409 Ne«aunoe City LIBRARY • t»Ofl»TT Of • 1'. • «' i -: THE DIAL oA Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME LIV. January 1 to June 16, 1913 CHICAGO THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS , , Wi Nc^aunec City INDEX TO VOLUME LIV. PAOK Actor's Life, Comedy and Tragedy of an Percy F. Bicknell 178 American History, The Revolutionary Period in . . St. George Leakin Sioussat . . 20 American Life, The Kingdom of Righteousness in . . Vida D. Scudder !128 American Poetry, Recent William Morton Payne .... 243 Andalusia, Rambles in George G. Brownell 505 Anthologies, Two New Charles Leonard Moore .... 13 Art, A Galahad of Waldo R. Browne 11 Art Genius, A Great, Self Revealed Winifred Smith 46 Baconian Bogie, Andrew Lang's Laying of the . . . Charles Leonard Moore .... 96 Bartlett and De Vere, A Successor to Killis Campbell 380 Baudelaire, The Problem of Lewis Piaget Shanks .... 285 Book-Making, The Esthetic Side of Frederick W. Gookin .... 17 Books, A Republic of Ernest Rhys 403 Browne, Francis Fisher 437 Browne the Beloved John Muir 492 Browning as the Poet of his Century Anna Benneson McMahan . . . 294 Byron, Lord, as a Satirist Lane Cooper 48 China After the Revolution 0. D. Wannamaker 137 Criticism, Personality in Raymond Macdonald Alden . . 182 Dante's Latin Works, A Concordance to Theodore W. Koch ..... 182 Disraeli as Politician and Author Laurence M. Larson .... 235 Drama, A Deliverance on the Charles Leonard Moore ... 374 Drama, The Brillat-Savarin of the Archibald Henderson ... 91 Dream, A, to Be Realized . . 121 Education, Literature of, Recent Contributions to the M. V. O'Shea 142 Elizabethan Stage, The Befogged C. F. Tucker Brooke 134 English Chivalry, Genesis of Martha Hale Shackford . . . 339 English Prose, Rhythm in Edward Payson Morton . . . 506 English Romantic Period, Writers of the .... Garland Greever 377 European Socialism, The Progress of Frederic Austin Ogg 300 Fiction, A Philosophy of Louis I. Bredvold 503 Fiction, Recent William Morton Payne, . 99, 302, 462 v Force and Finance vs. Human Fraternity .... Edward B. Krehbiel 55 Germany and the German Emperor Frederic Austin Ogg 417 Grant's Letters Walter L. Fleming 301 X Greek and Latin Classics, A Library of Josiah Renick Smith .... 139 Qs^ Greek Architectural Refinements Sidney Fiske Kimball .... 414 Greek Literature and the Door of To-Morbow . . Fred B. R. HeUems 176 Hauptmann, Gerhart, The Dramas of Amalie K. Boguslawsky . . . 501 Humanism, Modern Herbert E. Cory 130 Humanity, A Scientist's Hope for Waldo R. Browne 412 Individualism, A Plea for Percy F. Bicknell 19 Irish Plays and Players Edith Kellogg Dunton .... 335 .v; James, Henry, Boyhood Memories of Percy F. Bicknell 372 Labor and Industry, Problems of George Milton Janes .... 241 Lady, A Great, and a Great Tradition Mary Augusta Scott 167 Lang, Andrew, and Others 283 '■-J Laureateship, The 487 "Lavengro," The Author of Edward Payson Morton ... 43 Letters, An Executive of 223 Living Machine, The Raymond Pearl ...... 51 Literary Peace Movement, A A. von Ende 83 Literature, Histories of — and a Recent Example . Charles Leonard Moore .... 329 Literature, Modern, All-America vs. All-England in Charles Leonard Moore .... 225 Literature and the Undergraduate Norman Foerster ...... 3 Magazine, Life-Story of a 489 Man as a Machine T. D. A. Cockered 376 Miller, Joaquin 165 Mind, The Metaphysical and the Historical . . . Charles Leonard Moore .... 37 ■ <. iv. INDEX PAOB Modernity in Literature and the Next Movement . Charles Leonard Moore . . . . 123 Musician, Records of a Great Louis James Block 453 Mysticism: Whither Bound? George Roy Elliott 239 Naturalist's Early Life, Chapters from a . . . . Percy F. Bicknell 293 New England Worthy, A, of the 17th Century . . Barrett Wendell ...... 334 Open Minds: A Text from William James .... Norman Foerster 364 Page, Ambassador 327 Philanthropist, A Many-Sided Percy F. Bicknell 498 Pilgrims, The Great History of the John Thomas Lee 94 Play-Structure, Incoherent Studies in James W. Tupper 460 Public School, The, Up to Date 81 Publisher, The, and the Reader 401 Realistic Programme and Platform, A Horace Meyer Kallen .... 337 Romanticism in the Light of Dualism Norman Foerster 416 Rome the Magnificent Josiah Renick Smith .... 499 Roof of the World, Climbing the Charles Atwood Kofoid .... 296 Scandinavian Culture in the United States 35 Shakespeare, The Women of Alphonso Gerald Newcomer . . 237 Shakespeare's Spoiled Child Charles M. Street 342 Short Story, Two Books on the Henry Seidel Canby 382 South Pole, Conquest of the Percy F. Bicknell 89 Strindberg, The Plays of Thomas Percival Beyer .... 52 "Subject of All Verse, The" W. A. Bradley 298 Synge, J. M., and His Work James W. Tupper 233 Taxes, The Meanest of 363 Trust Problem, Discussions of the Chester Whitney Wright . . . 458 Van Gogh, Vincent: Post-Impressionist Edward E. Hale 455 Victorian Literature, A Lively View of Charles Leonard Moore .... 451 Wagner and Bayreuth Louis James Block . . . . . 232 Walking, The Philosophy of Waldo R. Browne 98 War Drama, Early Scenes in a Great Percy F. Bicknell 410 West, Last, Lure of the Lawrence J. Burpee 343 Woman, Wisdom and Unwisdom about Cornelia A. P. Comer .... 174 Woman and the Sociologists Cornelia A. P. Comer .... 340 Zangwill's New Play James Taft Hatfield 180 Announcements of Spring Books, 1913 253 Casual Comment 6, 38, 85, 124, 171, 227, 287, 330, 367, 405, 444, 493 Briefs on New Books 22, 58, 102, 145, 185, 247, 306, 345, 383, 420, 465, 509 Briefer Mention 106, 149, 188, 251, 311, 349, 387, 424, 469, 513 Notes 26, 63, 108, 150, 189, 252, 312, 350, 388, 425, 471, 514 Topics in Leading Periodicals 27, 109, 190, 313, 389, 471 List of New Books 27, 63, 110, 151, 191, 313, 351, 389, 426, 472, 515 CASUAL COMMENT "Al Aaraaf," The Story of a Hare Copy of 333 Alcotts, Public Interest in the 9 Ambassador to England. Our Late. Versatility of.. 7 Authors, Well-Known, Full Names of 369 Authors, Would-Be, The Vast Company of 496 Authors' League of America. The 447 Autobiography—What It Ought Not to Be 494 Balrd, Henry Carey 40 Balzac, A Reminder of 369 Bibliography, Breaking of Virgin Soil in 41 Bibliography, "Cumulative" 87 Book—Making It Ready for the Reader 289 Book, Unsold, Problem of the 446 Book Industry and the Graphic Arts, International Exhibition of the 287 Book-Distribution, The Problem of 330 Book-Land, Fond Memories of 367 Book-Testing Laboratory, A 444 Books, Boilers, and Bunkers 446 Brleux's "Les Avaries," Recent Performances of.. 288 British Book-Trade, Trend of the 126 Browning, The Increasing Vogue of 447 Browning's Biographers, Mistakes of 38 Buffalo Educational Union, The 331 Bureau of General Information. A 229 Card Catalogues, Chaos in 8 Classical Scholarship, A Premium on 408 Classics, Coquetting with the 8 Classics, Present Popularity of the 171 Collyer, Robert, Voice and Pen of <> Craig, Gordon, School of. for the Art of the Theatre 331 Dallas, Distant, Library Doings in 495 Dowden. Edward, the Late, Literary Achievements of 367 Drama, the New, Sincerity of 406 Editorial Frankness .... 494 Editorship and Bibliography, An Achievement In.. 8 Editorship as a Propaedeutic to Ambassadorship. .. 406 English Authors. Two Coeval, Deaths of 288 English Book, The First Illustrated 231 English Literary Criticism, A Lack in 172 English Poet, a Young. Visit of. to America 12b English Prose, A New Master of 493 Epistolary Art, The 22l Error, One Way to Redeem the Human Mind from 9 Extremes, A Dramatic Meeting of 36H INDEX v. PAGE Fiction, The Declining Percentage of 332 Fiction as a Pleasant Poison 86 "Game of Authors," A New 86 Genius, The Sanity of 171 Goethe, Professor Eucken on 126 Greek Tragedy in the Greek Manner 39 Grimm's Fairy Tales, A Hundred Years of 290 Harvard University Press, The 127 Harvard's New Library Building, Beginning of... 173 Historian's Art, Colonel Roosevelt on the 39 Humorous Literature, Mlsappreclation of 446 Illuminator, Art of the 495 Lang's Books, The Sale of 41 Language, Freaks of 227 Learned Profession, Short Cuts to a 290 Leisure, The Regeneration of 289 Lexicographical Undertaking. A Gigantic 230 Librarian's Office, Dignity of the 368 Librarian's Valedictory, A 407 Librarians Abroad, The 496 Library, Luring the Little Folk to the 332 Library Building, Reconstruction of a Venerable.. 497 Library Legislation, A Step Forward in 406 Library Rules, Liberal 173 Library Science, The Spacious Domain of 446 Library "Waiting List," A 228 Library-Organizer, a Great, Work of 290 Library-Reconstruction, A Tour de Force in 331 Library-School Idea, First Quarter-Century of the 9 Library-Users, New Aids to 8 Library's Needs, One 126 Life, A, Crowded with Notable Achievement 493 Lincoln, A Noble Monument to 39 Lincoln's Liking for Apt Quotations 173 Literary Dumping-Ground, A 172 Literary Genius, The Unsophisticated 407 Literary Greatness, Penalties of 7 Literary Likes and Dislikes, The Courage of One's 407 Literary Mystery, An Impenetrable 42 Literary Portraiture, A Piece of 40 Literary-Thunder, Stealing of 230 Literary Worker, A, Little Known to Fame 447 Literature, the Best, Untranslatabillty of 228 Literature. The Intellectual Appeal in 444 Literature, Western, in the Far East 8 Literature as a Living Art 172 Literature as a Substitute for Life 445 Magazine Poetry of the Year 6 Monro, Harold, and his Poetry Shop 127 Morgan, Mr., Library of 369 Nature, Book of, Readings from the 444 Neologism, The Hated 406 New Books for Old 87 News and Reviews, Current, Educational Use of.. 126 Novel, Lure of the 85 PAGE Novels Read by Novelists 126 One Who Might Have Been a Great Poet 405 Oregon, What They Read in 227 Oxford Dictionary, Expected Completion of the... 444 Period, Passing of the 86 Periodical Press, Growth of the 173 Periodicals, A Clearing House for 291 Pessimist, A Cheerful 85 Play-Goer, Pleasing the 124 Play-Goer's Imagination, The 291 Pleonasm, An Ungainly 495 Poetry as a Vocation 289 Poets, Improvident 368 Postal Legislation for the Discouragement of Edu- cation ' 85 Printed Word, Indlspensabillty of the 230 Prison Poetry, Recent 445 Private Papers, Use and Abuse of 125 Public Library, The, on the Prairie 367 Publishing World, An Event of Significance in the 370 Railroad, The, Serving the Library 407 Readers' Needs, Alertness to 408 Reed, Henry, Literary Remains of 446 Remembering What One Reads 229 Rhodes Scholar, An American, of Talent 495 Rhyme, Wrestling with 4p School-Board and Library-Board, Cooperation be- tween 127 Schoolboy's Pitiful Plea, A 41 Self-Respect, a Writer's, How to Preserve 367 Shakespeare, A Staunch Defender of 87 Shakespeare, Our Dally Debt to 172 "Shirtsleeve Literature," 494 Short Story, A Memorial to a Master of the 332 Show-Wlndow, Lure of the 41 Sinology Made Easy 496 Smith, Benjamin Ell, The Reference Library's Debt to 230 Spelling-Reform, Militant Methods of 41 Spelling-Reformer, The Tru-Blu 332 "Star-Spangled Banner," Memorial Tablet to the Author of 87 Story-Telling, Oral, Revival of the Art of 493 Students, Serious, and Their "Sources" 229 Sun-Dial, A, Interesting to Bookmen 333 Theatre, Art In the. The Insistent Demand for.... 368 Time's Revenges, A Little Instance of 447 "Tom Jones." The Incineration of 86 Turgeniefl Manuscripts, Discovery of Unpublished 42 Usage, A Question of 171 Wilson, President, Literary Style of 228 Words, A Curious Tendency In 7 Words, Our Plethora of 290 Words, The Color of 331 AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED Adams, Elmer C, and Foster, Warren D. Hero- ines of Modern Progress 249 Adams, John. Evolution of Educational Theory.. 143 Adams, Joseph. Ten Thousand Miles through Canada 344 Akins, Zo6. Interpretations 246 Allen, James Lane. The Heroine In Bronze 306 Alllngham, William. Poems, Golden Treasury edition 189 Alvord. Clarence W., and Widgood, Lee. First Explorations of the Trans-Allegheny Region.. 188 Amundsen, Roald. The South Pole 89 Archer, William. Play-Making 91 Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis. With the Turks In Thrace 411 Babbitt, Irving. Masters of Modern French Criti- cism 130 Bagot, Richard. The Italians of To-day 348 Baker, B. Granville. Passing of the Turkish Em- pire In Europe 611 Baker, James. Austria 465 Baker, Mrs. La Relne H. Race Improvement.... 52 Ballard, Joseph. England in 1815, Riverside Press edition 4 68 Bancroft. Hubert H. Retrospection, Personal and Political 23 Banks, Edgar J. Blsmya 24 Banning, Kendall. The Love Unending 187 Banning, Kendall. The Squire's Recipes 187 Bantock, Granville. Sixty Patriotic Songs of All Nations 386 Barnes, Earl. Woman in Modern Society 340 Barrows, Isabel C. A Sunny Life 498 Beach, Rex. The Net 100 Beckford, William. Episodes of Vathek, trans, by Frank T. Marzlals 107 Bell, H. T. M., and Woodhead, W. G. W. The China Year Book, 1912 424 Belloc, Hllalre. This and That and the Other 188 Benn, Alfred W. History of Modern Philosophy.. 349 Benson, Arthur C. Along the Road 247 Bergson, Henri. An Introduction to Metaphysics, trans, by T. E. Hulme 185 Bergson, Henri. Introduction to a New Philoso- phy, trans, by Sidney Llttman 185 Bertram, Paul. The Fifth Trumpet 464 Bevan. W. L. World's Leading Conquerors 612 Beverldge, W. H. John and Irene 310 Blckley, Francis. Synge and the Irish Dramatic Movement 233 "Birmingham, Q. A." The Red Hand of Ulster... 303 BJornson, BjOrnstJerne. Plays, trans, by Edwin BJOrkman 513 Blackman, R. D. Composition and Style 349 Bland, J. O. P. Recent Events and Present Poli- cies In China 138 Bostwick. Arthur E. The Different West 309 Bourne, Randolph S. Youth and Life 420 Bradbury, Robert H. Inductive Chemistry 189 Bradley, Rose M. The English Housewife 347 Brett, G. S. History of Psychology 25 Brewster, Chauncey B. Kingdom of God In Ameri- can Life 308 Bridges, Robert. Poetical Works. Oxford edition. . 149 Brlggs, Lillian M. Noted Speeches 106 Broun, Thomas L. Dr. William Leroy Broun 261 Brown, Arthur J. The Chinese Revolution 139 vi. INDEX PAOB Browning's The Ring and the Book, Oxford edi- tion 149 Brownlee, Jane. Character Building in School.... 248 Burgess, James. Chronology of Modern India.... 424 riurpee, Lawrence J. Canadian Anthologies 25 burton, Margaret E. Notable Women of Modern China 102 'Business, What to Read on." 424 Butler, Nicholas M. The International Mind 57 Buxton, Noel. With the Bulgarian Staff 410 "Cambridge Manuals of Science and Literature".. 311 Campbell, Cyril. The Balkan War Drama 411 Cantlie, James, and Jones, C. Sheridan. Sun Yat Sen and the Awakening of China 137 Capers, Walter B. The Soldier-Bishop, Ellison Capers 106 "Carleton, William." New Lives for Old 3u7 Carman, Bliss. Echoes from Vagabondia 244 Carpenter, Ford A. Climate and Weather of San Diego, California 513 Castle, Agnes and Egerton. The Lure of Life. ... 101 Caweln, Madison. The Poet, the Fool, and the Faeries 244 Chadwlck, H. Munro. The Heroic Age 104 Channing, Edward. History of the United States, Vol. Ill 20 Channing, Edward, Hart, A. B., and Turner. F. J. Guide to the Study and Reading of American History, revised edition 189 Chase, J. Smeaton. California Coast Trails 510 Chesterton, G. K. A Miscellany of Men 23 Chesterton, G. K. Victorian Age in Literature. . . . 451 Childers, Hugh. Romantic Trials of Three Cen- turies 187 Christie, Jane J. The Advance of Woman 174 Clolkowska, Muriel. Rodin 149 Clark, John B., and John M. Control of Trusts. . . 4 5S Clarke, Helen A. Browning and his Century 294 Clay, Sir Arthur. Syndicalism and Labor 241 Clement, Ernest W. Handbook of Modern Japan, ninth edition 513 Coates, Florence Earle. The Unconquered Air.... 246 Coleridge, Ernest H. Coleridge's Complete Poems, Oxford edition 149 Collins, Joseph. Sleep and the Sleepless 105 Collins, L. C. Posthumous Essays of John Cliur- ton Collins 183 Collison-Morley, Lacy. Modern Italian Literature 62 Comfort, Will L. The Road of Living Men 463 Cook, Edward T. Homes and Haunts of Ruskin. . 385 Cook. Elizabeth C. Literary Influences In Colonial Newspapers 251 Coolidge, Mary Roberts. Why Women Are So..., 341 Cooper, Frederic T. Some English Story Tellers. . 105 Corbin, Alice. The Spinning Woman of the Sky. . . 246 Cramer, Jesse Grant. Letters of U. S. Grant 301 Crothers, Samuel. Humanly Speaking 20 Cnowell, A. Clinton. Handbook of Norse Mythol- ogy 349 Cunliffe, John W. Early English Classical Trag- edies 469 Curie, J. H. The Shadow Show 422 Dana, John Cotton. Reasons for Reading 514 Darlow, T. H. Letters of George Borrow 43 Davis, Nathan S., Jr. Food in Health and Disease, second edition 312 Dawson, George E. Right of the Child to Be Well Born 251 Day, Lai Behari. Folk-Tales of Bengal 248 Deeping, Warwick. The Strong Hand 101 Dessoir, Max. Outlines of the History of Psychol- ogy 25 De Weese, Truman A. The Bend in the Road 423, 444 Dingle, Edwin J. China's Revolution 14'J Ditchfield, Peter H. The Old English Country Squire 309 Dobson, Austin. At Prior Park 30!J Dobson, Austin. Collected Poems, ninth edition... 3S4 Dreiser, Theodore. The Financier 99 Dugmore, A. R Wild Life and the Camera 14-"> Edwards, Albert. Comrade Yetta 462 Elton. Oliver. Survey of English Literature .177 Embury. Aymar. II. The Dutch Colonial House. . 470 Emerson's Journals, Vols. VII. and VIII 25 Emerson's Success. Riverside Press edition 5S "English Readings for Schools" 4 7" Esenwein, J. Berg. Short-Storv Masterpieces 311 Esenweln. J. Berg. Studying the Short Story 383 Evans, Charles. American Bibliography, Vol. VII. 41 Fagan, James O. Autobiography of an Individual- ist 19 Farnol, Jefferv. The Amateur Gentleman 46) Faxon, Frederick W. Dramatic Index. 1912 424 Fillipi, Fillppo de. Karakoram and Western Him- alaya 296 Finck, Henry T. Food and Flavor 510 Footner. Hulbert. New Rivers of the North 344 Ford. Worthlngton C. Bradford's History of Ply- mouth Plantation. 1620-1647 94 PAOB Ford, Worthlngton C. Writings of John Qulncy Adams, Vol. 1 420 Fowler, Nathaniel C, Jr. How to Obtain Citizen- ship 470 Fox, Frank. Problems of the Pacific 467 Fox, John, Jr. The Heart of the Hills 464 Franck, Harry A. Zone Policeman 88 384 Franklin, Margaret. Case tor Woman Suffrage... 469 Fraser, Mrs. Hugh. Reminiscences of a Diploma- tist's Wife 147 "French Artists of To-day." 102 "French Classics for English Readers" 311 Fried, Alfred H. The German Emperor and the Peace of the World 419 Fuess, Claude M. Byron as a Satirist in Verse... 48 Galsworthy, John. The Inn of Tranquillity 503 Garnett, Louise Ay res. Creature Songs 148 Gesell, Arnold L., and Beatrice C. The Normal Child and Primary Education 143 Glbbs. Philip, and Grant, Bernard. The Balkan War 411 Glover, T. R. Virgil, second edition 424 Gomperz, Theodor. Greek Thinkers, Vol. IV 468 Goodrich, Joseph K. The Coming Mexico 422 Goodyear, William Henry. Greek Refinements. . . . 414 Gookln, Frederick W. Daniel Gookin 334 Gordon, Adam Lindsay. Poems, Oxford edition.. 149 Gordon, Seton. The Charm of the Hills 308 Gowen, Herbert H. Outline History of China.... 387 Gratacap, L. P. Popular Guide to Minerals, sec- ond edition 311 Gregory, B. C. Better Schools 144 Gribble, Francis. Romance of Men of Devon 250 Gribble, Francis. Romances of the French Theatre 310 Gwynne, Paul. Along Spain's River of Romance 505 Hagedorn, Hermann. Poems and Ballads 245 Hardy, E. A. The Public Library 387 Harris, Frank. The Women of Shakespeare 237 Harrison, Frederic. Among My Books 183 Harron, Julia S., Bacon, Corinne, and Dana, John C. Course of Study for Normal School Pupils 107 Hauptmann, Gerhart. Dramatic W'orks, edited by Ludwig Lewlsohn 501 Haynes, Henrietta. Queen Henrietta Maria 510 Heath, Sidney. Pilgrim Life in the Middle Ages. . 59 Hegermann-Lindencrone. Madame de. In the Courts of Memory 22 Herrick, Robert. One Woman's Life 305 Hewlett, Maurice. Mrs. Lancelot 101 Higinbotham, John U. Three Weeks In France... 347 Hill, Constance. Fanny Burney at the Court of Queen Charlotte 145 Holt, Edwin B., and Others. The New Realism... 337 Hooper, Charles E. Reclaiming the Old House. . . 470 Hopkins, Alfred. Alodern Farm Buildings 47u Hornaday, W. T. Our Vanishing Wild Life 509 Hosmer, James K. The Last Leaf 60 Hourticq. Louis, Laran, Jean, and Le Bas, Georges. Edouard Manet 102 Howe, P. P. J. M. Synge 233 Howells, William Dean. New Leaf Mills 463 Hudson, W. H. Story of the Renaissance 311 Hughes, Rupert. Music Lovers' Cyclopedia, single- volume edition 107 Huneker, James. Forty Songs by Tschaikowsky. . 14 S Hunt, Elizabeth R The Plav of To-day 460 Hutchinson, A. S. M. The Happy Warrior 302 Hutton, Edward. Highways and Byways in Som- erset 251 Hyndman, Henry M. Further Reminiscences 1S7 Ibsen. Sigurd. Human Quintessence 250 lies, George. Leading American Inventors 145 "Industrial Peace, Outlook for" 242 Jackson. Holbrook. All Manner of Folk 147 James, Henry. A Small Boy and Others 372 James, Lionel. With the Conquered Turk 412 Janson. Gustav. The Pride of War 57 Jeffers. Le Rov. List of Economic Editions, sec- ond edition 349 Jenkins. Herbert. Life of George Borrow 43 Jerrold, Walter. Book of Famous Wits 104 "Jewish Literature, Studies in" 470 Jewson. Edith M. Religion and Fairyland 188 Jones, Henrv Arthur. Foundations of a National Drama 374 Jordan. David Starr. The Unseen Empire 56 Judith, Madame. My Autobiography 14S Kauffman, Reginald W. Running Sands 462 Keble, John. Lectures on Poetry, trans, by K. Francis 188 Kelley, Charles F.. and Mowll, William L. Text- book of Design 107 Kelman, John. Among Famous Books 34S Kemp-Welch, Alice. Six Mediaeval Women 461 Kendall. Elizabeth. A Wayfarer in China 3S3 Ker, William P. Commemorative Addresses on Andrew Lang 283 Key, Ellen. The Woman Movement 175 INDEX vu. PAGE Kerr, Caroline V. The Bayreuth Letters of Wag- ner 232 Kimball, Kate F. An English Cathedral Journey 421 Klapper, Paul. Principles of Educational Practice 143 Knipe, Henry R. Evolution In the Past :61 Lamb's Old China, Riverside Press edition 188 Lang. Andrew. History of English Literature.... 329 Lang, Andrew. Shakespeare, Bacon, and the Great Unknown 96 Lang, Mrs. Andrew. Men, Women, and Minxes.. 186 Larisch, Countess Marie. My Past 514 Larson, Laurence M. Canute the Great 59 Lawrence, Edwin G. How to Master the Spoken Word 513 Lawrence, W. J. The Elizabethan Playhouse 134 Lawton, Lancelot. Empires of the Far East 247 "Lee, Vernon." Vital Lies 386 Legouis, Emile. Chaucer 185 Leith, W. Conjpton. Sirenica 493 Leonard, R. M. Pageant of English Prose, Oxford edition 149 Leonard, William E. The Vaunt of Man 244 Lichtenberger, Henri. Germany and Its Evolution in Modern Times 417 Litzmann, Berthold. Clara Schumann 453 Livingstone. R. W. The Greek Genius and Its Meaning to Us 176 Lloyd. R. E. Growth of Groups In the Animal Kingdom 249 Lodge, Sir Oliver. Modern Problems 346 Loeb, Jacques. Mechanistic Conception of Life... 51 "Lotl, Pierre." Carmen Sylva and Sketches from the Orient 104 Lounsbury, Thomas R Yale Book of American Verse 13 Lucas, Daniel B. The Land Where We Were Dreaming 387 Lucy, Sir Henry. Sixty Years in the Wilderness. . 310 Ludovlcl, Anthony M. Nietzsche and Art 103 Lumholtz. Carl. New Trails In Mexico 22 "M. F." A Valiant Woman 142 McCullagh, Francis. Italy's War for a Desert... 386 McDonald, Ronald. Lanchester of Brazenose 304 Macgowan, J. Men and Manners of Modern China 58 MacKaye, Percy. Uriel, and Other Poems 243 Maclaren. Ian. Books and Bookmen 182 "Macmlllan Modern Fiction Library" 311 "Macmillan Standard Library." 299. 311 Macy, John. Spirit of American Literature 311 Maeterlinck, Maurice. On Emerson 239 Mahan, A. T. Armaments and Arbitration 55 Marden, Orison Swett. The Joys of Living 470 Markino, Yoshio. When I Was a Child 60 Martin, Edward S. Reflections of a Beginning Husband 511 Mathews, Shaller. The Making of To-morrow.... 470 Matthews, Brander. Gateways to Literature 184 Maxwell, W. B. General Mallock's Shadow 303 Maxwell, W. H. A Quarter Century of Public School Development 144 Michel, Andre, and Laran. Jean. Puvls de Cha- vannes 102 Miller, E. Morris. Libraries and Education 189 Mills, Enos A. In Beaver World 385 Milne. James. John Jonathan and Company 103 "Modern American Library Economy." 107 Moffett. Cleveland, and Herford, Oliver. The Bishop's Purse 464 Monypenny, William F. Life of Disraeli. Vol. II. . 235 Moore. C. H. Mediaeval Church Architecture of England 307 Moore. Frederick F. The Devil's Admiral 305 Moore, George. Salve 105 More, Paul Elmer. The Drift of Romanticism.... 416 Morehouse. E. Hallam. Nelson In England 511 Mulr, John. Story of Mv Bovhood and Youth.... 293 "Musicians' Library" 148, 311, 386 Nearing, Scott. Social Religion 308 Nearing, Scott and Nellie M. S. Woman and Social Progress 341 Neeser, Robert W. A Landsman's Log 346. 425 Nichols, Egbert R Intercollegiate Debates. Vol. II. 106 Ogg, Frederic Austin. Social Progress In Contem- porary Europe 347 Olllvant. Alfred. The Royal Road 304 Oppenhelm. James. The Olympian 101 Orth, Samuel P. Socialism and Democrncy In Europe 300 Owen, Harold. Woman Adrift 174 Page. T. E., and Rouse, W. H. D. Loeb Classical Library 8, 139 Palmer, George H. Intimations of Immortality In the Sonnets of Shakespeare 103 Palmer, Robert. A Little Tour in India 512 Parker, Sir Gilbert. Works, Imperial edition 189, 311 Parmelee, Maurice. Science of Human Behavior.. 376 Partridge, G. E. Genetic Philosophy of Education 143 Partridge. G. E. Studies in the Psychology of Intemperance 24 PAQ8 Patrick, Mary Mills. Sappho and the Island ot Lesbos 467 Paul, Herbert. Famous Speeches, second series... 349 Peloubet. Francis N., and Adams, Alice D. Inter- national Bible Dictionary 107 Perrin, Bernadotte. Plutarch's Lives of Nicias and Alciblades 106 Perris, Herbert. Germany and the German Em- peror 418 Perry, Ralph B. Essays In Radical Empiricism.. 61 Phelps, William L. Teaching in School and Col- lege 142 Phillips, Mary E. Life of James Fenimore Cooper 310 Pickett. La Salle Corbel!. Pickett and His Men, new edition 513 Pickett, La Salle Corbell. The Bugles of Gettys- burg 512 Pitkin, Walter B. Art and Business of Story Writ- ing 382 Pollard, Alfred W. Fine Books 17 Pomeroy, Sarah G. Little-Known Sisters of Well- Known Men 61 Portenar, A. J. Organized Labor 241 Pryor, Roger A. • Essays and Addresses 60 "Public School Systems, A Comparative Study of 81 Putnam, George H. Political Debates between Lincoln and Douglas 251 Quiller-Couch, Arthur. Oxford Book of Victorian Verse 149 Railton, G. S. Life of General William Booth 186 Rand, E. K., and Wilklns, E. H. Concordance to Dante's Latin Works 182 Rauschenbusch, Walter. Christianizing the Social Order 128 Redfield. William C. The New Industrial Day 241 Relchardt, E. Noel. Significance of Ancient Re- ligions 423 Rhys, Ernest. Everyman's Library 403 Richards, Caroline C. Village Life in America 23 RIdpath-Mann, Mary. Royal Women 387 Ripley, Mrs. Eliza. Social Life in Old New Orleans 146 Robertson, J. M. The Evolution of States 383 Robins, Elizabeth. My Little Sister 30 Robinson, Corinne R. The Call of Brotherhood... 247 Rodin, Auguste. Art 46 Rogers, Emma W. Journal of a Country Woman 249 Russell, Archibald G. B. Engravings of William Blake 469 Saintsbury, George. History of English Prose Rhythm 506 Schelling, Felix E. Masterpieces of the English Drama 349 Schofleld, William H. 'chivalry' in English Litera- ture 339 Schwarz. Herbert F. Alphonsus. Emperor of Ger- many 349 "Scientific American Reference Book," for 1913... 107 Scripture, E. W. Stuttering and Lisping 107 Sedgwick, Arthur G. The Democratic Mistake.... 146 Sedgwick, Arthur H. Walking Essays 98 "Shakespeare Classics" 106 Sharp, Katharine Doorls. Summer in a Bog 470 Sharp, William. Works, library edition 107 Sheldon. Charles. Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast 345 Sheldon, Henry C. Rudolf Eucken's Message to Our Age 470 Sherwood, Mrs. John B. Childhood In Art 349 Shoemaker. M. M. Indian Pages and Pictures.... 385 Shurter, E. D., and Taylor, C. C. Both Sides of 100 Public Questions 349 Sinclair. May. The Combined Maze 466 Sladen. Douglas. Poems of Adam Lindsay Gordon 188 Smith. William B. Ecce Deus 187 Sneath, Ellas H. Wordsworth 348 Snow. William B. Fundamentals of French Gram- mar 149 Soulle. George. Strange Stories from the Lodge of Leisures 614 Spanuth, August. Selected Piano Compositions of Schubert 311 Spearing, H. G. The Childhood of Art 346 Spencer, Anna G. Woman's Share in Social Cul- ture 342 Stanley, Henry M. In Darkest Africa, and How I Found Livingstone, centenary editions 299 Steeves, Harrison R., and Rlstlne. Frank H. Rep- resentative Essays In Modem Thought 387 Stevens. William S. Industrial Combinations and Trusts 460 Stevenson, Burton Egbert. Home Book of Verse.. 15 Stewart, Elihu. Down the Mackenzie, and Up the Yukon 345 Stobart. J. C. The Grandeur That Was Rome. ... 499 Strindberg, August. Easter, and Stories 54 Strindberg, August. Lucky Pehr 54 Strindberg, August. Plays, trans, by Edith and Warner Oland 62 7111, INDEX PAGE Strindberg, August. Plays, trans, by Edwin BJOrk- man 62 Tabor, Margaret E. The Saints In Art, second edition 424 Talt, Thomas. How to Train the Speaking Voice.. 513 Tarbell, Ida M. The Business of Being a Woman.. 175 Tarklngton, Booth. The Flirt 462 Taylor, Bert Leston, and Wild, Payson S. Links of Ancient Rome 106 Taylor, Henry O. Ancient Ideals, new edition.... 387 Tennyson's Poems, Oxford illustrated edition 514 Thomas, Charles S. Poems and Stories by Bret Harte 188 Thomas, Edward. George Borrow 43 Thorndike, Edward L. Education: A First Book 144 Thornton, Richard H. An American Glossary.... 380 Thwlng, Charles F. and Carrie F. B. The Family, revised and enlarged edition 349 Tipping, H. Avray. English Homes of the Early Renaissance 422 Tolman, Albert H. Questions on Shakespeare.... 188 Tomlinson, H. M. The Sea and the Jungle 348 Torrey, Bradford. Field-Days in California 149 Torrey, Jesse, Jr. The Intellectual Torch, edited by Edward H. Virgin 513 Townshend. Aurellan. Poems and Masks 811 Toynbee, William. Diaries of Macready 178 Turquet-Milnes, G. Influence of Baudelaire In France and England 285 Van Gogh, Vincent. Letters of a Post-Impression- ist 455 Van Rensselaer, Mrs. J. K. Prophetical, Educa- tional, and Playing Cards 62 Vaughan, Bernard. Socialism from the Christian Standpoint 250 Vlzetelly, Ernest A. Republican France '.. 306 FAQS Venable, Emerson. The Hamlet Problem and Its Solution 342 Wagner, Hermeneglld. With the Victorious Bul- garians 410 Walford, Mrs. L. B. Memories of Victorian London 148 Wallace, Alfred Russel. Social Environment and Moral Progress 412 Wallace, Elizabeth. Mark Twain and the Happy Island 424 Ward, Mrs. Humphry. The Mating of Lydla 465 Washburn, Stanley. Nogi 421 Washburn, Stanley. Trails, Trappers, and Ten- der-Feet in Western Canada 343 Watson, Rosamund Marriott. Complete Poems... 106 Watts, M. S. George Frederic Watts 11 Wedmore, Frederick. Memories 62 Weed, Clarence M. Seeing Nature First 467 Wells, H. G. Discovery of the Future 424 Weygandt, Cornelius. Irish Plays and Playwrights 335 Wharton, Edith. The Reef 306 Wheelock, John Hall. The Beloved Adventure.... 246 Whetham, Mr. and Mrs. W. C. D. Science and the Human Mind 423 Whltcomb, Selden L. Poems 246 Whitman, Stephen F. The Isle of Life 463 Willis, W. N. What Germany Wants 419 Wilson, Woodrow. The New Freedom 466 Woodberry, George E. A Day at Castroglovanni.. 243 Worsham, John H. One of Jackson's Foot Cavalry 147 Yeats, William B. The Cutting of an Agate 233 Young, Frances B. Mary Sidney, Countess of Pem- broke 298 Younghusband, Lady. Marie-Antoinette: Her Early Youth 468 Zangwlll, Israel. The Next Religion 180 Acknowledgment, An Omitted. Hiram Bingham.. 292 "Ain't I." Nathan Haskell Dole 333 Apthorp, William Foster, Death of 252 "Aren't I" and "An't I." Wallace Rice 292 Art, The Referendum in. Edward E. Hale 127 Art in the Magazines. T. D. A. Cockerell 88, 291 Aver, Clarence Walter, Death of 388 "Bedrock" 312 Blgelow, John, Proposed Memorial to 515 Briticism, Another Disinherited. B. R. W 292 "Canzoni," The Author of. Charles L. O'Donnell.. 10 Carleton, Will. Death of 26 Century Co., New Officers of the 252 Comma, A Frequent Misuse of the. G. M. G 408 "Constructive Quarterly, The" 150 Dleresis and Hyphen—Why the, to Indicate Pro- nunciation? G. M. 0 87 Dorr, Mrs. Julia C. R, Death of 109 "Doves Press," Possible Discontinuance of the.... 515 Dowden, Edward, Death of 350 Draper, Andrew Sloan, Death of 389 Ex Libra et Libris. Wallace Rice 449 Frowde, Henry, Retirement of 312 German Classics, Popularity of, in the German Theatres. Jacob Wittmer Hartmann 450 Glsslng, George, Proposed Memorial to 312 "Harper's Weekly." Sale of 471 Hauptmann and the Nobel Prize. Olaf Heddeland 497 Hauptmann's "Atlantis" and the Nobel Prize. W. H. Camith 447 Hawthorne Memorial in Salem. A 26 Hyde. John, Gift of, to the Statistical Society of Japan 471 Illinois History in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. /. Beymour Currey 42 "Imprint, The" 614 Johnson, Robert Underwood, Retirement of.... 516 Jordan. David Starr, Retirement of 471 Library of Congress, Growth of 108 "Life," Thirtieth Birthday of 63 Mclntyre. James W., Death of 108 Major, Charles, Death of 189 "Neale's Monthly" 108 New Hampshire, An Inadvertent Criticism of. O. W. Foss 409 "New Statesman, The" 471 Ober. Frederick A., Death of 514 Olcott, Professor George N., Proposed Memorial to 20 "Poetry," In Defense of. Harriet Monroe 409 "Poetry and Drama" 388 Poetry and the Other Fine Arts. Harriet Monroe 497 "Poetry by the Pound." William Rose Benft 450 "Poetry Review, The" 388 Pound, Ezra, and "Poetry." Wallace Rice 370 Public Library Building for Children, The First... 471 Radiograph or Skiagram? Henry Bixby Hemen- way 231 Scandinavian Classics in Translation, A Proposed Series of 425 Social Order, Christianizing the. James McAlpin Pyle 9 Soule, Charles Carroll. Death of 63 Steger, Harry Peyton. Death of 63 Thompson Brown Co. Amalgamated with E. P. Dutton & Co 471 Tobago, Robinson Crusoe and. Henry B. Hemen- way 10 Universities of Chicago and Cambridge, Publica- tion Arrangements between 108 Ward, Lester F., Death of 388 Willard, Samuel, Death of 150 Wilson, Harry Longford, Death of 262 THE DIAL a iStmi«fflontrjIn Jioarnal of Eitrrarg Criticfem, ©tscuagfon, ano Information. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) U published on the 1st and 16th of each month. Termh or Subscription, 82. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian postage RO cents per year extra. Kkmitta n< ks should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions trill begin with the current number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of sub- scription is received, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. Adverthikg Ratbs furnished on application. All com- munications should be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. Entered as Second-Clou Hatter October 8, 1802, at the Poat Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879. No. 637. JANUARY 1, 1913. Vol. LIT. CONTENT8. paob LITERATURE AND THE UNDERGRADUATE. Norman Foerster 3 CASUAL COMMENT 6 Robert Collyer's voice and pen.— Magazine poetry of the year.— Western literature in the Far East.— Penalties of literary greatness.— The versatility of our late ambassador to England.—A carious tendency in words.— New aids to library-users.— An achieve- ment in editorship and bibliography.—Chaos in card catalogues.— Coquetting with the classics.— Public interest in the Alcotts.— The first quarter-century of the library-school idea.— One way to redeem the human mind from error. COMMUNICATIONS 9 ChristianizingtheSocialOrder. James McAlpin Pyle. Robinson Crusoe and Tobago. Henry B. Hememcay. The Author of "Canzoni." Charles L. O'Donnell. A GALAHAD OF ART. Waldo R. Browne ... 11 TWO NEW ANTHOLOGIES. Charles Leonard Moore 13 THE ESTHETIC SIDE OF BOOK-MAKING. Frederick W. Goolcin 17 A PLEA FOR INDIVIDUALISM. Percy F. Bicknell 19 THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD IN AMERICAN HISTORY. St. George L. Sioussat 20 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 22 Explorations in the wilds of Mexico.—Small talk of a woman of the world.— More of Mr. Chesterton's delectable trifles.— Octogenarian reminiscences and reflections.— A school-girl's diary of the last half- centnry.—The psychology of intemperance.—Adven- tures and explorations in Old Babylonia.—New pages from Emerson's Journals.—Two histories of psychol- ogy.— Gleanings from the literature of Canada.— New essays by the best of our essayists. NOTES 26 TOPICS IN JANUARY PERIODICALS 27 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 27 LITERATURE AND THE UNDER- GRADUATE. On the occasion of the death of George Meredith, one of our college magazines justly plumed itself upon having recognized his genius a good while he- fore it was recognized elsewhere in America, and even before England had rubbed her eyes to watch him a little more closely. In that day, the "pro- gressive " spirit was less pronounced than it is now; in literature as well as in social and political move- ments, the "old fogies" were still venerable rather than antiquated. But with the change in the mood of the age, the past has receded into a dismal Boeo- tian fog, the present has assumed the loveliest hues, and the future, arrayed in the magnificence of per- fect novelty, is apparently on the point of making even the present seem conventional. The most in- tellectually alert type of student has bid perfunctory adieux to the giants of the old order, is often bored by living writers of acknowledged genius or talent, and spends his time in scanning the horizon for giants of a new breed, manifesting a radical cosmo- politanism such as we never expected to find in the universities. With blaring trumpets the press-agents announce the Irish dramatists: our latter-day col- lege litterateur straightway parts company with Mr. Henry James, cries "Who are they? Hurray !" and flings his cap for Synge until he hears of a "cork- ing" play by Wedekind. I have known students who "specialized" in the drama without enjoying even a nodding acquaintance (such as one gets in translations) with Sophocles or Euripides, Moliere or Racine, without so much as an ability to read the Elizabethan English of Shakespeare—one of them, indeed, admitted to "hating" Shakespeare with par- ticular fervor. These same students are indisput- able authorities on dramatists and novelists of whom even their more "progressive" professors have barely heard, so that if a new Meredith were to appear to-morrow he would be instantly detected and lauded by a chorus of students in a number of universities and colleges. That would be well enough if Merediths were not so rare; but it is un- fortunately true that our undergraduate watcher of the skies normally beholds, not new planets swim- ming into his ken, but only a succession of swift meteorites melting into non-existence. It may be that this strict contemporaneity (almost futurity) of interest, is not to be regretted. Amer- ican institutions of higher learning, unlike those of the Continent, have always been timid and conven- tional, without a strong desire for independent thought, and it is possible that the radical interests of our students may lead to a curiosity and breadth 4 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL of mind that have been only too rare in American education. Something will, indeed, suffer: deli- cately ornate poetry, prose that is strong because it is chastened and restrained, graceful comedy and opera,—these are not for the new generation. The new gods are Wells and Shaw, Meredith and Chesterton, Ibsen (already a little old-fashioned), Strindberg, the Irish school, indeed any writers who put genuine " red blood " into their work, who have broken violently with tradition, who have "a deep love for the primitive," who are socialistic, who are tremendously free of thought and speech. The col- lege club devoted to Greek tragedy has been meta- morphosed into a group of young men with a rosy Socialistic vision, and some of our college papers are avowedly given over to Socialistic propaganda,— one of them, for instance, asserting with modern openness that "the Socialistic party, it is a truism to say, stands to-day as the one consistent, progres- sive, self-respecting party in American politics." Above all — is the cry of young America in the colleges—let us not be prejudiced and reactionary: let us be absolutely outspoken. We will spare no man and no institution, we will revere nothing, but look the facts in the eye and speak out what we think. Such is the attitude, not only when young men or young women gather in earnest discussion, but also when young men and young women meet for social pleasure—no drawing-room prattle, as of overgrown children, but manly and womanly direct- ness, even when the most delicate, or indelicate, subjects are broached. All this may, I have said, lead to better things, and unfavorable comment may savor of old-fogeyism. We are told that what is radical to-day will be tame and conventional to-morrow; we are told, specific- ally, that a new era of frankness, sex equality, and social service is dawning. These things it is not for us to deny. In any event, however, we are surely justified in assuming that some of the new virtues are replacing older virtues that are quite as precious, and that a good deal of the new attitude is little better than attitudinizing. Despite all our talk of advanced thought in the colleges, it is to be feared that college students do not really think as much as they did in more sober decades, that the love of reflection has been smothered in a passion for "doing things," that action is tending to take the place of thought instead of following it. It is not yet clear that the reddest of red blood is better than true blue blood, or better than a favorable com- bination of the two—purple, or royal, blood. Action is extolled at the expense of wisdom—the prime token of a good king, a good student, a good man of any kind. So much for the gospel of Red Blood as we find it in our colleges. It is the gospel of the most promising young men and women, those who are most alert and intelligent. If it is a sorry gospel, let us turn to another type of undergraduate who reads literature; in him we shall find another, though perhaps not nobler, ideal. The second type of undergraduate who reads books (save in one or two colleges there are only two prominent types) is the student whose interests are not primarily literary. He is very likely spe- cializing in engineering, or agriculture, or chemistry, or music, and he reads for momentary amusement rather than for pleasure and profit. He probably takes a course or two in English literature, does the reading required of him, bat makes a sharp division between literature prescribed by the instructor's wisdom and literature prescribed by his own inclina- tion; he will read a play of Shakespeare's, if one is assigned, but when he reads for diversion he will prefer Sherlock Holmes to Iago, and if he goes to the theatre will elect "Louisiana Lou" and not "Twelfth Night" He is not ashamed of his tastes —far from it, indeed so far that if you remind him that Shakespeare is more worth while than Conan Doyle he will assume that the burden of proof is yours. Just what this type of student—the usual type of undergraduate—reads, can hardly be known with- out extended inquiry. As a result of several investi- gations, both in the East and in the West, I present the following data. Most students read virtually nothing but magazines. Of our multitudinous mag- azines, by all odds the most popular is the "Satur- day Evening Post," partly because it costs less than the others, partly because it contains short stories in abundance. Next in order, but far less popular, are the " Cosmopolitan," " Everybody's," "Ladies' Home Journal" (in coeducational institutions), "Scrib- ner's," "Popular Mechanics," "Bed Book," then three or four others including the "Review of Re- views." These are read primarily for the short stories, secondarily for a knowledge of current events, and lastly for scientific information. A large num- ber of students read no ephemeral novels; those who do read them prefer novels of an adventurous or sentimental cast—usually not the "red blood" fic- tion which one finds in a mild form in Mr. Kipling and in a virulent form in Mr. London. An equally large number of students read no standard novels; those who do, prefer Dickens, Scott, Cooper, Steven- son, and other writers in whose works adventure, sentiment, and sentimentalism are prominent. Poetry is, generally speaking, never read for pleasure, mainly because it is regarded as "hard to understand" and is somewhat "effeminate." Of the poems read in high school or college courses only those of Long- fellow and Tennyson seem to make any impression on the student As for the drama, the average under- graduate neglects whatever is worth his attention, calling it "dry" and "deep," and attends as many musical comedies and vaudeville performances as his purse will countenance; favorite "shows" are "The Slim Princess" and "The Soul Kiss." No one, of course, would be foolish enough to deny that a great deal can be said in favor of each of these interests of the undergraduate; in themselves, they are laudable enough. Combined, however, it is clear that they are regrettably frivolous. 1913.] 0 THE DIAL Now, as the immature mind is naturally somewhat frivolous, something like the foregoing state of affairs is what we should expect in any age provided the immature mind is permitted to roam unguided. Several decades ago,—back to 1636, if you will,—the literary tastes of the undergraduate were guided with more care and success than they are to-day. Theo- retically, we still seek to guide his taste; but it is hardly an exaggeration to say that we have never done so with as little care or success. We condemn the narrow Puritan ideal to-day, but we should not forget that the Puritans educated the young to sturdy morality and citizenship. The classical education in vogue until the scientific spirit cast it aside was per- haps also too narrow; but whatever else it did or failed to do, it produced men whose tastes were less vulgar than are those of our day. Yet we should not condemn our present educational ideal merely on the ground that the reading habits it fosters are deplor- able. For one thing, cultivating a love of good lit- erature has been made extremely difficult on account of the noisily alluring yellow newspapers and mag- azines that belong uniquely to our own age; trivial- ity and sensationalism have never surrounded the student, in a physical as well as figurative sense, as they do to-day. But the fact remains that the under- graduate's reading betokens a kind of uncivilization for which the yellow journals are only in part— probably in small part—responsible. When the student interested in literature reads Shaw and Wells to the exclusion of Shakespeare and Thackeray (one intelligent undergraduate, by the way, remarks that he "cannot keep up with Wells as he writes faster than I can read "), and when the student interested in other phases of human activity reads almost nothing but the poorer short stories of this age of the short story; when, in brief, the love of good literature is on the verge of losing its last citadel, the college, we have reason to look with con- cern into the future. In our laissezfaire democracy (it is less of that than it was), we are inclined to let the future take care of itself, assuming that if we go too far one way now, we shall in due time have a reaction and go the other way. Possibly this attitude is wiser than it seems. But before we follow the cur- rent blindly, we should pause to consider whether even materialism is not more effective if it is not altogether material,—whether, granting the para- mount value of our present ideals, the present itself may not be bettered by the addition of some of the indirectly practical virtues. This idea is an old one, but it is not popular to-day—certainly not with the undergraduate. For many a long year the cause of culture has suffered through the lusty growth of two laudable but relatively undesirable ideals: the athletic ideal, and the eagerness for practical training. The two are not without relation, since we are probably right in ascribing the athletic ideal to the gospel of Red Blood, to admiration of the man who "does things," the man of concrete achievement as contrasted with the man of thought. So long as the builder of bridges, of model barns, and of more or less solid Socialistic platforms enjoys our respect at the ex- pense of the man of taste and reflection and unreal- ized potentiality, so long will athleticism make us wonder what, after all, colleges are for. Colleges which are combating the exaggerated athleticism that distorts their aims, might more profitably com- bat the "practical training" fallacy by a readjust- ment in their requirements for degrees. We must understand clearly, before we can go far, the paradox already alluded to, a paradox that puzzles this age though it was clear enough to our forefathers, namely, that a "practical" education is less prac- tical than an impractical one. Fortunately we are once more beginning to grasp this truth, partly by reaction from the excesses of the elective system; the new attitude—or rather the return to the old point of view—is manifested by the bold attempt to rehabilitate Greek and Latin at Amherst College, by the requirement at Oberlin that every graduating student shall have taken a course in one of the arts, by the action of Rutgers in making the Master's de- gree a symbol of two years' study in "elementary and liberal" subjects, and by the tendency at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton toward a general rather than special education. Signs, then, are not wanting that "practical" study is to be tempered by liberal study, that specialization will not be a luxury for freshmen, but rather a necessity for graduate students. With the waning of early specialization we shall have, doubt- less, a healthy decrease in the number of teachers of the latter-day Ph.D. type. The undergraduate ordinarily does not respect the new type of in- structor, whom he regards, often unjustly it is true, as a dry word-grubber, a lover of the dullest manu- scripts and palpably worthless books, a dehuman- ized precisian; he is repelled and driven into the camp of the athletes, where he is reasonably sure to find a coach whom he can honestly respect; or he is driven to his textbooks and to the laboratory, seek- ing, as men will, knowledge rather than wisdom. But if he is to make a man of himself, and not a physical or mental machine, he must be stimulated by humane instructors, professors of a type not often bred by our colleges as they are now conducted. No doubt we shall have more of these professors when specialization and "quick returns " are less eagerly sought and less readily obtained. Then, and not till then, will the love of good literature be found again in our colleges; then will the fiery young man, who Spurns his professors of literature and, for want of guidance, holds admirable only what is novel and red-blooded, and the ordinary undergraduate, who, if he reads at all, finds pleasure only in light stories and Slim Princesses,—then will both types of under- graduates have an opportunity to acquire a love of good literature. Perhaps ^ some of them will even read poetry. Norman Foerster. 6 [Jan 1, THE DIAL CASUAL COMMENT. Robert Collyer's voice and pen never failed, up to the very end, to win him hosts of eager hear- ers and readers, though undoubtedly his living and breathing presence gave to his spoken word a power and a charm that could not be communicated to the printed page. "I wanted to touch his garments to see if virtue would not come out of him," said one whom the preacher's strong personality had attracted. For almost a score of years his home and the centre of his influence was Chicago, where he founded Unity Church and, as its pastor, was widely known as the most famous preacher in the West. Under his heroic leadership his church went through the great fire (which destroyed the building and left only two houses of his parish standing) and came forth dis- mayed but not disheartened. "At that time some- thing went out of me," he once confessed to a friend. "Before that, thoughts pressed for utterance faster than I could write them. Now everything comes with effort." This helps explain his removal to New York and to a scene of less arduous labors a few years later. To that quieter afternoon of his life we owe some of his best published utterances. He wrote "Nature and Life," "The Life That Now Is," "The Simple Truth," "Talks to Young Men," "Things New and Old," "Father Taylor," and a delightful autobiography, "Some Memories," which latter, as he has said, "stole out from the mists of time by no effort of memory, but as if they had been waiting for those quiet mornings when they were written, I dare not say by inspiration from on High, but will say the inspiration of a grateful heart" Of him can be truly said what he himself said of his friend, Father Taylor, whom he resembled in the rugged strength, the homely simplicity, the sweetness and beauty of his character,— "He had his limitations, but was so sincere and so right where the fastness of all rightness dwells,— in a man's soul." Magazine poetry of the year just ended is passed in review by Mr. William Stanley Braith- waite in the Boston "Transcript." This is the eighth consecutive year that he has performed this service for students and lovers of American poetry, and in these eight years he has witnessed what seem to him encouraging signs of an increasing appreciation of poetry on the part of the public, and of growing ability to produce good verse on the part of the poets. "For the year just ended," he affirms, "there can be no doubt in the face of the proofs that American poetic art has entered upon a new era—an era that not only promises a better and higher quality of accomplishment, but also in which the commercial prosperity that formerly attended its publication will return." Among visible evidences of poetry's im- proving condition he cites the publication of "The Lyric Year," and four other notable collections of American verse, the establishment of two magazines ("Poetry," in Chicago, and "The Poetry Journal," in Boston) devoted to the interests of the art, and the number and prominence of volumes of verse in the autumn output of books. Moreover, Mr. Braith- waite has been assured by the editor of one of our foremost magazines "that these annual articles on magazine poetry had the effect of compelling him to select ' distinctive' verse for his periodical, and not merely good verse." As in former years, six leading magazines have been examined by the appraiser, and this year a number of other periodicals have also been searched for distinctive pieces of poetry. The sixty-eight best poems, out of three hundred or more good ones published in the year, are named by Mr. Braithwaite; and from these, he says, he has chosen forty-two for his " Anthology of Magazine Verse for 1912." These forty-two he also names, and likewise the twenty-one of preeminent worth out of the forty- two. Finally he chooses six of the thrice-sifted twenty-one and publishes them with his review in the "Transcript"; and these six are surely deserv- ing of mention even in so brief a summary of Mr. Braithwaite's work as the present The titles, authors, and periodicals, as given by him, are as follows: "He Whom a Dream Hath Possessed," Shaemas O'Sheel, "Forum"; "Hungarian Love-Lament," Ethel Syford, "Lippincott's"; "To Little Rene"e," William Aspenwall Bradley, "Scribner's"; "The Wife," Anna Spencer Twitchell, "Delineator"; "The Reveler: A Vineyard Song," George Edward Woodberry, "Harper's"; "As an Old Mercer," Mahlon Leonard Fisher, "The Bellman." Natu- rally, but unfortunately, the critic has excluded his own work from appraisal in this annual survey; but those interested need go no further than to " The Forum " (December) to find an example of it. No recent writer has served the cause of poetry more zealously and lovingly than Mr. Braithwaite. • • • Western literature in the Far East, espe- cially in Japan, is winning increased favor. Mr. R. Matsushite, manager of the Maruzen Company, the largest importers of books in Japan, has recently been in London and New York for business purposes, and has of course been interviewed. His alleged assertion that the Japanese, though possessed now of a robust national consciousness, are humble at heart and still eager to learn from other nations, and that they study foreign languages and buy foreign books more than any other people, is easily credible. That they also buy more pure literature than books on science and industry, one is glad to believe. Foreign classics are read by them now more than ever before, Shakespeare being in especial demand; but modern authors of note are equally popular, and Mr. Bernard Shaw, Mr. Arnold Bennett, Strindberg, and Haupt- mann find many appreciative readers. America sends to Japan more books on commerce and indus- try than on other subjects, our business methods being gladly studied and adopted there, while Ger- many contributes medical works, and other European countries those books in which Japan considers them especially strong. The American short story, it is gratifying to learn, and also American books about 1913.] 7 THE DIAL Russia and from the Russian, are in favor with the Japanese; but America's commercial influence on Japan has far exceeded her literary influence, as was to have been expected in this day and generation. A slight but significant sign of the times is to be noted in Japan's recent adoption of foreign stationery. Our pens and ink are rapidly invading the island kingdom, where two years ago no official document could law- fully be written in European fashion; now, how- ever, the steel pen may legally take the place of the camel's-hair brush—or whatever the old-fashioned native implement may be. But after all is said, a feeling of regret will arise at these evidences of the "standardization" of all modern civilization. Gain in uniformity means loss in picturesque variety. ■ ■ ■ Penalties of literary greatness might almost be proved to exceed those of literary unsuccess and obscurity. Among recent celebrities, Mark Twain lamented in his last years that his popularity and prominence made it impossible for him to gratify his longing to visit once more in a quiet way the scenes and friends of his youth. When a disguise was sug- gested he shook his head. "No," said he, sorrowfully, "my drawl would give me away." Mr. A. C. Ben- son has in one of his books well depicted some of the annoyances that his own acceptability with readers has brought him. The great Dumas, to go back a few decades, probably enjoyed all the popularity he achieved; but the later attachment of his name to works rather feebly imitative of his genius might not have pleased him so well. Walter Scott was another who suffered at the hands of unscrupulous imitators. A writer in the New York "Evening Post" calls at- tention anew to pseudo-Scott catchpenny publications foisted on an unsuspecting public in the days before the author of "Waverley" had revealed himself. "Walladmor" came out in Germany as an attempt to supply the demand for a Waverley novel at the annual book-fair when no genuine product was forth- coming; and, nearer home, one William Fearman boldly issued a fourth and fifth series of "Tales of My Landlord " as from the hand of the Gandercleuch schoolmaster and parish clerk, Jedediah Cleish- botham. These spurious romances, "Pontefract Castle" and "The Fairy of Glas Lyn," their unscru- pulous fabricator extolled as equal in merit to their predecessors in the series, and he wrote an impudent letter to John Ballantyne in answer to the bookseller's protest against the fraud. But Scott refused to take any action in the matter, confident that the counter- feits would enjoy but a brief currency; and he was soon proved to be in the right, as the bogus "Tales" failed to reach even a second edition, while the gen- uine ones have been reprinted hundreds of times. The versatility of our late ambassador to England must impress all who review even hastily the extent and variety of his achievements. Born at Xenia, Ohio, in 1837, Whitelaw Reid not unnaturally went for his college education to the near-by Miami University at Oxford, little dreaming that another and more famous Oxford would one day bestow upon him its most coveted degree of D.C.L. The young man's quickness to learn enabled him to complete the college course in three years and to get his diploma at the early age of nineteen. A few years of teaching followed, then came newspaper work, service as staff officer in the war, a three-years term as librarian of the House of Representatives, cotton-planting in Louisiana, further journalistic experience, and in 1872 the editorship and chief ownership of the New York "Tribune," for which journal he built the first of the now too-familiar sky-scrapers. For this newspaper, too, he bought the first linotype machines, and organized a com- pany for their manufacture and sale. In the field of education he also figured prominently, rising to the chancellorship of the University of the State of New York. In the diplomatic service, besides twice refusing the ministry to Germany, he has repre- sented this country in France and England, and has accepted a number of extraordinary missions. As author he is known for his "After the War," "Ohio in the War," "Schools of Journalism," "Newspaper Tendencies,'1 "Problems of Expansion," and many other published utterances, including a large num- ber of public addresses on notable occasions. His well-selected library at his New York residence and that in his country house are ranked among the best of private libraries. So fine a union of statesman- ship, scholarship, and executive ability is rarely met with. . . . A curious tendency in words, a tendency not without its deeper significance, is their well-known habit of standing for exactly contrary meanings, illustrating, as it were, the ease with which all things pass into their opposites, the fondness that extremes have for meeting. Without dwelling on the anomaly whereby "fast" means both "firmly fixed" and "moving rapidly," or the puzzling fact that the neg- ative prefix un has a positive force in such words as "unloose" and "unravel," or the bewildering way many Italian words have of not living up to their derivation (why, for example, should "scontraffare" not mean the opposite of "contraffare" if "scom- parire" means the opposite of "comparire" ?)— without adducing a multitude of similar instances, we will bring this little philological disquisition to a close with a brief reference to an account, in the Manchester "Guardian," of the wager between two disputants as to the meaning of "lurid," one making it mean "deep red," and the other "pale." All the dictionaries accessible to the parties to this dispute gave the meaning "pale, wan, ghastly pale," but the "Guardian" has discovered that "the latest and greatest English dictionary " supports popular usage and gives the definition, "shining with a red glow or glare amid darkness ( said of lightning flashes across dark clouds or flame mingled with smoke)," and forti- fies its position with a quotation from Wordsworth. Nevertheless, the Latin luridus has commonly been taken to mean "pale yellow, wan, ghastly"; but may 8 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL it not be that the ancient Romans, like the Greeks, were deficient in the color-sense, and that hence has arisen the vagueness and self-contradiction in the modern interpretation of lurid? • • • New aids to library-users are constantly being devised by our alert and inventive librarians and their assistants. In the latest report of the Pratt Institute Free Library occurs mention of a recently adopted plan for furnishing illustrations to technical literature. The illustration takes the form of the actual machine or other object described in the text- book. For example, a model marine engine has for some time been on exhibition at the library; and now there has been secured from an automobile company "a complete 30 H. P. four-cylinder gasoline engine with parts cut open to show the action"-—a loan likely to benefit all parties concerned in the trans- action. Another somewhat novel feature at the same institution bears the name of the "Dinner- pail Library," a designation sufficiently self-explan- atory to call for little further elucidation here. The collection seems to have grown from an original nucleus of a practical library for Df. Grenfell's Labrador mission, and now has its special card- catalogue and is in other ways brought to the atten- tion of mechanics and others likely to desire its privileges. Such developments as these on the popular and "practical" side of library service would not attract all who may chance to read this para- graph; nevertheless they help to round out the gener- ous activities of the modern as distinguished from the grudgingly accommodating old-time library. • ■ • An achievement in editorship and bibliog- raphy of which even the most industrious of German scholars might be proud is to be placed to the credit of Dr. Edward Arber, whose death by accident a few weeks ago makes English scholarship the poorer by one of its most learned and productive represen- tatives. Edward Arber was born in London, Decem- ber 4, 1836; served as clerk in the Admiralty from 1854 to 1878; held a lectureship on English at University College under Professor Henry Morley from 1878 to 1881; and from 1881 to 1894 was professor of English at Mason College, Birmingham. Since 1894 he has lived in London as emeritus pro- fessor, being also a fellow of King's College, London. He has also been English examiner at London Uni- versity and at Victoria University, Manchester. But his chief service to the world of letters lies in his series of "English Reprints" (1868-80), whereby he has enabled the general public to gain easy access to an accurate text of early English authors that were formerly accessible only in rare and expensive editions; his "English Scholar's Library," in six- teen volumes; his "English Garner," in eight vol- umes; "British Anthologies" in ten volumes; and a series begun five years ago and entitled "A Chris- tian Library." He also, unaided, edited two monu- mental English bibliographies, "A Transcript of the Registers of the Stationers' Company, 1553-1640," and "The Term Catalogues, 1668-1709, with a Number for Easter Term, 1711," edited from the quarterly booksellers' lists. In all these, and in other productions not mentioned here, Dr. Arber showed in full measure that peculiar variety of the scholar's taste and that dogged perseverance to which our reference libraries owe not merely a debt too vast for measurement, but, as one might say, their very existence. Chaos in card catalogues is in more than one public library taking the place of a former cosmos, now that the cards approved by the A. L. A. and issued by the Library of Congress are making their way into drawers already partly filled with cards of a different pattern. Usually the old cards are nar- rower, so that if the old drawers can hold the new cards at all, the invaders project awkwardly above the aboriginal inhabitants, thus making the manipu- lation of the cards (already a process provocative of impolite language) more patience-trying than ever. Some libraries, especially the newer ones, adopt the obvious remedy of gradually replacing all the old cards with new ones of standard size. Others are con- tent, or at any rate are compelled, to leave the two sets of cards jostling each other in unsightly disorder. Still others, with even a million or more of old cards to re-write or re-print, will heroically and at great expense struggle into line with the latest standards. Attention is just now called to this troublesome ques- tion by the changes and improvements in prospect for Harvard's fine library. In its new two-million- dollar building, and modernly equipped in every other way, the library will be forced to substitute for its old-fashioned card catalogue one more in harmony with the latest official sanction in such matters; and the replacing of a million and a half catalogue cards is no small task. . . . Coquetting with the classics, rather than ear- nest and continuous study, is undoubtedly somewhat encouraged by the issue of so attractive a series of "cribs" as is offered at a moderate price by the publishers of the recently inaugurated "Loeb Class- ical Library." But many a piece of coquetry has ended in happy marriage; and so there are likely to be some who, dipping into the Loeb volumes as an easy way of brushing up their Greek and Latin, will be caught by the charm of the ancient text and gradually wooed to a complete disregard of the modern rendering on the opposite page. Relatively small though this number may be — for Sophocles and Lucretius are not the easiest of reading even after years of classical study — its growth might have been further encouraged by the use of a larger and clearer type for the Greek and Latin texts. Even the English is none too handsomely treated in this respect, but the greater familiarity with one's native tongue makes easily legible a size of type that would try the eye in reading a foreign language. Unwieldiness is of course to be avoided in the vol- 1913. j 9 THE DIAL, umes now issuing under such happy auspices; never- theless a little more regard for the comfort of those readers (no longer in the first flush of youth) to whom the Loeb Library especially appeals, may not be out of the question in future volumes, and thus the bespectacled reader may be induced to do some- thing more than coquet with the Greek or Latin that faces the English translation. Public interest in the Alcotts and their Concord home, the famous Orchard House, now preserved as a memorial of the family, or more especially of the gifted Louisa and her eccentric father (equally gifted in his peculiar way), is at- tested by the number of visitors to the above-named little house under the hill on the outskirts of the village. Mr. Frank B. Sanborn, in a recent" Boston Literary Letter" to the Springfield "Republican," says: "The Orchard House has been visited by more than six thousand pilgrims to this Mecca of Concord since it was opened to the public six months ago, and they have contributed nearly $1000 to the fund for maintaining the good old house." In this connection he further remarks: "It is a pity that the letters of Airs. Alcott to her husband and friends, which were carefully copied oat by Mr. Alcott after her death, were not wrought up into her biography by Louisa, who found she had not spirit enough for a work involving so many sad memories. Some of them afterward came out in the life of Alcott, in which were first published some thirty pages of Emerson, most of which have since been included in the Journals, or will be. They are among his most characteristic writing." The first quarter-century of the library- school idea has come to a close, and the advocate of a library-school education for librarians is no longer regarded as a crank. It was in 1887 that the New York State Library School, the parent of all subsequent institutions of the sort, had its modest beginnings in the Columbia College Library under the librarian's direction. Now, at the end of its first twenty-live years, it has, after sundry shiftings and wanderings, found a home worthy of its prestige in the new State Education Building at Albany, which has risen, not on the ruins left by the late disastrous fire in the State Capitol, but largely as a necessary consequence of that fire. A notable publication, in- teresting to all library workers, and to some others, marks the entrance of the school upon its second quarter-century and its instalment in its new home. "The First Quarter Century of the New York State Library School" is a generously illustrated, hand- somely printed pamphlet of sixty-two pages, wherein both Mr. Dewey, founder of the school, and a num- ber of his disciples, and of those later graduates not his immediate disciples, indulge in pleasing remi- niscence or in more matter-of-fact history — all to the glory of the N.Y.S.L.S. It is a most enjoy- able symposium. One way to redeem the human mind from error is well illustrated in the founding of the Sturge Library for the Japanese of San Francisco. This library, named in honor of Dr. and Mrs. F. A. Sturge, known for their work of more than twenty- five years among the Japanese of the Pacific coast, and of its chief city especially, had its formal open- ing recently in the Japanese Y. M. C. A. building, with addresses in Japanese from Consul-General Nagai and Professor Guy of the State University, and the ceremonial delivery of the key to Dr. Sturge by Pastor Miyazaki. The collection already num- bers eight hundred Japanese and thirteen hundred English books, with some hundreds of unbound peri- odicals in both languages. COMMUNICATIONS. CHRISTIANIZING THE SOCIAL ORDER. (To the Editor of The Dial.) May I call attention to a thought suggested by B. R. Wilton's letter in your issue of December 1. He speaks of Socialism as a "great far-reaching system of social moralization and regeneration that promises to every individual a rational hope of freedom and self- realization." All the inspiration of our race has flowed from that source of Life Eternal, Jesus Christ. Countless men, at countless times, have drunk deep of His Spirit and have been given new life and courage to press on towards attainment, some using Art, others the Church, and many whatever instrument was at hand, to make their fellow-men bow down at the foot of the Cross; even the Agnostics, cast out by the Church, jeered at by the orthodox, have builded, some of them perhaps uncon- sciously, their share of the structure at which humanity must ever toil,— the human heart. Perhaps the task bad been easier if only the Peter in each one of us were not so ready to draw the sword, as did the Peter of old in the Garden; the way is strewn with countless ears. Christ made no resistance when they came to arrest Him, nor did He seek to defend Himself against the hatred of the mob that jeered and mocked Him in the ensuing hours. Instead He shouldered the Cross with- out a murmer, and as His overflowing heart of love was released from the constraining bonds of the flesh He prayed that those who killed Him be forgiven! Then followed black days for the disciples, days of sorrow for the band of friends He left behind. Space will not permit me to follow the birth aud growth of the early Church, nor to call attention to the psycho- logical tendencies which already were at work; but it must be noted that many of those who were in the lead, notably St. Paul, saw visions or were met by angels on the road, who gave them messages. And it was soon felt that organization, laws, and creeds (the very things which crucified Him) were necessary in order to save the message of Christ to the world; so it began to be that a man had to join the Church, conform to its ceremonials and support its sacraments, in order to reach Christ. Then came days of power and wealth, with " Christian" wars and " Christian "controversy, the very things which He had said must come, although He warned against them and never advocated them. Do we not at this point recall the disciples disputing as to which was 10 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL greatest, and the demands made at the trial that He show them His earthly Kingdom if He was King. This was the era of the Canonization of Love, and it has nearly passed. But now comes Socialism, with its systems of moral- ization and regeneration, and its promises of self- realization. Is not this hut a "legislating" of that same Love which we all feel but have with so little suc- cess Canonized. Is the hope of humanity in any system of scientifically framed rules? I cannot think so, nor do I think that under any system of rules will humanity ever find freedom and self-realization, although it may ever so vainly hope to. But I stand ready to let it try, and know that when its earthly kingdom totters, it will be better able to listen to the One who said "Come unto me all ye weary, and I will give you rest." We were warned that " false Christs and false pro- phets shall rise, and shall shew signs and wonders to se- duce," and we were told to take heed. How, then, am I to measure this man or that, whether he be a false prophet? Was St. Paul, was Mohamed, was Brigham Young, was Mrs. Eddy? They all claim to have been instructed by an angel, and to speak with a voice of authority, as do the Catholic and Protestant Churches. They have their followers, and have each done his work, to be judged by others than we. I plead that those who have lost hope will forsake all other prophets, all other teachers, and will first open their hearts to the message which Jesus Christ laid down His life to give to the world, the heritage of every man and woman regardless of race or position in society (or the gutter), which rests on His life and His words and not on any system of education, ethical creed, or political party, although these may have been devised by sincere men, to advance His cause, or make it more easy and pleasant to follow Him. Then will we uncover the source of all our proud- est hopes and aspirations, then will we have new inspira- tion, and then know that never again can humanity completely lose hope, for we can ever help it to find new life. James McAlpin Pyle. New York, Dec. 20, 1912. ROBINSON CRUSOE AND TOBAGO. (To the Editor of The Dial.) Very prominent misstatements in two recent books, relative to Robinson Crusoe's connection with the island of Tobago, seem to warrant a restatement of the facts. Alexander Selkirk was a Scotch sailor who was put ashore, at his own request, after a quarrel with his cap- tain, on one of the islands of the Juan Fernandez group, 'in September, 1704. After four years and four months he was rescued. He afterwards became an officer in the British navy. He was not shipwrecked. Accounts of his experiences were published, notably that by Steele. There is also evidence that he placed his personal ac- count in the hands of Defoe. Robinson Crusoe's Island, as it is now called, in the Juan Fernandez group, is well known. Visitors there may to-day see his lookout and the cave, and members of the British navy have there erected a memorial to Alexander Selkirk. Selkirk's experiences were the undoubted basis for Defoe's im- mortal work. It is customary when basing works of fiction upon real events to change the names and the circumstances. Defoe determined to have his hero shipwrecked, which was not the case with Selkirk. He further wanted him to come gradually into contact with other members of the human race. The Juan Fernandez islands are far away from much travelled water routes. There were no natives there. There was no probability that he might be visited by cannibals. For these reasons Defoe arbitra- rily made his hero set sail from the coast of Brazil, and by a hurricane he was driven onto an island near the mouth of the Oronoco. This was a region much trav- elled, and the Caribs had a reputation as savages and cannibals. Tobago answers very well for the conditions as portrayed by Defoe, and that island is therefore gen- erally agreed upon as the tropical island which Defoe had in mind in writing his fiction. Mr. Stephen Bonsai, in his new book on "The American Mediterranean," speaks of Tobago as " Rob- inson Crusoe's real home." In the fiction, this island was not the home of the hero, but the scene of his shipwreck. The expression "real home " is therefore misleading. Mr. London Bates, Jr., in his " Path of the Conquisadores," is still further from the truth. The first sentence of his second chapter says: "The green slopes of Tobago, where the shipwreck of the real Alexander Selkirk inspired the 'Robinson Crusoe' of Defoe, have been left behind in the dark mists of the Caribbean." As we have stated, Selkirk was not ship- wrecked, and we have no evidence that he was ever on the island. A more correct statement is found in Mr. W. A. AspinwalPs "The British West Indies," also recently issued: "Though the story of that book is based on the adventures of Alexander Selkirk, who was marooned on the island of Juan Fernandez, it is a generally accepted fact that Tobago was the island which Defoe had in his mind when he wrote his graphic descriptions of that tropical island on which poor Crusoe was wrecked." Henry B. Hemknway. Evanston, III., Dec. 24, 1912. THE AUTHOR OF "CANZONI." (To the Editor of The Dial.) I pause on a somewhat remarkable statement in your issue for Dec. 16, 1912. The statement occurs in the opening article, wherein it is said that the prizes in the "Lyric Year" competition went "to three men whose names are absolutely unknown to the general reading public." Two-thirds of this assertion I do not question, but I ask its reconsideration in the case of Mr. T. A. Daly. In view of the fact that Mr. Daly has been a prominent journalist for twenty years or more, that he is the most widely copied "newspaper poet" in the United States, that he is the author of three volumes of verse,— the first, "Canzoni," in its seventh or eighth thousand; the second, "Carmina," of which Mr. Jewett, late American manager of the John Lane Co., said he sold more copies than of any other poet, with the single ex- ception of Francis Thompson; the third, "Madrigali," just off the press and a widely-sought gift book on the Christmas market,— it seems impossible to say that this author is "absolutely unknown to the general reading public." I do not speak of the newspaper men among whom, at least from New York to Chicago — as witness Mr. Franklin P. Adams's account of the American Press Humorists' convention at Detroit this year, in a sum- mer issue of "The Editor and Publisher"—"Tom" Daly's is a name to conjure by. A final indication that Mr. Daly is not an absolute obscurity is that he has been made the subject of an article in "The American Mag- azine," in the department, " Interesting People." Charles L. O'Donnell. Notre Dame, Ind., Dec. 21, 1912. 1913.] 11 THE DIAL, tyt leto looks. A Galahad of Art.* "One day Gabriel took me out in a cab — it was a day he was rich, so we went in a han- som, and we drove and drove until I thought we should arrive at the setting sun — and he said, 'You must know these people, Ned; you will see a painter there — paints a queer sort of pictures, about God and Creation.'" So runs a note written in the late fifties by Edward Burne-Jones. The painter of the "queer sort of pictures, about God and Creation," to whom Rossetti was carrying the young man, was George Frederic Watts. And the end of that cab-ride through the west of London was the beginning of an affectionate intimacy between the two masters whose work forms the most precious heritage of later British art,—an in- timacy that ceased only with the death of the younger, forty years later. The two were singu- larly alike in character and aspirations. "I have no politics," said Burne-Jones, "and no party, and no particular hope: only this is true, that beauty is very beautiful, and softens, and comforts, and inspires, and rouses, and lifts up, and never fails." Watts, as well, might have written these same words. It is not many years since Lady Burne-Jones published the widely-read "Memorials" of her husband; and now, with equal fidelity and equal charm, Mrs. Watts has performed a like service for her hero and for us. Her " Annals of an Artist's Life," in two stately volumes, are ac- companied by a third containing Watts's writ- ings, published and unpublished. The text is supplemented by thirty-nine finely-executed photogravure plates—portraits of Watte, photo- graphs of his homes, reproductions of his work, etc. It would be a great pity if the third vol- ume were not later reprinted in separate and cheaper form, that its sane and eloquent coun- sel might have the widest possible circulation. Although disclaiming even the most ordinary aptitude for literary expression, Watts yet wrote with a simple nervous force that some of the giants of literature might well have envied. The jargon and dogmas of the schools, the technical small-talk of the studio, were alike distasteful to him; in his writing, as in his art-work, he concerned himself only with the fundamental * George Frederic Watts. Volumes I. and II., The Annals of an Artist's Life, by M. S. Watts; Volume III., His Writings. With numerous illustrations in photogravure. New York: Hodder & S tough ton. verities of art and life, dealing always with the two in relation to one great purpose — the progress of humanity. Mrs. Watts did not come into the artist's life until that life had been more than two-thirds lived. Thus she has had to construct her record for the sixty-nine years previous to his second marriage from his own and others' recollections. Her first volume, covering this period, is conse- quently far less interesting than the second. The authentic man scarcely begins to emerge from her pages until the point where she began to see him in the intimacies of every-day association. But throughout she has acquitted herself well, in what we can readily believe was a task of much difficulty and delicacy. We can point to no graver faults than a haziness of chronology, and an indefiniteness in the use of pronouns. It may seem to some readers that the tone of unvarying praise is maintained at too high a pitch. But to his wife, as to all who knew him well, Watts was "a spirit without spot"; and if there are no lower lights in these pages it is only because there were none in that life of radiant spiritu- ality which they record. Watts's history is in the main a long and out- wardly uneventful chronicle of laborious days. Whole-hearted devotion to work was the law of his being, and to that law all other considerations and interests were made to conform. His boy- hood was devoid of advantages or happiness. He had little schooling, save what he obtained for himself from Homer and Phidias. But a habit of settled perseverance in cultivating natural talents made his progress rapid. In his early twenties he carried off first honors in an import- ant competition, and with the proceeds was en- abled to go to Italy. Here he spent four fruitful and happy years,—mainly in Florence, where he was admitted at once to that intellectual Olympus of which Lord and Lady Holland were the reg- nant deities. Later, both before and after mar- riage, he made an occasional journey abroad — to Greece, to Egypt, and again to Italy. But for the most part his life was that of his studio, either in London or in Surrey, where he painted or chiselled almost unremittingly from dawn until the failing of the afternoon light. Those who sought him out, as did all the choicest spirits of his time, found him prodigal of hospitality; yet he rarely appeared in society or in public. In this self-seclusion there was no slightest trace of cloistered indifference to the ordinary concerns of mankind,—few men, indeed, have been more fully in touch with the spirit of their time. It was simply the necessary habit of a great worker 12 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL sternly aware, on the one hand, of life's brevity, and, on the other, of the immensity and high seriousness of his task. To him the petty pull- ing and hauling of conventional "social duties" were a self-sacrilege to which he would not and could not submit. Nothing chafed him more than the time, so sorrowfully great in the aggre- gate, which he was forced to waste " in being sick and getting well." Until within a few weeks of his death, at the age of eighty-seven, his working hours were those of the birds and flowers. "He was always so glad when the day of work began, and the duty of a night's rest had been got over. I often wondered at the quiet joy that seemed then to come to him; but as the old Egyptian poet said, "That trans- ported man to God even the love of the work that he aceomplisheth.' 'A new day,' Signor said one early morning, 'let us begin our chant of praise for it and see how well we can praise.' On one cold December morning at Ave o'clock he awoke to say, 'Oh, I am so glad the night is passed.' 'Why?' I asked, seeing that he had slept like a child. 'Because I want to get to my work,' he answered, and then, if ever, I understood the life and hope there is in all creative work. Neanng eighty, frail and delicate as he was, neither creature comforts nor even necessary rest were grateful to him when compared with this work, that in its nature partook of the creative and of the eternal." "Signor," it should be mentioned parentheti- cally, was the name by which Watts was always known to his intimates. He disliked the harsh and unpoetic sound of his own surname, and it was rarely used in his hearing. It is remarkable that one so often considered chiefly or solely in the capacity of portrait- painter should have found this work repugnant and considered that his forte lay elsewhere. In refusing a portrait commission, Watts once wrote to Mrs. Cameron: "Nature did not intend me for a portrait-painter, and if I have painted portraits decently it is because I have tried so very bard, but it has ever cost me more labour to paint a portrait than to paint a subject- picture. I have given it up in sheer weariness; now come what may, my time must in future be devoted to the endeavour to carry out some of my large designs, and if I fail either to make a living or to do anything worthy of an artist (as I understand the term), I fail, but I submit to the drudgery of portrait-painting no longer." Happily, this resolve was not kept; and though the subject-pictures were ever foremost in his thoughts, he yet came to consider portraiture as a not uncongenial interlude between his higher tasks. Passionate devotion to his work and to the truth, humility and simplicity and generosity of spirit,— these are the dominant character- istics of the man, as revealed in Mrs. Watts's record. With whatever persistence he toiled, the largeness and splendor of his vision so out- distanced his achievement as always to leave him dissatisfied. "I wonder how it is that I cannot do what I want," he would say sadly, looking about his gallery at those marvellous portraits. Praise was distasteful and even painful to him. "I have no more wish to be praised for my work than a bricklayer who builds a wall expects praise for his brick-laying. If the wall answers a good purpose that is enough; of course it should be built as well as possible — so much a matter of course that praise should not be called for." But some lowly word of gratitude for courage and conso- lation derived from his pictures always touched him deeply. "The whole reward of my life lies just in those few sentences," he said of one such message. Determined that the magnificent series of "ethical reflections," as he called the subject-pictures which formed his principal life- work, should go as a heritage to the nation, he refused time after time the most extravagant offers from private sources; though he was never wealthy, or even what might be considered well-to-do. Yet the free and willing service of his brush could invariably be counted upon in any high disinterested cause. Twice he was offered a baronetcy, and twice he refused, feel- ing that to one of his ascetic ways the title was an incongruity. "So you won't let them make you Sir George," remarked one of his friends. "Well, never mind, you will be Saint George, auyway." And Saint George he will be, so long as nobility of character finds praise in the world. While the figure of her artist-husband is always to the fore in Mrs. Watts's pages, his great contemporaries pass in shining procession across the background. Tennyson is the one we see most of, but Ruskin, Carlyle, Meredith, Gladstone, Burne-Jones, Leighton, Rossetti, and a host of others show forth here and there in casual glimpses. Though he had always with- held from painting Ruskin's portrait through fear of not being able to do justice to his sub- ject, Watts's regard and respect for the Master were unbounded. "How earnestly he pleads for all that would develop the best in humanity," he said one day to his wife. "In another gener- ation he will be placed as the greatest thinker of the age." Early in life Watts had once, in a mood of depression, put the word "Finis" in the corner of one of his pictures. "But the challenge to despair was given by Mr. Ruskin, who, on reading the word, took up the charcoal and added beneath, 'et initium? If the end, then a beginning; and so it proved to be." It 1913.] 18 THE DIAL is interesting to note the painter's dictum that of all his sitters our own Motley was by far the finest talker. Carlyle's inveterate contempt for art crops out amusingly in his opinion of the Elgin marbles —" There is not a clever man amongst them all, and I would away with them, away with them—into space." Here is a glimpse of " Signor" himself, as well as of others, as they appeared to a visitor (Lady Constance Leslie) at Little Holland House in the earlier days: "It was in 1856, when we were first engaged to be married, that John took me to what was to me a new world — something I had never imagined before of beauty and kindness. I was a very ignorant little girl, and oh how proud I felt, though rather unworthy of what seemed holy ground. The Signor came out of his studio all spirit and so delicate, and received me very kindly as John's future wife. Thackeray was there with his young daughters, Coutts Lindsay, Jacob Omnium, and Lady Somers glorious and benevolent. Signor was the whole object of adoration and care in that house. He seemed to sanctify Little Holland House. I also remember well the Sunday, June 13, 1858, when we were dining with the Prinseps, Alfred Tennyson, Ros- setti, Tom Taylor, Adelaide Sartoris, Edward Burne- Jones, Coutts Lindsay, and Richard Doyle. Adelaide Sartoris sang his own poems to Tennyson. In later years arose the vision of beauty, dear May Prinsep, and I remember seeing Val carry young Philip Bume-Jones upstairs—such a contrast! Val as St. Christopher!" And, for a final quotation, we select this char- acteristic anecdote of Tennyson, not long before his death, when poet and painter come together for the last time: "We were at Farringford'by eleven. Lady Tenny- son greeted us as of old— even more tenderly — with eyes brimming with gratitude, and after a few minutes the poet joined us. There was talk of everything but painting, and later we all, save the dear lady on her sofa, walked back to the Briary through the sweet old- fashioned garden, gay with spring flowers. Signor and Lord Tennyson walked in front, falling naturally into their old habits, recalling old days and stories that made them laugh. But the poet had had a letter from a stranger which had touched him where he was made vulnerable because made poet; and he complained bit- terly of the intrusive writer, working himself up so much that in the end he exclaimed in answer to Signor's remark that'such intrusions were but the cost of fame' —' I wish I had never written a line in my life.' Where- upon Signor took up his parable and remonstrated, < Ah, now you would not have made your Arthur speak like that t' And the great man instantly turned penitent, and putting out his hand, said,' Well, there, look at my hand; it is the gout V Facing the beginning of each chapter throughout these volumes is a quotation, in all but two instances selected from Watts's own writings. One of the exceptions is this from Bacon: "Certainly it is heaven upon earth, to have a man's mind move in charity,-rest in Providence, and turn upon the poles of truth." Such a mind, surely, was that of George Frederic Watts; and it is the especial service of his wife's record that through it we come to realize that however great he may have been as an artist (and he was one of the greatest of any country and any time), he was still greater as a man. His was the Greek conception of all life as an organic whole, to the advancement and enrichment of which art was the highest instru- ment. The old heresy of "art for art's sake" was never more effectually refuted than by his work and his life. In his old age he wrote: "My great and ever constant desire is to identify artistic outcome with all that is good and great in every creed and utterance, and all that is inspiring in every record of heroism, of suffering, of effort, and of achievement." It could not lie within the powers of any man to realize single- handed that splendid ambition which was his of creating a great pictorial House of Life,—a temple in which should be visualized the entire story of man's ethical progress; yet he did at least succeed in raising a noble portico to such a temple, within whose shelter mankind will ever find much of its noblest inspiration and comfort. Waldo R. Browne. Two New Anthologies.* Like the writing of history, the making of an anthology is a thing of chance and peril. It is a matter about which many people are almost vitally interested. We have been told that fam- ilies were broken up over the dispute whether Gray or Collins was the greater poet, and there is no doubt that the question of the supremacy of Goethe or Schiller has occasioned duels. The man who sets up as the arbiter of such matters makes himself a conspicuous mark for criticism. We may pity him as a martyr, but our hands instinctively proceed to pelt. It is a mark of a change in the temper of the times that the Universities have begun to patron- ize poetry. Mr. QuiUer-Couch's " Oxford Book of English Verse " is succeeded by Mr. Louns- bury's "Yale Book of American Verse." Mr. Lounsbury has so many claims to distinction in other fields that reputation as the mere gatherer of a garland can mean little to him. * The law of making a satisfactory anthology * Yale Book op American Verse. Edited by Thomas R. Lounsbury. New Haven: Yale University Press. The Home Book of Verse, American and English, 1580-1912. With an Appendix Containing a Few Well- Known Poems in Other Languages. Selected and arranged by Burton Egbert Stevenson. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 14 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL is this: to give nothing but the best, to give all the best, and not to be swayed by historic esti- mate. Modified a little by his wish to arrange his flowers effectively, that is the law which Palgrave followed in his "Golden Treasury." It can hardly be said that Mr. Lounsbury has been so guided. He seems a little afraid of the reputations with which he is dealing, or else in- disposed to let any two or three poets dominate. As far as the eight or ten best-known American poets are concerned, Mr. Lounsbury has given them about an even chance, — given them equal compartments in his book. Our first protest must be in regard to the treatment of Emerson. There are hardly more than a scant half-dozen of Emerson's poems which have the completeness and concreteness, the movement and the atmosphere, of a genuine lyric. Two of the best of these, "Uriel " and "The Romany Girl," Mr. Lounsbury omits. "Brahma," "The Concord Hymn," "Days," and "Rhodora" are admitted. The rest of Emerson's poetry consists of bundles of gnomic sentences or almost unrelated gatherings of nature pictures. But many of these sentences are such as the Arabs would have written in gold on the walls of their mosques; and many of the pictures have a grace and magic unmatched in our literature. The coldness of English crit- ical opinion as to Emerson's poetry, as distin- guished from his poems, is remarkable. From Matthew Arnold down to Churton Collins there seems to be but one opinion. Yet Arnold's say- ing that Longfellow's " Bridge " or Whittier's "School Days" is of more poetic value than the whole of Emerson's verse is one of his most extraordinary lapses of judgment. As well say that a symmetrical block of quartz is of more value than a spadeful of blue earth in which are embedded a hundred diamonds. Surely we can- not be wrong in America in recognizing the exultant and triumphant ring of so many of Emerson's lines and passages, the purity and perfection of so many of his pictures. For the glory of our poetry what is needed to do in an American anthology is to throw aside for the nonce any strict definition of lyric verse and to give these treasures, either in their shapeless mould or broken from the matrix. We need "Each and All," "Destiny," "Woodnotes," "Ode to Beauty," " Give All to Love," " Mer-1 lin," "Bacchus," "Fate," "Boston Hymn," "Voluntaries," " The Titmouse," "Terminus," and probably a good deal more. Mr. Louns- bury gives none of this. He does give "The Humble-Bee"! "I don't like 'The Humble- Bee,' " said FitzGerald, and we think he was right. He also gives "The Fable," which is pretty trivial, and "To Eva," which is abso- lutely bad. With the exception of Bryant in "O Fairest of the Rural Maids," the older New England poets never succeeded in pieces of love, admiration, or gallantry, and Emerson is the coldest of them all. Bryant is the second or third in rank of Ameri- can poets, and for Mr. Lounsbury's treatment of him we have nothing but praise. It is admirable, adequate, very nearly all-embracing. We might plead for the admission of a few more pieces, so that he should not be overtopped in number or quantity by Holmes and Whittier, but't is very well as it is. Not so in regard to Poe. It is the bounden duty of an American anthologist to put his best foot foremost. To change the phrase, Poe is the best card he has to play. No contemporary in England or America quite matches him in emo- tional thrill, the secret of haunting cadence, verbal perfection, and newness of note. Of such things as these is lyric poetry made. We have pleaded for Emerson because of his nobility of thought and vividness of phrase. But in a lyric anthology the sermon must give place to the song. The eight pieces of Poe which Mr. Lounsbury gives are well enough selected, if we are to have no more. But we ought to have more, and the best critical opinion justifies the demand. Mr. Stedman apparently considered "Israfel" Poe's finest piece. Mr. Quiller-Couch includes in his "Oxford Book of Verse" the poems, "To Helen," "Annabel Lee," and "For Annie." Mr. Dawson and some of the younger English critics set up " The City of the Sea" as Poe's supreme poem. The early " Lenore" and "Bridal Ballad " are unsurpassed in melody and shot through with emotion. The lines "To Helen " perhaps taught Tennyson the secret of lyric blank verse. All these should be given, not for Poe's sake, but for the benefit of the anthology. We must question Mr. Lounsbury's award of fame, his roll call of titles, in the case of one more poet, and then we are done with cavilling. Aldrich is perhaps the surest classic of the more recent names. Mr. Lounsbury at most ignores the profounder side of his genius—evidenced in the highly imaginative "Identity," and the pathetically thrilling "Prescience." He does not give the finely phrased "Memory," which Whittier insisted on Aldrich repeating to him again and again; nor the two sonnets, "Sleep" and "Enamour'd Architect of Airy Rhyme." 1913.] 16 THE DIAL "Forever and a Day" has an exquisite lyric movement, and "Thalia" is perhaps Aldrich's masterpiece of gaiety; yet neither is included. One considerable poet is entirely ignored. Bayard Taylor's " Arab Song'' is the fieriest love poem in American literature. And his " Song of the Camp" has a charm and naturalness which have made it a general favorite. One suspects a slight preference in Mr. Lounsbury's mind for popular over classic verse. This comes out in the very full measure he has given to Whittier, Longfellow, and Holmes. It is equally evident in the preservation of many fugitive poems which have had a vogue in our country. Among these are Butler's "Nothing to Wear," Lucy Larcom's "Hannah Binding Shoes," Lytle's "Antony and Cleopatra," Nora Perry's "After the Ball," and Emma "Willard's " Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep." The collection is partic- ularly rich in war poems. Nearly all of the best martial verse written in America is enshrined here, including Halpine's "The Thousand and Thirty-Seven," Hoffman's "Monterey," Julia Ward Howe's " Battle Hymn of the Republic," McMaster's "Carmen Bellicosum," O'Hara's "Bivouac of the Dead," Palmer's "San Jacinto" and "Stonewall Jackson's Way," Randall's "My Maryland," Read's "Sheridan's Ride," Shanly's "Fancy Shot," and the anonymous "Home Wounded." We miss Timrod's " Little Giffen" and Stedman's "Ossawatomie Brown." As poetry can hardly do anything better than record and inspire heroism, so a national an- thology can serve no better purpose than in enshrining such poems of valor and devotion. Mr. Lounsbury is to be thanked for giving so many of them. He is to be thanked too, we think, for his decision to include humorous verse. There is, of course, a certain lowering of tone consequent on such inclusion, and the English anthologists have as a rule avoided it. Except in the work of Burns, humorous poetry rarely rises to the heights, and the very idea of an anthology of poetry is to keep in the region of the heights. But humorous verse is a strong feature of our literature. In what might be called team work, Holmes, Lowell, Aldrich, Bret Harte, and John Hay certainly outdo and outplay Hood, Praed, Tennyson, and Calverley. And that brings us to the final question,— what is the value of American lyric poetry in comparison with the work of contemporary English authors? In mass of good work and in the handling of large conceptions, the Victorian poets unquestionably surpass their American rivals. Not so in quality, in freshness of note, or in delicacy and perfection of handling. The Victorian age in poetry is itself secondary and immensely inferior to the Georgian epoch. Between two ideal anthologies, English and American, of the fifty years from 1830 on, we believe that the weight of merit would tremble in the balance. Mr. Lounsbury's collection is not an ideal one, but it approximates to what could be wished. To turu from this volume to Mr. Burton Egbert Stevenson's "Home Book of Verse" is like turning from a slender tributary into the main stream — into a veritable Amazon of poetry. Here is the lyric work of eleven gener- ations of the English-speaking race. Thoughts, passions, deeds of uncounted myriads which have found embodiment in words of winged song are crowded between the covers of one book. Such a volume has long been desired. All previous single-volume anthologies have neces- sarily irritated by lack of completeness. They give us a gleaning, and not a full harvest. In this book, however, there is "God's plenty"— the abundance of the earth and of the sea. The volume itself is one of the most compact and admirable ever issued from the American press. Printed on India paper, the text in clear type, it contains with introduction and indices nearly four thousand pages. One is tempted to quote after Macaulay the fable of the Peri Banou's tent. It opens up a vista of what may happen if this thin paper comes into general use: how libraries will shrink; how we may almost be able to carry the literature of the world in one trunk. Of course the number of pages in the book is of less importance than what the compiler has done with them. The first question that comes up is his method of arrangement. Most pre- vious anthologies follow the plain and simple method of introducing the authors chronologi- cally, each one shepherding his separate flock of poems. This plan not only gives no scope for the compiler's artistic feeling, but it is annoying to the reader as well. The continued change in theme and style compels sudden alterations in the focus of the mind's eye. The original Greek Anthology made some attempt at groupings by kinds and subjects; but we fancy that it was Wordsworth's arrangement of his works into Poems of the Affections, Poems of Fancy, Poems of Imagination, and so forth, which gave the idea of a new method. Bryant and Coates, in "The Household Book of Poetry," followed this 16 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL, system, and Palgrave used it in an infinitely more subtle and effective way. Mr. Stevenson's groupings are still more elaborate, and his head- ings and titular poems evince a high order of taste and poetic instinct. He begins with "Poems of Youth and Age," to which he pre- fixes Keats's sonnet " The Human Seasons." The sub-titles of this section are " The Baby," "In the Nursery," " The Road to Slumberland," "The Duty of Children," "Rhymes of Child- hood," "The Glad Evangel," "Fairyland," "The Children," " Maidenhood," » The Man," "The Woman," "Stepping Westward," and "Looking Backward." We cannot follow him through the divisions of the other sections,— the "Poems of Love," "Poems of Nature," "Familiar Verse," "Poems of Sentiment and Reflection," and " Poems of Sorrow, Death and Immortality." Enough to say that he has put a great deal of thought into the ordering of his selections, and has shown a nice sense of values in the juxtaposition of them. A burning question in regard to such a col- lection is the admission of living poets. Mr. Lounsbury put his foot down firmly. "Nobody shall enter here but the dead," he says, and this has been the general rule. That it is a correct one, can hardly be questioned. The living poets are unplaced—they have no right to take their seats with the immortals. But popularity is the note of Mr. Stevenson's book: popularity is indeed necessary to support so expensive an undertaking. Novelty is a great spur to pop- ularity, and if the compiler is willing to risk his critical reputation in crowning or rejecting his contemporaries, we do not know that it much matters. That he has diluted his wine with a good deal of water we certainly do not doubt. Pip's friend in " Great Expectations" expati- ated to him on the advantages of "having a margin." Mr. Stevenson has been rather ex- travagant in the security which his margin of India paper gave him, and he has had to curtail sometimes to his cost. After all, the great things are mostly here. We get the central glowing core of English song, and if this is surrounded by a nebulous envelope — why, this last may some time condense into planets. A certain lack of proportion is a more serious fault of the book. William Collins is given three selections, and Thomas Haynes Bayly seven. Allowing for all possible divergencies of taste, there is not that difference. Thomas Gray, also, is somewhat scanted in his sizings. He has five poems, while Mr. Austin Dobson has thirty-one. James Russell Lowell has four- teen poems, and Elizabeth Akers Allen has eleven. James Clarence Mangan has only one poem to his credit, and Mr. Yeats is not any too well represented by eight. We do not believe that the latter, however, would endorse this comparative award. Chatterton gets one ticket to immortality, while Hartley Coleridge has eight — a judgment which would make the elder Coleridge's hair stand up on his head. Eleven of Milton's poems and sonnets are quoted, and sixteen of Proctor's songs. Scott has seventeen pieces, and Thomas Moore thirty-three. We might go on to a considerable extent in exhib- iting these incongruities, but it is not worth while. They tend, we think, to show that Mr. Stevenson draws rather towards the light and trivial than to the grave and weighty things of poetry, — which is probably all the better for the popularity of his book. Coming down to more specific inclusions or exclusions, Mr. Stevenson seems to be somewhat prejudiced against the ode as a form of poetry. Dryden's "Anne Killegrew," Gray's "Bard," Collins's "Ode to Liberty," "On the Poetical Character," and the great" Highland Ode," Cole- ridge's "France," "The Departing Year," and "Ode in Dejection," Byron's "Ode to Venice" and "Napoleon," Tennyson's "Death of the Duke of Wellington," and Lowell s" Commemo- ration Ode " are all omitted. That an American anthologist should fail to give the last seems almost incredible. Ballads fare better. Mr. Quiller-Couch's Oxford Book was overweighted with old English ballads. Mr. Stevenson gives quite as many of these, which his "margin " allows him to carry. He also gives a considerable number of modern ballads. Scott's " Cadyow Castle" and "Cara- doc " are missing, however, and Mrs. Browning's "Lady Geraldine's Courtship," "Rhyme of the Duchess May," and "Bertha in the Lane." Some of us are disposed to think these the most valuable part of her work. Rossetti's powerful ballad-poems are also omitted. Running over the greater poets of the book, we should quarrel with Shakespeare's represen- tation, especially in the sonnets. Fifteen are given, and two or three times that number would not have been too many, even if some of the other sonnet-sequences, old or new, had to be cut short. Only three of Milton's pieces of this kind are here. The two men are the supreme masters of the two opposed sonnet forms. They sounded all the notes of those instruments, and they are entitled to be heard in full. Burns may fairly claim to be the greatest lyrist of our 1913.] 17 THE DIAL language. He is the only one whose lyrical poetry raises him to the rank of a great creative artist. But of course the poems in which he displays this power, "The Jolly Beggars," "The Holy Fair," "Holy Willie's Prayer," and pieces of that kind, are unsuited to a compilation of home verse. A whole side of Burns's genius is there- fore unrepresented by Mr. Stevenson, or repre- sented only by "Tam O'Shanter." Of all the poets in the book, Wordsworth, Shelley, and Keats show forth most adequately. The selec- tions from each one may fairly be accounted perfect. This is hardly the case with Tennyson, though fifty of his pieces are quoted. But the philosophical turn of his mind is practically ig- nored. Nothing of the earlier pieces of thought, "The Two Voices," "Palace of Art," " Vision of Sin," is given, and nothing of "In Memoriam." As the great skeptical poem of the age, Fitz- Gerald's "Omar," is quoted in full, though only a translation, the utter rejection of "In Memoriam," the poem of struggling faith, seems somewhat remarkable. To deal with the entire mass of English lyrical poetry, satisfy the just claims of all the poets, and answer the expectation of all read- ers, would be a manifest impossibility. Mr. Stevenson has done better than anybody else. He has given us a body of verse such as has never before been brought together in one vol- ume. Charles Leonard Moore. The Esthetic Side of Book-making.* An impatient world can never quite under- stand the scholar's reasons for not being in haste to give forth the knowledge he has pa- tiently accumulated. No other man perceives the limitations of that knowledge so clearly as he who knows more about his chosen subject than anyone else knows. And if he have true scholarly feeling, he will want to take all the time that may be necessary to perfect his in- formation before spreading it broadcast. He realizes the importance of accuracy in the minutest details. Others may know far less than he, and lack his comprehending vision; yet happening to possess some scraps of know- ledge that he has overlooked, they are apt to test his work by these minor items, and finding it wanting, to distrust his conclusions accord- ingly. Beyond the desire to avoid this, he will •Fine Books. By Alfred W. Pollard. Llustrated. "The Connoisseur's Library." New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. value accuracy for its own sake. To yield any satisfaction the work must stand the test of the most exacting and captious criticism. It is in this spirit that Mr. Alfred W. Pollard writes about "Fine Books." The treatise that he contributes to the excellent series known as "The Connoisseur's Library" has been ten years in preparation, and, within that period, much of it has been rewritten two or three times. The result of this scrupulous care is a volume which every collector of beautiful books and every student of the history of printing and of book-illustration must find indispensable. This, of course, is what might be expected from a scholar of Mr. Pollard's reputation. Of his qualifications it is hardly necessary to speak, as they are so preeminent and so widely known. Not only is his whole life spent among the fine books in the library of the British Museum, of which he is one of the Assistant Keepers, but he is consulted by other students throughout the world, his facilities for keeping informed of every new discovery, whether of past or present achievement, are unexampled, and he is the author of a number of books about books and book-making, all of which stand deservedly high. The aim of the present work is a survey of the whole ground from the beginning of print- ing and printed book-illustration down to the present day. So far as printing is concerned, this aim has been carried out; very fully in the case of books published in the fifteenth and six- teenth centuries; somewhat less so when dealing with seventeenth and eighteenth century books, because of the smaller number having conspic- uous merit; and rather cursorily in the case of nineteenth century books. To the author's great regret, the survey of book illustration could only be brought down to about 1780. A chapter in which he intended dealing with the development of this branch of his subject during the succeed- ing one hundred and thirty years had to be abandoned, as the extent of the material made it impossible to describe it within the limits set for the volume, or to complete the task "during his working life." The plan of the book is most admirable. In a preliminary chapter on "Collectors and Collecting" some general considerations are presented, and a plea is made for intelligent collecting and specialization. "The bare plea- sure of collecting for the sake of collecting " is happily stigmatized as "an ignoble delight in indulging acquisitiveness,* redeemed to some extent by the higher pleasure of overcoming difficulties and observing the rules of the game." 18 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL This is well said, and we may commend also the statement that "the ignorant book collector, until he has educated himself, is like a rose- fancier who cannot distinguish one odour from another." That students' and collectors' pre- dilections for particular things should be some- what disproportionate to their intrinsic import- ance he regards as quite natural. "I myself am conscious," he tells us, "that I have looked at so many fifteenth century woodcuts, as com- pared with other works of art, that I distinctly overrate them." And to this he adds: "Mr. Robert Proctor, who knew more about fifteenth century books than any other man has ever known, or is likely to know, once said to me in all seriousness, that he did not think he had ever seen an ugly one." The contention that age and rarity can lend little or nothing to the attractiveness of books that are otherwise uninteresting is a point well taken. The qualities which ought to appeal to the collector are strength and beauty of form, and associations, historical, personal, or purely literary. All these furnish legitimate sources of delight to the cultivated mind. With the literary considerations that bring books within the collector's scope the author does not attempt to deal. Instead he confines his scrutiny, for the most part, to such volumes as are "prized either for their typographical beauty, their place in the history of printing, or the charm of their illustrations." With this brief introduction Mr. Pollard pro- ceeds to review the work of the printers who have turned out books of any distinction, and the various kinds of fine books that have been produced since movable types were invented. The classification is conveniently made by coun- tries and towns as well as by periods. Illustra- tion is treated in separate chapters, a method that involves some repetition but makes for greater clarity. There is a chapter about block- books, and several chapters are devoted to incun- abula. This slang expression and the selection of the purely arbitrary date 1500, "used to invest all fifteenth century impressions with a mystic value," Mr. Pollard properly character- izes as "misleading nuisances." His account of the beginnings of printing is a model of what scholarly writing should be. The evidences are presented succinctly and clearly, and while in- dicating his views regarding them, the reader is never in doubt as to his openness of mind. Con- clusions upon doubtful points are either avoided or expressed with extreme caution,—as in the case of the Coster legend, which is examined at some length. Despite the untrustworthiness of the evidences upon which it is based, Mr. Pollard finds it "difficult to dismiss it as less than a legend which must have had some element of fact as its basis," and considers it probable that some kind of printing was practiced in Holland "not long after 1440." Strangely he omits any notice of the contracts discovered at Avignon in 1890 by the Abbe Requin, in one of which, dated July 4,1444, a jeweller of Prague, named Procopius Waldfogel, then living in Avignon, mentions two alphabets in steel, two iron forms, one iron vise or press, forty-eight forms in pew- ter, and various other forms necessary for the art of " writing artificially." Mr. Pollard's account of the development of printing is in sufficient detail to indicate clearly the various influences that gave it direction. The extraordinary quality of the printing done by Fust and Schoeffer he attributes to their deter- mination to rival the best shop-made manuscripts. When the printed book displaced the work of the scribe, the printers no longer had the same standard for a guide, and commercial reasons soon brought about a rapid deterioration of the product of their presses. "One of the legacies which the early printers received from the scribes," as Mr. Pollard is careful to point out, "was the art of putting their text handsomely on the page, and the difference which this makes in the appearance of a book is very marked, little as many modern printers and publishers attend to it." He might, indeed, have put the case even more strongly. It is not too much to say that no book can be regarded as " fine " unless the margins are right. The proportions which the author gives for the relation between the printed text and the page upon which it appears are excellent, though he does not attempt more than a general statement, and he does not indicate the necessity that the diagonals should coincide, perhaps for the reason that they must do so if the rule that he lays down be followed. Regarding Mr. Pollard's dictum that " one of the chief charms of the books of the fifteenth century is that they are so unlike those of our own day," opinions may well differ. No person of taste will question, however, the justice of his condemnation of the types used by Aldus, and of the mischievous effects that followed the intro- duction of italics by that printer. Similarly his strictures upon the defects of Estiennes's royal Greek types, and upon the evil influence exer- cised by Plantin, will meet with hearty approval. In regard to book-illustration the author has somewhat pronounced views. Without doubt 1913.] 19 THE DIAL he is right in feeling that if a book is to be in any sense a work of art, unity of effect is an essential. This rules out all plates and illustra- tions of any sort except such as can be printed with the text and are so designed as to harmonize with it. But as to this it is well to remember that the primary function of books is not to de- light the eye, and that illustrations of the sort Mr. Pollard approves must of necessity be decor- ative rather than informing. "Graingerism" comes in for unqualified contempt. When a book has been loaded with extra illustrations it truly "ceases to be a book at all and becomes a scrap-album of unharmonized pictures." Much of the value of Mr. Pollard's text is due to his catholicity. He has not confined himself to descriptions of notably fine books, but has covered the whole field of book printing and illustration, even noticing the books printed by Stephen Daye and others at Cambridge, Massa- chusetts, in the seventeenth century. In his enumeration of several broadsides printed in 1643, 1645, and 1647, and the almanacs for 1647 and 1648, as the only known "remnants of this stage of the press" he has overlooked one important item, " The Book Of General Lauues And Libertyes Concerning The Inhabitants of The Massachusets," which was printed at Cam- bridge in 1648. A copy of this book turned up several years ago and was described at the time in the columns of " The Nation." In one respect only does Mr. Pollard's book invite criticism: the index is not as ample as it should be. It may be regarded as an amusing commen- tary upon the author's dislike of "plates" and their protecting "flimsies" that both of these features should find a place in his book. The forty excellent collotypes, however, which repro- duce noteworthy examples of typography and early forms of illustration, will be appreciated by all who have occasion to consult this most excellent volume. Frederick W. Gookin. A Plea for Individualism.* Born in 1859 in Scotland, the son of a battle- scarred survivor of the Indian Mutiny, and one of twelve brothers early forced to make their own way in the world, Mr. James O. Fagan, after a considerable experience of travel and adventure and a variety of bread-winning occu- pations in South America, South Africa, and the United States, will readily be believed to speak •The Autobiography ok an Individualist. By James O. Fagan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. from earnest conviction when he protests, as he does in "The Autobiography of an Individual- ist," against that curbing of personal initiative which necessarily makes itself increasingly felt as a country grows older and its governmental machinery and code of laws and system of accepted conventions become more complex. His previous books, "Confessions of a Railroad Signal-Man" and "Labor and the Railroads," have marked him as a man not afraid to do his own thinking and to speak his mind after he has done so. An anecdote from Mr. Fagan's school days in Manchester will illustrate his early advocacy of fair play and equal opportunity for all. In a competitive examination that was to determine the ranking of the members of his class he was dumfounded, as he tells us, to see his most feared rival deliberately " cribbing " from a half- concealed translation under his desk-cover; and as this was not only a piece of unfairness and dishonesty, but also directly opposed to the spirit animating the class as a whole, he at once rose in his place and asked the master whether it would be in order to expose a case of cheating. "Most certainly," was the reply, whereupon the culprit was named, and without a word of excuse he bluntly and frankly acknowledged his guilt. His immediate expulsion from the room was followed by the cheering of the class, which, concludes the narrator, "gave me instantly to understand that I had not been mistaken in my estimate of the class spirit." The story reads a little like "Tom Brown at Rugby," but one is glad to accept it as a real incident of school life. Mr. Fagan wishes it understood that he is endeavoring "to write not simply the ups and downs of a somewhat adventurous career, but the plain history of a passion." Illustrative of that passion is the following passage from the account of his life in the Transvaal in the days of the first Boer war for independence: "For reuse his, then, which may or may not be apparent to my readers, I was in sympathy with those dissatisfied Boers and those heathenish Kaffirs. In my ignorance of, or dissatisfaction with Society, I suppose I failed to appreciate the forced relationship that, practically speak- ing, existed and exists between profession and expediency. My mind, at the time, was honestly crammed with pre- cepts, proverbs, texts, and old saws about liberty, the pursuit of happiness, human rights and property rights; and with these fundamentals forever buzzing in my brain, I could not, for the life of me, account for the conduct of Europeans in Africa. From my point of view, then, with Christianity as a background, the excuse for the African wars was reduced to the simple objections of the ordinary traveler, that the Kaffir, as a rule, lacked soap, and the Boer forgot to shave." It is the latter part of the book, dealing with 20 [Jan. 1, THE DIAl. the author's life in Massachusetts as a railroad man, that is of especial importance and interest. First as a telegraph operator in a railway station, then as switchman in a tower of the " interlock- ing" sort at West Cambridge, afterward as office assistant in Boston, with sundry other duties and interests interspersed, he lived a busy life and evidently kept up a tremendous amount of thinking the while, with eyes and ears open to gather material for these excogitations. A self-imposed drill in the written expression of his thoughts and an occasional appearance in print were among the natural attendants and consequences of all this intellectual ferment. As a matter of course, the strenuous individualist in him protested against the increasing use of red tape and office machinery in railroad man- agement. The elimination of human personality and the substitution of a soulless system did not strike him as likely to make our railways more efficient or safer for public travel. Labor unions, too, he characteristically found to be more restrictive than helpful to the laborer. One pregnant paragraph well states his conclusions. "From the point of view of the individualist, then, the tendency of modern industrial methods and legis- lation is to reenslave the world. To a great extent this conclusion is arrived at from a study of the excessive demands and unfair policies of organized labor. The first item in this modern industrial programme is the surrender of the individual workingman. He is called upon to sink his industrial personality and to stifle his industrial conscience in the interests of his union or his class. This class doctrine is not hidden under a bushel. It is proclaimed at every labor meeting, you read it in countless books, it is openly preached on street oorners and in all public places of assembly. Finally the move- ment receives support from an army of well-meaning reformers, the victims of imaginative sociology, who are next in turn to be doctored personally and profes- sionally by some of their own theories." A knotty problem, surely, is this question of just how much external control is good for a person and for society in a civilization of twentieth-century complexity. Those who think we are suffering from over-legislation will enjoy much that Mr. Fagan the individualist has to say in his book; and they should also at the same time read, in the current "Hibbert Journal," Mr. L. P. Jacks's leading article on "Democracy and Discipline." Mr. Fagan's book, treating intelligently as it does questions of present concern and growing importance, and written in a frank and engag- ing style that reveals in a most interesting way the dominant traits of a strong personality, is a refreshing and invigorating contribution to auto- biographical literature. Percy F. Bicknell. The Revolutionary Period in American History.* The third volume of Professor Edward Chan- ning's "History of the United States" brings the narrative from the quarrels over the "writs of assistance" in Massachusetts and the "Par- son's Cause" in Virginia through the American Revolution to the end of the government of the United States under the Articles of Confedera- tion. The treatment as a whole is developed from the thesis laid down at the conclusion of the second volume: that differing environment, acting upon an English stock already strongly affected by foreign admixture and by dissent from the established church of the home country, produced a second nation, which the imperialist ideals that dominated the British official circles of that day were not great enough to hold under a common government, and which was sacrificed to the commercial selfishness of the English people, in the narrower sense of that term. It is in the emphasis which Professor Chan- ning gives to this element of commerce and in the freshness of his treatment that this exposi- tion of the principles and acts of the Revolution is most strikingly differentiated from the other general histories of this period. This may be deduced by comparing with the older accounts Professor Channing's discussion of the Towns- hend Acts, the commerce of the colonies in 1771, Lord North's Tea Act of 1773, and, above all, the trade of the colonies and States with the West India Islands. This last topic is made prominent more than once: and of particular interest and value are the facts derived from the author's exploitation of the shipping-lists of St. Eustatia and St. Martin, fortunately preserved at The Hague. Nowhere are the commercial power of England and her vexatious use of it brought out more clearly, and the influence of economic considerations in bringing the war to an end. In many histories of the Revolution written by American authors, military affairs have loomed over-large. To this failing Professor Channing in no wise yields. The pages which he gives to the war on land and sea constitute something less than one-third the volume, and his handling of this theme is characterized by a judicious restraint. His most sweeping generalization we quote,—and leave judgment thereon to the mili- tary critics. "The military annals of the Revolu- tion," writes Professor Channing, "are devoid * A History of thk United States. By Edward Chan- ning. Volume III., 1760-178!). New York: The Macraillan Co. 1913.] 21 THE DIAL, of the spectacular. . . . No remarkable soldier emerges from the conflict, for Washington was a moral force rather than a general; and of second- rate characters Nathaniel Greene, alone, shines conspicuous. On the British side, Howe, Clin- ton, Burgoyne, and the rest were mediocre men." As between North and South, there is happily no sectional bias. Of the first attack upon the South, Professor Channing says: "At Moore's Creek and Sullivan's Island the Carolinians turned aside the one combination of circum- stances that might have made British conquest possible." It may be questioned, however, whether the war in the West receives quite its fair share of notice. To the battle of Benning- ton, Professor Channing devotes three pages, and ten more to the rest of the Saratoga cam- paign : but the description of the battle of King's Mountain, which Professor Channing calls " the severest action of the war since Bunker Hill," fills but twenty-five lines. In the former case the movements of Colonel Seth Warner and John Stark are duly particularized; but as to the latter, the reader is left to guess who "Sevier, Shelby, and Campbell" may have been, for nothing more is told of them, before or after. Equally indefinite is the account of Lord Dun- more's War. The importance of the work of George Rogers Clark is, indeed, made clear by Professor Chan- ning, who calls attention, however, to the fact that, in the negotiations which led up to the treaty of peace, he has found no allusion to this conquest of the western country. As to those negotiations, the author holds that the American commissioners were entirely justified in break- ing their instructions and in proceeding to the separate treaty with England, and that Jay was rightly suspicious of the designs of France and Spain. For the presentation of the opposite view Professor Channing refers the reader to Professor McLaughlin "in his volume in Hart's American Nation Series,"—which, somewhat curiously, appears to be the only mention of that important work in any of Professor Chan- ning's ample and helpful bibliographical notes. Finally, in this connection, it may be noted that Professor Channing opposes the traditional view that the "three remarkable Americans" outwitted "the complaisant Oswald and the second-rate Strachey," and points to the very apologetic tone adopted by the commissioners themselves when they communicated the Treaty to Livingston. Having disposed of the Treaty and the dis- banding of the army, the author passes to an enlightening account of the economic adjust- ment necessitated by the Revolution, emphasiz- ing, as we have said above, the activities of commerce. The succeeding chapters are devoted to political and constitutional developments, and here one begins to feel a sense of compression and omission which accompanies one to the end of the book. The analysis of the State constitu- tions and the Articles of Confederation is brief, as is that of the financial history of the Confeder- ation and the effort to invest Congress with a power to regulate commerce. The author then proceeds to a longer detailed narrative of the events which led up to the meeting of the Con- vention at Annapolis and to that at Philadelphia the next year, devoting some space to Pelatiah Webster's pamphlet, to the ideas of Madison and Washington, and to the stern realities of Shays's rebellion. The entire account of the Constitution, the Convention which framed it, and the struggle to secure its ratification by the States, is compressed within the limits of a single chapter. Ten pages of this, or quite one- third of the whole, is taken up with the Supreme Court and its right to declare void statutes contrary to the Constitution. Much of this discussion,—a reflection, without doubt, of that which has lately been evoked by Dean Trickett and Mr. Justice Clark,—might well have been relegated to a foot-note or deferred until the occasion shall arise for an account of the case of Marbury vs. Madison, for there remains to Professor Channing but little space in which to tell of the chronology and the inner workings of the Convention. Somewhat unusually, the treatment of the Northwest Ordinance is taken up after that of the Constitution, an arrange- ment which would be entirely justified if the account of land matters in 1783 and 1784 were given more space and greater clarity. The explanation of the differing land-systems of the East and the South is, indeed, quite sufficient, but the relation of the land question to the general political and economic situation is not so fully brought out. In his final chapter, as is his wont, Professor Channing sums up the results attained during the period covered by the volume, with an interesting series of notes upon the social rela- tions of the new United States. He thus passes in review the topics of immigration, slavery, religion, education, and penal reform, closing with a very proper tribute to the great- ness of the accomplishments of the men of the generation which he has been describing. Thus is brought to its end another instalment of a 22 [Jan. I, THE DIAL notable contribution to American history, the chief shortcoming of which is that, through the limitations of space and human ingenuity, not every part will seem to every critic to be quite so good as the best that the author has given. St. George Leakin Sioussat. Briefs on New Books. Exploration, A8ain ha* Dr- Carl Lumholtz in the wild* yielded to the lure of the Mexican of Mexico. wilds; and as a result we have what might he regarded as a continuation of his "Un- known Mexico," published in 1902, though it bears the title "New Trails in Mexico" (Scribner). In the region between the Colorado River and the Gulf of California, including the northwest corner of the Mexican state of Sonora and the southwestern bor- ders of our state of Arizona, the distinguished au- thor spent twelve months in 1909-10. The region has heretofore appeared a blank on the maps of the country, and was popularly supposed to be scarcely more than arid desert. It was known in the vicin- ity as Papagueria because the home of the Papago Indians. Dr. Lumholtz visited the region chiefly for the purpose of reporting upon its economic possibilities, and his report on these conditions is hopeful. The mineral prospects are great; more of the region could be brought under cultivation than people now realize, and the problem of water could be readily solved as soon as the need arose. While making these observations he frequently refers to the extraordinary adaptation of the plant and animal life to the arid conditions of the region, and notes certain indigenous edible plants which might be success- fully introduced into other arid countries. Among these is the "root of the sand," which is especially grateful to the thirsty man and quickly appeases his hunger. Dr. Lumholtz's chief delight seems to have been his life in the open, and he imparts to his reader some of his enthusiastic love of nature even as exhibited in desert places. To him "the desert is radiant with good cheer; superb air there certainly is, and generous sunshine; and the hardy, healthy looking plants and trees, with their abundant flowers, inspire courage. One feels in communion with na- ture, and the great silence is beneficial." That this writing of trees and flowers in desert places is no contradiction in terms, Dr. Lumholtz clearly shows in his botanical notes upon no less than twenty-five indigenous flowering plants. Scarcely less keen is his delight in being able to study the Papago and Pima Indians. He "again enjoyed," he tells us,"the gentle and sympathetic manners" of the Indians. As with the Tarahumaras ten years previously, he entered fully into their life, worked his way into their method of thought and feeling, attended their great annual festival when the sahuara wine is made, talked with their medicine men, visited at some personal risk many of their secret places, and enlarged his collection of ethnological specimens. He regrets that in the contact with the higher civilization to which the Papagos are now being subjected, they are suffering deterioration both mor- ally and physically; and he cites the fact that in a certain school for Indians, ninety per cent of the children have tuberculosis, in a region where, be- fore the effort to educate the Indians in insanitary school-houses, tuberculosis was unknown. The book contains numerous maps and colored plates, besides photographic illustrations to the number of a hun- dred or more. The vocabularies of the Papago, Pima, and Cocopa Indians are of great scientific value; while the text as a whole is written in such pleasing style as to make it of deep interest to the general reader. Small talk Madame de Hegermann-Lindencrone, of a woman wife of the Danish minister to Ger- of the world. ma„y) has published, under the title "In the Courts of Memory" (Harper), a series of letters which she wrote to relatives between the years 1858 and 1875. She is a native of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was married in 1861 to Charles Moulton, a wealthy banker's son resident in Paris. Possessed of a remarkable singing voice, a charm- ing personality, and a great love of society, Mrs. Moulton was a social favorite in half a dozen coun- tries. Lowell, Longfellow, Garcia, and Delsarte were her teachers; Massenet was uprotegS of hers; Auber was her intimate associate; Liszt, Wagner, Jenny Lind, Nilsson, Gounod, Rossini, Coquelin, Mettemich, Gustave Dore", Prosper Me"riniee, Sir Arthur Sullivan, William Wetniore Story, and a be- wildering list of other celebrities were her friends; Theophile Gautier and Prince Oscar of Sweden were admirers who celebrated her beauty and talents in verse; Napoleon III., Garibaldi, and Bancroft were her hosts. From the first page of her book, in which we find Professor Agassiz lecturing on "trilobites and different fossils" in his private school in Cam- bridge, while the young ladies "try to imitate his funny Swiss accent," to the last, in which we find Sarah Bernhardt, dressed in white trousers and jacket and smoking cigarettes constantly, engaged in modeling a bust of Mrs. Moulton's little daughter ("not a very good likeness"), we are continually in the presence of notables,—viewing them, however, always somewhat ironically and as material for bons mots. There are many professional humorists who might envy Mrs. Moulton's happy style and quick instinct for the ridiculous. Letters which lay such stress on the cheerful side of life naturally pass by the serious, much more the melancholy, with as little attention as possible. These memories cover the period of the American Civil War, the ill-starred expedition of Maximilian, the Austrian and Franco- Prussian Wars, not to speak of greater movements which touched her world less closely; yet only two of these are mentioned,—she speaks of the siege of Paris because she was a resident of the city when that unfortunate affair interfered somewhat with her social arrangements, and of the Mexican cam- 1913.] 28 THE DIAL paign because one of her friends had amused her with highly colored accounts of his experiences in that country. Thus her volume is not, in even an approach to the degree in which such books usually are, an inside view of great events; it is small talk, pure and simple, though always vivacious and usu- ally interesting. Charles Moulton died in 1871, and the gentleman who became Mrs. Moulton's second husband first met her in Washington when he was Danish minister to the United States. More of Mr "A monstrously lazy man lives in Chetterton't South Bucks partly by writing a col- deuctabie tm„. umn ;n tne Saturday Daily News." Thus Mr. Chesterton describes himself in "The Real Journalist," one of the several delightful papers of his new volume, "A Miscellany of Men" (Dodd). Thousands of lazy busy men rejoice that one lazy man has the congenial task of writing such fetching discursions as these. In the preface to his new col- lection of mots, Mr. Chesterton, though flashing and dimpling as ever, shows some inclination to regard his work more seriously than has been his wont. He seems to feel the necessity of offering excuses for his polemics, saying there are three kinds of writers: those who write superlatively well, those who write abominably, and those who write,—to which latter class he says he belongs. He writes just because he can. Now the reader is inclined to differ on two counts. Mr. Chesterton does not merely write: he writes unusually well. He is too modest and minifies his style,—that is the reader's first point of order. The second is that he magnifies his themes. No one would suspect, from reading these sketches, that the author was trying to do anything more serious than play the wise delicious fool in his old fashion. It must be admitted, however, that the polemic spirit here and there manifest does prevent "A Miscel- lany of Men" from attaining the uniform charm of "Alarms and Discursions," for instance. Some of the papers, like " The Man Who Thinks Backwards," "The Poet and the Cheese," "The Architect of Spears," and "The Medieval Villian," show Mr. Chesterton at his best Others, like "The Aristo- cratic 'Arry," fall decidedly below his best, and serve as a reminder that even Mr. Chesterton is no better than Homer. Possibly this master of Topsyturvy- dom would be surprised and not entranced at being placed in the literary pigeon-hole with Milton and Bunyan; still his readers will not be startled at the comparison. He, like those mighty Puritans, is ever an Allegorist. The formula for almost every essay in the present volume is the same: a story, an ex- perience, and the deeper meaning. Sometimes that meaning is fanciful and vague; sometimes it is child- ish; but always it is surprising and suggestive. One other thing perhaps the critic of the future will point out. Mr. Chesterton has performed a mighty feat of literary construction. He has carried the formula of the story over into the essay. In these sketches it is surprise, contrast, aposiopesis, the distinctive weapons of fiction, that compel us willy-nilly. Octogenarian Caustic comment on men and insti- reminUcences tutions as he has seen them in a long and reflections. an(j unusually active life is found in abundance in Mr. Hubert Howe Bancroft's " Retro- spection, Personal and Political" (Bancroft Co.), which, whether by chance or design, came from the press in the very month that marked its author's completion of his eightieth year. That he is fearless and outspoken in this as in former utterances, his readers hardly need to be assured. A few of the topics and headings noted in the table of contents will indicate the book's character. History, auto- biography, political philosophy, prophecy, and much else, go to make up the five hundred and fifty compactly printed pages of this noteworthy volume, whose chapters deal with such themes as the dark age of graft, the injustice of law, the evolution of high crime, the vagaries of society, waste in educa- tion, modern journalism, the throes of labor, Asia and Africa in America, progressive government, and the significance of the Panama Canal. On the ques- tion of admitting cheap labor from Asia the author expresses himself at some length in its favor, remark- ing near the end that " anything is better than the continuation of this dog in the manger policy of union labor, which will neither do the necessary work of the nation and of its people, nor permit others to do it." The best things in the book, unless one's chief delight lies in controversy and caustic criticism, are the pages from the writer's own life, telling of his birth in Ohio, his migration to California, his build- ing up of his famous library there, and the planning and writing of his long series of western-American histories. The vastness of this latter undertaking, and the amount of labor and travel and gathering of material that it involved, impress the reader and hold his willing attention. The chapters treating of the California gold-mining days, of the settling of Granville, Ohio, by some of the author's progenitors and others, of his experiences as " an artless adven- turer " in the far West, of the evolution of his library, and his methods of writing history, are well worth reading. The style is that of a rapid and prolific writer, effective for the ends in view, and having the admirable qualities of strength and clearness. Its occasional defects of sentence-construction are readily pardoned in one who obviously has no time to waste in pondering his periods. "Retrospection" is as rich and enjoyable a volume of its sort as one could reasonably desire. A good portrait of its author faces the title-page, and a fourteen-page index closes the book. A .ehoomiw. A child'8 diary. » ^le, is begun diary of the under parental instigation; and also, latt half-century. M a ruie> jt ;g a priggish performance. The child records not what he really thinks but what he thinks he ought to think, and the inci- dents in his small world are set down with little regard to form or finish. Rarely, indeed, is such a record worthy of preservation. An exception must be made, however, in the case of a diary written between the years 1852 and 1872 by a school-girl,. 24 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL Caroline Cowles Richards, and now published under the title "Village Life in America" (Holt). Trtft motherless at the age of seven, the writer was one of four children sent to live with their grandparents. At ten, she looks back on this "past," and even indulges in a philosophy of life in this fashion: "People must think this is a nice place for children, for they had eleven of their own before we came. Mrs. McCoe was here to call this afternoon and she looked at us and said: 'It must be a great respon- sibility, Mrs. Beak.' Grandmother said she thought * her strength would be equal to her day.' This is one of her favorite verses. She said Mrs. McCoe never had any children of her own and perhaps that is the reason she looks so sad at us." At the age of eleven, the diarist makes acquaintance with "Gulliver's Travels," but under certain restrictions. "There is a gilt picture on the green cover of a giant with legs astride and little Lilliputians standing underneath who do not come up to his knees. Grandmother did not like the picture, so she pasted a piece of pink calico over it, so we could only see the giant from the waist up. I love the story of Cinderella and the poem 'Twas the night before Christmas, and I am sorry that there are no fairies and no Santa Claus." A good many dignified, amusing, and remarkable personages, the school- girl's contemporaries, teachers, or friends, are pic- tured in these pages, in a manner at once artless and shrewd; and when we recall how eventful were the two decades between 1852 and 1872 there is a special satisfaction in seeing the spirit of that time so skilfully set forth in the record of this quick- witted young person who is so very different from her prototype of to-day. There is scarcely another practical serves a larger consideration and a truer scientific understanding than the problem of alcohol; and there is none that receives less, none that is more beset with prejudice and ignorance and mis-statement and all the evils of irrational prop- agandism. For this reason alone Dr. G. £. Part- ridge's " Studies in the Psychology of Intemperance" (Sturgis & Walton Co.) deserves a large circulation. May it receive the benefit of the feeling of good will which its appearance at this time invites! It is composed of one-fifth practical advice, and four-fifths investigation of the facts of the case for and against alcohol. This is quite the reverse of the usual pro- cedure, which upon slight basis of knowledge—and that both selected and distorted—grows eloquent in prescription and proscription, intolerant of opposi- tion, and suspicious of motives. It becomes evident from Dr. Partridge's volume that the craving for alcohol is largely a myth, and its relation to moral obliquity a distortion. Its use is no more a besetting sin than is its avoidance an index of virtue or capa- city. The leading nations are the largest consumers of alcohol. Even more fundamental is the fact that the alcohol habit represents an inherent expression for the life abundant; an understanding of the pr tical problem of its regulation must not ignore nor yet distort the actual facts of its use and abuse. This refers not alone to the stultifying inclusion of a chap- ter on alcoholic abuse in text-books for babes, but to the eq ually intolerant attitude of reformers impressed by evils which they do not understand. To one and all a volume of this kind has an important service to perform. As an antidote to the unreason circulated in regard to alcoholic poisoning, this book may be highly recommended. It is important not because it offers a new view of the effects or a new remedy for the abuses, but because it offers the basis for an understanding of the problem, whatever may be the solution in this or that environment. It also pro- vides for a reasonable attitude towards regulation, which means that it is an instrument of sanity and not of prejudice. Advmturet and ^ife is tame and monotonous in our explorations in well-regulated civilization when com- Oid Babylonia. pare(j wjth such experiences as those described by Dr. Edgar J. Banks, in his "Bismya, or The Lost City of Adab" (Putnam). After a most extraordinary game of battledoor and shuttle- cock with the Turkish government for three exas- perating years he finally secured in 1903, practically at the demand of an American battleship, a permit to excavate for two years in Babylonia. He went out as Field Director in Babylonia of the University of Chicago. Such a story of Turkish intrigue, offi- cial graft, chronic dilatoriness, and resourcefulness in piling up obstructions, has rarely appeared in print. Dr. Banks had to encounter almost incredible cunning and duplicity on the part of many of the persons and officials with whom he had to deal. After some months of hard desert travel and Turk- ish official delays, he reached Bismya, the old Baby- lonian ruin which he was to excavate, in December 1903. It lies about eighty miles southeast of the site of old Babylon, and about 120 miles nearly south of Bagdad, and about twenty-eight miles southwest of Nippur where the University of Pennsylvania has been digging up treasures since 1888. Bismya is a collection of mounds about a mile long by half a mile wide. Dr. Banks, with his company of officials, attendants, and workmen, prosecuted excavations in this mass of ruins for nearly six months in 1903-4. He brought to light some notable archaic remains, particularly a marble statue of very ancient type,— though this is not, as he claims, "the oldest statue in the world." He likewise uncovered quantities of cuneiform tablets from the Sumerian age, many of them "contracts," and also seal cylinders, rings, vases, pottery, tombs, drains, and small statues. The temple foundations were also laid bare, revealing one of the primitive types of that important part of an ancient city. We must challenge the ancient name of the city in the sub-title; the real name found in the inscriptions is Ud-nun(-ki), not Adab. The book is most interestingly written, and is illu- mined by numerous illustrations. 1913.] 25 THE DIAL, New page, from The publication of "The Journals Emerton'i of Ralph Waldo Emerson," under Journal: tne careful editorship of Dr. Edward Waldo Emerson and Mr. Waldo Emerson Forhes, goes steadily forward, the latest instalment covering the years 1845-55 in two volumes of substantial bulk. In richness of thought and in freedom and beauty of expression these volumes, showing their author at or near the prime of his powers, are even more enjoyable than their predecessors. His second visit to Europe, 1847—48, falls within the period covered by the first of these two volumes, and furnishes matter for note- worthy comment and shrewd observation. Of Carlyle he takes occasion to say, after renewing his acquaint- ance with the Chelsea sage: "An immense talker, and, altogether, as extraordinary in that as in his writing; I think even more so. You will never discover his real vigor and range, or how much more he might do than he has ever done, without seeing him. . . . He is not mainly a scholar, like the most of my ac- quaintance, but a very practical Scotchman, such as you would find in any saddler's or iron-dealer's shop, and then only accidentally and by a surprising addi- tion the admirable scholar and writer he is." Note also this: "Carlyle and his wife live on beautiful terms. Their ways are very engaging, and in her bookcase all his books are inscribed to her, as they come from year to year, each with some significant lines." A chance definition that catches the eye on a later page is worth quoting: "Culture teaches to omit the unnecessary word and to say the greatest things in the simplest way." Illuminating and often amusing are Emerson's keen criticisms of his inti- mate friend Alcott, to whose foibles he was by no means blind, highly though he esteemed that inef- fectual genius. Of Thoreau, too, he has considerable to say, and of Ellery Channing, and others whom we are glad to look at anew through his eyes. Six por- traits add to the interest of these volumes; they show us Emerson himself in 1846, Carlyle in the same year, Samuel Gray Ward, Ellery Channing, Margaret Ful- ler Ossoli, and Charles King Newcomb. The syn- optical tables of contents and the page-headings serve, as in the earlier volumes, to direct the reader quickly to what will most interest him. It may come with a sense of surprise o%°,vctZ'v. to. manv. readera tha* the d««pline with which we associate the novelty of experimental investigation by laboratory methods should have a history that requires volumes to set forth. Yet here are two works (and others are announced) dealing with the historical aspects of Psychology. Mr. G. S. Brett's "History of Psy- chology" (Macmillan) is confined to the ancient and patristic field, and reaches nothing later than Augustine. The other, a translation of Professor Max Dessoir's "Outlines of the History of Psy- chology (Macmillan), though it spans the ages from the beginning of thinking to the present in the com- pass of 250 pages, is itself an abridgment of a much larger work. The two books are clearly not com- parable in any manner. Yet they both reflect a growing interest in the historical antecedents of present-day interests. It cannot be said that the genealogy in the direct line is clearly determined. The records are very largely devoted to collateral issues. The psychological eddy is commonly lost in the philosophical stream. This is less notable near the sources, and particularly in the refreshing Greek sources where psychological interests emerge clearly, and are often prophetically suggestive. For the most part the interest in such volumes as these must be sustained by the collateral interest in phil- osophy; and the message for the modern student of psychology remains incidental. But history is ever dominant because irrevocable, and the development of the human interests of which we are the heirs— whatever our specialties — is a matter of moment. It is fortunate that records of this kind are now available to English-reading students. True to their several traditions, the native English product is more readable, is addressed more to the scholar, and re- flects a more sensitive sense of proportion; while the translated volume is more in the nature of a student's manual with didactic intent, overrates the Teutonic contributions, is less catholic, and less attractive in its presentations. QUanino./rom Mr" Lawrence J. Burpee is the com- the literature piler and sympathetic editor of six of Canada. little volumes published by the Musson Book Company of Toronto,—"Canadian Eloquence," "Canadian Essays," "Canadian Sonnets," "Flowers from a Canadian Garden," "Songs of French Canada," and "Fragments of Sam Slick." The contents are apparently well chosen—that is to say, they include representative work of the Canadian writers with whom an American reader is likely to be familiar, and a considerable number of interest- ing selections from men less widely known on this side of the border. Thomas Chandler Haliburton, the only author who is awarded an entire volume, occupies a place in all discussions of American humor, yet the "Sam Slick" sayings here collected may surprise many readers by their variety and their cleverness. The songs of French Canada are inter- esting for their content, but they suffer, as all songs must, from translation. Perhaps the least satisfac- tory volume is "Canadian Eloquence." Few of the orations by white Canadians are remarkable, and the speeches, or supposed speeches, of Tecumseh, Logan, and other Indian chiefs seem like padding. The sympathetic American reader of the series is likely to make two observations: that Canadian literature is strongly and frankly provincial, and that provincialism in literature is not, after all, such a bad thing. There is not a great poem in the "Cana- dian Sonnets" or the "Flowers from a Canadian Garden"; but, on the other hand, there is nothing of the "strain and rage," the obvious striving to be distinctive, which characterizes so much recent verse-making. One finds a quiet pleasure in reading these little anthologies which is notably different 26 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL from the effect produced by the writings of recent English or American poets of equal rank. The indi- vidual volumes are attractively printed and daintily bound. Newefav According to Dr. Samuel Crothers, by the beit of in his new book "Humanly Speaking" our enayitu. (Houghton), the true American is fond of superlatives. To assert our Americanism, let as hasten to say that Dr. Crothers has once more demonstrated that of all living American essayists he is the most delightful. Most humanly does he speak — wisely and humorously. His range of topics, in his latest collection, is for the most part restricted (if that is the word) to the American temperament of our day and of the new day shining before us dimly and tantalizingly. "That the old order is passing is obvious enough. That a new order is arising, and that it is on the whole benefi- cent, is not merely a pious hope" — with this inspir- iting conviction does Dr. Crothers write of modern America. Of the nine essays, we single out "In the Hands of a Receiver" as the freshest, wittiest, and most penetrating. (How insistent is that in- stinct for the superlative!) In this essay we are introduced to the inimitable Bagster, who is busy reforming everything and everybody save himself, who bids us "concentrate on every point," and who writes the "Song of Obligations," in the manner of Whitman, containg one perfect if unpoetic line: "The duty of doing your Christmas shopping early enough in July to allow the shop-girls to enjoy their summer vacation." Notes. "Tradition, and Other One-Act Plays of American Life," by Mr. George Middleton, is announced by Messrs. Holt. "The Harbor Master," a story of Newfoundland, by Mr. Theodore Goodridge Roberts, will be published this month by Messrs. L. C. Page & Co. Among forthcoming volumes in the " Home Univer- sity Library " which Messrs. Holt promise for the latter part of January, is "The Victorian Age in Literature," by Mr. G. K. Chesterton. The first of what will doubtless be a plentiful crop of books dealing with the war in the Balkans is promised in the narrative of Lieutenant Wagner, to be published early this year by Houghton Mifflin Co. The well-known English surgeon and traveller, Sir Frederick Treves, has written an account of his recent visit to Palestine, which Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. will publish immediately under the title, "The Land That Is Desolate." The January publications of Messrs. Holt will include the following: "The Infancy of Animals " by Mr. W. P. Pycraft, "The World's Leading Conquerors" by Mr. W. Lloyd Bevan, and "Socialism and Democracy in Europe " by Mr. Samuel P. Orth. "Nogi: A Man against the Background of a War," by Mr. Stanley Washburn, is announced by Messrs. Holt for publication in February. Mr. Washburn was one of the few newspaper correspondents to be with Nogi throughout most of the war, and his book attempts to portray the general's character by pen portraits of him in typical scenes. The book will be illustrated from photographs taken on the spot. The Librarian of Columbia University has in prepara- ation a Bibliography of American college verse, and would be glad to receive information regarding printed collections of this class, especially those of early date and those printed in the smaller college communities. Will Carleton, the author of "Farm Ballads" and numerous other volumes of popular verse, died at his home in Brooklyn, on December 18. He was born in 1845, and after some experience in school-teaching and newspaper work became a writer and lecturer of wide vogue. Four novels of considerable interest, to be issued shortly by the Macmillan Co., are the following: "One Woman's Life," by Mr. Robert Herrick; "Comrade Yetta," by Mr. Albert Edward, author of "A Man's World"; "Patsy," by Mr. S. R. Crockett; and "The Impeachment of President Israels," by Mr. Frank A. Copley. A Hawthorne memorial in Salem, the city where the author of '• The Scarlet Letter" was born, and where that masterpiece itself was written, seems at last to be assured, in spite of the disfavor in which many old Salemites have long held " that lazy Nat Hawthorne." There are still standing in the "Witch City " several houses that at different times served as home to the unappreciated genius; but the plan as announced is to pass these houses by and erect a monument in the shape of a statue of the man himself, the sculptor chosen for the occasion being Mr. Bela L. Pratt, whose qualifica- tions for the task are beyond dispute. For many years the late Professor George N. Olcott was keenly interested in the development at Columbia University of a small but well-selected collection of antiquities to aid the work of the department in Roman archeology. In almost every visit to Italy he secured for this purpose noteworthy specimens. At the time of his death there were temporarily included in the collec- tion a number of objects for the purchase of which no funds had as yet become available. It is now proposed, if a sufficient amount shall be subscribed, to acquire these objects for the collection as a memorial of Dr. Olcott's tireless devotion. Contributions may be sent to Miss Helen H. Tanzer, The Normal College, 68th Street and Park Avenue, New York. An elaborate two-volume work on "Ancestral Re- cords and Portraits" will be issued by the Grafton Press from material compiled by Chapter I., The Colo- nial Dames of America. It contains the story of the ancestors of a number of the members of this Chapter, arranged in chronological order, beginning with an early progenitor and coming down to the present day. When a marriage into another line occurred, that line has been taken up at an early period and brought down to the time of the inter-marriage and then the main line is continued. As the members of the Chapter are descended from prominent families of New England, the Middle States, and the South, the work covers an unusual amount of territory, and shows the common an- cestry of the early settlers in America. An important feature of the book is the illustrations. These comprise over a hundred drawings of coat-armor, and nearly two hundred and fifty reproductions of old miniatures, por- traits, manor houses, family silver, etc. 1913.] 27 THE DIAL. Topics in Leading Periodicals. January, 1913. Aerial Warfare. T. R. MaoMeohen . . . Everybody'* Africa, On the Way to. Stewart E. White . . . Harper Agriculture of the Future. J. Russell Smith . . Harper Arctic, My Quest in the —II. VilhjAlmur Stefansson. Harper Assuan Dam, The. E. J. Czarnomska . . World's Work Balkan Crisis, The. Roland G. Usher .... Atlantic Balkan Question, The. Edwin Maxey Forum Belasco, David. Walter P. Eaton American Bergson Method Confirmed, The. J. W. T. Mason North American Blashfield, Edwin H. William Walton .... Scribner Bogie Men, The. Lady Gregory Forum Bolivia, Liberation of. Harriet C. and Franklin Adams Review of Reviews Broadhurst, Addison: Master Merchant. Edward M. Woolley World's Work Browning as Seen by His Son. W. L. Phelps . . Century Cabinet Officers in Congress. Perry Belmont. No. Amer Canada's Plans for a Navy. P. T. McGrath. Rev. of Revs Canal Diplomacy, The. Leopold Grahame . ■ No. Amer Childhood, The Tragedies of. L. M. Tennan . . Forum Children, Old-fashioned. E. S. Martin .... Harper China's Development, Menace of. Forbes Lindsay Lippincott Chinese Republic, The. Ching Chun Wang . . Atlantic Chinese Women, Position of. L. Pearl Boggs. Pop. Science Cities, Our—Why They Will Burn Up. Walter S. Hiatt World's Work College, Socialization of the. Walter Libby. Pop. Science Constantine, Arch of, Unveiled. A. L. Frothingham. Century Dickinson, Emily, Poetry of. M. H. Shackford. Atlantic Drunkenness and Heredity. A. J. Nock . . . American Ellis Island, Going through. A. C. Reed. Popular Science European War, Dangers of. G. Ferrero .... Atlantic Exploring Other Worlds—n. W.B.Hale. World's Work Freedom, The New. Woodrow Wilson . . World's Work French, The, in America —IV. John Finley Scribner Gaultier, Jules de: Super-Nietzschean. Benjamin de Casseres Forum Gaynor, Mayor, The Letters of American Germany: "Land of Damned Professors." Price Collier Scribner Gold Supply, Investor and the. E. S. Meade . Lippincott Guiana and Trinidad, Flora of. D.H.Campbell. Pop.Science Hankin, St. John, Comedies of. P.P. Howe . No. A mer. Hauptmann, Gerhart. May Tevis . . Review of Reviews Indian, Epic of the. C. M. Harvey Atlantic Inheritance of Acquired Characters. Leland Griggs Popular Science Jefferson, Joseph, Human Side of. Mary Shaw . Century Johnson, Andrew, Anecdotes of. B. C. Truman. Century Johnson, Andrew, Impeachment of. Gaillard Hunt. Century Labor, Battle Line of — IH. S. P. Orth . World's Work Lawyer and Physician: A Contrast. G. M. Stratton. Atlantic Lodge, Henry Cabot, Autobiography of—IV. . . Scribner Louisiana Lottery Law, The New Old. Thomas W.. Lawson Everybody's Mars, Life on. Edmund Ferrier .... North American Mind Deceased, Ministering to the. S.Baker. Pop. Science Mississippi Dam, The Great. H. B. Kirkland World's Work Muir, John, Autobiography of —JIH Atlantic Nicaragua, Our Policy in North American Opera in New York, Gatti-Casazza's Views on . . Century Panama, The French at. J. B. Bishop .... Scribner Panama Canal, The. Arthur Ruhl Atlantic Parcels Post, The. Howard Florance. Review of Reviews Personal Progress, Curve of. R. C. Brown . . Everybody's Prison Bars. Donald Lowrie Forum Pronouns of Address. T. R. Lounsbury .... Harper Public Ownership. W. S. Allen . . . North American Railways, A Concerted Movement of the. L. G. McPherson North American Red River, Arkansas, Archseological Discoveries. H. N. Wardle Harper Scientific Thought and Philosophy. H.B.Torrey. Pop. Sci. Socialism —What It Is. A. Maurice Low. North American South American Trade. C. L. Chandler . . World's Work State Insurance in Wisconsin. B. S. Beecher. Rev. ofRevs. Stuart, General J. E. B. Gamaliel Bradford, Jr. Atlantic Syndicalism and its Philosophy. E. Dimnet . . Atlantic Taxing the Cost of Living. D. S. Jordan. World's Work Trust Regulation—I. Albert Fink . . North American Turk, American and, in Holy War. W. T. Ellis. Century Turkey-in-Asia. Lewis R. Freeman Forum Waterways, American, and the " Pork-Barrel." Hubert B. Fuller Century Wheat, A Grain of. R. Chodat .... Popular Science Whitlock, Brand, Autobiography of—I. . . . American Wilson's Idea of the Presidency. J. W. Garner. Rev.of Revs. Winter, Glorious. Edwin L. Sabin .... Everybody's Wisconsin's Grand Old Man. F. P. Stock- World's Work List of New Books. [The following list, containing 88 titles, includes books received by The Dial since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY. George Frederic Wattai The Annals of an Artist's Life. By M. S. Watts. In 3 volumes. Illustrated In photogravure. 8vo. George H. Doran Co. $10. net. The Authoritative Life of General William Booth, Founder of the Salvation Army. By. G. S. Rall- tion; with Preface by General Brum well Booth. With portraits, 12mo, 331 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1. net. HISTORY. History of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647. By William Bradford. In 2 volumes. Illustrated, large 8vo. Houghton Mifflin Co. $15. net. The Franco-Prussian War and its Hidden Causes. By Emll Olllvler; translated from the French, with Introduction and Notes, by George Burn- ham Ives. Illustrated, Svo. 520 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $2.50 net. GENERAL. LITERATURE. The Masters of Modern French Criticism. By Irving Babbitt, svo, 427 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $2.50 net. Browning and Hla Century. By Helen Archibald Clarke. With portraits, 8vo, 374 pages. Double- day, Page & Co. $1.50 net. Chivalry In English Llteraturei Chaucer, Malory, Spenser, and Shakespeare. By William Henry Schofleld. 8vo, 295 pages. "Studies In Compara- tive Literature." Cambridge: Harvard Univer- sity. $1.50 net. The Women of Shakespeare. By Frank Harris. 12mo, 310 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $2. net. The Works of Gilbert Parker, Imperial Edition. Volumes III and IV. Each with frontispiece In photogravure, 8vo. Charles Scrlbner's Sons. Per volume, $2. net. Greek and Roman Ghost Stories. By Lucy Colllson- Morley. 12mo, 79 pages. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell. The Book of Delight, and Other Papers. By Israel Abrahams, M. A. Svo, 323 pages. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. Woman In the Thought and W ork of Frederick Hebbel. By Clara Price Newport, Ph. D. 8vo, 153 pages. Madison: University of Wisconsin. Paper, 29 cts. VERSE. Helen of Troy, and Other Poems. By Sara Teasdale. 12mo, 105 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons $1.25 net. A Little Book of Verse. By Leila Peabody. 12mo, 41 pages. Sherman, French & Co. 75 cts net. Into the Light. By Edward Robeson Taylor. 12mo. 118 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1.25 net. 28 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL Lilt o' the Birds. By Emlle Pickhardt. Illustrated, large 8vo, 19 pages. Sherman, French & Co. 11.25 net. Horizon Soars. By Grace Duffleld Goodwin. 12mo, 153 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1.25 net. The Spirit Prospero, and Other Poems. By Frederick Brooks Lindsey. 12mo, 99 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net. The Gold. By Bessie L. Russell. 12mo. GO pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net. The Eighth Sin. By C. D. Morley. 16mo. 59 pages. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell. Paper. Idylla Beside the Strand. By Franklin F. Phillips. 12mo, 118 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net. The Nativity. By John Bunker. 12mo, 27 pages. New York: The Shakespeare Press. Poetry and Dreams. By F. C. Prescott. 8vo, 72 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1. net. The Leprechaun. By James T. Gallagher. With frontispiece, 12mo, 61 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net. The Star-Treader, and Other Poems. By Clark Ash- ton Smith. 12mo, 100 pages. San Francisco: A. M. Robertson. $1.25 net. Wilt Thou not Sing? A Book of Verses. By Alice Harriman. 12mo, 94 pages. New York: Alice Harriman Co. $1. net. Songs nnder Open Skies. By M. Jay Flannery. 12mo, 91 pages. Stewart & Kidd Co. $1. net. Hoof Bents. By Philip Hlchborn. Illustrated, 12mo, 169 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1. net. Three Visions, and Other Poems. By John A. John- son. 12mo, 91 pages. Stewart & Kidd Co. $1. net. Songs of the Southland. By Ida Lois Easton. Illus- trated, 12mo, 36 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1. net. Denys of Auzerrei A Drama. By James Barton. 12mo, 112 pages. London: Christophers. Poems. By Selden L. Whitcomb. 12mo, 75 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1. net. Threads for the Sonl's Garment. By Isabella K. Eldert. 12mo, 55 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1. net. There Are no Dead. By Sophie Radford de Meissner. 12mo. 116 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net. An Inn for Journeying Thoughts. By William J. Roe. 12mo, 100 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1. net. Mrs. 11aford, Humanist: A Suffrage Drama. By Leando Brown. 12mo, 137 pages. New York: L. E. Landone, Inc. $1. net. Beyond the Stars. By James E. Hllkey. 12mo, 44 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1. net. On the Way to Wlllowdalei Being Other Songs from a Georgia Garden, with Sonnet Interludes. By Robert Loveman. 16mo, 48 pages. Dalton: A. J. Showalter Co. FICTION. The Spirit of the Town. By Tod Robbins. With frontispiece, 12mo, 172 pages. New York: J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Co. $1. The Two Gods. By Walter S. Cramp. 12mo, 297 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1.25 net. TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. Reminiscences of the South Seas. By John La Farge. Illustrated in color, etc., large 8vo, 480 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $7.50 net. Indian Pages and Picture hi Rajputana, Slkkim, The Punjab, and Kashmir. By Michael Myers Shoe- maker. Illustrated, 8vo, 475 pages. G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $2.50 net. Out of Doors ■ California and Oregon. By J. A. Graves. Illustrated, 12mo, 122 pages. Los Ange- les: Grafton Publishing Co. PUBLIC AFFAIRS. The Distribution of Incomes In the United States. By Frank Hatch Streightoff, M. A. 8vo, 171 pages. "Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law." Columbia University Press. Paper, $1.50. Syllabus of Lectures on International Conciliation Given at Leland Stanford Junior University, by David Starr Jordan and Edward Benjamin Kreh- biel. 8vo, 180 pages. Boston: World Peace Foundation. $1. American City Governmenti A Survey of Newer Tendencies. By Charles A. Beard. Illustrated, 8vo, 420 pages. Century Co. The Annuls of the American Academy of PoUttcal and Social Science. Volume XLIV.. with Supple- ment, comprising The Outlook for Industrial Peace, and The Reconstruction of Economic Theory, by Simon N. Patten, Ph. D. 8vo. Phila- delphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science. Paper. Admission to American Trnde Unions. By F. E. Wolf, Ph. D. Large 8vo, 181 pages. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Paper, $1. Manufacturing in Philadelphia, 1683-1912. By John J. Macfarlane, A. M. Illustrated, 8vo, 101 pages. Philadelphia: Commercial Museum. The Right of the Child to Be Well Born. By George E. Dawson, Ph. D. 12mo, 144 pages. Funk & Wagnalls Co. 75 cts. net. Woman In the United States. By Baron D'Estour- nelles de Constant; Illustrated from the French by Estelle C. Porter, with Foreword by David Starr Jordan. With portrait, 12mo, 65 pages. San Francisco: A. M. Robertson. 80 cts. net. The Foundations of Freedom, the Land and the People: A Series of Essays on the Taxation of Land Values. 16mo, 158 pages. Middleton: John Bagot, Ltd. Progressive Hints. By Clement Carpenter. 12mo, 72 pages. Richard G. Badger. A Single Tax Handbook for 1913. By C. B. Fllle- brown. 12mo, 180 pages. Privately Printed. The Mechanistic Conception of Llfei Biological Essays. By Jacques Loeb, Ph. D. Illustrated, 8vo, 232 pages. University of Chicago Press. $1.50 net. Palaeolithic Man and Terramara Settlements in Europe: Being the Munro Lectures In Anthro- pology and Prehistoric Archaeology in Connec- tion with the University of Edinburgh, Delivered during February and March, 1912. By Robert Munro. LL. D. Illustrated, large 8vo, 507 pages. Macmlllan Co. $5.50 net Injurious Insectst How to Recognize and Control Them. By Walter C. O'Kane. Illustrated, 12mo, 414 pages. Macmlllan Co. $2. net. Steamship Conquest of the World. By Frederick A. Talbot. Illustrated, 8vo, 344 pages. "Conquests of Science." J. B. Lipplncott Co. $1.50 net. Magneto and Electric Ignition. By W. Hlbbert. Illustrated, 12mo, 154 pages. Macmlllan Co. 70 cts. net. Mani A History of the Human Body. By Arthur Keith, M. D. 12mo, 256 pages. "Home Univer- sity Library." Henry Holt & Co. 50 cts. net. Bt-Sexual Man) or, Evolution of the Sexes. By Buzzacott and Wymore. 12mo, 83 pages. "Scien- tific Edition." Chicago: M. A. Donohue & Co. NATURE AND OUT-DOOR LIFE. The Book of Grasses! An Illustrated Guide to the Common Grasses, and the Most Common of the Rushes and Sedges. By Mary Evans Francis. Illustrated In color, etc., large 8vo, 351 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $4. net. The Journal of a Country Woman, By Emma Win- ner Rogers. Illustrated, 12mo, 116 pages. Eaton & Mains. $1.25 net. MISCELLANEOUS. Index Verborum Catulllnnns. By Monroe Nichols Wetmore, Ph. D. 8vo, 115 pages. New Haven: Yale University Press. $2. net. Personal Names from Cuneiform Inscriptions of the Caaslte Period. By Albert T. Clay. Large 8vo, 208 pages. "Yale Oriental Series." Yale Uni- versity Press. $2. net. Marriage and the Sex-Problem. By Dr. F. W. Foerster; translated by Meyrick Booth, Ph. D. 12mo, 228 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.35 net. Memory and the Executive Mind. By Arthur Ray- mond Robinson. 12mo, 208 pages. Chicago: M. A. Donohue & Co. $1.50 net. 1913.] 29 THE DIAL Orliclnen Golflanne: The Birth of Golf and Its Early Childhood as Revealed in a Chance-Discovered Manuscript from a Scottish Monastery. Edited by Arthur V. Taylor. Illustrated, 12mo, 58 pages. Woodstock: Elm Tree Press. Practical Cooking nud Serving: A Complete Manual of How to Select, Prepare, and Serv^ Food. By Janet McKenzie Hill. Illustrated, 8vc. 679 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.50 net. Food and Cookery for the Sick and Convalescent. By Fannie Merrltt Farmer. Revised edition: illustrated, 12mo, 305 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.60 net. The Cambridge Manual* of Science and Literature. New volumes: The Civilization of Ancient Mex- ico, by Lewis Spence; The Work of Rain and Rivers, by T. G. Bonney; The Psychology of In- sanity, by Bernard Hart; Brewing, by A. Chaston Chapman; The Individual in the Animal King- dom, by Julian S. Huxley; China and the Man- chus, by Herbert A. Giles; Brasses, by J. S. M. Ward. Each illustrated. 12mo. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Per volume, 40 cts. net. Mother and Baby. By Selina F. Fox, M. D. Illus- trated, 12mo, 200 pages. P. Blaklston's Son & Co. 60 cts. net. F. If. HOLLY Established 1905 Authors' and Publishers' Representative Circulars sent upon request. 156 Fifth Avenue, New York. THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION Established in 1880. LETTERS OF CRITICISM, EXPERT REVISION OF MSS. Advice as to publication. Address DR. TITUS M. COAN, 70 FIFTH AVE.. NEW YORK CITY DOROTHY PRIESTMAN LITERARY AGENT 27 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK Helpful — Reliable — Progressive — Efficient ASK THE PUBLISHERS or write us for circulars and references. Dr. Eaenwein Short-Story Writing A course of forty lessons in the history, form, struc- ture, and writing of the Short Story, taught by J. Berg risen w tin. Editor Lipplncott's Magazine. Over one hundred Home Study Courses under profes- sors in Harvard', Brotcn,Comell, and leading college*. 250-pane catalogue free. Write today. THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL Dept. 571, Springfield, Mass. AUTHORS wishing manuscripts placed without reading fee, address LA TOUCHE HANCOCK 134 West 37th Street NEW YORK CITY WILHELM TELL, Act 1. By Schiller Four Complete (juxtaposed) Texts Always Visible: 1. Fonetic l alfagamic) German 3. Word-for-word English 2. Ordinary (rotnanued) German 4. Free English (verse) IDEOFONIC Texts for Acquiring Languages By ROBERT MORRIS PIERCE Editorial Critic: GEORGE HEMPL, of Stanford University 265 pages. Cloth 50c, postpaid GOc; paper 25c, postpaid 31c LANQUAQES COMPANY, 143 W. 47th St., New York MANUSCRIPTS TYPEWRITTEN ^&nwS3£: Special rate for novels. 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Publishers of the Bercy, DuCroquet, Sauveur and other well known methods 851-853 SIXTH AVE., Cor. 48th St., NEW YORK FRENCH Ja*t Publi.hed A New French-English Dictionary AND OTHER FOREIGN By Clifton McLaughlin Cloth, 693 paget $1. potlpaid ROOKS A reliable dictionary for school and library with the whole vocabulary in general use. Large type, good paper, concise yet clear, and the pronunciation of each word. 3 Complete catalogue seat when requested Out of Print Books Autograph Letters First Editions Mr. Ernest Dressel North desires to inform his friends, customers, and the book-buying public that he has a large stock of rare second-hand books and autograph letters constantly on hand. He is always ready to buy or sell such, and to correspond with librarians, collectors, and booksellers regarding these specialties. The Book-Lover's Quarterly: $1.00 a year ERNEST DRESSEL NORTH 4 East Thirty-ninth Street NEW YORK CITY 30 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL %fo €>ID fl©a0tet£ Complete 20 volumes, handsomely bound in cloth, with 7356 reproductions. Large 8vo. All the works of each master reproduced most faithfully and beauti- fully. Listed, showing galleries, public and private, where originals are to-day. Vol. I. RAPHAEL, 275 reproductions Price $2.40 n. REMBRANDT, Painting., 643 reproductions.... 4.20 IU. TITIAN, 284 reproductions 2.40 IV. DUERER. 471 reproductions 3.00 V. RUBENS, 551 reproductions 3.60 VI. VELASQUEZ, 172 reproductions 2.10 VII. MICHELANGELO, 169 reproductions 1.80 VIII. REMBRANDT, Etchings, 408 reproductions 2.40 IX. SCHWIND, 1265 reproductions 4.50 X. CORREGGIO, 196 reproductions 2.10 XL DONATELLO, 277 reproduction. 2.40 XII. UHDE. 285 reproductions 3.00 XIII. VAN DYCK, 537 reproductions 4.50 XIV. MEMUNG, 197 reproductions 2.10 XV. HANS THOMA. 874 reproductions 4.50 XVI. 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Van Dyck 25c In Preparation: Fra Angelico, Titian, Raphael. Additional series of the same masters, and others. We Prepay Forwarding Charges on all Direct Orders. Ritter&Flebbe Boylston St. Boston, Mass. NEW LIMITED EDITION JUST PUBLISHED JEFFERSON DAVIS' Rise and Fall of the Confederacy t vols., 8vo, cloth, $10.00 net. This work, the most complete and authentic history from the Southern viewpoint, has been long out of print, and copies sold at auction have commanded a premium. Order from THEO. E. SCHULTE, 132 E. 23d St, New York, N. Y. COPYRIGHT your boot in England and prevent foreign PIRACY Write for oar Circular 4-A The Cosmopolitan Copyright Bureau. 869 FIFTH AVE.. NEW YORK. O'Brien's Minnesota Pioneer Sketches, illustrated, 372 pages, and O'Brien's "Chimes of Cheer," 421 pages, beautifully bound. $1.50 each, postpaid. FRANK G. O'BRIEN 2700 Colfax So. Minneapolis, Minn. Ancestral Records and Portraits Being the Records of Chapter I., The Colonial Dames of America PublUhed by THE GRAFTON PRESS of New York Edition limited, two volumes, doable boxed; printed on deckle edge all rag paper. 835 pages with index. Size, H'j.xO1^, profusely illustrated, 235 portraits, miniatures, etc. 250 coats of arms, etc. Until now, sold to members of the society only. They embrace colonial pedigrees (verified) from New England to Georgia, and represent the research of nineteen years. Price per Set, $10.00 Net MARY WASHINGTON KEYSER, Chairsua Pahlicab.a < KEYSER BUILDING, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND I The Allurements of I Foreign Travel I Heed the call of the German "Vaterland " —the I historic Rhine country, rich in awe-inspiring H natural beauty, quaint medieval architecture t h and legendary lore. "HOW TO SEE GERMANY, AUSTRIA AND SWITZERLAND » by P. G. L. 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THE DIAL (founded in 1880) it published on the 1st and 16th of each month. Terms or Subscription, 82. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian postage 50 cents per year extra. Remittances should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of sub- scription is received, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. Advertising Rates furnished on application. All com- mun Uaiions should be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act ol March 3,1879. Nc, C38. JANUARY 16,1913. Vol. LW. Contents. PAGE SCANDINAVIAN CULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES 35 THE METAPHYSICAL AND THE HISTORICAL MIND. Charles Leonard Moore . . 37 CASUAL COMMENT 38 Mistakes of Browning's biographers. — A noble monument to Lincoln. — Colonel Roosevelt on the historian's art.— Greek tragedy in the Greek man- ner.— Wrestling with rhyme.— A piece of literary portraiture.— Henry Carey Baird.— A schoolboy's pitiful plea.— The breaking of virgin soil in bibli- ography.—The sale of Andrew Lang's books.—Mili- tant methods of spelling-reform.— The lure of the show-window.—An impenetrable literary mystery.— The discovery of unpublished Turgenieff manuscripts. COMMUNICATION 42 Illinois History in the Encyclopedia Britannica. J. Seymour Currey. THE AUTHOR OF "LAVENGRO." Edward Payson Morton 43 A GREAT ART GENIUS SELF-REVEALED. Winifred Smith 46 LORD BYRON AS A SATIRIST. Lane Cooper . . 48 THE LIVING MACHINE. Raymond Pearl . . . 51 THE PLAYS OF STRINDBERG. Thomas Percival Beyer 52 FORCE AND FINANCE VS. HUMAN FRATER- NITY. Edward B. Krehbiel 55 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 58 The Chinese people intimately portrayed.— Den- mark's greatest hero.— Early religious pilgrims and pilgrimages. — A Japanese artist's childhood and youth.— Fine examples of old-school oratory.— Dr. Hosmer's gleanings from many fields.— A new vol- ume of studies by William James.— The sisters of some famous men.— The story of evolution.— Out- lines of modern Italian literature.— Mid-Victorian memories of an art-critic.— The origin and develop- ment of playing cards. NOTES 63 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 63 SCANDINAVIAN CULTURE IN THE UNITED STA TES. We are always glad to welcome any move- ment which has for its object the furthering of intellectual and artistic relations between the American people and the peoples of the Scandi- navian countries. The mutual reactions of such efforts cannot fail to be helpful and salutary on both sides, for each has much to offer by which the other may profit. Readers of modern Scandi- navian literature are constantly apprised, by apposite allusion and stated fact, of the appeal which our republic makes to the Scandinavian imagination, of the frequency with which our example is made to point a moral or adorn a tale. Those Scandinavians who have visited us and those who have observed us only from afar have alike felt the American influence, and reflected it in the expression of their literary, social, and political thought. As far back as 1865, Ibsen was moved by the death of Lincoln to the composition of one of his most striking poems, in which "the shot heard yonder in the West" was invested with a portentous signifi- cance for European culture. In later years many of the most eminent Scandinavian men of letters have sojourned upon our shores and explored our Hinterland, with results that have impressed themselves upon their writings. Such men as Bjornson, Kjelland, Hamsun, Nansen, Kristofer Janson, and Holger Drachmann have made their report upon us, and brought home the message of the gospel of freedom to the peoples who of all those who dwell upon the Continent have been perhaps the most eagerly receptive listeners. This is not surprising when we con- sider the extent to which the Scandinavian strain has entered into our population, and the millions of individual and family relations that have thus been established between the two countries. Symptomatic of these relations are such matters as the recent exchange of lectureships between the United States and Denmark, and the dedication of a Danish-American park in the neighborhood of Aarhus. We were informed not long ago by a Danish publisher that one of Mr. Robert Herrick's novels was a "best seller" in Denmark. A less felicitous illustration of American influence was gleaned from a casual acquaintance on a railway journey, who informed us proudly that he had introduced American 36 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL chewing-gum into Norway, and had just built a house out of the proceeds of the nefarious busi- ness. We suppose that countries which come into relations with each other must trade their vices as well as their virtues, although this partic- ularly disgusting vice is the last we would have thought likely to find a foothold on European soil. In the matter of travel between the Scan- dinavian countries and the United States, the long-established Danish line of steamships has won cordial commendation from the tourist public, and it is soon to have a rival in the Norwegian company which is about to put two magnificent new steamships into the trans- atlantic service. We commented in 1911 upon the organization at Chicago of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, which has already held two annual sessions of great interest, and has just issued the third series of its Proceedings. This organization of Scandinavian scholarship is evidently in the field for good, and much may be expected from its activities. Its objects in- clude both publication and propaganda, the latter meaning a persistent effort to further American interests in the literature of the Scandinavian countries, and to secure for the Scandinavian languages the recognition that is due them in our schools and colleges. That these languages have a high cultural value is evident to all who are acquainted with them, and it is gratifying to learn that an ever-increasing number of col- leges are offering courses in them, and even ac- cepting them for the entrance-requirement. It seems proper to say that only French and Ger- man among modern languages exceed them in cultural significance for education, and that they hold the balance fairly even with Italian or with Spanish. Of the wisdom of the effort to make them elective subjects in high schools we are somewhat in doubt. Our high schools cannot do very much, at best, with modern language study, and we should be sorry to find any num- ber of students substituting them for the French and German which are so absolutely essential to culture. And there is always the danger of their being elected as "snap courses" by lazy young people who are left to shift for themselves in planning their high school work. We have just received the initial number of "The American-Scandinavian Review," a mod- est but exceedingly interesting bi-monthly pub- lished in New York. There have been other ventures of this sort, notably the " Scandinavia" of the late Professor N.C. Fredriksen which ran its course of nearly three years in Chicago in the eighties, and the demise of which we deeply regretted. The new periodical seems assured of better support, being published by the American-Scandinavian Foundation, a corpora- tion which has the pleasant duty of administer- ing, for the purpose of a better understanding between the countries concerned, a bequest of more than half a million dollars made by the late Niels Poulson. Another enterprise under- taken by this trust is the notable exhibition of Scandinavian painting and sculpture, represent- ing some one hundred and fifty artists, now in New York, and soon to be sent to Chicago and other cities. Still other purposes are the granting of travelling fellowships to students from both sides, the publication of Scandinavian classics, and the establishment of institutes and reading-rooms in the chief Scandinavian cen- tres of this country. Working with this Foundation is an Amer- ican-Scandinavian Society which already num- bers nearly a thousand members, and with which all Americans interested are invited to affiliate. The stated objects of this organization are "To cultivate closer relations between the people of the United States of America and the Scandinavian coun- tries; to strengthen the bonds between Scandinavian- Americans; to advance the knowledge of Scandinavian culture among the American public, particularly among the descendents of Scandinavians." The last point seems to us of vital importance. Our Scandinavian immigrants, in their eager- ness to make Americans of their children, are too apt to withhold from them the noble heritage of history and literature which is their birth- right. All over this country, young Swedes and Danes and Norwegians are growing up in ignor- ance of the language and deeds of their ancestors. This wanton waste of cultural opportunity should be severely condemned. It is perfectly easy to keep a child in full possession of his racial heri- tage without in the least impairing his command of the English language, or making him any the less a good American citizen. We owe much to the sturdy qualities of our Scandinavian im- migrants, but we would owe them much more if they were made to recognize as a sacred obliga- tion the preservation of their own cultural char- acteristics. We trust that the Society will place all the stress possible upon this obligation, to the end that the rising generation of Scandi- navians, when they make the acquaintance of Shakespeare, shall not be allowed to forget Holberg, the glory of their own race, to say nothing of such other significant figures as those of Oehlenschlager, Ewald, Tegner, Runeberg, Bjornson, and Ibsen. 1913.] 37 THE DIAL THE METAPHYSICAL AND THE HISTORICAL MIND. Strictly speaking, Hindoo literature owns no histories. The few facts that loom up from that race's antiquity or middle past are in a welter of confusion as to date, place, and personage. The most important events and works cannot be placed with any certainty in century or period. Conversely, Hindoo thought, perhaps the most penetrating and most affluent the world has ever known, rises from the springs of the Rig-Veda in ever-increasing flood and buries the monuments and ruins of empires in its path. India let the jewelled reigns of her kings slip through her listless fingers, while she turned her solemn eyes out on the Universe or inward to her brooding soul. "She let the legions thunder past, And plunged in thought again." What is apparently the earliest creative work of Hindoo literature—the Ramayana—may have some historic import, may in a remote way record the movement of the ruling race toward the South. But the love-story of Sita, the reincarnation of Krishna in Rama, his alliance with the monkey hordes, and the Lucifer-like character of Ravana, have less rela- tion to reality than the characters and incidents of early European epics. And the Mahabharata is an immense mingling of mythology, metaphysics, and confused and cloudy wars, threaded through with a very human story. What is true of India is mainly true of all Asia. Mother of mysteries—religion after religion, phil- osophy after philosophy, has issued from her womb. But human history she has disdained. She has held her myriad races cheap, and thought only the eter- nal important. She has furnished the ore which European artists have reduced and refined; she has supplied the matrix studded with precious stones for the miners and lapidaries of the West to pick out and cut and polish. The historical instinct first rose clear and keen in Greece. It held there, for a while, a perfect balance with the metaphysical mood; and between them were evolved the literature, art, and science which make modern culture. To Rome, history was more than thought, and as a result a certain hardness was impressed upon all the products of its life and mind. Afterwards for nearly a thousand years the historical sense was swept aside by the irruption of religions and philosophies from Asia. In recent times, the historical side of the human mind has again become dominant. Man and his doings have become all in all, and God has retired into the background. Mod- ern science is almost wholly an historical affair. It not only works in a utilitarian spirit, but it reads the records of the rocks, writes the romances and novels of the elements, the plants and stars. Yes, the historical mind has had its innings with a vengeance during the last hundred years. Things hold together. Like Wordsworth's cloud, the human mind "moves altogether if it moves at all." It has marched directly away from its cosmogonies, its divinities, its high imaginations and great exception- alities; it has marched toward the common, the usual, the trivial, and the apparently explicable. Literature no longer "begins from Jove," but from the grocer at the street corner. It is delightful to know that we are all equally important—that we are all going to the heaven of fame, and that Mr. Howells is of the company. But 1 the historical method run mad defeats itself. We cannot see the forest for the trees. And when every- thing is recorded everything is soon forgotten. The people of the future will have their own interesting selves to think about, and they will have little time to waste on the interminable records of to-day. The greater part of our present literature will soon be like yesterday's newspaper. But the people of the future will doubtless recur, as we do, to the large-featured typifying represen- tative literary creations of the past. Art, which is kneaded with thought shot through with philosophy, must hold its own. If there were no sorrow or dreams or death in the world, the historical mind might very well always be regnant. Human vanity might always be satisfied with seeing its actions as in a mirror. "Go write a play about myself and my son-in-law," says the French bourgeois to the dramatist, " and I will come to see it." But to the poorest mind there come moments when the usual round of existence fails to satisfy: when the great realities of sorrow and death press upon it. Then is born the metaphysical mood. It would be foolish to say that the vivid spectacle of life — its carelessness, gayety, sensuousness, charm — is not worthy of any artist's skill; that we ought not to take delight in its representation. I suppose there are few of us who do not read ten trivial novels to one great piece of literature. We read them, but we forget them — and we do not forget the masterpieces. Even great comedy is profound. Its flowers spring from a volcanic soil; its dazzling frost-work is broken by crevasses, abysses that go straight down to the centre of things. Aristophanes opposes the world-wisdom of the sophists with a wisdom of poetry. Rabelais makes the Schoolmen look fool- ish with their own science. Cervantes mocks the ideal of chivalry with an ideal of superior merit. But it is the poets, tragedians, and philosophers, who are at furthest remove from the mere historical outlook on mankind, who are least the chroniclers and cata- loguers of fact. The hymns of the Rig-Veda, the Book of Job, the Biblical Prophets, the Prometheus and Agamemnon, the Divine Comedy, Shakespeare's great tragedies, Paradise Lost, Faust, and Manfred, — all these are almost pure products of the meta- physical mind. Aye, and the briefer strains of the Muse—the poems of Pindar and Horace, the son- nets of Petrarch and Shakespeare, the odes of Gray, the songs of Burns, the lyrics of Shelley, are all pregnant with philosophy. Metaphysical thought is a normal necessity of man, and when expressed in 38 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL poetry it comes as near to being immortal as any- thing in our shifting world can reach. The sciences are not soluble in poetry as metaphysics are. The fact, however, that great poets are most greatly moved by the profundities of life does not preclude them from dealing with it in a lighter fashion. Their comedy, as we have said, is apt to be dark under its dazzle, but they can turn their hands to mere chroni- 'cling. But this is not their mitier, otherwise it would be difficult to explain the dulness of iEschy- lus's Seven against Thebes in comparison with the Prometheus, Agamemnon, or even the Persians; or the inferiority of Shakespeare's histories to his tragedies, romances, and best comedies. The water simply was not deep enough for them to swim in. While the historical mind has been dominant for the last two or three generations, yet the importance of metaphysics is enough evidenced by the fact that Schopenhauer and his pupil Nietzsche are a fair set- off in influence and power to Darwin and his whole school of scientists. This may seem a strong asser- tion, but it will hardly be contradicted by anyone who is familiar with the trend of European thought. We have associated the modern scientific move- ment with the historical mind; and, in fact, it is a phase of that side of man's nature. There are not wanting signs that the scientific movement is wear- ing out. It is not so confident, so dogmatic, as of old. Many of its best exponents are taking the back- track to metaphysics and religion. It has ceased to satisfy human needs, as for a time it seemed to do. Its very development is fatal to it. Everywhere it is up against an impasse. It looks out at the Universe — and it cannot explain Gravitation; the Nebular Theory breaks down; it is in doubt about the Wave Theory of Light; it is not sure as to the Conservation of Energy. And the Ether — what of that prodigious problem? Hydrogen gas weighs something like three hundred thousand tons to the cubic mile; yet if the ether only weighs one grain to the cubic mile, there is enough of it within the bounds of the known stars to make three hundred million Universes as great as ours is supposed to be. And the best scientific opinion says that its density is far beyond that of lead. The stars are merely fragile far-scattered foam-flecks on this immense ocean. "Or turn to the other end of the scale. In- vestigate the littleness of things. Try to arrive at the size of the ultimate atom. The discovery of radium startled the world, and it is at least question- able whether its action is explainable by any atomic theory. But before it was known, there were facts that made material atoms seem impossible. Take the classic chemical example of a small quantity of musk perfuming a large chamber for years, yet los- ing no appreciable part of its weight. That was a radium of the nose. Or take the well-attested fact of a dog's scent. It is beyond question that certain dogs can, on being given a man's shoe or glove to smell, track the person for miles, through crossed tracks or amid crowded streets. If they are guided by a material effluvium, this must exist in a state of incredible tenuity. But these wonders are merely trifles. The thirtieth trituration of a drug is in common use in homoeopathy. But the thirtieth trit- uration would have to be expressed by a decimal point with thirty ciphers,—in others words, a single drop of the original drug is, roughly speaking, diluted in a body of water equal to the orbit of the moon around the earth. And the drug tinctures and affects the whole mass, so that a portion of the mixture pro- duces certain and definite results. But far " higher powers," as they are called, than the thirtieth tritu- ration are used in homoeopathy. There is a story of a Philadelphia physician who started as a young doctor with his vials filled with the regular dilutions of the drugs, and who never renewed them during a practice of sixty years. As his bottles began to ebb, he filled them up with water, shook them, and went on prescribing. The amount of the original drugs in final use could not be expressed in "num- bers which have name." Hahnemann, in his "Organon," gives a recipe for a very powerful homoeopathic dose. "Take a single pellet of a high potency of the required drug," he says, " place it in a vial, leave it tightly corked for a few hours, then unstop the bottle, place it to the nostril and inhale a single whiff of the medicated air." But all these matters of terrestial experience leave us only on the threshold of the possibilities of the infinite divisibility of matter. There are nebulse in the sky which, from their distance and apparent size, must be billions of miles in bulk; yet, plunged in the centre of these vast fields, a focal star or nuclei sends its light undimmed by any opposing obstacle. The matter in those prodigiously extended nebular clouds must be immeasurably more rare than that in a Crookes's vacuum tube. Yet their dreamy light has place and persistence in the universe. Is the world a spirit, or a thing of sense? The greatest English chemist recently said, "There is no matter," —formulating thus the dogma on which is founded the most amazing religious cult of modern times. What wonder, then, that men are again preparing to turn to metaphysics for something that may satisfy the reason and the soul? Charles Leonard Moore. CASUAL COMMENT. Mistakes of Browning's biographers, with characteristic details of the poet's habits and family life, as communicated to Professor William Lyon Phelps by Mr. Barrett Browning at the latter's home near Florence in 1904, furnish matter for an inter- esting article in the January "Century." With Mrs. Orr's "Life and Letters " of the poet, says Mr. Phelps, the son and the sister "were both bitterly disappointed, and corrected the worst and most glar- ing mistakes, and made many suggestions. Mrs. Orr brusquely replied,' I cannot change the proofs.'" Of Mr. Chesterton's book the poet's son "said the work was filled with errors; the mistake that appar- 1913.] 39 THE DIAL ently perturbed him the most was the statement that Browning was in weak health and 'declining' in the last years. On the contrary, he insisted that Brown- ing was tremendously vigorous up to the last; that no change had taken place in his appearance, man- ner, or habits. . . . During the last few days he told many good stories and talked with the utmost vivac- ity. There was never any 'decline,' and the son seemed almost fiercely to resent Mr. Chesterton's statement." With some surprise one learns of Browning's increasing hatred of his pen. In later years "his work became so distasteful to him that he would rather do almost anything else. He rose early, before his son; they had coffee together; then the father was never visible till lunch. He did all his composition and letter-writing in the morning. After lunch, he would not touch a pen if he could help it, and seemed always immensely relieved to have the morning's work over. He gave the impres- sion of liking many things in life much better than poetry or literature." In the course of his talk the son justified his action in publishing his parents' love-letters. Mr. Phelps's incidental citing of "the uproar occasioned by Froude's printing of all the Carlyle letters" prompts one to remind him that Froude's error was one of exclusion rather than of inclusion, of misleading omissions and wilful distor- tions rather than of wholesale publication of the now famous letters, many of which have been given to the world since Froude's death and in consequence of his unfair suppressions and omissions. Mr. Phelps's excellent article appears to have been held back until after the death (last July) of him whose geniality and hospitality it so pleasantly pictures. A NOBLE MONUMENT TO LINCOLN, which the world at large knows too little about, was recently erected by the State of Illinois in the fine Lincoln Hall, dedicated to the study of the humanities, at the University of Illinois. To be accurate, the dedication has not yet formally taken place, but is appointed for the coming anniversary of Lincoln's birthday. A "provisional program " of the dedi- catory exercises, with a handsome illustrated pam- phlet describing the new building, has already been sent out. Among the expected speakers are Pro- fessor Bliss Perry, of Harvard, Professor Frederick J. E. Woodbridge, of Columbia, Dr. Albert Shaw, Editor of "The Review of Reviews," Dr. Hugh Black, various officials of the State and of the Uni- versity, and, finally, in the place of honor at the end of the programme, Bishop McDowell of Chicago, who will make the address of dedication. It was four years ago, in the Lincoln centennial year, that the Illinois legislature appropriated a quarter-million dollars for the purposes of this Lincoln memorial, and to-day it stands, in the words of the official de- scription, "one of the noblest monuments thus far erected in this country to our martyred president." Among its notable features are the ten terra-cotta panels across the front of the building, giving sig- nificant scenes from Lincoln's life, the Gettysburg address in brass letters sunk in the floor of the entrance hall, the numerous and well equipped study and class rooms, each with its special library and other aids to research, and the two museums, of classical archaeology and art, and of European cul- ture. Lincoln's expressed wish that his labors might conduce "to the preservation of those institutions under which alone we can expect good government and, in its train, sound learning and the progress of the liberal arts" finds in this building promise of a gratifying degree of fulfilment. Colonel Roosevelt on the historian's art had things of moment to say in his late address before the American Historical Association at its annual convention in Boston. As was to have been expected from one whose veins pulse so ardently with life, whose zest for all that human experience has to offer of a wholesome sort is so keen, he dwelt especially on the "human appeal" (to use a hack- neyed phrase) of the drama of history, and dispar- aged the strictly scientific school of historical research. "The true historian," he declared, "will bring the past before our eyes as if it were the present. He will make us see as living men the hard-faced archers of Agincourt and the war-worn spearsmen who fol- lowed Alexander down beyond the rim of the known world. We shall hear grate on the coast of Britain the keels of the low-Dutch sea-thieves whose chil- dren's children were to inherit unknown continents. We shall thrill to the triumphs of Hannibal." In this vein the speaker continued at some length. Multitudes of readers will join in the applause at the following passage: "Many learned people seem to feel that the quality of readableness in a book is one which warrants suspicion. Indeed, not a few learned people seem to feel that the fact that a book is interesting is proof that it is shallow. This is particularly apt to be the attitude of scientific men. Very few great scientists have written interestingly, and these few have usually felt apologetically about it. Yet sooner or later the time will come when the mighty sweep of modern scientific discovery will be placed by scientific men with the gift of expres- sion at the service of intelligent and cultivated laymen. Such service will be inestimable." All honor, however, to the hardy pioneer in science, whether the science of history or astronomy or chem- istry or whatever other department of learning, who has neither time nor talent for being popularly interesting. . . . Greek tragedy in the Greek manner, or what the best modern scholarship assumes to have been the Greek manner, has been delighting appre- ciative audiences at Cambridge, England. From the published accounts of the recent performance there of the "CEdipus Rex," it would seem that moderation, restraint, and a noble simplicity char- acterized the staging and acting of that fine drama. For instance, the final entrance of the king with 40 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL blinded eyes was free from disagreeable or exag- gerated detail, and his crouching on the steps with his little daughter, while Creon, the new ruler of Thebes, stands above him, was an effective as well as somewhat novel bit of stage "business." Yet, as the London "Times" remarks, there was color and life in it all, as well as dignity. Costumes were rich and at the same time archseologically correct. "The lighting," continues this account, "is cleverly and simply managed. While the protagonists main- tain the degree of stillness which the conditions of Greek tragedy demand, a certain amount of fluidity is attained by the movements of the chorus. There is no dancing; no waving of arms; none of the exper- iments that we have recently seen tried in London; but there is an almost constant gentle circulation of all or part of the chorus. And the chorus is so important a feature of a Greek play that we make no apology for putting them first among the players." The division of the play into three so-called acts, with a rather meaningless lowering and raising of the curtain to mark this division, was a concession to modern custom that must have seemed to many rather out of harmony with the spirit of the presen- tation as a whole. Wrestling with rhyme and telling off his syllables on his fingers, the poet, however inspired, must become conscious at times that even his loftiest strains have something of verse-carpentry about them. This prosaic necessity of paying careful heed to rhyme and rhythm forms the subject of an enter- taining article from the pen of Professor Charles F. Richardson in the current "Yale Review." "The Morals of the Rhyming Dictionary," as he heads his remarks, gives many instances of oddities in English rhyme, and may well make a modern poet envious of the laxities freely allowed themselves by the elder bards. Herrick, for example, could rhyme Julia with say, but one must now be a very great poet indeed to escape censure for so compar- atively slight an offense (more to the eye than to the ear) as the rhyme, sister, vista. In a piece of verse at this moment before us in a daily newspaper, occurs the rhyme, lies, paradise, which would have excited no remark in a Wyatt or a Waller, but to- day grates on the critical ear, although even Ten- nyson permits himself a similar license in rhyming face with gaze, and peace with seas. From the revolt against the tyranny of rhyme headed by Roger Ascham in 1570, and ended in 1603 by the publication of Samuel Daniel's "Defence of Rhyme," we have now reacted to what might seem the ex- treme limit. Is the pendulum likely to swing back again before long, and will assonance and other sub- stitutes for the ear-tickling rhyme once more enjoy any degree of favor? A PIECE OK LITERARY PORTRAITURE of unusual charm is among the good things in the current num- ber of "The Harvard Graduates' Magazine." The grandson of her whose Shakespeare readings fired him who was to become the foremost of Shakespeare scholars to enter upon his "New Variorum" edition of the plays, draws in a few firm but delicate strokes the living likeness of his famous fellow-townsman, lately deceased. Mr. Owen Wister, Harvard '82, contri- butes a half-dozen most enjoyable pages on Dr. Horace Howard Furness, Harvard '54. Referring to the deaf scholar's keen appreciation of such apt colloquialisms as reached him through his silver ear- trumpet or in his reading, the writer says: "What breadth and liveliness of taste does this not show in a scholar whose early education and fifty years of deafness had given him an English by-gone, nearest kin to Charles Lamb's! For through the ear-trumpet talk was condensed and abbreviated of necessity, and thus from fifty years of never hearing the light turns of contemporary speech, his own quite special, quite charming, phraseology had about it something of lavender, something of mahogany." And of his relish for the humorous we read: "Some people do not laugh well, there is in their make-up something askew, and their performance is harsh, thin, or false; Dr. Furness laughed with a whole soul, musically and contagiously; I am sure that this cheered him often in his struggle through dark ways. He could tell anecdotes at his own expense until he and the listener would be rocking helplessly, tears of mirth coursing down their cheeks." Then follow a few per- sonal anecdotes, mirthful and serious. Those who fail to read Mr. Wister's sketch will miss a treat. • • • Henry Carey Baird, nephew and disciple of the noted economist, Henry Charles Carey, and himself a prolific writer on subjects of finance and political economy, as well as a publisher of such works, de- parted this life with the going out of the old year. Philadelphia was the scene of his activities through a life of eighty-seven years. There he was born in 1825, there he went to school, and there at sixteen years of age he entered the publishing house of Carey and Hart, of which his uncle, Edward L. Carey, was head. In 1849 he established the house of Henry Carey Baird & Co., which he conducted to the end of his life. A zealous and well-informed advocate of protectionism, he was at the same time (as read- ers of Mr. George Haven Putnam's life of his father will have noted) strongly opposed to that full pro- tection of authors' and publishers' interests which only adequate legislation, of international scope, can secure. He was one of the founders and leaders of the once vigorous Greenback Party, and he wrote "Fiat—the Sign and Token of Real Money." Also to be credited to his pen are " American and English Banking Contrasted," "John Sherman—A Critical Examination of his Claims to Statesmanship," "The South—Shall it Ever Become so far Civilized . . . ," "The Supreme Court of the United States on the Law of Association," and other pamphlet trea- tises. With us his memory lingers as of one who always had the courage of his convictions, however mistaken some of those convictions may have been; perhaps the more mistaken and the more hopelessly in the minority he was, the more resolute his stand. 1913.] 41 THE DIAL A schoolboy's pitiful plea, tending to show that not yet is there everywhere a perfect cooperation between public school and public library, appears in "The Chronicle" of Augusta, Georgia. These are the lad's words: "Why not the city of Augusta or the schools of the city have a large library? There is not a school in the city, grammar or high, that has a good library for their pupils to refer to. All that any of them have is an encyclopedia. Instead of having several books by different authors concerning one thing, they have an encyclopedia of five or six volumes concerning thousands of things. How do you expect us children to learn when we have noth- ing to learn from? What libraries we have contain more cheap novels and plays than anything else. I have not been able to find the needed books con- cerning the scientific departments and English and American literature anywhere in the city. I have seen several boys in the school I attend given zero by their teacher in the last three weeks for failing to bring in information they could not find. Why do not the schools of the city come together and erect a good library for the use of the school chil- dren if the city will not? I hate to find fault, but I hate to see a city as large as Augusta expect her children to become educated and do wonders in their schools when they have nothing to do with. Why not somebody make a move?" This ought to wake up the city fathers of Augusta, and, if given wider than local publicity, the governing bodies of other cities also. ... The breaking of virgin soil in bibliogra- phy must be credited to Mr. Charles Evans, whose "American Bibliography," now in its seventh volume, presents in scholarly and handsome form a chronological list of "all books, pamphlets, and peri- odical publications printed in the United States of America from the genesis of printing in 1639 down to and including the year 1820, with bibliographical and biographical notes," and also with a statement of the "auction value" of each extant publication, so far as known. A circular from the compiler to librarians sketches the origin and growth of this monumental work. The need of such a bibliog- raphy was felt by Mr. Evans thirty years ago when he was himself engaged in library work, and he applied himself to the task of meeting the need, until at last, with a great mass of material collected, no new items were discoverable, and he became con- vinced of the approximate completeness of his data, so far as completeness was humanly possible. The volume just issued covers the years 1786-1789. Librarians and others interested in the work and not yet acquainted with it, should communicate with Mr. Evans at 1413 Pratt Avenue, Rogers Park, Chicago. . . . The sale of Andrew Lang's books, or of such of them as were not retained by the family, is reported as having taken place at Sotheby's in London, with the result that something short of nine hundred pounds was realized for three hundred and one lots, the highest price paid for any one book being forty-one pounds for Keats's "Lamia and Other Poems," first edition, with a slip inscribed by Lang, "The generous gift of a lady unknown to the beneficiary." Of books from his own pen, "The Black Thief " elicited the highest bid, eight pounds. "Very rare indeed; the author's only dramatic work," he had written on the catalogue slip. His "Ballads in Blue China," first edition, brought only thirty shillings. Of course there were many books on Scottish history, and others about the Maid of Orleans; but all these, pathetic reminders of his labors in his chosen fields, were sold at prices repre- senting their intrinsic rather than their sentimental or associational value. The scattering of an author's library, especially its sale under the auctioneer's ruthless hammer, always seems a sort of sacrilege; and in this instance the books seemed to carry with them more of their former owner's personality than in the case of many a larger and more famous col- lection. . . . Militant methods of spelling-reform are urged by the managing editor of the "Standard Dictionary," who believes the time has come for the reformers "to profit from the experience of their more aggressive sisters, the suffragets." This calls up fearful visions. Shops displaying signs or an- nouncements in unreformed spelling, publishing houses unconverted to the phonetic faith, bookstores selling literature in the orthography of our fathers, schools teaching the said orthography, restaurants offering on their bills of fare "doughnuts" instead of "donuts "—these and a hundred other innocently offending establishments would become the scenes of window-smashing, head-breaking, and other angry antics. Peaceful citizens, suddenly challenged on the street to spell pharyngitis or pharmacopoeia, would be liable to phrensied (or, rather, frenzied) assault with the first stammered ph from their trembling lips. Marching brigades of spelling- reformers would make the night shuddersome with their shrill slogan, and at all hours of the day the welkin might be subjected to the indignity of being made to ring with ear-piercing campaign songs, which would naturally take the form of stridently chanted spellings after the rules in force at No. 1 Madison Avenue. Truly, a terrifying prospect! • • * The lure of the show-window, as utilized by booksellers as well as candy-dealers and haber- dashers and others, might be made contributory to the public library's greater usefulness. Indeed, one such library in a certain large city — St. Louis, to be specific—before moving into its present palatial building (palaces have no show-windows) exulted in the possesion of six large plate-glass windows in a row, on the ground floor, looking onto the sidewalk; and these splendid display spaces were turned to good account for the exhihition of all sorts of tempt- ing literary wares, with results gratifying to the head of the circulating department. But with the 42 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL library's removal to more stately quarters it neces- sarily ceased to lure the sidewalk-saunterer in the old way; and now Dr. Bostwick, the librarian, as quoted in the ''Library Notes and News" of the Minnesota Public Library Commission, sorrowfully asks: "When, oh, when shall we have libraries (branches at any rate, if our main buildings must be monumental) that will throw themselves open to the public eye, luring in the wayfarer to the joys of reading, as a commercial window does to the delights of gum-drops or neckties?" An impenetrable literary mystery — or, at least, impenetrable until the Psychic Researchers shall succeed in getting into undoubted communica- tion with the disembodied spirit of Charles Dickens —is the "Mystery of Edwin Drood." Many have essayed a solution of the problem how the unfinished novel was meant by its author to end; and Wilkie Collins's published attempt to answer the question is familiar to the reading public. The latest notable essay in the same field is that of Dr. W. Robertson Nicoll, who is reported to have had access to new material bearing on the question, and he has writ- ten a book entitled "The Problem of Edwin Drood," which has just appeared on both sides of the Atlantic. It will find eager readers among those who delight in literary knots and tangles. • • ■ The discovery of unpublished Turgeniefp manuscripts of considerable importance is reported from Russia. A close friend of the Russian au- thor has recently died, and an examination of his personal effects reveals the existence of two unsus- pected products of Turgenieff's pen,—one a drama without title, the other a novel bearing the name, "The Adventures of Captain Bubnof." The latter is described as "representing in a Romanesque fash- ion a true adventure taken from Russian low life," which may mean that here we have something in an entirely new vein from the author of "Spring Floods." At any rate, curiosity waits on the appear- ance, in print and in translation, of one or both of these unearthed treasures. COMMUNICATION. ILLINOIS HISTORY IN THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA. (To the Editor of The Dial.) May I take advantage of your space to correct some misstatements which I have found in the article on "Illinois " in the new (eleventh) edition of the " Ency- clopaedia Britaimica "? In the account of the discovery of the western coun- try given in the course of the article it is said that "in 1672, Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit father, . . . explored the country around Chicago." This passage is followed by the account of the expedition led by Joliet and Mar- quette in the next year (1673). The writer thus states as a fact that Marquette had visited this region in the year previous to that in which the discovery of the Upper Mississippi and the "country around Chicago" was made. There is no hint of such a visit by Marquette given anywhere in the "Jesuit Relations "; Parkman makes no mention of it; and even J. G. Shea, whose exhaustive investigations concerning the activities of the missionaries is well known, seems to be unaware of any such visit in 1672. Indeed, the article entitled "Marquette" in the "Britannica" refers to the part taken by the missionary in these words: "In 1673 he was chosen with Joliet for the exploration of the Mis- sissippi," etc., there being no mention whatever of a previous visit to the regions discovered. In Volume LIX., page 87, of the "Jesuit Relations " it is said that Father Marquette had long premeditated making a journey of discovery and exploration, having heard from the Indians who visited him at his mission on Lake Su- perior of the Great River and the nations of the West, and he had made "several efforts to commence this undertaking, but ever in vain," and then follows the account of the expedition of 1673. It would also seem that the name of Marquette is made unduly prominent in the account of the discovery, the impression being given that he was the leader; whereas it is a fact that Joliet was the officer in com- mand and Marquette the accompanying missionary, in accordance with the custom in all such expeditions sent out by the French. There was, indeed, "glory enough for both" in this great achievement, but the order in which their names should be given is to place Joliet's first. Shea, quoting Father Dablon, says that both Frontenac and Talon had "selected for the enterprise the Sieur Jollyet, whom they deemed competent for so great a design, wishing to see Father Marquette accom- pany him." Further on in the course of this article on Illinois it is said that the explorers Joliet and Marquette (the writer of the article invariably places Marquette's name first), on their return from the discovery of the Missis- sippi, "ascended the Illinois river as far as Lake Peoria; they then crossed the portage to Lake Michigan." But surely they ascended the Illinois river to a point much farther north than Lake Peoria. Marquette himself in his journal says that the party found a village of Illinois Indians called Kaskaskia,— a name, by the way, which was afterwards transferred to another locality in the southern part of what is now the state of Illinois. This village was situated about where the town of Utica now stands, and from thence the explorers were guided by Indians to Lake Michigan. Of course it was possible even from the village mentioned to reach the lake over at least three different portages, though it is generally believed that they entered the lake by way of the Desplaines-Chicago portage. The statement, therefore, that the party made a portage into Lake Michigan from Lake Peoria cannot be correct. It is said again that in the War of 1812 the Indians, owing to their dissatisfaction with the treaties of 1795 and 1804, espoused the cause of the British, " and in 1812 they captured Fort Dearborn on the present site of Chicago, and massacred many of the prisoners." This gives a distinctly wrong impression, and it would seem that an equally brief statement (if brevity was neces- sary) might have been made conveying a more accurate description. The fort was abandoned, not captured, and the garrison was massacred after it had left the fort. Neither the men composing the retreating force nor the women aud children accompanying it were prisoners at any time previous to the attack, and only those who sur- vived became prisoners. j Seymour Ccrrey. Evanston, III., January 9, 191S. 1913.] 43 THE DIAL THE AtTTHOR OF "TjAVENGRO."* On a cursory view, and from the standpoint of the average man, George Borrow's life seems curiously and unnecessarily disappoint- ing. With an extraordinary facility in ac- quiring languages, with an intense enthusiasm for everything romantic, with the restlessness of the born wanderer, with a physique that allowed him when past seventy to swim in the icy waters of the fen ponds in Richmond Park, and with a marvellous knack of getting on terms of intimate intercourse with the romantic flotsam of a dozen races, he found only two opportunities for real service. The first was when the Bible Society sent him to Russia to edit a Manchu version of the New Testament. After his return from Russia he was sent to Spain to print and distribute the New Testa- ment in Spanish. In both these enterprises Borrow showed such zeal, coupled with extraor- dinary business sense and ability in overcoming all the obstacles which those two dilatory and unfriendly governments could devise, that one can only marvel at the blindness of that agent of Providence, the British and Foreign Bible Society, in leaving "the door shut" upon such a signally gifted servant as George Borrow. While at St. Petersburg, Borrow printed "Targum: or Metrical Translations from Thirty [actually, thirty-five] Languages and Dialects," a book remarkable for its wide range of sources, but hopelessly mediocre in metrical charm, and unfortunate in its place of publication, if Borrow had any idea of reaching an English audience. On his return from Spain Borrow made, in 1841, a moderate but promising be- ginning of literary fame by his "Zincali, or The Gypsies in Spain"—a venture along hitherto untravelled byways. This auspicious opening he followed up in 1842 by " The Bible in Spain," which was immediately and satisfyingly popular. Thus prosperously started on his career as man of letters, he disappointed the public of his own day by " Lavengro " and " The Romany Rye"; did not increase his popularity by "Wild Wales"; and brought ridicule upon himself by •Letters of Georoe Borrow to the Bible Society. Edited by T. H. Darlow. Illustrated. New York: Hodder & Stoughton. Life of George Borrow. By Herbert Jenkins. Illus- trated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Georoe Borrow: The Man and His Books. By Edward Thomas. Illustrated. New York: E. P. Dutton * Co. his last venture, the "Romano Lavo-Lil," in 1874, which revealed the seeming paradox that, as Mr. John Sampson phrases it, "A great but careless linguist, Borrow was assuredly no phil- ologist." After that he dropped out of sight so completely that the announcement of his death in July, 1881, startled people who knew his books, for they had thought him long since dead. Even Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton, whose veracity has not usually been called in question, "lost caste " in the late seventies be- cause he brazenly maintained that he had re- cently been in the company of Borrow and of Robert Latham, both of them men " who were well known to have been dead years ago." On the face of the returns, then, George Borrow gave to the Bible Society seven years of his life, and for seventeen thereafter was engaged in writing books profitable to himself and delightful to the public; but the last fifteen years of his life, like the first thirty, were spent in aimless, discontented, unaccomplishing rest- lessness. Nevertheless, though the fact remains that the seven happiest and fullest years of his life were those he spent in the service of the Bible Society, his work has proved astonishingly permanent, and his fame and popularity have been steadily growing. The Manchu version of the New Testament which Borrow edited nearly ninety years ago is still in use. His "Zincali" attracted to the gypsies and to the study of Romani the very men who thirty years later were horrified by his " Romano Lavo-Lil." The German scholars have confined themselves to irony and exclamation points when dealing with Borrow's philology, but the English gypsy- scholars have all recognized and praised the won- derful sureness with which Borrow "sensed" gypsy ways and gypsy thought; in the words of "that perfect scholar-gypsy and gypsy-scholar," Francis Hindes Groome, "he communicates a subtle insight into Gypsydom that is totally wanting in the works" of others. Moreover, the books which disappointed Borrow's own gener- ation have been steadily growing more popular. Sufficient evidence of the truth of this state- ment may be found in the fact that to-day seven British publishers issue complete editions of Borrow's works, and a half dozen others have on their lists " Lavengro " and " The Bible in Spain." It is not surprising, then, that in this year of grace—thirty-odd years after Borrow's death, and seventy years after the first appear- ance of "The Bible in Spain"—we have his "Letters to the Bible Society," and two new biographies, with a third in prospect. 44 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL A glance at Borrow's bibliography will suffice to show that few men have been as successful as he in throwing about their simplest annals a veil of mystery. After his death in 1881 three friends — Whitwell Elwin, A. Egmont Hake, and Theodore "Watts—sent to "The Athe- naeum " articles about him; and Mr. Hake later wrote for the "Dictionary of National Biog- raphy " a brief sketch, based on personal ac- quaintance, but with little access to material, and consequently furnishing only meagre de- tails, some conjecture, and some positive misin- formation. The first extended biography was Dr. William I. Knapp's " Life, Writings, and Correspondence of George Borrow," in two vol- umes. This appeared in March,1899—eighteen years after Borrow's death,—and was issued ap- propriately in England by the house of Murray, which had published Borrow's seven chief books, and in America by the Putnams, who in 1843 had re-issued " The Bible in Spain." Dr. Knapp's equipment was in many ways exceptional. He was himself a good deal of a linguist, had trav- elled extensively in Spain, and was able to devote himself for several years to following in Borrow's footsteps. He had access to the con- siderable material in Mr. Murray's possession, acquired many MSS.,and met many of Borrow's kinsmen and acquaintances. Unfortunately, Mrs. MacOubrey, Borrow's step-daughter, re- fused to communicate with him, and the officials of the Bible Society were unable to find Borrow's letters to them until (the bitter irony of it is almost tragic) a week after Dr. Knapp's book appeared! In spite of this failure to get hold of some of the important documents, however, the book is likely to remain the basic life, because Dr. Knapp spoke with many people now dead, and visited many spots now changed, and because his pioneer work in tracing Borrow's wanderings, checking up his chronology, and running down his etymologies, is subject only to minor correc- tion and revision. The defects of the book are that while it is elaborately and usefully doc- umented, its procedure is analysis and dissection, so that we do not get as a total result a vivid- ness or clearness of impression quite in keeping with what the real George Borrow indubitably was. The next attempt at a life of Borrow was made by Mr. R. A. J. Walling of Plymouth, in 1908. His "George Borrow: The Man and His Work" gathers up a few sources of information denied to Knapp, but its chief service is in clear- ing the memory of Sir John Bowring from the mud with which Borrow's hatred had so liberally plastered it. Now at last, some dozen years after their rediscovery, appear the "Letters to the Bible Society." This volume comprises 106 letters and four reports addressed to the Society or to its officials from Russia and Spain, connected and explained by much transcript from the rec- ords of the Society and from its letters to Bor- row. Borrow's communications are given entire; one could wish that the Society's letters to him, especially the Rev. Andrew Brandram's, had not been condensed. Mr. Darlow says very truth- fully that "certainly no other society ever pos- sessed such an astonishing correspondent," and calls Borrow "this most remarkable of its ser- vants." As Mr. Jenkins says: "In all probability the Bible Society has never had, and never will have again, an agent such as Borrow, who on occasion could throw aside the cloak of humility and grasp a two-edged sword with which to discomfit his enemies, and who solemnly chanted the creed of Islam whilst engaged as a Christian missionary. There was something magnificent in his Christianity; it savoured of the Crusades in its pre-Reformation virility. Martyr- dom he would accept if absolutely necessary, bnt he preferred that if martyrs there must be they should be selected from the ranks of the enemy, whilst he, George Borrow, represented the strong arm of the Lord." The effect which Borrow had upon the Rev. Andrew Brandram, as we see it reflected in this volume, excites both to mirth and to melancholy. The reverend Secretary was exactly what one would expect the holder of such a position in the thirties of the last century to be: sincere, zealous, rather obtrusively pious in manner and speech, without much imagination or ability to- understand a man so entirely unconventional and untamed as Borrow. One of the many "tongues" to which Borrow turned his attention was the religious lingo current in Bible Society circles, and it is highly diverting to see the way in which Brandram was often moved to prayer and reproof by Borrow's imperfect mastery of its- idioms. In his biography, Mr. Jenkins repro- duces a capital silhouette of Brandram, which so exquisitely corresponds with the personality revealed in his letters that we suspect the Bible Society did not care to print it with the "Let- ters." Still, even when we put silhouette and correspondence together, we think the candid reader must agree with Mr. Darlow's carefully qualified statement that "though there was con- siderable demand on both sides for patience and tolerance, yet as a whole the relationship proved creditable to all parties concerned." But if we were called upon to characterize the Society's action in depriving itself of the further services- 1913.] 45 THE DIAL of Borrow, we hardly think our choice would fall upon the word "creditable." It is difficult to say which section of these letters is the more absorbing,—those from Rus- sia, which cover new ground for Borrovians, or the others, which furnish so much comparison with " The Bible in Spain." It is enough to say that Borrow made use of not more than one- third of the material of these letters, and that they—corroborated by the records of the Bible Society—show us not only Borrow the restless adventurer, with his strange and dramatic alter- nations of agonizing melancholy and hilarious exultation, but a Borrow hardly glimpsed else- where, a skilful diplomat, an expert man of affairs, possessed of almost superhuman energy and resourcefulness in carrying through the work of the Society. Although Mr. Herbert Jenkins's "Life of George Borrow" appeared only a few weeks after the "Letters," Mr. Jenkins fortunately had free use of typewritten copies of them. In addition he unearthed much material in the Public Record Office, and received generous help from many Borrovians, a number of whom were able to get for him hitherto unpublished letters. All of this new material made it possible for Mr. Jenkins to write a Life which both corrects and supplements Dr. Knapp's, especially in the chapters on Borrow in Russia and in Spain. To this part of Borrow's life, indeed, Mr. Jenkins devotes nearly half his book. In truth, those seven years were the only ones in which Borrow put forth all his energies in successful effort—"concentrated" years, his biographer calls them. The pity of it is that from all accounts Borrow might just as well have had twice as many more like them. The second biography is Mr. Edward Thomas's "George Borrow: The Man and His Books." Mr. Thomas claims to offer no new information about Borrow, and attempts "only a re-arrangement of the myriad details access- ible to all in the writings of Borrow and about Borrow." Nevertheless Mr. Thomas has done at least two things that his fellow biographers have tried to do only incidentally: he has given a full-length portrait of Borrow, very largely in Borrow's own words, and on the background of the romantic and the unusual on which Borrow loved to present himself as the domi- nating figure; and he has analyzed Borrow's mind and style. Since in these two respects the book is a new departure in Borrovian liter- ature, and since it finds ample justification in its success, let us quote a few sentences. Of Borrow's style Mr. Thomas says (pp. 195-6): "Very little of Borrow's effectiveness can seriously be attributed to this or that quality of style, for it will amount to saying that he had an effective style. But it may be permissible to point out that it is also a style that is unnoticeable except for what it effects. It runs at times to rotten Victorianism, both heavy and vague, as when he calls El Greco or Domenico ' a most extra- ordinary genius, some of whose productions possess merit of a very high order.' He is capable of calling the eye the' orb of vision,' and the moon' the beauteous luminary.' . . . The' beauteous luminary' vein and the Biblical vein may be said to be inseparable from the long cloak, the sombrero, the picturesque romance of mystery of Spain, as they appeared to one for whom romance and mystery alike were never without pomp. But with all his rant he is invariably substantial, never aerial, and he chequers it in a Byronic manner with a sudden prose reference to bugs, or a question, or a piece of dialogue. "His dialogue can hardly be overpraised. It is life- like in its effect, though not in its actual phrases, and it breaks up the narrative and description over and over again at the right time." Of Borrow himself and the way he puts him- self into his books, he says in his Conclusion (p. 317): "He sings himself. He creates a wild Spain, a wild England, a wild Wales, and in them places himself, the Gypsies, and other wildish men, and himself again. His outstanding character, his ways and gestures, irresistible even when offensive, hold us while he is in our presence. In these repressed indoor days, we like a swaggering man who does justice to the size of the planet. We run after biographies of extraordinary monarchs, poets, ban- dits, prostitutes, and see in them magnificent expansions of our fragmentary, undeveloped, or mistaken selves. We love strange mighty men, especially when they are dead and can no longer rob us of property, sleep, or life: we can handle the great hero or blackguard by the fire- side as easily as a cat. "Borrow, as his books portray him, is admirably fitted to be our hero. He stood six-feet-two and was so finely made that, in spite of his own statement which could not be less than true, others have declared him six-feet-three and six-feet-four. He could box, ride, walk, swim, and endure hardship. He was adventurous. He was solitary. He was opinionated and a bully. He was mysterious: he impressed all and puzzled many. He spoke thirty languages and translated their poetry into verse. "Moreover, he ran away. He ran away from school as a boy. He ran away from London as a youth. He ran away from England as a man. He ran away from West Brompton as an old man, to the Gypsyries of London. He went out into the wilderness and he savoured of it. His running away from London has something grand and allegorical about it. . . ." In addition to the general mystery with which Borrow surrounded himself by vague allusions and by shuffling dates and incidents, he has left two special mysteries for Borrovians to speculate upon. One of these is the "veiled period " from 1825 to 1832. Dr. Knapp was able to show that 46 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL Borrow was in London and Norwich at various times during these seven years, so that he could not have been wandering all the time. Mr. Jenkins gathers up Borrow's various allusions to place's which he visited, if at all, during these years, and comments (p. 77): "It may be argued that Borrow was merely posing as a great traveller, but the foregoing remarks are too casual, too much in the nature of asides, to be the utter- ances of a poseur. A man seeking to impress himself upon the world as a great traveller would probably have been a little more definite. . . . There is every prob- ability that he roamed about the Continent and met with adventures—he was a man to whom adventures gravitated quite naturally. . . ." But Mr. Jenkins goes on to remark that, as the Foreign Office Records show, if Borrow went abroad, he certainly did so without obtaining a passport. Mr. Thomas thinks that "A little too much has been made of this 'veiled period,' not by Borrow, but by others. It would have been fair to surmise that if he chose not to write about this period of his life, either there was very little in it, or there was something in it which he was unwilling — perhaps ashamed — to disclose; and what has been dis- covered suggests that he was in an unsettled state. . . . Borrow himself took no great pains to preserve the veil." If we know all that we are to know, then it seems that Mr. Thomas's surmise is the right one—that "there was very little in it," for it seems incredible that "a man to whom," as Mr. Jenkins has reminded us," adventure gravitated quite naturally," should have done very much wandering in those years without finding mate- rial for more than vague allusions; and that there was anything in them of which he was "ashamed''—except because of lack of romantic adventure—is extremely unlikely, when we re- call how clean the rest of his life was, and espe- cially how, in all his association with the riff-raff of Europe, he never descended to their level of speech or conduct, but maintained always his own respect and theirs. The other mystery is the question, Did Bor- row actually write in seven days the "Life and Adventures of Joseph Sell, the Great Travel- ler"? Or is it merely one more of the "ghost books" that haunt our literature? Knapp thought it a short story; Mr. Jenkins believes in it. He comments (p. 55): "In favour of the story having been actually written, is the knowledge that Borrow invented little or nothing. Collateral evidence has shown how little he deviated from actual happenings, although he did not hesitate to revise dates or colour events. The strongest evidence, however, lies in the atmosphere of truth that pervades Chapters LV-LVII of Lavengro. They are convincing. At one time or another during his career, it would appear that Borrow wrote against time from grim necessity; otherwise he must have been a master of invention, which everything that is known about him clearly shows that he was not." Mr. Thomas says that "There is no evidence except that the account sounds true, and might very well be true." Inasmuch as Mr. Thomas has found "The Dairyman's Daughter," which Sir Richard Phillips commended to Borrow's attention, someone may some day find a copy of "Joseph Sell." Mr. John Sampson, it may be added, is entirely sceptical. In his Introduction to "The Romany Rye" he writes: "The name 'Sell' which in some curious fashion seems to carry conviction to Professor Knapp's mind, seems to me a singularly inauspicious one, especially when coming from a writer who, like Pakomovna, was 'born not far from the sign of the gammon,' and who boasts in his appendix of having inserted deliberate misstatements in his books in order to deceive and mis- lead the critics." For further light upon Borrow's life there seem to be left just two possible sources of information. No one has thus far been able to trace Borrow's letters to the one man with whom he seems to have been really intimate — the Dane, John Hasfeldt, whom he first met in St. Petersburg. Are those letters still in exist- ence? If they are, they should be almost worth all the rest. The other source is in what may have been left in the hands of Borrow's step- daughter Henrietta, Mrs. MacOubrey. She died at Great Yarmouth in 1904, and in 1907 Mr. Clement Shorter announced that "All her lit- erary effects, including many interesting MSS., have been passed on to me by her executor, Mr. Hubert Smith, and these will be used in my forthcoming biography of Borrow." This biog- raphy was announced for issue a year ago, but Mr. Shorter has written that it will not appear before next spring at the earliest. He does not divulge what light these MSS. may throw upon the questions we have touched on; but if he makes as good a biography as either of the two here reviewed, he will have the gratitude of all good Borrovians—a tribe that increaseth daily. Edwaed Payson Morton. A Great Art Genius Self-Revealed.* Although there have been six French editions of Rodin's "Conversations," the "most impor- tant art work of years," it is only now that we have the book in an English translation. Rodin, greatest of the moderns though he is, has until recently been very inadequately appreciated in *Abt. By Auguste Rodin. Translated from the French of Paul Osell by Mrs. Romilly Fedden. Illustrated. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. 1913.] 47 THE DIAL England and far too little known in America. Now at last we have a fine collection of his most representative sculpture in the New York Met- ropolitan Museum, and through that and the present book we can begin to study the man and his work as both deserve. The volume just published in so magnificent a dress consists of a series of talks between the master and his admiring disciple, Paul Gsell, — conversations delightfully set, sometimes in Rodin's old chateau at Meudon, sometimes in Paris either at the Louvre or at the studio in the Hotel Biron. The sculptor does what few artists have been willing or able to do, he analyzes his own impulses and ideas, explains their formula- tion in his works, and indicates their relation to modern life and to the art of other periods. This unusually frank and generous self-revelation is of course the most interesting element in the book. The man appears as a vehemently sincere and philosophical student of reality, the centre of whose belief is in constant work carried on by the inspiration of a universal sympathy and by a method which is an unexhausted probing of surface actualities in the search for their subtlest meanings. As Mr. Bernard Shaw says, in a recent witty review in the London "Nation," "Rodin . . . knows what is important and what is not, and what can be taught and what cannot; . . . apart from the acquired skill of his hands, which he shares with any stone mason, he has only two qualifications to make him the divinest workman now living. One is a profounder and more accurate vision than anyone else's. The other is an incorruptible veracity." The vision, Rodin insists again and again, is the result of the veracity. If the first commandment of an artist's religion is, he says, to understand thor- oughly the modeling of a leg or an arm, it is because without ceaseless striving for an exact knowledge of forms the artist can never hope to convey successfully the significance of his work, his own sense of its inner spirit. Nature, tire- lessly watched and questioned and interpreted, makes it possible for the sculptor or the poet or the musician in his poem,—whether the medium be bronze or words or tone,—to raise the veil a little from the face of life, and in particular to show us something of the value of the emotions that are our deepest experiences. And it is by this illumination cast fearlessly into every nook and cranny of our world, that the artist group serve their fellow-men. The philosophic theory touched upon through- out this aesthetic is as alive and modern as the figures in which the sculptor has best ex- pressed it and himself. Instinct and intuition, those long-despised human tools which specula- tion is only just beginning to rank equally with intelligence, are understood as playing an im- portant part in our comprehension of reality. Something very like the "will to power" of Nietzsche, the elan vital of Bergson, is con- ceived as working itself out in the complex unity of our struggling life, giving to its every mani- festation an infinite value, and apprehended by us through our warmest feelings quite as in- tensely, indeed more intensely, than by our coolest thoughts. It is because to a passionate sympathy nothing is meaningless or ugly that Rodin so emphasizes tolerance of judgment, so insists on a broadening of our appreciations that will compel us to see a terrible beauty even in so deformed a wreck as "Le vieille Heaulmiere." Surely her creator has shown that the old woman carries a poignant history in herself, not only of her own career but of the age that made her pos- sible. His mission (the religious term is not ill-applied to an ideal envisaged with so much fervor) Rodin describes as this apprehending of individual values and the attempt to commu- nicate them to his contemporaries. Since he sees further than he has yet taught most of us to see, his work, like that of every other seer, has naturally been regarded askance by his generation and labeled ugly and immoral by those who do not understand it. Everything new is strange and uncomfortably puzzling to us habit-ridden and unadventurous creatures, — every unaccustomed freedom, especially of bodily pose or motion, is by the majority eyed suspiciously when not hastily covered up or severely frowned down. From this public conservatism springs the ancient and yet ever- fresh controversy over the relation of art to morality. But the old problem never troubles a creative genius; he leaves its solution to the critics and is content to go on formulating truths as he grasps them, sure that from the new paths he is hewing out, our view of nature will slowly widen and deepen. If Rodin had his way we would all be artists. His Utopia, like William Morris's, is founded on a vision of universal creative joy. Would it not be delightful, he says, if every man could take the pleasure in his particular task that the artist takes in his? Then we should have carpenters who rejoice in the sawing of beams, masons revel- ling in the cutting of stones, teamsters finding satisfaction in treating their beasts well. If more of such joy-bringing enthusiasm for individual 48 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL work were prevalent, more of us would " walk the earth like gods," with eyes for the number- less marvels before us; to more of us would be given the sympathy and the vision that are the essence of the artist's mind. It is impossible in the brief compass of this notice to suggest more than the central point of view of this wonderfully stimulating and sug- gestive book; the artist will find in the volume itself endless delight, and to the layman it will open many fresh interests. The very beautiful illustrations, which include two portraits and numerous reproductions of small studies not found in the French editions, add great value to the text; the half-tones are perhaps not so suc- cessful as those in the less pretentious Paris pub- lication, but the photogravures are much finer. Unfortunately, the English text has none of the charm of the original; it is a literal rendering of M. Gsell's lively idioms, but so faithful to Gallic turns of phrase as to sound foreign in English and not a little stiff and ungraceful. Delicate shades of meaning, playful turns of wit, exuberance of enthusiasm,—all these qualities of the original are here levelled into the some- what plodding style of a conscientious linguistic student. Yet even through so disappointing a medium there glows the spirit of the book's author, his whole-hearted worship of life and its beauty, his undaunted devotion to his difficult •deal. Winifred Smith. IiOur> Byron as a Satirist.* The "noble minor" whose "Hours of Idle- ness" received the lash in the "Edinburgh Review" of 1807, and who was stung by the censure (of Jeffrey, as he thought) into becom- ing a poet more worthy of consideration, had enjoyed little training of the proper sort for the career of letters—as indeed he afterwards disclosed: "And thus, untaught in youth my heart to tame, My springs of life were poisoned." It is common to make a sharp antithesis between "life" and "books"—between the discipline in school and the discipline without; but it is also vulgar, and we cannot justify the antithesis by reason. Unfortunate in his early surround- ings, unsettled in his schooling, Byron grew up an omnivorous and uncritical, though biased, reader, with a long memory for the substance of history, epic poetry, and the drama; but he had a •Lord Byron ab a Satirist in Verse. By Claude M. Fuess, Ph.D. New York: Columbia University Press. slipshod verbal memory that interfered with the precision of his acquirements, and he lacked the fine sense for the use of words which represents an inner clarity of thought and definiteness of emotion, and which distinguishes the poet from the occasionally felicitous rhymster—which dis- tinguishes Horace, whom as a boy he " hated so," from the author not only of "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers," but of "Beppo," "Don Juan," "The Vision of Judgment," and even "Hints from Horace," written at a time when the Roman poet had become an object of Byron's admiration. If one's springs of life, are so poisoned as to be permanently vitiated, if mind and heart are so undisciplined that the brain at length becomes "In its own eddy boiling and o'erwrought, A whirling gulf of phantasy and flame" (whatever that may mean), the flow of language from such a well is unlikely to be English pure and undefiled. The truth is, even when he has become more stoical, Byron is no literary artist; he often loses control of his medium,and often carelessly abuses it. If Tennyson and Milton, for example, in the use of words and figures, and indeed in every element of style, exhibit the sureness of touch that characterizes a great painter like Rembrandt or Da Vinci in the laying on of pigments, or a great composer such as Beethoven in the choice and arrangement of musical notes, Byron by comparison is wholly lacking in sensitiveness as to the details of the English language and its syntax. Now, to return, this sensitiveness is largely a matter of early discipline of heart and head, and in the mature writer is an element of his personality. It is an element in Swift, as in Juvenal or Horace. It is an element in the character of a great satirist, as it is in that of a tragic or an epic poet. Even though the satirist debases his medium, and for his own purposes departs from the accepted usage, he must do so with a full, and not a fumbling, sense of what is right. And yet, if he was trained for anything, Byron was trained for the writing of satire. His poetry has its immediate roots in the poetry of "The Anti-Jacobin"; its models, so far as the native literature is concerned, are to be found in Pope and Dryden; his best efforts sprang from the influence, direct or indirect, of the Italian school of Berni and Pulci; he was not untouched by the severer part of Dante; and he ultimately harks back to Juvenal and Horace. With the main body of European satire, outside of the Middle Ages, Byron was more or less familiar; some 1913.] 49 THE DIAL authors, as Horace and Pulci, he studied with attention. Nor is it without significance that the opening of "English Bards and Scotch Review- ers" is an imitation of the first two lines in Juvenal. Byron had also seen the world, as the saying goes—not Plato's world, nor more than a third of Dante's, and hardly so much as the world of Lucian. He knew "life "—not an abun- dant life, not life seen steadily and as a whole, but life externally diversified and shifting. He knew men, including certain good men like Scott and Moore, and was interested in them—though not in Christian men as such nor in virtuous women. In the region where satire has interests in common with literary criticism (which is also a criticism of life), Byron eventually gained some special knowledge. He is not unacquainted with certain documents of great significance in poeti- cal theory. He translated and adapted the " Ars Poetica" of Horace, and can speak jocularly of the treatises of Aristotle and Longinus. At the same time, he regards the theory of literature as a set of arbitrary rules and precepts, not as a body of living principles; and his own critical estimates and predictions in "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers " turned out to be mainly wrong—as Aristophanes's criticism of 2Es- chylus and Euripides did not. Nevertheless, Byron is in vital contact with literary tradition in many important ways; and in respect to his satiric vein particularly he merits special study. Such study has been accorded him by Dr. Claude M. Fuess, whose work, entitled "Lord Byron as a Satirist in Verse," is an outgrowth of certain investigations pursued at Columbia University in the field of English satire, especi- ally that of the eighteenth century. His book appears in the series of " Columbia Studies in English and Comparative Literature." In his collection of facts relating to the activity of Byron as a satirist Dr. Fuess has shown commendable industry; nothing of great importance seems to be omitted. Moreover, the material has been arranged in good order; and the style of the monograph, if it betrays no unusual distinction, is clear and straightforward, and is pleasant to read. Direct references to Byron and his works are adequately supplied in the footnotes. One could wish that all refer- ences to other matters of fact, and to various authorities consulted, were given as fully. The allusion to Professor Tucker on page 2 is in- sufficient; the attribution of " The Simpliciad" to Richard Mant, on page 62, needs substan- tiation from a recent article on the subject — if there is a reference to that article elsewhere in the monograph, I have missed and cannot find it, for the Index is inadequate; and there are other small defects of a like nature. The Bibliography " includes only the more import- ant sources of information" for the treatise. It does not include "La Legende de Don Juan" by Georges Gendarme de Be'votte, which ought to have been consulted. Chapter XL of that work is indispensable to every student of Byron, and bears directly upon the subject of investi- gation selected by Dr. Fuess. Nor does the list include the "Studien fiber Byron und Wordsworth" of F. H. Pughe, which contains something to the purpose. In the main, how- ever, this number of the Columbia Studies may be characterized as honest, painstaking, and substantial. When we come to the more philosophical aspects of the subject, Dr. Fuess leaves some- thing to be desired. They who wish to under- stand Byron as a satirist must possess a first-rate acquaintance with Latin satire, above all with that of Juvenal, if not with Greek satire and Lucian; and they who, in particular, would like to set a value on the satiric literary criticism of Lord Byron, or any other modern poet, had best begin by studying Aristophanes, especially in the " Frogs." In the work of Dr. Fuess there is no indication that he has properly considered Byron with reference to a classical background. Two or three allusions to the Roman poet are not enough to put the modern in a due per- spective. And there is no mention of Aristo- phanes. Now Byron may or may not have undergone much influence from the Greek, though he personally knew two translators, Frere and Mitchell, of "a certain comic poet," regarded the version of Mitchell as " excellent," and at least on one occasion borrows from the "Clouds"; there is some evidence, too, of his interest in Lucian. If we divided all the English poets according to their tendencies and likings into Greeks and Romans (and it is no bad division for the comparative study of liter- ature), Byron, of course, would be labelled a Roman. But whatever his bias, and whether he has read Greek or Latin, or both, or neither, in the observation and comparison of literary types we are bound to examine him primarily with reference to ultimate rather than proximate standards. Dr. Fuess has carefully followed out the indebtedness of Byron to the mock- heroic verse of Pulci and the rest of the Italians — a task well worth doing in detail, although the French work on Don Juan, noted above, sketches the topic in a masterly fashion. Yet 50 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL this is not enough. We must have a standard for Berni and Pulci, too. And, not to trench upon the disputed question of the Greek or Latin origin of satire, we must draw our stand- ard in the main from classical writers, and, of these, in the main from Juvenal — not because he was "conventional," or had followers who were uninspired, but because he marked out certain lines which satire must take, so long as human nature remains the same. In Roman satire, these lines are unmistak- able, hence we find in Juvenal the topics, treated with some regard to unity and coherence, to which Byron continually returns — since it is his misfortune never to have done with a given phrase or subject. But more than this, we find in Roman satire that the nature of the type is not alone what Dr. Fuess seems to think it. The essence of satire is not alone to be destruc- tive. The proper effect of it is also partly in- dicated by the familiar Latin term, satura lanx, suggesting the full platter of various comes- tibles, including things tart, and savory, and even sweet—and not all bitter. Such are the sights and sounds of a monstrous city, though we must confess there is little that is savory in Juvenal's description of Rome. Yet one may compare Byron's representation of London in Canto 11 of " Don Juan " with the third satire of Juvenal, or indeed with one or other of the modern imitations of that famous dish — John- son's " London," for example, or perhaps Book Seventh of Wordsworth's " Prelude." If Canto 11 of "Don Juan" shows Byron at or near his best as a satirist (and Dr. Fuess thinks well of this and the following cantos), it must be con- fessed that he is far behind both Johnson and Wordsworth not only in power of construction but also in wealth and choice of detail. Turning to one or two minor points, we may say, first of all, that Dr. Fuess clearly under- rates the mock-heroic "King Arthur and his Round Table" of Hookham Frere—as Byron did not underrate it. In point of time, we must remember, it lies between the brilliant work of Frere for "The Anti-Jacobin" and his even more brilliant translation of Aristophanes. Nor does there seem to be any good reason for going behind Byron's own opinion that his reading of "the ingenious Whistlecraft" (i. e., Frere) led him to write in the vein of Berni and Pulci. In fact, to the present writer it would seem that the supple spirit of Frere has better adapted itself to the mock-heroic ottava rima of the Italians than either Merivale or Byron. Even so, if one had not read Whistlecraft, one might credit the following stanza to Byron himself, except that the style is more correct than is usual with him. Incidentally it helps to illus- trate the theory of satire: "We must take care in our poetic cruise, And never hold a single tack too long; Therefore my versatile ingenious Muse Takes leave of this illiterate, low-bred throng, Intending to present superior views, Which to genteeler company belong, And show the higher orders of society Behaving with politeness and propriety." Compare also the delicate irony at the beginning of Canto 8: "I've a proposal here from Mr. Murray —" which has quite the tone of Byron's communi- cations to the same publisher. Again, Dr. Fuess is unable to see why Byron continued to attach so much importance to his "Hints from Horace"; but to me, at all events, this adaptation constitutes one of the permanent gifts of Byron to English literature. Finally, I cannot help believing that Dr. Fuess on the whole has rated Byron's satire too highly, partly because of a conventional attitude to the poet which has arisen on the Continent. There, Byron has been overpraised, simply be- cause very good critics who speak and think in another language cannot have a sure feeling for the niceties of English, and are unaffected by such a manner as would disgust them in their own tongue. As for his substance, or what underlies it, his standards of judgment, Byron, after all, as Dr. Fuess remarks, is negative. He whips hypocrisy and vice, but does not by impli- cation magnify virtue. His saeva indignatio is not, like that of Juvenal, supported by a basic love of rectitude and decency. One could not say of Juvenal what Praed makes Byron say of himself—properly enough in the very stanza which Byron took from Whistlecraft and the Italians: "But I have moved too long in cold society, Where it's the fashion not to care a rush; Where girls are always thinking of propriety, And men are laughed at if they chance to blush; And thus I've caught the sickness of sobriety, Forbidden sighs to sound, and tears to gush; Become a great philosopher, and curled Around my heart the poisons of the world. "And I have learnt at last the hideous trick Of laughing at whate'er is great or holy; At horrid tales that turn a soldier sick, At griefs that make a Cynic melancholy; At Mr. Lawless, and at Mr. Brie, At Mr. Milman, and at Mr. Croly; At Ti!m« and Young, Macbeth and Cinna — Eve ■ r. ■ i' -r.ible Corinna! 1913.] 51 THE DIAL, "To me all light is darkness; — love is lust, Painting soiled canvas, poetry soiled paper; The fairest loveliness a pinch of dust, The proudest majesty a hreath of vapor; I have no sympathy, no tear, no trust, No morning musing and no midnight taper For daring manhood, or for dreaming youth, Or maiden purity, or matron truth." Lane Cooper. The Living Machine.* Everyone who undertakes to philosophize, even mildly, about biological matters is pres- ently compelled to make up his mind about a very puzzling question. Of course, nobody settles the question by making up his mind. But everyone can, and in fact does, settle what shall be his attitude or point of view respecting this fundamental question of the form of the vital equation. There are three, and essentially only three, possible decisions. Either Life = Inorganic matter -|- physico-chemical energy and forces -f nothing more tchat- soever, which is the mechanistic conception of life; or Life = Inorganic matter + physico-chemical energy and forces + a special vital element different in kind, and in toto, from every- thing not living, which is the vitalist's rendering of the equation of life; or, finally, Life = Inorganic matter + physico-chemical energy and forces -f- f (a-), where x denotes the great unknown beyond the bound- aries of the meagre store of knowledge of life which biological science has so far accumulated, which is the position of the rational agnostic, who simply believes that the present state of knowledge does not warrant him in definitely asserting that x is what either his vitalistic or his mechanistic friends say it is. The distinguished biologist Jacques Loeb is one of the most ardent and uncompromising of living advocates of the first rendering of the equation. As such, he was invited to address the First International Congress of Monists held in Hamburg in September, 1911. His paper, "The Mechanistic Conception of Life," gives the title to a book which brings together ten papers and addresses originally published at various times during the last twenty years. The * The Mechanistic Conception ok Life. Biological Essays. By Jacques Loeb. M.D., Ph.D.. Sc.I). University of Chicago Press. general purpose is to furnish a popular presen- tation of some of the chief results of the author's investigations. The essays touch more or less closely upon all the great fields of biology. The Monist Congress address serves as a general introduction and survey of the problems. The next three papers deal with the functioning of the nervous system and psychology. Then fol- lows a lecture on experimental morphology, first printed in 1893, in which experiments are de- scribed to show that the laws of form production and organization are derived " from the common source of all life phenomena, i.e., the chemical activity of the cell." The next three essays deal with different aspects of what are perhaps Professor Loeb's most brilliant investigations, those on artificial parthenogenesis, which is an intensified way of speaking about the causation of the development of offspring without pater- nal participation. The ninth essay belongs essentially in the same group as the preceding three, though it deals specifically with "Role of Salts in the Preservation of Life." The con- cluding address, on the " Influence of the Envi- vironment on Animals," was delivered at the Darwin Celebration in Cambridge. It is in- cluded, no doubt, to show us how the mechanist looks at the broad problems of evolution. While this book thus ranges well over the whole field of biology in its subject matter, it attains a degree of unity not to be found in many works of much more limited scope. This comes from the insistent maintenance of the same viewpoint, regardless of what may be the problem attacked, or what may have been the conventional way of looking at it before. Pro- fessor Loeb states at the beginning of the first paper that its object is "to discuss the question whether our present knowledge gives us any hope that ultimately life, i. e., the sum of all life phenomena, can be unequivocally explained in physico-chemical terms." It might with equal fairness be said to have been the object of the author's working life to answer this same question. Every experiment has been planned to bear on this problem. With such a whole-souled devotion to a basic leading idea it could but be expected that results would follow. Such, in fact, has been the case to a remarkable degree. However much one may disagree with Professor Loeb as to the gen- eral and fundamental conclusions to be drawn from his experimental results, and some biolo- gists do disagree, no one can deny that his work has had a profound influence on the progress of biological science during the past twenty-five 52 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL years. It has opened up new fields of research, and has given new angles of approach to old problems. His first work on the reactions of organisms to stimuli may fairly be said to have given the start to the modern development of the analytical study of animal behavior and com- parative psychology. His theory of tropisms, to which one chapter of the present book is devoted, has been a Streitfrage,va the battling over which a host of new facts about how animals actually do respond to forces has been brought to light. The researches on the causation of the develop- ment of the egg through chemical and physical means have given an altogether new conception of the fundamental nature of the process of fertilization. The investigations regarding the influence of the chemical elements singly and in various combinations on the vital processes of living tissue have had far-reaching consequences for scientific medicine and experimental physi- ology, not only on account of the novelty and value of the results obtained, but also because they have furnished a new way of attacking problems. The salient results of all this research when looked at as a whole, as is possible in such a book as the present one, certainly make an imposing record of achievement. As has been intimated above, there are per- haps fewer who will follow to the end Loeb, the philosopher, than will gladly go with Loeb, the biologist, and indeed wish for the indefinite ex- tension of so profitable a journey. The difficulty is that to many minds the step from the utmost that is now known of the physics and chemistry of living material to the somewhat bitter end of the mechanistic philosophy, which avers that "we ourselves are only chemical mechanisms," is too wide to be gracefully accomplished. The contentions of the mechanist may be entirely true, but to some it seems wiser to wait a bit, without in the least prejudging the case to the detriment of either the mechanist or the vitalist. Raymond Pearl. To the rapidly growing literature on eugenics Mrs. La Reine Helen Baker contributes a small volume with the title, "Race Improvement or Eugenics: A Little Book on a Great Subject "(Dodd, Mead & Co.). In eight short chapters dealing with such topics as " Heredity and Environment," "Marriage," " The Possibilities of Race Improvement," etc., she gives a distinctly readable introduction to the subject, and makes a forceful plea for the wider extension of eugenic ideals. The object of the book is frankly to win converts. Its appeal, in consequence, is quite as much to the emotions as to the intellect. Two appendices deal respectively with " Ma- ternity Maintenance " and "Sterilization of the Unfit." The Plays of Stblndberg.* To understand and appreciate to the full Johan August Strindberg, one should be a late- nineteenth century Swede, an habitue of Paris- ian society, a dabbler in all sciences, something of a genius oneself,—and more or less divorced. Failing in all these qualifications, the present writer approaches his task with a humble spirit. He might even have been catalogued by Strind- berg among the "right-minded," though I trust not. One may still love his wife (at least in America), and entertain an old-fashioned enthu- siasm for marriage without deserving the epithet of "right-minded." In the worst event, I have the virtue of my defects, — that is, I am con- scious of them and can be on my guard. In the first place, no one can read a play of Strindberg's without receiving an intellectual jolt. There comes the startling conviction that here is the transcript of a great mind. One may or may not agree that what one reads is great drama or great literature; but there is no doubt that the big, restless, cutting, probing spirit of the man who wrote it is a stupendous human spectacle. It is common for critics to see in Strindberg a type —the restless, honest pessim- ism of the last quarter of the nineteenth century, an epoch recognized by most contemporaneous philosophers as a "transitional era." This is true in a very real sense; and still I find Strind- berg, of all recent writers, sui generis. Nowhere else have I come upon such utter desolate pes- simism; but it is an earnest pessimism: there is nothing of the fermentation of the cynic in it. On every page is the nervous anxiety to find happiness, joined to the rational despair of find- ing it. The writer does not seem like a man who has turned bitter because his own life disap- pointed him (though no doubt that was tragic); his pessimism is biological, and so complete. He feels that life has missed fire,— that the Almighty, or whatever corresponds, made in the •Plays by August Strindberg. Comprising: Miss Julia, and The Stronger, in one volume; Creditors, and Pariah, in one volume; There Are Crimea and Crimes. Each translated from the Swedish, with Introduction, by Edwin Bjorkman. New York: Charles Scribner's Sous. Plays of August Strindberg: The Father; Countess Julie; The Outlaw; The Stronger. Translated by Edith and Warner Oland. With frontispiece. Boston : John W. Luce & Co. Easter, and Stories. By August Strindberg; trans" luted from the Swedish by Velnia Swanston Howard. With portrait. Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd Co. Lucky Pehr. A Drama in Five Acts. By August Strindberg. Translated from the Swedish by Velma Swanston Howard. With portrait. Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd Co. 1913.] 53 THE DIAL beginning a miscalculation from which we shall all suffer to the end of time, guilty and innocent alike. It is the Slough of Despond into which his early materialism dumped him, and from which his later Swedenborgian mysticism was powerless to extricate him, apparently driving his feet deeper into the slime. He reached the rock-bottom of despair, the antipodes of faith. It should not be inferred from what has been said that there is no pleasure in the reading of these plays. "The pleasure, I assure you, is negligible," as Mr. Queed said to Sharlie when her big mastiff was rolling him around in the street; but nevertheless it is real. The student of life must ever find the entertainment satis- factory when a big man like Strindberg gives the world what "is coming to it,"—and more. Even though the beating may seem undeserved, it is impossible to withhold admiration for the honesty and courage behind the blows. Karl XV. admired the viking spirit of "The Outlaw," and no one can miss the same god-defying inde- pendence and solemn man-reliance throughout all the work of this mighty modern Swede. For all that, he is intensely vulnerable at one point, which shall be touched later. "The Stronger," an episode in one scene, -seems to me the strongest dramatically of the plays here considered. The target is neither high nor low nor far, but the scene hits the bull's-eye. It is a small thing, and the form is a dramatic miniature; but its perfection makes it notable for all that. Its simplicity is unique: a waitress brings a cup of chocolate, Mrs. X speaks and Miss Y remains silent. That is all; and anything more would be too much. "The Outlaw " is a scene from the early con- flict between Paganism and Christianity in the North. It shows promise of the author's later and better historical work in its considerable dramatic intensity. But all the figures, with the exception of the outlaw, are "lay"—fully as wooden as the figure-head on the viking's ship. The daughter's independence toward her lover, an important bit of the complication, is belied by her frightened subservience to her father; and all the action at the last becomes muddy and unconvincing. Moreover, it is difficult to dis- cover any meaning to the whole, for the attitude of the young writer shifts with the wind, now directing a satire against Christianity, and now subscribing conventionally to its faith. But the sketch of the Outlaw is good, and very likely one should ask nothing more of this kind of play. "The Father " and " Miss Julia " are the most important of the works under discussion; in fact they are usually regarded as Strindberg's greatest plays. The extravagant encomiums bestowed upon the former will prove somewhat of a bewilderment to many readers in America, especially those of the "Philistine" "right- minded" type. The play is saturated with the darkest misogamy. The theme, that no father is sure of his own fatherhood, is the final cause of the Captain's madness. The wife, who shows traces (but only traces) of a type, is a creature who appears to believe genuinely that she is jus- tified in her persecutions and harassments. Mr. Edwin Bjorkman, the translator, in one of his admirable introductions, says that Strindberg placed woman midway biologically between the man and the child. In this I do not seriously question his science. But Laura, who unques- tionably represents Woman Fighting for her Offspring, is not midway betwen the man and the child; she is somewhere between the ape and the tiger. The whole thing lacks edifica- tion, and fails to convince that there was ever such a silly strong man as the Captain, or such a good devilish wife as Laura; and it is at least an open question whether the play possesses enough general truth to give it literary value. "Creditors," belonging to the same middle "Naturalistic" period of Strindberg's work, presents the like wholesale strictures on woman. Tekla is a chameleon, taking character from the lapel of the coat of him on whose breast she happens to be leaning. Even Mr. Bjorkman doubts if there ever was a Tekla in real life. There is a word of wisdom in this play which Strindberg must have written under a spell, for throughout his work elsewhere he appears un- conscious of it: "Tekla. What you mean with all this, of course, is that you have written my books. "Adolph. No, that's what you want me to mean in order to make me out a liar. I do n't use such crude expressions as you do, and I spoke for something like five minutes to get in all the nuances, all the halftones, all the transitions — but your hand-organ has only a single note in it. "Tekla. Yes, but the summary of the whole story is that you have written my books. "Adolph. No, there is no summary. You cannot reduce a chord into a single note. You cannot trans- late a varied life into a sum of one figure. I have made no blunt statements like that of having written your books." One cannot escape the feeling that Strindberg's powerful instrument reduces the chord of Tekla and Laura to a single note. "Miss Julia," as far as construction goes, deserves all the praise it has been accorded. Its unity and mass are admirable in their art, — THE DIAL [Jan. 16, even if, like all art, they are a bit unnatural. The long and famous introduction by Strind- berg is extremely interesting, and pregnant with practical suggestions in stage-craft. The trans- lator, too, deserves the grateful homage of an English-reading public for an extraordinarily brilliant translation. I judge little or nothing is lost in bringing the work to us from the Swedish. Take it all in all, "Miss Julia" represents Strindberg's peculiar genius in one of his most successful climaxes, so it is signifi- cant. Still, even " Miss Julia" does not quite bear out the promise of the elaborate introduc- tion and the play's immense reputation. Strind- berg admits, or announces rather, that he has made Julia an " exception to prove a rule "— a sort of thing, by the way, that seems difficult to square with pedestrian logic. She decidedly impresses us as an exception, and there are so many contributing causes suggested for her lapse and consequent tragedy that we are be- wildered and chagrined. Her mother's shady past, her father's foolish ideas of education, her own complex nature, her insulation against de- cent marriageable men, the license of the Mid- summer's Night dance, her father's absence, Jean's superficial gentlemanliness,— all these things, we are asked to believe, combined and brought it about that Julia most brazenly threw herself into the arms of an unimaginative boor, and was afterward shaken by alternating cur- rents of remorse, passion, ecstasy, and hatred, ending in the deepest self-loathing and, presum- ably, suicide. We agree that it may be true, but what of it? It merely goes to show that nature and chance and the author can form a combin- ation too much for a human girl. Miss Julia is honorable,—nay more, noble. It is because of her nobility that her tragedy is a real one. Nevertheless, it is difficult to sympathize with those who find this play "too sad." Julia is too great an exception to feel sad over. It is very good realism, but it is not reality. This brings us to the touch-stone. Is there nothing but sex, sex, sex to write about? Why do all roads in modern fiction and drama lead into lovers' lanes? It would seem that we are more primitive than our ancestors, who could find pleasure in tales of friendship and heroism, sometimes omitting, as in Beowulf (a Swedish hero, by the way) the lady in the case. Our age has been sex-mad, and Strindberg is a symptom. There is still another, and more vital, criticism, — the vulnerable point I have above alluded to. Strindberg is big, but not big enough. He is courageous, but singularly fearful about the pain in the world. Without aiming at being philoso- phical, I should call him an extreme Hedonist. Pleasure to him is a serious End and a Good in Itself. He never learned the lesson Carlyle beat into the head of the nineteenth century,— that Duty, and not Pleasure, is the chief end of man. In his later semi-mystical plays partic- ularly, such as "There Are Crimes and Crimes" and "The Dream Play," the hedonistic philos- ophy is responsible for the pessimism. The tragedy of " The Dream Play " is the endless re- currence of duties. Personally, I shall reserve my pity for the man or woman who does not have this endless round of duties. God have mercy on the victims of the drug, dilettantism. The philosophy which cannot understand pain and suffering and duty in the world, but merely inveighs against them, is not big enough. One play from his third, or "Symbolistic," period stands almost alone. This is "Easter." There is a sweeter, saner, more life-giving spirit about it. I should like to believe that it repre- sents without irony the older and riper Strind- berg; but it seems to have been nothing more than an eddy, a moment of spiritual rest in his tumultuous life-and-thought stream. In this Swedish "Vicar of Wakefield," -where every- thing comes out right in the end, Strindberg says to the little child, the world: "Here's a quarter for you. Run along and buy some sweets with it. I know they will make you sick, but I don't care this time." Somewhat similar in tone, though belonging among Strindberg's early work, is "Lucky Pehr." It is an allegory that brings up many associations, chief among them being Ibsen's "Peer Gynt," Maeterlinck's " The Blue Bird," and Balzac's "The Wild Ass's Skin." "Lucky Pehr " is not unpleasant reading, but it contans no large or vital truth — except perhaps the in- cidental one that happiness comes from striving rather than wishing. This sentence from Nietzsche appears at the head of a biographical note in the volume trans- lated by Edith and Warner Oland: "I tell you, you must have chaos in you if you would give birth to a dancing star." This is altogether apt for a volume of Strindberg's plays. You feel the whirling chaos in him, and he does give birth to occasional dancing stars. But the domi- nant impression one has on closing the book, on capping the telescope after a survey of the Strindberg firmament, is that a vast lot of star- dust in chaos remains merely nebular. Thomas Perctval Beyer. 1913.] 65 THE DIAL. Force and Finance vs. Human Fraternity.* The ten articles contained in Captain Mahan's new book, "Armaments and Arbitration," have previously appeared in the magazines, and are here assembled with immaterial alterations. The position of Captain Mahan maybe surmised from his previous works. He perceives that arbitration, which origin- ally was merely a tool in the hands of diplomatists, has gradually developed in scope until by reason of "the coercive influence of public emotion, perhaps more in love with the name than comprehensive of the facts," governments find themselves losing their freedom to reject arbitration at discretion. To this tendency Captain Mahan raises a series of objections. To begin with, he urges that the triumphs ac- credited to arbitration are in many cases deceptive, as arbitration was not accepted by the disputants from "love of right or of essential justice, but from a wish to escape the material damage of war." Be- cause the states were nearly equal in strength they accepted arbitration, which would have been rejected had either state possessed superior force. It is fur- ther objected that the ideal implied by the expres- sion, "law in place of war," is impracticable. The law can settle only questions which involve the prin- ciples of law, and which are covered by existing legislation; whereas international differences are often questions of policy, involving claims which have no recognition in law. Law is, therefore, inadequate. "Law could not have abolished slavery; could not have given the impetus which achieved German unity; could not have dispossessed Turkey of her misgoverned territories, nor Spain of hers; could not have extorted from the Kriiger rigime fair treatment for the foreigner, nor established equal rights in South Africa as it was; could not have vindicated the natural rights of Japan against the encroachments of Russia in the Far East. Diplomacy using force accomplished in these instances results to which law was unequal. . . . The great objection to law, however, is not merely that it is inadequate, but that in most of the above cases it would have been in- equitable—would have perpetuated injustice by sanctioning outworn conditions or inapplicable principles/' Force — or the threat of force, which is the same thing,— can, in Admiral Mahan's opinion, alone settle questions like these. It is also objected that the schemes to enlarge the scope of arbitration — especially those which would make arbitration compulsory at the demand of one of the parties, — besides depriving governments of their former freedom, tend to undermine the prin- ciple of independent nationality, to modify the •Armaments and Arbitration. Or, The Place of Force in the International Relations of States. By A. T. Mahan. New York: Harper & Brothers. The Unseen Empire. A Study of the Plight of Nations that Do Not Pay their Debts. By David Starr Jordan. Boston: American Unitarian Association. The Pride ok War. By Qustav Janson. Translated from the Swedish. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. The International Mind. An Argument for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes. By Nicholas Murray Butler. New York: Charles Scribners Sons. sovereignty of the state upon which all present in- ternational relations rest. Nations as nations have materially aided progress; the principle of nation- ality " has for the past four hundred years been the dominant factor in the development of Europe." Therefore, it should be preserved at all odds against the encroachments of arbitration, on the one hand, and of socialism and kindred schemes, on the other, which would break down international boundaries and substitute internal and class struggle. This latter, for some reason, Captain Mahan thinks would be a relapse to conditions of the middle ages — a period, by the way, in which force, though not always national, was paramount. National boundary lines must not be disrupted because Europe will need all the strength she can muster in the coming struggle with Asiatic civiliza- tion. "This not only impends, but has begun, and in it the strength of Europe is the principle of nation- ality, developed as it is now." Now, if this "prin- ciple of nationality" is so sacred and so necessary, why do European nations themselves respect it so little? They, as much as the proponents of arbi- tration, have drawn national integrity into question: they have violated the sovereignty of Turkey, Persia, and China. And by so doing they have set Asia an example which they may have occasion to regret. It may presently appear that the promotion of arbi- tration is a less objectionable way of infringing upon national sovereignty than the armed intervention of a strong state in the affairs of another without other sanction than that of force. To Captain Mahan the very circumstance that a nation cannot avert invasion is in the last analysis the justification of the invasion. "Armament is the ultimate exponent of national independence and power." It is a fault to be weak, and the penalty for weakness is oppression. This militarist is not one of those who would advocate peace even if he believed peace to be practicable; he believes in force. "The existing political status of the planet rests, and in my judgment rests beneficially, upon force." With these views upon the finality of force, the reader must wonder why Captain Mahan takes such great pains to justify the action of the United States in Panama both legally and morally, as he does in his last chapter, entitled "Panama: A National Dis- honor?" Why talk of law and morals if force is the ultimate test? The only dishonor possible for the United States would have consisted in lacking force, or in failing to use it effectively. In general the views of Captain Mahan seem to rest on local and one-sided considerations. He rea- sons from the basis of a single nation, whereas the world contains many nations; and he assumes that nation to be victorious in its enterprises, whereas if there is a victor there must also be a vanquished,— a plain fact which is here simply ignored. In short, this military philosophy cannot be final or universal, for it leaves one half of the problem, and the more damaging half, out of account. A nation must possess force in order to repel some possible foe; 56 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL but where lies the advantage of force if that foe, acting on the same philosophy, also acquires force? Clearly what we need is not force, but more force; and our possible foe, still actuated by the same views, also acquires more force! Now who is the visionary,—the peace advocate who avers that this increase of force cannot continue indefinitely, or the militarist who insatiably calls for greater force, but has never explained how it is possible to increase armaments perpetually without drifting into finan- cial difficulties which will make war—the very evil armaments are said to be preventing—the lesser of two evils? The financial difficulties of militarism are so ob- vious and already so real that every rational man must wonder why we have been blind to them so long. This phase of the matter is treated by Dr. David Starr Jordan in his little book, "The Unseen Empire," which undertakes "to tell in part the story of the bondage of the nations due to the cost of war and of war preparations." It aims to show "that civilized nations are one and all in their degree under the dominion of a power stronger than Kings or Parliaments, more lasting than Armies and Navies,—that is, the Unseen Empire of Finance." War and armaments cost vast sums of money, which must be raised by governments in some way. Taxes and tariffs have long since proved insufficient, and governments are led by military rivalry to make loans. These loans may properly be called "war debts," because had it not been for war and war preparations the natural income of the nations would have easily paid off all indebtedness, including that borrowed for industrial and commercial expansion. The objection of President Jordan to these war debts is not primarily that they are unethical in placing a burden on coming generations, or that they are part and parcel of a system of living beyond national means. He is not opposed to deferred payments, as such; there are proper loans which do place a bur- den on a coming generation. The test of a proper loan is the purpose for which it is made, whether for banking or for "pawnbroking." "Banking, properly speaking, deals with' going concerns.' It is a provision by which free or idle money may be gath- ered together and converted into active capital. Through the banker, money on deposit is placed in the hands of those who by industrial or commercial enterprise can make it grow. "' Pawnbroking,' broadly speaking, deals with failure or waste. Its usual function is to afford means for some act of extravagance, or escape from some complication of past folly or misfortune. The extravagance, folly, and misfortune among nations is summed up in war. Pawnbroking among nations thus concerns itself mainly with past war or future preparation, in either case withdrawing the revenues con- cerned from all productive use." In this respect Dr. Jordan is at complete variance with Captain Mahan, who writes: "It is also per- haps worth noting that the immense debt of Great Britain was contracted in establishing, by military means, the territorial, commercial, and industrial conditions which underlay her long continued su- premacy; that debt was in the nature of an invest- ment, not barren of returns." To this Dr. Jordan would, among other things, reply that the returns came to the wealthy classes and not to the average Englishman, who was little the better for the debt. It may also be inquired whether England's debt would have been a good investment had she been defeated? And what kind of an investment was the debt contracted by England's vanquished foes? Still, wastefulness is not the greatest harm com- ing from public debts. That harm is the dominance which debts give to the nation's creditors, who are the kings of finance. These, to be sure, do not hold all or even a majority of a nation's bonds; but they do control the financial institutions and the media— sometimes even the officials—through which govern- ments must float bonds if they place them at all; and, therefore, they control a state's credit. "The control of a railway system does not necessitate ownership, but simply the control of its debt and its needs at critical moments. Just so with nations. It is the need for more borrowings that makes the old loans dominant. In proportion to the bulk of their debts and the acute character of their need for money are they subject to dictation. The ordinary creditors or bondholders have little to say. It is the necessity for further loans which places control in the hands of the financier. This may be exercised quietly as befits the business of the banker, but it is none the less potent and real." The "Empire" which dominates governments is not a well defined organization; it is rather a loosely coordinated system, the parts of which, by virtue of a far-reaching family relationship, as in the case of the Rothschilds, and by virtue of a common aim, cooperate for their mutual gain. It is privilege, and privilege everywhere affiliates with privilege. It does not stop at controling a nation's credit: it largely dictates a nation's policy for good or ill; it is inter- ested wherever large capital is required, and hence in armament manufactories and syndicates. How detrimental this may be to a people is patent. "It is a fact, more or less well known, that the arguments that' expansion of armaments is neoessary to insure peace,' that 'big armies and navies are the insurance premiums of peace,' and that 'to insure peace a nation must always be prepared for war,' rest heavily on the desires of the arma- ment syndicates to keep up their business. The armament lobby of Europe is the most powerfully organized instrument of its kind in the world. Its operations are consciously and carefully planned. "The chief weapon of the Armament Syndicate, because the me.si effective one for persuading a nation to go more and more deeply into debt, is the ' war scare.' Always the one nation is pitted against the other. Always there is imminent danger from our neighbors." The criticism may be leveled at Dr. Jordan's little book that it makes assertions which it does not prove, and the criticism seems to be just. However, this does not prove that the author's contentions are un- true. Ludwig Pfeiffer has just come forward with a three-volume work entitled "Kriegsgeist" which attempts to prove the existence of the "Unseen Empire." Whether proved or not, there is still evi- dence that such an empire exists, and every attempt to expose it is commendable. 1913.] 57 THE DIAL The attack upon war in literary form, first made popular by Baroness von Suttner in "Die Waffen nieder!" is revived in "The Pride of War," trans- lated from Gustav Janson's Swedish story, "Log- norna." By abandoning the form of a personal narrative employed in the earlier work, the argu- ment becomes natural at all points, and is free from the outbursts of sentiment which fill the pages of "Ground Arms!" Indeed, as literature, "The Pride of War" is much the superior of the two; the chap- ter "Hamza and Hanifa" is idyllic in its perfection, and is the one part of the book in which the trans- lation is so excellent as to pass unnoticed. And yet the work is not fiction in the conventional sense: there is no dominant character, and the love theme is absent. It is a series of connected studies in story form of the way the Turko-Italian war is imagined to have affected typical individuals engaged in it. That the author had some personal and intimate knowledge of the opponents in this struggle is mani- fest; and his project of showing how the strife affects the individual man touches the very core of the op- position to war. The bravery and patriotism, the noble action and splendid unanimity, which form the staple of most writers about war, fade when the individual soldier, as Janson pictures him, comes to be considered. The characters upon whom are hung the argument are not caricatures, but real personalities. Captain Vitale, who as much as anyone is the central figure of the book, personifies war. He unthinkingly ac- cepts the traditional views respecting national rivalry and war as the means of progress. Implicit obedience to military discipline is his ideal, and the soldier who renders it fares well at his hands. All individ- ual initiative must, however, be surrendered. Hence he acts as a blight upon all who come under his sway. The Anarchist, Alfonso ZirilH, who repre- sents the reflective peasant, loses his individuality and becomes a cog in a machine. Hamza, the non- combatant, who asked no more of the world than to be allowed to dwell in peace under his desert palms, is caught in the maelstrom, and, though innocent and ignorant of the why of it all, is heartlessly killed. The Turkish officer, Assan Bey, discovers in the lawlessness of war a chance for exploitation and self-enrichment which peace had not afforded. The Bedouin, Djafar, finds the troublous times well adapted to political treachery and the acquisition of power over his fellows. Rivarato, the dashing young Italian lieutenant, who had gone to the front with high hopes of the future that lay before him, emerges a physical wreck — a bit of the waste of war, used up in his prime and destined to be a burden instead of a prop to society for the remainder of his days. The Italian scholar, Pietro Fontanara, is the strong- est character in the book. He had lived among the Moslems, engaged in studies which promised great benefit to men. His breadth of experience, his knowl- edge of the Turk, had given him something of what has been called the international mind. To him war against men whom he had come to regard as equals and brothers was hateful; but the sense of duty to his country impels him to abandon his work and to enlist. The acclamation of the press at his act makes him wonder,—" If there was really something worth recording in the fact that a strong man, healthy in mind and body, hurried to the aid of his country, then it was proof that war was an out-of-date ideal." This is only the beginning. Every day has its experiences, every experience its revelation, until finally he sees the sordidness and falsehood of it all; and he becomes the chief spokesman of the book against war. The chapter entitled " Lies," in which he speaks, is an indictment of warfare which the militarist, who distinguishes truth from policy, will have difficulty in answering. European civilization must rest on force, says the militarist, if it would successfully resist Asia in the conflict which has already begun. Resisting is not' the same as attacking, and Janson thinks the European has been the aggressor and has left the Asiatic no alternative but retaliation in kind. Using Dajfar as his mouthpiece he says: "Civilization ... I scarcely know what to answer you. "I ask for thoughts, and you give me a name, Civiliza- tion, as if I, too, had not turned the word over and over with my tongue. It has a vile taste and I spit it out again. Civilization is yonr answer. When the Italian ironclads cast anchor outside the roadstead off Tripoli, civilization ordered that the Turkish garrison should leave the town without striking a blow. But it in no way prevented the Italians from shooting its houses in pieces with their can- nons, or from slaying the people to whom the houses be- longed, if any were still there. I have a feeling of nausea every time I hear the word 'civilization.' What I know of it is, that it bestows excellent weapons on the Unbelievers, together with the power of making the most reckless use of them, whenever there is anything to be gained. . . . "For all their disunion the Europeans are not afraid of acting all the world over in the same fashion. Civilization has never stood in the way of their slaying and plundering. It is in every respect a boon for them, but in most cases an evil for others. The good it bestows — namely, the quick- firing guns and far-reaching rifles — we can turn to onr own use. Whether we like it or not, we must take that course. The nations of Europe cannot ask us to treat them otherwise than they are treating us. . . . Do you now see what I am driving at? Very well, then! The sons of the Prophet outnumber the Europeans. . . . Qet us weapons and also men to teach ns how to nse them — that is your job. . . . There is really a God Turk. And righteousness is no empty word, as is the civilization of the Europeans." Dr. Butler's new book," The International Mind," consists of the addresses delivered by the author as Chairman of the Lake Mohonk Conferences on Inter- national Arbitration. As such they are naturally general in character, and are good summaries of progress rather than original contributions. Pres- ident Butler believes that for the present the ques- tion of disarmament should be wholly avoided. He prefers to work for a restriction of the further growth of great armies and navies without impairing the efficiency of those that exist. Though this appears to be conceding a vital point to the militarist, it is for the present only. In the meantime, law and a sense of justice must be developed. High confidence is placed in these. 58 ("Jan. 16, THE DIAL "Even if we speak in the most approved language of militarism itself, it is apparent that a fleet a mile wide will not long protect England from attack or invasion, or from starvation, if the attacking or invading party is in command of the full resources of modern science and modern industry. But if justice be substituted for force, England will always be safe." "To say that men have always, as a last resort, settled their differences and difficulties by force, and that therefore they will always continue to do so is simply silly. To say that a nation's honor must be defended by the blood of her citizens if need be, is quite meaningless, for suoh a nation, although profoundly right in its contention, might be de- feated by a superior force exerted on behalf of a wrong and unjust view." Nations again and again yield to arguments that have no compulsion behind them other than public opinion; and public opinion is the final and the only means by which, in these days of popular sover- eignty, any law, national as well as international, is made effective. The growth of the power of the people is a disturbing factor to militarists, some of whom bemoan its tendency to weaken the ideals of military discipline and organization. Dr. Butler himself is not willing to trust the people altogether. "A judiciary made dependent on changes of popular temper or on varying, often contradictory, manifesta- tions of popular will, would become a mere adminis- trative device under the control and direction of the executive power of the moment." By taking this position he at least escapes the inconsistency of an age which seeks to develop an international judiciary at the same time that it is destroying popular faith in the national courts. Apart from the judiciary, Dr. Butler has great faith in the people. "Govern- ments, however popular and powerful, have ceased to dominate: everywhere public opinion dominates governments." This steady development of popular sovereignty is more significant to the historian than force. Democracy is the foe of force and the cure for war. "The history of civilization might be written in terms of man's progress from fear to faith. As he has ceased to fear his neighbors and as he has come to have trust in them, he has been able to build up institutions that have lasted." "The international mind is nothing else than that habit of thinking of foreign relations and business, and that habit of dealing with them, which regard the several nations of the civilized world as friendly and cooperating equals in aiding the progress of civilization, in developing commerce and industry, and in spreading enlightenment and culture throughout the world." _ „ Edwakd B. Krehbiel. Briefs ok New Books. In the same choice form given to several other of Kmerson's essays by the Riverside Press, his " Success" is now added to the series. Mr. Ferris Greenslet sup- plies a brief introduction, in which he emphasizes the peculiar relevancy of the essay to the present-day Ameri- can "scranfble of business, big and little, tri-partite politics, conversational culture, science that is applied, education that is vocational, and a religion that 'pays dividends.'" It is, indeed, infinitely refreshing to turn from the blatant cant of the "get on or get out" sort, which is now so largely in vogue, to this noble plea for a success that has its home in the " tranquil, well-founded, wide-seeing soul." The Chinete Among books purporting to give a people intimately full and elaborate portrayal of Chi- portraved. nege jj£e> f ew jlave appeared in recent years more meritorious than Dr. J. Macgowan's "Men and Manners of Modern China" (Dodd, Mead & Co.). The writer has spent fifty years as a missionary in China, and his interpretation of the people of that land bears abundant evidence of long-continued and acute observation. The book is remarkable for the abundance of its pic- turesque descriptive detail. The land and its gov- ernment, the ancient outworn military system, the literary degrees of the now defunct examinations for civil service, the classical books, schools, and school-masters of the old regime, ancestor worship, plays and play actors, punishments, lynch law,— these and other topics are treated in chapters which gradually develop in the mind of the reader a lively image of the teeming and strange life of the old Empire. The author describes with quite unusual vividness such picturesque phases of exist- ence in China as river life, farmers and farming, doctors and doctoring, beggars, Chinese cities; and elucidates the obscure subject of home life and the still more hidden mysteries of "face." The book shows insight gained through long and intimate contact, and sympathy developed by the gradual revelation through these years of the best traits of Chinese character. The writer has found the ad- mirable virtues of the long-lived Chinese race, and arouses the respect of the reader for their patience, perseverence, fortitude, humor, and everlasting good nature. A sense of the teeming millions of the land engaged in their unremitting and age-long labor with muscles hardened by heavy loads and hearts subdued by long familiarity with the struggle for bare subsistence, and yet with laughter lying ready at the least provocation—this feeling of the teeming life of China is very well conveyed by Dr. Mac- gowan's book. The grotesque, disgusting, and hor- rible lines in the portrait are also clearly marked,— indeed so clearly that one doubts whether this is the best drawing of the Chinese for American readers. We have had only too much information that ele- vates our own race at the expense of the Asiatic peoples. To correct warped notions of these unlike nations it is safe to dwell even to some excess upon their virtues and attractions in portraying them for Anglo-Saxon readers. This is not done by Dr. Mac- gowan's book. Respecting the Chinese race as he does, the author yet constantly compares it with the English people to the advantage of the latter. The instances in which the scales are shown to tip the other way are too few to offset the total impression of the strange deficiencies of the Chinese as com- pared with the British people. But a cosmopolitan view of races cannot set up any one race as a norm to which all others must approach, and it is to be seriously doubted if comparisons of a foreign peo- ple with one's own nationality can ever be wholly 1913.] 59 THE DIAL Denmark'* greatest. hero. fair. Those books about foreign peoples do the best service which seek to explain and excuse, or at least condone, their obliquities, and to hold up all their virtues for the instruction of the home race,— though one must, of coarse, endeavor, first and foremost, to tell the truth. Yet deviations from the path of charity and deficiencies in cosmopolitan breadth are, after all, not of so serious a character in "Men and Manners in Modern China" but that the book is to be heartily welcomed for its remark- able vividness of portraiture of a race destined to play a great role in future history. One must regret the serious crudities of composition and expression that occur rather frequently throughout the book. In the eleventh century the life of Christendom reawakened with a great relief. With the passing of the year 1000 a.d., it was revealed that after all the heavens were not to be rolled up like a scroll nor the elements to melt with fervent heat; and men began once more to look round upon the kingdoms of this earth as desirable property; the mighty game of conquest was once more worth playing. Of the figures stalking over the stage at that time, at least two men achieved careers which have not been al- lowed to sink into forgetfulness—William the Nor- man and Canute the Dane. They shared the century between them, but their lives, so far as strenuous activity was concerned, did not lap or even touch. Canute, at the age of forty, was laid away at Win- chester thirty-one years before the battle of Hastings, but after winning an empire, with the triple crown of Denmark, England, and Norway. With what- ever truth our average readers can say "Saxon and Norman and Dane are we," they must confess a robust ignorance of the great Viking—an ignorance usually lightened by only two legends. But Profes- sor Laurence M. Larson, of the University of Illinois, in the lateBt volume of the "Heroes of the Nations" series (Putnam), has left this ignorance without further excuse. With infinite patience and a fine historic sense he has assembled all materials deriv- able from the chroniclers, annalists, and sagas, and has blended them into a consistent and continuous narrative. How cautiously he handles his sources may be seen by his constant use of such restrictive phrases as "presumably," "possibly," "probably," "apparently," "appears to have accompanied," "almost certainly," etc. This makes his conclusions, when confidently asserted, the more trustworthy. He has had, of course, the aid of such modern Norse scholars as Vigfusson, the two Bugges, Steenstrup, and others; but he has used tliem with a healthy and detached judgment which sometimes differs with theirs, and helps his own book to the position of an original contribution to biographical literature. Out of the somewhat confused sources there emerges finally the figure of a man, not of the highest hero- ism, but a man who was quick to see and to seize every opportunity created by his own shrewdness or offered by the weakness of others. In the words of Professor Larson, "Canute possessed in full measure the Scandinavian power of adaptation, the quality that made the Northmen such a force in Normandy and Naples. He grasped the ideals of mediaeval Christianity, he appreciated the value of the new order of things, and undertook to introduce it among the Northern peoples: But he did not permit the new circumstances and ideals to control him; only so long as they served his purpose or did not hinder him in the pursuit of that purpose did he bow to them. When other means promised to be more effective, he chose accordingly." Of the two legends above mentioned — the story of the King's visit to the monks of Ely ("Sweet sang the monks of Ely, when Canute rowed thereby"), and the still more familiar one of his rebuke to the flattering courtiers before the resistless advance of the tide,-^- Professor Larson remarks that the former is intrinsically probable. The latter is quietly dismissed as "a myth too patent to need discussion; there was nothing of the Oriental spirit in the Northern court." We shall have to com- fort ourselves with the reflection that such stories retain their moral value long after their historic props have been knocked away. Eariv reunion, Mr- Sid"ey Heath's « Pilgrim Life pilgrims and 111 the Middle Ages (Houghton) pilgrimage: was designed, the author tells us, " to serve and entertain the general reader who is inter- ested in the religious pilgrimages of olden days." If the general reader were himself on pilgrimage, and carried a scrip large enough to hold this sub- stantial volume, we can well believe that he would be served by it, for portions of it would make a use- ful guide-book; but by no part of it would he be entertained. It abounds in information concerning the ancient pilgrim roads and shrines and customs of England; but this information is so scrappy and incoherent, so intermingled with trivialities and errors, and expressed in such curious English that a sense of impatience rather than of entertainment accompanies the reader's progress through its three hundred pages. It is difficult, indeed, to treat with seriousness a historical work that gravely cites "an anonymous writer" as authority for a historical statement, and that quotes '• The Daily Mail" as one might quote Green or Macaulay. Moreover, for a writer dealing with mediaeval pilgrimages, Mr. Heath knows singularly little about Chaucer. He refers to the poet's career at Oxford and Cambridge, apparently unaware that Professor Lounsbury de- molished this part of the " Chaucer legend " twenty years ago. He naively remarks that, thanks to the labors of the Chaucer Society, the poet may now be "read fluently in his own language," and then pro- ceeds to interpret "burdoun" in the line, "This Somonour bar to hym a stif burdoun," as "a long walking-staff," and " endite," in the line, "He koude songes make and wel endite," as " recite." Nor does he use his own language with much more accuracy than he interprets Chaucer's. He talks of "an ex- pended force," when he means a spent one, of 60 [Jan 16, THE DIAL "temporal punishment in this world and the next," of Chaucer's language being "partly Teutonic and partly Saxon," of science "scotching " the germ of faith, and he draws a most uncomfortable picture of "bands of people . . . praying and mortifying as they went," thus adding a new and unheard of ter- ror to the wayfaring life of the fourteenth century. A writer on the customs of the mediaeval Church might also be expected to know that St. Gudula of Brussels was not a man, and that a Franciscan house is not and never was called an abbey. In spite of these defects, the general reader will find some curi- ous and interesting items in these pages, if he have patience to hunt for them,—among them, one that will probably reconcile him to the martyrdom of the saintly Becket. We read that being " < busie at his prayers in the garden at Otford, [he] was much dis- turbed by the sweet note and melodie of a nightin- gale that sang in a bush beside him, and in the might of his holinesse commanded all birds of this kind to be henceforth silent.' So the song of the nightin- gale was banished from Otford." A Javanese Thecheerfulandamusinganddelight- artut't childhood fully ingenuous Japanese artist and and youth. author who has caused hosts of read- ers on both sides of the Atlantic to smile and chuckle over his queer but always vividly picturesque English, offers them another book of personal reminiscence and reflection in "When I Was a Child " (Houghton), which opens with a most ingratiating portrait of the author, from a photograph, and is further illustrated with many admirable drawings from his own prac- ticed hand. In twenty chapters of incident and characteristic comment, Mr. Yoshio Markino tells the story of his early home life at Koromo (" a small mountainous village in Mikawa, and although the view is beautiful, no pilgrims ever stop their feet at Koromo"), of his adoption into another family after his mother's death, of his trying experiences at a mission school, his narrow escape from death in a terrible earthquake, his "stepping on the highroad to ambition," and finally his emigration to America and his hardships in San Francisco. Thus the ac- count of his life is brought to the point where "A Japanese Artist in London" begins. Two chapters of a philosophical and religious nature—"Ethic and Religion" and "Science and Human Sense"—close the book. The things told are interesting in them- selves, and the manner of their telling is now amus- ing, now pathetic, and always remarkable for its vividness and quaint imagery. A passage from the preface, describing the conflict of imagination with memory in the author, will remind the reader of another and more famous instance of this tendency to "remember everything, whether it happened or not." "When I was a child," says Mr. Markino, "I had rather good memory, and if my memory was absent there was only a dark blank in my brain. To-day it is different with my brain. Since I am grown I began to have such a great imagination. (I think I have got much imagination since I have become an artist. For artists are obliged to make pictures entirely from their imagination, especially to illustrate some fictions, etc.)." But he has tried to check this imaginative tendency by getting his facts from relatives at home. The book's title is a little mis- leading. The author, born in 1874, brings his narra- tive down to his twentieth year or beyond — and we should have been glad to have him continue it to the present day. . Fine examples The beauty of well-chosen phraseol- of old-school ogy and carefully-ordered periods oratory. distinguishes the "Essays and Ad- dresses" (Neale) of Judge Roger A. Pryor, as issued, with a brief and modest introduction and use- ful explanatory notes, in a choice selection of eight public utterances, in a small volume adorned with a likeness of the speaker in his more vigorous prime. Judge Pryor, soldier, diplomat, jurist, statesman, as he must be styled by reason of the variety and importance of his activities, is a native of Virginia, where he began the practice of the law in 1849; was sent as Special Minister Plenipotentiary to Greece in 1855; sat in the Thirty-sixth Congress; was a member of the Confederate States Congress, and a brigadier-general in the Confederate States Army; after the war he was admitted to the New York bar, and was appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas and, later, justice of the Supreme Court of New York (1894—99). Among his speeches now published are to be especially noted his defense of Southern independence upon the report of the Reso- lutions of the Committee of Thirty-three, in the House of Representatives; his address at the first reunion of Federal and Confederate soldiers; and his dis- course on "The Influence of Virginia in the Forma- tion of the Federal Constitution." We are tempted to quote one paragraph of an address to law students, because of its charm of old-fashioned stateliness. "A lucid and logical arrangement of topics — so per- spicuous as instantly to reveal their own significance and force; a diction choice but not fastidious, rich yet not redundant; an exhibition of learning short of pedantry, but sufficient for information; a concate- nation of argument, compact and convincing; and an elocution graceful, animated, and earnest—these are the qualities of speech by the concentrated spell of which even the most austere and impatient court will be fascinated into an involuntary thralldom." Could a Burke or a Webster have done it better? Dr Hotmer'i James K. Hosmer's reminiscent gleanings from volume, "The Last Leaf" (Putnam), many fields. chapters of which have already de- lighted readers of the "Atlantic," the Boston "Tran- script," and the New York "Evening Post," owes much of its breadth of interest to the number of vocations successfully followed by its author in the course of his four-score years. As minister of religion, soldier, author, college professor, lecturer, librarian, and what else beside we will not attempt to say, he has seen life in many aspects and rubbed elbows with men of many sorts and conditions. 1913.] 61 THE DIAL, Patted on the head in his infancy by Lincoln, he communed with Emerson in his prime, and—but to mention other names after these great ones would be to incur the risk of an anticlimax. His war mem- ories and his experiences in Germany and France *t the outbreak of the conflict between those two countries are just sufficiently stirring to make doubly agreeable by contrast the record of his intercourse with the illustrious men of peace, the scholars and writers and statesmen, whom it was his fortune to meet from time to time. The style of these chapters from a richly varied life pleases by its apt allusion, its well-chosen phrase, its quiet humor, and its play of fancy. Of his intercourse with Simon Newcomb at Harvard, he says: "We became very good friends. He was a genial fellow, capable as I have said of taking or making a joke, yet his moods were prevail- ingly serious, and he had already hitched his waggon to a star." The following bit of literary autobiog- raphy is of especial interest: "In 1857 I sent a poem to the Atlantic then just beginning under his [Lowell's] editorship. My poem came back with the comment, 'Hardly good enough, but the writer ■certainly deserves encouragement.' This frost, though not unkind, nipped my budding aspirations in that direction. I hung my modest harp on the willows and have almost never since twanged the strings." The book's closing pages contain some "eupeptic musings " that show the author to be a determined optimist, as indeed was little doubtful before, and as might have been surmised from his portrait, which appears as frontispiece. A new volume In *e ▼oluroe entitled "Essays in of itutttt* by Radical Empiricism" (Longmans) William James. Mr Barton Perry has col- lected a number of studies by the late William James which represent that part of his philosophical work which the author regarded as more funda- mental than his provocative theory of pragmatism. His radical empiricism, he felt, could be accepted by those who were not pragmatists, although the pragmatic theory involved an empirical attitude. The particular doctrine which James labelled radical empiricism was, however, more than the mere insist- ence upon the facts of experience, the determination to start philosophizing from particular facts and per- ceptions, which was insisted upon by the earlier phil- osophers of the school of Hume, Mill, and others. This doctrine not only says that the only things that shall be debatable among philosophers are things definable in terms drawn from experience, but the relations of things — which the older philosophers explained by some such unexperienced thing as an Absolute or Unknowable — are in this doctrine re- garded as themselves matters of direct experience. These essays, which are for the most part of a some- what technical nature, deal with the use of this theory in the consideration of various philosophical problems. The thought-economy of the theory is insisted upon, and Mr. James avows that it enables him to read the universe religiously and even theis- tically,—though the god it enables him to postulate is notomni-anything, but simply "the experiencer of widest actual conscious span." The rather startling title of the first essay, "Does' Consciousness' Exist?" simply implies that to this theory consciousness as a state is not a reality but that only thoughts in the con- crete are real, and that they "are made of the same stuff as things are." Thetutert ^n ^'88 Sarah G. Pomeroy's series of tome of sketches entitled "Little-known famou, men. Sisters of Well-known Men " (Estes) are depicted the lives of a few from among the many women who have renounced their own gifts and aspi- rations that they might better serve the interests and fame of their brothers. It is similar in idea and plan to the well-known book of many years ago, "Some Noble Sisters" by Edmund Lee, and the later and more familiar volume, "Famous Sisters of Great Men" by Marianne Kirlew. Although the studies were prepared (as we are told in the Introduction) for academic degrees, there is a deplorable lack of authentic information regarding sources of material. Far too many of the long extracts are uncredited; and in the Bibliography we note at least two errors in exact titles. But notwithstanding these flaws, and a painful effort to connect some of the sketches by "a chance bond of time or place," the book is interesting and appreciative. We look in vain for a few names, notably that of Caroline Herschel. After a general Introductory chapter, there are life stories of Mary Sidney, Mary Lamb, Dorothy Words- worth, Elizabeth Whittier, Sarianna Browning, Har- riet Macaulay, Sarah Disraeli, Sophia Thoreau, and Eliza Parkman. In tracing the devotion of the sis- ters of Sidney, Macaulay, and Disraeli, the author has given valuable glimpses of the home-atmosphere of these authors. Her attempt to portray the high- spirited, keen, but elusive Sarianna Browning has met with better success than previous essays; yet the outlines are still indefinite. The American women, — Elizabeth Whittier, Eliza Parkman, and Sophia Thoreau,— are treated with sympathy and insight. The fine mind, executive ability, and scien- tific knowledge of Thoreau's sister are duly ac- knowledged, sometimes in unassigned quotations. The lighter element in Elizabeth Whittier should be blended in memory with her earnestness and zeal. Speaking generally, the study of Revolution. fossils has quite justly been regarded by persons who were not inspired devotees at the paleontological shrine as a rather dull and dry sort of business. In "Evolution in the Past" (Lippincott) Mr. Henry R. Knipe, F.L.S., endeavors with fair success to show that if properly told the story of the orderly progression of living things in the history of the earth, as revealed by fossils, is not without interest. The tale begins with the lowly protozoa, sponges, jelly-fishes, and the like, in the Cambrian period of the Palaeozoic age. A clear account is given of what these creatures were like, how they lived, and what sort of a world it was 62 [Jan. 16 THE DTATi in which they found themselves. In succeeding chap- ters the fauna and flora of each geological era are treated in the same way. The birth, growth, and final extinction of some great groups of animals and plants are traced. Finally we are brought in this way down to the present age. The chief defect of the book is found in the fact that it includes too much detailed information. The forest is somewhat ob- scured by the luxuriant growth of trees. Further- more, it is difficult to conceive why it was thought necessary to give the scientific name of nearly every organism mentioned. The old lady's criticism of the dictionary as a piece of light literature applies with considerable force to the present work: there is an abundance of pleasant and informing words but the plot is a bit difficult to follow. The numerous illus- trations by Miss Alice B. Woodhouse and Mr. Ernest Bucknoll are a valuable addition to the book; from both the artistic and the scientific standpoints they are excellent, particularly those done by the first- mentioned artist. Outlines of Most histories of Italian literature modern Italian pay extensive attention to the great literature. writers of the classical period, and deal but meagrely with the writers who came after Ariosto and Tasso. In giving us a history of "Modern Italian Literature" (Little, Brown & Co.), Mr. Lacy Collison-Morley has supplied a real want of English students of the subject, and placed us considerably in his debt. His work is essentially a history of Italian literature in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with an introductory chapter upon the decadent period between Tasso and Metas- tasio. The writers who have chapters to them- selves are Metastasio, Goldoni, Alfieri, Manzoni, and Leopardi. Later writers who are considered at some length are Giusti, Carducci, d'Annunzio, and Fogazzaro. Of the latter, the author says: "The fact that we can close this book with such a writer makes us look forward with confidence to the future of literature in Italy," as well it may. Mr. Collison-Morley has much to say of the influence of English ideals on the Italian spirit, and his crit- ical outlook is philosophical. His book is a happy blend of exact information with intelligent criticism, and his illustrative extracts, although sparingly in- dulged in, are always well-chosen. His chapters on Leopardi and Manzoni are models of sympathetic exposition. The whole work is a compendium, of course, but a highly readable one; and we would not know where in English to look for a more satisfac- tory account of the letters of modern Italy. It has been said, probably more than once, that artists make the best sub- jects for biography. If that is so, they should also be not bad subjects for autobiog- raphy—as has been convincingly enough proved by Cellini and Haydon and Vedder, to name no others. Mr. Frederick Wedmore, though rather a critic than a practitioner of the fine arts, has certainly enough of the artist about him to bring him within this class Mid-Victorian memories of an art-critic. of agreeable autobiographers. His "Memories" (Doran) will be enjoyed by all who take delight in the cultured expression of a mind stored with the remembrance of cheerful yesterdays. Artists, actors, authors, editors, preachers, and others, pass across his pages, each leaving the impression of a distinct individuality, each drawn for us in a few strokes by the hand of a literary artist. Dickens, Tennyson, Browning, Henry Irving, Walter Pater, Whistler, Henry Ward Beecher, and others too numerous to mention, give variety and interest to his brief and anecdotal chapters. An amusing story of a conver- sation between old Lady Southampton and Queen Victoria represents the former as saying: "Do not you think, Ma'am, one of the satisfactions of the Future State will be not only our reunion with those whom we have loved on Earth, but our opportunities of seeing face to face so many of the noble figures of the Past—of other lands and times? Bible times, for instance. Abraham will be there, Ma'am. Isaac, too, and Jacob. Think of what they will be like! And the sweet singer of Israel, He, too. Yes, Ma'am. King David we shall see." To which the Queen, after a moment's silence, and with great dignity and decision, replied: "I will not meet David." The origin and "Prophetical, Educational, and Play development of ing Cards" (Jacobs), by Mrs. John playing cards. King Van Rensselaer, who twenty years ago wrote a book (now out of print) entitled "The Devil's Picture Book," is a study of a rather baffling subject, the origin and antiquity of playing cards having hitherto been enveloped in a cloud of much misapprehension and uncertainty. The pre- vailing notion that cards were first invented for the amusement of a crazy French king is of course dis- missed at once as absurdly erroneous by Mrs. Van Rensselaer, who carries back their origin to "the mysteries of ancient days," and assures her readers that "the heraldic devices of Mercury, which are the emblems of what has always been called, by his- torians, 'The Book of Thoth Hermes Trismegistus,' are in themselves mute proof of the connection of the Tarots (as they are now called) with the cult of Mercury." Many plates, of curious interest, are provided, and the writer makes good use of sources of information not accessible to earlier writers on the subject. But one is tempted to smile at the serious- ness with which the virtues of cards as aids to the revealing of the future are treated. At the very outset, the book (on its wrapper) professes its ability to teach any person the art of fortune-telling; and in the middle of the volume the invention of the French pips is spoken of as being "as well adapted for play- ing as were the original Tarots suited for divining the lives and characteristics of mankind." Neverthe- less the work is packed with unusual erudition, and will delight all who take their card-playing seriously. The addition of an index and of a glossary (ety- mological, if possible) of unusual and foreign terms would enhance the value of any subsequent re-issues of the book. 1913.] 68 THE DIAL, Notes. "Child of Storm " is the title of a new novel by Sir Rider Haggard, just announced by Messrs. Longmans. A volume of short stories by Anne Douglas Sedgwick, the author of " Tante," will be published early this year by the Century Co. "The Philippine Problem," by Mr. Frederick Cham- berlin, is announced for early publication by Messrs. Little, Brown & Co. A new novel by Miss Elizabeth Robins, entitled "My Little Sister," is announced for immediate publication by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. A study of the English Novel, by Dr. George Saints- bury, will form the next volume in Messrs. Button's series, " Channels of English Literature." "V. V.'s Eyes " is said to be the title of the new novel by Mr. Henry S. Harrison, author of "Queed." Houghton Mifflin Co. will publish the book shortly. "From Steele and Addison to Pope and Swift" is the period covered in Volume IX. of the "Cambridge History of English Literature," to be issued immediately by Messrs. Putnam. A new historical work by Admiral Mahan, dealing with "The Major Operations of the Navies in the War of American Independence," will be published shortly by Messrs. Little, Brown & Co. A plea for the conservation of American wild life which we hope may have its effect is Dr. William T. Homaday's "Our Vanishing Wild Life: Its Extermin- ation and Preservation," to be published at once by Messrs. Scribner. "The Positive Evolution of Religion," by Mr. Fred- eric Harrison, D.C.L., is an important announcement of Messrs. Putnam. They have also in preparation "An Interpretation of Rudolph Eucken's Philosophy," by Dr. W. Tudor Jones, D.Phil. "Life," our sparkling American weekly, has just celebrated its thirtieth birthday with a special "Birth- day Number " in which its editors have much good fun among themselves. We wish our contemporary many another birthday. Life without" Life " would be a dull affair for many of us. "The Fine Air of the Morning" is the title of a new novel by Mr. J. S. Fletcher which Messrs. Dana Estes & Co. will publish early next month. This house has ready for almost immediate publication another of Miss Laura E. Richards's popular stories of New England life, to be entitled "Miss Jimmy." A book on the Balkan war that promises to be of some importance is that announced in London by the Methuens and having as authors Mr. Philip Gibbs, who will tell the story from the Bulgarian side, and Mr. Bernard Grant, who will look at the subject from the Turkish viewpoint Another and more comprehensive chronicle is that soon to appear from the pen of Mr. Seppings Wright, and entitled " Two Years under the Crescent," which will include both the Tripolitan and Balkan campaigns. Harry Peyton Steger, literary adviser to Doubleday, Page & Co., and literary executor of " O. Henry," whose short stories he had compiled in an approximately com- plete edition, died about a week ago at the Polytechnic Hospital in New York. He was born nearly thirty years ago in Tennessee, studied at the University of Texas, at German universities, and at Oxford as Rhodes scholar, and saw some service as journalist on London papers. In 1908 he became editor of the magazine "Short Stories." He was the author of "Up from College" and "O. Henry: A Biographical Collection," and was a literary worker of fine promise. Professor John M. Gillette, of the University of North Dakota, has now in press with the Sturgis & Walton Co. a volume entitled "Constructive Rural Sociology." The aim of this work is to survey life in rural communities, to note its tendencies and deficien- cies, and to point out ways of betterment in accordance with the best ideals of rural social life. "Rights of Citizenship " is the title of a volume to be issued at once by Messrs. Frederick Warne & Co. It consists of a survey of the safeguards for the pres- ervation of the rights of the people, with a preface by the Marquess of Lansdowne, K.G., and contributions by Sir Wm. R. Anson, Bart., F. E. Smith, K.C., M.P., Prof. A. V. Dicey, D.C.L., Lord Hugh Cecil, M.P., and the Earl of Selborne, K.G. Charles Carroll Soule, publisher, editor, author, and library worker, died in his seventy-first year on the seventh of this month at his home in Brookline, Mass. He was the son of Richard Soule, widely known for his "Dictionary of English Synonyms," and was educated at the Boston Latin School and Harvard College (class of '62); served in the Civil War as private, lieutenant, and captain of volunteers; engaged in the law-book business in St. Louis, afterward entered the publishing house of Little, Brown & Co., and in 1889 became president of the Boston Book Co., which he himself had organized. At various times he was a trustee of the Brookline Public Library, vice-president of the Amer- ican Library Association, member of its Publishing Board, of its Council, of the Institute, and trustee of the Endowment Fund. He made himself an expert in library-planning and acted as adviser on the subject. He wrote "How to Plan a Library Building for Library Work," published last year, "Library Rooms and Buildings," "Reference Manual of Law Books and Citations," and, in earlier life, "Hamlet Revamped, Modernized and Set to Music," and "Romeo and Juliet: A New Travesty." Clearly he was a man of varied tastes and aptitudes, and of marked ability. List of New Books. [The /Mowing list, containing 65 titles, includes books received by The Dial since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY. Forty-live Yean of My Life, 1770-1815. By the Princess Louise of Prussia; edited by Princess Radzlwlll and translated by A. R. Alllnson. With portraits In photogravure, etc., 8vo, 461 pages. McBrlde, Nast & Co. $4.25 net. Cardinal de Richelieu. By Eleanor C. Price. Illus- trated, gvo, 306 pages. McBrlde, Nast & Co. $3.25 net. Henry the Lionl The Lothian Historical Essay for 1912. By Austin Lane Poole. 12mo, uncut, 109 pages. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell. VERSE AND DRAMA. The Oxford Book of Latin Verae, from the Earliest Fragments to the End of the Fifth Century, A. D. Chosen by H. W. Garrod. 12mo, 532 pages. Ox- ford University Press. Lucky Pehr. A Drama In Five Acts. Translated from the Swedish of August Strindberg by Velma Swanston Howard. With portrait, 12mo, 176 pages. Stewart & Kidd Co. $1.50 net. 64 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL FICTION. The Happy Warrior. By A. S. M. Hutchinson. With frontispiece, 12mo, 44S pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.35 net. The Green Overcoat. By Hilaire Belloc; illustrated by G. K. Chesterton. 12mo, 334 pages. McBride, Nast & Co. |1.20 net. Joyful Heatherby. By Payne Erskine. Illustrated, 12mo, 449 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.35 net. The Little Gray Shoe. By Percy Brebner. Illus- trated. 12mo, 349 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.25 net. Dew and Mildew: Semi-Detached Stories from Karabad, India. By Percival Christopher Wren. 12mo, 424 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.36 net. The Girl with the Rosewood Crntcheai She Tells Some Chapters of Her Life. Illustrated, 12mo, 267 pages. McBride, Nast & Co. $1.20 net. Cynthia: A Daughter of the Philistines. By Leon- ard Merrick. 12mo, 300 pages. New York. Des- mond FitzGerald. $1.20 net. The Man Who Waa Good. By Leonard Merrick. 12mo. 315 pages. New York: Desmond FitzGerald. $1.20 net. POLITICS AND ECONOMICS. Empires of the Far East: A Study of Japan and of Her Colonial Possessions, of China and Man- churia and of the Political Questions of Eastern Asia and the Pacific. By Lancelot Lawton. In 2 volumes, 8vo. Small, Maynard & Co. Chlna'a Revolution, 1011-1012: A Historical and Political Record of the Civil War. By Edwin J. Dingle. Illustrated, Svo, 304 pages. McBride, Nast & Co. $3.50 net. Where Soclaliam Failed: An Actual Experiment. By Stewart Grahame. Illustrated, 12mo, 266 pages. McBride, Nast & Co. $1.50 net. RELIGION AND THEOLOGY. Immortality and Modern Thought. By Watson Boone Duncan. 12mo, 191 pages. Sherman. French & Co. $1. net. Oar Growing- Creed; or, The Evangelical Faith as Developed and Reaffirmed by Current Thought. By William D. McLaren, M. A. Svo, 531 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. The Inner Life and the Tno-Teh-Klng. By C. H. A. BJerregaard. Large 8vo, 225 pages. New York: Theosophlcal Publishing Co. $2. net. The Spiritual Body In Relation to the Divine Law of Life. By George H. Peeke. 12mo, 207 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1.50 net The Pilot Flame. By Kelley Jenness. 8vo, 268 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1.50 net. Drama of the Apocalypse. By Thomas C. Bird. With portrait, 12mo, 236 pages. Roxburgh Publishing Co., Inc. Intellectual Religion. By Thomas Curran Ryan. 12mo, 165 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1.25 net. Here and There a Leaf. By Louise Heywood. 12mo, 187 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1.20 net. The Goapel of the LIUea. By Edward O. Guerrant, 12mo, 224 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net. A Chlld'a GUmpae of God for Grown Up Children. By Ethel Blackwell Robinson, M. D. 12mo, 162 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net. The Kingdom of God and American Life. By Chauncey B. Brewster. 12mo, 143 pages. New York: Thomas Whittaker, Inc. 80 cts. net. The Autographa of Saint Paul. By Marcus D. Buell. 12mo, 95 pages. Eaton & Mains. 35 cts. net. MUSIC. Practical Reflecttona on the Figurative Art of Sing- ing. By Giambattlsta Mancini; translated by Pietro Buzzl. With portrait, 12mo, 194 pages. Richard G. Badger. $2. net. Forty Songa. By Peter Ilyltch Tchaikovsky; edited by James Huneker. 4to. "Musicians Library." Oliver Dltson Co. Paper, $1.50. Creature Songa. Words and music by LouiseVAyres Garnett. Illustrated by Peter Newell, 4to, 30 pages. Oliver Ditson Co. $1.25 net. Songa of Happlneaa. Words by Carolyn S. Bailey and music by Mary B. Ehrmann. 4to, 127 pages. Springfield: Milton Bradley Co. $1.20 net. Folk-Songa of Eastern Europe. Edited by Ralph Radcllffe Whitehead. 4to, 58 pages. Oliver Dit- son Co. Ditaon Edition. New volumes: Twelve Brilliant and Melodious Studies, by Frederich Burgmliller, 50 cts. Twelve Short Preludes for the Organ, by Arthur W. Marchant. $1.25. 4to. Oliver Dltson Co. Paper. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. Concordanza delle Rime dl Franceaco Petrarca. Compiled by Kenneth McKenzie. Large 8vo, 519 pages. Yale University Press. $10. net. Writings on American History: A Bibliography of Books and Articles on United States and Cana- dian History Published during the Year 1910, with Some Memoranda on Other Portions of America. Compiled by Grace Gardner Griffin. 8vo, 706 pages. Washington: American His- torical Association. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Edited by James Hastings. Volume V., Dravidlans-Fichte. Large 8vo, 908 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. (Sold only in sets.) Annotated Catalogue of Newspaper Fllea in the Library of the State Historical Society of Wiscon- sin. Compiled by Ada Tyng Griswold. 8vo, 591 pages. Madison: State Historical Society. Engineering and Metallurgical Books, 1907-1911. Compiled by R. A. Peddle. 12mo, 206 pages. D. Van Nostrand Co. $1.60 net. The American Annual of Photography, 1913. Vol- ume XXVII. Edited by Percy Y. Howe. Illus- trated, 8vo, 328 pages. New York: American An- nual of Photography, Inc. Paper, 75 cts. Guide to the United Statea for the Jewish Immi- grant: A Nearly Literal Translation of the Sec- ond Yiddish Edition. By John Foster Carr. Illus- trated, 12mo, 63 pages. Privately Printed. Paper, 15 cts. net. EDUCATION. The History of Modern Elementary Education, with Emphasis on School Practice In Relation to So- cial Conditions. By Samuel Chester Parker. Illustrated, 12mo, 605 pages. Glnn & Co. $1.50 net. The Humanities in the Education of the Future, and Other Addresses and Papers. By William Baxter Owen, Ph. D. 12mo, 187 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1.25 net. Leaaons In the Speaking and Writing of English. By John M. Manly and Eliza R. Bailey. In 2 vol- umes; illustrated, 12mo. D. C. Heath & Co. The Easentlala of Engllah Composition. By James Weber Linn. 12mo, 186 pages. Charles Scrib- ner's Soup. Physical Laboratory Guide. By Frederick C. Reeve. 12mo, 182 pages. American Book Co. 60 cts. First German Composition. By Philip Schuyler Allen. 12mo, 224 pages. Henry Holt & Co. American Beglnnlnga In Europe. By Wilbur F. Gordy. Illustrated, 12mo, 336 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. Italian Short stories. Selected and Edited by Ernst H. Wilklns, Ph. D„ and Rudolph Altrocchi, A. M. 12mo, 206 pages. D. C. Heath & Co. 60 cts. Easy German Compoaltlon, with an Abstract of Ger- man Grammar. By Marian P. Whitney, Ph. D., and Lilian L. Stroebe, Ph. D. 12mo, 180 pages. Henry Holt & Co. Elnst Im Mnl. Von Hans Arnold. Edited, with Intro- duction, Notes, and Vocabulary, by George B. Lovell. Ph. D. 12mo, 142 pages. Henry Holt & Co. Romeo nod Julia nuf dem Dorfe. Erzahlung von Gottfried Keller. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary, by Robert N. Corwln. 12mo. 249 pages. Henry Holt & Co. Seth of Colorado: A Story of the Settlement of Den- ver. By James Otis. Illustrated, 12mo, 146 pages. American Book Co. 35 cts. 1913.J 65 THE DIAL BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG. INSIST Owen and Liberty. By Lucy Foster Madison. Illustrated, 12mo, 456 pages. Penn Publishing Co. "Tell Me Why" Stories. By C. H. Claudy. Illus- trated In color, ski. 154 pages. McBrlde, Nast & Co. 11.25 net. At the Manon When the British Held the Hudson. By Mary Breck Sleight. Illustrated, 12mo, 288 pages. R. F. Fenno & Co. $1.26. MISCELLANEOUS. The Engravings of William Blake. By Archibald G. B. Russell. Illustrated, large 8vo, 229 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $7.50 net. The English Housewife In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. By Rose M. Bradley. Illus- trated, 8vo, 336 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $3.50 net. The Growth of Groups in the Animal Kingdom. By R E. Lloyd. Illustrated In color, etc., 8vo, 185 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.75 net. Auction of To-Day. By Milton C. Work. 12mo, 289 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net. The Story of Textiles! A BIrd's-Eye View of the His- tory of the Beginning and the Growth of the In- dustry by which Mankind is Clothed. By Perry Walton. Illustrated, 8vo, 274 pages. Boston: Lawrence & Co. The Making of a Newspaper Man. By Samuel G. Blythe. 12mo, 239 pages. Henry Altemus Co. 50 cts. net. Mission Furniture: How to Make It. Part III. Illus- trated, 12mo, 120 pages. "Popular Mechanics Handbooks." Chicago: Popular Mechanics Co. 50 cts. German Toasts. By Charles Henry Octavlus. Decor- ated, 18mo, 100 pages. H. M. Caldwell Co. 50 cts. TYPFfl 40 CTS. PER 1000 WORDS ITIOOl III l»U NOVELS AT SPECIAL RATE JACK LIVERPOOL, 7 BERWICK PARK, BOSTON, MASS. Rftni/C ALL OUT-OF PRINT BOOKS SUPPLIED. S-»V^*-»rVO • uo matter on what subject. Write us. We can get you any book ever published. Please state wants. Catalogue free. BAKER'S GRKAT BOOK SHOP, 14-16 Bright St., Birmingham, Esq. fouNeedlisBoDn written by Mr. P. G. L. Hilken, an experienced traveler who knows the interest-points of Europe like old friends. He tells just what to see and how to see it in Germany, Austria and Switz- fuM—1 erland, in "boiled-down" yet lS»(TTISU*\ comprehensive form that will save you time and money in plan- ■i..... - nine your tour. A book of 100 pages and over 200 fine illustrations sent to you for 10 cents. Write for it today. Also for information how you can travel in safety and comfort at reasonable rates on the large, mod- ern, one-cabin steamers of the Baltimore-Bremen Service of the North German Lloyd. A. Schumacher & Co., Gen'IAgti. 117S.Cktrles Street BALTIMORE. MD F. M. HOLLY Established 1906 Authors' and Publishers' Representative Circulars sent upon request. 156 Fifth Avenue, New Yokk. THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION Established in 1880. LETTER8 OF CRITICISM. EXPERT REVISION OF MSS. Advice as to publication. Address OR. TITUS M. COAN, 70 FIFTH AVE.. NBW YORK CITY DOROTHY PRIESTMAN LITERARY AGENT 27 EAST TWENTY-SECOND STREET, NEW YORK Helpful — Reliable — Progressive — Efficient ASK THE PUBLISHERS or write us for circulars and reference*. Dr. Esenweln Short-Story Writing A course of forty lessone in the history, form, struc- ture, and writing of the Short Story, taught by J. lierEsenweln, Editor Lipplncott'a Magazine. Over one hundred Home Study Courses under proces- sors in Harvard, Brown ^Cornell, and leading colleges. 250-page catalogue free. Write today. THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL Dept. 571, Springfield, Mill. FRANCIS EDWARDS BOOKSELLER 83a High Street, Marylebone, London, W. Large stock of books on all subjects — Catalogues issued at frequent intervals, any of which will be sent post free on application. Write for Special Illustrated Catalogue of EARLY ENGLISH LITERATURE. When In London make a point of calling here. All sections on tight. WILHELM TELL, Act 1. By Schiller Four Complete (juxtaposed) Texts Always Visible: 1. Fonetio (allagamic) Oerman 3. Word-for-word English 2. Ordinary (romanlzed) Oerman 4. Free English (verse) IDEOFONIC Texts for Acquiring Languages By ROBERT MORRIS PIERCE Editorial Critic: GEORQE HEMPL, of Stanford University 265 pages. Cloth 60c, postpaid 00c; paper 25c, postpaid 31c LANOU\QES COMPANY, 143 W. 47th St., New York O'Brien's Minnesota Pioneer Sketches, illustrated, 372 pages, and O'Brien's "Chimes of Cheer," 421 pages, beautifully bound. $1.50 each, postpaid. FRANK G. O'BRIEN 2709 Colfax So. Minneapolis, Minn. COPYRIGHT your boot in England and prevent foreign PIRACY Write for our Circular 4-A The Cosmopolitan Copyright Bureau. 569 FIFTH AVE.. NEW YORK. Hinds and Noble. 31-33-35 West Utta St, N. Y. City. Write for Catalogue. 66 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL "AT McCLURG'S" It is of interest and importance to Librarians to know that the books reviewed and advertised in this magazine can be pur- chased from us at advantageous prices by Public Libraries, Schools, Colleges and Universities In addition to these books we have an exceptionally large stock of the books of all pub- lishers—a more complete as- sortment than can be found on the shelves of any other book- store in the entire country. We solicit correspondence from librarians unacquainted with our facilities. LIBRARY DEPARTMENT A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago Auditorium Theatre GRAND OPERA by THE CHICAGO GRAND OPERA COMPANY ANDREAS DIPPEL. General Manager SEASON OF 1912-1913 Seats Now Selling Scale of Prices for Regular Performances Boxes (six chairs) '. . $50.00 Orchestra 5.00 Balcony, front 3.00 Balcony, centre 2.50 Balcony, rear 1.50 Gallery 1.00 Second Gallery 75 Saturday Evening, Popular Prices 50 cents to $2.50 Mason & Hamlin Piano used. GOOD SERVICE We have many satisfied customers in all parts of the United States. In addition to our large stock of the books of all publishers, we have unexcelled facilities for securing promptly books not in stock and making shipments complete. Give us a trial when the next order is ready. In the mean time do not hesi- tate to call upon us for any information you may wish. We are always at your service. THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY Wholesale Dealer* in the Boohs of all Publither* ^on*Square North NeW York City WILLIAM R. JENKINS GO. Publishers of the Bercy. DuCroauet, Sauveur and other well known methods 851-863 SIXTH AVE., Cor. 48th St., NEW YORK FRENCH Ju*t Pabtiuhmd A New French-English Dictionary AND OTHER FOREIGN By Clifton McLaughlin Cloth, 693 page* $1. poatftaid ROOKS A reliable dictionary for school and library with the whole vocabulary in general use. Large type, good paper, concise yet clear, and the pronunciation of each word. 3 Complete catalogue ■cat when requested RARE BOOKS We can supply the rare books and prints you want. Let us send you 150 classified catalogues. When in Europe call and see us in Munich. Over a million books and prints in stock. ENQUIRIES SOLICITED. The Ludwig Rosenthal Antiquarian Book-Store Hlldegardstr. 14, Lenbachplah 6, Munich, Germany Founded 1859 Cables: Ludbob, Munich Out of Print Books Autograph Letters First Editions Mr. Ernest Dressel North desires to inform his friends, customers, and the book-buying public that he has a large stock of rare second-hand books and autograph letters'constantly on hand. He is always ready to buy or sell such, and to correspond with librarians, collectors, and booksellers regarding these specialties. The Book-Lover's Quarterly: $1.00 a year ERNEST DRESSEL NORTH 4 East Thirty-ninth Street NEW YORK CITY THE DIAL a £emi» jrRontrjIg 3