educated men must take hold of the work of social education in earnest. “Those who do not defend society betray it. To the proselytism of evil must be opposed the proselytism of good. It is the strict duty of all those who have the good fortune to hold salutary beliefs, derived from their education, their family, or their studies, to propa- gate them, and not to allow sophisms to pass with- out challenge. . . . The real remedy for the crisis we are traversing is a return to Christianity.” The wage-worker is daily haunted by the fear of sickness or accident which may reduce or suspend his earning power, by the dread of old age and death, with all their possible consequences to his family. The process of saving a sufficient hoard to provide for all these emergencies is painfully slow and un- certain. For the vast majority of men it is next to impossible to erect a fortress of accumulated wealth whose interest will be a wall of protection against extreme destitution. Americans have not yet been compelled to face this situation, because most men could escape from the vicissitudes of city life to the relatively certain income of the isolated farm home- stead. The rapid transformation of a great popu- lation into a manufacturing community is compelling reflecting and far-seeing men to cast about for meas- ures which will remove the terrors of poverty and beggary in times of feebleness and loss of bread- winning power. Benjamin Franklin's method was to save the pennies and lend the capital. That would be adequate for his age, but it is not applicable in our conditions. Individualism breaks down under the circumstances of urban life and the factory system, and men have the choice between some form of col- lectivism and pauperism, which is itself communism in disgrace. At this point of transition we may avail ourselves of the experience of older countries, and when we come to organize our insurance against sickness, accident, old age, death, and even unem- ployment, or shall not be compelled to try experi- ments in the dark. Mr. W. F. Willoughby has set before the American reader and student a clear, concise, and accurate account of the aims, scope, methods, and results of “Workingmen's Insurance” in all civilized countries. Mr. John Graham Brooks had already presented an admirable account of the German system of State insurance, and his book is not altogether superseded by this work, which covers wider ground. Perhaps there is no single measure relating to the welfare of the wage-workers in Amer- ica, next to the question of wages, so important as this matter of insurance. Our Building and Loan Associations are growing in wealth and favor; but they are by no means adequate, and they do not touch the demand of the average urban laborer. The trade unions of the better class do very much in case of unemployment and sickness; but their insurance work is still based on crude actuarial cal- culations and is avowedly subordinate to the fighting function of the union. The “benevolent” societies and some of the great railroad companies have made fair beginnings in the right direction. The author rightly directs attention to the vital principle of acci- dent insurance, now universally accepted in Europe but scarcely discussed in the United States: that each business should provide for losses incurred by acci- dents incident to it. Every prudent manufacturer sets aside in each inventory a certain per cent for repairs, restoration, and loss of machinery, because experi- ence shows this to be inevitable. But a similar loss is caused to the human beings who make the ma- chinery effective, and it is reasonable that this cer- tain waste should be borne by the business. Our employer's liability laws are no longer abreast with economic conditions. They are based on the old conditions, when each man worked alone or in a small group, and was responsible for exposure to danger. But in a huge factory or on a railroad the individual workman is a fixed part of a mass which is under military orders and rigid discipline. It is unjust to compel him to have a lawsuit with his em- ployer every time he crushes a finger or is poisoned by chemical fumes. The business should insure each workman, and the cost be charged in the price of goods to the community. Professor Davidson, author of “The Bargain Theory of Wages,” discusses the wages problem in its historical and theoretical aspects. He offers an exposition of the subsistence theory, the wages-fund theory, the productivity theory, and the bargain theory, and shows that these various views are not antagonistic but complementary. The phenomena to be explained are not social conditions of former ages but of our own time. Many of the illustrations would be understood most clearly by a resident of the maritime provinces of British America, where the book was prepared; but nothing is obscure, and the author is constantly in touch with reality. The chapter on the mobility of labor should be read by those who are free enough from the prejudices of capitalistic employers, and also of wage-earners, to study impartially the hidden causes of the troubles in Illinois coal-fields, where the maddened miners and the demagogues are seeking by illegal methods to correct the abuses of excessive mobility of labor. There is no longer the excuse for migration of work- men which existed when Mr. Greeley gave his famous advice about going West. Statistics collected by Professor Willcox, and given by the author, show 22 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, that steady home-making is coming to be the habit of our people. Trade-unions are discouraging the tramp habit among their own members on both sides of the Atlantic. The moral consequences of greater sta- bility justify the policy. The problem is to promote stability by legislation without restricting liberty of travel in search of better conditions. The author gives a suggestive illustration of legal restriction of imported labor by a heavy tax on the interlopers who hurt the trade-unions. The chapters on the influence of trade-unions and of methods of remuneration on the rate of wages and industrial efficiency of working- men are full of fresh and important materials. In his work on “Labor Copartnership,” Mr. Henry D. Lloyd has set before the public, in his usual forceful way, the more recent developments of one form of the coöperative movement in Great Britain. The materials were collected during a personal visit to the chief centres of the movement in Ireland, Scotland, and England. The author is an enthusiastic advocate and prophet of that form of coöperation in which the producing agents, the direct workers, share in profits, responsibilities, and management. The arguments of Mrs. Webb on the side of the English custom of dividing profits among shareholders are not fully set forth, and Mrs. Webb's book must be read along with this one in order to have the whole case in mind. Mr. Lloyd writes with the faith and fervor of a socialistic seer, but he certainly gives solid statistical grounds for his hopes. Those who are content to measure the future of industrial democracy by the past are quite likely to miss the germinating forces of the present. A de- voted coöperationist may be a dreamer of dreams, but when one-seventh of the population of a great realm has become interested in a scheme which is backed already by one hundred millions of property, and has more capital than it can invest, we may excuse the enthusiasm. All who sincerely desire to see general growth in business ability, self-govern- ment, and independent position of the workers, are justified in studying British cooperation with hope and confidence. If the “proletariate’’ really has the power and ability to direct the gigantic enter- prises of modern business, it must prove this by coöperative success in production, not by mere blus- ter and flattery of demagogues. The conservative doubt and scorn and the optimist's hope are not to the point: action must be decisive. In “Problems of Modern Industry,” Mr. and Mrs. Webb have published a series of interesting essays on various aspects of the labor question, ten- ement house life, women's wages, factory acts, hours of labor, surating system, poor law, coöperation, trade-unions, and the theory of Felian socialism. The chapters are crowded with interesting and sug- gestive materials, and the closing papers reveal the most recent phases of English collectivism. A new and enlarged edition of Mr. Thomas G. Shearman's “Natural Taxation” brings before the public a modified form of Henry George's theory of taxation. Mr. Shearman's doctrine, in contrast with that of Mr. George, is thus stated (p.226): “The ob- jection to the alleged inelasticity of the tax applies to that full and rather forced measure of taxation advo- cated by Henry George, taking the whole economic rent, so far as it is possible to do so, for the use of the State.” The additions in the new edition are replies to objections and an analysis of the incidence of tax- ation. The refutation of the single tax, by Professor Seligman, is the text of this fresh presentation of the plea for making land-values the sole object of the assessor's zeal. The matter is presented in the con- cise, clear, and cogent, if somewhat one-sided, style of a very able lawyer advocate. There is much just criticism of the iniquities of current methods, and the book deserves careful and candid consideration. The British archives have preserved most inter- esting records of the commercial dealings between the colonies and the mother country. In “Industrial Experiments,” by Eleanor Louisa Lord, the author draws upon these documents of the period previous to the Revolution for materials which throw light on the economical causes of the conflict which issued in political independence. The chief topic of this mono- graph is the attempt of the British government to compel or induce New England to furnish it naval supplies. The statesmen in control imagined that they understood the economic interests of the colonies better than the colonists. Gradually the children were becoming industrially independent, and when the time came to enforce a fiscal policy which seemed unjust, the young and vigorous communities revealed their economic power in war. The monograph pre- sents evidence, in a limited field, for the assertion that the economists and statesmen of England failed to understand the situation in North America, and that their error cost the mother country her most valu- able dependency. The book called “Reality,” by Mr. George A. San- ders, is put forward as a “reply to Edward Bellamy's ‘Looking Backward’ and ‘Equality,’” an optimistic presentation for the existing industrial system. It can hardly be claimed as a novel or profound discussion of a well-worn theme. Mr. Bellamy is regarded by this author as an impracticable dreamer; the basis of civilization is character and culture; our indus- trial order is the best possible. A chapter of statis- tics from Mr. Mulhall is printed. The law of evolution is stated. The perils and advantages of mammon- ism are set in the balance. The parable of the “Masters of Bread” is dissected on a marble table, but “brotherly love” comes immediately after as a counterpoise. Theological speculation on “what God might have done" closes the book. Dr. Gladden's work on “The Christian Pastor and the Working Church,” although published in a theological series, is an important contribution to the study of social tendencies and institutions. The eminent writer has given explicit form to certain beliefs and convictions which have been gradually shaping themselves in the minds of religious people and manifesting themselves in institutions. The distinction between “sacred ” and “secular ” has 1899.] THE DIAL 23 broken down at every point, as the church has come to believe in the transmutation of species. The abandonment of theories of ecclesiastical authority and of logical systems of theological speculation has driven the people to concentrate attention upon practical applications of common religious principles to the life of the world. The creeds have been condensed from many unverifiable articles into a few directly ethical declarations relating to the meaning of the universe and the duty of man. It was inevitable that the text-books on pastoral duties and church work must be re-written. The institu- tional church, the organization of voluntary chari- ties, the various attempts to socialize selfish conduct in politics and business, the recognition of health and innocent recreation as suitable subjects for ecclesiastical discussion and action, found small place in the earlier works which formulated the technical education of the preacher and pastor. The publishers who selected Dr. Gladden for the task of re-stating the theory of the pastoral office according to modern lights have made a most happy choice. While the discussion is radical and at points revo- lutionary, the tone is moderate, the style free from exaggeration, the argument considerate, and the vital matters of positive Christian conviction are not obscured or feebly set forth. The range of thought is considerably wider than that covered by traditional text-books on pastoral duties. The sub- title, “Working Church,” indicates the fact that the pastor is only one factor in the institution of religion. The duties of the pastor and the best methods of his professional work are, indeed, carefully treated. We see him in his study, in the pulpit, as conductor of public services, and as counsellor and guide of those who trust him as friend. But the modern activities of the other members have vastly increased. The Sunday school, the midweek service, evangeli- zation, social life, woman's work, associations of youth, societies of children, missionary organizations, philanthropic enterprises of many forms have grown up in response to new social needs and out of the inspirations of a renaissance of primitive Christian impulse. The Church is simply an instrument of service, not an end in itself. In some points the volume requires to be supplemented by other works. The discussion of charity methods is very brief and meagre, although the author insists on the social importance of this work. Those who desire to know more about the “institutional church’’ will do well to consult Mead’s “Modern Methods of Church Work,” which is not mentioned in this book. The plan of the volume did not permit a treatment of the many social problems in which the church is more or less directly interested as inspirer and or- ganizer of the conscience. It is not to be expected that all the statements and teachings will be greeted with mnanimous approval. Yet one fact remains clear: that we have here, for the pastor, the most modern practical treatise yet published, -sagacious, bal- anced, devout, inspiring. C. R. HENDERson BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. Still another “Life of Marie An- toinette”! There is apparently to be no end of repetitions of the story of the career of this questionable “martyr.” This time the biographer of “Madame Veto.” is Miss Clara Tschudi, a popular Norwegian author; and the Macmillan Co. are the American publishers of a translation of her book by Mr. E. M. Cope. Miss Tschudi is a decidedly pleasant writer, and the translator (despite occasional flaws in his English) echoes very cleverly her easy, rippling style. Aside from its unusual readableness, the best thing about Miss Tschudi's book is its sanity of view. Her heroine is neither martyr nor monster, but a quite intelligible woman who was forced to play a part in history that was far too large for her. Miss Tschudi's book is thus neither soaked in tears, like the tomes of M. de la Rocheterie, whose lamentations for his “martyr queen” remind one of Mark Twain at the tomb of Adam,_ nor does it defer too much to the republican view of this bad sovereign and pity-compelling victim. A “tigress.” Marie An- toinette certainly was not; but she was a giddy, shallow creature, as ill-fitted as possible for the high station to which an ironic destiny called her. While deploring her all too tragic end, impartial history cannot forget that, in her day of triumph, she had no thought for the hard lot of the toiling poor who lacked bread while she and her worthless favorites were squandering the revenues of France. But her nature was a shallow rather than a bad one; and with a better training she would have been a better queen. The “Widow Capet.” paid in tears and blood for the follies of the mistress of the Little Trianon; and we may agree with our author that in the hour of misfortune Marie Antoinette devel- oped qualities of soul worthy of a daughter of Maria Theresa. Miss Tschudi's book is accurate, sensible, vivacious; there is perhaps no better popular Life of its heroine. The book is well printed, but an occasional slip in the proof-reading must be noted. Vergniaud, for instance, is printed “Werginaud.” There is an attractive frontispiece portrait in colors. A new life of Marie Antoinette. Ever since the appearance of the Revised Version of the Old Testa- ment in 1885, there has been a de- sire on the part of Bible students for this same ver- sion provided with a new set of marginal references. Just now, thirteen years after its first appearance, we have the desired book. It has been prepared by scholars connected with the Universities of Ox- ford and Cambridge, and issued from the Oxford University Press. This is the British edition newly set with the American Preferences at the end, as in the regular British Revised Version. The principles governing the matter of marginal references in this volume are five, as follows: (1) Quotations, or exact verbal parallels; (2) Passages referred to for sim- ilarity of idea or of expression; (3) Passages re A new reference Bible. 24 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, ferred to by way of explanation or illustration; (4) Historical or geographical references: names of persons, places, etc., which recur; (5) Passages referred to as illustrating differences of rendering between the Authorized and Revised Versions. Ap- propriate signs are used to indicate the character of each of the references, so that the reader may know in advance just what he is looking for. These same principles of reference will save the margins of our Bible from the numerous misinterpretations and bad exegeses found in the Authorized Version. No- tably in the “Song of Songs” do we find the tracks of clear-headed workmen, who have not, as in the old version, foisted upon us a groundless symbolical interpretation. Another commendable feature of this Bible is the printing of the verse-numbers in black-faced type in the prose text, and not on the margins. This feature meets the objection of many people to the use of the Revised Version. If, now, this Bible embodied in the text the American Com- mittee's preferences, we should be content for the time being with this admirable book. “The Golden Maiden” (Helman- Taylor Co.) is a collection of Ar- menian folk tales written by one who is himself an Armenian, Mr. A. G. Seklemian. The antiquity of the people, the tenacity with which they have kept their ideas and customs, the retention of race characteristics, which may be likened to the Jewish race-survival, and the fact that the Armenian Church is the oldest national Christian Church in the world, all lend interest to the study of the country. The reader is at once struck by resemblances to the folk-lore of other Aryan peoples. Traces of Persian, Arabic, and Turkish influence are found, since Ar- menia was successively conquered by those nations. The book abounds in stories of magic swords and rings, treacherous elder brothers, jealous and wicked stepmothers, kindly old fairies, and hazardous expe- ditions undertaken by disguised princes to rescue beautiful captive princesses after killing dragons, and giants even to the number of forty. From a literary point of view, this collection suffers, of course, from comparison with such works as Hans Andersen's fairy tales. To be sure, Andersen did not gather all his tales from the lips of peasants and make a great effort, for scientific purposes, to secure fidelity to the original. Many of his stories are conscious creations with the element of feeling strong in them — creations of a man of genius with a deep love for humanity and nature. Mr. Seklemian's book is a distinct addition to the existing collection of folk- lore literature. - - In these times — so popular is the gentle art of essay-writing !—the book of slender, clever, half loitering criticism is by no means a rarity, though, very often, a pleasant thing to have at hand. Such a book is the collection of essays by Mr. Leon H. Vincent, entitled “The Bibliotaph and Other People” (Houghton). The subjects chosen are, for the most Folk-tales of Armenia. Literary essays in lighter vein. part, literary subjects, but, except in the essay on Thomas Hardy and in one on Stevenson's “St. Ives,” there is no attempt at serious literary criti- cism. Seriousness, indeed, is not in any sense a leading quality of the book, which is distinguished rather by a disposition toward the blither and more humorous aspects of life. The author's fancy has led him to themes widely different—as different, for example, as the letters of a poet and the me- moirs of a man of science; but from each he selects the same wholesome elements, and the same vein of gayety may be observed in all his treatment. Of the distinctly critical essays, that on Hardy is the more noticeable, showing a complete appreciation of the powerful imaginative realism which is Hardy's main strength. In his essay on Stevenson, Mr. Vin- cent says what anyone is expected to say; in the one on Keats's letters, he says what is expected only from the close lovers of that young and manly genius. The first three essays — the hero of which is the Bibliotaph — have too much of the air which we know as “off-hand,” and a humor which is de- cidedly too insistent. Their task, however, is diffi- cult; for the portrait they have to paint is that of a large, mirthful, and erratic character, much harder of delineation than one delicate and subtle. The selection from the Bibliotaph's speeches seems un- fortunate, but all that he said was doubtless very delightful in the hearing. Mr. Abram English Brown, an en- A Boston - - - - merchant in thusiastic antiquary and genealogist, colonial days. has given in “John Hancock, his Book” (Lee & Shepard) a liberal selection from Hancock's commercial correspondence, as taken from his letter-book, the letters being strung together by the compiler on a slender thread of explanatory and biographical narrative. Mr. Brown does not pretend to call his book a life of Hancock, but merely a contribution to such a work, which he hopes may ere long be written by another hand. Unlike many of our latter-day “Freemanikins,” he does not pre- sume to dignify with the name of history original documents which are but its raw material. Different readers will find different food for entertainment and instruction in these business letters of a wholesale dealer in tar, oyl, pott ash, codd fish, etc. Their quaint spelling and phraseology and grammar cannot but arrest the attention. “Occasional indignant refer- ences to the Stamp Act of 1765 bespeak the patriot who, with Samuel Adams, enjoyed the distinction of being excluded from General Gage's proclama- tion of amnesty. The orders for household and fam- ily supplies show the comfortable, even luxurious, style of living at the Hancock mansion. The nu- merous illustrations in the book add no little to its value. It is a singular fact that the first signer of the Declaration of Independence, the first Governor of the State of Massachusetts, and one of her foremost patriots, should have been so long neglected by biog- raphers, and that even his grave should have been, until very recently, without an enduring monument. 1899.] THE DIAL 25 To write a book on General Grant The latest tºº. of which shall have all the human in- LITERARY NOTES. General Grant. “Peveril of the Peak,” forming three volumes in the terest of that remarkable character, preserving all the well-known facts without diminu- tion and adding to them from a great store of per- sonal gleanings, is no slight nor unworthy achieve- ment. This Mr. Hamlin Garland, in his “Life and Character of General U.S. Grant” (Doubleday & McClure), has done. One fact that Mr. Gar- land's vivid succession of pictures brings to mind is the possibility of the sword-and-cloak romance with an every-day American for hero: Grant, plain and simple to a degree, would make such an one, with adventures undreamed of by Dumas. Another point is, that here was a man who was, above everything, staunch and loyal — to his friends, his family, and his country. And another is that he was a man who always held much besides language in reserve. There is hardly an interesting phase of Grant in either his public or private career, his civic or mili- tary life, which is not brought out plainly in this work. If, under the circumstances, the biographer has fallen in love with the character he has evolved from so much study and research, he is little to be blamed. A confusion of methods, or, rather, treatment of the attempt to treat in a popular Darwinism. manner subjects set apart from popu- lar discussion by convention, has made Dr. Woods Hutchinson's “Gospel according to Darwin’” (The OpenCourt) neither popular nor scientific. Itaffords aproof of the hold which conventionality has obtained upon us, to feel a distinct sense of shock at the setting forth in everyday phrase of some forbidden topics not taken in the least amiss when clad in more scholarly phrase. The writer is a thorough-going Darwinian with the courage of his convictions, and rather to be suspected of an endeavor to stir up the feelings of those who cling to an older faith. What he says is not novel in substance nor prepossessing in form; but it may do some good in the same way that a breaking plough does when the soil is some- what too hard for receptivity and subsequent germi- nation. A popular An essay on a lost art is apt to be more curious than interesting, but “Our Conversational Circle” (Cen- tury Co.) is an exception to this rule. The author, Agnes H. Morton, applies herself, not to the decline of true conversation, but to the means of its revival, and her suggestions are, in the main, wise and prac- tical. She shows very clearly the nature of conversa- tion as distinguished from debate and from public address, defining it as “the exchange of views with- out the spirit of antagonism.” The book is quite deserving of the graceful praise given it by Mr. Mabie's introduction—a praise which he sums up by saying, “The book ought to be read because it brings into clear view a resource which many people have lost, and because it shows clearly how that re- source may be developed.” The revival of a lost art. “Temple” edition of Scott, is imported by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The anthology of “Mother-Song and Child-Song,” edited by Miss Charlotte Brewster Jordan, and pub- lished by the Frederick A. Stokes Co., is an acceptable compilation made from a great variety of sources. “German Romance,” in two volumes, being the famil- iar translations from Musaeus, Tieck, Fouqué, Hoffmann, and Richter, is the latest issue of the “Centenary” Car- lyle, imported by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. The “Monthly Cumulative Book Index,” published by Messrs. Morris & Wilson, Minneapolis, has become, in its December issue, a volume of 237 pages, and gives an author, title, and subject index of all the books pub- lished in this country since the beginning of last year. It is a valuable work for reference, and the subscription price is moderate. The publishing section of the American Library As- sociation issues a series of “annoted catalog [sic] cards for books on English history” (also the same matter in pamphlet form), prepared by Mr. W. Dawson Johnston. The series for 1897 is now ready, and covers twenty- five titles. More than twice that number will be included in the series for 1898. Mr. David Nutt of London has started the publication of a series of booklets to contain “Arthurian Romances Unrepresented in Malory's ‘Morte d'Arthur,” and the first publication of the series gives us “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,” turned from Middle English into Modern by Miss Jessie L. Weston, who has supplied an introduction and notes. The valuable series of historical manuals called “Events of Our Own Time,” imported by the Messrs. Scribner, has recently been enlarged by the addition of two interesting volumes: “The War in the Peninsula,” by Mr. Alexander Innes Shand; and “Africa in the Nineteenth Century,” by Mr. Edgar Sanderson. Maps, plans, and copper-plate portraits illustrate these vol- unles. Two recent additions to the “Athenaeum Press” pub- lications of Messrs. Ginn & Co. are “The Poems of Will- iam Collins,” edited by Mr. Walter C. Bronson; and “Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Edward Gibbon,” edited by Dr. Oliver F. Emerson. The text of the latter volume forms a connected narrative based upon the recently published “Autobiographies,” and provides a critical edition of a kind that has been much needed. It should supersede the old “Memoirs” altogether. “The Mistakes We Make” (Crowell) is a “practical manual of corrections in history, language, and fact, for readers and writers,” edited with much display of curi- ous information, by Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole. A some- what similar compilation prepared for the English market by Mr. C. E. Clark has served as a basis for this volume, but Mr. Dole has made so many changes and additions that he is entitled to the major share of the credit for producing so readable and useful a book. Our weekly contemporary “Unity,” which has been published in Chicago for twenty years, announces an enlargement of scope whereby it will in future champion the cause of civic integrity in addition to its services in behalf of broad religious truth. Mr. William Kent is now associated with Mr. Jenkin Lloyd Jones in the editorship, a conjunction from which much may be ex- 26 THE DIAL [Jan. 1, pected. Mr. Kent has long been a fighter in the good cause of upright politics, and is, besides, a direct and vigorous writer. We reproduce from “The Academy” the following sonnet addressed by Professor Dowden to Mr. Sidney Lee, “that bestowed upon me a coppie of his Life of Shake-speare.” “Swete Boye, whose name revives dead Astrophell, Fame through her goolden trumpe now blows it wide With his who, gazing in Conceit's deepe well, Saw Life and Death, and Love yew-crown'd, star-eyed. O be thou too a wrestler with old Time, Blunt his dread sickle, scatter his red sand! Let men of Inde in their outlandish ryme Rename thee queinte to men of Samarcandl One globe brawn-shouldher'd, broad-hipp'd Herc'les bore; Lightly thou liftest two–of dreame and deed; Is’t not enough, but thou wilt venter more, And roll reverting stomes that aitches breed? Leave H, and W, Hall, and Thorpe for me, Who love them not, yet love this fruitfull Lea.” TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. January, 1899. Actor of To-day, The. Norman Hapgood. Atlantic. Alligator, The Florida. I. W. Blake. Popular Science. Biography, Educational Value of. Sadie Simons. Educ'l Rev. Bismarck. Charlton T. Lewis. Harper. British Army Manoeuvres, Recent. W. E. Cairnes. Scribner Carlotta, Wife of Maximilian. Lucy C. Lillie. Lippincott. Carlyle's Dramatic Portrayal of Character. Century. Carlyles, The, in Scotland. John Patrick. Century. Colonies, Brother Jonathan's. A. B. Hart. Harper. Debate of 1833, The Great. C. C. Pinckney. Lippincott. Diplomacy, Our, in Spanish War. H. Macfarland. Rev. of Revs. Draper, Herbert J. A. L. Baldry. Magazine of Art. Executive Power in Democracy, Weakness of. Harper. Fathers, Mothers, and Freshmen. L. B. R. Briggs. Atlantic. Francis Joseph, Fifty Years of. Sidney Brooks. Harper. Franconia, Autumn in, Bradford Torrey. Atlantic. Garcia, General Calixto. George Reno. Review of Reviews. Government, Energies of our. C. W. Eliot. Atlantic. Indian, The Wild. G. B. Grinnell. Atlantic. Individualism, Fin de Siécle. Gertrude E. King." Lippincott. Industrial Evolution of Mankind. James Collier. Pop. Science. Jewish Head Form. W. Z. Ripley. Popular Science. Keene, Charles, A Memorial to. Magazine of Art. Klinger, Max, Etchings of. Gleeson White. Mag. of Art. Liberty, An International Study on. F. L. Oswald. Lippincott. Madrid during the War, An American in. E. Kelly. Century. “Maine.” Inquiry, The. C. D. Sigsbee. Century. Martyrs, A Mother of. Chalmers Roberts. Atlantic. “Merrimac,” Sinking of the. R. P. Hobson. Century. Mind's Eye, The. Joseph Jastrow. Popular Science. Naval Campaign in West Indies. S. A. Staunton. Harper. Negro Schoolmaster, A, in the New South. Atlantic. Nicaragua Canal, Advantages of. A.S. Crowninshield. Cent. Nicholas II. of Russia. W. T. Stead. Review of Reviews. Normal School, Future of the. W. T. Harris. Educat’l Rev. Nubia, A Glimpse at. T. C. S. Speedy. Harper. Psychology and Mysticism. Hugo Münsterberg. Atlantic. Reading for Children, Course of. Geo. Griffith. Educat'l Rev. Red Crossin Spanish War. Margherita Hamm. Rev. of Revs. Répin, Professor. Prince Karageorgevitch. Magazine of Art. Rough Riders, Forming the. Theo. Roosevelt. Scribner. Schools, Professional and Academic. R. H. Thurston. Ed. Rev. Science-Teaching, Sentimentality in. E. Thorndike. Ed. Rev. Sculptor, A Great American. Laura C. Dennis. Rev. of Revs. Sirdar, With the. Major E. S. Wortley. Scribner. Stevenson, R. L., Letters of. Sidney Colvin. Scribner. Sultan at Home, The. Sidney Whitman. Harper. Taxes, Diffusion of, David A. Wells. Popular Science. War, Naval Lessons of the. H. W. Wilson. Harper. LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 177 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. Bismarck, the Man and the Statesman: Being the Reflections and Reminiscences of Otto, Prince von Bismarck. Written and dictated by himself; trans. from the German under the supervision of A. J. Butler. In 2vols., 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. Harper & Brothers. $7.50. Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War. By Lieut.- Col. G. F. R. Henderson. In 2 vols., with portraits and maps, large 8vo, uncut. Longmans, Green, & Co. $10. The Life and Correspondence of Henry Reeve, C.B., D.C.L. By John Knox Laughton, M.A. In 2 vols., with portraits, 8vo, uncut. Longmans, Green, & Co. $8. Pitt: Some Chapters of his Life and Times. By the Right Hon. Edward Gibson, Lord Ashbourne. With portraits, * :* gilt top, uncut, pp. 395. Longmans, Green, & 6. A Life of William Shakespeare. By Sidney Lee. With rtraits and facsimiles, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 476. º Co. $1.75 met. Mr. Froude and Carlyle. By David Wilson. Large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 360. Dodd, Mead & Co. $3. American Bookmen: Sketches, chiefly Biographical, of Certain Writers of the Nineteenth Century, É. M. A. De Wolfe Howe. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 295. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.50. The Great Lord Burghley: A Study in Elizabethan State- craft. By Martin A. S. Hume. Wºº, portrait, 8vo, gilt top, pp. 511. Longmans, Green, & Co. $3.50. The Emperor of Germany at Home. By Maurice Leudet; trans. from the French §. Virginia Taylour. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 354. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.50. Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. By Stanley Lane-Poole, M.A. Illus., 12mo, pp. 416. “Heroes of the Nations.” G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. Edward Gibbon Wakefield and the Colonization of South Australia and New Zealand. By R. Garnett, C.B. 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To CLUBs and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; and SAMPLE Cory on receipt of 10 cents. AdvKRTISING RATEs furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. No. 302. JANUARY 16, 1899. Vol. XXVI. CONTENTS. page THE REPORT OF THE CHICAGO EDUCATIONAL COMMISSION . . . . . - - - THE AMERICAN REJECTION OF POE. Charles Leonard Moore . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 THE VIRGINIA MEETING OF THE MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION. Thomas Stock- ham Baker . . . . 42 THE NEBRASKA MEETING OF THE CENTRAL MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION. W. H. Carruth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 COMMUNICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Book Distribution: A Suggestion. W. H. Johnson. IN UNEXPLORED ASIA. E. G. J. . . . . . . 44 MR. LESLIE STEPHEN'S STUDIES OF A BIOG- RAPHER. Ellen C. Hinsdale . . . . . . 46 CHINA IN HISTORY AND IN FACT. Selim H. Peabody . . . . . - - - - RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne . . . 50 Gilder's In Palestine.—Cawein's Idyllic Monologues. –Lodge's The Song of the Wave. —Bragdon's The Golden Person in the Heart. — Rice's The Flying Sands. – Scollard's A Christmas Garland. — Mrs. Howe's From Sunset Ridge. — Mrs. Higginson's When the Birds Go North Again.— Mrs. Perry's Impressions.—Miss Guiney's England and Yesterday. – Ben King's Verse. — Poems of Francis Brooks. – More's A Century of Indian Epigrams.-Rosenfeld's Songs from the Ghetto. — Drummond's Phil-o-rum's Canoe. —Scott's Labor and the Angel. – Meredith's Odes in Contribution to the Song of French History. – Bell's Pictures of Travel. – Doyle's Songs of Ac- tion.—Tarelli's Persephone. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . 56 A Briton's view of his American kin. — The prede- cessor of Major Marchand.—Birds and bird-worship in antiquity.—Horse-shoe magic and other folk-lore. —Wondel's Lucifer in English verse.—German Eliza- beth and her garden.— A Scotch life of Stevenson.— . A naturalist in the Southern Alleghanies.—A mar- vellous perpetuation of a Hebrew grammar.—Thack- eray in America. BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 LITERARY NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . 61 37 48 THE REPORT OF THE CHICAGO EDUCATIONAL COMMISSION. The public schools of Chicago constitute one of the two largest city systems in the United States, and, previous to the very recent infusion of new methods and progressive ideas into the management of the New York schools, the Chicago system might fairly claim the place of first importance, both for the efficiency of its work and for its exemplification of that gener- osity of public support given to the cause of education which is the highest mark of Amer- ican civilization. Recently, the attention of the educational world has been focussed more sharply than ever upon the Chicago schools, owing to a series of incidents connected with the appointment of the former president of Brown University to the superintendency, and to the energetic way in which Dr. Andrews has asserted the prerogatives that should rightfully attach to the high office which he holds. Dur- ing the few months that have passed since his tenure began, he has not only impressed a vig- orous personality upon the management of the schools under his charge, but also, which is still more noteworthy, he has gained the suffrages of those who were at the outset most strongly opposed to his appointment. The call of Dr. Andrews to Chicago, for which Mayor Harrison was largely responsible, must be considered, in one sense at least, as but an incident in a far-reaching plan of school reorganization conceived by the latter early in the term of his executive office. For the pur- pose of giving effect to this plan, the Mayor, with the authority of the City Council, ap- pointed, more than a year ago, an Educational Commission of eleven members, headed by President Harper of the University of Chicago. This Commission was directed to make a thor- ough examination of the school system, as well as of the statutes under which it is conducted, to deliberate, with the aid of the best expert opinion anywhere obtainable, upon the changes in law and organization made desirable by the growth of the city as well as by the progress of educational methods and ideals, and to embody the conclusions reached in a report which might become the basis of future action. The Com- mission, consisting of members of the Chicago 38 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, Board of Education and the Chicago Council, of men prominent in affairs and the professions, entered with enthusiasm upon the work assigned it, invited suggestions from all quarters that seemed to promise help, held weekly sessions, and sometimes daily sessions, all through the year just ended, and has at last published its conclusions in a Report of nearly three hundred pages addressed to the Mayor and the City Council. The result of all this labor is one of the most important educational documents ever produced; it cannot fail to attract widespread attention and excite deep interest wherever the importance of public education is understood. It affords a striking example of a necessary piece of work done in the right way, and it is much to the credit of Mayor Harrison that he should have taken the initiative in this com- mendable enterprise. We have said more than once that of the duties incumbent upon the chief executive of a great city those which re- late to the conduct of the public schools are paramount to all others, and in the present case, as perhaps never before in the history of Chicago, the importance of these duties seems to have been realized. Of the Report as a whole, two or three pre- liminary general statements should be made. In the first place, it does not assume that things have been going badly in school affairs up to the present time, but rather gives full recogni- tion to the efficiency already attained and to the self-sacrificing devotion of past and present Boards of Education. But it recognizes also the fact that both the school law of the State and the school machinery of the city have become defective by the mere process of be- coming outgrown. As is remarked by Dr. G. F. James, who has served as Secretary to the Commission, and prepared the Report for publication, “the city has grown at a rapid rate, and in this department, as in some others, a plan of administration has been retained which, although good for a city of moderate size, is entirely inadequate for one of nearly two millions.” Mayor Harrison gave expres- sion to the same thought when he said, in ask- ing for authority to create the Commission, that “with the continual growth of the city, addi- tional burdens keep coming to the door of the Board of Education, which is seriously handi- capped by having to deal with new conditions and difficult developments in the harness of antiquated methods.” The spirit of the entire Report is thus not complainingly critical, for it aims far more at construction than at destruc- tion, and all those who have heretofore been working for the good of the Chicago schools, under adverse conditions, will find in it the fullest sympathy with what they have done, and the most cordial recognition of their disinter- ested devotion. A reconstruction of the school law of the State is essential to the carrying out of the recommendations of the Commission, and it has been an important part of the work done by that body to draft, under competent legal advice, a new and comprehensive statute. Since the most important of the recommendations made find a place in the proposed new legislation, we may as well direct attention at once to those pages of the Report in which this draft of a law is found. It takes the form of “an act to amend’” the act of 1889 by repealing twelve sections of the sixth article, and substituting therefor nineteen new sections. Applying only to cities of more than one hundred thousand inhabitants, it would affect Chicago alone, and afford one more illus- tration of the way in which the special legisla- tion, denied by the Constitution of Illinois, may be had without doing violence to the funda- mental law of the State. The most important features of the proposed law are: (1) A reduc- tion of membership in the Board of Education from twenty-one to eleven. (2) The power to exercise the right of eminent domain in the ac- quisition of land needed for school purposes. (3) The duty of establishing several kinds of schools not specifically named under preceding legislation. (4) The creation of a definite status for the Superintendent, with a tenure of six years, a right to participate in the discussions of the Board of Education, and full executive power (subject only to a two-thirds vote of dis- approval) in all educational matters. (5) The creation of a similar status, with ample powers, for the Business Manager. (6) The creation of a Board of Examiners for the purpose of cer- tificating eligible candidates for appointment and promotion. There are, of course, many other provisions, but these six are of prime im- portance, and deserve to be thus singled out from the rest. It will be evident enough to all readers who are in touch with the best edu- cational thought of the age that these recom- mendations are not merely sound, but that they are absolutely necessary for the proper admin- istration of a great municipal system of schools. We can hardly imagine a serious argument directed against any one of them, and no effort should be spared to give them the force of law at the earliest opportunity. 1899.] THE TXIAL 39 There are, indeed, a few minor points in all this suggested legislation that may need modi- fication before the final action is taken. This fact is realized by the members of the Commis- sion, who unite in saying that “the interests which are here involved are so weighty and are of such supreme import to the community that hasty and inconsiderate action in these matters is above all to be deprecated. We hope, there- fore, that the system of school management which is here proposed will be entirely and thoroughly reviewed, before any attempt is made to embody its provisions in the school law.” These are counsels of soberness, and, while we believe that the proposed law would, as a whole, prove inestimably valuable to the interests of the public, we are in doubt con- cerning the substance of two or three among the minor provisions, and concerning the exact wording of some of the more significant ones. At present we will call attention to but two points, of which the first relates to appointment upon the Board of Examiners. “To be eligi- ble as a special examiner, an applicant must possess either a bachelor's degree from a college or university, or an equivalent educational training, together with at least five years' suc- cessful experience in teaching since gradua- tion.” These qualifications are certainly not too high, and possibly are not high enough. The required number of years of experience might be doubled without doing harm, and a great deal more than the amount of education represented by the bachelor's degree might reasonably be demanded. Our doubt relates to the construction of the words “ or an equiva- lent educational training.” They do not seem to make sufficiently emphatic the idea that the education itself, however got, “is the thing,” and not the particular way in which the begin- nings of it happened to be acquired. The ques- tion arises, would Mr. Herbert Spencer, for example, who had no “training” in the nar- row technical sense, be eligible for appointment under this provision? If he would not, some modification of the phrase is obviously called for. Our other point relates to the power to dismiss teachers, which is given to the Superin- tendent. Here is an ambiguity that should be cleared away, for the closing section of the pro- posed law provides that “nothing herein con- tained shall be construed as repealing” the Pension Act of 1895. Now, the latter act ex- pressly declares that teachers shall not be dis- missed “except for cause upon written charges, which shall be investigated and determined by the said Board of Education, whose action and decision in the matter shall be final.” This would certainly lead to troublesome litigation were the new law to contradict the old one as is now proposed. Between these two conflicting ways of dealing with this difficult question, we must decide for the law as it now stands. It ought to be difficult to dismiss a teacher. The responsibility of appointment is greater than is commonly realized, and this fact cannot be brought too forcibly home to those upon whom the responsibility devolves. Let appointments be safe-guarded in every way, by academic and physical examinations, by certificates of moral character, by probationary periods under reg- ular supervision, but let them also, when once definitely made, bring with them the same se- curity of tenure that is enjoyed by a Federal judge. The retention of poor teachers in the service is a heavy penalty to pay for laxity in the methods of their appointment; but the arbitrary power of dismissal, lodged in the hands of any one official, would embody a still greater wrong. We have said so much about the legislative appendix of this Report that we have but little space to devote to the elaborate discussions which make up its substance. Not only the matters which reappear in the proposed law, but many others, are discussed from every point of view, and in the most elaborate fashion. The Report consists of an introduction, twenty arti- cles, and eleven appendices. Most of the articles have numerous sections, each of the latter with its own thesis, argument, and illustrative mate- rial. We would like to dwell at much greater length than is at present possible upon this illus- trative material. It appears in the form of lengthy footnotes, and consists of apposite ex- tracts from the best recent educational litera- ture, of resolutions sent to the Commission by the various professional bodies of the city, and of the opinions upon special points, solicited for the purpose, of a great number of experts in the art pedagogical. There is nothing so discouraging as the feeling, which often comes over those who are in contact with large edu- cational systems, that the most vital thought upon the subject seems to produce no visible effect upon the machinery. There is so much inertia to overcome, and the impact of the force seems so inadequate. The right way of doing things is pointed out so clearly, as well as so frequently, that one almost wearies of reading about it; yet the wrong way continues to be practised despite all logic and all enlightened 40 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, leadership. It is, then, peculiarly refreshing to read an educational document which, like the one before us, actually goes to the best sources for light and counsel, and seeks to make a direct practical application, upon the very largest scale, of the ideas thus obtained. It gives heart to the educational thinker, making him feel that his work may not have been done in vain after all, that the empty air, which seemed to swallow up his words, has really wafted them to a fruitful soil, where they may hope to be productive after their kind. Over and over again, in reading this Report (and we have studied it from the first page to the last), we have found both in the argument itself and in the passages adduced in support thereof, ideas so enlightened, so far in advance of any- thing that has heretofore come within the range of practical possibilities, so full of promise to the toilers in a profession that has often been made, through wantonness or mere indiffer- ence, far more thankless than was necessary, that we have stopped to wonder if it could all be real, if in very fact it could be true that these things were actually included in a plan offered for serious consideration by a body of practically-minded men, and under auspices that bid fair to bring about its adoption. Upon some future occasion we shall probably call specific attention to some of these matters, as well as point out a few things here and there that seem to us mistakes, but we must now be content to conclude by saying that the Report is one of the strongest educational documents that we have ever seen; as a model of compact statement and cogent reasoning it is a product of the trained intelligence that cannot fail to impress all who examine it, and is sure to exert a wide influence upon the administration of public education in our great cities. THE AMERICAN REJECTION OF POE. Accepted authors are like those old estates which were held by the annual rent of a rose or a piece of fruit: we have nothing to do but to enjoy them and pay them a passing tribute of praise. A poet such as Poe, however, is like the feudal tenures which were retained on condition of service at arms. Every new admirer has to fight against the prejudices and lingering malignities which obscure and injure his chief. Burke complained that with all his services to the state he could get no credence or acceptance anywhere. At every gate he had to show his pass- port. In his own country, at least, Poe's fame is continually under arrest, and his friends have always to be giving bail for him. Perhaps this demand for defense evokes a love and loyalty which are in them- selves a reward. Why is it that America has always set its face against Poe? What defect was there in his life and art, or what deficiency in the American character and aesthetic sense, or what incompatibility between these factors in the case, to produce such a result? That to a great extent he is ignored and repudiated is unquestionable. His life has been written and his works edited of late in a spirit of cold hostility. Volumes of specimen selections of prose or verse appear with his work omitted. In those foolish lists of American greatmen which it was the fashion recently to cause school-children to memorize, he was always left out. Meanwhile, Europe has but one opinion in the matter; and whereas Tennyson is domesticated in English-speaking lands, Poe is domi- ciled and a dominant force wherever there is a living literature. Poe never had a good back, such as the New England writers obtained, to push him to the front and keep him there. He was of the South — the very incarnation of the South; and the South has always ordered its authors to move on, for fear they might die on the parish. The South wreaked itself on politics—ruined itself by politics—and has never had the will or desire to stand up for its great- est son. The North has always had plenty of plain livers and high thinkers who ought to have wel- comed the martyr of thought and imagination; but something exotic in Poe, which hinted of another clime and age, repelled these cold and clannish spirits. So, homeless in his life, Poe is still beating about like the Flying Dutchman, ever seeking and always denied a harbor in his country-people's hearts. Poe had of course a part in this tragedy of errors and misconceptions,—but, as I should judge, an entirely honorable one. There are three excellent ways in which a man can get himself disliked by his fellows: he may stand aloof from them, he may indulge in the practice of irony, and he may be “ever right, Menenius, ever right.” Poe was an offender in all these respects. He never seems to have had an intimate friend—anyone who could do for him what Hamlet craved of Horatio with his dying breath. Somebody said of Calhoun that he looked like one who had lost the power of communi- cating with his fellow beings. A like spell of isola- tion is upon Poe. Wanting in humor, he sometimes tried to range his mind with others by the use of irony; or he assumed an air which I suppose he thought that of a man of the world, but which is quite detestable. He wrote an essay on Diddling as an exact science, and people jumped to the conclusion that he was Jeremy himself in person. He took a grim delight in scenes of horror, and people imag- ined he acted them in life. “The Raven” has been described as an utterance of remorse. Remorse for what? I have read everything that has been gathered about Poe, and I cannot, for my life, imagine him as 1899.] THE DIAL 41 anything but a stainless and chivalrous knight. The few, trivial, and usually unsubstantiated smutches which microscopic industry has found on his armor would not show at all against a panoply less pure and white. I remember reading an anecdote of a lieutenant in the British Navy who entertained Byron on his ship in the Levant. Byron was proud of his sea- manship, and the acute officer would carefully have something disarranged in the top hamper of the ship before the poet came on deck in the morn- ing. When the latter did so, he would cock his eye aloft and immediately discover and point out the irregularity. The lieutenant would apologize, and have it remedied. Byron liked that lieutenant, and men in general like those who give them some- thing to forgive. Poe, a logic machine, was abso- lutely incapable of those pleasing flaws and defi- ciencies which allow other people to have a good opinion of themselves. He always added up true. The tradition is that he was a drunkard. There is not evidence enough against him to hang a dog. All the testimony actually produced — all the witnesses who give their names and addresses, people who lived with him and knew him best, deny it. That he was easily affected by liquor and sometimes over- come by it, is possible, and what does it matter? That there was any debauchery is impossible. His poverty proves it—the amount of work he did proves it; and, most of all, the quality of what he wrote, which grew in power and concentration to the last. There is more plausibility in the accusa- tion of irregularity in money matters. In a life so harassed as Poe's, a few ragged debts might easily be left. But here again there is nothing definite. Nobody has come forward with notes of hand or evidences of defalcation. On the contrary, letter after letter has come to light showing Poe's scrup- ulous exactitude about obligations. Practically, he was cheated by almost everyone with whom he came in contact—and then these, to shield themselves, cried after him “Stop thief l’” He built up two or three magazines for others, and when, dissatisfied with the pittance thrown him, he designed a maga- zine of his own, he was laughed at and decried. Really, my only grievance against Poe is that he was too good. He ought to have taken to the road and compelled a just tribute at the point of the pistol. Poe's principles of criticism are true enough within limits, but they are far from being the whole truth. His lack of humor, deficient knowledge of human nature, and insensibility to that side of great- ness which results from mere mass, quite incapaci- tated him from criticising the mightiest works of literature. But he never attempted such criticism; and for the work he had to do—the appreciation of our modern English or American masters—he was almost infallible. And surely no writer has ever praised his contemporaries and rivals as he did. He seems to have written with no thought of self, with a humility almost pathetic. He may be said to have discovered Hawthorne, and he crowned him king of the short story. His article on Bryant is still a just estimate. The innocently imitative quality of Longfellow's genius offended him, but he speaks of the New England poet otherwise with respect, and calls him the leading poet of the day. He fairly returned Lowell's praise. His enthusiasm for Tennyson was excessive: it was idolatry. He pointed out Mrs. Browning's faults, but wrote of her with a fervor which no one else has imitated. His eulogy of the singularly neglected R. H. Horne sets one in a glow. This high and generous appreciation of the best in contemporary literature was coupled with a decided distaste for trash,_and, unfortunately, his calling as a critic compelled him to deal more with trash than with excellence. He wrote his Dunciad, and after his death the dunces had their revenge. Every one of Poe's greater poems is a distinct and original effort. He could not repeat himself. In the case of the majority of poets, the style is the same throughout — or at most they have two or three different manners. It would not be difficult, for example, to piece together, into a seamless whole, portions of separate poems by Wordsworth or Ten- nyson. But each one of Poe's is a vital entity— born once, and not again. He is not, in poetry, one of those constellations which spread over half the sky, which hold their heads in the zenith while their skirts are obscured below the horizon, —rather, he is a small compact cluster of stars. If we could imagine the stars of the Pleiades differently colored —one red, one yellow, one green, and so forth, but each one vividly aflame in its several hue—we should get a good image of Poe's poetry. He is not, like Shelley, a poet of the fourth dimension, yet neither is he distinctly sensuous, and he furnishes but few copy-book maxims or proverbial phrases. Rather in him imagery, diction, music, merge into one effect, as fire is a compound of a hundred dif- ferent things. His thought, too, does not obtrude itself. He has, indeed, what I might call the senti- ment of profundity rather than special precision of thought. Poe's tales seem to me the third collection in . point of merit in literature — the other two being . the Arabian Nights and Boccaccio. He has not the humor of the one nor the human nature of the other; but he surpasses them both in depth and imagina- tion, and for originality he is unrivalled anywhere. No one else has opened so many paths, burst into so many new regions of romance. Indeed, as one sees authors all over the world painfully following in his tracks, each one exploring a single region which Poe discovered and dismissed in a few pages, one feels that he was the compendium of all possible literary pioneers and explorers — a dozen Colum- buses rolled into one. There is a small group of Poe's tales, usually passed over, which is worth a moment's mention. It consists of “The Power of Words,” “The Col- loquy of Monus and Una,” “The Conversation of Eiros and Charmion,” “Shadow, a Fable,” and 42 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, “Silence, a Parable.” They are not wanting in a certain alloy of De Quinceyism which at times mars Poe's style of perfect plainness; but they are singu- larly impressive in thought. They have that man- ner or sentiment of profundity which I have spoken of, more even than his poems; and they lead up to Poe's final work, “Eureka.” “Eureka” has, I judge, been less read than any- thing else Poe wrote. Certainly it has been little dis- cussed. The average critic probably finds it difficult to place, and so lets it alone. It is difficult to place. It is too scientific for rhapsody — too plain for mysticism; and yet it is hardly either science or metaphysics. It might be tersely described as the ideas of Spinoza in the language of Newton. Poe as a thinker resembles those old Greek philosophers —Pythagoras, Parmenides, or Empedocles — who chanted in verse their luminous guesses as to the origin and constitution of things, without troubling themselves as to any analysis of their knowledge. Coleridge said of Spinoza that if It rather than I was the central fact of existence, Spinoza would be right. It and not I was the basis of the Pre-Socratic Greek thinkers; and perhaps our most modern philosophy has the same foundation. Schopenhauer's substitution of Will for Consciousness as the final fact, and the Darwinian theory, both tend that way. Without knowing anything of Schopenhauer, and anterior to Darwin, Poe's thought also tends that way. He has nothing of the mathematical pedantry of Spinoza, and of course none of the immense sci- entific detail of the evolutionists; but I do not see why his guess is not as good as theirs. In one very startling idea he seems to have been anticipated. Deducing that the Universe is finite—mainly be- cause laws cannot be conceived to exist in the unlimited — he goes on to say there may yet exist other worlds and other universes, each in the bosom of its own private and peculiar God. Cardinal Newman is authority for the statement that Franklin used to dally with this idea in conversation. Poe, while in Philadelphia, may possibly have heard of Franklin's speculation. I can recall nothing like it elsewhere. I have not space to follow Poe into the other spheres of his intellectual activity—into his studies in Landscape Gardening and Household Decoration, on Versification and the Philosophy of Composition, and much else. Poe, in my judgment, was the great- est intellect America has produced — assuredly the best artist. He reminds me of a sower stalking down a furrow and scattering broadcast seed which a mul- titude of crows attendant upon him appropriate to their own use and behoof without a single croak of thanks. In a crude new world, a spirit was born to whom even the old world, where time has mellowed and enriched men's lives by layer on layer of myth and metaphysic, drift after drift of legend and his- tory, decay above decay of citadels and cities and empires, – to whom even this soil and surrounding would have seemed harsh and strange. The crude new world could make nothing of this spirit, except that it was not worth while to waste good provisions on such an uninvited guest, and that it was best to huddle him into his grave with lies. But enough The little that Poe got is gone. The much that he gave remains—a glory forever. CHARLEs LEONARD MooRE. THE VIRGINIA MEETING OF THE MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION. The most important feature of the sixteenth annual meeting of the Modern Language Association of Amer- ica, which was held December 27, 28, and 29, in the buildings of the University of Virginia, at Charlottes- ville, was the announcement of the completion of the Report of the Committee of Twelve, which had been appointed two years ago at the meeting held in Cleve- land. As stated in the resolution creating the Com- mittee, the object was, “(a) to consider the position of the Modern Languages — French and German — in Secondary Education; (b) to examine into and make recommendations upon methods of instruction, the train- ing of teachers, and such other questions connected with the teaching of the Modern Languages in the Secondary Schools and the Colleges as in the judgment of the Committee may require consideration.” The personnel of the Committee was as follows: Prof. Calvin Thomas, Columbia University, Chairman; E. H. Babbitt, Secre- tary; B. L. Bowen, H. C. G. Brandt, W. H. Carruth, S. W. Cutting, A. M. Elliott, C. H. Grandgent, G. A. Hench, H. A. Rennert, W. B. Snow, and B. W. Wells. The Report is about twenty-five thousand words in length, and its presentation in full was therefore impos- sible. Professor Thomas gave a summary, which showed the thoroughness with which every phase of the subject had been studied, and indicated conclusively that the document must be considered as final and decisive for many of the points investigated. The historical part of the paper is of very great interest, while the con- structive value of the suggestions will depend upon their general adoption. The Report has been asked for by the United States Bureau of Education, and will doubtless be published in the series of educational pub- lications. It will be finally acted upon by the Associa- tion at its next annual meeting. The attendance at the meeting was in round numbers one hundred, which must be regarded as a large repre- sentation. The various Eastern universities and colleges all sent good delegations. Harvard had an unusually strong representation, while Johns Hopkins, Yale, and Columbia contributed materially to the success of the meeting. As was to be expected, the Southern colleges were also represented in large numbers. The great number of papers read made it necessary to limit each speaker to twenty minutes. This was felt to be a hardship by some of the delegates, but most of those who came with papers had reduced their studies to the form of abstracts or presented merely a part of their investigations. To these the shortness of the time allowed was in no sense an inconvenience. An unusual number of the papers had more than special interest, and there can be observed from year to year a distinct effort to select topics which will be of value to the larger body of the delegates present. Until this effort is con- sistently carried out, the reading of the essays will not attract the attention that they in most cases merit. 1899.] THE DIAL 43 An invitation from the Central Association to hold a joint meeting in Indianapolis next December was de- clined because it had been proposed to have a Philolog- ical Congress in the year 1900. The election of Professor H. C. G. von Jagemann, one of the founders of the Association, to the Presidency for next year was generally regarded as peculiarly ap- propriate. The other changes in officers included merely the substitution of Messrs. L. E. Menger, H. S. White, and W. D. Toy, for Messrs. C. T. Winchester, Bliss Perry, and A. R. Hohlfeld, on the Executive Council. The social arrangements, which were in the hands of the local committee, Professors Charles W. Kent, James A. Harrison, and Paul B. Barringer, included two very handsome receptions, a luncheon, and an excursion to the home of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello. The gen- uine Southern hospitality accorded on all hands to the members contributed greatly to the success of one of the best meetings ever held by the Association. THoMAs Stockham BAKER. Johns Hopkins University, Jan. 2, 1899. THE NEBRASKA MEETING OF THE CENTRAL MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION. The fourth annual meeting of the Central Division of the Modern Language Association of America was held December 27, 28, and 29, in the library building of the University of Nebraska, at Lincoln. There was a relatively small attendance, as was to be expected at a meeting held so far to one side of the district, yet there was a representation of many states and of all the departments interested. Moreover, there was some gain in the way of closer contact and greater freedom of intercourse and discussion, due perhaps to the smaller circle. Doubtless one element in determining the choice of Lincoln as a meeting-place was the presence of that veteran scholar, Professor Edgren, and his participation was a powerful attraction of the sessions. In addition to the address by the President, Professor C. Alphonso Smith, of the University of Louisiana, on “The Work of the Modern Language Association,” the following papers were read: “Certain Peculiarities of the Structure of the I-Novel,” by Miss Katherine Mer- rill, of Austin, Ill.; “The Root-changing Verbs in Span- ish" and “Historical Dictionaries,” by Professor A. H. Edgren, of the University of Nebraska; “Leonard Cox and the First English Rhetoric,” by Dr. F. I. Carpenter, of the University of Chicago; “Tense Limitations of the Modal Auxiliaries in German,” by Professor W. H. Carruth, of the University of Kansas; “The Poetic Value of Long Words,” by Professor A. H. Tolman, of the University of Chicago; “The Origin of Some Ideas of Sense-perception,” by Professor E. A. Wood, of Cor- nell College, lowa; “Dramatic Renaissance,” by Miss Anstice Harris, of Rockford College, Ill.; “A Method of Teaching Metrics,” by Mr. Edward P. Morton, of the University of Indiana; “Wilhelm Müller and the Ital- ian Folksong,” by Dr. Philip S. Allen, of the Univer- sity of Chicago; “Le Covenant Vivien,” by Professor Raymond Weeks, of the University of Missouri; “Anglo- Saxon Readers,” by Miss Louise Pound, of the Univer- sity of Nebraska; “Poe's Critique of Hawthorne,” by Dr. H. M. Belden, of the University of Missouri; and “The Concord of Collectives,” by Professor C. Alphonso Smith, of the University of Louisiana. Several other papers that were announced did not arrive in time to be presented, or were read by title. In addition to these papers, Professor Starr W. Cutting, of the University of Chicago, on behalf of the Committee of Twelve, pre- sented its report on Entrance Requirements in Modern Languages. This is a committee of the whole Associa- tion, which has been working for two years on the sub- ject named, and the report, which is to be printed by the National Bureau of Education, will probably go far toward establishing approximate standards in modern language teaching, while tending to improve the quality of the work done as well as of the ideals for the future. It would be impossible in the space of such a notice as this even to mark the striking features of the many interesting papers read. Besides the scholarly and charming address of the President, some of the papers that aroused particular interest and discussion were those by Miss Merrill, Mr. Morton, Dr. Allen, and Dr. Carpenter. President Smith and Secretary Schmidt- Wartenberg were reëlected. Receptions were given to the members of the Association by Professor Edgren, and by the University Club. W. H. CARRUTH. Lawrence, Kas., Jan. 5, 1899. COMMUNICATION. BOOK DISTRIBUTION: A SUGGESTION. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) Your editorial of January 1 on the Distribution of Books reminds me of a letter which I had in my hands a year or two ago, in which Mr. Caleb Atwater gave a contemporaneous account of his method of disposing of his “History of Ohio.” He simply loaded the edition into a wagon, took the lines into his own hands, and drove up and down the settled portions of the state dis- posing of copies wherever he could find a buyer, as any honest farmer might dispose of his surplus cabbages. There was no furnishing of innumerable copies to hun- gry reviewers, no tribute to the newspapers for adver- tising, no division of income with the middle-man in any shape or form. Now here is a bonanza for some literary celebrity who is bold enough to embrace it. Imagine Mr. Marion Crawford drawing up to your door in a Roman chariot with a supply of “Ave Roma Immortalis,” or Mr. Hamlin Garland in an ox-cart with his newest illustra- tion of Western freshness and unconventionality in lit- erature, or Mr. Lafcadio Hearn in a jinrikisha with a lap full of his latest Japanese studies, or Colonel Roosevelt dashing up on a mustang with a knapsack full of his forthcoming “Rough Riders” and a commissary wagon with the rest of the edition following behind ' Who could resist the temptation to buy, especially when the distinguished author could without any extra charge put his autograph on the fly-leaf while you were fumbling in your pockets for the money? We have been told again and again that the production of literature is a business and should be conducted on business principles, and we have seen a growing tendency to adopt any method of securing a market which has proved success- ful in other lines of business: now here is something which will be an attractive novelty to a novelty-loving generation,-let us see who will be the first to start. W. H. Johnson. Granville, Ohio, Jan. 12, 1899. 44 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, Čbe 3 1899. THE DIAL 45 recovered Kasim and a second companion Islam Bai, and one camel with its load. Another salient episode is the account of the discovery of buried cities in the Gobi desert. Of these cities other travellers have reported rumors, but Dr. Hedin is, we believe, the first traveller to find and explore them. He found a portion of the desert which contained dead forests, dead rivers, their beds filled with sand, and dead and buried cities. A flourishing re- gion had been engulfed by the ever-shifting sands. Of the first city he says: “This city of Takla-makan, for that is the name my guides gave to it—we will retain the name, for it is instinct with a wealth of mysterious secrets, of puzzling problems, which it is reserved for future inquiry to solve — this city, of whose existence no European had hitherto any inkling, was one of the most unexpected discoveries that I made throughout the whole of my travel in Asia. Who could have imagined that in the interior of the dread Desert of Gobi, and precisely in that part of it which in dreariness and desolation ex- ceeds all other deserts on the face of the earth, actual cities slumbered under the sand, cities wind-driven for thousands of years, the ruined survivals of a once flour- ishing civilization ? And yet there stood I amid the wreck and devastation of an ancient people, within whose dwellings none had entered save the sandstorm in its days of maddest revelry; there stood I like the Prince in the enchanted wood, having awakened to new life the city which had slumbered for a thousand years, or at any rate rescued the memory of its existence from oblivion.” He gives reasons, from the remains found, for thinking that this city dates back perhaps 1500 years and was the work of Buddhistic Aryans. Further on in the desert another city was found. The party continued on the way to the north across the desert, and fell in with numbers of wild camels, which, however, Dr. Hedin thinks are descended from tame animals. He crossed the desert successfully, reaching the Tarim River, and explored in the region of the Lop- nor Lakes. In one marshy place he notes that the reeds were “As tightly packed together as the palings in a wooden palisade. In some places they were indeed so densely matted together, and so strong, that we actually walked along the top of the tangled mat they made, without for a single instant being reminded that there was ten feet of water immediately under our feet.” Shortly after this expedition he made his final trip, going through unexplored Northern Tibet and Tsaidam to China. In this high barren plateau region he travelled for two months with- out seeing men, and even animals were rather rare. He describes quite fully the wild asses and wild yaks. The latter he pictures as the “Royal monarch of the desolate wilds of Tibet–an animal which excites our admiration not only in virtue of its imposing appearance, but also because it alone of living creatures is able to defy the loftiest altitudes, the bitterest cold, the most violent snow-storms and hail- storms which occur in any part of the earth. To all these things the wild yak is indifferent. He seems rather to enjoy it when the hail pelts down upon his back; and when the snows envelope him in their blind- ing whirl he goes on quietly grazing as though nothing were the matter. The only extremity of climate which seems to disturb his equanimity is the summer sunshine. When it gets too warm for him he takes a bath in the nearest stream, climbs up the mountains to the cool ex- panses of the snow-fields and the curving hollows of the glaciers, where he finds an especial pleasure in rolling himself, and lying down to rest in the powdery snows of the neves.” In this Dr. Hedin rather forgets the musk-ox, which has similar habits. We could wish that Dr. Hedin had given a fuller account of the natives of the various countries he visited; but his notices of them are mainly incidental. He throws, however, some light on the Kirghiz of the Pamirs, and on the shepherds, hunters, and fishermen of the Tarim Basin, and we have some interesting and even amusing accounts of the Chinese in Turke- stan. He thus describes a Chinese dinner at Kashgar : “I recollect something about an ancient Greek deity who swallowed his own offspring. I have read in Persian legend about the giant Zohak, who devoured two men's brains every day at a meal I have heard rumors of certain African savages who invite missionaries to din- ner and give their guests the place of honor inside the pot. I have been set agape by stories of monstrous big eaters, who at a single meal could dispose of broken ale-bottles, open pen-knives, and old boots. But where are all these things as compared with a Chinese dinner of state, with its six-and-forty courses, embracing the most extraordinary products of the animal and vegetable worlds it is possible to imagine? For one thing, to mention no more, you need to be blessed with an extra- ordinarily fine appetite — or else be a Chinaman — to appreciate smoked ham dripping with molasses. . . . On one of the walls there were painted two or three black flourishes. I enquired what they signified, and was told that they meant, “Drink and tell racy stories.” There was no need for any such admonition, for the spirit which reigned over the company was so hilarious, and we transgressed so wantonly against the strict rules of Chinese etiquette, that the Dao Tai and his compa- triots must surely have blushed for us a score of times had not their skins been from infancy as yellow as sun- dried haddocks.” As to the accessories and manufacture of these volumes, we have a word of criticism. The many illustrations from photographs and sketches are fairly good, and the maps are ex- cellent. The map of the route is divided into two parts, one being appended to each volume; but it would have served the reader much better to have had one large map of the whole in a 46 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, pocket. The volumes are bulky and heavy, and the paper so highly glazed as to be un- pleasant and even painful to the eye. We wish our American publishers could take lessons from the English in these regards,-say from Bentley, whose books are both easy to the hand and a delight to the eye. As to the matter, the main defect of this work of 1200 pages is, strange to say, its undue brevity. The author evidently has abundance of material for a half-dozen such books, and, in the effort to cover the ground in one, the work suffers greatly from compression. A sketchy summary takes us along too fast. We do not want to ride at sixty miles an hour through charming scenery. Besides, in his endeavor to address both scientists and the general public, Dr. Hedin fails to satisfy either fully. If he could have devoted one volume to his journeys in the Gobi Desert, written up on the same detailed scale as that used to de- scribe his narrow escape from death on his first journey, and if he had given a second volume to a scientific summary of all his travels, it might have been an improvement. However, Dr. Hedin has certainly shown that he is one of the most remarkable explorers of this cen- tury, and this book is much the most important work on Central Asia that has appeared of recent years, and so deserves the attention of the specialist and the general reader alike. HIRAM. M. STANLEY. MR. LESLIE STEPHEN'S STUDIES OF A BIOGRAPHER.” Mr. Leslie Stephen always amply repays us for time spent in his perusal, and this is emi- nently true of his latest work, a collection, in two handsome volumes, of recent essays and occasional addresses which have in most cases already appeared in different periodicals. The contents embrace a range of subjects as wide apart as the causes of Scott's financial ruin and the history of the English newspaper, and a space of time bounded by Pascal and Tennyson. The introductory essay, entitled “National Biography,” suggests Mr. Stephen's editorship of “The Dictionary of National Biography,” which contains the fruits of so many years of his literary activity. The author starts out by quoting a contemptuous remark of Cowper on *STUDIEs of A BiographER. By Leslie Stephen. In two volumes. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, the “Biographia Britannica,” the forerunner of the “Dictionary,” that it was “A fond attempt to give a deathless lot To names ignoble, born to be forgot.” With reference to his own labors in increasing the length of this long procession of the hope- lessly insignificant, Mr. Stephen first looks at the matter from the point of view of a certain Simon Browne, a Non-conformist divine of the last century, who had received a terrible shock of such a nature that his mind became affected. “He fancied that his “spiritual substance' had been annihilated; he was a mere empty shell, a body without a soul.” Under these distress- ing circumstances he turned to an employment which did not require a soul: he became a dic- tionary-maker! The author then proceeds to justify his own dictionary-making in a delight- ful essay, which might very well be the preface to the “Dictionary of National Biography.” The sound sense is spiced with biographical lore, which no soulless dictionary-maker of the Browne variety could ever have amassed. The study entitled “John Byrom'' is a prac- tical illustration of Mr. Stephen's belief in a justification of rescuing pastworthies from ob- livion. Every reader will thank him heartily for reviving the memory of a man who, to his long-forgotten merits, has added the new one of calling forth a most enjoyable essay from one of the best of living prose writers. The reader also learns, if he did not already know (as probably he did not), who was the author of “tweedle-dum and tweedle-dee.” “Johnsoniana” is primarily a review of the “Johnsonian Miscellanies,” the concluding vol- ume of Dr. Birkbeck Hill's great work on the life of Dr. Johnson; secondarily, although first in point of interest, it is a résumé of Johnson- ian anecdotes not to be found in Boswell's Life. Mr. Stephen has brought together most inter- esting extracts from Miss Reynolds, who em- phasizes the “asperous” side of her brother's friend, from Mrs. Piozzi, Madame D'Arblay, and other lesser lights of the Johnsonian circle. In a few keen sentences the author analyzes the genius which made a vain little toady the most celebrated of modern biographers. The essay is a valuable supplement to the author's own “Life of Johnson.” Two of the articles are valuable as sources of information. “The Evolution of Editors” traces the history of the English newspaper from its feeble beginnings in Grub Street, when the editor was both publisher and contributor, to its present position of power. “The Impor- 1899.] THE IDIAL 47 tation of German” is a brief account of the intro- duction of the German language and literature into England. It suggests a similar history of the importation of German into America. The study of Matthew Arnold, originally delivered as an address before an academic body, is full of interest as coming from a man of an entirely different intellectual type. Mr. Stephen insists, with frequent repetition, that he is himself a good Philistine, that he certainly would have been pronounced such by Arnold. This is, of course, a pardonable bit of self- banter that we do not take seriously; but the lack of intellectual sympathy is unmistakable. As the author himself puts it, it is the funda- mental difference between the poetic and the prosaic, or, as we would say, scientific mind. While expressing the highest esteem for Ar- nold, whom he knew personally, Mr. Stephen cannot help regarding him as the “over-fastid- ious don,” and must have his little fling at “intellectual coxcombry and dandyism.” His contempt for that great “movement” which was so potent a factor in Arnold's development, he does not conceal. Nevertheless, he renders full justice to Arnold's powers as poet and critic, and freely acknowledges his services as the prophet of culture. Mr. Stephen's criti- cism of Arnold's criticism is keen and search- ing. Arnold's strength as a critic was also his weakness. He was “too much inclined to trust to his intuitions, as if they were equivalent to scientific and measurable statements.” Instead of scientific analysis, we are told, Arnold's pro- cess was to fix a certain aspect of things by an appropriate phrase, thus substituting one set of prejudices for another. These “appropriate phrases” are repeated to weariness, “with a certain air of laying down a genuine scientific distinction as clear-cut and unequivocal as a chemist's analysis.” Arnold's merits as a critic are thus summed up: “His criticism is anything but final, but it is to be taken into account by every man who believes in the importance of really civilising the coming world. How the huge all-devouring monster which we call Democ- racy is to be dealt with, how he is to be coaxed or lec- tured or preached into taking as large a dose as possible of culture, is really one of the most pressing of prob- lems. Some look on with despair, doubting only by whatever particular process we shall be crushed into a dead level of monotonous mediocrity. I do not suppose that Arnold or anyone else could give any solution of the great problems; what he could do, and did, I think more effectually than anyone, was to wake us out of our dull complacency — to help to break through the solid crust, whatever seeds may be sown by other hands.” Mr. Stephen has naturally little or no sym- pathy with Arnold's criticism of religion. As a member of the “prosaic class of mankind,” he does not think that Arnold has solved the great problem by relegating religion to the sphere of poetry. The prosaic mind (and the majority of mankind are prosaic) requires plain state- ments of facts as well as poetic statements of moral ideals. Arnold's mode of treating great problems is too “airy and bewildering ” for Mr. Stephen's acceptance; the poet has got the upper hand of the critic. Whether the reader will agree with this estimate of the great apostle of culture, will depend a good deal on his hav- ing the prosaic or the poetic temperament. But whatever his personal attitude to Arnold, he will feel the sincerity of Mr. Stephen's con- cluding remark: “Putting on a mask, sometimes of levity, sometimes of mere literary dandyism, with an irony which some- times is a little too elaborate, but which often expresses the keenest intelligence trying to pass itself off as sim- plicity, he was a skirmisher, but a skirmisher who did more than most heavily-armed warriors, against the vast oppressive reign of stupidity and prejudice.” The essay on Tennyson is another brilliant piece of criticism. Mr. Stephen is not an un- qualified admirer of the late Laureate, or, as he himself puts it, “not quite of the inner circle of true worshippers.” He cannot call him a vates. His own type of mind prevents this, his intellectual dissent from Tennyson being as marked as in the case of Arnold. He does not like Tennyson's philosophy; in his judgment the poet “is always haunted by the fear of depriving your sister of her “happy views,' and praises a philosopher for keeping his doubts to himself.” “Tennyson, even in the In Memoriam, always seems to me to be like a man clinging to a spar left floating after a shipwreck, knowing that it will not support him, and yet never able to make up his mind to strike out and take his chance of sinking. That may be infinitely affecting, but it is not the attitude of the poet who can give a war-cry to his followers, or of the philosopher who really dares to “face the spectres of the mind.’” Those who have read Mr. Stephen's essay entitled “An Apology for Plainspeaking” will understand this criticism more fully. In Matthew Arnold's phrase, it is the judgment of incompatibility, and but few would be willing to accept it as a final word on Tennyson. “The judgment of gratitude and sympathy” and that of conscientious incompatibility must supple- ment and rectify each other. The ardent Tenny- sonian will resent an estimate of the Laureate which excludes him from the rank of the “great sage poets,” but can hardly refuse to accept the explanation of Tennyson's extraordinary popu- 48 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, larity as owing to the fact that “he could ex- press what occurred to everybody in language that could be approached by nobody.” Mere mention must suffice for the remaining studies, which are more or less delightful ac- cording to the reader's interest in the subject. “Jowett's Life,” “Oliver Wendell Holmes,” “The Story of Scott's Ruin,” “Pascal,” “Gib- bon's Autobiography,” “Arthur Young,” and “Wordsworth,” in addition to those particu- larly noted, make up a menu of much variety. The admirers of Mr. Stephen will find in these volumes all his excellences — vigorous think- ing, plain speaking, and great charm of style. ELLEN C. HINSDALE. CHINA IN HISTORY AND IN FACT.” Now that the ancient empire of the Middle Kingdom seems to be crumbling in decay, a History of China which bears evidence of con- scientious study and a judicial habit of mind deserves a cordial welcome. Such appears to be the character of the work which Mr. Boul- ger reissues after a thorough revision. The narrative is well sustained, the style lucid, and the author has done what he could to relieve from dulness a work constructed upon the lines which the scope of this history required. The sources of all ancient history lie in the realms of myths and mystery; and we cannot expect Chinese history to be an exception. It is a comfort to learn that we may go back so far before we strike the debatable border-land. The first ruler of China who seems to have se- cured for his nation a position of influence was one Hwangti, who lived 2637–2577 B.C. It is said of him that he subdued his enemies, built roads for traffic and ships for commerce, revised the calendar, regulated weights, meas- ures, and provinces upon a decimal system, and that to his inspirations and aspirations much of the subsequent glory of China may be attrib- uted. There is also mention of an earlier Em- peror, Fohi, whose date was 2950 B.C., and whose authenticity was approved by Confucius. These dates take us at a bound beyond most of the periods whose history we are accustomed to consider ancient. They reach beyond the founding of Rome, the siege of Troy, the sheik- ship of Abraham, five hundred years beyond Sargon of Babylon, to the time of Amenemhat *THE History of CHINA. By Demetrius C. Boulger. In two volumes. New York: The Macmillan Co. of Egypt, when Thebes was in her glory. From the reign of Hwangti until this day the sceptre has not departed from China. For more than four and a half millenniums, the Middle King- dom has been governed by a continuous suc- cession of rulers, numbering nearly two hun- dred and sixty princes belonging to twenty- eight dynasties. Other than Chinamen have sat upon the throne, including Tartars, Mon- gols, and Manchus; but the ruler of China has always been within China. She was never the vassal of a government seated in a foreign land. The position of China is, and has always been, geographically unique. She has occupied the broad area of southeastern Asia, a country well watered and fertile, diversified in aspect, climate, soil, and productions, unrivalled in its capacity to support a teeming population. Northwardly this country extended to arctic Siberia, inhabited by nomadic and untutored tribes; east and south lay the oriental seas, which until the fifteenth century were never fur- rowed by an occidental keel; to the southwest were a few disunited peoples with no cohesion to make them formidable; while along the western borders lay the vast mountain ranges of the Himalayah and the Karakorum, the “roof of the world,” which no western horde ever traversed, and none from the east ever passed save when Genghis Khan led his victorious Mongols beyond the remotest borders of the Caspian and the Euxine seas, to the conquest of Russia, Hungary, and Poland. China was thus enclosed within a large but limited area, and this area she usually domin- ated. Her quarrels were with the neighbors who dwelt with her within these natural boundaries. Otherwise she had no commerce nor contact with the nations of the world. Children who grow up in isolation lack a certain sturdy discipline gained in conflicts with other children. It is not strange that China should come to estimate at more than its true value her culture, her prowess, and her right of empire. Until the earlier years of the seventeeth century the lit. terati of China had not learned that the round world had another side, where dwelt people both strong and learned. Still less did they imagine that such people would come to chal- lenge their authority or to disturb the internal economy of their empire. During twenty-seven of her twenty-eight dy- nasties, China was self-contained. Her political history, which is all that Mr. Boulger attempts to give, is merely an account of the rise and demise of families and princes. Kingti suc- 1899.] THE TXIAL 49 ceeded Wenti and was succeeded by Wouti. Some rulers were good, some bad, some worse. The only parallel is the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel. No one can realize the utter nakedness of history sitting in the rattling panoply of her bones, so fully as when he fol- lows this procession of two hundred and fifty kings in their weary march through five hun- dred octavo pages. There is little sign of flesh and blood, of the humanity that lived and loved or hated and suffered in those ancient days. A new element entered into the life of China when the western nations, in their quest of dis- covery, trade, and colonies, began to push their ships into Chinese ports. For two centuries these nations came in peaceful ways upon mis- sions of peace. They asked the privilege of trade, to buy the commodities which China had in abundance to sell; to sell such merchandise as Chinamen might wish to buy. Especially did they wish that their representatives might be received by the Emperor, and might treat on equal and honorable terms with function- aries of suitable rank whom he might deign to appoint. From the first the western nations determined to allow their representatives to submit to no ceremony degrading in form or meant to typify homage or vassalage towards a superior. For a long time the Chinese author- ities evidenced a purpose not to permit any approach to the emperor under other conditions. There was also a rooted aversion to trade. The Chinese feared and believed that the bal- ance of trade would be against them; that her people would buy more than they could sell, the balance to be paid by the withdrawal of coin, which they were convinced would result in bankruptcy. They had not learned that trade begets trade. From time to time these conflicts of ideas developed into conflicts of arms, in which the Chinese were unable to contend successfully. The first passage at arms was with England in 1840. Unfortunately, the admission of opium was one of the points at issue. As to this, Mr. Boulger contends, and with apparent reason, that the opium question was raised by the Chi- nese only as a pretext. In the discussions which preceded the appeal to arms, English merchants gave up opium to the amount of $10,000,000 for confiscation; but the lives of eighteen En- glishmen, to be yielded without trial or pro- cess of law, they would not concede. After a critical study of the facts, our own ex-President John Quincy Adams asserted that the real issue of this so-called opium war was not opium but the Kotow, and that the English were in the right. The English were victorious, and a treaty of amity was negotiated at Nankin, only to be evaded, and its ratification avoided, until, in a later resort to arms, the English forced the defenses at Pekin and dictated terms of sur- render. Conflicts with other nations have re- sulted in like misfortune to the Chinese. An interesting chapter describes the rise and progress of the Taeping Rebellion, and its desultory character, too weak to succeed, yet fighting a government too weak to overcome it. An American named Ward collected and drilled a force of 5000 Chinese, to which he gave, by way of bravado, the name of the Ever Victo- rious Army, a name which it presently earned the right to wear. Ward was killed in action. His successor, an adventurer named Burgevine, after hiring himself in turn to both rebels and the imperial power, was repudiated by both. Then began the remarkable career of one Cap- tain Charles Gordon, afterwards known as “Chinese” Gordon. He gathered, drilled, disciplined, and fought an army of Chinese with phenomenal success, and destroyed the rebellion. His sad fortune when, in Africa, he was abandoned to the fury of the Mahdists, is too well remembered. The story of the war with Japan, sharp, short, and decisive, is told with a true appre- ciation of this highly dramatic event. The lessons taught by this war only repeat those which should have been learned before. Under stress of suffering, China spent her treasure for weapons of the best manufacture, ships of the most approved design, and fortresses which by nature and art should have been impregnable. The only use she has been able to make of her forts, her ships, and her guns, is to hand them over to her victorious foes. Her soldiers can fight under proper officers, and they can die; but they did not avail against the Japanese. Her officers and diplomats appear to be equally deficient. Defeats teach them no principles of public policy. The logic of artillery is effect- ive only within the range of the piece. The distressing feature of the Chinese situ- ation exists in the conditions of its intellectual life. For centuries this has suffered from a sort of creeping paralysis. It is permeated by an intellectual dry-rot, which has consumed all personal, social, and political vitality. The ex- terior may have been fair to see, but when the armor of exclusiveness is pierced the whole structure crumbles. The cause of the disease 50 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, must be coextensive with the disease. It will be found in the combined systems of civil ser- vice and of education. Much has been heard in praise of both. Every public officer must win his appointment by merit, and that merit is judged by the accuracy of his education. Without considering the utilities which might grow out of such conditions, we observe that they fail to follow here because the education required is that of the Chinese type, an educa- tion which does not educate. It is an education that is purely formal and without vitality. It has no stimulus, no power of development, no illumination. Its vision is ever backward, never forward. Only the thing that hath been is that which shall be. The wise maxims of Confucius and of Mencius appear to have little influence upon life and action. The scientific phase is conspicuously absent. The stimulus of the science of the nineteenth century has not been felt in China. In marked contrast has been the action of the Japanese. After an earnest resistance, sud- denly the Japanese saw a great light, and be- gan to glean from the science and the discipline of the Occident whatever could be adapted in the Orient. The whole nation rejoices in the consequent revival. But the Chinese persist- ently debars not merely Western merchandise but also Western science and Western culture as well. The impending fall of the Manchu dynasty need cause no regrets. It had no natural rights in China, and it has been an insurmountable barrier to national development. The world must wish that a better fate might befall an empire so ancient and venerable. The situation is thus stated by Mr. Boulger: “If the Chinese realized their position there would be ground for hope; but so far as can be judged, there is not a public man in China who perceives that the state is on the verge of dissolution, and that nothing short of the most strenuous exertion will avail to save not the dynasty but the country from death.” SELIM H. PEABODY. THE “Tale of Beowulf sometime King of the Folk of the Wedergeats,” as translated by Messrs. William Morris and A.J.Wyatt, has hitherto been obtainable only as a publication of the Kelmscott Press, whence it issued in 1895. An edition for the general purchaser, as distin- guished from the bibliophile, is now offered by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. An index of persons and places is provided, as also a glossary of the archaic words used by the translators. There are only seventy or eighty of the latter, and many of these are familiar to the reader of average intelligence. The publication of this edition is a great boon to teachers and students of English poetry. RECENT POETRY.” A few reminiscences of a sojourn “In Palestine” gives the title to a new volume of verse now put forth by Mr. Richard Watson Gilder, after a silence of nearly five years. The volume contains, besides versified memories of Egypt, Greece, and Provence, songs of the finer heroism, and many of those per- sonal and occasional pieces in the writing of which Mr. Gilder is an adept. The following irregular sonnet may be taken as an example of the best of the work here offered us. “Love's look finds loveliness in all the world: Ah, who shall say–This, this is loveliestl Forgetting that pure beauty is impearled A thousand perfect ways, and none is best. Sometimes I deem that dawn upon the ocean Thrills deeper than all else; but, sudden, there, With serpent gleam and hue, and fixed motion, Niagara curves its scimetar in air. So when I dream of sunset, oft I gaze Again from Bellosguardo's misty height, Or memory ends once more one day of days- Carrara's mountains purpling into night. There is no loveliest, dear Love, but thee — Through whom all loveliness I breathe and see.” *IN PALEstin E, and Other Poems. By Richard Watson Gilder. New York: The Century Co. IDYLLIC Monologues. Poems by Madison Cawein. Lou- isville: John P. Morton & Co. THE SoNg of THE WAve, and Other Poems. By George Cabot Lodge. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. THE GoLDEN PERson IN THE HEART. By Claude Fayette Bragdon. Gouverneur, N.Y.: Brothers of the Book. THE FLYING SANDs. By Wallace Rice. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly & Sons Co. A CHRISTMAs GARLAND, with a Few Flowers for the New Year. By Clinton Scollard. Privately Printed. FRoM SUNset RIDGE. Poems Old and New. By Julia Ward Howe. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. WHEN THE BIRDs Go North AGAIN. By Ella Higginson. New York: The Macmillan Co. IMPREssions. A Book of Verse. By Lilla Cabot Perry. Boston: Copeland & Day. ENGLAND AND YESTERDAY. A Book of Short Poems. By Louise Imogen Guiney. London: Grant Richards. BEN KING's VERse. Edited by Nixon Waterman. Intro- duction by John McGovern. Biography by Opie Read. Chicago: Forbes & Co. THE PoEMs of FRANCIs BRooks. Edited, with a Prefatory Memoir, by Wallace Rice. Chicago: R. R. Donnelly & Sons Co. A CENTURY of INDIAN EPIGRAMs. Chiefly from the San- skrit of Bhartrihari. By Paul Elmer More. Boston: Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co. Songs FRoM THE GHETTo. By Morris Rosenfeld. With Prose Translation, Glossary, and Introduction by Leo Wiener. Boston: Copeland & Day. PHIL-o-RUM's CANor AND MADELEINE WERCHEREs. Two Poems by William Henry Drummond. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. LABor AND THE ANGEL. By Duncan Campbell Scott. Boston: Copeland & Day. ODEs IN ContRIBUTION To THE Song of FRENCH His- ToRY. By George Meredith. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. PICTUREs of TRAvel, and Other Poems. By Mackenzie Bell. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. Songs of Action. By A. Conan Doyle. New York: Doubleday & McClure Co. PERSEPhone, and Other Poems. By Charles Camp Tarelli. New York: The Macmillan Co. . 1899.] . THE DIAL 51 The following passage, from “A Winter Twilight in Provence”—a poem inspired by thought of the wars that once ravaged that fair land—was written two years ago, and is not without an ironic applica- tion to the events of the past few months. “Dear country mine ! far in that viewless west, And ocean-warded, strife thou too hast known; But may thy sun hereafter bloodless shine, And may thy way be onward without wrath, And upward on no carcass of the slain; And if thou smitest, let it be for peace And justice – not in hate, or pride, or lust Of empire. Mayst thou ever be, O land, Noble and pure as thou art free and strong! So shalt thou lift a light for all the world And for all time, and bring the Age of Peace.” Two years ago these ideals seemed to earnest Amer- icans not impossible of realization; to-day, they are clearly considered by great numbers of our fellow- citizens as the merest counsels of perfection, not to be taken into serious account by the practical statesman. Will not Mr. Gilder write for us a new “Ichabod,” inscribed this time, not to an individual, but to a nation, in danger of proving recreant? Mr. Madison Cawein has put forth numerous volumes of verse, and the last of them is like the first and all the others in the general impression left by their perusal. That impression is of marked poetical powers carelessly employed. The author has sensibility, and even passion; he has also con- siderable facility in the use of poetic diction; but he has none of the restraint that should go with these qualities, and it is obvious that much of his verse is hastily flung from him with little care for its fate. In his new volume of “Idyllic Mono- logues,” for example, there is no justification for so rough a line as this from “The Moated Manse,” “The year-old scars, made by the Royalists' balls,” or for the violence of language that characterizes the greater part of this poem. Half a dozen or more of these versified narratives fill all but a few pages of the volume. In these few latter pages the author gets greatly excited about the destruction of the “Maine” and the atrocities of Spanish rule, showing that his verse can be as hot-tempered when it deals with actual history as when it is concerned with vain romantic imaginings. For an extract—since there should be one — we will take a stanza in which Mr. Cawein is at his best, because at his simplest. “Here where the season turns the land to gold, Among the fields our feet have known of old,— When we were children who could laugh and run, Glad little playmates of the wind and sun, - Before came toil and care and years went ill, And one forgot and one remembered still, Heart of my heart, among the old fields here, Give me your hands and let me draw you near, Heart of my heart.” Early in the examination of Mr. George Cabot Lodge's volume of verse, on two pages that face each other, we find this stanza, the ocean speaking: “I have lavished my largess of comfort, Taken earth in mine arms like a child, Taught the children of life of its splendour, Brought their eyes to the light unbeguiled.” And this, of the wave : “This is the song of the wavel the mighty one ! Child of the soul of silence, beating the air to sound: White as a live terror, as a drawn sword, This is the wave.” Mr. Swinburne and Mr. Henley, we say at once, and these names are suggested many times over in what follows. A little later, we come upon an “After-Word ” in this strain: “What of life-songs then, and what of death-songs? Sound and fury down the babbling ages, They shall cease, the echoes pass and perish; On the void the 'stablishment eternal Bides alone—the Soul's gigantic silence,” and we know that Mr. Lodge has taken his Brown- ing to heart. These things, and work so frankly imitative as “The Gates of Life,” which is a vari- ation upon Mr. Swinburne's “Hesperia,” are not set down to Mr. Lodge's discredit. He is clearly a young writer—such gloom and world-weariness, such echoes of Leconte de l'Isle and Leopardi, are the certain evidence of that, and he is without the saving sense of humor, as one may see from the appeal to his own soul to “be stern and adequate,” which somehow reminds us of the “Terrible, indigné, calme, extraordinaire’’ of Victor Hugo, who thus describes the attitude which he will assume when face to face with God. But Mr. Lodge has studied good models of the sort of poetry young men most affect, and most poets find themselves by first sitting at the feet of their masters. In spite of all that we have said, Mr. Lodge's work seems to us to be full of promise; its utterance is large, and its rhythmic power is unde- niable. He is most clearly himself in such a poem as “Fall,” from which we extract, with genuine pleasure, these closing lines, inspired by an autumn dawn : “This moment stolen from the centuries, This foretaste of the soul's oblivion We hold and cherish, and because of this Are life and death made perfect, and thy woes Turn lyric through the glory we have won. The morning flower that drew its petals close And slept the cold night through is now unfurled To catch the breathless moment; big and sane Our autumn day forsakes the gates of rose, And like a lion shakes its golden mane And leaps upon the world.” Mr. Claude Fayette Bragdon's book is easily re- viewed. There are about forty pages of it, averag- ing seven lines to a page. “The Golden Person in the Heart,” the titular poem, is a versified statement of the essentials of Brahmanism. This is the sort of thing: “A man, to cleanse this inward mirror, should Before all else, learn and obey the law, And next acquire a blameless livelihood: Steadfast in duty and in doing good, His mind from things of sense let him withdraw.” A captious person might think that the author of this poem had complied with the counsel of the last line, but Emerson’s “Brahma" met with the same criticism. Our objection is that it is not poetry. 52 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, The rest of the book consists of such things as “Cities.” “New York, London, Paris, Rome, Seemed vast and grand while I staid home, But seeing them, I soon found that I held them all beneath my hat.” All of which is not very promising. The sheaf of verses gleaned by Mr. Wallace Rice from the growth of many years of preoccupation with poetical matters contains a number of skilfully- wrought pieces. “Chryseis on the Sands” is partic- ularly charming, and here is the last of its three Stanzas : “Ages ago old Chryses clasped his daughter, Happy that she was his and not the King's;– Smiling through tears beside that Asian water Lovely Chryseis, home at last, still stands. Many another bard some maiden sings— Dearer to me Chryseis on the sands, Ages ago.” Mr. Rice has been the artificer of many sonnets, but with rare restraint has adjudged only one of them deserving of a place in this little volume. Would that other poets might submit their work to this process of natural selection The sonnet in ques- tion is a fine improvisation upon the greatest of Spinoza's great words. “No freeman, saith the wise, thinks much on death: No man with soul he dareth call his own Liveth in dread lest there be no atone In time to come for yesterday's warm breath, No more than he for such end hungereth As falls to those who speed their souls a-groan; Death may be King, to sit a tottering throne And hale men hence-let cowards cringe to Death! “Who giveth, taketh; and the days go by, . No seed sowed we; let him who did come reap: Sweet peace is ours—and everlastingly, - A little sleep, a little slumber: Aye, This much is known: there is for thee and me A little folding of the hands to sleep.” Songs and sonnets alternate, with almost unfailing regularity, in Mr. Clinton Scollard's fifty pages of new verse. “Summer by the Sea” is one of the best of the sonnets. “If thou wouldst win the rhythmic heart of things, Go sit in solitude beside the shore, Giving thine ear to the eternal roar And every mystic message that it brings— Eddas of ancient, unremembered kings, And runes that ring with long-forgotten lore. All myths and mysteries from the years of yore Ere Time grew weary on his journeyings. “And more from that imperious sibyl, Sea, Thou mayest learn if thou wilt hearken well, When God's white star-fires beacon home the ships: The solemn secrets of infinity, Unto the inner sense translatable, Hang trembling ever on her darkling lips.” This might have for its text the “Time's self it is, made audible,” of Rossetti's matchless lyric. The poems of Mrs. Julia Ward Howe have been collected into a volume which bears the title “From Sunset Ridge.” “Of all my verses, say that one is good” is her modest plea to the critic, but the author of the “Battle-Hymn of the Republic’” may safely await a larger measure of approval than that. Still, the famous poem just named remains almost the only one in the volume that makes the impression of spontaneity; no doubt it was thought out, like the others; but the difference is that the others show that they have been studied, and the “Battle- Hymn" does not. The poems are mostly personal or occasional, strongly infused with religious senti- ment, and pointing some very marked moral. Mrs. Howe is at her best in such verses as these addressed to Pio Nono: “Where glory should have crowned thee, failure whelms, Truth judges thee, that should have made thee great; Thine is the doom of souls that cannot bring Their highest courage to their highest fate,” or these upon Dante: “See, beneath the hood of grief, Muffled bays engird the brow. Fame shall yield her topmost bough Ere that laurel moult a leaf.” At first sight Mrs. Higginson's collection of poems, “When the Birds Go North Again,” seems to be the usual sort of thing. There are sonnets, and lyrics, and bits of religious or didactic verse — all upon such themes as every versifier attempts. A closer examination, however, reveals the fact that this writer, while often amateurish in manner and crude in technique, has an unusual gift of passionate imag- ination, and at her best rises high above the plane whereon most minor poets disport themselves. We take Mrs. Higginson's best to be such work as this: “God, let me be a mountain when I die, Stung by the hail, lashed by tormenting rains! Let lava fires surge, turbulent and high, With fiercest torture thro' my bursting veins; Let lightnings flame around my lonely brow, And mighty storm-clouds race, and break, and roar About me; let the melted lava plough Raw furrows in my breast, torment me sore, O God! Let me hate loneliness, yet see My very forest felled beneath my eyes. Give me all Time's distillèd agony, Yet let me still stand, mute, beneath the skies; Thro' storms that beat and inward fires that burn, Tortured, yet silent; suffering, yet pure, That torn and tempted hearts may lift and learn The noble meaning of the word, endure.” The ending is feeble enough, but what precedes has no small measure of daring strength. “A Thank- Offering ” is another poem from which we must quote three stanzas: “Lord God, for some of us the days and years Have bitter been; For some of us the burden and the tears, The gnawing sin. “For some of us, O God, the scanty store, The failing bin; For some of us the gray wolf at the door, The red, within “But to the hungry Thou hast given meat, Hast clothed the cold; And Thou hast given courage strong and sweet To the sad and old.” If we had space for further quotation, the two son- nets, “Yet Am I not for Pity,” should be given, but 1899.] THE DIAL 53 ! we must be content to say that the volume which contains them will well repay examination, and is a promising addition to American minor poetry. Mrs. Perry's “Impressions” are lyrical pieces, taking the form of the song, the sonnet, or the ron- deau, and embodying in graceful verse many a mood of rapture, tenderness, and spiritual aspiration. We choose for our example the lines which go with “A Flower from Carnac.” “I plucked this bit of yellow gorse for thee By a huge menhir where on Carnac's shore The long waves murmur dirges evermore For men dead ere the birth of history.— Here once they lived whom Time's immensity Hath quite o'erwhelmed, and blotted out their page From the world's book On them may learned sage Descant, and poet dream, here by the sea! “But none may know what were their thoughts, their lives- None e'er may know I none living or unborn 1– Were these their tombs built where the strong sea strives In vain to hold the warm elusive sands? Were these hard by their altars, where forlorn They stretched to Heaven imploring empty hands?” The spiritual quality, so marked in this sonnet, is the predominant characteristic of Mrs. Perry's pure and heartfelt song. A slight volume of sonnets and lyrics by Miss Guiney, entitled “England and Yesterday,” proves one of the most acceptable collections of the year; its finished and delicate art may be illustrated by “A Porch in Belgravia.” “When, after dawn, the lordly houses hide Till you fall foul of it, some piteous guest, (Some girl the damp stones gather to their breast, Her gold hair rough, her rebel garment wide, Who sleeps, with all that luck and life denied Camped round, and dreams how seaward and southwest Blue over Devon farms the smoke-rings rest, And sheep and lambs ascend the lit hillside), Dear, of your charity, speak low, step soft, Pray for a sinner. Planet-like and still, Best hearts of all are sometimes set aloft Only to see and pass, nor yet deplore Even Wrong itself, crowned Wrong inscrutable, Which cannot but have been, forever more.” Suggestions of the history and literature of England provide themes for most of these poems, the one we have quoted being made somewhat exceptional, not so much by its sympathy with suffering as by its note of modernity. Two neat volumes contain the verses left by two men, residents of Chicago, who died at an early age. Ben King, who died in 1894, and whose literary remains are gathered up and edited by three of his devoted friends, was a journalist whose marked talent found expression in dialect verses of the rustic type, in rollicking negro songs, and in such broadly pointed jests as “That Valentine.” “Once, I remember, years ago, I sent a tender valentine; I know it caused a deal of woe. Once, I remember, years ago, Her father's boots were large, you know. I do regret the hasty line, Once, I remember, years ago, I sent a tender valentine.” The best-known pieces of this writer are the two beginning “If I should die to-night.” and “Nothing to do but work, Nothing to eat but food.” These have been widely reprinted and praised by his admirers. The “Poems” left by Francis Brooks, who died early last year, make a volume far more serious and significant than the one just mentioned. The inter- esting introductory memoir supplied by the editor, Mr. Wallace Rice, tells us of the life of the poet, how he became, first a lawyer, then a physician, and how, when “professional success was in his very grasp, the voice within him grew too strong to be disregarded,” and he set about becoming a poet. Nearly two years ago, the first-fruits of his literary labors took shape in a small volume called “Mar- gins.” It was distinctly promising, but the writer still knew that he had much to learn, of both nature and life, and determined upon an experiment simi- lar to that made by Mr. Walter Wyckoff, the results of which are recorded in the fascinating volumes of “The Workers.” In a word, Brooks set out to work his way from Chicago to California, and to learn ...the common lot of mankind by accepting to the full its responsibilities and its hardships. The under- taking was too much for his physical powers, and he returned to his home in the grasp of a fever that resulted in his untimely death at the age of thirty- one. Of the three sections which comprise this volume of his work, the first reproduces the “Mar- gins” that formed his only publication during life. They are somewhat too irregular to be good poetry, and betray the influence of Whitman, although in attitude and spirit rather than in form. They were, in fact, dedicated “To Him.” “Whose plenteous hand and fertile brain Bid flowers that fade to bloom again, Whose eyes are sanctity, whose brow Doth wear the aureole e'en now.” The second section, called “Preludes,” reveals an advance in finish and an increasing depth of thought, and closes with four really remarkable quatorzains suggested by the life of Christ. One of them — “Jesus Wept.”— we quote. “At eve He rested there amidst the grass, And as the stars shone out He dreamed of God, His destiny, the distant kingdom all of glass And gold; He watched the reapers homeward plod; Became aware of strength for holy deeds Astir within Him; turned His eyes to where The Great Sea rolled—a sight that ever breeds A hunger for deep powers; felt that there A symbol was of His far-spreading mind, His restless strong desire, and marked perchance The tiny specks of moving sail; divined Of time and space the secret circumstance, And when His gaze was wearied, softly wept And was consoled—then to His shelter crept.” The third section contains nearly a hundred pieces, all in the same simple yet elaborate form of verse, a variation devised by the author upon the basis of 54 THE DIAL [Jan. 16, the roundel. We may take “The Reformer" to illustrate at once the form of the verse and the ar- dent aspiration of the writer for a purer national life. “He sought not fame, he made no claim, He longed to see the spirit's flame Burn out a venal nation's shame, He sought not fame. “But faithful still through scorn, neglect, Through ridicule and dear hopes wrecked, Always with love he struck the lyre, Ne'er in revenge, hatred, nor ire. “Here but a shard I bring the bard, Misfortune's own and evil-starred— Burnt in the glaze, unbroken, hard, He sought not fame.” “Blots on the fair fame of his country,” says the editor, “affected him like personal disgrace, and, next to singleness of purpose, patriotism sounds the fundamental note of his best lines.” We may add that we have rarely been so impressed with a poet's absolute sincerity as we have in reading this volume. Bhartrihari was a Brahman of princely lineage, who is said to have reigned in Oujein early in the Christian era. Like Buddha, he forsook his state, and went to cultivate philosophy in a cave for the rest of his life. A little book of epigrams bearing his name has come down to us, and Mr. Paul Elmer More has put an even hundred of them into English verse, not, however, without taking liberties like those taken by FitzGerald in his dealings with the Tent-maker. The motive that made a philosopher of the prince is given in this quatrain: “Better, I said, in trackless woods to roam With chattering apes or the dumb grazing herds, Than dwell with fools, though in a prince's home, And bear the dropping of their ceaseless words.” It is the full-grown philosopher who speaks in the following verses: “Like as our outworn garments we discard, And other new ones don: So doth the Soul these bodies doff when marred And others new put on. “Fire doth not kindle It, nor sword divides, Nor winds nor waters harm; Eternal and unchanged the One abides, And smiles at all alarm.” Finally, it is the deepest of all spiritual experiences that is reflected in this counsel : “Like an uneasy fool thou wanderest far Into the nether deeps, Or upward climbest where the dim-lit star Of utmost heaven sleeps. “Through all the world thou rangest, O my soul, Seeking and wilt not rest; Behold, the peace of Brahma, and thy goal, Hideth in thine own breast.” The thought of this Sanskrit sage is well worth studying in Mr. More's agreeable transcription. Yiddish is the dialect, compounded of German and Hebrew, with some admixture of Slavonic, spoken by many of the Jews in Russia and Austria. It has had a sort of literature of its own for some four centuries, but nothing noteworthy until of late, when it has become the vehicle of a considerable amount of folk-song. Its most remarkable achieve- ment, however, is found in the songs of Mr. Morris Rosenfeld, a Polish Jew who learned the tailor's trade, and as an American immigrant spent many years of weary toil in the sweat-shops of New York. His verses, recently brought to the attention of the critic by Mr. Leo Wiener, are now published in a volume that sets the Yiddish and the English trans- lation face to face with one another. They are true lyrical treasure-trove, and, lest the name of Yiddish terrify our reader overmuch, we hasten to explain that to read these poems is merely to read German and hunt up an occasional unfamiliar word in the glossary. An illustration will make this clear. “Nit vun Frühling's siissen Wetter, Nit vun Engel, nit vun Götter Singt der ehrlicher Poet; Nit vun Felder, nit vun Teichen, Was gehören jetzt zum Reichen, Nor vun Kworin, was er seht. “Elend sehter, Not un’ Schmerzen, Wunden tragter tief im Herzen, Nitgelindert, nit gestillt; – Auf dem grossen Welt-bessalmen Krächzter trauerige Psalmen, Stimmt eran sein Harf'un' spielt.” Given “Bessalmen” = cemetery, and “Kworim * = graves, the rest is plain enough. It must be said, however, that the poet fails to live up to his own principles, for he does sing, and very melodiously, of spring and green fields and nightingales. Still, the most insistent note of his song is doubtless that of sympathy for the toiler, a sympathy born from bitter personal experience, and poignant in its pathos. He might almost be called the Heine of the sweat-shop and the factory, and his message is one that should strike deep into the heart of every generous reader. Dr. William Henry Drummond, of Montreal, whose verses in portrayal of the life and dialect of the Canadian habitant have won so much favor for both author and subject, now publishes a small illus- trated volume containing two poems. The first, called “Phil-o-rum's Canoe,” is in the dialect the author knows so intimately, the last stanza being : “You can only steer, an’ if rock be near, wit’ wave dashin' all aroun', Better mak’ leetle prayer, for on Dead Riviere, some very smart man get drown; But if you be locky an' watch yourse'f, mebbe reever won't seem so wide, An firse º you know you’llronne ashore, safe on de 'nodder side, “Madeleine Vercheres,” on the other hand, is in orthodox English, and tells a stirring tale of how a French maiden defended a fort from the Iroquois for six days, and until succor came from a distance. It is a ballad not unlike those of which Whittier had so many to tell. Few poets get so near as Mr. Duncan Campbell Scott to the very heart of nature. “In every heart the heart of spring Bursts into leaf and bud; The heart of love in every heart Leaps with its eager flood.” 1899.] THE , TXIAL - 55 His new volume, “Labor and the Angel,” is full of lovely songs, and none of them are more captivating than the four inscribed to the four seasons, and to the singer's “love Armitage.” We reluctantly pass the first three by, to select the “Winter Song” which follows: “Sing me a song of the dead world, Of the great frost deep and still, Of the sword of fire the wind hurled On the iron hill. “Sing me a song of the driving snow, Of the reeling cloud and the smoky drift, Where the sheeted wraiths like ghosts go Through the gloomy rift. “Sing me a song of the ringing blade, Of the snarl and shatter the light ice makes, Of the whoop and the swing of the snow-shoe raid Through the cedar brakes. “Sing me a song of the apple-loft, Of the corn and the nuts and the mounds of meal, Of the sweeping whir of the spindle soft, And the spinning-wheel. “Sing me a song of the open page, Where the ruddy gleams of the firelight dance, Where bends my love Armitage, Reading an old romance. “Sing me a song of the still nights, Of the large stars steady and high, The aurora darting its phosphor lights In the purple sky.” Of this poet we may safely say that the vision of the world is his, and the sentiment that lends beauty to the interpretation. Toward the close of the year 1870, Mr. George Meredith wrote an ode to France, then suffering the double humiliation of defeat and invasion. It was a noble poem, perhaps the finest that Mr. Mere- dith has ever written. This we said when it made its first appearance in one of the author's books, and this we repeat after thinking the matter over for a number of years. Such a passage as the following would probably have been accepted by Matthew Arnold as an example of the grand style in poetry. “Forgetful is green earth; the Gods alone Remember everlastingly: they strike Remorselessly, and ever like for like. By their great memories Gods are known.” Nearly thirty years have passed since this ode was written, and the author now gives us three new “Odes in Contribution to the Song of French History,” their subjects being “The Revolution,” “Napoleon,” and “Alsace-Lorraine.” In the volume that con- tains them he defiantly reprints the “France" of 1870, deliberately forcing a comparison between the two manners thus illustrated. We have made a quotation from the early poem, let us now extract a characteristic passage from one of the later odes. The subject of the passage we surmise to be Napo- leon; but this is a world of uncertainties, and we will not be dogmatic. “Hugest of engines, a much limited man, She saw the Lustrous, her great lord, appear Through that smoked glass her last privation brought To point her critic eye and spur her thought: A heart but to propel Leviathan ; A spirit that breathed but in earth's atmosphere. Amid the plumed and sceptred ones Irradiatingly Jovian, The mountain tower capped by the floating cloud; A nursery screamer where dialectics ruled: Mannerless, graceless, laughterless, unlike Herself in all, yet with such power to strike That she the various features she could scan, Dared not to sum, though seeing: and befooled By power that beamed omnipotent, she bowed, Subservient as roused echo round his guns.” In the name of all that is clear and sane and sym- metrical, we feel bound to protest against this riot of the parts of speech. We have not singled out an extremely unintelligible passage; the poems con- tain scores of others just as muddy as this, and com- pared with them the most violent conceits of Donne or Sir Thomas Browne would seem to be reading for infant minds. We have no doubt that this pas- sage and its fellows have meanings; we have no doubt that many readers might with due diligence work out those meanings; but we have also no doubt that such an effort would be a woeful misap- plication of energy. These tailings of Mr. Mere- dith's ore are not rich enough to be worth treatment. What was once merely an affectation with him has become a disease, and we have no wish to inquire too curiously into his understanding of “incalescent scorpions” and “hydrocephalic aerolites,” or to ask his interpretation of that Jabberwocky verse, “The friable and the grumous, dizzards both.” But it may be observed, in concluding these remarks about a most perverse book, that not only have lucidity and proportion and style disappeared from Mr. Meredith's verse, but even music has accompa- nied them in their dismayed flight. “Rightly, then, should France worship, and deafen the disaccord of those who dare withstand an irresistible sword to thwart his predestined subjection of Europe.” Would anyone, reading this, have the remotest sus- picion that it claimed to be poetry P And of such verbiage as this are the “Odes” largely composed. If we have ever read verses more stale, flat, and unprofitable than Mr. Mackenzie Bell's “Pictures of Travel, and Other Poems,” we cannot now recall the occasion. Why on earth should a man write — and publish — such stuff as this?— “'Tis true amid our earthly life there runs A tangled thread of strange perplexity – And much injustice; yet comes by and by A nobler state of being, when that which seems Unjust will be explained or set aright.” Or this?— “Yet God who gave the pureness To yon fair mountain snow Gives also the secureness Whereby these roses blow.” We have found nothing in the entire volume that rises much above the bald commonplace of these extracts. Yet it is a printed book. “This also is a mystery of life,” as Mr. Ruskin says. If Dr. Conan Doyle has any regard for what is left of his literary reputation, he will allow his “Songs of Action” to remain the only volume of verses to which his name is attached. He is not a , 56 THE TOIAL [Jan. 16, poet, and could never by any possibility become one. We have looked through this volume in vain for a single gleam of poetic feeling or a single instance of felicitous expression. We get instead martial episodes done in verse, horsey ballads, a poor imitation of Mr. Kipling's patriotic fervor, but nothing much nearer poetry than this “Parable”: “The cheese-mites asked how the cheese got there, And warmly debated the matter; The Orthodox said that it came from the air, And the heretics said from the platter. They argued it long and they argued it strong, And I hear they are arguing now ; But of all the choice spirits who lived in the cheese, Not one of them thought of a cow.” > Mr. Charles Camp Tarelli's “Persephone” is a metrical version of the familiar form of the myth, done in easy hexameters like these : “Wide is the peopled earth, and many the hosts of the living; Wider the realms of the shade, and the crowded legions of silent, Pale, and bodiless ghosts more numberless far than the toiling, Striving, rejoicing men who bless thee for prosperous har- vests.” The poem is a pleasing performance, but praise must end with that statement. It is followed by two longish pieces, “Magna Mater" and “A Song of Arrival and Departure,” which have in common the minor chord of Weltschmerz, which in both cases works into a crashing and triumphant resolution. The remaining contents are short things, sonnets, rondeaus, sestinas, and the like. The elegiac ode to Catullus is happily achieved, both as verse and characterization, and is not unsuggestive of the classical experiments of Tennyson. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of these charming poems is the ever-recurring appeal to Nature as the sure refuge of the soul in distress. “O Mother! lift again my head low-bowed, My aching head the bitter garland binds; Quicken me with new life; let thy great winds Blow on me through the swaying of thy trees; Sweep by me with thy pageants of grey cloud, And rock me with the rolling of thy seas.” This note occurs again and again, ringing and clear; it is the final word of the poet's philosophy. WILLIAM MoRTON PAYNE. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. Readers of that fascinating work, Baedeker’s “United States,” will welcome a new book by the author, Mr. James Fullarton Muirhead, who now, in a less formal style than that conditioned by the guide- book, gives us “a Briton's view of his American kin” in a volume entitled “The Land of Contrasts." (Lamson). It is an attractive volume throughout, and not the least so in the penultimate chapter of “Baedekeriana,” which empties the ragbag of the writer's recollections into the receptive lap of the reader. Why the book is entitled as it is may be illustrated by one of the many reasons given. “I A Briton's view of his American kin. have hailed with delight the democratic spirit dis- played in the greeting of my friend and myself by the porter of a hotel as ‘You fellows,' and then had the cup of pleasure dashed from my lips by being told by the same porter that “the other gentleman would attend to my baggage!’” A great many other contrasts are noted with similar good-humored acceptance of the conditions of life in a strange country. Mr. Muirhead knows us better than do most of the Englishmen who undertake to write about “the States,” for he gave three years of travel and observation to the preparation of his “Bae- deker,” and has since then become almost as good an American as the rest of us. He is as fair-minded as Mr. Bryce, and is ever ready to match our short- comings with those of his own people. Like most visitors from other countries, he is amazed at the easy-going way with which we put up with nuisances. “Americans invented the slang word “kicker, but so far as I could see, their vocabulary is here miles ahead of their practice; they dream noble deeds, but do not do them. Englishmen ‘kick’ much better, without having a name for it.” Mr. Muir- head's tribute to the beauty of the White City is worth quoting in part. “We expected that America would produce the largest, most costly, and most gorgeous of all international exhibitions; but who expected that she would produce anything so inex- pressibly poetic, chaste, and restrained, such an absolutely refined and soul-satisfying picture, as the Court of Honour, with its lagoon and gondolas, its white marble steps and balustrades, its varied yet