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[March 16,
THE
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THE DIAL
a Snm«fflontf)Ig Journal of Ht'terarg (Criticism, ©t'gtuBSi'on, ano Information.
Nc. 64*. APRIL 1, 1913. Vol. LW.
Contents.
* PAOB
ANDREW LANG AND OTHERS 283
THE PROBLEM OF BAUDELAIRE. Lewis Piaget
Shanks 285
CASUAL COMMENT 287
An international exhibition of the book industry and
the graphio arts. — The recent performances of
Brieux's "Les A varies."— The death of two coeval
English authors.—Poetry as a vocation. — The regen-
eration of leisure. — Making the book ready for the
reader.—A hundred years of Grimm's fairy tales.—
Short cuts to a learned profession. — Our plethora of
words. — A great library-organizer's work. — The
play-goer's imagination. — A clearing house for
periodicals.
COMMUNICATIONS 291
Art in the Magazines. T. D. A. Coclcerell.
"Aren't I" and " An't I." Wallace Rice.
Another Disinherited Briticism. B. 22. W.
An Omitted Acknowledgment. Hiram Bingham.
CHAPTERS FROM A NATURALIST'S EARLY
LIFE. Percy F.Bicknell 293
BROWNING AS THE POET OF HIS CENTURY.
Anna Benneson McMahan 294
CLIMBING THE ROOF OF THE WORLD. Charles
Atwood Ko/oid 296
"THE SUBJECT OF ALL VERSE." W. A.
Bradley 298
THE PROGRESS OF EUROPEAN SOCIALISM.
Frederic Austin Ogg 300
GENERAL GRANT'S LETTERS. Walter L.Fleming 301
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ... 302
Hutchinson's The Happy Warrior. — G. A. Birming-
ham's The Red Hand of Ulster. — Maxwell's Gen-
eral Matlock's Shadow. — Ollivant's The Royal
Road. — McDonald's Lanchester of Brazenose. —
Moore's The Devil's Admiral. — Herrick's One
Woman's Life. — Allen's The Heroine in Bronze. —
Miss Robins's My Little Sister. — Mrs. Wharton's
The Reef.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 308
The presidents and policies of Republican France.
—The waking-up of a sleepy farming town.—English
and French church architecture.—Social reform and
the Church.— Bird life in the Scottish highlands. —
Eighteenth centnry by-ways.—A disappearing figure
in the life of England.—A transplanted Easterner in
the Middle West.— An anthology of thoughts about
woman. — Further memories of "Toby, M. P." —
The creator of "Leatherstocking." — Old and new
stories of the French stage.
BRIEFER MENTION 311
NOTES 312
TOPICS IN APRIL PERIODICALS 313
LIST OF NEW BOOKS ■ 313
ANDREW LANG AND OTHERS.
The thin pamphlet which reports the pro-
ceedings of the Academic Committee of the
Royal Society of Literature, at a meeting held
four months ago, offers material of varied inter-
est. The chief feature of its contents is a com-
memorative address upon the late Andrew Lang,
delivered by Professor William Pa ton Ker, a
writer of whom it may be said almost in the
sense in which it may be said of Lang, that
he touches nothing which he does not adorn.
"Learning and the pursuits of literature," said
the speaker, "have had many hard things said
of them; but they are essentially honorable,
and few men of letters have done more to
show this than Andrew Lang, in two ways
particularly—in the help he gave so freely
to anyone who wanted it, and in his absolutely
regardless fashion of working on any question
which he took up." Lang has sometimes been
dispraised because he scattered his brilliant
powers, instead of coordinating them and con-
verging them upon the preparation of a magnum
opus. But it was of the very essence of his
genius to work in this way, and he preferred to
attack a subject by a minute critical examina-
tion of its separate aspects rather than by a
deliberate effort to build it from the ground up
in orderly fashion upon a preconceived archi-
tectonic plan. Thus many of his books are
bigger than they seem, simply because they
are unconventional in their elaboration. His
"Custom and Myth" is an example. It is a
collection of popular essays upon a variety of
subjects, "an advance of skirmishers in front
of an army" he called it, but the fire of these
skirmishers had a definitely concerted aim, and
its effect was to strew the field with slain the-
ories, thus preparing it for the occupation of
the constructive engineers that would later take
possession.
Speaking of Lang's poetry, Professor Ker
dwells lovingly upon its lighter or more fanciful
aspects, quoting the stanza in which he condoles
with Stevenson on the unenlightened condition
of the Samoan Islands:
"There are nae bonny U. P. Kirks,
An awfu' place;
Nane kens the Covenant o' Works
Frae that o' Grace."


284
[April 1
THE DIAL
He also places stress upon Lang's love for places,
as expressed in these verses on the Tweed:
"Like a loved ghost, thy fabled flood
Fleets through the dusky land;
Where Scott, come home to die, has stood,
My feet returning stand.
"A mist of memory broods and floats,
The Border waters flow,
The air is full of ballad notes
Borne out of long ago."
These verses are too simple and obvious to win
anything but scorn from the young priests and
vestals of the modern poetic cult, but the speaker
is surely right when he says that" they have their
place in the House of Fame as surely as any
poem by the greater masters."
This tribute to Lang is followed by a memo-
rial address on the late A. W. Verrall, spoken
by Professor John William Mackail. VerralTs
name is known to every classical scholar, but
probably means little to those outside the fold.
Yet few classical scholars of our time have done
so much as he to make the dry bones of scholar-
ship live, and that is a service which outweighs
many times its volume of pedantry and linguistic
achievement. It is the sort of service for which
Andrew Lang and Sir Gilbert Murray in En-
gland, Professor Gildersleeve and Professor
Shorey in this country, have placed us under a
debt of deep obligation, because it is the sort of
service of which the classics stand in most need.
As the speaker said, Verrall was not one of
those who "move like laborious ghosts, out of
the daylight, immersed in a dead world," and in
praising his memory "we are not following a
grammarian's funeral." The following passage
gives us the central theme of the tribute which
Professor Mackail was so well qualified by his own
precept and practice to pay the dead classicist:
"For him letters, both ancient and modern, were a
world crowdedly and intensely alive. He brought to
the study of the classics — of these masterpieces which
have been so thumbed and worn by long currency — the
fresh mind at whose contact they sprang into fresh
vitality. He brought the same fresh interest and enjoy-
ment to English letters and the literary art of his own
day. To hear him discourse on modern authors was
to realise that they were not separated in his mind from
the ancient authors among whom he worked profession-
ally. To both alike he applied the same rapid intelligence,
in both alike he felt the same living interest. And that
was the interest neither of classicism nor of modernism;
it was the interest of literature as a fine art."
It is well to call attention to the work of any
man who shows "how the art of letters can sus-
tain and reinforce the art of living; how com-
merce with great writers may and does kindle in
their students some corresponding greatness of
soul; and how literature is not a region abstract
and apart, but a real thing, the image and in-
terpretation of human life." With all his
"humane impishness " and super-subtlety, Ver-
rall was a scholar who showed us these things;
and because this was his mission, we cherish
his memory.
The contents of our pamphlet close with the
remarks made by Mr. Edmund Gosse in award-
ing, on behalf of the Academic Committee, the
Polignac prize for the best work of imaginative
literature produced during the preceding twelve-
month. The award fell to Mr. John Masefield
for his poem, "The Everlasting Mercy." We
are anything but sure that this poem deserved
the prize, but it is a pleasure to quote the
eloquent words in which Mr. Gosse stated what
he believed to be its claims.
"As we read 'The Everlasting Mercy,' which is a
narrative of conversion, a story of the light of God
breaking into a dark soul through the cracks which pain
and shame have made in it, we feel the mysterious
pulse of humanity beating, throbbing all around us. Mr.
Masefield takes us away from Mayfair, and away from
Fleet Street, too. But not into any remote symbolic
province or mystically fabulous No-man's land. We
stand with him among the familiar inland English hills,
in fields where Piers Plowman might have walked or
Bunyan prayed, and the robust voice of the new poet,
like those of all the earlier singers and yet unlike them
all, chants to us of the meaning of daily life, and of
God's insistent call to human frailty."
We have taken this pamphlet as the subject
of an article because we believe thoroughly in
the importance of such bodies as the Royal
Society of Literature, in their implied functions
of upholding standards, of crowning distin-
guished work, and of memorializing the great
who pass away. They may at times be mistaken
in their judgments, but they stand for the acad-
emic idea, which never more than at the present
day needs to be upheld in all the fine arts. The
flood of the bizarre in poetry, painting, music,
and the other arts threatens more than ever
before to tear us from our aesthetic moorings
and set us adrift upon uncharted seas. And we
are very sceptical of the notion that those seas
are likely to disclose strange new worlds to our
view. Their expanses are more likely to reveal
impassable ice barriers than visioned mounts of
purification. And, applying the lesson to our
own country, we are glad that we have, in the
National Institute of Arts and Letters, a body
corresponding to the Royal Society of Litera-
ture, a body to which the nation may look alike
for warning and for guidance, in confidence that
while it will prove all things artistic, it will con-
tinue to hold fast to that which is good.


1913.]
285
THE
DIAL
THE PROBLEM OF BA UDELAIRE.
i.
The history of literature is rich in grimly humor-
ous coincidence. Charles Baudelaire, who translated
into French the works of Edgar Allan Poe, hated
America for its failure to appreciate his idol. In
his judgment America was ''a great gas-lit barbar-
ism," and it is perhaps a bit of poetic justice that
to-day, when on the Continent and even in England
"Les Fleurs du Mai " holds a large place in the his-
tory of modern poetry, few Americans know the very
name of Baudelaire. There is, to be sure, a wide
gulf between his talent and our canon of taste,— a
gulf so wide that this poet cannot be read in the
schools. And French authors whose works are not
read in the schools have for us scarcely more than a
legendary existence, thin and unsubstantial as that
of ghosts in the Elysian Fields.
Is this fact due to our literary press? Let us
consult Poole and the periodical indexes. Between
1881 and the end of 1912, while scores of studies
on Baudelaire were being published in Europe, we
find on this side of the Atlantic only Mr. Huneker's
essay. I am aware, certainly, of the role of the
American magazine as mentor of adolescence. But
the existence of "Les Fleurs du Mai " is now a fact
of literary history, and on the whole a rather
important fact.
A single essay in twenty years! And even its
occurrence loses in significance when we add that it
was written, not by a professional scholar but by a
musical critic, an American who had learned in Paris
a larger cosmopolitanism and a tolerance perhaps
too undiscriminating. With characteristic enthusi-
asm, Mr. Huneker proposed to demolish the " Legend
of Baudelaire." But his study,* unfortunately, pre-
sented only one side of the question, its evidence
being taken from Baudelaire's friends Crepet and
Gautier. A dithyramb of praise, it is really an
attempt to make a saint out of a sinner. And, with
all due appreciation of the discovery that Baudelaire
"wrote a Latin hymn to Saint Francis," one finds
it hard to admit that "at heart he was a believer,"
and it is to be feared that the critic places too much
emphasis upon the " hymn " in question.f Further-
more, why quote "Pacem summum tenent"? Is it
to bring out the singular nature of the subject?
This unique essay, however, may have had its
effect. In any case, 1913, already an annus mira-
bilis, has given us in one short month not only
Professor Marinoni's admirable article,! but a crit-
ical study—an English production — which, by its
mere bulk and the range of its quotations, indicates
to even the casual eye the importance which this
poet must henceforth assume in the history of liter-
ature. A tall octavo of nearly three hundred pages,
Mr. Turquet-Milnes's "Influence of Baudelaire in
* Published in "Scribner's Magazine," February, 1909.
t See "Les Fleurs du Mai," LXII., Franciscae meae
laudes, and the Notice, p. IK.
t In "The Sewanee Review," January, 1913.
France and England,"* considers, not merely his
descendants in literature on both sides of the Chan-
nel, but the poet himself, with his relations to Poe,
Sainte-Beuve, Gautier, Aloysius Bertrand, and Pe"t-
rus Borel. Some of these chapters are extremely in-
teresting, and the last two names will certainly be
new to English readers. In France, Baudelaire's
posterity numbers Villiers de ITsle Adam, Barbey
d'AureVilly, Verlaine, Huysmans, and Mallarmd,
together with the less known figures of Corbiere,
Rollinat, Samain, and Laforgue. In England we
find, with a few minor poets, Swinburne, O'Shaugh-
nessy, and Wilde. America, too, by the way, has
produced at least one volume of Baudelairian verse,
the "Book of Jade," published anonymously some
ten years ago. So perhaps it may be interesting to
revert to this curious poet, who pushes to a singular
perversity a certain tendency in all Romanticism.
II.
Even from its beginning the French Romantic
school, confident as it was that it had superseded
Classicism and set up in its stead a living ideal, con-
tained the germ of the malady which was eventually
to prove its own destruction. Romanticism revealed
to the world the secret of a new beauty—the Beauty
of the Personal; but with that interest was involved,
implicit and inevitable, the element of curiosity.
Now curiosity may take a more or less objective
expression, as in Hugo's use of the grotesque; or
the mind may turn its scalpel upon itself, as in
most of Rousseau's descendants from "Rend" and
Sdnancour to Alfred de Vigny and Sainte-Beuve.
Theophile Gautier, preoccupied as he was with
plastic beauty, reveals in a great deal of his early
verse this morbid curiosity, but it reaches its height,
set over against the love of Beauty as in Gautier,
yet fascinated at the same time by the ugly and the
macabre, in the poetry of Charles Baudelaire. A
true son of the Romanticists in his exasperated
sensibility, this poet expiated the excesses of two
generations of lyrical egoism.
Temperamentally, Baudelaire is related to three
French Romanticists, the Vigny of the Moise, the
Sainte-Beuve of the BoSties and VolupU, and the
Gautier of the ComSdie dela mort and the Albertus.\
His first characteristic is a neurasthenic sensibility,
exasperated by excess and the habit of self-analysis.
This manifests itself even in his childhood, and his
memories of daily strolls taken with his father among
the statues of the Luxembourg Garden are no less
significant than his boyish suffering at the time of
his mother's second marriage. So we find him
moody and misunderstood in his life at school, hat-
ing its routine as he hated his step-father at home.
* New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
t A deeper analysis, of course, would trace this whole
aspect of Romanticism back to Chateaubriand. The morbid
egoism of Rene, the Satanic lyricism of Atala's dying speech,
and the brutality of cruelly realistic detail throughout " Les
Natchez" (especially in the battle-scenes), all foreshadow
Baudelaire. This relationship is not noted by Mr. Turquet-
Milnes.


286
[April 1
THE
DIAL
Sick and overstrung, the revelation of life seems to
have come to him as a series of shocks,—moral
catastrophes which, in a nature not strong enough
to react healthily, left a morbid desire to shock the
world in its turn. Here, too, as has been suggested
in the case of Prosper Me'rime'e, we may have the
explanation of Baudelaire's impassibility and his
dandyism, and perhaps, also, of that very pose of
Satanic paradox which Me'rime'e himself, at times,
used as a mask against the Philistine. A neuras-
thenic type, he felt moreover the fascination of shock-
ing, and the truculence or brutality which marked
his conversation and a part of his literary product is,
properly considered, not merely a paroxysm of revolt
against convention, but an index of a pathological
condition. Those who believe that Baudelaire was
all "pose" should read his letters and his journal.
Turning now to the dedication of "Les Fleurs
du Mai," we find a lyrical presentation of his atti-
tude—a poem describing the sufferings of the artist,
doomed to misunderstanding and contempt, in a
world of the bourgeois. Yet this conviction does not
make Baudelaire entirely a stoic or a hermit, except
in moments of absolute nervous revulsion. Like
Gautier, he is one for whom the visible world exists;
like Vigny, he feels the poet's solitude, so well
expressed in his predecessor's Mo'ise. More of a
hedonist than Vigny, he is both charmed and repelled
by the world without; and there is something char-
acteristic in the description, recorded, I believe, by
Asselineau, of one of Baudelaire's early studios.
Over the lower half of his window the poet had
drawn a heavy curtain, but in that window, looking
out only on the sky and the passing clouds (compare
the first of the Prose-poems), stood a vivarium filled
with curious reptiles. The anecdote is certainly
suggestive. All of Baudelaire is revealed in it; his
de-humanized idealism and his fascination with the
grotesque, his love of solitary revery and that morbid
curiosity which craves its stimulant even in moments
of seclusion.
A thorough hedonist, a seeker of impressions for
their own sake, Baudelaire loved all the arts, more
especially the plastic arts of form and color. In his
Salon de 18J/.6, he showed that he was an art-critic
of no mean order. Like Gautier, he attempted to
transpose the arts; and some of his poems are
fashioned like statuettes of metal or stone. His very
ideal of poetic beauty is the sculptor's, as we may
see in his sonnet to Beauty:
"Je suis belle, o mortals, comma un reve de pierre,
Et mon sein, oil chacun s'est meurtri tour a tour,
Est fait pour inspirer an poete un amour
Eternel et muet ainsi que la matiere.
"Je trone dans l'azur comme un sphinx incompris
J'unis un coeur de neige a la blancheur des cygnes,
Je hais le mouvement qui depluce les lignes
Et jamais je ne plenre et jamais je ne ris."
Thus, with Gautier, Baudelaire is the real ancestor
of the Parnassian poets. Of painting he says
(notably in the midst of a generation of realists),
"Pas de grande peinture sans de grandes pensees";
yet he admits also the art that is purely decorative,
a pendant to his love of the arabesque in ornament
and the rococo in architecture. In music his cham-
pionship of Wagner, at that time, at least proves that
Baudelaire always had the courage of his artistic
convictions. And when he speaks of the windows
of a certain cathedral, "coloured with the intense
colours with which a profound temperament invests
all the objects of life," he is, in fact, only describing
his own attitude. A preternatural quickness to
sensation, an almost clairvoyant keenness of impres-
sion, responsive to melody, color, and perfume, and
with this a sense of the mystery of beauty, gave to
Baudelaire in poetry something of the quality that
Delacroix and Moreau attained in painting. Some
of his poems, it is true, have been compared to
"moonlight shining on a dung-heap," and fully
deserve the comparison. But, in the main, it is the
moonlight that prevails.
Of course the poetic expression of such a talent,
at once curious and introspective, will often be sensu-
ous, and even consciously sensuous, as in the hero
of Sainte-Beuve's novel. The soul bent back upon
itself, always seeking within that ultimate Beauty
of which the expression just eludes its grasp, suffers
an exhaustion of spirit which turns in reaction to
the pursuit of physical pleasure. Hence the sensu-
ousness exhibited by many of the Romantic poets,
often confused with their idealism as in the glare of
an overwhelming "illumination." So'with Baude-
laire, as with not a few others, life is reduced to the
double service of Art and Love (" Le Rancon "), and
woman, in whom his sensual egotism sees nothing
but a Delilah, becomes in turn his goddess and his
evil genius,— or by a refinement of perversity which
reveals his neurasthenia, goddess and demon at the
same time.
"Je t'adore a l'egal de la vofite nocturne,
O vase de tristesse, O grande taeiturne,
Et t'aime d'autant plus, belle, que tu me fuis,
Et que tu me parais, ornement de mes nuits,
Plus ironiquement aceumuler les lieues
Qui separent mes bras des immensites bleueB."
From Love, as from Art itself, he asks but a
moment of forgetfulness. "One must ever be
drunken," he says in one of his prose-poems:
"One must ever be drunken. Everything is in that; it is
the only question. In order not to feel the horrible burden
of Time that is breaking your shoulders, bending you earth-
wards, you must be ceaselessly drunken.
"But with what? With wine, poetry or virtue, as you
will — only intoxicate yourself; and if sometimes, on the
steps of a palace, on the green sward of a grave, or in the
mournful solitude of your room you wake to find the intoxi-
cation diminished or vanished, ask of the wind, or the wave,
or the star, or the bird, or the clock . . . ask what time it
is; and the wind, wave, star, bird, and clock will tell you:
'It is time to be drunken.' Lest you should be the martyred
slaves of Time, be ceaselessly drunken! with wine, poetry,
or virtue, as you will."
III.
The Anglo-Saxon ideal is to measure life by action,
by accomplishment, by moral or intellectual activity.
For Baudelaire, life was a matter of artistic emo-
tions, a service of the senses, a matter of moods.


1918]
287
THE DIAL,
Nowhere else in literature is this attitude exempli-
fied so completely. For such a nature there is no
development; Baudelaire never reached that stage
in which the life of the intellect detaches itself, rises
supreme from the early tyranny of sense and feel-
ing. Indeed his very thoughts take their color from
his moods, and he is so lacking in convictions that
he can "conceive how one may desert a cause for
the sake of testing the joys of fighting on the oppo-
site side." He is a creature of moods, uncontrolled
by an intellectual or ethical norm, and being a poet,
he is necessarily a poet of moods.
It is this that made him one of the favorite authors
of "Young France " of a generation since, full of
contrasted impulse and lacking as it was in religious
or philosophical bases. For no one has noted so
surely as Baudelaire, or with so keen and felicitous
a touch, the curious return upon itself, the mordant
ennui that sooner or later seizes upon him who lives
entirely to his moods and impressions. Moods and
sensations for their own sake is the aim of his art,
always the attempt to seek out and fix a new impres-
sion, to define a new substratum of feeling. The
poet's part in life, as he conceives it, is not merely
that of an observer but an experimentalist, and his
ends are always egotistic. But where a Goethe, with
his objectivity and his power of intellectual detach-
ment, could realize such a life, Baudelaire, deficient
in will and character, was forced to pay the price.
In truth, life seems opposed to the very theory of
the hedonist; one can never re-live an impression.
Only too soon, for Baudelaire, came the time when
the first fine response to life was lost, when the
freshness of youth had left him, as the sun sinks
behind the horizon in "Le Coucher du Soleil
Romantique."
"Mais je poursuis en vain le Dieu qui se retire;
L'irretristible nuit etablit son empire,
Noire, humide, funeste, et pleine de frissons.
Une odeur de tombeau dans les tenebres nage,
Et mon pied peureux froisse, au bord du marecage,
Des crapauds imprevus et de fmills linineons."
This, then, is the result of his artistic impressionism.
"Le Printemps adorable a perdu son odeur." And
now, of course, it is too late to escape from self in
the objective intellectual world, and the poet must
go on to the end as he has begun, unable to break
the chains of sensibility or to rise above it.
So it was that Baudelaire, eager to lose himself
again in the tense emotions of youth, was drawn
more and more toward those morbid moods, unnat-
urally stimulated by wine and opium, that he had
at first cultivated only through revolt or curiosity.
"Les charmes de l'horreur n'enivrent que les forts!"
he cries; but we are not deceived by this self-
glorification; it is evident that his pursuit of the
brutal, of the perverse, and of the macabre came to
be his only escape from boredom. The poet is
caught in a spiritual impasse, and the Furies are
gaining upon his slackening steps. And here and
there, in an image that palpitates with an insanity
of realism, his poems reveal the disease of the nerves
which foreshadows the end.
It is a sombre spiritual tragedy that we read
between the lines of "Les Fleurs du Mai." His
ennui becomes a chimera: it is the dragon that
besets his life (Preface). He comes to envy the
dull stupidity of the brute world (xxxi.); he longs
for death with a depth of feeling that recalls the
Middle Ages. And after the desperate invocation
which ends the volume, after the cry which con-
cludes one of his prose-poems, we feel that, at the
worst, death could hardly transfer his spirit to a
darker hell. "N'importe oil," he cries, echoing
Poe, "n' importe oil, hors du monde!"
Anywhere out of the world! Never was moral
clearer. Each for himself, men forge their dreams
of life, but no palace of art or pleasure was ever
reared with walls high enough to keep the spectre
of ennui outside. His will atrophied by introspec-
tion and inaction, he found himself a prisoner in a
self-created dungeon, bestridden by his chimera as
by the Old Man of the Sea. Again and again he
tried to break his bonds — we catch a glimpse of the
struggle in his letters and diary,—but it was too
late. The self-reproaches of his sterile genius,
rendered more powerless by the clutches of his vice,
the tortures of a vision which he could not realize,
were added to his punishment. So, when scarcely
nine years after the publication of his volume of
poems, he fell, stricken with paralysis and aphasia,
on the steps of one of those old churches which he
loved to study, we may be sure that Baudelaire had
descended to the lowest depths of the spiral—reached
the bottom of the Inferno, which, a new Dante of
the Perverse, he had discovered in the recesses of
his own soul. And that curious tomb of his at Paris,
against the wall in the Cimetiere Montparnasse, that
tomb where, immortalized in marble, Baudelaire lies
beneath the brooding eye of a marble Lucifer, recalls
in horrible symbolism his long death agony, the bed
of pain whereon he awaited Death for eighteen
months, motionless and speechless, a spirit prisoned
in a living corpse. Lewis Piaget Shanks.
CASUAL COMMENT.
An international exhibition of the book
industry and the graphic arts is planned for
the summer of 1914 by the Deutscher Buchgewerbe-
verein, in celebration of the one hundred and
fiftieth anniversary of the Royal Academy for the
Graphic Arts and the Book Industry, at Leipzig.
Under the patronage of the King of Saxony, and
with an Honorary Committee of one hundred and
forty men of note, mostly Germans, this interesting
exposition of the art of book-printing, book-illustrat-
ing, book-binding, etc., will open its doors, it is
expected, about the middle of May, and close them
about the end of October. A spacious plot of ground
in the suburbs of the book city has been offered by
the city fathers for the occasion, and city and king-
dom have appropriated two hundred thousand marks
each to defray expenses. The exhibits, as now


288
[April 1
THE DIAL
planned, group themselves under sixteen heads, thus
denominated: Free graphic arts; applied graphic
arts; instruction in the industries of the hook trade;
paper manufacture; the working-up of paper; manu-
facture of colors; photography; technics of repro-
duction; letter-cutting, type-founding, and allied
trades, stereotypy and electrotypy; printing process;
bookbinding; publishing, retail and commission
book-trading; newspaperdom and intelligence de-
partment, methods of advertising and canvassing;
library business, bibliography, bibliophilism, and
collections; machinery, apparatus, materials and im-
plements for the entire printing industry; measures
for the protection and benefit of the work-people. In
the library section will be illustrated the fitting-up
of libraries, with library plans, views, furniture,
catalogues, etc.; also public libraries and reading-
rooms will have a special sub-section to themselves,
as will bibliography and amateur printing and
poster-collections, ex libris, and stamps — all these
coming under Group 14 in five sub-sections or classes.
In the words of the prospectus, "Each group is to
be introduced by a historical and a technical instruc-
tive department, whereby laymen will be stimulated
and encouraged. The development and the position
in the history of civilization of the various branches
of the book industry will be clearly demonstrated,
and the technical stages of each process will be shown
in a way suited to the general intelligibility. An
ethnographical section will be devoted to the products
of primitive peoples. Workshops in going order,
models and apparatus for demonstrating purposes,
and cinematograph performances are to stimulate
the interest of experts and general public in equal
degree." Intending exhibitors and others can obtain
further information from the Deutscher Buchge-
werbeverein, Leipzig.
The recent performances op Brieux's "Les
Avaries" in New York, under the management
of Mr. Richard Bennett, backed by the "Medical
Review of Reviews" Sociological Fund, attracted
a tremendous and largely legitimate interest. How
far they advanced the definite aim of those who
were instrumental in getting the play produced,—
the enactment of a Federal law which shall forbid
marriage without certificates of good health from
both parties,—only time can tell. Certainly no speech
received quite so much applause as the doctor's
arraignment of the old notary for investigating his
prospective son-in-law's financial and moral standing,
and asking nothing about his physical health; but
the applause at this point may prove only that the
audience knew why it had been asked to hear the
play. Whatever one may think about the advisa-
bility of producing "Les Avaries "— the English
version is entitled "Damaged Goods"— it cannot
be denied that this particular presentation was
conducted with dignity and seriousness, and was
admirably acted throughout, so that full justice
was done to both the dramatic and the sociological
values of Brieux's play. The special public who
witnessed the performances by virtue of their con-
nection with the Sociological'Fund found it highly
engrossing and impressive, and paid the actors gen-
erous tribute of enthusiastic and grateful applause.
The text of the play is familiar to readers of
modern drama in the original or in Mr. Pollock's
translation. It is, of course, a masterpiece of
"thesis drama,"—an argument, dogmatic, insistent,
inescapable, cumulative, between science and com-
mon sense, on one side, and love, of various types,
on the other. It is what Mr. Bernard Shaw has
called a "drama of discussion"; it has the splendid
movement of the best Shaw plays, unrelieved—
and undiluted — by Shavian paradox, wit, and
irony. We imagine that many in the audiences
at the Fulton Theatre were astonished at the
play's showing of sheer strength as acted drama.
Possibly it might not interest the general public;
probably it would be inadvisable to present it to
them. But no thinking person, with the most
casual interest in current social evils, could listen
to the version of Richard Bennett, Wilton Lackaye,
and their associates, without being gripped by the
power of Brieux's message.
The death op two coeval English authors,
William Hale White ("Mark Rutherford ") and
Thomas Hodgkin, brings regret to all who have
admired the sterling qualities in each of these
workers in different but not unrelated branches of
literature. Dr. Hodgkin's birth-year is given as
1831, and Mr. White's as "about 1830," which will
make the foregoing adjective "coeval " sufficiently
apposite. Few readers of the noteworthy trilogy of
novels, "The Autobiography of Mark Rutherford,"
"Mark Rutherford's Deliverance," and " The Rev-
olution in Tanner's Lane," have known the author
otherwise than by his pseudonym, and as " Mark
Rutherford" he will still continue to be known. His
stories were really studies of social, domestic, and
religious questions, and their appeal was to the
thoughtful, not to those who read for mere amuse-
ment. His later works of fiction, "Miriam's
Schooling," " Catherine Furze," and "Clara Hop-
good," have won less notice than the first three.
His biography of Bunyan, in the " Literary Lives"
series, his "Pages from a Journal" and "More
Pages from a Journal" are the chief of his later
productions. It is to be noted that his adoption of
authorship as a calling came about largely in con-
sequence of his expulsion from the Congregational
ministry for his views on inspiration. Dr. Hodgkin,
like Grote a banker and a historian, attained by his
"Italy and her Invaders " (eight volumes published
at the time of his death) considerably less fame than
did Grote with his twelve volumes of Greek history,
the popularity of which was such that twelve hun-
dred copies of the final volume were sold in one
week; but the literary art and the large grasp of his
subject shown by the later historian were of no mean
order. Dr. Hodgkin was of Quaker antecedents,
and his own dignified bearing and simple habits


1913]
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were in harmony with the traditions of the Society
of Friends. The two men here bracketed together
seem to have had in common a deep religious seri-
ousness and interest in the ethical aspects of things.
• • •
Poetky as A vocation of a bread-winning, life-
sustaining character has been followed by compar-
atively few; as an agreeable and harmless avocation
it has been embraced by many. Just now public
attention is turned toward Mr. Alfred Noyes as an
example of one who has succeeded in making poetry
his servant, as a provider of material necessities, as
well as his mistress. From the day he left Oxford
to the present time his verses have been commercially
successful, and also successful in a far higher sense.
No such experience has he known as that so amus-
ingly recorded by Mr. Yoshio Markino, who high-
heartedly bade farewell to Japan and turned his
face toward the New World "with a hope to become
a poet or a writer in English," only to meet with
speedy disappointment. "I had to make livelihood,"
he tells us, "by washing windows and dishes, or a
little better thing, making sets of false teeth for
some dentists." Another and a more confident
aspirant to poetic distinction (and the attendant
emoluments) was little Mary Antin from Polotsk
in Russia, who has told us all about her coming to
Boston at twelve years of age, and the enthusiasm
with which she adopted America to be henceforth
her own country. Of her early hopes and plans she
writes: "As I understood it, my business was to go
to school, to learn everything there was to know, to
write poetry, become famous, and make the family
rich. Surely it was not shirking to lay out such a
programme as that. I had boundless faith in my
future. I was certainly going to be a great poet; I
was certainly going to take care of the family."
Still another instance, this time a more conspicuous
one in the world of letters, comes to mind. When
Thomas Bailey Aldrich entered his uncle's commis-
sion house in Pearl Street, New York, his real life
was not passed in the brokerage business, but was
lived in the little back hall bedroom on the third
floor of his boarding-house in Clinton Place, where
he.collected Japanese fans, meditated high themes
in poetry, and, as he says, wrote "a lyric or two"
every day before going down town. And when, one
red-letter day, the editor of "Harper's" accepted a
poem and paid him fifteen dollars for it, he could
not refrain from publishing the glad tidings in his
uncle's office. "Why don't you send the d d
fool one every day?" was that thrifty person's re-
joinder. But the poet in Aldrich was proof against
scoffs and jibes, as it ever will be in him whose eyes
are fixed on Parnassus.
The regeneration of leisure through the
establishment of civic theatres, indoor and outdoor,
was the subject of a recent address by Mr. Percy
MacKaye at Smith College, in the town distinguished
by the possession of a highly successful civic theatre
which his own cordial encouragement helped to
establish. The refining of popular amusements was
urged by the speaker as one of the needs of the age.
The civic theatre would substitute the habit of filling
time for that of killing time, and under its lead social
evils might be made to give place to cooperative
pleasures. "Finally," declared the speaker, "it
should succeed in making commercial playhouses
appear tawdry. . . Outdoor theatres deserve atten-
tion; most of them are privately owned at present,
but a recollection of the glory of the Greek outdoor
theatre shows what they can do. The success of
the one at Berkeley, Cal., has been notable. The
public park of every city should have one. The
workers in the theatre should join with the city to
form committees to advance the regeneration of
leisure. In the civic theatre puppet-shows will live
again, and the pantomime exemplified by 'Sumurun'
will have its part. Here the lyric poet will regain
his lost right of appeal to an audience rather than
to an individual. There may be a revival of the
old-time art of masques, so valuable for their influ-
ence on large numbers at once; these, too, are best
given outdoors. Redemption of leisure by art
may take the course of a return to symbolism and
renewed use of ancient nature symbols." The
open-air pageant whose revival has of late met with
encouraging favor is in harmony with this scheme
of wholesome and refining recreation, and was com-
mended by Mr. MacKaye. Amusement is, indeed,
as he expressed it, "one of the mightiest positive
forces in America. Art is self-government at its
highest. It has only begun to give articulate ex-
pression to the vast modern revulsion of ideas now
in process of growth, and its future rests with the
people." . . .
Making the book ready for the reader,
classifying and cataloguing and labelling it, some-
times costs more than the price of the book itself,
as all librarians very well know. It is estimated
that the public libraries of Massachusetts alone are
spending half a million dollars yearly in making
their stores of literature readily available for the
most advantageous use. The State Library at Bos-
ton, numbering about three hundred thousand vol-
umes, is at present undergoing expert treatment at
the hands of cataloguers, at a cost of five thousand
dollars a year, the work to continue probably eight
years — or five years if an annual expenditure of
eight thousand dollars should be authorized. The
catalogue is, of course, to be of the card form, the
only convenient shape in which a catalogue can be
kept up to date. At Harvard the old card catalogue
is being transformed into a printed card catalogue of
uniform character throughout, this change meaning
a cost of forty or forty-five cents per volume cata-
logued; and even at that rate the printers are com-
plaining that there is little or no profit in the job for
them. Mr. Charles J. Babbitt, the library expert
now engaged in cataloguing the State Library, is
quoted as estimating the cost of a type-written cata-
logue for that library as eleven cents for each book


290
[April 1
THE
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treated; but, on the other hand, the librarian of
Congress is said to question whether so small an
expenditure will cover the cost of a good card cata-
logue. At any rate, amid all the agreements and
disagreements of the learned librarians, it is safe to
say that the purchase price of a book represents
much less of its real cost to the public library than
one person in a thousand ever suspects.
A HUNDRED YEARS OF GRIMM'S FAIRY TALES
have not outworn their popularity. On the con-
trary, their fame has spread amazingly from the day
of their publication. English was the first foreign
language into which they were translated, and no
one knows in how many others they are now current.
Those of us who were brought up on "Hansel and
Gretel" and the rest of the fascinating tales will
never find anything in narrative form to fetter the
interest as did those nursery stories of long ago.
Professor Erich Schmidt has been celebrating their
centennial in the Deutsche Rundschau, reminding
us again of the varied and often obscure sources
from which they were drawn, and paying tribute to
the mastery of simple, idiomatic German displayed
by the two brothers who so diligently labored in
collecting and preserving them. From old peasant
women, especially the "cattlewife of Schwelm," of
marvellous memory, from Maria the sewing girl,
and from Dorothea Wild, whom Wilhelm Grimm
later took to wife, many of these folk tales were
gathered and put into literary form. The Cobbler
of Nuremberg, Hans Sachs, is ultimate authority
for others, and old jest-books and medieval Latin
poems were drawn upon for still other of these
homely narratives. In fact, the net was spread wide,
and all sorts of waifs and strays were gathered in,
to be immortalized with the touch of genius at the
hands of the brother collectors. In the tales, virtue
is rewarded, vice is punished, and true lovers made
happy, in a way never other than satisfying to the
unspoilt juvenile taste. Now and then a sly stroke
of humor gives variety, but rather puzzles than
pleases the literal-minded child reader — as at the
end of one story where it is printed, "Anybody that
does not believe this tale must pay a dollar," a com-
mand that is said to have brought one unbelieving
but strictly honest little maiden to the door of the
brothers Grimm with a thaler in her small hand.
She was as upright and downright as is the manner
of most of these homely but entrancing tales.
Short cuts to a learned profession are
commonly to be mistrusted, and our State laws are
more and more making them impossible. Among
learned professions no librarian would hesitate to
include his own, to which, with all our library
schools and their two-year and three-year courses,
short cuts are not unknown. It is probably well that
the subordinate positions in library work should be
open to apprentices of little or no technical training,
and it may also be well that even the head librarian-
ship should be not beyond the reach of the born
librarian unequipped with a library-school diploma.
Of the many libraries now conducting training
classes for the filling of vacancies in their own
service, that at Detroit has recently called- our
attention to its activities in this field. Its apprentice
class receives ten months' instruction, no fees re-
quired, and its members become "eligible to serve
as substitutes at the end of the first month, and in
this manner have an opportunity to earn some part
of their support. After the final examination those
who prove acceptable during the course are eligible
to appointment to the regular staff." The formal
instruction is limited to one hour five times a week,
and does not pretend to take the place of regular
training-school instruction, though it "covers in a
general way the curriculum of such a school, with
a special view of meeting local needs," and the
subjects to which most careful attention are given
include "cataloguing, reference work, children's
work, book selection, book ordering, and trade
bibliography." In existing conditions the appren-
tice class has an indisputable place.
Our plethora of words, as evidenced by the
ponderous tomes of the great Oxford Dictionary,
now in the letter T and progressing majestically
toward "zygosis" and "zyxomma," causes dis-
quietude in some breasts. Are we pruning the
luxuriant growth of our vocabulary as we ought?
Should every foreign term that falls lightly from
the tongue or pen of him who is too indolent to
search for its native equivalent be naturalized
before the completion of a long term of residence
among us? To take a familiar instance, has the
French word for "ingenuous," which we have never
been able to decide whether to adopt in its mas-
culine or its feminine form, any legitimate place in
our vocabulary? And does it not savor of some-
thing like pedantry or priggishness, or a desire to
appear learned and well-read, to sprinkle our dis-
course with such exotic terms as "provenance,"
"format,""gauche," "gaucherie,""diva," "tenore,"
"concetti," and other like substitutes for adequately-
expressive English words? Occasionally the foreign
term seems to be the only one for the exact shade
of meaning one wishes to convey, and its use as a
last resort is unobjectionable. Importations from
the domain of science are further swelling our
dictionaries, and the slang term obtains rather too
ready admittance. We rejoice, of course, that ours
is a living and growing language, but there is such
a thing as a growth too rapid for either health or
strength or beauty. ...
A great library-organizer's work came too
early to its close in the death, March 11, of Dr.
John Shaw Billings, since 1896 head of the New
York Public Library, and before that in charge
of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office at
Washington, where his labors in compiling the great
sixteen-volume catalogue of that collection, and in
making the collection itself the most valuable med-


1913]
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THE
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ical library in the world, brought him merited dis-
tinction. He was born April 12,1839, in Indiana;
attended Miami University and the Medical College
of Ohio; served as surgeon in the Civil War, attaining
the rank of lieutenant colonel; has held various posi-
tions of usefulness and eminence, including the chair-
manship of the board of trustees of the Carnegie
Institution at Washington; and was largely instru-
mental in securing the Carnegie grants for building
up the New York public library system. The plan
and arrangement of the latter's great central library
building are credited to him, and to his organizing
genius also the Johns Hopkins Hospital at Baltimore
is greatly indebted. Honorary degrees and society
memberships at home and abroad were bestowed
upon him in profusion. Among his published works
the " National Medical Dictionary," in two volumes,
deserves prominent mention. Dr. Billings was a
man given to large undertakings of public useful-
ness, and whatever he undertook he seems to have
carried to success.
• • •
The play-goer's imagination has far less exer-
cise now than in the early days of the theatre—
which is rather to be regretted. The staging of a play
in ancient Greece and Rome was a simple matter
compared with the elaboration of scenery and cos-
tume now demanded. And in Elizabethan England
it was not much more of an undertaking. As Pro-
fessor Felix Schelling said the other day at Amherst
in his Clyde Fitch lecture, "our method of present-
ing a play makes for the reduction of intellectual
effort; we are personally conducted throughout, and
the imagination is rarely taxed." Between Shake-
speare's Snout playing the part of a wall, with a
daub of plaster or loam on his person to foster the
illusion, and Mr. Edison's kinetophone reproducing
grand opera or scenes from real life, with every
movement and color and sound, even to the spoken
word, somewhat accurately rendered, there may
well stretch three centuries of effort and experiment
and evolution. Such triumphs of realism drive some
of us to the quiet of the study and the congenial
atmosphere of the library, there to take our fill of
the drama in a manner befitting one whose imagina-
tion needs not the guidance of leading-strings.
• • •
A CLEARING HOUSE FOR PERIODICALS 18 con-
ducted by the Minnesota Public Library Commission,
as explained in its " Seventh Biennial Report." By
means of this clearing house the libraries throughout
the State are greatly helped in completing their sets
of magazines and reviews for reference use. A sur-
plus at one place supplies a deficiency at another,
through the mediation of the clearing house. "The
Commission pays the freight on all magazines sent
in, and the libraries upon those which they receive.
During the period of nineteen months covered by
this report, 2171 numbers have been given to
libraries, a smaller number than in preceding
years, for the reason that the majority of libraries
have practically completed their back files and are
now subscribing for the magazines which are reg-
ularly bound each year. Of the more popular
magazines which are not valuable for reference
material, 1059 numbers have been sent to lumber
camps, where they are greatly appreciated." The
thought here suggests itself that if all State library
commissions were to establish similar clearing houses
and then unite in the maintenance of a central or
national clearing house—a clearing house of clear-
ing houses, in short—the completion of defective
sets of periodicals in all the public libraries of the
United States might be facilitated. But perhaps
the scheme would be too complicated for practical
use.
COMMUNICATIONS.
ART IN THE MAGAZINES.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
My letter published in your issue of February 1
called forth only seven replies,— or eight counting the
one published. One of these is a gentle and courteous
protest from the Editor of the "Century," who notes
that the April number of that magazine will contain an
article criticising new fads in art, with a lot of illustra-
tions. "When you see these you will not consider Mr.
Dearth's picture an extreme example of a general type,
but will think it conservative." Six letters support my
opinion of the picture criticised, with a variety of vigor-
ous expressions. No real defense has been attempted,
if we except that of Mr. R. U. Johnson, who merely
urges that the work is "conservative " compared with
other pictures now before the public, which is of course
a fact.
On the whole the referendum has not been a conspic-
uous success, but another time we might do better. Dr.
E. E. Hale, in a semi-facetious manner, raises the ques-
tion whether the plan proposed could be expected to
give results of any value. Judged by their attitude
toward works of art, people may be divided into three
groups: (1) those who care especially for the technique;
(2) those who value the work for its mission to mankind;
and (3) those who regard it with comparative indiffer-
ence, and have no strong feelings of any kind regarding
it. At the present time, it is probably no exaggeration
to say that at least ninety per cent of our people belong
to the third class, whose opinions on the subject, so far
as they have any, are not definite or well considered
enough to be of much value. Consequently an attempt
to collect opinions wholesale, without any sort of selec-
tion, would scarcely repay the trouble. The professional
group, representing the first class in our classification, is
organized and articulate, and naturally dominates the
situation. It is of course true that the best representa-
tives of art belong equally to the first and second classes,
so that the second point of view is never lost sight of
entirely. It is, however, my contention that the present
state of the fine arts and of art criticism in this country
is unsatisfactory on account of the insufficient attention
paid to what I conceive to be the real mission of art,
and that the remedy lies with that body of educated
people who value art for its influence on morality, using
that word in its broadest and original sense. These
people, owing to the size of our country and the lack of
any obvious common bond, are too inarticulate, too little
able to bring to a focus the very considerable body of


292
[April 1
THE
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opinion they represent. It seemed to me that perhaps
the readers of The Dial were a sufficiently selected
group to be of value in this connection. Judging by
those personally known to me, I should say that on the
whole they must represent the group it is desired to
reach fairly well. If the referendum became customary
and received adequate support, I believe the results
would be of real value. In no instance would all, or
nearly all, the readers send in opinions, and thus the
indifferent in relation to the matter under discussion
would be eliminated.
Another possible development of the same idea would
be to ask readers to nominate, say, one hundred persons,
who would be asked from time to time to briefly express
their opinions on particular topics, with the understand-
ing that they would only do so if they felt sufficiently
competent and interested. Then, as the result of a par-
ticular referendum, we might have before us a numeri-
cal summary of the general vote, with a selected series
of statements giving the opinions of specially competent
individuals.
In zoology, at the present time, there is much discus-
sion of nomenclature, and the methods outlined above
have been followed by certain journals, I think with
wholly beneficial results. Whenever such methods are
employed, they tend to increase interest, and shift the
power and feeling of responsibility from the few to the
many. Democracy is not in itself a cure for all our
ills; how much of it we need in particular cases will
depend upon circumstances, but unless we have demo-
cratic ideals, the tendency will be all the other way,
with eventually disastrous results.
With regard to the immorality of bad art, I would
say this: bad drawing is not necessarily immoral, but
when a work comes to have any importance as art, its
effect on the public morals cannot be avoided. This is
too large a subject to discuss here; but it will, I think,
be generally admitted that our feeling for harmony or
beauty is intimately connected with the very fibre of
our morality. Some of the preposterous things which
have lately been exhibited as "art " are scarcely im-
moral, because they have, I suppose, no real grip on the
imagination. The maximum of injury arises from works
which are, as Mr. Johnson says, relatively "conserva-
tive." It is just as it is with people: we are in danger
of being misled and degraded by those who are moder-
ately abnormal, but no one fears the influence of a
lunatic. T. D. A. Cockerell.
Boulder, Colo., March 16, 1913.
"ABEN'T I" AND "AN'T I."
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The longer the discussion regarding the use of
"aren't I " goes on, the more I am impressed with the
fact that consultation of the dictionary, with some recog-
nition of the attempt to spell according to sound, would
have quieted apprehension among those who fear for
the purity of our mother tongue.
The instances of this usage come from southern En-
gland and New England. In both, the sound of final
"r" has practically ceased to exist. Consequently the
phrase referred to is pronounced to rhyme with "can't,"
as that abbreviation is properly pronounced, with the
low-back-wide vowel which we term in English, some-
what inaccurately, " Italian a." Reference to the New
English Dictionary gives the abbreviation "an't," pro-
nounced to rhyme with "can't," as in literary use in
English since 1706, the date of the first example cited;
and defines it as the "contraction for are n't, are not;
colloquially for am not; and in illiterate or dialect speech
for is not, has not (han't). A later and still more illit-
erate form is AlNT."
Of the six instances of the use of "an't" cited, five
are of its use in the plural as a contraction for "are n't,"
and only one, from the "Rejected Addresses," of its use
in the singular, where it is colloquially used for "is not."
I am impressed with the notion that more profound
search would have shown its extended use in the first
person singular. It is formed upon precise analogy with
"can't" for "cannot" and "shan't" for "shall not,"
where the dropping of the closing consonant of the first
member of the abbreviation is followed by a lengthening
of the "short English a" to the "Italian a," as if for
compensation, precisely as in the case of "an't" from
"am not." Note a similar lengthening of the vowel in
"don't" and "won't."
When a Boston father reports his child as saying
"are n't I," in standard English, which knows not the
sound of final "r," the child has merely said "an't I"
quite correctly, and the same is to be said of the citation
which occasioned this controversy. And as the New
English Dictionary, by implication, authorizes its use
as literate, why may we not recognize it as having been
literate, certainly since 1706, and content ourselves
therewith, at least as a permissible colloquialism?
Wallace Rick.
Chicago, March 25, 1913.
ANOTHER DISINHERITED BRITICISM.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
An example of questionable British idiom, more ear-
distressing to me than any of those cited in the inter-
esting paragraph on " Freaks of Language " in your last
issue, may be found in the current number of "The
English Review." In what is otherwise an excellently-
written short story, the hero addresses this remarkable
query to the heroine: "I used to be great on material
forces, use n't It" Perhaps it is not without significance
that this linguistic vagary is put in the mouth of an
American character, thus paving the way for that inevi-
table day when some Saturday Reviewer will confront us
with this latest instance of a " barbarous Americanism."
B. R. W.
Chicago, March 24, 1913.
AN OMITTED ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
At the time that my "Journal of an Expedition
across Venezuela and Colombia" was published I was
absent from this country on an expedition to South
America. An appendix on "Temperature and Weather"
was prepared from my notes by Mr. Burton M. Varney,
of Harvard University. Owing to a misunderstanding,
which would not have arisen had I been in this country
at the time the volume was published or had Mr. Var-
ney not been so very modest, this acknowledgment was
not included in the preface.
An "Additional Note" stating this fact has been
prepared in such form that it may readily be inserted
in the volume. If any of your readers who own copies
of the book will send a line to that effect to the Yale
University Press or to me, I shall be very glad to fur-
nish them with the inset. Hiram Bingham.
Yale University, March 22, 1913.


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%	 $tto looks.
Chapters from a Naturalist's
Early Lite.*
A more severe or puritanical upbringing than
that pictured by Mr. John Muir in his " Story
of my Boyhood and Youth" could hardly be
imagined. At school in his native town of
Dunbar, Scotland, the rudiments of book-
learning were soundly thrashed into the male
pupils, the boys were flogged again at home for
delinquencies at school, and they were also well
birched by the paternal hand for seeking to
ease the strain of unremittent discipline by
pommelling one another. Sundays were made
formidable by the rigors of church-attendance,
and if a fearful joy was snatched on Saturdays
from the indulgence of irrepressible youthful
impulses, the recreation was likely to be paid
for with additional administrations of chastise-
ment. A little later in the autobiographer's life,
in the hard pioneer days of his early Wisconsin
experience, only two holidays, the fourth of
July and the first of January, were granted to
him and his brothers and sisters by the strenu-
ously industrious parents; and, by his own con-
fession, the chronicler of these hardships and
severities seems to have had assigned to him all
the most back-breaking and heart-breaking of
the fearful tasks encountered in subduing the
wilderness of a frontier homestead of sixty
years ago. No wonder he was called the " runt"
of the family. Although he migrated to America
at eleven years of age, he can scarcely be said
to have grown up with the country; hard work
stunted the growth.
Under the inflexible rule of a father who held
the Bible to be the only book profitable for in-
struction, and to know "Jesus Christ, and him
crucified," the only knowledge of value, the
eager intellect of the son must have been in
some danger of atrophy. It is pathetic to
imagine the lad snatching surreptitious glimpses
of the inside of a book on church history —
probably the only reading available except the
Bible—and being sternly ordered to bed by the
father, to whom such frivolity seemed doubly
unpardonable when protracted beyond the hour
of eight o'clock at night, the family bedtime.
It is almost with incredulity that we read of
the amount of scripture committed to memory
by the son at the parental bidding. The better
•The Story of my Boyhood and Youth. By John
Muir. With illustrations from sketches by the author.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
part of the Old Testament and all the New he
tells us he was at one time able to repeat—per-
haps he is still able to do so. Dick's " Chris-
tian Philosopher" he hoped to be allowed to go
through on the strength of the first word of the
title. But he says his father "balked at the
word • philosopher,' and quoted from the Bible
a verse which spoke of 'philosophy falsely so-
called '"—though he must have altered the text
if he used those exact words. With approach-
ing manhood, however, the book-hungry lad
seems to have succeeded in providing himself
with a few of the English classics.; and this is
what he says about them:
"I remember as a great and sudden discovery that
the poetry of the Bible, Shakespeare, and Milton was
a source of inspiring, exhilarating, uplifting pleasure;
and I became anxious to know all the poets, and saved
up small sums to buy as many of their books as possible.
Within three or four years I was the proud possessor
of parts of Shakespeare's, Milton's, Cowper's, Henry
Kirke White's, Campbell's, and Akenside's works, and
quite a number of others seldom read nowadays. I
think it was in my fifteenth year that I began to relish
good literature with enthusiasm, and smack my lips
over favorite lines, but there was desperately little
time for reading, even in the winter evenings,— only a
few stolen minutes now and then. Father's strict rule
was, straight to bed immediately after family worship,
which in winter was usually over by eight o'clock."
At last paternal permission was obtained to
use as much of the early morning for reading
as was desired. Fired with zeal to make the
most of this opportunity, the son was out of bed
the next morning long before daylight; and
when he found by the kitchen clock that it was
only one o'clock, his exultation at the prospect
of five free hours knew no bounds. But the
kitchen fire was out, and he feared to strain his
father's indulgence too far by re-kindling it at
so unheard-of an hour. The temperature was
below freezing, and the only alternative to going
back to bed was to take refuge in the compara-
tive warmth of the cellar — not to read, how-
ever, as it was too cold even there for the enjoy-
ment of poetry, but to give bodily shape to
some of the many mechanical inventions with
which the boy's head was teeming. All the
world knows of Mr. Muir as a naturalist, but
before he devoted himself to the wonders of
natural science he had earned a reputation as a
most ingenious and skilful inventor. Without
ever having seen the inside of a clock or watch,
he conceived the idea of a clock that should not
only tell the time of day, but also the days of
the month and of the week; and he whittled out
the machine in these early morning hours in the
cellar, following it up with other curious con-


294
[April 1
THE
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structions, and making them "go," too, when
they were set up. From an iron rod, three feet
long and five-eighths of an inch in diameter,
that had formed part of a wagon box, he made
a most delicate and accurate thermometer,
multiplying the expansion and contraction of
the rod by a series of levers, and making it so
sensitive to variations of temperature that the
dial hand would move at the approach of a
person. Another contrivance would tilt a bed
on end at any desired hour — a most effective
kind of alarm clock. Sketches of a number of
these curious products of his inventive genius
are drawn by the author for the illustration of
his book. His account of these machines, and
of the glory they won for him at county fairs
and at the State University, where his room
became a museum of wonders not yet forgotten,
is exceedingly diverting and often amusing.
Equally engrossing is his description of his
eagerness for a college education and the way
in which he contrived to gratify his longing.
Let a short passage be here inserted:
"With fear and trembling, overladen with ignorance,
I called on Professor Stirling, the Dean of the Faculty,
who was then Acting President, presented my case, and
told him how far I had got on with my studies at home,
and that I hadn't been to school since leaving Scotland
at the age of eleven years, excepting one short term of
a couple of months at a district school, because I could
not be spared from the farm work. After hearing my
story, the kind professor welcomed me to the glorious
University — next, it seemed to me, to the Kingdom of
Heaven. After a few weeks in the preparatory depart-
ment I entered the Freshman class. In Latin I found
that one of the books in use I had already studied in
Scotland. So, after an interruption of a dozen years, I
began my Latin over again where I had left off; and,
strange to say, most of it came back to me, especially
the grammar which I had committed to memory at the
Dunbar Grammar School."
But to this student, Latin and Greek were
only the dead sticks of knowledge; the living
tree was science, with its manifold wonders.
Not surprising is it, therefore, that he refused
to follow the prescribed course leading to a
diploma, but picked here and there such studies
as chemistry, geology, and botany, and spent his
four college years more profitably than if he
had pursued the usual routine; for he had a
maturity of mind and a wealth of hard-won
experience not found in the average collegian.
The problem how to support himself during his
course at Madison was not the easiest one to
solve, and at times he was reduced to fifty cents
a week for the supply of his bodily needs. He
boarded himself, as did many of his comrades,
and worked at farming in summer and at teach-
ing in winter to keep the wolf from the door.
And through it all he turned his inventive fac-
ulty to good account, constructing a thoroughly
successful automatic fire-lighter for the country
school he was teaching, thus saving precious
time for his studies, and filling his room at the
university with divers sorts of labor-saving
devices. Here is his account of one of his
summers:
"At the beginning of the long summer vacation I
returned to the Hickory Hill farm to earn the means
in the harvest-fields to continue my University course,
walking all the way to save railroad fares. And
although I cradled four acres of wheat a day, I made
the long, hard, sweaty day's work still longer and
harder by keeping up my study of plants. At the noon
hour I collected a large handful, put them in water to
keep them fresh, and after supper got to work on the in
and sat up till after midnight, analyzing and classifying,
thus leaving only four hours for sleep; and by the end
of the first year, after taking up botany, I knew the
principal flowering plants of the region."
With the completion of the university course
the narrative comes to an end, much to the
reader's regret. Let us hope it may be con-
tinued at an early date. There is a freshness
and truth and simple sincerity about it that go
far toward making it one of the great pieces of
writing of its kind. It clears the brain and
braces the system to read so genuine, unpre-
tentious, homely, and convincing a bit of auto-
biography. Sweet are the uses of adversity
when it can shape such a life as is so unassum-
ingly portrayed in Mr. Muir's pages. No one,
having once opened the book, can lay it down
unfinished; and no one, having finished it, can
fail to feel himself the better for it.
In form and workmanship the volume is
worthy of its contents. A fine portrait of the
author faces the title-page.
Percy F. Bicknell.
Browning as the Poet of his
Century.*
Of the large amount of literature put forth
in connection with the recent Browning centen-
ary, the most important contribution is Miss
Helen A. Clarke's "Browning and his Cen-
tury." It is a book of real distinction, fully
up to date, and permeated with present-day
thought.
The first chapter gives us this thesis: (1)
That in the history of thought one of the great-
est contributions ever made was made by the
nineteenth century, namely this, — "Once for
all, it decided what particular range of human
* Brownino ani> his Century. By Helen Archibald
Clarke. Illustrated. New York: Ooubleday, Page & Co.


1913]
295
THE DIAL
knowledge lies within the reach of mental per-
«eption and what particular range of human
knowledge can be grasped only through spirit-
ual perception"; and (2) that of this thought
and this century the master poetic mind was
Robert Browning.
To trace how Browning entered into the arena
and ventured to tackle, as early as in his second
poem, the supreme problem of his age—the rela-
tion of mind and spirit — is a purpose never lost
eight of by the author. For example, in " Saul"
she sees not only what the average reader sees—
a poem full of humanity, tenderness, and sheer
poetic beauty, — but also an interpretation of
the origin of prophecy. It places Browning not
only in the van of the thought of the century
on questions connected with biblical criticism,
but in a still more advanced position by virtue
of the psychological tinge given to David's ex-
perience. Miss Clarke points out that William
James himself could not have portrayed better
a case of religious ecstasy growing out of gen-
uine exaltation of thought. The special contri-
butions of Herbert Spencer, David Strauss,
Cardinal Wiseman, and the group of Oxford men
in the Tractarian Movement are summarized to
show that Browning in his mid-century poems
was abreast and sometimes ahead of even such
leaders as these, in the battle of mind and spirit.
Again, when later in the century scientific
thought brought to the fore the problem of evil
and its corollary, the conception of the Infinite,
Browning was also completely abreast of the
current. This is shown most fully in "Ferish-
tah's Fancies " and " Parleyings." Miss Clarke
is quite warranted in calling it a "strange freak
of criticism " that so many, even of Browning's
admirers, have failed to note the importance of
these later works. The great outcry against
them, of course, has been the old one — that
philosophical and ethical problems are not fit
subjects for treatment in poetry. But, she
argues, it is just as prejudiced and unforeseeing
in these days to limit poetry to this or that kind
of a subject, or to say that nothing is dramatic
which does not deal with immediate action, as
it would have been for Homer to declare that no
poem would ever be worthy of the name that did
not contain a catalogue of ships. By using the
dramatic form, the poet has been able to convey
a deep sense of the characteristics peculiar to
the century. The latter half of the Victorian
period, in its thought phases, lives just as surely
in these poems as Renaissance Italy in its art
phases lives in "Fra Lippo Lippi," "Andrea
del Sarto," and the rest; and this is true,
though one group is cast in the form of Persian
fables, and the second in the form of "Par-
leyings" with worthies or unworthies of past
centuries.
The lyrics in "Ferishtah," albeit not con-
forming to Elizabethan models, are accounted
by Miss Clarke as among the finest ever written.
It was a happy thought to place them as a com-
panion picture to Mrs. Browning's "Sonnets
from the Portuguese." The Sonnets portray
the sunrise of a great love; the "Ferishtah"
lyrics reflect the subsequent development of
such a love, through the awakening of whole new
realms of feeling,—love for humanity as a whole,
all the little trials of life dissolved in the new
light, and divine love realized with a force never
before possible.
The chapters on "Political Tendencies" and
"Social Ideals" are less convincing, since the
author is forced to admit that Browning's poetry
shows little interest in the political ideas of his
own age and century, and that his social ideals
have no touch of nineteenth century utilitarian-
ism. While his work is instinct with sympathy
for all classes and conditions of men, Browning
does not feel the ills of life with the intensity
of a Carlyle, nor its ugliness with the grief of
a Ruskin, nor yet its lack of culture with the
concern of an Arnold; nor would he stand in
open spaces and preach socialism to the masses
as did Morris. His thought was centred upon
the worth of every human being to himself and
for God. Earth is after all only a place to grow
in, and to prepare one's self for life to come;
and failure here, so long as the fight has been
bravely fought, is to be regarded with anything
but regret, for it is through the failure that the
vision of the future is made more sure.
One of the most acceptable features of this
intensely interesting volume of nearly four hun-
dred pages is its freedom from padding of any
kind. Miss Clarke has avoided the custom of
most of her predecessors, who fill in with long
citations of the poet's own words. She is so
thoroughly familiar with the poems that she
assumes her readers to be, also. She is so thor-
oughly steeped in their spirit that we are quite
ready to agree with her, in this passage near
the close:
"The century had to grow up to him. It is needless
to gay that it did so. Just as out of the turmoil of
conflicting scientific and religious thought has emerged
a serene belief in man's spiritual destiny, so out of the
turmoil of conflicting schools of criticism has arisen a
perception of the value of the new, the original, the
different in art. Critics begin to apply the principles
of evolution to their criticism as Browning applied it to


296
[April 1
THE
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his art, . . . not forgetting that the poet or dramatist
may have a farther vision of what is to come than any
other man of his time. The people first, for the most
part, found out that here in Browning's work was a new
force, and calmly formed themselves into groups to
study what manner of force it might be, regardless of
the sneers of newspaperdom and conventional academies.
And gradually, to the few appreciative critics of the
early days have been added one authoritative voice after
another until the chorus of praise has become a large
one, and Browning, though later than any great poet of
the century, is coming into his own."
Through her latest volume, Miss Clarke has
added one more to our long list of obligations to
her as the editor and interpreter of Browning.
It is unfortunate that in this new book so many
printer's errors have escaped the proof-reader,—
such as "Chancer" for " Chaucer," "Athen's"
for "Athens," and others equally obvious. The
illustrations consist chiefly of half-tones from
photographs of nineteenth century notables;
some of these are good, but the one at the close
of the volume, showing Browning himself, is so
badly reproduced as to be almost a caricature.
Anna Benneson McMahan.
Climbing the Roof of the Would.*
The political customs of Great Britain and
Russia and the regulations of the native states
in northern India and Tibet forbid Europeans
to travel for any purpose in the neighborhood of
Mt. Everest, the crowning peak of the Hima-
layas. No exception could be made for the
Duke of the Abruzzi, brother of the King of
Italy, renowned as mountaineer and friend of
science and exploration. Having conquered the
Ruwenzori in Central Africa, he must turn in
Asia from the forbidden monarch to the lesser
but no less formidable peak designated in the
coldly scientific annals of the Indian Geological
Survey, and hence upon the maps, as " Mt.K V
Aside from the challenge of unsealed summit,
and the incentive to extend the horizon of geo-
graphical knowledge by explorations and surveys
into unknown regions, a third motive led to this
attempt upon the highest peak of Karakoram,—
namely, to put to the test under natural condi-
tions the capacity of men for severe and sus-
tained effort under varying phases of climate
at great elevations, and to determine if possible
* Kabakokam and Western Himalaya, 1909. An
Account of the Expedition of H. R. H. Prince Luigi Amedeo
of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi. By Filippo de Fillipi,
F.R.G.S. With a preface by H.R.H. the Dnke of the
Abruzzi. Put into English by Caroline de Filippi (nie
Fitzgerald) and H. T. Porter. Illustrated, and with an
atlas of maps and panoramic views. New York: E. P.
Dutton & Co.
the limits thereto which altitude with its reduced
atmospheric pressure may establish. Laboratory
experiments, indeed, and balloon ascensions in-
dicate limits far above those of our greatest
mountain peaks; but such tests lack the very
factors of exertion, endurance, and climate which
are of essential value to the mountaineer. The
first ascent of Mont Blanc (15,780 feet above
sea-level) was made toward the close of the
eighteenth century. Since that time the goal
has been steadily pushed higher and higher till
it now stands at 24,600 feet,—achieved by the
Duke of the Abruzzi on Bride Peak in his latest
expedition. This exceeds by 700 feet the great-
est mountain altitude achieved by men up to this
time. Not only this, but the party lived for
thirty-seven days at or above 16,000 feet, and
then for another seventeen days were never
below 18,000, nine days of this latter period
being spent at or above 21,000 feet. During
this time they made two ascents, involving four
days of fatiguing work, sleeping at 21,673 and
22,483 feet, and reaching 23,458 and 24,600,
all of this being accomplished under adverse
conditions of cramped quarters, constant bad
weather, and reduced nourishment due to loss
of appetite.
Expeditions such as this are possible to but
few persons. They require profound technical
experience in geographical exploration, long and
expensive preparations, complicated and heavy
equipment to be conveyed by porters (often
natives unaccustomed to the work and to the
appurtenances of civilization), and, above all,
energy, will, decision, and power of organization.
They require also a genius for leadership which
will sustain the morale alike of Swiss guides
and of hired helpers, as well as of companions,
at times when human effort is taxed to the limit
of endurance amid dangers seen and unseen,
when a false move or a mistake in judgment
means certain disaster. Dr. Filippi's narrative
is not a fulsome encomium of his leader, but one
does not need to read far between the lines to
appreciate the fact that the expedition to the
Karakoram had the advantage of both studied
scientific management and of inspiring leader-
ship commanding the loyalty of all.
But notwithstanding all that ample provision
and wide experience could do, the flag of Savoy
does not float from the summit of "K2." Snow-
mantled precipices, threatening avalanches, and
almost continuous storms rendered the ascent
impossible, though attempted at several angles
and though the great elevation of 23,458 feet
was reached. Baffled at this, the objective point


1913]
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THE
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of the expedition, the leader turned to Bride
Peak, and here, in spite of the cumulative effects
upon himself and his party of the previous
strenuous work at high altitudes, the cold of the
almost continuous blizzard which enveloped them,
and the malnutrition due to loss of appetite, he
succeeded in attaining the hitherto unprece-
dented height of 24,600 feet, but only to find
himself balked again in reaching the summit
by impassable precipices.
The backbone of Asia covers a region five
hundred miles wide, from Afghanistan to Burma,
a distance of 1500 miles,— far more than all the
mountains of Europe and the Caucasus piled
up together. North of the Punjab, and sepa-
rated from it by the upper course of the Indus,
stretches a huge system of towering peaks,—
the Karakoram, whose snowy mantle feeds a
vast system of radiating glaciers. The route of
the expedition lay through the Vale of Cashmir,
and thence with a party recruited en route to
the number of 250 porters and guides, they
pushed across icy passes and the barren outliers
of the distant range, over wavering bridges of
twisted withes, across glacier-fed torrents, a dis-
tance of 225 miles to the head of the Godwin
Austen Gjpcier, whence they had their first
sight of the object of their quest.
"Suddenly and without warning, as if a veil had been
lifted from our eyes, the wide Godwin Austen valley
lay before us in its whole length. Down at the end,
alone, detached from all the other mountains, soared up
K2, the indisputable sovereign of the region, gigantic
and solitary, hidden from human sight by innumerable
ranges, jealously defended by a vast throng of vassal
peaks, protected from invasion by miles and miles of
glaciers. Even to get within sight of it demands so
much contrivance, so much marching, such a sum of
labors."
This mountain, whose estimated altitude is
28,000 feet, is not alone in its grandeur, but
lies amid a sea of peaks more numerous even
than in the Mt. Everest region. In the 450
miles of the Karakoram chain there are no less
than thirty-three known peaks of 24,000 feet or
more. To these the Duke of the Abruzzi's
explorations added one new peak exceeding
27,000 feet, and at least fifteen others all over
23,000, now measured for the first time.
For many weeks the party marched across
the great Baltoro Glacier, and from their sev-
eral base camps essayed the subjugation of the
towering white-robed pinnacle of "Ks" at its
head. While the Duke and his experienced
Swiss guides were making their hazardous
attempts to find some passable shoulder or
chimney, other members of the party were
actively working upon a very complete photo-
grammetric survey and exploration of the Bal-
toro Glacier and its tributaries. Most notable
of all the records of these explorations are the
wonderful photographs taken by Cav. Sella,
and reproduced in the atlas accompanying the
narrative. These fine panoramas, together with
the excellent photographs reproduced freely in
the text of the narrative, constitute a revelation
of snow-clad peaks and pinnacles, and veritable
torrents of moraine-covered ice sweeping down
from every valley and merging in one vast sea of
se"rac8, crevasses, and disrupted and dishevelled
debris of cliff and precipice,—a chaos of the
world in the making. It is no exaggeration to
state that these photographs of Cav. Sella's are
unsurpassed in the magnificence and sublimity
of the scenery they reveal. A distinctly new
standard has been set, in reference to both sub-
ject and execution of the plates. They fittingly
accompany a straightforward and keenly inter-
esting tale of a good piece of exploration emi-
nently well done.
The appendices deal with the scientific results
of the expedition. The equipment for scientific
exploration was exceptionally excellent, and the
results are correspondingly significant. The
greatest achievement was the accurate mapping
of the Baltoro, Godwin, Austen, and Savoia
glaciers, with their surrounding peaks and moun-
tain chains, by means of the photogrammetric
apparatus perfected by Comm. Paganini of the
Military Geographical Institute of Florence.
The plane table, tape, and theodolite are super-
seded by a panoramic photographic apparatus
provided with special measuring devices which
furnish the photographic perspectives with the
elements needed for the survey. In the field
a series of views are taken from the different
stations, with bearings to surrounding trigono-
metrical points. These pictures serve later as
the basis for all those operations in map-making
which under any other method must be per-
formed in the field. The method is especially
adapted to the survey of steep mountainous
country, or of places in which for any reason
the time for field work is limited or the country
difficult of access. The nature and result of this
survey are recounted by Lieut. Cambiasco; and
Professor Omodei reports upon the extensive
meteorological and altimetrical observations
carried on coincidently during the period of the
exploration at a number of stations of consid-
erable altitude along the route. These consti-
tute a valuable addition to the climatology of
these remote and little-known lands.


298
[April 1
THE DIAL
The geological results are discussed by Ing.
Novarese, of the Italian Geological Survey, and
Mr. R. D. Oldham, of the Geological Survey
of India. Their papers deal mainly with the
tectonics of these ranges of mountains, and the
interpretation of the remarkable courses which
the Indus and its tributaries have cut through
the mountain ranges; and with the nature of the
rock samples, which show that at least parts of
these massive mountains are of Mesozoic origin.
Discussion of the glaciers is confined to the nar-
rative of the expedition. The last appendix, by
Professor Pirotta and Dr. Cortesi, gives a list
of the plants collected at these high altitudes.
To the professional mountaineer the book
brings a revelation of a well-planned, efficiently
organized, and admirably executed expedition,
together with the stimulus of an example of
untiring effort, and it leaves the poignant chal-
lenge of the unaccomplished. To the casual
reader it brings a picture of the top of the world
so interestingly portrayed that one is loath to
leave it. To the lover of mountains it opens a
new vista of glaciers, avalanches, and mountain
peaks swathed in snow, grim, awful, and uncon-
querable by the indomitable spirit of man, but
still surpassingly beautiful and majestic.
Charles Atwood Kofoid.
"The Subject of All Verse."*
It would not, of course, be fair to state that
the fame of Mary Sidney, Countess of Pem-
broke, has been overshadowed by that of her
brother Philip, with whom she was so closely
and happily associated. On the contrary, she
has gained a measure of immortality through
this association that she could hardly have
hoped to win otherwise. Biographers have loved
to dwell upon the deep and tender tie that bound
brother and sister whose mutual confidence was
so perfect, and whose tastes were so kindred.
They have often painted the charming picture
of the joint literary labors of these two in the
great library, or in> the lovely park, at Wilton,
during the period of Philip's exile from Court
through the Queen's displeasure. A gracious
legend has even shown them engaged in active
collaboration upon Sidney's idyllic romance,
«« The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia"; and
the sister's assumed share in the actual com-
position of this work has assured her hitherto
a much higher and more important place in
* Mary Sidney, Countess ok Pembroke. By Frances
Berkeley Young. With portraits. London: David Nutt.
Elizabethan literature, on the creative side, than
modern criticism is now disposed to allow her.
The recent discovery, by Mr. Bertram Dobell,
of three new manuscripts of the "Arcadia"
seems to prove conclusively that Lady Pem-
broke's share, outside of what inspiration she
may have afforded, was strictly limited to cer-
tain corrections and changes which she deemed
necessary when preparing for the press a com-
plete version of the story out of several incom-
plete manuscript " states." Her edition, which
was the second, appeared in 1593, or three
years after Lord Brooke's partial printing.
And yet, although Mary Sidney has gained
so much, she has also lost something, through
the closeness of this association with her brother.
Absorbed so completely into his personality,
certain individual traits of her own have be-
come more or less obscured, and her peculiar
position in Elizabethan letters has not always
been sufficiently emphasized. Lady Pembroke
was not only her brother's sister — although she
herself accepted this secondary role with a hu-
mility that would be touching did it not contain
so much noble pride—and herself a writer of
moderate merit, whose literary undertakings
were largely identified with his. She was also
a great lady of the Renaissance, one of the first
women of high rank in England to adopt that
liberal attitude towards literature of which so
many women of France and Italy bad already
given illustrious examples. Nicholas Breton
compared her with the Duchess of Urbino, and
this comparison "is of very great interest,"
writes Miss Young, whose monograph deals
very thoroughly and suggestively with this
aspect of her subject, " showing, as it does, that
the Italian fashion of a cultivated lady of rank
as the centre of a literary and artistic circle had
reached England, along with all the other
Italian'influences' of that and earlier periods."
"It should be remembered," the writer con-
tinues, "that Lady Pembroke *was only one of
a group of ladies of rank whose tastes were
literary, and whose purses were more or less
open. Margaret, Countess of Cumberland
. . . Lucy, Countess of Bedford . . . Anne
Clifford . . . Countess of Dorset and Mont-
gomery, were all women of this type. Lady
Pembroke, however, easily surpasses them all
in the solidity of her attainments, and the real
scopeof her contributions to letters and culture."
The same may be said of her active patronage
of men of letters. While her husband lived
and she remained chatelaine of Wilton, that
house formed a veritable refuge for poets whom


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she befriended and who repaid her with compli-
mentary addresses and epistles-dedicatory like
that with which Thomas Howells prefaced his
"Devises." This, dated 1581, when Lady Pem-
broke was still hardly more than a girl, is the
earliest which the author has been able to find.
Among the other poets and men of letters who
contributed to this galaxy of praise, are men-
tioned Nicholas Breton, Abraham Fraunce,
Samuel Daniel, Thomas Nashe (as well as his
adversary, Gabriel Harvey, so Lady Pembroke
would seem to have kept fairly clear of current
literary controversy), Thomas Watson, Barnaby
Barnes, Thomas Churchyard, Michael Drayton,
and so on almost without end, while, of course,
Spenser's tribute to her poetical powers, in
"Astrophel," is well known. Some of these
poets she actively influenced, as in the case of
Daniel, whose tragedy after the Senecan model,
♦'Cleopatra," doubtless owes its direct inspiration
to her own translation of Garnier's "Antonie."
Lady Pembroke's dramatic interests and sym-
pathies were, like her brother's, clearly classical,
and doubtless her influence was, as far as pos-
sible, exerted against the rise and spread of the
romantic school. But whatever hope there may
have been for a moment that her taste might
triumph was soon dispelled by the eclipse of
Kyd—another of her proteges who, it has been
suggested, was her master in the structure of
English blank verse, and who was still a third
translator of Garnier. It is to this particular
development of the contemporary drama, rather
than, as Miss Young seems inclined to think,
to any imperfect sympathy with the dramatic
form as such, that should be attributed the
slightness of her connection, so far as we know,
with the dramatic art of her time. There is,
indeed, a paucity of playwrights among the poets
*' whom she countenanced and subsidized," and
many of whom "are, to our modern view, as
mediocre of their kind as the most mediocre and
extravagant dramatist of the time." But the
extravagance and mediocrity of her sonneteers
were well within the regies of the art they
practiced, while those of the dramatists were of
a strange new variety which seemed to have no
root in the literary culture of the past, and even
to attack and set this culture at naught. Yet,
even so, it would seem strange that, as Miss
Young points out, Lady Pembroke apparently
never "gave countenance — financial or other-
wise—to that gifted but needy and reckless
youth," Philip Massinger, whose father. Arthur
Massinger, was for so many years in her hus-
band's employ as "a kind of secretary and
trusted agent," and whom, therefore, she must
have known all about. Perhaps, however, it is
the records that are at fault; anyway, it is easier
to believe that this is the case, than that the
Countess was actually guilty of what might
well seem gross indifference or even neglect of a
member of the family of an old and faithful
retainer — especially on any such grounds as
mere lack of complete literary sympathy.
For Mary Sidney may have been, as Miss
Young asserts, an accomplished type of the
"blue-stocking"—though she uses the term
without prejudice, simply to indicate what seem
to her temperamental reasons for rejecting any
intimations of renaissance Platonistic tendencies
on the part of her heroine. She was this, but
she was much more besides—an exceedingly
lovable, warmhearted, loyal, and altogether hu-
man woman. Fragmentary as are her personal
records, and incomplete as must therefore ne-
cessarily be our estimate of many sides of her
character, one intimate trait, at least, stands
clearly forth, along with her high intellectual
quality and her well-attested practical capacity
in the management of her affairs. This is a
strain of genuine gentleness, that comes out
again and again in her letters, and that shows
her to have been ever considerate and thought-
ful for others, and full of a grave and tender
concern for their welfare. The letters themselves
are not numerous, and they often deal mainly
with matters of indifferent interest. But nearly
all have certain self-revelatory touches that tend
to bring the writer more closely to us. We have
to thank Miss Young for thus collecting them,
and also for printing, for the first time, Lady
Pembroke's translation of Petrarch's "Trionfo
della Morte," which is full of verbal and met-
rical felicities. The little book, as a whole, con-
tains as complete and well-rounded a picture as it
would be possible to make of this literary great
lady whose character and activities, no less than
her sentimental associations, entitle her to an
important place in the history of English society
and literature. "VV. A. Bradley.
The centenary of David Livingstone's birth, which
occurs this year, is fittingly marked by the republica-
tion, in popular and fairly inexpensive form, of Henry M.
Stanley's two famous books, "How I Found Living-
stone" and "In Darkest Africa" (Scribner). A new
introduction is contributed to the first-named book by
Dr. Robert E. Speer, Secretary of the Presbyterian
Board of Foreign Missions. All the old wood-cuts and
maps seem to be retained in both volumes. Another
publication appropriate to the centenary is a reprint, in
the " Macmillan Standard Library," of Mr. C. Silvester
Home's brief " Life of David Livingstone."


300
[April 1
THE DIAL
The Progress of European Socialism.*
In more than one of the important countries
of continental Europe the socialists hold to-day
the centre of the political stage. The aspect of
national and local elections which is scrutinized
most keenly is the showing of the socialist party.
The parliamentary group most watched, and
most feared, is the socialist. And the measures
which absorb the most serious efforts of the
State are not infrequently those of socialistic
origin and character. For people accustomed to
the political impotence and the sluggish head-
way of the socialist movement on this side of
the Atlantic it is difficult indeed to conceive
how vast a place socialism fills in the politics
and everyday thought of France, Germany,
Austria, Italy, or Belgium.
The progress of European socialism is to be
measured only in part by the swelling statistics
of party membership. The figures are unques-
tionably impressive, but the developments of
largest significance are those relating rather to
the spirit, aim, and trend of the socialist propa-
ganda. To arrive at an estimate of socialism's
inward character at the present day, a non-
socialist American investigator, Dr. Samuel P.
Orth, has undertaken recently a study of the
subject on the spot and in consultation with the
most authoritative exponents of the creed. The
results, which have been gathered in a somewhat
sketchy but readable volume, under the title
"Socialism and Democracy in Europe," are
well worth the attention of every student of
contemporary social phenomena. The aspects
of the socialist movement in the four countries
covered—England, France, Germany, and Bel-
gium—which are adjudged most fundamental
at the present time are its practical, even oppor-
portunist, character and the readiness of the
majority of its partisans to employ ordinary
political means to attain their ends. The poli-
tical connections, policies, and triumphs of the
socialist masses become, indeed, the real theme
of the book. It is shown that the majority of
socialists have cast off entirely such earlier ec-
centricities as the ravings against religion and
the espousal of free love; that there has come
gradually an understanding that institutions are
the products of ages and " cannot be changed
at the fancy of every new and disgruntled
prophet"; that the old cry of class-war has
been largely discarded, in the realization that
the interests of the worker are not fundament-
* Socialism and Democracy in Europe. By Samuel
P. Orth, Ph.D. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
ally different from those of the rest of the com-
munity; that the end to be sought has been
discovered to be a levelling-up, not a levelling-
down of society; and that the old ideal of
change by bloody revolution has given place to
the newer one of reform by methods of peace
and persuasion.
Under the influence of these ideas the social-
ists as a body have turned their attention in all
countries from overpowering and remotely pos-
sible achievements to less ambitious but more
readily realizable ones. Collective ownership of
the means of production and distribution, the
destruction of capitalism, the abolition of pov-
erty—these remain ultimate ideals. But the
objects to which present attention is directed
are rather such as relate to workingmen's com-
pensation legislation, old age pensions, sickness
and accident insurance, regulation of the hours
of labor, and other phases of social legislation in
the interest of the laboring masses. The instru-
ment of achievement is the ballot, and where the
power of the ballot is inequitably distributed, as
it is in Germany, electoral reform is likely to
stand at the forefront of the socialist programme.
Syndicalism, involving as it does the employ-
ment of force, represents a reversion to the
semi-anarchistic spirit of the socialism of sixty
years ago; but it seems to be Mr. Orth's opinion
that syndicalism will not be able to hold its
own against the more moderate influences of
the evolutionary socialists.
The practical achievements of political social-
ism are shown to have been enormous. Indeed,
it has been only since the socialists have begun
to be represented actively in the parliaments—
and sometimes in the ministries as well — of
Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Austria,
Denmark, and other countries, that positive
achievements of an important nature can be
accredited to them. Of these achievements
three are emphasized by the author as of prin-
cipal importance. The first is the extension to
the laboring masses of the democracy established
for the middle classes by the bourgeois revolu-
tions of 1848 and after. Always and every-
where the socialists stand for universal suffrage,
direct elections, and the secret ballot, and in
Belgium and other countries their influence has
been decisive of the policy to be adopted in
respect to a variety of such matters. Secondly,
the socialists, becoming themselves lawmakers,
have been able to force upon the attention of
lawmaking bodies the question of labor in all
its aspects and to obtain labor legislation of a
most beneficent character. And, thirdly, they


1913]
301
THE
DIAX,
have prodded the State to the assumption of
manifold obligations and activities which form-
erly were regarded as lying quite beyond its
sphere. The State in these days not only makes
and enforces laws, levies taxes, conducts foreign
relations, and makes war; it inspects mines and
factories, maintains asylums and hospitals, pro-
vides schools, pensions aged workmen, insures
against unemployment, regulates housing, and
does scores of other things which it rarely or
never did in times past. These things it now
does largely as a matter of course, and mainly
because the power of socialism, whether visible
or hidden, has accomplished the partial "social-
ization" of the state, even though contrary to
the will and intent of the so-called governing
classes.
The book is provided with a brief but well-
selected bibliography, and an extended appendix
contains useful documentary materials (chiefly
socialist declarations of principles), synopses of
electoral laws, and statistical tables. Gammage,
correctly printed in the bibliography, appears
on page 53 as Grummage.
Fhederic Austin Ogg.
General Grant's Letters.*
In his introduction to the newly published
Letters of General Grant, Mr. George Haven
Putnam remarks that "there is no utterance
that can give as faithful a picture of a man's
method of thought and principle of action as
the personal letters written, with no thought of
later publication, to those who are near to him."
Applying this principle to Grant's correspond-
ence, Mr. Putnam says that "these letters,
dating back to the time of his youth, give a
clear and trustworthy impression of the nature
of the man and of the development of character
and force that made possible his all-valuable
leadership."
But the general reader will probably feel that
while the collection is of considerable interest
it hardly measures up to the standard suggested
by Mr. Putnam. It would not be fair to the
great general to say that these papers are of
extraordinary value; they are straightforward,
frank, and brief, and they show a development
of character from first to last; but they do
not reflect the whole nature of the man as do
the Sherman letters. Compared with the pri-
•Lettbrs of Ulysses S. Grant to Mb Father and his
Youngest Sister, 1857-78. Edited by his nephew, Jesse
Grant Cramer. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
vate letters of his chief lieutenant, Grant's are
somewhat dry and reserved. Sherman poured
out on paper his plans, feelings, affections,
disappointments, hesitation, prophecy; Grant,
for the most part, confines his correspondence
to simple statements of concrete facts, in sim-
ple language, with a lack of imagination and
absence of prophecy. His " Memoirs " are less
reserved, and must be used with the letters to
give a fair picture of the man's character.
The letters do have, however, considerable
value. For one thing, they throw light on the
seven years before the Civil War, when, accord-
ing to some unfriendly critics and ill-advised
admirers, Grant was living in the depths of
poverty. This tradition is now effectively dis-
posed of. The letters show that he had "a
large farm," "200 acres of ploughed land and
250 in pasture"; that at one time he had three
negro slaves, and at another "seven negroes
were sick"; that he raised six different kinds
of crops; and that, like Lincoln, he split some
rails, though probably they were few.
Most of the letters, which were written to his
father and his youngest sister, contain news
about family matters,—how the children are
growing and studying ("Fred does not read"),
visits to and from relatives in Kentucky and
Illinois, and, before 1861, about business mat-
ters. In a letter of 1857 this wish is expressed:
"I am anxious to make one more visit home
before I get old." He hesitates about his wife's
visit to Kentucky because the boat will make so
many landings in free states, and the "servants
may cause trouble."
After selling his farm and going into the real
estate business in St. Louis, Grant seems to have
taken an interest in politics. He was defeated
by the Free-soilers when he ran as a Democrat
for county engineer, and later he failed to get a
desired position in the custom house because he
was not sufficiently Democratic. Of his politics
he wrote in 1859: "I never voted an out and
out Democratic ticket in my life. I voted for
Buchanan to defeat Fremont, but not because
he was my first choice. In all other elections
I have universally selected the candidates that
in my estimation were the best fitted for the
different offices, and it never happens that such
men are all arrayed on one side." The letters
of 1861 contain but little speculation about the
outcome of the Secession movement; in two in-
stances only does the writer venture to predict
the future: "My opinion is that the war will
be of short duration," and "the negro will never
disturb this country again." A few weeks later


302
[April 1
THE
D1AJ.
he withdraws from the field of prophecy with
the remark, "I have changed my mind so much
that I don't know what to think." Grant's
opinion of secessionists may be seen in the fol-
lowing extract from a letter of April, 1861:
"Great allowance should be made for South Carolin-
ians, for the last generation have been educated, from
their infancy, to look upon their Government as oppres-
sive and tyrannical and only to be endured till such
time as they might have sufficient strength to strike it
down. Virginia, and other border states, have no such
excuse and are therefore traitors at heart as well as in
act."
That General Grant was sometimes somewhat
annoyed by his father, who was proud of the
growing fame of his son, is shown in the war-
time correspondence. The father thought that
his soldier son was neglected by the newspapers
and the authorities, and he sometimes made
public his opinions of military leaders and public
men, much to the embarrassment of General
Grant. The father also requested favors for
friends and neighbors, which the son did not
wish to grant. The following passages exhibit
the irritation of the son:
"I cannot take an active part in securing contracts.
If I were not in the army I should do so, but situated
as I am it is necessary both to my efficiency for the
public good and my own reputation that I should keep
clear of Government contracts."
"You are very much disposed to criticise unfavorably
from information received through the public press, a
portion of which I am sorry to see can look at nothing
favorably that does not look to a war upon slavery."
"I would write you many particulars but you are so
imprudent that I dare not trust you with them; and
while on this subject let me say a word. I have not an
enemy in the world who has done me so much injury as
you in your efforts in my defence. I require no defend-
ers and for my sake let me alone."
"You are constantly denouncing other general officers
and the inference with people naturally is that you get
your impressions from me. Do nothing to correct what
you have already done but for the future keep quiet on
this subject."
'* I have no hobby of my own with regard to the
negro, either to effect his freedom or to continue his
bondage. If Congress pass any law and the President
approves, I am willing to execute it. Laws are certainly
as binding on the minority as the majority. I do not
believe in even the discussion of the propriety of laws
and official orders by the army. One enemy at a time
is enough and when he is subdued it will be time enough
to settle personal differences."
The post-bellum correspondence is scanty and
of less interest; but here and there are strik-
ing passages,— for example, he says that the
strikes of 1877 "should have been put down
with an iron hand and so summarily as to pre-
vent a like occurrence for a generation." In 1880
he fears that the Democratic party will return
to power, but, he says, " I sincerely hope that
the North will so thoroughly rally by next elec-
tion as to bury the last remnant of secession
proclivities, and put in the Executive chair a
firm and steady hand, free from Utopian ideas
purifying the party electing him out of exist-
ence." Perhaps the most characteristic letter in
the collection is the following brief note to a
relative, in which he breaks the news of his
financial misfortunes:
"I regret that I have not more cheerful news to
write you than I have. Financially the Grant family
is ruined for the present, and by the most stupendous
frauds ever perpetrated. But your Aunt Jennie must
not fret over it. I still have a home and as long as I
live she shall enjoy it as a matter of right; at least
until she recovers what she has lost. Fred is young,
active, honest, and intelligent, and will work with a vim
to recuperate his losses. Of course his first effort will
be to repay his aunts."
Walter L. Fleming.
Recent Fiction.*
When Roland, the twelfth Baron Burdon, was
killed fighting on the Indian frontier, he left his
affairs in a sad mess. The estates and title went
to a distant relative, whose wife was a selfish and
worldly woman, and their child Rollo became the
prospective heir. Now this was all wrong, because
Roland bad been secretly married before leaving for
India, and had put into his wife's hands the com-
plete documentary evidence of her marital status.
When the news of her husband's death reaches Lon-
don, she makes one despairing effort to assert her
rights, in the interests of the child that is soon to
come. Being rebuffed, she becomes delirious, and
soon thereafter dies in childbirth. The issue, a
lusty boy, is taken in charge by her maiden sister,
who also discovers the all-important documents, and
she brings the child up in ignorance of his birth-
right, nursing through all the years a bitter hatred
of the usurpers, and a fixed determination to humble
•The Happy Warrior. By A. S. M. Hutchinson.
Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
The Red Hand of Ulster. By G. A. Birmingham.
New York: The George H. Doran Co.
General Mallock's Shadow. By W. B. Maxwell.
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
The Royal Road. By Alfred Ollivant. New York:
Doubleday, Page & Co.
Lanchkhtkr of Brazenose. By Ronald McDonald.
New York: John Lane Co.
The Devil's Admiral. By Frederick Ferdinand
Moore. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
One Woman's Life. By Robert Herrick. New York:
The Macmillan Co.
The Heroine in Bronze; or, The Portrait of a Girl.
A Pastoral of the City. By James Lane Allen. New York:
The Macmillan Co.
My Little Sister. By Elizabeth Robins. New York:
Dodd, Mead & Co.
The Reef. By Edith Wharton. New York: D. Apple-
ton & Co.


1913]
303
THE DIAL
them when the child Percival shall have reached his
majority. Bat fate so has it that Percival and Rollo
are thrown together as children, and become devoted
friends. As they approach manhood, both love the
same girl, who loves the former, but becomes pledged
to the latter through the urging of her match-making
mother. Then the great revelation is made to Per-
cival, who cannot bring himself to accept, at the cost
of his comrade's happiness, the title which might be
his. The matter is brought home to him poignantly
when he finds that the secret is also known to a lackey,
crazed with socialistic folly, who is determined to
reveal it. Percival has an encounter with this fel-
low, and the Gordian knot of the whole complication
is cut when he receives a fatal wound in his struggle
for the mastery. Thus does he finally qualify for
the ascription of the title which Mr. Hutchinson has
given to the story, and which is meant for its hero.
This is a very beautiful and vital book, with a great
deal of outdoors in it, besides its other elements of
humor, pathos, movement, suspense, and romance.
Its outdoor phase is chiefly related to the gypsy car-
avan with which Percival travels for a time, and in
which he becomes an adept in the "manly" art.
His fight with the bully of the caravan is one of the
most vivid in literature, and is hardly surpassed by
either Borrow or Meredith. The character of the
gypsy girl whose love for Percival remains unre-
quited is one of the most striking and sympathetic
in the novel, and hardly less so is that of her phil-
osophical father. The book is one that stands out
conspicuously among the novels of the year.
A forecast of the future is essayed by "G. A.
Birmingham" (the Rev. J. O. Hannay) in "The
Red Hand of Ulster," the latest of his delightful
inventions. The deadly seriousness of the discus-
sion which has attended the Home Rule bill during
its stormy passage through the House of Commons
is relieved by Mr. Hannay's humorous handling of
the subject, which toys with this grave political
problem in the most delightful fashion. One J. P.
Conroy, an Irish-American of great wealth, casting
about for something which shall bring the element
of excitement into the monotonous course of his
existence, turns his attention to Ulster, and resolves
to finance the revolution which he sees to be impend-
ing. One would suppose that the sympathies of such
a man would be with the Nationalists, but to join
forces with them would be too tame a proceeding,
and the romantic possibilities of an alliance with the
unionists, determined not to be set under the heel of
a hated alien government, prove irresistible in their
appeal to him. There is evidently much more fun
to be got out of a revolution than out of mere acqui-
escence in the ruthless plan of the government to
crush the liberties of the protestant counties of the
north of Ireland. So Conroy lays his plans, and
pulls the right strings, in consequence whereof the
revolt is soon organized, and preparations for armed
resistance to the change of government are well
under way before the authorities have any definite
notion of what is going on. A situation which is
likely to become grim reality in the near future, if
the government persists in its mad plan to coerce the
liberties of a brave and determined people, is thus
foreshadowed by the novelist, whose belief in the
righteousness of Ulster's cause is very evident,
although he never loses his temper in talking about
it. He is not one of those who say that "Ulster will
bluster, but Ulster will not muster," for he knows
too well the temper of the people among whom he
lives, believing that they will fight for their liberties,
if forced to take that stand, in the spirit of the
covenanters or of Cromwell's soldiers. But the
author cannot discuss even so grave a problem as
this other than good-naturedly, and so, when it
comes to actual fighting in the streets of Belfast, he
keeps the carnage well out of view. The city is
bombarded from the harbor, and the fire from
machine-guns sweeps its thoroughfares, but nobody
in particular seems to get killed, and the worst-
damage recorded is the shattering of a statue of
Queen Victoria. But the government does not dare
to force the issue to a desperate conclusion, and makes
terms with the insurgents, agreeing to their stipula-
tion that it shall withdraw from Ireland altogether.
Thus the delightfully illogical outcome of a rebellion
against the imposition upon Ireland of a limited sort
of home rule is that the government concedes un-
limited home rule, and the rebels cheerfully accept
it as what they have been fighting for all the while.
The whole story is told in the gayest of spirits, and
the various types of character that such an agitation
brings forth—the official, the agitator, the indiffer-
entist, and the fiery "patriot"—are limned with ex-
traordinary skill and insight into human nature. The
imperturbable good nature and comic opera spirit
of the narrative make it one of the most delightful
that the author has written. But the matter of
which it treats is too serious to be disposed of by
solventur risu tabulce, and we apprehend that his-
tory will record for it an outcome considerably less
farcical than that which is here chronicled.
Mr. W. B. Maxwell's novels have a way of mak-
ing themselves remembered. Thinking over the
four or five of them that we have read during the
past ten years, we find that they stand out in the
memory—in theme and general outline — far more
clearly than most other novels of the same period.
Each of them has either a distinctive central char-
acter or a definite central situation so clear-cut
in its presentation, and so skilfully built up out
of a multitude of significant details that it makes
an impression not easily effaced. There are few
digressions or irrelevances, and not much episod-
ical matter for the distraction of the attention.
These considerations apply to "General Mallock's
Shadow," which is a fine example of the art of
writing a strong and interesting novel. General
Mallock is a man who nurses a grievance until his
mentality shades into monomania, and his brain is
on the verge of collapse, when its equilibrium is
restored by a sharp crisis in his life, which calls
into renewed activity his old-time powers, effectively


306
[April 1
THE DIAL
more than Chicago as a whole, the quintessence of
meanness, sordidness, and vulgarity.
Mr. James Lane Allen's latest story, like his
others of recent years, is an example of maundering
that is extremely disheartening to those of us who
discerned in "The Choir Invisible" and some of
the earlier books an artistic distinction which almost
seemed to promise us a second Hawthorne. Mr.
Allen seems now to have made fetich of style, in
which he is not above toying with conceits and to
lead his story-telling gift into a morass of psycho-
logical analysis. "The Heroine in Bronze" has no
story worth speaking of. It tells (in the first person)
of the calf-love of a poor young author for a girl of
wealth and high social position. He is a bumptious
youth who cannot possibly be taken at anything like
his own valuation. That the girl eventually does so
take him does more credit to her heart than to her
intelligence. Here and there, the story has pages
of beautiful prose that is unmarred by affectation
or preciosity, but as a narrative, or as a serious
depiction of character, it is naught. And such
stilted conversation as engages the youth and the
maid bears little resemblance to the actualities of
human or even of lovers' intercourse.
The publishers of "My Little Sister," by Miss
Elizabeth Robins, describe the work as " an intense
story," which it assuredly is. Three-quarters of it
describes the life of an English country household—
a mother and two daughters—in intimate portrayal
and keen characterization, but all the time with a
sense of impending disaster. Then the tragic climax
comes, swiftly and sharply, with the sister's journey
to London to visit Aunt Josephine, whom neither of
them has ever seen. For one of the vultures who
prey upon girlhood has learned of the visit, and the
girls are met at the station by a procuress, imper-
sonating their aunt, who carries them off to " one of
the most infamous houses in Europe." During the
evening, the eyes of the elder sister (who tells the
story) are opened to their situation, and a man
among the company who has not lost all sense of
decency helps her to escape from the house. She
rushes frantically to the real aunt, and to the police,
for assistance, but in her excitement she has for-
gotten to locate the house of sin, and cannot guide
the rescuers to the place where her sister is held.
All her efforts are fruitless, and the sister sinks out
of sight forever. The book, which has great power,
is obviously written as a tract, and gives one a grip-
ping realization of the horrors of white slavery. It
must be urged against it that a girl of such a family,
of such high social standing, would be less likely
than another to be sought as a victim of such designs,
which inherent improbability considerably weakens
the tragic force of the very moving and poignant
narrative.
Mrs. Wharton's "The Reef" has all the charm
of diction and subtlety of elaboration that we are
accustomed to expect from her work; it only just
misses the kind of distinction that characterizes
"The Valley of Decision," for example. We could
imagine it to have been written by any one of sev-
eral other people, something which we could not
possibly imagine of the masterpiece which we have
just named. George Darrow, a young English
diplomat, is on his way from England to France to
meet the woman whom he has long loved, and who
he hopes will consent to become his wife. She is
Anna Leath, a widow with a child and an adult
stepson. On the way, he receives a telegram which
postpones his visit, and he is considerably upset
thereby. Among his fellow-passengers is a girl who
seems to be in distress, and he befriends her. She
is a "companion" out of a situation because she
could not put up with a cantankerous employer.
Friendless and almost penniless, she accepts Dar-
row's proffered friendship, which includes compan-
ionship as well as material aid. They spend a few
days in Paris, seeing the sights and going to the
theatres, and then they part. This is "the reef"
upon which Darrow's happiness is wrecked. It all
seems innocent enough, and we hardly suspect, not
having the cynical viewpoint, that it is not. But
when Darrow eventually finds himself the guest of
Mrs. Leath, he discovers his travelling acquaintance
installed in the household as a governess to the child,
and already the object of the stepson's affections.
Mrs. Leath gets wind of the girl's previous acquaint-
ance with Darrow, and puts the worst possible con-
struction upon it, a construction which we are con-
strained to accept from his admissions as the true
one. Up to this point the reader, although he may
have had suspicions, has on the whole believed
Darrow to have been guilty of nothing more than
an indiscretion, and to have given this impression
is obviously a fault of construction. As a result of
this complication, both engagements are broken off,
and the girl goes off to India with her former em-
ployer. The situation becomes very tense at the
height of the argument, and is handled with Mrs.
Wharton's marvellous skill in the analysis of motive.
But we cannot escape many a pang of sympathy for
the four lives that have broken to pieces on "thereef."
William Mobton Payne.
Briefs on New Books.
The pretidmii Mr. Ernest Alfred Vizetelly's "Re-
TfPu°t"ean Pelican France, 1870-1912 " (Small
France. Maynard & Co.) contains a survey of
the history of the French Republic from the war
with Germany to the end of the administration of
President Fallieres. The author is, we believe, an
English newspaper correspondent who has spent
most of his life in France and has enjoyed the
acquaintance of a large number of French scholars
and men of affairs, concerning many of whom he
writes with the information that comes from per-
sonal knowledge. He describes in turn the war with
the Germans, the work of the national assembly and
the government of Thiers, the efforts of the pretend-
ers and their followers to re-establish the monarchy,


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307
THE
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the administrations of all the Presidents beginning
with Thiers, the rise and fall of the more than fifty
cabinets that have governed the Second Republic,
French, foreign, and colonial policy, the relations
between Church and State, the rise and collapse of
the Boulangist movement, the Panama scandal, the
anarchist terror, the Dreyfus affair, and various
other events and movements, political, social, and
industrial. Some of his narrations, such as those
on the rise of Boulanger and the Dreyfus affair, are
very informing; but at times he descends to exces-
sive detail, and indulges in trivialities that scarcely
deserve mention in a serious history. His portraits
of French statesmen, with many of whom he was
personally acquainted, are generally interesting.
For Gambetta he expresses high admiration; but he
does not ignore, as many historians do, the faults of
that great man. GreVy he pictures as personally
a very honest and able man, though an impersonal
President who in his last years was too old and
infirm to exert any marked influence on public
affairs. Carnot, unlike Gre*vy, travelled much about
France, showed himself to the people, took part
in their national fetes, and was widely popular.
Casimir-Perier was a man of great wealth, and did
not desire the Presidency. He possessed masterful
qualities and was a fighter, in consequence of which
he was quite out of place as President; for the Presi-
dent of France is expected to play an impersonal
role, and leave the government to the Parliament
and ministers. He had a deep sense of his respon-
sibility as the chief executive, and when he found
that his office was one of impotency he resigned in
-disgust after having occupied it less than six months.
Faure, like Carnot, was fond of travelling; but he
was a man of inordinate vanity, addicted to display,
and he introduced at the Elysee ceremonies such as
had characterized the court functions of the days of
the Empire and the Monarchy. Nevertheless, while
Faure had his faults he possessed certain good qual-
ities. France did well, we are told, when it chose
Loubet to the Presidency. He was the best man
available, and history will eventually assign to him
a really high place in the history of the Republic.
"No worthier man was ever President of France."
He was firm in his republicanism, tolerant in his
religious views, shrewd in his judgment of men,
sincerely patriotic, benevolent to the poor, a staunch
friend of every good cause, simple in his life, and
extremely solicitous for the well-being of the masses.
The waking.uv The author of "One Way Out," who
ofasieepv signs himself "William Carleton,"
farming town. hag f0nowed „p that notable success
in realistic autobiography and sound democratic
doctrine with an even more remarkable narrative
of personal experience in "New Lives for Old"
(Small, Maynard & Co.), in which he tells how he
and his wife took hold of an abandoned New En-
gland farm and made it a source of health and
happiness and pecuniary profit to them, while at the
same time they awoke the community to a realization
of its wasted agricultural opportunities and instituted
a cooperative system of market-gardening which
brought prosperity to the town of "Brewster" and
all the "Brewsterites "—fictitious names, evidently.
The place had been a great unused industrial plant,
like hundreds of other neglected farming regions
in our eastern states, until the author discerned its
possibilities as a feeder to the large city (Boston,
presumably) twenty miles distant; then, with his
ideas and example acting as a leaven, the whole
lump of fatalistic indifference and indolence was
made effervescent with ambition and activity. It
was simply the spirit of our pioneer ancestors that
he breathed into their degenerate descendants,
awakening them to the opportunity knocking un-
heeded at their very doors, but being eagerly re-
sponded to by the Italian and other foreign tillers of
the soil who were taking up as fast as they could
the unappreciated acres of the old settlers. The
plea that western farming has killed eastern farming
is shown to be invalid in these days of rapidly rising
prices for agricultural products. To effect this
re-awakening of a lethargic community, various
expedients were adopted, such as brass bands and
moving pictures, a social club and lecture courses,
old-fashioned agricultural fairs and cash prizes for
best results in rural industries. Advice and help
from the State College of Agriculture were asked
and gladly given, which at first went much against
the grain of the hayseeds and the moss-backs. The
book is a fine and inspiriting record of what one
man with ideas and initiative and force can do. If
every farming town that has gone to sleep could be
aroused in like manner, "high cost of living" might
become a meaningless phrase for a large part of the
country.
Engiuhand In examining Mr. C. H. Moore's
French church "Mediaeval Church Architecture of
architecture. England " (Macmillan), the less care-
ful readers of this author's earlier work on Gothic
architecture may be surprised to find that he is not
blind to merit in the mediaeval architecture of coun-
tries other than France. The more careful readers,
whether they agree or not, have understood his con-
tention to be that the French architecture differs
from the others in its fundamental principle. In
his latest book he explicitly disavows any condem-
nation of English architecture. Nevertheless, he is
still insistent on its inferiority to that of France.
He also reaffirms with greater emphasis than ever
its totally different structural character, and conse-
quently, in his view, its essential difference of style.
He is now less dogmatic in asserting that the word
"Gothic" should be confined to the style of the
Ile-de-France, though the title of the new book in-
dicates that his own preference in the matter has
not changed. The essential difference in structural
principle between English mediaeval architecture
and French can hardly be questioned by one not
blinded by chauvinism. Although Mr. Moore min-
imizes instances of similarity, he rightly maintains


308
[April 1
THE
DIAL.
that the English structural system was based pri-
marily on direct resistance to vault thrusts by sheer
massiveness of wall; the French, primarily on trans-
mission of thrusts through an organic skeleton. That
this difference constitutes a difference in architect-
ural style depends on whether structural character
is an adequate criterion of style. May not general
artistic impulse be an equally valid criterion?
Charles Eliot Norton, more appreciative of spiritual
forces, says in his "Historical Studies of Church
Building in the Middle Ages": "The motives which
inspired the great buildings of this period, the
principles which underlay their forms, the general
character of the forms themselves, were in their es-
sential nature the same throughout Western Europe
from Italy to England. The differences in the work
of different lands are but local and external vari-
eties." "Christian," indeed, might be a better name
for this pervading architecture; yet the attempt to
confine " Gothic " to any single division of it, how-
ever superior, is to wrench an accepted term by mere
definition. The superiority which Mr. Moore accords
to the French structural system, though generally
acknowledged, rests likewise on assumptions which
are perhaps open to question. No argument is
adduced that the French churches are stronger, or
that their piers obstruct less of the view into the
nave, for instance. The superiority advanced is
solely one of abstract logicality, in the economical
and expressive adaptation of structural members to
their functions. Yet if one can detach one's self
from accustomed veneration of the French monu-
ments, one may feel a lack of underlying logic. Its
possession becomes very dubious when one considers
the tremendous complexity of the means necessary
to obtain the desired effect, and the proved frailty
of this system of construction, the original purpose
of which was permanence. That the surrounding
nations felt this defect may have been a reason why,
though they adopted the French forms, they did not
abandon their own more conservative systems of
construction. Mr. Moore's special plea seriously
limits the general usefulness of his book. The stu-
dent, however, will find in it a wealth of accurate
observations and painstaking drawings, which make
it indispensable in any collection of books on the
subject.
Two new books on social ethics from
"cfc™cA. the P«>int oi view of Christianity and
the Church—Bishop Chauncey B.
Brewster's "The Kingdom of God in American
Life" (Whittaker) and Professor Scott Nearing's
"Social Religion" (Macmillan)—add to the sym-
posium in which we are vigorously engaged. Can
there be too many speakers? one begins to ask.
Hardly, for each has a word of his own to say, and
a special group ready to listen. Bishop Brewster
of Connecticut, for instance, addressing an Anglican
audience, has little that is new to present to those
already liberal in their way of social thinking. It
is the conservative who may profit by this cautious,
well-balanced, and honest book; and to him its
absence of partisan spirit, its grave recognition that
we are entering a crisis, even its intelligent cogni-
zance of the more radical contemporary forces,
may well bring genuine illumination. Like Dr.
Rauschenbusch, Bishop Brewster finds in the infu-
sion of the ideal of the Kingdom of God the remedy
for our social ills. Unlike the bolder thinker, how-
ever, this infusion is perceived by him as affecting
details rather than as transforming fundamental
economic relations. Professor Nearing's book, orig-
inally an address given before the Society of Friends,
breathes a warmer and more invigorating air. There
is little that is penetrating or broadly synthetic about
the author's thinking, and his constructive sugges-
tions are no more definite than those of Bishop
Brewster. But the constructive spirit is present,
and any progressive (with either a small or a large
P) might find himself quickened to greater clarity
of vision and warmth of feeling by this fearless dis-
cussion. The author has marshalled his case against
modern society well and succinctly, with an abun-
dance of telling illustration and sound information.
The book is a useful compendium of effective facts
which a reformer might well carry in his pocket.
And the insistence in both these books on the service
which the Christian Church must be roused to render
in the process of socializing democracy, through the
intellectual attitude as well as through the active
work of its members, is an inspiring sign of the
times.
Bird life in l°ver °f birds and a close observer
the Scottish of their peculiarities, Mr. Seton Gor-
highiand,. doll) p.Z.S., M.B.O.U., writes about
them in much the same engaging manner as does Mr.
John Burroughs, enlivening his pages with char-
acteristic anecdotes of bird life and generously shar-
ing his ornithological discoveries with the reader.
"The Charm of the Hills" (Cassell) is made up of
selected articles of his that have appeared in various
British periodicals, such as "Country Life" and
"The Scotsman," and they are profusely and admir-
ably illustrated from photographs taken by the au-
thor. That he has been able to obtain near views
of so many wild creatures, often in lofty and diffi-
cult situations, speaks well for his zeal and skill and
hardihood. Photographs of the snow bunting amid
the eternal snows of its mountain haunts, of the
young of the golden eagle in their initial flight from
the eyrie, of the brooding ptarmigan on her nest,
with others of equal interest, make up a collection
of bird pictures of rather unusual character. In
number they exceed four-score. Highland scenery
and other occasional forms of wild life beside birds
receive appreciative attention. The concluding four
of the book'8 thirty-five chapters take the form of
notes appropriate to the four seasons of the year,
and these are followed by a good index. In illustra-
tion of the author's habit of observing the unusual
or otherwise interesting in bird life, here is an anec-
dote. "I was once," he says, "the witness of a


1913]
309
THE
DIAL.
somewhat novel affray between a green plover and
a heavy-looking cormorant. The cormorant was
winging his way up the estuary of a river, and was
flying at a great speed, helped by a following wind,
when a lapwing, feeding on the river-side, suddenly
swooped out and attacked the stranger with great
fury. The unwieldy bird was quite taken aback,
and after attempting for some little time to avoid
the determined onslaught of the green plover, half
fell to the water, and sought to escape from his
enemy by swimming low. The lapwing was evi-
dently satisfied at the sign of surrender on the part
of the cormorant, for it flew off highly gratified with
the result of its impromptu sally."
„. (. Mr. Austin Dobson's latest book,
Eighteenth ^ .'
century "At Prior Park and Other Papers
bv-wav. (Stokes), is an excursus into the by-
paths and along the hedge-rows of the eighteenth
century. No one knows this century better than
Mr. Dobson, and few make better guides. Only
two men of first importance find a place in this vol-
ume, and they only in the obscurer events of their
lives. Garrick's Grand Tour and Fielding's sojourn
in Lisbon are what concern us here with these men.
Fielding's life is illuminated by the "find " of two
of his letters to his brother, which last year sold for
£305. Two of the most interesting papers are on
places, Prior Park and Stowe, haunts of famous lit-
erary men of the century. The essays on Gray's
biographer, Mason, and on Robert Lloyd suggest an
invidious contrast. Mason inherited an estate of
£1500 a year, and combined "the most lofty views
on poetry with the keenest eye for the financial
results"; Lloyd's melancholy story "exemplifies
most of those ills which his great contemporary
had gloomily declared to be the allotted portion of
letters:
'Toil, Envy, Want, the patron, and the Jail.'
But he was spared the Patron." , Other papers
are on the painters, Carmontelle and Loutherbourg,
and on the French pre-revolutionary sailor, Bailli
de Suffren, who came into quite close touch with
the English in war. Carmontelle has given us the
single picture of the two Garricks, the tragic and
the comic; Loutherbourg, besides being an R.A.,
was for a while scene painter for Garrick.
A dUappedHng The Rev-Peter H- Ditchfield, blessed
figure in the with the leisure of a country clergy-
itfe of England. marlj and putting it to good use in a
literary way, adds to his admirable studies of the old-
time parson and the parish clerk a third antiquarian
treatise, of a flavor not destitute of piquancy, on
"The Old English Country Squire" (Doran), a
personage now rapidly going the way of the dodo
and the ichthyosaurus, and therefore caught by Dr.
Ditchfield's camera just in the nick of time. The
book completes the author's rural trilogy, and pre-
serves in convenient and attractive form much scat-
tered information, from books and from unpublished
sources, on a character full of picturesque interest
to every lover of English literature and English
history. Viewing the squire from all sides and in
every possible light, the author sketches for us the
squire of ancient days, the Elizabethan squire, the
seventeenth-century squire, the squire in his attitude
toward religion, the sporting squire, the Yorkshire
squire, the squire in literature, popular squires, eccen-
tric squires, and other sorts of squires; also the
squire's lady, his house, his garden, stories of squires,
Macaulay's caricature of the old-time squire, and a
German view of the English squire. Not unnatur-
ally the writer is indignant at the Whig historian's
unflattering picture of Tory squires and parsons, a
picture which he reproduces in full before proceed-
ing to prove it a monstrous caricature. For the
purposes of this demonstration he avails himself
of Sir George Reresby Sitwell's privately printed
"Letters of the Sitwells and Sacheverells," with
other information more or less curious and rare.
But after all, as the general reader will still remain
convinced from his studies in English history and
literature, the old-time squire was not a person of
polish or even of great intelligence, however useful
and praiseworthy as a part of the established order
of things. The "German view " above-named is the
work of a certain Professor von Holtzendorff, and
was given to the world half a century ago. It now
furnishes matter for a readable chapter in Dr.
Ditchfield's book. Many illustrations, chiefly from
old prints, and eight of them in color, enliven the
work.
A trantplanted Mr' Arthur K Bostwick, born and
Ecuurner in bred in the East, where he rose to a
the Middle Went, position of responsibility in the New
York Public Library, but for the last few years a
resident of the Middle West, where he is doing good
work as head of the St. Louis Public Library, is
well qualified to contrast the manners and customs
of these two sections of the country, as he does in a
bright and entertaining fashion, with play of humor
and apt introduction of anecdote, in his book on
"The Different West" (McClurg), the adjective
having reference to the points of unlikeness between
East and West. His brief chapters, written in the
briskly journalistic style of one who is more than a
mere reporter, treat chiefly of flying impressions, of
the East's misunderstanding of the West and the
West's misunderstanding of the East, of the West's
political and economic unrest, of education and lit-
erature, science, and art, in the West, of society in
the West, of the sources of the West's population,
and of the speech and manners of the West. A
dexterous use of new or unusual terms, as "hyste-
resis" (of obvious Greek derivation) to denote a
certain slowness of perception, heightens the enjoy-
ment here and there. The tone of the book and its
author's style are well illustrated in the following
passage: "I have sat in a faculty group in a western
state university, in the rooms of one of their num-
ber. All were merrily jesting and drinking beer,
and with them sat the honored president of the


310
[April 1
THE
DIAL.
university, similarly employed. Many holders of
western chairs, if perchance their eyes fall on this
page, will ask, with open eyes, 'Well! why not?'
There is absolutely no reason 'why not'; but if you
go to Cambridge, or New Haven, or Princeton to
see a similar gathering, you will wait until the infer-
nal regions are sheathed with a very heavy coating
of ice." The treatise is not profound, and is not
meant to be, but it abounds in shrewd observation
and illuminating comment.
. „»„,„„., Mr. W. H. Beveridge's "John and
An anthology o
ofthoughu Irene (Longmans) has for its sub-
about women. t;tie « ^n Anthology of Thoughts on
Women." The sub-title best describes the work,
for the "John and Irene" part consists only of a
prefatory note of about a dozen pages. John, it
seems, was a feminist with advanced ideas about
woman. He met Irene, who was not a feminist,
wooed her, wedded her, and awakened her mind to
such an extent that she soon distanced her husband
in championship of her suppressed sex. Then she
read one of Mr. Bernard Shaw's books, and came
to the conclusion that a true woman could not live
in the degradation of the marriage bond. She ac-
cordingly parted from her husband, who became a
misogynist; but the work goes on, for the torch has
passed into Irene's hands, and she sees that the
light is kept burning. We could wish that there
were more of this story, for the anthology which it
prefaces is not nearly as interesting. This is to be
taken, we are told, "as being an accompaniment to
that story, a sort of continuous Greek chorus of
general reflections, indicating the topics and the
tendency of the drama, but forming part of it only
at rare moments of crisis." There are some eight
hundred extracts altogether, classified progressively
under the heads of "The Meeting," "The Conver-
sations" (which are very lengthy and comprehen-
sive), "The Quarrel," and "Convalescence." The
compiler of this anthology has roamed far and wide
in search of his citations, and his collection of -com-
ments with a cynical turn is particularly choice.
Further Henry Lucy's chatty volume,
memoriet of "Sixty Years in the Wilderness,"
"Tob*<Mp" has been followed with little delay by
a second of the same title, with the added sub-title,
"More Passages by the Way" (Dutton). This
later selection of memories and letters was half
promised in the preface to the earlier, where the
author wrote in regard to his decision to limit his
first venture to one volume: "If the gentle public
please, they shall have the other at a later time."
And now an "exceeding generosity of response en-
courages fulfilment of the conditional undertaking."
From 1870 to the end of 1891 the reminiscences,
with extracts from the author's diaries and corre-
spondence, ramble agreeably through the field of
European and especially English politics, with many
side excursions into adjacent domains. On an early
page is found a contribution to the history of English
literature, in the form of an extract from "The
Sporting Magazine " describing the Derby of 1837,
set side by side with Disraeli's account of the same
famous race in his "Sybil." The two are almost
identical. Among the many pen portraits of celeb-
rities is one of Arabi Pasha in his exile at Colombo,
studying English and making translations in an
exercise-book, and exulting with almost childish
vanity in his fancied progress in the language.
General Boulanger, too, is shown in a near view,
not greatly to his advantage. Since their recent
appearance in the "Cornhill " these "passages by
the way " have been considerably amplified. Punch's
cartoon ("Sir Toby, M.P.") celebrating the knight-
ing of its famous contributor appears as frontispiece.
The creator of Jho new biography of James Fen-
"Leather- imore Cooper, by Miss Mary E.
ttocking." Phillips, will be welcomed as a sup-
plement to Professor Lounsbury's admirable critical
account of the novelist. Miss Phillips's emphasis
is exclusively on the man, not the author; by means
of a wealth of illustrations (hundreds of them, in
fact) and of quotation "from every available source
since the earliest mention of the author's name, both
in print and out," the physical appearance of Cooper,
his mode of life at home and abroad, and his vigor-
ous personality are presented with great distinct-
ness. As a biographer, Miss Phillips is agreeably
naive and pious rather than gossipy in the usual
sense. Amazingly uncritical at times, she has clogged
her pages with inane quotation and countless irrele-
vancies and nothings; but she has done so with a
simple faith that wins an unfailing indulgence on
the part of the reader. After all, there are two
kinds of small talk,—one springing from a talent
for triviality, the other from a genius for admiration;
and Miss Phillips's is clearly the latter. Although
the book adds nothing of importance to our knowl-
edge of Cooper, and although it is not written with
judgment or with felicity of style, it has ample rea-
son for existence in the fact that it is the first delib-
erate and elaborate record of Cooper the man. The
volume contains a rather brief index. (Lane.)
Old and new Mr- Francis Gribble, author of many
Mtoriet of the books of entertaining biography,
French ttage. believes that biographers, like histo-
rians, should explore the "sources" for every obtain-
able word of truth, and should publish their discov-
eries as unreservedly as do the historians, whether
the critics pronounce them to be edifying or the re-
verse. Acting on this principle, he has made his
"Romances of the French Theatre" (Appleton) an
undeniable contribution to the general reader's
knowledge of sundry stars, now long extinct, of the
Paris stage. For instance, the life of Marceline
Desbordes-Valmore, poet as well as player, has
recently been illumined with a flood of fresh light
thrown upon it by certain unpublished documents,
and this illumination is reflected in some of Mr.
Gribble's pages. Likewise Mile. Montansier and


1913]
311
THE
DIAL
Mile. George and Talma and others are revealed
more fully to English readers than has hitherto
been attempted. Other familiar names that meet
the eye are those of Adrienne Lecouvreur, Mile.
Gautier, Mile. Clairon, Rachel, and the royal and
noble lovers dangling in the train of this and that
and the other stage beauty. By a curious error in
the index, the references to Mile. Gautier, known in
her later and repentant years as Sister Augustine,
are entered under "Gautier, Theophile." A half-
dozen portraits adorn the book, which is a substantial
octavo of three hundred pages.
BRIEFER MEN TION.
A new volume in the admirable " Musicians' Library"
(Ditson) is the " Selected Piano Compositions of Franz
Schubert" edited by Mr. August Spanuth. A dozen of
the " Impromptus " and " Moments Musicals " are given,
and nine other pieces, including the C major Fantaisie
and the Sonata in A minor. There are also a portrait,
a biographical sketch, and a bibliography.
Two volumes of " French Classics for English Read-
ers" (Putnam) are at hand. Professor Adolphe Cohn
has edited Florio's Montaigne for the series, and Pro-
fessor Curtis Hidden Page has edited a volume of selec-
tions from Rabelais, as translated by Urquhart and
Motteux. The introductions to both volumes are valu-
able critical essays upon the respective authors.
Aurelian Townshend, over whose name "oblivion
has scattered her poppy effectively enough," has been
resurrected by Mr. £. K. Chambers, who publishes
through the Oxford Clarendon Press an edition of
"Aurelian Townshend's Poems and Masks" — the
poems rescued from song-books and manuscripts, the
two masks reprinted from the original editions of 1631.
Volumes V.-VIII. of the " Imperial" edition of Sir
Gilbert Parker's works (Scribner) are at hand. They
give us "Cumner's Son and Other South Sea Folk,"
"When Valmond Came to Pontiac," "The Trail of the
Sword," "The Translation of a Savage," "The Pomp
of the Lavilettes," "At the Sign of the Eagle," "The
Trespasser," and "The March of the White Guard."
Not the least of the services which this new edition does
for us is that of calling renewed attention to the author's
half-forgotten earlier works, which are, if anything,
better than his "best sellers " of recent years.
The interesting " Cambridge Manuals of Science and
Literature" now number an even fifty volumes. The
latest issues are: "The Civilization of Ancient Mexico,"
by Mr. Lewis Spence; "China and the Manchus," by
Professor Herbert A. Giles; "Brasses," by Mr. J. S. M.
Ward; "The Individual in the Animal Kingdom," by
Mr. Julian S. Huxley; "Brewing," by Mr. A. Chaston
Chapman; "The Psychology of Insanity," by Dr. Ber-
nard Hart; and "The Work of Rain and Rivers," by
Dr. T. G. Bonney. These volumes compete very suc-
cessfully with those of the " Home University Library,"
and, like them, deserve to be widely known.
Two small volumes of "Short-Story Masterpieces,"
containing characteristic stories of ten French authors
translated into English, with Introductions, by Dr. J.
Berg Esenwein, editor of " Lippincott's Magazine," are
issued under the imprint of the Home Correspondence
School of Springfield, Massachusetts. The writers rep-
resented are Coppe'e, de Maupassant, Daudet, Me'rime'e,
Pierre Loti, Balzac, HalCvy, Theuriet, Gautier, and
Anatole France. In the general introduction the trans-
lator analyzes the French short-story as a national genre,
principally from the point of view of technique, and also
suggests a few of the important forces in French life
which have influenced its highly individualized content.
A brief essay on the author prefaces each of the short-
stories.
Mr. John Macy thinks that most manuals of Amer-
ican literature fail to exhibit a proper sense of propor-
tion. Believing that " a living lion is better than a dead
mouse," he would give Mr. Riley a place rather than
Bryant, and Father Tabb rather than Taylor. He also
claims that a chapter on William James belongs in any
book "in which a chapter on that dreadful bore, Jona-
than Edwards, would pass unchallenged," which seems
to us a happier opinion than the other. It is in the spirit
of these observations that Mr. Macy has written his
breezy work on "The Spirit of American Literature"
(Doubleday), a work which the young lions of news-
paper criticism will doubtless take to their hearts. It
will not be taken very seriously by anyone else.
Two new additions to the "Macmillan Standard Li-
brary " are Lafcadio Hearn's "Japan: An Attempt at
Interpretation" and Mr. Liberty H. Bailey's "The
Country Life Movement in the United States." Nearly
forty volumes are now ready in this series, comprising
some of the most noteworthy recent contributions to
serious thought. Such books as these, in so substantial
a form and at so low a price (fifty cents), constitute a
decided boon. The same publishers have begun publi-
cation of a " Modern Fiction Library," in similar form
and at the same price. The first volumes are Mr.
James Lane Allen's " The Reign of Law," Mr. William
Stearns Davis's "A Friend of Csesar," Mr. Richard
Washburn Child's "Jim Hands," and Mr. Jack Lon-
don's " Burning Daylight."
Mr. L. P. Gratacap's "Popular Guide to Minerals"
(D. Van Nostraud Co.), now in its second edition, is
intended chiefly for the use of visitors to public cabinets
and collections of minerals, but is so arranged that it
forms an adequate text for elementary teaching in
mineralogy as well. Its value as a universal guide-book
is enhanced by the fact that the system of classification
here adopted is the same as the succession observed in
the fifth and sixth editions of Dana's " System of Min-
eralogy." To those unacquainted with the general
scientific aspects of mineralogy and its connection with
related sciences, the introductory chapters will prove
of interest. A new chapter on the Bement Collection of
minerals in the American Museum of Natural History
has been added.
It can hardly be said that Mr. W. H. Hudson's
"Story of the Renaissance" (Cassell) fills a long-felt
want, but it does put into convenient form a treatment
of the various aspects of the Renaissance, and will serve
admirably as an introduction to a more extended course
of reading or study in the history, art, and literature of
this period. The book does not pretend to be an orig-
inal contribution; it does not do more than bring to-
gether facts that are familiar enough to the scholar for
the benefit of his zealous brother who would extend the
boundaries of his learning beyond those set in the edu-
cative pages of the popular magazine. The author is a
staff Lecturer to the University Extension Board of the
University of London, and the book smacks of the Ex-
tension course. At any rate it would form an admirable


312
[April 1
THE DIAL
book of reference for such a course. It is none the worse
for this, but one should not go to it with the expectation
of finding in it any new thing.
A second edition of "Food in Health and Disease,"
by Dr. Nathan S. Davis, Jr., is published by Messrs.
P. Blakiston's Son & Co. The author's aim has been
to provide an up-to-date and practical hand-book of
dietetics; and recent additions to the knowledge of
physiology and the management of diseases by diet have
demanded a revision and rewriting, in large part, of the
original text. The main sections of the book are de-
voted to discussions of the general principles of diet,
diet in health, and diet in disease; and, aside from its
technical value, the book should appeal to all who take
more than passing interest in matters pertaining to the
preservation of health. In its present form it consti-
tutes one of the fullest treatises on the subject of non-
medicinal therapeutics yet contributed by an American
author.
Notes.
The plays of Mr. J. M. Barrie are being collected for
publication in book form during the autumn.
Mr. John Masefleld's latest narrative poem, "The
Daffodil Fields," will be issued at once in book form
by the Macmillan Co.
A book of Central American travel entitled "The
Southland of North America," by Mr. George Palmer
Putnam, editor of the Bend (Oregon) "Bulletin," will
be published this month by Messrs. Putnam.
A magazine serial of unusual interest begins in the
April " Scribner " with the opening chapters of Mr. John
Galworthy's latest novel, "The Dark Flower." This
is described in a sub-title as " The Love-Life of a Man:
Spring, Summer, Autumn."
Mr. Winthrop Ames, director of The Little Theatre,
New York, is offering a prize of $10,000 for the best
play by an American author, submitted before August
15 of this year. Particulars of the contest may be
obtained from Mr. Ames.
That Mr. Kipling's popularity is not yet on the wane
is indicated by the fact that a new English edition of
his works, limited to one thousand sets and priced at
twenty-three guineas, has been entirely subscribed for
two months in advance of the appearance of the first
volumes.
Some personal recollections of the Irish playwright
J. M. Synge, by Lady Gregory, appear in the March
"English Review." This issue also contains an inter-
esting study of "George Meredith: Freethinker," by
Mr. G. W. Foote, embodying some unpublished letters
of Meredith's.
The address delivered by Dr. William Lyon Phelps,
Lampton professor of English literature in Yale Uni-
versity, before the recent meeting of the American
Academy of Arts and Letters and the National Institute
of Arts and Letters, is published for the first time in
the April "Century."
We learn from Mr. Clement Shorter's always-
interesting literary letter in the London "Sphere"
that Sir William Robertson Nicoll has been engaged
for some time upon an elaborate history of Victorian
literature, that the work will consist of six volumes of
200,000 words each, and the first volume will be pub-
lished in October of next year.
Scholarly readers everywhere will rejoice in the an-
nouncement that the famous "Bonn's Library" is to
be reissued in pocket volumes, cloth-bound, at a shilling
each. An initial batch of twenty volumes will appear
at once. "Bohn's" holds a place apart among all
standard series. Emerson once said that " the transla-
tions of Bohn's Library have done for literature what
railroads have done for internal intercourse."
"Bedrock," the new English quarterly journal of
scientific thought, will be published in this country hy
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., beginning with the April
issue. The contents of the forthcoming April issue of
the magazine will include the following articles, among
others: "Mimicry, Mutation, and Mendelism," by E. B.
Poulton; "Modern Vitalism," by W. McDougall;
and "Japanese Colonial Methods," by Ellen C. Semple.
A committee, composed of Messrs. Arnold Bennett,
John Galsworthy, C. H. Herford, H. G. Wells, and
others, is inviting donations for a memorial to George
Gissing. This memorial will take the form of a scholar-
ship for the encouragement of literary studies, and will
be attached to the University of Manchester, which
Gissing attended in his early days. It is hoped that not
less than £2000 may be raised, of which amount £200
has been promised.
A study of Dickens by Mr. Swinburne, hitherto
unpublished, is soon to appear in London. Two other
volumes on the novelist, announced for spring publica-
tion, are "Studies in Dickens," by Sir W. Robertson
Nicoll, and "Charles Dickens: Social Reformer," by
Mr. W. Walter Crotch. We understand, also, that a
son of Dickens's famous illustrator and intimate friend,
Hablot K. Browne ("Phiz"), is preparing from his
father's letters and papers a volume of reminiscences
of the writer.
Mr. Henry Frowde, the Publisher to the University
of Oxford, has just retired at his own wish, after thirty-
nine years of work as manager of the London busi-
ness of the Oxford University Press. Mr. H*unphrey
Milford, who has for some years been associated with
Mr. Frowde, has beeu appointed as his successor.
Though Mr. Frowde is retiring from the active supervis-
ion of the business, he will, it is understood, be available
for consultation, so that his knowledge and experience
will not be lost to the Press.
An unusual number of promising literary biographies
appear in the English publishers' spring announcement
lists. Some of the more important of these are: "Swin-
burne," by Mr. John Drink water; "William Morris:
Poet, Craftsman, and Social Reformer," by Mr. Arthur
Compton-Rickett; "Early Friendships and Surround-
ings," by Professor Knight; "Jane Austen," by W.
Austen Leigh and R. Austen Leigh; "The Life and
Friendship of Mary Russell Mitford; "The Youth of
Goethe," by Mr. P. Hume Brown; and a "Life of Cer-
vantes," by Mr. J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly.
A new series for children, to be edited by Miss
Florence Converse and depicting school-life in various
lands, is announced by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co.,
under the title of "The Little Schoolmates" series.
The first volume will be "Under Greek Skies" by
Madame Dragoumis. Professor Katharine Lee Bates
of Wellesley will tell of the children of Spain under
the title, "Queen Esther's Make-Believe." Professor
Margarethe Miiller, also of Wellesley, will tell of Ger-
man child-life; and Mr. Padraic Colum of Irish children.
Other volumes will be announced later.


1913]
313
THE DIAL
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
April, 1913.
Alabama, How We Redeemed. H. A. Herbert . Century
Apocrypha, Banishment of. James T. Bixby . . Harper
Arctic, My Quest in the—V. Vilhjalmur Stefansson. Harper
Art, American, A Builder of. H. S. Houston. World's Work
Art, University Study of, in America. F. J.
Mather, Jr ". . Scribner
Austria, Awakening of. Mrs. Bellamy Storer . No. Amer.
Balkan Peninsula, Skirting the. Robert Hichens. Century
Berg-son, Christ and. G. W. Douglas . . North American
Book-Publishing. George P. Brett Atlantic
Broadhurst, Addison —IV. E. M. Woolley. World's Work
Capitalistic Government, Collapse of. Brooks Adams. Atlan.
China, Revolutionized? Edwin Maxey .... Forum
College Conditions, Concerning. J. T. Stevenson. Pop. Sci.
Commerce Court, The. J. A. Fowler . . North American
Consent, The Age of. Anna G. Spencer Forum
Constantinople in War-Time. H. G. Dwight. . . Atlantic
Cooperation, Consumers'. Albert Sonnichsen. Rev. of Revs.
Disease, Marvelous Preventives of. L. K. Hirsh-
berg World's Work
Emotion and Etymology. Yoshio Markino . . . Atlantic
English Friends. Charles Eliot Norton .... Scribner
European Politics. Andre' Tardieu Century
Farm Revolution, A. Joseph Gilpin Pyle. World's Work
Fear, The New. M. P. Willcocks Forum
Forests, Influence of, upon Climate. R. DeC.Ward. Pop. Sci.
Freedom, The New—IV. Woodrow Wilson. World's Work
Germany and the German Army. Price Collier. Scribner
Gibson, W.W., and John Masefield. Robert Shafer. Atlantic
Goethe and the Chemists. R. T. House. Popular Science
Granada. William Dean Howells . . . North American
Grapes, American, Domestication of. U. P.
Hedrick Popular Science
Health and Horse-Power. Woods Hutchinson. American
Health Service, United States Public. A. G. Reed. Pop. Sci.
Income Tax, Aspects of the. Sydney Brooks. . No. Amer.
Industrial Peace or War 1 E.P.Wheeler . . . Atlantic
Ireland, A Nation in — II. Darrell Figgis .... Forum
Life, The Breath of. John Burroughs .... Atlantic
Life Insurance Companies and Physical Welfare.
E. L. Fisk Popular Science
Lima, Down the West Coast to. Ernest Peixotto. Scribner
Machu Picchu, Discovery of. Hiram Bingham . Harper
Militancy, Political. Mrs. Havelock Ellis .... Forum
Mortality. Increasing, from Degenerative
Maladies. E. E. Rittenhouse . . . Popular Science
Natural Selection. T. D. A. Cockerell . Popular Science
New England's Rotten Boroughs. C. Lloyd
Jones North American
New York the Strategic Centre of the Atlantic
Seaboard. P. B. Malone Century
Parenthood and Social Conscience. Seth K.
Humphrey Forum
Parisian Restaurant, A Famous. Eliot Gregory . Scrtiner
Passes, The Passion for. W. D. Wegefarth . Lippincott
Post-Impressionist Illusion, The. Royal Cortissoz. Century
Preferred Stock, Industrial. E. S. Mead . . Lippincott
Professor, The. Henry S. Canby Harper
Railroad Brotherhoods, Power of. Gilson
Willets World's Work
Realism and Reality in Fiction. W. L. Phelps . Century
Realists, Privileges of. Helen Sard Hughes . No. Amer.
Reconstruction, Aftermath of. Clark Howell . Century
Religion of America, The. William Barry . . Atlantic
Roads, Vanishing. Richard Le Gallienne . . . Harper
Saints, The Censured. George Hodges .... Atlantic
Scientific Management. Frank B. Copier . . . American
Servant Question, Both Sides of. Annie W. Allen. Atlantic
Ship Subsidies, Foreign Trade and. Anan Raymond. Forum
Sinai, In the Land of. F. J. Bliss Century
Socialism: What It Is — IV. A. Maurice Low. No. Amer.
Southern Farming, New Spirit in. E.E.Miller. Rev.of Revs.
Symonds, John Addington. Van Wyck Brooks . Forum
Teaching Real Life inSchool. W.B.Anthony. World's Work
Tele-Victorian Age, The. John H. Finley . . . Atlantic
Thackeray and Fielding. F. S. Dickson. North American
Trusts, Germany, England, and the. S. P. Orth. World's Work
Tuberculosis, Economical Administration of
the Crusade against. Lawrence F. Flick . Lippincott
University, A, that Runs a State. Frank P.
Stockbridge World's Work
Vehicles, Commercial, Cost of Operating. J. M.
Van Harlingen Review of Reviews
Venetian Playground, A. Harrison Rhodes . . . Harper
Whitlock, Brand, Autobiography of — IV . . . American
Wisconsin, Cooperation in. R. A. Campbell. Rev. of Revs.
Woman, Unmarried, in France. W. M. Fullerton. Century
Wool Duties, Our. Thomas W. Page . . North American
Woolworth, F. W., and His Story. L. L.
Redding World's Work
List or New Books.
[The following list, containing SSO titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its issue of March 1.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
The Story of My Boyhood and Youth. By John
Muir. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 294
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $2. net.
Clara Schumann i An Artist's Life Based on Material
Pound In Diaries and Letters. By Berthold
Litzmann; translated and abridged from the
fourth German edition by Grace E. Hadow, with
Preface by W. H. Hadow. In 2 volumes; Illus-
trated, large 8vo. Macmillan Co. $8. net.
Snrdou and the Sardou Plays. By Jerome A. Hart.
Illustrated, 12mo, 408 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co.
$2.50 net.
Sixty Yeara In the Wilderness: More Passages by
the Way. By Sir Henry Lucy. Second series;
with frontispiece, 8vo, 398 pages. E. P. Dutton &
Co. S3, net.
Paul the First of Russia, the Son of Catherine the
Great. By K. Waliszewski. With photogravure
portrait, large 8vo, 496 pages. J. B. Lippincott
Co. $4. net.
Rnhel Varnbsgeni A Portrait. By Ellen Key; trans-
lated from the Swedish by Arthur G. Chater,
with Introduction by Havelock Ellis. With
portrait, 12mo, 312 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50 net.
Of Six Mediaeval Women i To Which is Added a
Note on Mediaeval Gardens. By Alice Kemp-
Welch. Illustrated, 8vo, 189 pages. Macmillan
Co. $2.75 net.
Francesco Petrarca and the Revolution of Cola di
Rlenzo. By Mario Emlllo Cosenza, Ph. D. 12mo,
330 pages. University of Chicago Press.
$1.50 net.
Royal Women Their History and Romance. By
Mary Ridpath-Mann. Illustrated, 12mo, 216
pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.25 net.
NobIi A Man against the Background of a Great
War. By Stanley Washburn. Illustrated, 12mo.
136 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1. net.
Major Robert Anderson and Fort Sumter, 1801. By
Eba Anderson Lawton. New edition; with fron-
tispiece, large 8vo, 19 pages. New York: The
Knickerbocker Press. 50 cts. net.
HISTORY.
The Story of the Civil War. By William Roscoe
Livermore. Part III., Books I. and II. With
maps, large 8vo. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $6 net.
With the Victorious Bulgarians. By Lieutenant
Hermeneglld Wagner; with Introduction by I. E.
Gueshoff. Illustrated, large 8vo, 273 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $3. net.
The Making; of Modern England. By Gilbert Slater,
D. Sc. 8vo. 308 pases. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$2.50 net.


314
[April 1
THE
DIAL
With the Conquered Turk) The Story of a Latter-
Day Adventurer. By Lionel James. Illustrated,
8vo, 315 pages. Small. Maynard & Co. $2. net.
The Balkan War Drama. By Cyril Campbell. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 206 pages. McBride, Nast & Co.
$1.40 net.
With the Turks In Thrace. By Ellis Ashmead-
Bartlett. Illustrated, 8vo, 335 pages. George H.
Doran Co. $3. net.
The Mikado's Empire. By William Elliot Griffls,
L. H. D. In 2 volumes; illustrated, Svo. Harper
& Brothers. $4. net.
Latin Anierleai Its Rise and Progress. By P.
Garcia Calderon; with Preface by Raymond
Poincarfi, translated by Bernard Miall. New edi-
tion; Illustrated, large 8vo, 406 pages: "South
American Series." Charles Scrlbner's Sons.
?3. net.
Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire.
By Ludwlg Friedlander. Authorized transla-
tion of the seventh enlarged and revised edition
of the "Sittengeschlchte Roms." Volume IV,
Appendices and Notes (from the sixth edition),
by A. B. Gough, Ph. D. 8vo, 718 pages. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $2.50 net.
.Napoleon's Campaign In Russia Anno 1812i Medico-
Historical. By A. Rose. Illustrated, 12mo, 212
pages. New York: Published bv the author.
$1.50.
The Political Activities of the Baptists nnd Fifth
Monarchy Men in England during the Interreg-
num. By Louise Fargo Brown, Ph. D. 12mo,
258 pages. Oxford University Press. $1.50 net.
Mighty England: The Story of the English People.
By William Elliot Griffls, D. D. Illustrated,
12mo, 304 pages. Philadelphia: Christopher
Sower Co. 75 cts. net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Drift of Romanticism. By Paul Elmer More.
12mo, 302 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
The Foundations of a National Drnmat A Collection
of Lectures, Essays, and Speeches, Delivered and
Written in the Years 1896-1912. (Revised and
Corrected, with Additions.) By Henry Arthur
Jones. With photogravure portrait, Svo, 358
pages. George H. Doran Co. $2.50 net.
Youth and Life. By Randolph S. Bourne. 12mo,
365 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net.
Studies In the Lyric Poems of Frledrlch Hebbeli The
Sensuous in Hebbei's Lyric Poetry. By Albert
Gubelman, Ph.D. 12mo. 317 pages. Yale Uni-
versity Press. $2.25 net.
Mistress Davennnti The Dark Lady of Shake-
speare's Sonnets. By Arthur Acheson. 8vo, 332
pages. Chicago: Walter M. Hill.
Social Forces In Modern Literature. By Philo M.
Buck, Jr. 12mo, 251 pages. Ginn & Co. $1.
The EnKllshmnn In the Alps: Being a Collection of
English Prose and Poetry Relating to Switzer-
land. Edited by Arnold H. M. Lunn. 12mo, 294
pages. Oxford University Press. $1.75 net.
AmonK Famous Books. By John Kelman. D. D. Sec-
ond edition; 12mo, 324 pages. George II. Doran
Co. $1.50 net.
The Dickens Year Book. Compiled by Lois E. Pren-
tiss and Gertrude C. Spaulding. Illustrated In
color. 12mo. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. net.
The Intellectual Torch: Developing a Plan for the
Universal Dissemination of Knowledge and Vir-
tue by Means of Free Public Libraries. By Jesse
Torrey, Jun. With portrait. Svo. 43 pages.
Woodstock: Elm Tree Press.
The Free Life. By Woodrow Wilson. New edi-
tion; 12mo, 28 pages. Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
50 cts. net.
Commemorative Addresses on Andrew Lang, by W. P.
Ker, and on Arthur Woollgar Verrall, by J. W.
Mackall, together with the award of the Edmond
de Polignac Prize. Thursday, November 28, 1912.
12mo, 38 pages. Oxford University Press. Paper,
40 cts. net.
DRAMA AND VERSE.
Helen Redeemed, and Other Poems. By Maurice
Hewlett. 12mo, 221 pages. Charles Scrlbner's
Sons. $1.50 net.
New Comedies.' By Lady Gregory. With portrait,
12mo, 166 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net.
Tradition, and Other One-Act Plays of Contempo-
rary Life. By George Middleton. 12mo, 178
pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.35 net.
A Walled Garden, and Other Poems. By Margaret
Root Garvin. 16mo, 58 pages. Portland: Mosher
Press. $1.25 net.
The Flower-Strew n Threshold, and Other Poems.
By Cecil Fanning. 12mo, 80 pages. E. P. Dut-
ton & Co. $1. net.
The Victory of Defeat, and Other Poems. By Fanny
De Groot Hastings. 12mo, 32 pages. Alice Har-
riman Co. $1.
The Cat's EleKy. By Gelett Burgess and Burgea
Johnson. Illustrated, 12mo. A. C. McClurg & Co.
60 cts. net.
In Memorlam: The Titanic Disaster. By H. Rea
Woodman. 12mo. Privately Printed. 50 cts.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
French Classics for English Renders. Edited by
Adolphe Cohn and Curtis Hidden Page. New
volumes: Rabelais's Gargantua and Paritagruel,
selected and edited by Curtis Hidden Page; Mon-
taigne's Essays, translated by John Florio, 1603,
selected and edited by Adolphe Cohn. Each with
photogravure frontispiece, 8vo. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. Per volume, $1.25 net.
The Private Papers by Henry Ryecroft. By George
Gissing. With photogravure frontispiece, 8vo,
280 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
Burns: Poems Published in 1786. (The Kilmarnock
Edition.) With Introduction and Notes by M. S.
Cleghorn, M. A. 12mo, 280 pages. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
Patience: A West Midland Poem of the Fourteenth
Century. Edited, with introduction, bibliogra-
phy, notes, and glossary, by Hartley Bateson,
B. A. 12mo, 149 pages. Longmans, Green & Co.
$1.50 net.
Alphonsus. Emperor of Germany: A Tragedy. Re-
printed in facsimile from the edition of 1651,
with an Introduction and notes, by Herbert F.
Schwarz. Large 8vo, 105 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.25 net.
The Works of Gilbert Parker. Imperial Edition.
Vols. V.-VIII. With photogravure frontispiece,
8vo. Charles Scrlbner's Sons. Each $2. net.
(Sold only by subscription.)
Selected Poems of Christina G. Rossettl. Edited,
with Introduction and Notes, by Charles Bell
Burke, Ph. D. With portrait, 16mo, 326 pages.
Macmlllan Co. 25 cts. net.
Poems of Elisabeth Barrett Browning;. With por-
trait, 16mo. 428 pages. "Oxford Pocket Poets."
Oxford University Press. 35 cts. net.
FICTION.
One Woman's Life. By Robert Herrlck. 12mo. 405
pages. Macmlllan Co. $1.35 net.
The Judgment House. By Gilbert Parker. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 469 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$1.35 net.
New Leaf Mills: A Chronicle. By William Dean
Howells. 12mo, 154 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$1.50 net.
The Amateur Gentleman. By Jeffery Farnol. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 025 pages. Little, Brown & Co.
$1.40 net.
The Heart of the Hills. By John Fox, Jr. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 396 pages. Charles Scrlbner's Sons.
$1.35 net.
Comrade Yetta. By Albert Edwards. 12mo, 448
pages. Macmlllan Co. $1.35 net.
The Combined Maze. By May Sinclair. With
frontispiece. 12mo, 394 pages. Harper &
Brothers. $1.35 net.


1913]
315
THE
DIAL
Jean-Chrlatophe. By Romain Rolland; translated
by Gilbert Cannan. Volume I., Dawn, Morning,
Youth, Revolt; Volume II., The Market-Place,
Antoinette, The House; Volume III., Journey's
End—Love and Friendship, The Burning Bush,
The New Dawn. Each 12mo. Henry Holt & Co.
Per volume, $1.50 net.
The Eternal Maiden. By T. Everett Harrf. 12mo,
266 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.20 net.
The Gay Rebellion. By Robert W. Chambers. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 297 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.30 net.
The Mischief Maker. By E. Phillips Oppenheim.
Illustrated, 12mo, 372 pages. Little, Brown & Co.
$1.25 net.
The Flirt. By Booth Tarkington. Illustrated, 12mo,
378 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.25 net.
Running Sands. By Reginald Wright Kauffman.
12mo, 353 pages. Dodd. Mead & Co. $1.35 net.
The Weaker Vessel. By E. F. Benson. 12mo, 458
pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.35 net.
The Nest. By Anne Douglas Sedgwick. 12mo, 302
pages. Century Co. $1.25 net.
The Stain. By Forrest Halsey. Illustrated, 12mo,
343 pages. F. G. Browne & Co. $1.25 net.
Vanishing Points. By Alice Brown. 12mo, 352
pages. Macmillan Co. $1.35 net.
The Life Mask. By the author of "To M. L. G."
Second edition; 12mo, 346 pages. F. A. Stokes Co.
$1.30 net.
The Gloved Handt A Detective Story. By Burton E.
Stevenson. Illustrated, 12mo. 343 pages. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $1.30 net.
Bobble, General Manager. By Olive Hlggins Prouty.
Third edition; 12mo, 354 pages. F. A. Stokes Co.
$1.25 net.
Veiled Women. By Marmaduke Pickthall. 12mo,
312 pages. Duffleld & Co. $1.25 net.
Tommy Tregennis. By Mary E. Phillips. 12mo, 209
pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $1.20 net.
Pollynnnn*. By Eleanor H. Porter. Illustrated, 12mo,
310 pages. L. C. Page & Co. $1.25 net.
Tackling Matrimony. By George Lee Burton. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 219 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$1. net.
The Crystal Stopper. By Maurice Leblanc; trans-
lated from the French by Alexander Telxeira de
Mattos. Illustrated, 12rno, 287 pages. Double-
day, Page & Co. $1.25 net.
The Career of Dr. Weaver. By Mrs. Henry Backus.
Illustrated In color, etc., 12mo, 379 pages. L. C.
Page & Co. $1.25 net.
The Turn of the Sword. By C. MacLeun Savage.
With frontispiece in color, 12mo. 378 pages. F. G.
Browne & Co. $1.25 net.
The Cnse of Jenny Brlce. By Mary Roberts Rlne-
hart. Illustrated. 12mo, 228 pages. Bobbs-
Merrill Co. $1. net.
The Land of Content. By Edith Barnard Delano.
Illustrated, 12mo, 334 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.30 net.
The Invuders. By Frances Newton Symmes Allen.
12mo, 371 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.30 net.
A Pnlr of Little Patent Leather Boots. By Edith
Stotesbury Hutchinson. Illustrated, 12mo, 260
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316
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COMMUNICATION 333
"Ain't I." Nathan Haskell Dole.
A NEW ENGLAND WORTHY OF THE 17TH
CENTURY. Barrett Wendell 334
IRISH PLAYS AND PLAYERS. Edith Kellogg Dunton 335
A REALISTIC PROGRAMME AND PLATFORM.
Horace Meyer Kallen 337
THE GENESIS OF ENGLISH CHIVALRY. Martha
Hale Shackford 339
WOMAN AND THE SOCIOLOGISTS. Cornelia A.
P. Comer 340
Barnes's Woman in Modern Society. — Mr. and
Mrs. Nearing's Woman and Social Progress. — Mrs.
Coolidge's Why Women Are So. — Mrs. Spencer's
Woman's Share in Social Culture.
SHAKESPEARE'S SPOILED CHILD. Charles M.
Street 34
THE LURE OF THE LAST WEST. Lawrence J.
Burpee 343
Washburn's Trails, Trappers, and Tender-feet in
Western Canada. — Footner's New Rivers of the
North. — Adams's Ten Thousand Miles through
Canada.—Sheldon's The Wilderness of the North
Pacific Coast.— Stewart's Down the Mackenzie, and
Up the Yukon.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 34.T
Art origins in many lands.— A scientist's discussion
of varied subjects.— Four months' outing with the
Atlantic Fleet.— A century of social progress in
Europe.—A flying tour through France.—Records of
the English house-wife.—A cruise to the tropics in a
tramp steamer.— Wordsworth as poet of nature and
poet of man.—Two opposite tendencies in literature.
— The Italian as he really is.
BRIEFER MENTION 349
NOTES 3rti
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 3fll
AMBASSADOR PAGE.
Three times and out! President Wilson's
third choice for the most important of our
diplomatic posts is one that does the highest
credit to his intelligence and sound judgment,
and the country is to he congratulated upon the
acceptance of this exalted position by one who
is an embodiment of the finest qualities of Amer-
ican idealism. Mr. Walter Hines Page is a man
who will really represent us, and whose name
will not seem out of place in the list that includes
the names of George Bancroft, Charles Francis
Adams, James Russell Lowell, and John Hay.
The President's first choice for this post occa-
sioned some misgivings, for Mr. Olney was too
deeply implicated in the blustering infamy of
the Venezuelan episode of 1897 to seem entirely
qualified to serve as the official cementer of cor-
dial relations between the two chief branches of
the English-speaking race. The choice of Pres-
ident Emeritus Eliot was not open to any such
criticism, and was wholly admirable, except for
his advanced age, which would seem to qualify
him better for the part of wise counsellor to his
fellow-countrymen at home than for his active
participation in diplomatic affairs. But neither
of these objections, nor any other that occurs to
us, can be made to Mr. Page, who is in the prime
of life, and who has done nothing to our knowl-
edge which should make him persona non grata
to any considerable section of the English
people.
Not the least conspicuous merit of this ap-
pointment is the fact that it puts an end to the
period of vulgar ostentation in our London
embassy. Mr. Page will not, we are safe in
assuming, spend several times his official stipend
in the rent of a house. That stipend is a nig-
gardly one, all things considered, but those of
our representatives abroad who cut their coats
according to the cloth thus provided are the ones
who display the truest patriotism and set the
finest example. If there is any discredit in the
simple living thus conditioned, it is at least not
personal; and if it in any way redounds to the
disadvantage of the country, the country has
the remedy in its own hands. But remembering
how well Mr. Phelps served his country a quar-
ter of a century ago in the modest apartment
which he occupied, we cannot believe that the


328
[April 1G
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splendors of Dorchester House have given us as
a nation any prestige that was worth buying at
such a price. The most thoughtful organs of
British opinion have been prompt to applaud
this appointment and to recognize its signifi-
cance. The London "Nation" makes the
following comment:
"President Wilson has made an interesting experi-
ment. He has boldly reverted to the scholar-diplomat
as the type of man most qualified to represent the United
States abroad. In doing so he has paid a silent but
striking compliment to the good sense of the British
people. He has assumed that what we most value in
an American ambassador is not his wealth and his ability
to lavish it on magnificent houses and huge entertain-
ments, but his personality and his achievements and the
extent to which he brings with him the true flavor of
American life."
The appointment" fits in with one's conception
of what America should be and at her best
really is, and it may not be without its useful-
ness in restoring to London society a more just
sense of values." In conclusion, we are assured
that Mr. Page "will be recognized as the au-
thentic salt of Americanism, and will gain much
and suffer nothing by coming to the London
embassy simply on his own merits as a citizen
and a servant of the republic."
One important thing to be said about Mr.
Page is that he will represent the whole country.
A Southerner by birth, whose active years have
been spent almost wholly in the North, he has
made it his special mission to bind up the
nation's wounds, and all his work as editor,
publisher, author, and public speaker has been
done with an eye to the special needs of the
section that has not even yet wholly freed
itself from the incubus of the social system that
caused the great cataclysm of our history. In
his denunciation of the old-time prejudices that
yet linger, and in his constructive suggestions
for the future, he has made a powerful plea,
and one that has not gone unheeded, for the
saving ministries of education and industry.
Several years ago, he formulated a creed which
we will reproduce:
"I believe in the free public training of both the
hands and the mind of every child born of woman.
"I believe that by the right training of men we add
to the wealth of the world. All wealth is the creation of
man, and he creates it only in proportion to the trained
uses of the community; and, the more men we train,
the more wealth everyone may create.
"I believe in the perpetual regeneration of society,
in the immortality of democracy, and in growth ever-
lasting."
It is a good creed, even if it does not embody
the whole sum of social idealism, and at least
implies most of the things that it does not ex-
press. And it has this proposition for a corol-
lary: "It is a shining day in any educated man's
growth when he comes to see and to know and
to feel and freely to admit that it is just as im-
portant to the world that the ragamuffin child
of his worthless neighbor should be trained as
it is that his own child should be."
We do not suggest that our new ambassador
is going to lecture the English people on their
shortcomings in the matters of education and
industry. He could be no more guilty of such
tactlessness than of following the amazing exam-
ple of his chief when the latter recently exacer-
bated English feeling by injecting his own dog-
matic opinions into the field of partisan English
political controversy. He will commit no blaz-
ing indiscretions for the sake of the Irish or
any other vote. But he will be the spokesman
of democracy as Lowell was, and like his pre-
decessor, will charm his hearers by the persua-
siveness of the gospel that will be implicit in
his public utterances. He will represent us at
our typical best, as Lowell and Phelps and Bay-
ard and Hay and Choate represented us, and his
advances will meet the same generous response
that was accorded to those men by all the
cultivated and high-minded elements of English
society.
In the appointment of Mr. Page the Presi-
dent has given earnest of his disposition to set
our diplomatic service upon a high plane of
character and intelligence. The number of
foreign posts that have been filled by mere poli-
ticians or mere plutocrats has of late years been
discouragingly large. We believe that the
President has a higher conception of these
offices than that of using them for the payment
of political debts, and that fitness will be the
foremost consideration in filling them. Above
all, we trust that he will avoid the blunders of
sending men to countries of whose language and
history they are ignorant. It would perhaps be
too much to demand that the Chinese embassy
should be filled by a Sinologist, but it is not too
much to insist that our representative in almost
any European country should be a man having
some acquaintance with the language of the coun-
try to which he is sent. There is plenty of the
right sort of material to choose from, and when
a man who does not know Italian or Spanish is
sent to Italy or Spain, or when one who does
not know Danish or Dutch is sent to Denmark
or Holland, it always creates an uneasy suspicion
that someone is being rewarded for political
services or campaign contributions. The Van
Alen scandal still reeks in the American nostrils,


1913]
329
THE
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and no President can afford to give us another
horrible example of that sort. The character
of an administration is perhaps better revealed
in its diplomatic appointments than by any
other test, and we confidently hope that the
President will follow the fine lead which he has
given us in his appointment to St. James. From
a series of such appointments it will not be a
long step to the final goal of our desire—to the
goal of a permanent diplomatic service in which
demonstrated capacity shall mean life tenure,
and every trace of spoils shall disappear from
the administration of the State Department.
HISTORIES OF LITERATURE —AND
A RECENT EXAMPLE.
What mysterious law of Nature exists which
compels a History of English Literature written by
an Englishman or an American to be dull, is prob-
ably beyond investigation. The fact is there, how-
ever. The sprightliest and most vivacious writers,
once submitting to the sad mechanic exercise of
grinding out chronicles of the intellectual life of
our race, become apparently hopeless and produce
books calculated to repress the enthusiasm of youth
and chill the reasoned ardor of age. Is it because
they assume extra-judicial functions in their efforts
to balance the claims of a thousand writers, and
cease to be light-hearted advocates and appreciators?
Or is it because the great masters of literature in
such a book appear like painted spaces on a card,—
red, yellow, blue, green, scarlet, turquoise,—which
the historian revolves slowly, so that they run into
each other, yet do not make a dazzling white, only
a muddy kind of grey? Or is it because they are
like objects in a museum of natural science, and we
wander among them and the curator points them
out with his wand and seems to triumph over them
with his interminable drone, as though to say, "Poor
wretches! You were once alive but now you are dead
and stuffed and shelved and ticketed in this morgue,
and depend entirely on me to rehearse the lively mo-
tions of your prime "? Certainly the chief impression
one gets from such books is that the writers of the past
are dead. The ethereal music and glowing imagery
of Shakespeare and Milton and Shelley become thin
and ghostlike; the wit of Dry den and Congreve and
Pope evaporates; the thronging characters of the
novelists and playwrights cannot lift themselves up
from the dismal pages. Yet if we only throw our his-
tory of literature aside and go to the books it treats
of, we find them as much alive as ever. Nothing
that is really great in literature ever does die.
Yet there have been histories of English litera-
ture, histories of other literatures, which were worth
while. Taine's book, being a work of genius, is full
of faults. Its central conception of literature as an
utterance of a great national organism, leaves out
of account the accidental, the inspirational, the uni-
versal. And to English readers, at least, there are a
thousand errors of proportion and detail. But what
vitality, what power! The masters of our verse and
prose stride about like gods and giants playing with
the dominions of the world; the humblest reader
feels the contagion of their force, the lift of their
tone, and thinks more nobly of himself because he
is sealed of their race. It is a book to breed great
writers. Then there is Symonds's "Greek Poets."
No doubt there are many persons living who date
their knowledge of and love for Greek literature
from the reading of this book. Perhaps it is the
novel and unfamiliar view-point which makes an
alien's opinion of any literature startling and vivi-
fying. Use and custom dull our outlook. We are
like people who dwell by a bay of the sea with
great hills and mountain ranges piled around us
and behind. But always the same peaks jut up
in the same place, the same slopes fall down in
the same way. The scene becomes monotonous.
Then a voyager comes along and invites us to enter
his boat and circumnavigate our island or patrol
the front of our continent Immediately the land-
scape begins to dissolve and recreate. New moun-
tains arise, the old ones change their relation to
each other, and everything has a different bearing
and aspect. This is the service that such writers as
Taine and Brandes do for us.
Mr. Lang's "History of English Literature" is
no worse than its precursors of the kind; in some
respects it is better. For one thing the glad and
tricksy spirit which dominated Lang's style would
not always be denied, and often raises him above
the official showman's drone. For another thing,
though the tone of his whole picture is drab enough,
yet, as far as may be, the values are preserved; the
proportions are correct. But the work is utterly
uninspiring. Even the best sections, those on Shake-
speare and Scott, are uninspiring. And Mr. Lang's
treatment of the mass of his writers, — well!
"He is more than usual calm,
He does n't give a single damn."
There is one matter, however, for which we in
America owe the memory of Mr. Lang the sincerest
thanks. For the first time, we imagine, in a work
of this kind, American writers are used with absolute
respect. They are given as full a share of space
as their English compeers, and their treatment is
not any more colorless. Mr. Lang suggests that
we ought to accept Whittier as our national poet.
Perhaps this is only his fun. More probably, though,
it is a half-unconscious expression of a settled En-
glish opinion as to our rights and privileges. A
travelling acquaintance of ours has always been very
indignant at the citizens of modern Rome because
they prefer to live in new and comfortable houses.
Ruins are their forte, he insists, and they ought to
stick to ruins. Similarly, or conversely, the English
demand that American writers shonld deal with the


380
[April] 6
THE
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new and crude of our country, and leave the rest of
the world and the whole backward of time to their
own piratical plundering. No one denies the spirit
and interest of Whittier's home-made verse; but if
he is the best we have had, we are still in the horn-
book state of tutelage. If to be a national poet, a
writer must deal with home scenes and near times,
what national poet has England? It cannot be
Spenser, for his scene is laid in Fairyland. Nor
Shakespeare, for two-thirds of his plays deal with
foreign lands and peoples. Nor Milton, for Hebrew
antiquity furnishes the basis for the bulk of his work.
Nor Byron, who dealt with Italy and the East. Nor
Shelley, nor Keats, nor Tennyson, for they revived
the legends and the life of Greece. Less than any
other nation has England built its literature up out
of its own materials and within its own confines;
yet that is what its critics insist upon Americans
doing. However, Mr. Lang's suggestion is only a
slight one; and, as we have said, his treatment of
American authors, if not enthusiastic (he is hardly
ever enthusiastic) is eminently fair.
We do not suppose for a moment that Mr. Lang,
in writing this book, had any idea of changing or
reforming the opinions of real lovers of literature.
It is a piece of bookwork intended primarily for
young students. But herein, it seems to us, resides
its danger, and the danger of all such dry-as-dust
compilations. If we could point to any one thing
calculated to disinherit such students of their rightful
estates in the realms of gold, disenchant them with
the charm and nobility of great literature, and de-
press them in their own ambitions, it would be the
ordinary school history of literature. The young
student does not need a wide knowledge of even our
own literature: that will come in time if he begins
right. He does not even much need instruction in
balancing the claims of innumerable authors. What
he needs is inspiration. He needs to have his sen-
sibilities aroused, his enthusiasm awakened. It is
better for him if he can come to thrill with the magic
of a single poem of Coleridge or Keats than if he
knew the dates of every English writer from Anglo-
Saxon times to the present, and had their official
rating firmly fixed in his mind. The temptation in
schools is to substitute a history of literature for lit-
erature itself. Always students should be directed
to the originals. These need neither be many nor
recondite, to guide good taste. The old books of
Elegant Extracts, so much ridiculed now, had their
uses. They probably helped to breed many gener-
ations of real readers. If criticism must be offered
to young students it should be the best, the most
vivid, the most inspiring. A small volume could be
put together of essays by Dr. Johnson, Coleridge,
Hazlitt, Lamb, Arnold, and Lowell, which would
cover the great epochs and major writers of English
literature, and which would be more valuable to
students than any historic survey on the market.
Charles Leonard Moore.
CASUAL COMMENT.
The problem op book-distribution in a
country so poorly provided with bookshops as our
own, and where the carriage of books by mail or
express is relatively so expensive, and where also
the mere calling of the would-be purchaser's atten-
tion by advertisement to the particular book he
would gladly buy is so uncertain and difficult and
costly, is not the least of the problems every year
becoming more perplexing to the American pub-
lisher. Mr. George P. Brett, president of the
Macmillan Company, dwells at length on this
question in a current "Atlantic " article on "Book-
Publishing and its Present Tendencies." Although
our annual book-production has doubled in twenty
years, running now as high as thirteen or fourteen
thousand new publications, the total annual sales
are little if any in excess of those prevailing in that
earlier period; and this, Mr. Brett believes, is due
to the inadequacy of our means for getting the
books to the people who want them. Even in
fiction, which always finds the readiest sale, the
increase in production has been attended by no
corresponding increase in total circulation. Dr.
Edward Everett Hale used to maintain, as Mr.
Brett recalls, that no work of general literature had
ever been adequately distributed or "published,"
in the literal sense of that word. The costs of such
distribution are prohibitive. Some new and efficient
method of bringing books and their most likely
purchasers together is what is needed. Where is the
inventive genius that shall devise the machinery?
In England a classified card-catalogue system of
British book-buyers, so far as the names and
addresses of such buyers can be obtained, is
undergoing trial at the hands of a certain firm of
booksellers. Notices of new books likely to interest
the person thus catalogued are sent to him from
time to time, and results gratifying to all concerned
ought to follow. But, as Mr. Brett says, such a
plan is far less practicable with our much larger
and less stable population. After all is said that can
be said on the subject, our publishers should not be
made to bear the blame for evils which they, more
than anyone else, deplore. They rejoice in the
discovery of a meritorious manuscript among the
thousands submitted to them, though they can pub-
lish only a fiftieth part of such submitted works;
and when they do issue a book, their profit on it
is commonly about one-half that of the author. The
publisher's position is surely no fat-salaried sinecure.
As a concluding suggestion on this whole subject,
one might query whether an increasingly effective
agent of distribution may not be found in the public
library. The rather rapid extension of the free-
library system, in the founding of new libraries, the
multiplication of branches, and the growth of travel-
ling libraries, furnishes a ready means for reaching
a constantly enlarging reading public and, to some


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extent, a buying public. At any rate, the libraries
themselves constitute a purchasing class of no
mean proportions, and these proportions are on the
increase. European bookshops excel ours in num-
ber and excellence, but American public libraries
acknowledge no superiors.
A TOUR DE FORCE IN LIBRARY-RECONSTRUCTION
is to be credited to Director J. I. Wyer, Jr., and his
corps of assistants at the New York State Library.
Two years have passed since the destructive fire in
the capitol at Albany almost wiped out of existence
the most valuable State collection of books and manu-
scripts in the country. But the proverbial alacrity
in locking the stable door after the horse is stolen
showed itself, and an adequate fire-proof building
was speedily erected to receive the new collection
for which a wisely compliant legislature voted an
appropriation of one and a quarter million dollars.
The story of the shifts and expedients, the embar-
rassed labors and the baffling problems, of those
intervening months of stress and strain, as told by
Mr. Wyer in a recent Report, will convince the most
incredulous that even the librarian's life may have
elements of strenuosity. Especially interesting is
his account of the rescue of charred manuscripts
from the glowing embers, at considerable personal
risk, and of the restoration of these damaged treas-
ures, so far as restoration was possible. One would
like to know what proportion of manuscripts and of
books was saved out of the whole collection, but we
are merely left to infer that the salvage was incon-
siderable. The rapidity with which new books and
other material have been bought is marvellous. Com-
plicating the whole situation has been the necessity
of conducting the Library School without interrup-
tion; but even this, with help from Washington and
elsewhere, has been achieved. Librarianism hath
her victories no less renowned than certain other
callings commonly regarded as more arduous or
more heroic.
Mr. Gordon Craig's "School for the Art
of the Theatre," so inspiringly mapped out in
his book of last year, has lately become a reality.
When Mr. Craig's mother, Ellen Terry, celebrated
her sixty-fifth birthday a few weeks ago, one of the
pleasantest features of the day was Mr. Craig's
announcement that, through the generosity of Lord
Howard de Walden, the projected "School for the
Art of the Theatre" was established upon a sound
financial basis. This school, as is obvious to anyone
familiar with Mr. Craig's theories, will differ essen-
tially from any of the existing dramatic academies.
The final plan involves two great divisions. The
experimental school, to which Mr. Craig attaches
the greater importance, wiH aim "at infusing the
life of imagination into every art and craft connected
with the stage, so that fresh vigor will be given to
the creative power of those actively connected with
the drama." It will gather a body of earnest and
thorough workers, who, under Mr. Craig's direction,
will undertake theatrical productions in any part of
the world. The preliminary work will be done at
the school's theatre, where, also, the members of the
secondary school for the study of stage crafts will
find opportunity for practical work. All students
in this course must study speech and movement; and
they may choose, in addition, one "elective " from
such crafts as costume-making, lighting, preparation
of properties, and so on. The course will cover three
years, and at the end of the first year examinations
will be held to weed out the unfit. Disciples of the
feminist movement will be annoyed to find that Mr.
Craig absolutely excludes women from his experi-
mental school. . ..
The Buffalo Educational Union, already
noticed by us, is intelligently developing its powers
for usefulness. The cooperating bodies are the
Society of Natural Sciences, the Fine Arts Academy,
the Historical Society, the Grosvenor Library, and
the Public Library. Mr. Walter L. Brown, head of
the last-named institution, says in his current Report:
"This Union has already resulted in several discus-
sions of the field of work and in a better under-
standing than before existed. The present plans for
work are mainly in the direction of publicity. A
poster is now being printed picturing and describing
the means and kinds of education offered free by
these five institutions. It is designed that this poster
shall be hung in the schools and in other places where
many people gather or where many are employed. A
directory of all the means of education available in
the City of Buffalo is proposed. Another plan, which
the Union has under way, provides for talks illus-
trated by lantern slides to be given to the pupils of
night schools and to club organizations, describing
the work of the societies and what they offer to the
residents of Buffalo." Probably no other city of
the size of Buffalo has its library needs ministered
to by so many agencies — branches, deposit stations,
school libraries, travelling collections, and so on.
These run into the hundreds. There are forty-two
"firemen's libraries," to say nothing of hospitals,
settlement houses, clubs, police stations, and other
societies or institutions that receive special attention
from the public library. An interesting statistical
summary shows a nearly steady increase, during the
last sixteen years, in those figures that a librarian
likes to see increase, and an equally steady decrease
in that one department of circulation he likes to see
decrease,— fiction. From a percentage of 72.7 in
1897 it has declined to 59 in 1912.
...
The color of words, to those who tend to see
all things in terms of color, is very real and often
very vivid; and there are probably few persons to
whom certain words do not at least suggest bright-
ness and certain other words gloom. Mr. Yoshio
Markino, the Japanese artist whose oddly charac-
teristic literary style has attracted many readers,
entertained and amused most of them, and stirred
the unsympathetic merriment of a few, is evidently


332
[April 16
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one who finds something in words that appeals
strongly to sense perception. His article on " Emo-
tion and Etymology " in the April "Atlantic" is a
curious study of that quality in words which no mere
effort of the intellect can grasp. All-important is
the feeling behind the words and showing through
them. The ability to make the same vocables ex-
press a great variety of meanings by variations of
tone and accent is probably more characteristic of
the Chinese than of the Japanese. At any rate, it is
a peculiarity developed comparatively little in other
languages. What Mr. Markino has to say in his
essay will interest some readers less than his inim-
itable manner of saying it. Let us quote a few
sentences. "There are quite many people who are
over-cautious even when they are among their most
sympathetic friends. They are frightened to utter a
single word in fear that'it might make the listeners
misunderstand.' These people are evidently trying
to make the world deadly dull. It is all through
their lack of sense and wisdom as well as sympathy,
and I simply get sick of them!" One willingly
excuses the triteness of some of Mr. Markino's
observations because of their amusing oddity of
form. For example: "There is some difference
between the public speech and private conversation.
Just the right words for the public speech may
become too much superfluous for the private con-
versation. Too much exciting gesture and too many
emphasized words are absolutely unnecessary to
convey our emotion among a few people. You
would not shoot partridges with the twelve-inch
gun, would you?" Mr. Markino closes with an able
defense of his style against the charge of "pose,"
and with his reasons for spelling his name as he
does rather than without the r, as he has been told
he ought to do.
The tru-blu spelling-reformer will giv a
harty welcome to the latest innovations adopted
by the Board. He will not be bacward in accepting
this further economy of the alfabet now accomplisht
by the hed reformers in council assembled. Some
of the nu words may look strange, but nothing is too
stif in this sort to disharten him. Let others snif or
laf or turn away in a huf; he is not of that kidny,
and you can safely bet your mony on his stedfastness.
All thot of weakening is foren to his nature, and he
regards the half-harted with sovren contempt. He
writes the nu spellings on the tables of his hart in
bold blac inc, the blacer the better. Let those scof
who will; by no caitif dout is he ever distraut. Tho
there be wailing and nashing of teeth thruout the
ranks of the anti-reformers, naut will ever make him
untru to the cause. It may be a weary jurny to the
complete metamorfosis of our written language, but
long enuf hav the unregenerate spellings held undis-
turbed their ancient rein. No, The Dial has not
turned its coat, seamy as is the appearance of the
foregoing, but is merely trying to keep itself and
its readers at least partially informed of the latest
indignities offered to our orthography by certain
misguided zealots. One feels moved to ask the
spelling-reformer, as Cicero on a certain occasion
demanded of Catiline, Quousque tandem abutere
patientia nostra f Quern ad finem sese effrenata
jactabit audacia f
A MEMORIAL TO A MASTER OF THE SHORT STOBT
is likely before long to greet the visitor to North
Carolina's new Hall of History and Literature.
Professor Archibald Henderson, of the University
of North Carolina, issues a booklet setting forth the
plan and purpose of this memorial. He says: "At
the last meeting of the State Literary and Historical
Association of North Carolina a movement was be-
gun for the purpose of preserving memorials of all
sorts pertaining to the literature of North Carolina
and its makers. In the new Hall of History it is
expected that a section will be reserved for Litera-
ture. Here may be placed busts, medallions, por-
traits, miniatures, autograph letters and documents,
original manuscripts of literary works, autographed
copies of the works of native men and women of
letters, etc., etc." The one whose genius it is now
proposed to commemorate with a bust or medallion
is that favorite of short-story readers, William Sidney
Porter, better known as "O. Henry," who was born
at Greensboro a little more than fifty years ago, and
whose writings have just achieved the distinction
(comparatively rare in the case of magazine stories)
of a complete edition, in twelve volumes. Contribu-
tions for the memorial are solicited, and may be sent
to Professor Henderson at Chapel Hill, N. C.
Luring the little folk to the library
means, as a rule, the winning of life-long friends to
good books. At St. Joseph, Mo., this end is hastened
by the distribution of copies of an attractive folder,
explanatory and hortatory, among the ten thousand
school children of the city; and these folders, going
into the homes of some fifty thousand persons, work
their charm on others beside the juvenile members
of the community. The librarian informs us that,
incredible though it may seem, within the first four
days after the distribution of the folders began, the
demand for books on the part of borrowers showed
an increase of fifty-nine per cent. The little sheet
contains a short list of "books for young people,"
one of "books for women," a note on "books for
men," a general invitation to the library, with a few
words on the freedom of its privileges, a brief note
"to the boys and girls," and, under an outline sketch
of a St Joseph little girl absorbed in a book, the
following: "Good books are my friends—they bring
me wisdom and happiness. In our Public Library
I have found hundreds of pleasant books to read.
I am only one of over 13,000 others who read there.
Are you?" . . .
The declining percentage of fiction in the
publisher's output and, to some extent, in the public
library's circulation, is attributed to a recent marked
increase in the demand for books on such subjects
as sociology, economics, useful arts, medicine, hy-


1913]
333
THE DIAL
giene, applied science, sports and games, nature-
study, and even religion, philosophy, and poetry and
the drama. Mr. Fred E. Woodward, of "Washing-
ton, D. C, has been gathering statistics for "The
Literary Digest," and his figures, with accompanying
diagrams, are interesting. From them it appears
that whereas in 1890 the whole number of books
published in this country was 4,559, of which nearly
a quarter were works of fiction, in 1912 the whole
number had risen to 10,135, of which not quite a
tenth part were in that class. Indeed, the decline
in novels seems to have been absolute as well as
relative,—from 1,118 to 1,010. But the statistician
notes 733 reprints among the novels issued twenty-
two years ago, while he fails to indicate their num-
ber for last year. Thus it may be that new novels
are appearing in larger numbers now than formerly;
and indeed one must believe this to be so until proof
to the contrary is brought forward. The relative
decline, however, seems indisputable, and is not to
be regretted. t u
A SUN-DIAL INTERESTING TO BOOKMEN has been
set up in the garden of the Country Life Press at
Garden City, Long Island; and an artistic little paper-
covered book descriptive of its curious construction
is issued by the same press, with the imprint of
Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co. Mr. Walter Gilliss,
the designer of the dial, writes the description, and
excellent illustrations are added. "A Printers' Sun
Dial" is the title of the treatise, and it tells how the
dial came to be erected, how the Gutenberg Bible, as
the first of printed books and the "Book of Books,"
was chosen for representation on its face, and how
the marks of twelve early printers were selected for
the twelve hour spaces. No expense seems to have
been spared in making the dial a thing of beauty
and a most solid and lasting construction. Its ped-
estal extends three and a half feet below the surface
of the ground, to ensure against disturbance by frost,
and concrete, cement, and brass are the materials
used, with a perdurable composition of an unnamed
sort as filling for the engraved lettering on the open
pages of the Bible, which itself is said to be exactly
reproduced from the fifty-thousand-dollar copy
secured at the late Hoe sale by Mr. Henry E. Hunt-
ington. Appreciative visitors are welcome in the
"cedar room," as it is called, of the beautiful garden
where the Printers' Sun Dial is to be seen.
• • •
The story of a rare copy of "Al Aaraaf,"
an early product of Poe's pen, is going the rounds.
Two women, mother and daughter, both of advanced
age, living in Washington, D. C, called in a local
dealer in second-hand books a few weeks ago to ap-
praise a small collection of their own. But it held
nothing to attract the eye of a connoisseur, and he
was about to depart when he chanced to notice a
pasteboard-bound volume serving in place of a lost
caster to a bureau in the room. "What's this?"
he asked, stooping to look at the book. "Oh, that's
nothing," replied the daughter. "It's by Mr. Poe.
He used to call on Adeline and Alvina Wolfe, two
women who lived in Baltimore, and he gave it to
them. It fell very flat when it was published."
The book proved to be a first edition of "Al Aaraaf,
Tamerlane, and Minor Poems" (Baltimore, 1829),
a copy of which recently sold, it is said, for twenty-
seven hundred dollars at auction; and the dealer
could have had the thing for the price of a new
caster. But he chanced to be a man of honor, and
so he paid the poor women two thousand dollars, be-
ing glad enough to secure the treasure at that price.
COMMUNICATION.
"AIN'T I."
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Mr. Wallace Rice, in the latest issue of The Dial,
speaking of the colloquial use of "are n't I" and "an't
I," remarks: "A later and still more illiterate form is
ain't." It is rather odd to And in Charles Lamb's writ-
ings not infrequent use of this vulgarism, not only in his
letters bnt also in his more serious works. I suspect
it will be found not to be a later form but as old as spoken
English. I have heard it on the lips of men and women
of comparatively high culture in the country districts
of Maine, where it is also used as a contraction for "are
not" and "is not,"—as for example, "ain't you going?"
and "'t ain't neither." In the same way "hain't" is
used for " have not" and "has not,"— as in " I hain't
seen her," "Hain't John got one?"
I must confess to a lingering fondness for these
delightful old colloquialisms. All kinds of dialects
are interesting, and the dying "Yankee dilact" which
Lowell treated so sympathetically and which one may
occasionally come across even now in out-of-the-way
places has a flavor particularly its own. My Uncle
Isaiah, who was one of the most particular of men and
who at his death left in manuscript a universal Gram-
mar of half a dozen different languages—working on it
served him in place of a lung for many years 1 —some-
times in his speech fell instinctively into the old habit
of saying "ain't" and doubling his negatives, as if he
were speaking Greek, which he knew as few men do.
Up till within a few years in Templeton, Massachusetts,
there were relics of the local dialect of the English dis-
trict from which the early settlers came. At Ogunquit,
Maine, until recently an isolated fishing-village, you still
hear "the natives" speak of a man as a " cutter," though
they call an animal a "critter." The mother of a patri-
archal family, when some surprise was expressed by a
summer visitor at the number of her offspring, remarked:
"Yes, 't is a fruitsome place." Even our characteristic
or supposedly characteristic American humor, that of
exaggeration upwards or downwards, is really an im-
portation. An early sixteenth century writer in one of
his books speaks of the Atlantic Ocean as "the ditch"!
I vastly prefer " ain't" for "am not" to the wretched
French idiom beginning with "it was," followed by
"that" instead of " when," i.e., " It was on the sixteenth
of June that he came." It may be occasionally effective
to introduce a clause with "It was . . . that," but its
universal and spreading use in newspapers, magazines,
and books, with sometimes four or five instances of it
in a single page, is excessively annoying to one who likes
a clear concise style. It is like a blight ruining idiomatic
English. Nathan Haskell Dole.
Jamaica Plain, Boston, April 6, 191S.


334
[April 16
THE
DIAL
ftfrt Ifefao iooks.
A New England worthy of the
17th Century.*
More than seventy years ago the late Mr.
John Wingate Thornton began a loving study
of the history of his ancestor, Daniel Gookin;
more than thirty-five years ago this work was
taken up by his kinsman, Mr. Frederick William
Gookin. The exhaustive record of the Gookin
family in America, and of its descendants, which
resulted ha3 proved as yet too extensive for pub-
lication. The privately printed Life of Major
General Daniel Gookin, lately issued in Chicago,
would alone justify all the pious care bestowed
on the subject through two generations.
In all respects the book is admirable: to the
eye, at first, as one delights in the beauty of its
printed pages; to the mind, as one perceives
the compact solidity of its substance and the
secure certainty of its composition; to the finer
aesthetic sense, as one begins to feel the implicit
excellence of its style, never obtrusive and never
inadequate, an almost imperceptible vehicle of
the meaning which comes straight to the reader
with no conscious effort in the reading. Above
all, it is admirable in its full and final effect.
The name of Daniel Gookin has hitherto been
little more than a name to those who knew it
at all; to any who read this book it must surely
become the token of an individual life, bravely
lived and singularly typical of what we love to
believe most deeply characteristic of the America
he helped to found.
Among the worthies of our seventeenth cen-
tury, Daniel Gookin was almost unique in being
at once of Virginia and of New England, in
both colonies a man of rank. He sprang from
a family of Kentish gentry, of which the origin
and the affiliations are in this book abundantly
recorded. His father, courageously adventur-
ous in the full spirit of Elizabethan adventure,
settled himself for a while in Ireland, in the
very year when Shakespeare died; five years
later he was in Virginia, on his own adventure,
with fifty colonists under him; and when in
March, 1622, a rising of the Indians drove the
other planters to shelter, "only Master Gookins
at Nuport's-news would not obey the Commis-
sioners' command in that, though he scarce had
five and thirty of all sorts with him, yet he
* Daniel Gookin, 1612-1687, Assistant and Major General
of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. His Life and Letters and
Some Account of His Ancestry. By Frederick William
Gookin. Illustrated. Chicago: Privately printed.
thought himself sufficient against what could
happen, and so did, to his great credit." Ten
years later he died in Ireland. At that time
two of his sons, neither more than twenty years
old, were probably on his Virginian estates.
John died there in November, 1643, being
about thirty years of age; his tombstone is
the oldest now legible at Church Point, Lynn
Haven. Daniel, the subject of the volume be-
fore us, survived to the age of seventy-five;
and lies in the old graveyard of Cambridge in
Massachusetts, opposite the gates of Harvard
College.
He had removed to New England just about
the time of his brother's death. Puritan in
conviction, as were most of his English kinsfolk,
he had found himself unwilling to live under
the Virginian Act of Conformity. Arrived in
Massachusetts, he had presently become there a
man of consideration. His first intimate friend-
ship, which was life-long, seems to have been
with the celebrated John Eliot, minister of Rox-
bury, and still remembered as the "Apostle to
the Indians." In Eliot's noble philanthropy
Daniel Gookin was his most constant associate
throughout; to the end, Gookin's devotion to the
welfare of the New England Indians remained
faithful. This alone would have made him mem-
orable; so would the record of his other and
constant public services. Being "a very for-
ward man to advance Marshal discipline, and
withal the truths of Christ," he was for some
forty years captain of the train-band of Cam-
bridge; and in 1681 he was made Major Gen-
eral, or commander-in-chief of all the military
forces of the colony. Meanwhile he was often a
deputy to the General Court and for a time its
speaker; he was for a long time Assistant, or
one of the Council of eighteen magistrates to
whom, with the Governor and Deputy Governor,
the government of the colony was entrusted.
During a visit to England in 1655, he had been
charged by Cromwell, apparently in person,
with the fruitless task of endeavoring to per-
suade good people of New England to transfer
themselves as colonists to the newly captured
island of Jamaica. During another visit abroad,
just before the Restoration, he had been for a
while Collector of Customs and Deputy Treas-
urer at War in Dunkirk. He finally returned
to New England in the same ship with the
regicide judges, Goffe and Whalley. Thence-
forth to the end there, the record of his life is
one of unbroken devotion to public duty, in no
aspect more excellent than when, during the
panics of King Philip's War, he stoutly de.


1913]
335
THE DIAL
fended, in the face of popular clamor, the rights
of such Indians as had not proved themselves
hostile or treacherous. He had planned the
writing of a History of New England. Of this
only two fragments remain, probably all he ever
finished. Both deal with the New England
Indians—one to the year 1674, the other dur-
ing the three years ensuing; the former was pub-
lished by the Massachusetts Historical Society
in 1792, the latter by the American Antiquarian
Society in 1836. It is by these publications
that he has hitherto been known, so far as he
has been known at all. The book now before
us, faithfully collecting and collating what
letters and documents of his and concerning
him remain, at last revives his worthy memory.
What Mr. F. W. Gookin writes of him sums
him up best:
"Altruism is of all the virtues the most difficult to
acquire and practice. It is also the hardest for the
selfish multitude to fathom. . . . Had Daniel Gookin's
talents been devoted to his own advancement, he might
be better known to the world at large. Instead he
chose the nobler part. ... In whatever aspect [his]
life and character be regarded, he stands the test of
the most rigid scrutiny. . . . His mind was that of a
statesman. The public documents prepared by him
attest his sagacity and skill, the breadth of his outlook,
and his understanding of his fellow men. . . . The
calm certainty of his judgment is a salient trait. . . .
Though never vacillating, he was never rash. . . .
What he had to say he set down in a simple and direct
manner. His concern was with the substance of his
remarks rather than with their form. [And] from the
inflexible firmness with which [he] stood for every speci-
fic right of the colonists he has been called 1 the origin-
ator and prophet of that immortal dogma of our national
greatness—no taxation without representation.'"
When he died in Cambridge on the 19th of
March, 1686-7, the colony had lost its charter;
the pristine theocracy in which he believed had
fatally fallen; the causes for which he had
lived seemed desperate. But, if we may credit
Sewall's dream of him, his courage never failed:
"Sabbath, Dec 30th 1688
"Last night I dreamed of military matters, Arms
and Captains, and of a suddain Major Gookin, very well
clad from head to foot, and of a very fresh, lively coun-
tenance — his Coat and Breeches of blood-red silk,
beckened me out of the room where I was to speak to
him. I think't was from the Toun-house."
All that was more than two centuries ago.
More than once between whiles, as to many
nowadays, the outlook of our country has
seemed dark and threatening. Beyond all
things else, such faithfulness to duty as Daniel
Gookin's has kept alive what we still love to
believe the true spirit of ancestral America. As
we, of his children, look back on his memory,
there can surge up no more fervent hope than
that in times to come the children who shall
spring from us may find us worthy of the tra-
ditions which, for our little while, we hold in
trust from him. T, TIT
Barrett Wendell.
Irish Plays and Players.*
The Irish Players have recently finished their
second American tour,—not counting the Fay
brothers' earlier engagement to furnish curtain-
raisers for a conventional farce-comedy, under
the Frohman management. Their appearances
this winter have witnessed no recurrence of the
riotous disapproval that greeted the first Ameri-
can performances of "The Playboy " a year ago.
As far as we know, Lady Gregory, though she
accompanied the Players again this winter, has
given no more lectures on the Irish Literary
Renaissance and the Abbey Theatre movement.
Lady Gregory's talks last year were explanatory
and more or less defensive. The necessity for
defending the Players, or their plays, is now
happily past; America has accepted the Irish
Players and the Irish drama as a character-
istic and altogether delightful feature of the
contemporary theatre. The American audi-
ences have not always been large, but they have
been, like the Dublin audiences, eager and con-
stant attendants; and, if opportunity is given,
we feel sure that, like the Dublin audiences, they
will grow; for a person of discrimination who
has seen the Irish Players once, will come and
bring his friends to see them through their
repertory. And the next year, if they repeat
their performances, he will repeat his.
The account of a large and vital movement
before lecture audiences* must of necessity be
brief and incomplete. Lady Gregory and Mr.
Yeats satisfied only in small measure the curious
interest that the Irish Players,— with their nat-
uralness, their eloquence, their dignity, their
versatility, the convincing impression they give
of being actors born, not made,—had aroused
in us. And now the spoken words of Mr. Yeats
and Lady Gregory have been worthily supple-
mented by more detailed and comprehensive
accounts of the whole dramatic movement in Ire-
land, from the pen of Mr. Cornelius Weygandt.
Mr. Weygandt, from the vantage-point of an
American University, has followed the Irish
revival with sympathy and interest from its
beginnings; and he has come close to it by
repeated visits to London and Dublin, and by
•Ikish Plays and Playwrights. By Cornelius Wey-
gandt. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.


336
[April 16
THE DIAL
friendly intercourse with many of the leaders of
the movement. "Irish Plays and Playwrights"
is therefore written from a point of view that
delightfully combines sympathy and understand-
ing with the breadth of view and the detachment
essential to the success of so detailed a study.
It is a book to delight all good lovers of Irish
drama, and to bring it to the attention of many
drama-lovers who have hitherto ignored the Irish
playwrights. Portraits of a dozen or more of
these writers, with one of Sara Allgood, the
"leading lady" of the Abbey Company, add
vividness and interest to the text.
Mr. Weygandt, easily recognizing the source
of American interest in his subject to be the
Irish Players, wisely begins his work—after a
brief general survey of the theme — with a
chapter on "The Players and their Plays, their
Audience and their Art." His estimate of
the Abbey Theatre's achievement, the history
of which he traces with understanding and
lucidity, is summed up in his concluding
tribute:
"I think the dramatic movement the most significant
part of the Celtic Renaissance, a movement to me the
most original movement in letters the world has known
since that movement in Norway which so definitely
stimulated it, a movement that gave Bjornson and Ibsen
to the world."
That the Abbey Theatre and its modest pre-
decessors gave the dramatic literature its reason
for being, furnishing a poet and dreamer like
Yeats, a genius like Synge, a practical reformer
like "A. E.," and patriotic Irish writers such
as are nearly all the Abbey playwrights, with
an opportunity, and even with a demand for
Irish drama that could not but put them to
work, is Mr. Weygandt's excuse, if one were
needed, for beginning where he does. In suc-
ceeding chapters dealing with Mr. Yeats and
Lady Gregory, Mr. Edward Martyn and Mr.
George Moore, the four founders of the Abbey
Theatre; with Mr. George W. Russell (" A. E."),
who shares with Dr. Douglas Hyde the honor of
having inspired the Celtic revival; with John
Millington Synge,—in Mr. Weygandt's opinion
"the greatest dramatist in English that our stage
has known in a century"; with the younger
dramatists, Messrs. Colum, Boyle, Robinson,
Mayne, and the rest; and finally with William
Sharp, friend of Mr. Yeats and "A. E.," writer
for the Irish stage, and chief commentator in
the English reviews on the work of the Irish
writers: in the course of these studies there is
drawn an increasingly clearer picture of the
movement. Relationships are explained, plays
are sketched, ideals developed, purposes made
plain. And all this is done with enthusiasm
tempered by a discriminating judgment trained
by the study of drama in many languages and
of many schools.
Possessing sympathy and fine feeling, Mr.
Weygandt is naturally able to express his crit-
ical estimates in a fashion to make them ap-
peal strongly. Apropos of a meeting with Mr.
Yeats at Lady Gregory's hospitable country-
house, he writes thus of the poet of "the Other
World":
"There is a side of Irish life, the side the world
knows best, that Mr. Yeats does not present, but that
which he does present is true, though the poet's per-
sonality is so dominant that we get more of this than
of Ireland in his poetry. So it should be, so it is with
every artist. All the world can ask of him is his inter-
pretation of what he knows. Yet so native is Mr.
feats that the atmosphere of his poetry is the very
atmosphere of Ireland. The artist and the setting of
his art are in an unwonted harmony. No reader of
Mr. Yeats who knows the brooding landscape of West
Ireland can escape that realization, but only he who has
met the poet amid the scenes that inspired his verse
may know how complete is their accord. Such a meet-
ing was mine one lowering August day, in whose late
afternoon we walked in the Woods of Coole. Then I
knew at last what Mr. Yeats meant by 'druid charm'
and 'druid light.' I felt the 'druid charm' that was
potent in gray skies over gray water and gray rock and
gray-green woods; the bewildering ' druid light' flashed
out as the sun followed westward the trail to Hy Brasil,
leaving in the Atlantic skies wild after-glow of winter
yellow."
And thus, with fine discrimination, does he
sum up the wild, erratic genius of the poet-
playwright Synge:
"The freshness and audacity of his imagination, and
the beautiful extravagance of his speech,— a speech
modulated to a rhythm that Synge was the first to catch,
are in themselves euough to give distinction to almost
any subject. There was granted Synge more than this,
however,— a keenness of vision into the pathetic hu-
manity of ugly things and a power to realize this with
a beauty that was granted to no one before, though to
Swift it was granted to see the ugliness as a bitter thing.
Borrow had, indeed, a glimpse now and then of the
pathetic beauty there is in ugliness, . . . and Whitman,
too; but no man before Synge had the power at once to
see the ugly subject as beautiful from a new angle of
vision, humanize it, irradiate it with a new glow of
imagination, reveal it through a style that for the first
time ennobles English prose drama as blank verse has
long ennobled English verse drama."
Mr. Weygandt has put us deeply in his debt
for a study of the Irish plays at once exact and
interesting,dramatic and carefully proportioned.
Lovers of Irish mysticism and lyric poetry will
find his point of view, notably upon Synge,
"Fiona Macleod," and Messrs. Yeats and Rus-
sell, broad enough to include much that, while
contributing indirectly to the poetic feeling that


1913]
337
THE DIAL
gives grandeur to the Irish drama, still would
lie outside a narrower and slighter conception
of the subject. Mr. Weygandt's essays belong
to the vital literary output of the year.
Edith Kellogg Dunton.
A Realistic Programme and
Platform.*
The temper of the speculative science of the
latter half of the nineteenth century was marked
by nothing so much, perhaps, as by the qualities
of caution and of humility. Concerning the
primacies and ultimacies of existence it bowed
its head and said, "Agnosco." To it the " real"
was the "unknowable," and its unknowable
shapes were unknowably protean. Nothing,
again, is so striking in the temper of the specu-
lative religion of the same period as its caution
and humility. Concerning the ultimacies and
primacies of existence, it contented itself with
*' I believe." Its attitude was assumptive and
positive where that of science was skeptical
and negative, its sentiment fideistic where that
of science was agnostic. Dogmatism had gone
from both, and seemed to have gone forever.
Speculative thinking had acquired an unpre-
cedented lability, attributable chiefly to the
victorious confirmation of Darwinism and the
entry of " evolution " into the commonsense and
the vocabulary of the daily life.
Darwinism carried within itself, however, the
•embryo of a renewed dogmatism. Regarding
all things from the standpoint of natural selec-
tion and the struggle for survival, it inevitably
implied that intellect and thinking are a biolog-
ical function having for aim the survival of the
thinker, and that consequently intellection is
merely derivative, secondary, symbolic, while
those aspects of our nature which are biologically
prior, which are non-reflective, are more akin
to the stuff and inward go of reality, and hence
more able to apprehend it. This hypothesis got
considerable confirmation from the experimen-
tation in biology and the psychological analysis
in religion which ensued close upon the fading
of the war of words. They made prominent
two points. First, that living matter seemed
to contain something altogether refractory to
laboratory methods and elusive to scientific anal-
ysis. Second, that religious experience seemed
•The New Realism. Cooperative Studies in Phi-
losophy. By Edwin B. Holt, I Walter T. Marvin, William
Peppernell Montague, Ralph Barton Perry, Walter B.
Pitken, and Edward Gleason Spaulding. New York: The
Macraillan Co.
to reveal something altogether refractory to the
methods of psychological experimentation and
the logic of science. In both, this refractory
something seemed to be a thing potent to deter-
mine the nature and constitution of what was
amenable; in both it seemed a thing fluid, fleet-
ing, always escaping thought, and somehow so
altering what did not escape as to vitiate all of
thought's conclusions concerning that. Intui-
tion, will, whatever acts, could touch it; intel-
lect never.
Events like these are clearly not calculated
to keep speculative religion humble in belief.
Science fails, it boasted triumphantly, science
fails again and again. Thought cannot tell.
It is a mean thing, surely nothing more than
ancilla vitce. And in my deeps, my religious
experiences, my operations and intuitions, there
is no thought, there is the very reality itself in
all its effulgent bliss and power. I need no
longer be confined to belief. I have a way of
knowing. I do know, and knowing, I am saved
forever.
From ancilla vitce to ancilla theologice is
but a change of words: for is not God always
described as the source of life and love, their
very substance and efficacy? and the change of
words is easily and fluidly made. The outcome
of the change is the dominant systematic phil-
osophies of the present day. Vary as these may
in background, personal flavor, and literary
character, they are nnanimous in the vitalistic
criticism of science and intellect and the dog-
matic assertion of a saving "spiritual force"
knowable in non-intellectual ways. The modern-
isms of both Protestant and Catholic theology,
the obscurantistic sentimentalism of Eucken,the
somewhat transcendental evolutionism of Berg-
son, are all at one in these matters, however else
they may differ otherwise.
The apparent shortcomings of science in biol-
ogy and the psychology of religious experience
were, however, more than balanced by her aston-
ishingly rich positive results in mathematics
and in the " new " psychology, fields of enormous
philosophic interest. The latter succeeded in
analyzing experimentally into objective rela-
tions of space, time, and motion even so purely
"subjective" and psychological entities as sec-
ondary qualities like color and so on. The
former became experimental and empirical, even
with respect to arithmetical systems, and pro-
ceeded to reconstruct the great continua of space
and time, the complexities of causality, of
motion,— and promises to reconstruct organic
existence—out of simpler and simpler elements,


338
[April 16
THE
DIAL
ultimately, out of instants of time and points of
space, with the relations between them. Neither
the achievements of psychology nor of mathe-
matics were so easy of accomplishment nor so
unanimous as the critical analyses of the biologiz-
ing and religionistic tempers. The mathema-
ticians are divided into two schools—intuitionists
and formalists, and it is only for the formalists
that the reconstruction of reality from mathe-
matical entities is an assured and real thing.
And psychologists are far from agreed on the
"independent" reality of secondary qualities,
and on the identity of their underlying constitu-
tions with the elements of space and of time.
A new scientific dogmatism, consequently,
which should confront the new theological dog-
matism, had of necessity to be somewhat slower
in getting under way than its opponent. For
one thing, its task is harder: for its task is that
of constructive analysis, whereas religionistic
dogmatism has primarily that of destructive
criticism. For another, it is compelled to pay
close attention to the course of experience and
to exhibit the harmony of its reconstructions
with every detail of experience, whereas its
opponent need and does merely attach the epi-
thet "appearance" to experience, and then
apply to its own desiderated dogmas the eulo-
gium of "reality." However, slow as the new
scientific dogmatism was in coming, it is here at
last. And it is here in the shape of this co-
operative philosophical enterprise, " The New
Realism."
The essays herein brought together are un-
even in stylistic quality and philosophic value,
varying as they do from the clumsy, redundant,
inaccurate, and question-begging rehashing of
mathematical commonplaces by Mr. Spaulding
to the incisive, epigrammatic, and somewhat
bad-tempered though highly original contribu-
tion on the reality of illusions and hallucinations
by Mr. Holt. But the book as a whole repre-
sents a systematically developed body of doc-
trine, which is perhaps the most significant
philosophic utterance in the English-speaking
world since the publication of William James's
"Pragmatism." It marks the fact that the
cohorts have gathered again, that the dogmas
of sentimentalism are again confronted by the
dogmas of intellectualism, and that the era of
agnosticism in science, even as the era of mere
belief in religion, is at an end. Again men are
assured they know. The truce is over and the
immemorial war between sentiment and sense
is on again.
The book therefore is not only a citadel of
intellectualism, it is an attack as well. Its nov-
elty, which lies there, consists rather in the radi-
cal use it makes of its doctrines than in these
doctrines as such. Its most interesting hypoth-
esis—that of the reality of illusions, of secondary
qualities—is common to all materialisms. It is
a commonplace of the Epicurean systems, and
Lucretius devotes the major part of Book IV.,
in " De Rerum Natura" to a demonstration of
this reality. Hobbes offers analogous arguments
both in the " Leviathan " and "De Corpore."
The "New Realism" differs from these older
materialisms in its sources rather than its con-
clusions. Like these, it is synchronous with
changes in mathematical methods and dis-
coveries; and, like them, it is enamoured of
mathematical rigor in demonstration that reality
can be analyzed into mathematical elements
and can be reconstructed from those elements.
It asserts, indeed, as did Spinoza, that all exist-
ence can be treated in mathematical terms, and
when it has cleared away the objections of the
enemy will proceed to do so.
New Realism offers itself first as a polemic.
To it, the whole philosophic doctrine of the
opposition is vitiated by one or more fallacies—
the fallacy of believing that because you must
be aware of the thing you know, your knowing
the thing creates it; the fallacy of supposing a
thing to be simple when it really is n't or may
not be; the fallacy of supposing that a thing
can have only one character at a time, so that
T. R. cannot be a father and an American citi-
zen at the same time; the fallacy of assuming
that the beginning of a thing determines its
nature; the fallacy of supposing that there must
be an all-inclusive something, in which all things
are united; the fallacy of verbal suggestion, ap-
pearing in such terms as "Eternal," "infinite,"
"highest," " Unity"; the fallacy of attributing
importance to a thing which does n't really
have it.
To avoid these fallacies common to all philos-
ophies, neo-realism proposes the scrupulous use
of words, the most careful definition of the
terms it uses, rigorous analysis, regard for logi-
cal form; particularly, division of the question,
and the formulation of all points of explicit
agreement among philosophers. It proposes,
furthermore, "the separation of philosophical
research from the study of the history of phil-
osophy." Neo-realism proposes, in a word,
mathematical rigor in method. It suggests the
starting-point of a new scholasticism,—the
scholasticism of science. As such, it offers
itself as a common platform to the special


1913]
339
THE
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sciences, as a coordinator, synthesizer, and gen-
eral izer of them, in a real world metaphysically
plural in which cognition has the role of an ex-
ternal relation of the organizer to an independ-
ent environment; in which, that is, knowledge
does not constitute or alter the nature of what
is known.
"The world is of an articulate structure that is
revealed by analysis, consisting of complexes, like
bodies, persons, and societies as well as of simples.
The simple constituents of the world comprise both
sensible qualities and logical constants. Both enter
into the tissue of fact, and both possess an inherent
and inalienable character of their own. There is no
safe refuge from this conclusion in the abandonment of
intellectual rigor. Hence all speculative versions of
the world that require the withholding of analysis, or
that depend on the unique and preeminent status of the
act of cognition, must be rejected, no matter how eagerly
they may be desired for the justification of faith. They
must be rejected in favor of such hypotheses as may be
formulated in terms of the evident composition of the
known world, and verified by its actual interrelations,
history, and trend."
The book consists from here on of an elabor-
ation of this dogma. Inasmuch as epistemology
is the stronghold of the idealistic conception of
the world, Mr. Walter T. Marvin shows that
metaphysics is independent of epistemology.
Since, in epistemology, the argument for ideal-
ism turns on the conception that the things we
know depend for their existence on our knowing
them, it becomes needful to demonstrate that
being known and being dependent are not the
same, and that conversely being known is a case
of "independence." This makes needful a defi-
nition of independence, which Mr. Ralph Bart-
on Perry supplies, not altogether successfully.
Since the new dogmatic sentimentalism bases
so much of its construction on the criticism of
intellect and analysis, there is needful a defense
of analysis. This is made by Mr. Edward
Gleason Spaulding, but it is error to think that
analysis is any better off when he is done. With
Mr. Spaulding's work the road is cleared, and
the constructive papers begin. The first, by
Mr. William Peppernell Montague, offers a
"realistic theory of truth and error'- unusually
like Spinoza's, and unusually out of sympathy
with the conceptions of his comrades of the book.
Then follow Mr. Edwin B. Holt's papers on the
place of illusory experience in a realistic world,
and Mr. Walter B. Pitkin's paper on "Some
Realistic Implications of Biology." Both are
hard and too compact, but they are well worth
the effort of reading. The upshot of their keen
analyses is the mathematization of the universe,
but it has still to be shown that a universe
aboriginally through and through mathematical
is not quite as wonderful a piece of imagination
as a universe aboriginally through and through
psychological. And there is some advantage
in being able to build on facts instead of being
compelled to deny them.
Horace Meyer Kallen.
The Genesis of English Chivalry.*
Chivalry as a living force in modern civiliza-
tion, as a guide to conduct, and as an inspiration
to nobler conceptions of human duty is the theme
of Professor Schofield's new volume, which is
an amplification of lectures delivered at the Sor-
bonne and at the University of Copenhagen. In
his Introduction the author says:
"My object in these lectures is to show, if I cau, by
an examination of the life and works of four celebrated
English writers, how the ideal of French chivalry entered
into English literature and thereby affected the attitude
of the English-speaking world. ... I shall endeavour,
in sum, to indicate the genesis of the idea conveyed by
the English word 'gentleman,' with all that it suggests
in our use."
Much enthusiasm will be awakened by the
sensitive and high-minded way in which Professor
Schofield has illuminated certain of the ideals
of chivalry, and has indicated their share in
forming the ethical standards of a race famous
for courage and honor. Sketching briefly the
essential details of biography, he proceeds to
point out the specific illustrations of chivalric
ideals in the work of Chaucer, Malory, Spenser,
and Shakespeare, and to phrase each author's
peculiarly individual attitude towards mediaeval
chivalry.
There is something pleasantly paradoxical in
this spectacle of an American defining to a
French audience the way in which the English
race has refined and polished French ideals.
Comparative literature is fast breaking down
our preconceived notions about sharply-defined
racial differences of imagination, and we are
emerging from our bigoted belief in instinctive
national virtues; yet there is danger that we
may be led astray by apostles who discover too
many resemblances and too much consanguinity
in interpreting a theme. This, in some degree,
is a fault of Professor Schofield's book, for he
fails to do justice, in his study of chivalry, to
those qualities which are derived not from French
but from Germanic sources. He says, quite
•Chivalry ih English Literature. Chaucer, Malory,
Spenser, Shakespeare. By William Henry Schofield, Pro-
fessor of Comparative Literature in Harvard University.
"Harvard Studies in Comparative Literature," Vol. II.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press.


340
[April 16
THE
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specifically (p. 272): "In Northern heathen-
dom, warriors were sturdy, but they believed in
brag; they were straightforward, but given to
ferocity; to them revenge was a duty,and sweet."
Was Roland free from brag, were Arthur and
Launcelot and Gawain free from ferocity, was
revenge a duty to Charlemagne after Roland's
death? Surely a dispassionate reader will find
in Beowulf a courtesy, a graciousness, a love of
truth and steadfastness as noble as in any French
knight. The German stock does not yield to
the French in stability of purpose, in grim deter-
mination and perseverance, and we will not cede
to the French complete domination over our
ideals of "Trouthe and honour, fredom and
curtei8ye." It must be remembered that the
words trouthe and fredom (generosity) are
Saxon by derivation, by inheritance, and by
loyal service.
The essay on Chaucer seems the most satis-
factory, partly because Chaucer is closer to the
mediaeval world, and partly because it is less
difficult to choose the significant aspects of his
work. The account of Chaucer's life and the
exposition of his spiritual development are ex-
cellent, for here are classified many traits in
Chaucer which have hitherto been treated ob-
scurely. Special note should be taken of Pro-
fessor Schofield's observations upon the French
source of Chaucer's description of the knight.
This is a contribution to Chaucerian scholarship
that will not soon be forgotten.
Next in order of importance is the account of
Spenser, for here the mood of the Renaissance
is interpreted very eagerly and appealingly by
the author, who "through infusion sweet" is
quick to appreciate the philosophy of the poet.
Genuine admiration and scholarly understand-
ing characterize this study of Spenser.
To Malory and to Shakespeare the author
has not given as significant treatment as to the
other two writers, and in these discussions
appears a flaw in his presentation of chivalry.
No true conception of the mediaeval knight can
ignore the part which warfare occupied in his
life. In serving his God, his lord, and his
lady, he had, perforce, to do battle, furious and
bloody. The chevalier was a warrior, and in
Spenser's "Faerie Queene" we read again and
again how
"He stroke, he soust, he foynd, he hewd, he lasht."
Our modern repugnance to war cannot excuse
us from placing a proper emphasis upon this
crude and bloody element in mediaeval chivalry.
The beauty of Malory's book lies very largely
in his pictures of the brilliant pageantry of
battle, where struggling, baffled, yearning
knights blunder along their mortal pathway and
slowly learn that spiritual strength was his "who
only overcame himself." The militant note in
chivalry should be more strongly emphasized,
for the warring and crusading strength of the
knight has been a high ideal to many a modern
Englishman who has scorned to sit in noble
contemplation while there were wrongs to be
righted by action.
In the essay on Shakespeare it is unavoid-
able that there should be unevenness, and that
topics should be merely touched upon rather
than developed adequately. While there is
much that is true and suggestive in the study
of Shakespeare's conception of honor, and in the
account of his presentation of love from the
chivalric point of view, it seems as if Professor
Schofield conveys an impression of far deeper
obligation than Shakespeare ever owed to chiv-
alry. Could any foreigner, hearing this account,
doubt that Shakespeare was essentially imita-
tive? It is because Shakespeare so supremely
exceeded his traditions and his reading, because
he went so profoundly to the original heart of
things, that it is unfair to trace his conceptions
of honor and of love back to knightly codes.
If he does use the diction associated with chiv-
alry, he is not indebted to that for his ideals.
From Plutarch and from Homer, as well as
from French chivalry, did Shakespeare derive
ideals of honor and of noble loyal love, but his
own imaginative penetration was the formative
element in his philosophy of true gentility.
Either less should be said about chivalry or
more about his original and distinctive outlook,
if we are to have a right opinion of Shakespeare's
philosophy of honor.
Maktha Hale Shackpokd.
Woman and the Sociologists.*
Twenty-five years ago, when sociology was in
its infancy, great were the victories predicted
for the " new science " when it should achieve
maturity. Taking the field of sociology at large,
this prediction will doubtless be accomplished.
But in so far as the woman question is concerned,
the formal literature of professional sociologists
* Woman in Modern Society. By Earl Barnes. New
York: B. W. Huebsch.
Woman and Social Progress. By Scott Nearing
and Nellie M. S. Nearing. New York: The Macmillan Co.
Why Women Are So. By Mary Roberts Coolidge.
New York: Henry Holt & Co.
Woman's Share in Social Culture. By Anna Garlin
Spencer. New York: Mitchell Kennerley.


1913]
341
THE DIAL
gives the reader pause. In other sciences the
body of fact is larger, the liberty of personal
interpretation on important points much less.
This should work out to enrich the reference
and text books on this subject; what really
happens is that they tend to become a little
dry and erratic, this tendency being obviously
limited in accordance with the insight, depth of
nature, and extent of experience of the individ-
ual author. You cannot write conclusively or
acceptably, for the mature mind, about woman's
place in the social order without these three
qualifications. It is rare that the academic
sociologist possesses them all in over-flowing
measure, and yet he needs them greatly. He
has in his hands a most powerful lever affecting
human action. It will not matter very much in
after-life if the college-student should accept
unsound doctrine in physics or geology or even
biology, but if he accepts it in sociology it may
matter greatly. It is perhaps for the best that
youth grows less docile under instruction in these
latter days!
Sociological speculation is probably as desir-
able as it is inevitable, but it is equally desirable
that there should be some line of demarcation
in teaching between the body of facts common
to all in the profession, and the purely personal
interpretation of them. One finds illustrations
of individual bias even in the most open-minded
writers. "The Woman in Modern Society,"
by Professor Earl Barnes, is lucid, cautious,
and sane beyond the wont of such studies, but
the author regards the modern family as one of
our institutional forms much in need of revision.
Though he is as far as possible from irrational
denunciation of any of civilization's existing
moulds, he seems to think that marriage as it is
must eventually go to the scrap-heap. He is
• especially opposed to any sacramental theory of
marriage, regarding this as entirely a church-
made product resting upon theological dogma.
The young person studying these pages would
never guess that the Church did not "make
marriage a sacrament" by arbitrary fiat, but,
instead, acknowledged openly a secret human
belief whose roots run down to the core of being.
Such beliefs may change their names or their
forms, but they do not pass away. They remain
to be reckoned with while civilizations rise and
fall, and sociologists needs must reckon with
them.
Mr. and Mrs. Nearing's " Woman and Social
Progress" is simply and clearly written, as for
beginners in thinking. It discusses in lively
fashion the influences that have shaped the
American woman, with especial reference to
the breadth of her present opportunities and her
best use of them. Young readers will find it
sincere and helpful, especially in the chapters
dealing with woman's opportunity through eu-
genics, education, domesticity, and philanthropy.
The authors wisely recognize that a woman's
best work will be done with the grain of her
tastes and characteristics rather than against it;
but the older reader wonders how they harmonize
the sweeping statement that "some industrial
occupation is necessary" for several classes, in-
cluding all girls between school and marriage,
for all young wives and all middle-aged women,
with the just stress they lay upon the creation
of atmosphere in the home. For atmosphere is
not a work of art, once created and forever en-
during; it is a laboratory product that must be
distilled daily, and while woman can, and does, do
most things excellently well to-day, she cannot in
one life-time do all things and do them well.
The author of "Why Women Are So"
adopts as a working hypothesis the theory that
"the characteristic behavior called feminine" is
an attitude of mind produced by coercive social
habits of the past. She deals especially with
the women of the nineteenth century, finding
that they were for the most part what men
expected them to be, their foibles being due
to sex-tradition rather than sex-characteristics.
This hypothesis is much more reasonable than
the method Professor Coolidge takes to prove
it. The first half of her book is very amusing,
but hardly susceptible of verification. She
assumes a typical woman of sixty years ago, re-
creating from the pages of "Godey's Ladies'
Book" and the "Books of Beauty" a frail,
ignorant, silly, would-be genteel little person.
She compares this invention, not with the
hobble-skirted, heavy-hatted bridge-fiend of
the last decade, but with the finest twentieth-
century type imaginable, and then belabors the
poor creature, her virtues, habits, education,
clothes, all that is hers, until the reader revolts.
Surely the author must, even now, meet many
of the still-surviving nineteenth-century women
of the better class. Few younger matrons have
the force, wit, intelligence, and the curious depth
of personality to be found in hundreds of the
dames now between seventy and ninety-five.
With all the modern girl's fine qualities, her
opportunities are too numerous to profit by,
and, as compared with her grandmother, she
sometimes lacks depth and exhibits egotism.
Nevertheless, it would be most unfair to re-
construct her, some sixty years hence, from


342
[April 16
THE
DIAL
our current fashion plates and Mr. Harrison
Fisher's pretty but soulless pictures. When
Professor Coolidge abandons the attack on this
mid-Victorian Frankenstein and begins to fore-
cast the future, her observations, which are
always entertaining, become at once judicious
and as sound as it is possible to be upon a
subject so little permitting dogmatism as the
coming woman.
The gist of the lay reader's complaint against
current sociology, when dealing with woman, is
that it lacks insight into many elemental con-
cepts of human nature and many long-established
standards of worth; that it loses sight of all but
economic values, and is pragmatic in the de-
based sense of demanding that woman's work
for society be such as can be appraised in dollars.
Just in so far as it does these things, it becomes
arid and unprofitable. Few writers make all
of these mistakes, and some make none of them.
The author of "Woman's Share in Social Cul-
ture " has achieved the feat of becoming a soci-
ologist and remaining exquisitely reasonable and
human. The book has atmosphere, perspective,
human interest; it is full of stimulus to thought
and of an admirable justice and right-mindedness.
To the sanity and lucidity so necessary in such
studies, the author unites a keen sense of the
eternal values. We have a right to demand this
latter quality in work which cannot be broadly-
based without it, yet thus far sociological writers
have met that demand but meagrely.
Cornelia A. P. Comer.
SHAKESPEARE'S SPOILED CHILD.*
"There is no drama, as all the world knows, upon
which so much has been written as Shakespeare's
'Hamlet.' Quick-witted heads (Herr Rotscher's ex-
cepted) have all had their say about it. After all sorts
of fashions, lofty, profound, radical, superficial, polished,
crude, desultory (Herr Rotscher's lucubrations not ex-
cepted), it has been testheticised about, romanced about,
dogmatized about, bemastered, berated, cut up, quibbled
at, be-Hegeled, and be-Rotschered. A critical tower of
Babel of amazing height and breadth has been reared,
and for the same purpose as in the Scripture: to scale
celestial heights, and, as the people see, with the same
result. The celestial heights remain unsealed."
These words, in German, were written in 1846.
Since then, "as all the world knows"—and
sometimes wishes it didn't—"Hamlet" criti-
cism has not stood still. But the celestial heights
still remain unsealed. And if the author of our
quotation could have known the reception a later
•The Hamlet Problem and Its Solution. By
Emerson Venable. Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd Co.
generation was to give to the Werder lectures,
published in 1875, he might have disapproved
the connection of his name with Werder's as
heralding a solution of the problem,— he might
have disclaimed scaling any heights himself, and
have suggested that Werder had missed his foot-
ing by proving too much in the concluding lec-
ture of his course, where, with characteristic
vigor in animating the minutest incidents of a
scene, the inquiry is implied whether the revenge
of the Ghost is accomplished after all, whether
the minds of the assembled court know, or even
suspect, the existence of a ghost, the murder of
a king,— the minds that delay the revenge, ac-
cording to the Werder argument; or whether,
in the minds of the court, and perhaps the
twentieth century audience of the play, the re-
venge of the Queen prompts Hamlet to actions
or whether the King's real object with the
poisoned cup and the envenomed point excite;
a revenge in Hamlet easier understood by the
audience for whom the play was written—an
audience among whom duels were honorable and
ghosts able to execute their own commands.
In any event, the Werder theory has re-
ceived more adherents than any that have gone
before. And certainly the vigor and terseness of
Werder's style, in connection with the eloquence
inspired by the rapture of his "discovery," have
had the effect of rejuvenating a literary interest
in the play. Werder aroused the combative
spirits. Professor Bradley's work, published in
1905, took issue with the Werderites, and since
then the Werder stock has been falling, while
a new crop of Hamlet theories is materializing.
Mr. Arthur Stringer has discovered Hamlet's
malady to be Shakespeare's neurasthenia; and
Dr. Ernest Jones has discovered it to be some-
thing worse, or better, according to your appre-
hension of his theory ("The (Edipus-Complex •
as an Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery: A
Study in Motive," by Ernest Jones, M.D.,
"American Journal of Psychology," January,
1910). Not being a physician, I must leave
Mr. Stringer to Dr. Jones, and Dr. Jones to
his fellow-practitioners.
Mr. Venable's theory has been proclaimed
as original, and certainly it is more intelligible
to a layman than some of greater pretensions.
That theory, briefly, is of a mystery within
Hamlet, as well as in his external difficulties.
Mr. Venable presents Hamlet as a reflex of our-
selves, reflecting experiences in an inner world
that are common among all human beings of
every age and clime. Here are Mr. Venable's
own words:
4


1913.]
343
THE DIAL,
"In view of the breadth of the author's design in this
tragedy and the organic relation of the central person
to that design, one conclusion is unavoidable: that since
Hamlet, in the many-sidedness of his character, may be
said to typify mankind, representing, as it were, the
universal human, his internal struggle must be typical
and representative."
This theory does not, however, in its main
outline, differ materially from that propounded
in 1888 by Mr. Martin W. Cooke, and answered
in 1910 by Mr. Robert Russell Benedict ("The
Mystery of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark," Lip-
pincott), who maintained that "Hamlet is plainly
not a type, but one individual," for
"Shakespeare shows in all his other plays his interest
in and knowledge of the individual, and it is this inter-
est and knowledge, together with his poetic imagination,
that have given us that gallery of human portraits which
we recognize at a glance, and linger to study and enjoy.
Nothing is more improbable, nor impossible, than that
he should, or could, have entirely changed his mental
habit and method of work in writing Hamlet."
Perhaps the most distinctive feature of Mr.
Venable's eloquent treatment of his subject is
the importance he gives the soliloquies as rep-
resenting Shakespeare'8 method of shedding
light upon the progressive action of the drama.
He represents these soliloquies as expressions
in gradation "from immature to mature man-
hood, a mental and spiritual ripening." At the
opening of the play, Hamlet is a "blown youth"
—the inference of Mr. Venable being that he
is considerably younger than at the close of the
play, where the capricious text is accepted that
suggests Hamlet has reached the mature age of
thirty. It seems to me that in some of the earlier
passages, notably in the scene with the Ghost,
and in the scene where he unmasks his school-
fellows, the Prince has the poise of a seer,—is
rich in experience, acumen, and wisdom. The
scene in Ophelia's grave is excused by some as
an outburst of youthful passion. While there
is anything but mature mind here, the scene
may be a concession by Shakespeare to the
Elizabethan passion for personal combats, espe-
cially when a woman's honor was involved. It
was not needed for the advancing of the action.
Laertes was already in a vengeful state.
In any event, the soliloquies cannot be relied
upon to explain away all the difficulties in the
play. In passing, mention should be made of
the doubt which the soliloquy in Act IV., Sc.
iv., caused Shakespeare. It was dropped in the
First Folio, and Professor Miles is entitled to
more attention than he has received in what he
has to say on the subject. In the words of Mr.
Venable, his "Review of Hamlet" is a "sane
appreciation" of the play. But Mr. Venable
fails to mention this doubt, which it is perfectly
clear Shakespeare had.
With regard to the celebrated speech of
"To be, or not to be," Mr. Benedict and Mr.
Venable are far apart. Mr. Benedict can see
nothing in the passage but a rhythm so perfect
in wording that it "drugs the senses and lulls
the reader into a repose that neither doubts nor
questions." It is incoherent in argument, and
a dramatic discord in the play. Mr. Venable says
nothing about its setting, but is impressed with
its implication "typifying a universal human
experience."
Mr. Venable's and Mr. Benedict's essays
should be read together. They help each other
by their opposite methods of treatment. Each
whets an interest in the play. Each writer is
charmed with this child of Shakespeare's brain.
Perhaps the play cannot be spoiled so long as
the critics use the rod only on each other.
Charles M. Stbeet.
The Luke of the Last West.*
If there were any doubt as to the widespread
interest in Western Canada, it would be dispelled by
a glance at the publishers' announcements. Hardly
a month goes by without one or more new books on
some phase of life in the country east and west of
the Canadian Rockies—that vast region of prairie,
foothill, and mountain, fertile valley and primeval
forest, product of Nature's most opulent mood. Of
five such books lately issued, the first describes a
series of expeditions into the mountain region be-
tween the Kicking Horse Pass and the headwaters
of the Fraser River; the second gives an account
of an adventurous trip from Edmonton through the
Yellowhead Pass, up the Fraser River, by Giscome
portage to the Parsnip, down that stream to the
Peace, through the mountains again to Fort Vermil-
lion, north to the Hay River, and down that almost
unexplored river to the magnificent Alexandra Falls;
the third deals largely with northern British Colum-
bia, that immense district, the resources of which
are on the point of being opened up by two new
Canadian transcontinental railways, the Grand
Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern; the fourth
•Trails, Trappers, and Tender-feet in Western
Canada. By Stanley Washburn. Illustrated. New York:
Henry Holt & Co.
New Rivers of the North. By Hnlbert Footner.
Illustrated. New York: Outing Publishing Co.
Ten Thousand Miles through Canada. By Joseph
Adams. Illustrated. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.
The Wilderness of the North Pacific Coast.
By Charles Sheldon. Illustrated. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons.
Down the Mackenzie, and Up the Yukon. By Elihu
Stewart. Illustrated. New York: John Lane Co.


344
[April 16
THE
DIAL
takes us to the extreme western limits of the country
—the almost unknown islands of the north Pacific
coast; while the last describes a journey down the
Mackenzie River to Fort McPherson and up the
Yukon to Dawson City.
In an entertaining volume of some 350 pages,
Mr. Stanley Washburn describes his adventures in
the Canadian Rockies, between the years 1897 and
1909. During this period he made some half-dozen
trips into the mountains, at first confessedly as a
"tenderfoot," afterward as a more or less experienced
traveller. Sometimes with pack-trains, sometimes
with canoe, he wandered far and wide throughout
the lofty borderland between Alberta and British
Columbia, camping by unknown rivers, or at the
foot of towering, unnamed peaks, hunting mountain
sheep and smaller game, or filling his kettle with
fish from the clear, cold waters of some mountain
stream. The book has the defects as well as the
advantages of a gossipy, discursive narrative; but
through it all runs the compelling charm of the
wilderness, of days and nights beneath the stars, of
misty mountain peaks, dancing streams, and the
whispered music of the pines, of the trail that leads
you know not whither, of unforgetable glimpses of
Nature's fairyland, of the camp-fire, the evening
pipe, and the yarns of hunter and trapper. And
with it all is much practical comment on railway
building, grades through the mountains, and the
coming era of development in the new country to
which the Yellowhead Pass is the gateway. Much,
too, gleaned from old trappers and pioneers, of the
vanishing days of the fur-trade, when Jasper House
and Boat Encampment and the Tete Jaune Cache
were familiar names, and the all-powerful H. B. C.
ruled over an almost continental empire. That six
summers in the mountains have not weakened the
influence of the wilderness, would appear from Mr.
Washburn's concluding words. "If all goes well,"
he says, "by the time these pages reach the printer's
hands, Fred Stephens [the well-known mountain
guide] and myself will be well down the turbulent
waters of the old Fraser, poking into the lair of cer-
tain grizzly bears that he knows about, with the roar
of the river, unlocked from winter's grasp, as our
lullaby while we sleep with the blue canopy of heaven
overhead and a foot of pine needles for our couch."
Mr. Hulbert Footner modestly disclaims his fit-
ness to describe the "New Rivers of the North"
which form the subject of his narrative. "It needs,"
he says, " a geologist, a botanist—and a poet to do
them justice." It is conceivable that such a combin-
ation might not be an altogether happy one; and on
the whole one may safely prefer this bird in the hand
to three perhaps discordant birds in the bush. Mr.
Footner is the sort of travelling companion any sane
man would choose, in preference to a geologist, a
botanist, or even to a poet—if one may say it with-
out seeming offensive to those learned and ornamen-
tal members of society. He is an ideal companion
to travel with through the pages of his book, and,
from what one sees of him there, it is equally safe
to say that he would be an ideal companion for any
man on such an expedition as he so entertainingly
describes. His narrative is instinct with the pure
joy of the wanderer in wild places. At every bend
of the river he makes you share the unalloyed delight
of the traveller who knows not what may lie beyond
that bend: what fascinating vista of mountain or
meadow or unspoiled woodland; what blood-stirring
glimpse of approaching rapid or waterfall; what
bewildering labyrinth of islands, or lost channels,
or elusive portage. He does not attempt to gloss the
discomforts of such a journey: the inevitable rainy
days, the accidents that must sometimes happen to
canoe or tent or provisions, the inquisitive black fly
and the industrious mosquito; but he makes one feel
that with good health, an even temper, and the saving
gift of humor, even the deadly " galley-nipper " may
be endured, for the sake of the many things that are
worth while in such an expedition. The earlier part
of Mr. Footner's journey was over waterways which,
although unfamiliar to most of us, were not altogether
untravelled. When, however, he reached the banks
of the Hay River, he was almost in unexplored ter-
ritory. Bishop Bompas had descended the river in
1872 and discovered the falls; and twenty-six years
afterward a three-man outfit, bound for the Klon-
dike, had passed the same way. In 1887, R. G.
McConnell, of the Canadian Geological Survey, had
surveyed the river from its mouth up to the falls,
but not beyond. Provisions ran short on the long
journey down the Hay, the season was getting late,
and Mr. Footner had almost despaired of reaching
the goal of his ambition, Alexandra Falls, when, at
the last moment, he came upon it unexpectedly. One
shares his enthusiasm as he stands at the brink, where
the great river " steps off into space."
"After the invariable flatness and lameness of all the
country above, this sudden cleft in the world impressed one
stunningly. It had the same dramatic effect as the passion
of a quiet man. I can only compare it to Niagara on a
smaller scale, but Niagara as it must have burst on La
Salle's eyes, sans tourist-hotels, power-houses, and railway
bridges. Its charm was in its insolent wildness."
Mr. Footner secured a number of remarkable photo-
graphs of the falls, and these and many others taken
elsewhere along his route add materially to the value
of his volume.
Mr. Joseph Adams's book might be described as
the narrative of an attempt to get off the beaten
track in Canada. That he was successful in his
attempt, his book bears witness. From French
River in the east to the Skeena Valley in the wot,
this indefatigable and wide-awake English traveller
made his way into many comparatively unfamiliar
parts of the Dominion, noting everything that a man
of very catholic tastes could find interesting. And as
it was necessary in order to reach the more remote
corners of the country to pass through the Eastern
Provinces, as well as the rapidly growing and ambi-
tious cities of the western prairies, Mr. Adams
improved the opportunity by studying the social,
industrial, and political life of the people as he went
along. His book is, in fact, something of an ency-


1913] THE DIAL 345
clopsedia of present-day Canada, written from the
point of view of a sympathetic and fair-minded
observer. If it has a fault, it is in the attempt to
crowd too many topics, too many varieties of topics,
into a 300-page volume. The reader is bewildered
with the kaleidoscopic changes from Canadian
scenery to Jesuit missions, politics, scientific angling,
cooperative labor, natural history, folklore, agricul-
ture, transcontinental railways, education, million-
aires, chinook winds, horse breeding, irrigation,
suffragettes, and the cost of living. On the whole,
however, the book is well worth reading, and no part
of it more so than the very clear and interesting
chapter on Northern British Columbia, or New Cale-
donia, the tremendous and varied resources of which
are even to-day only beginning to be realized.
Those who recall Mr. Charles Sheldon's "Wilder-
ness of the Upper Yukon " will need no recommend-
ation of this companion volume, "The Wilderness
of the North Pacific Coast." If anything, the last
book is even better than the first. Mr. Sheldon now
takes us with him while he hunts wapiti on Vancouver
Island, the huge bear of Montague Island, and his
brother of Admiralty Island, and the elusive caribou
of the Queen Charlotte Islands. But while a keen
sportsman and scientist, he is something more, as the
following passage will witness:
"All winter my thoughts had turned toward Montague
Island and its bears. Now the trip was accomplished and
past. But all the incidents and experiences of it still linger
with me. The beautiful, calm ocean voyage; the village of
Nuchek and its natives; the snow-bound Zaikof Bay, where
the air vibrated musically to the echoing voices of the water-
fowl, where sweet bird notes sounded from the woods and the
exquisite little humming-bird darted about my camp; the
east coast, rock and reef bound, bordered by white breakers
and dotted far out from shore by foam from the sea surging
over the reefs; the high, rugged snow-capped mountain
ranges; the hilly woods, resplendent glades, deep canyons,
gorges, and dashing cascades; the rumble of sliding snow
in the mountain-girdled basins overlooking the ocean below;
the violent storms, and gloomy, blank days passed in the
inhospitable barra-barras; the irresponsible natives; the
joyous fulfilment of spring in the wilderness."
Here, again, one must feel grateful for the many
excellent photographic illustrations that help so
materially to keep the reader in intimate touch with
Mr. Sheldon's narrative.
In the year 1906, Mr. Elihu Stewart, as Super-
intendent of Forestry for the Dominion of Canada,
made a journey on behalf of the government down
the Mackenzie River to Fort McPherson, and by
way of the Porcupine to the Yukon and Dawson
City. His official report is a valuable public docu-
ment, and contains a great deal of very important
material on the timber and other resources of the
immense region through which he travelled; but in
the very nature of things, he had to omit from that
report many interesting details of his journey, re-
lating to the country and its native and occasional
civilized inhabitants. These details he has brought
together in his volume entitled "Down the Mac-
kenzie and Up the Yukon." With the addition of
some thirty photographic illustrations, for the most
part taken by himself, Mr. Stewart has succeeded in
producing a very readable book, and one that adds
something of value to the scanty literature of this
remote region. One incident may very well suggest
the quality of the book. On the outer edges of civili-
zation, before one actually jumps off into the land
of the Indian and fur-trader, there are certain very
primitive and uncomfortable inns called "sleeping
places." Says Mr. Stewart:
"I had the honour of occupying a place on a wide bed
made on the floor of one of these road houses. Among the
company were Bishop Young of Athabaska Landing, the
late Bishop Holmes, then Archdeacon of Lesser Slave Lake,
a Roman Catholic priest from Peaoe River, and several half
breeds. Bishop Young and I agreed to ' double up' under
the same blankets, while the Archdeacon and Pere Lazaret
made the same arrangement. After each of the men of
Holy Orders had offered up his evening devotions in his own
forms, the priest and the archdeacon, who were neighbours
in the mission field, commenced a conversation, not in the
native language of either, but in Gree. There was no affec-
tation in this. Father Lazaret was of course familiar with
French but knew very little English, while the archdeacon
was not particularly fluent in French; but a common ground
of communication was found in the tongue of the Cree Indian
in which both were equally at home."
Lawrence J. Burpee.
Bkiefs ox New Books.
During the last twenty years, the
tnmanvtand.. amount of good work that has been
done in the domain of art history, by
the systematic and well-regulated labors of trained
explorers and excavators, is truly enormous. Eves
the last half-dozen years have revealed some thirty
palaeolithic picture-galleries, as well as much sculp-
ture of the same period. Through these, we have
learned that the origins of art are much more remote
than formerly they were supposed to be; also, that
even in these remote periods, there were traces of
varying phases,—sometimes spasmodic develop-
ment, sometimes stagnation, sometimes retrogres-
sion. Reports of these "finds" have been issued
from time to time, mainly through technical bulletins
or journals. Few, except specialists, perhaps have
realized either the amount or the value of the new
knowledge. Some general and connected narrative
has been much needed. Hence, "The Childhood of
Art" (Putnam), by Dr. H. G. Spearing, M.A., of
Queen's College, Oxford, is a book to command
attention. It is, in fact, so fully up to date that it
makes more or less note of everything thus far
published and of some things so new as to be yet
unpublished. The geologist, the archaeologist, the
ethnologist will each find something in his own field;
and all will be especially grateful for the 482 repro-
ductions in black and white and the sixteen color
plates, some of which now appear for the first time.
The sub-title of the book is "The Ascent of Man,"
and this subject is traced from prehistoric times to
the beginnings of Greek Art. But the volume is
far from being merely a technical work. The style


346
[April 16
THE
DIAL
is so vivid, the treatment bo picturesque, that the
narrative is as entertaining as it is enlightening.
The cave men painted or carved, not as we do for
decoration or diversion, but mainly for the sake of
creating fetiches or charms, thinking thus to gain
some mysterious power over the objects represented.
Clean, firm, unhesitating strokes were distinctive of
paleolithic artists; they were mighty hunters as well
as close observers of wfld animals; they drew neither
from life nor from models, but from memory.
Although the cave man must have had a hard time
fighting for his existence, he managed to exercise
his faculties of perception and memory and to create
works of art that are far superior to any by the
modern savage. What became of the palaeolithic
man with his acute artistic perception and his simple
manner of life, no one knows. The centre of artistic
interest shifts next to Africa and Siberia; later to
Egypt, Chaldea, Crete, and Greece. In each case,
the stimulus to artistic effort was given by impulses
wholly unconnected with any desire for works of art.
Palaeolithic man evolved his art from a desire to have
control over the forces of nature; the Asiatic from
a desire to display his control over his fellow-men;
the Egyptian from a desire to secure a dwelling-
place for his spirit after death; the Greek from a
desire to secure the earthly presence of his gods.
Yet in all the 
story of art, there is no single in-
stance of an artistic race going forth to conquer.
Strange paradox of fate! The bearers of the light
are doomed to death, and yet the light survives and
glows.
A teientut'i ^he heterogeneous collection of essays
diteuttiono/ and addresses by Sir Oliver Lodge
varied tubjectt. brought together under the title,
"Modern Problems" (George H. Doran Co.), may
seem to some readers a mere jungle of "shoes and
ships and sealing-wax." Still, it well deserves the
dignity of the name "book"; for, according to the
definition of Ruskin (whom Sir Oliver so delights
to quote), it is "a wise man's work honestly and
benevolently done." Through the apparent mis-
cellaneity there is evident the unity of a great and
sympathetic man's mind; from the successive flashes
on this and that subject, a reader soon learns to
locate and revere the writer. The range of theme
is truly amazing. It is doubtful whether any other
recent writer in an age of specialization has shown so
many clear-cut facets to his thinking, or approached
so many fields with a like preparation and adequacy.
Here one finds philosophy (" Balfour and Bergson "),
science ("The Nature of Time"), literary criticism
("The Responsibility of Authors"), sociology ("The
Position of Women" and "Some Social Reforms"),
economics ("The Functions of Money"), and ethics
("The Pursuit of Wealth"). The author's sphere,
so far as manifested in this book, is not creative in
any field; there is nothing here that is altogether
new. But there is a wealth of luminous illustration
and a delightful lucidity and sanity of interpreting
power. The discussion of the old fallacies of mo-
tion, Zeno's and others, in "The Nature of Time"
will be found good. This essay, together with
"Balfour and Bergson," reprinted from "The Hib-
bert Journal," "The Responsibility of Authors," an
address delivered before the Society of Authors in
1909, and "The Pursuit of Wealth," an address to
Evening Students at Liverpool given in 1886, are
among the most valuable pieces. Space will not
permit of quotation, though many passages would
richly merit notice for style as well as substance.
Admirers of Professor William James will find
numerous evidences of stylistic as well as intellec-
tual kinship between these two great contemporary
men of science and letters. Perhaps there appears
more of the indulgent patriarch in these essays than
in the writings of the American, but there is never-
theless the same charm of intellectual camaraderie.
Four month*' ^'^e on a United States battleship,
outing with the even in the piping times of peace, is
Atlantic Fleet. not devoid 0f ever-varying interest
and excitement, as is made evident by Mr. Robert
W. Neeser's report of his four months' sojourn on
the "Kansas" during a practice cruise of the Atlan-
tic Fleet in Cuban waters. "A Landsman's Log"
(Yale University Press) tells the story of his experi-
ences, describing minutely and realistically the daily
routine, the various drills and inspections, the spec-
tacular and awe-inspiring gun-practice, the recrea-
tions and holiday diversions of the sailors, and other
things little known except to those who go down to
the sea in ships of war. An early conversation with
the Navigator of the " Kansas " left the author be-
wildered by the variety of his new knowledge and
unable to retain it all. "But one thing that I do
remember," he says, "perhaps because it was the
easiest thing to comprehend, was that part of his
[the Navigator's] special duties that related to his
position as librarian of the ship. And then I found
out what a splendid collection of books, works on
geography, history, professional subjects, travel,
fiction and general literature, is at the disposal of
every officer and enlisted man on board Uncle Sam's
ships wherever they may be. . . . The American
Navy was the first to institute the custom, and the
first ship's library was placed on the old ship-of-the-
line Franklin in the early twenties. Few agencies
in recent years have done more to raise the tone of
the enlisted men in the service, to improve their
standards of character and efficiency, and to add
to their contentment, than these well-selected libra-
ries which are now placed on board our ships. Scores
of men may daily be seen, scattered about the decks
during the idle hours that necessarily do occur even
in the busy life of a modern man-of-war, reading,
or with pencil and paper working on some problem."
Twenty-six pages of naval statistics and other related
information follow the narrative. Some of these
items might need correction to bring them up to date,
as for example the average annual cost of main-
taining a battleship, which is given as $682,517.18,
including repairs, whereas later figures, if we mis-


1913]
347
THE
DIAL
take not, make it considerably more than eight
hundred thousand dollars. At any rate, it is sure
to reach the million-dollar mark in the super-
dreadnaught of the near future. Many excellent
views, mostly from the author's own camera, heighten
the attractiveness of his volume.
, , , It is no doubt worth while, from
A century of . 1
tocial progrett time to time, to attempt a survey of
in Europe. ^ne social achievements of the imme-
diate past. What the nineteenth century accom-
plished, in the way of social amelioration, will
suggest what the twentieth century may be able to
accomplish. Of such surveys we have already a
considerable number; we need more of them, how-
ever, and therefore welcome Professor Frederic
Austin Ogg's little volume,"Social Progress in Con-
temporary Europe" (Macmillan). One who attempts
to cover the whole social movement in Europe
through a century of rapid change is necessarily
forced either to select carefully the topics for treat-
ment, or to describe events in the barest outline.
The latter is the alternative chosen by Professor
Ogg. As a consequence his book reads like a
chronicle, rather than like a history. The reader
is inclined to put it aside as a manual for reference.
Yet if one does read it from cover to cover, the final
impression is inspiring. All these old institutions
destroyed and all these new institutions created
through the unfolding of a single vital impulse, the
democratic movement, the realization of the aspira-
tions of the common man! Such at any rate is the
philosophic basis of Professor Ogg's work. Other
social philosophers will raise the question whether
the social changes of the last century may properly
be regarded as the unfolding of a single social force.
The early nineteenth century gave us liberalism;
the end of the century gave us social democracy.
Are not the two principles essentially antagonistic?
One who believes this to be true will read not
without impatience a book which sums up under the
caption "social progress" all movements, whether
in the direction of liberalism or in the direction of
social democracy. Social insurance is not progress,
from the liberal point of view. Free trade is not
progress, from the social democratic point of view.
Nor is progress from the one point of view purely
negative from the other. Accordingly it is an open
question whether social historians can profitably
treat of social progress at all,—whether they would
not best confine themselves to the more modest task
of describing social change.
The breezy American style of Mr.
tJXZZSZc. John U. Higinbotham's "Three
Weeks in France" (Reilly & Britton
Co.) makes the book diverting from cover to cover.
That its humor should repeatedly remind one of
Mark Twain will, we hope, be taken by the author
as a compliment. "There are two towns in Monaco,"
says Mr. Higinbotham, "Monaco proper and Monte
Carlo which is not." "The American away from
home," we read, "behaves worse than when at
home. The Parisian does not. He cannot. He
has not the facilities." "At Nlmes, with a cupola
over the 'i,' we found an up-to-date hotel with an
electric-lighted room and a bathtub resembling a
small natatorium." A little later in his description
of the same place, the author says, with rare con-
sideration for the printer: "I will not mention the
name of the town with great frequency for fear of
running out of 'i' shades, but you will remember
where we are." The book, with its twenty-three
chapters of rapid comment and description and
anecdote, and no single page or paragraph devoted
to Paris, proves very conclusively, if proof were
wanted, that there is a France, and one well worth
visiting, apart from the gay metropolis. It is a
book that may induce readers to go and convince
themselves of this truth by actual experience.
"Equipped as she is with excellent railroads, com-
fortable hotels, magnificent scenery and centers of
historical interest, she [France] is a model host that
all the world might copy to great advantage and
profit. Whatever is worth doing, is, to France,
worth doing well." Good illustrations from photo-
graphs accompany the reading matter, but their
lavish profusion is paraded neither on the title-page
nor in any table of contents.
Recordt of ^t w^ doubtless be refreshing to
the EnoiitH many readers, in these revolutionary
home-wife. days, to turn from the teeming rec-
ords of suffragist discussion and activities to such
a book as Miss Rose M. Bradley's "The English
Housewife in the 17th and 18th Centuries" (Long-
mans). Here, at least, one finds the old household
gods firmly fixed in their old places. At the very
outset, on the title-page, stands a text from that chap-
ter of Proverbs from which our great-grandmothers
chose the verses corresponding to their birthdays,
embroidered them on their samplers, and founded
their lives upon the precepts they embodied. A
good portent this, and in the following pages it is
easy to trace King Solomon's impress on the hearts
of the long line of house-wives who have kept faith
from Tudor days, through the varying fortunes of
the reigns of the Stuarts — with the chill interreg-
num of the Commonwealth — to the larger oppor-
tunities of Georgian days. Much gossip, it is true,
enlivens Miss Bradley's chapters, but there is also
an abiding sense of honest scholarship in the patience
with which old letters, old diaries, old cookery books,
and old ledgers have been studied, and made to yield
so much that is valuable as well as interesting. It
was not an easy thing to rule the household province
over which the lady — the loaf giver—of the past
was set. Her duty it was to see to the spinning
and weaving of the flax and wool, which furnished
the bedding and napery for her great family; hers
to keep the plate and pewter; to oversee the cooking
and the labors of the still-room. She it was who.
must see that her servants were fittingly clad; as
well as that her sons went to the wars, her daughters


348
[April 16
THE DIAL
to their bridals, and herself and her lord to the pleas-
ures of the town and court in seemly comfort and
splendor. She had the ordering of orchard and
garden and herb-beds, of poultry-yard, of dairy, and
often of the preserving of game. Upon her shoulders
were laid the care of the aged, and the medication
of the ill; and all the gentle graces of hospitality
must be at the tips of her capable fingers. Some-
times she had a long purse at her command, some-
times but a short one; but throughout her story,
shifting from generation to generation, one is always
conscious of the basic qualities of devotion to duty,
of regard for position, and of a sincere wish to be
helpful and gracious. Several illustrations from old
sources add to the interest of Miss Bradley's enter-
taining volume.
Acruuetothc The awe »nd mystery of the wide
tropics in a ocean and the nameless terrors of the
tramp »ieamern dense tropical forest are just suffi-
ciently felt by the reader of "The Sea and the
Jungle" (Dutton) to make him glad to take on trust
the somewhat rough experiences therein described,
and to leave to the author, Mr. H. M. Tomlinson,
the actual encounter with the varied hardships and
dangers through which he seems to have a happy
faculty for making his way unharmed. From Swan-
sea to South America, up the Amazon and far up the
Madeira River, in the tramp steamer "Capella,"
Mr. Tomlinson made his adventurous way, and some-
what in the manner of Mr. Joseph Conrad he tells
his story, interweaving as he proceeds the yarns spun
on shipboard by one and another of his mates. The
voyage into that density of luxuriant tropical growth
appears to have been undertaken to ascertain the
feasibility of opening a route for freight boats in con-
nection with a new railway line projected by some
daring capitalists, and having its location near the
boundary line between Brazil and Bolivia. Para, "a
flat congestion of white buildings and red roofs in
the sun," is touched at on the way, and is made the
subject of a good descriptive passage. The captain
of the "Capella" is an interesting character with
an almost superstitious aversion to talking about
"getting there," as if such talk invited disaster.
"He laughed from his mouth only, throwing his
head back, showing surprisingly perfect teeth, and
laughter did not change the crystalline glitter of his
eyes." Portions of the book have already found
acceptance in various leading periodicals.
Worouworth a. "The hi8tory of Wordsworth's mental
poet of nature and spiritual unfolding" is usually
and poet of man. more interesting to the student than
consideration of his style, and it is this former aspect
that Professor Elias Hershey Sneath considers in his
volume entitled "Wordsworth, Poet of Nature and
Poet of Man" (Ginn). The French critic, M.
Legouis, has already admirably covered this field as
far as the early life of Wordsworth is concerned;
and in his treatment of the same period Professor
Sneath does not vary much from his predecessor, as
he readily admits by frequent quotation and refer-
ence. Naturally the Frenchman pays considerably
more attention to the influence of the Revolution,
and to the personal contact of the poet with Beaupuy
(who is mentioned only once in the volume under
review and that quite casually) than does the Amer-
ican. For all spiritual biographies of Wordsworth,
"The Prelude " is, of course, the ultimate source;
and Professor Sneath uses it on every page, espe-
cially for those years of the poet's development when
he was tried in the fire and not found wanting. The
more familiar poems are also used to furnish forth
a conception of Wordsworth's teaching about man
and nature, especial attention being given to the
great " Ode" and " The Excursion." The poet is
made his own interpreter, by means not only of the
poems but also of the critical prefaces and letters,
so that one is enabled to study him at first hand.
While it can hardly be said that we have in this
volume a distinctive contribution to Wordsworth
scholarship, we have nevertheless a sympathetic pre-
sentation, from the point of view of the student of
philosophy, revealing Wordsworth as the poet of our
common humanity, as one who has realized the joy
that comes through suffering.
Two oppoHte The 8traggle between paganism and
tendeneiet idealism, a strife that some writers
in literature. choose to speak of as the conflict
between Hellenism and Hebraism, serves as the
main theme of "Among Famous Books" (Doran),
by John Kelman, D.D. English authors are mainly
chosen for treatment in illustration of these two con-
trary tendencies, though the opening chapter is de-
voted to the gods of Greece, and the third contrasts
Goethe's "Faust" with Marlowe's "Dr. Faustus."
Bunyan, Pepys, Carlyle, Pater, the late Francis
Thompson, and a number of living English writers,
give matter for comment and discussion in the re-
maining eight papers or lectures —for as such they
were originally prepared and delivered—of this at-
tractive volume. In his assertion that Pater "does
not force himself upon his readers, nor tempt even
the most susceptible to imitate him," the author
ignores the parodies and the imitations that" Marius
the Epicurean" and other productions of the same
pen have actually evoked; but he well says that
"unless a man's style is absolutely offensive, which
Pater's emphatically is not, it is a wise rule to accept
it rather as a revelation of the man than as a chance
for saying clever things." There is much excellent
reading in Dr. Kelman's book, and perhaps it is all
the more enjoyable if one does not try too hard to
separate the paganism from the idealism in the
authors discussed. We are all partly pagans and
partly idealists. .
Timely and interesting is Mr. Richard
hTrlrtiZu" Bagot's little book on "The Italians
of To-day" (F. G. Browne & Co.),
written both to remove certain British prejudices
against Italy's people in general, and more partic-
ularly to refute the widely circulated calumnies upon
the Italian army in its late conflict with Turkey.


1913]
349
THE
DIAL
Mr. Bagot has lived long in Italy, and has learned
to know the people as few foreigners ever take the
trouble to do. His earlier volume, "My Italian
Year," made this evident; and his present work reit-
erates things there said, and adds new ones. Begin-
ning near the bottom, he describes first the peasant,
then the artisan, after that the professional classes,
and continues with chapters on "Government and
Aristocracy," "Church and State," and "The Ital-
ian Soldier." A short chapter on "Modern Italian
Literature" calls attention to foreign ignorance of
all but a very few present-day Italian authors, those
few having enjoyed the advantage of wide advertise-
ment without being necessarily the best or the most
representative of their class. What Mr. Bagot has
to say on anti-Italian calumnies is uttered with
warmth and in a persuasive manner. The proba-
bility undoubtedly is that he is better informed than
were the English and other newspapers that first
printed these accounts of alleged discreditable pro-
ceedings on the part of the Italian government and
the Italian army. The book is highly readable and
leaves an impression of fair-mindedness and first-
hand knowledge.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Mr. Alfred W. Benn's "History of Modern Philos-
ophy" (Putnam) is a manual of modest dimensions,
written in the lucid and distinguished manner which we
expect from the author. Mechanically, the book makes
the fatal mistake of exchanging the portraits of Hegel
and Schopenhauer, which has certainly made the latter
philosopher turn in his grave.
Messrs. Hinds, Noble, & Eldredge publish a volume
which will be peculiarly acceptable to high-school stu-
dents who are interested in debating. It is entitled
« Both Sides of 100 Public Questions Briefly Debated,"
and has been compiled by Messrs. £. D. Shorter and
C. C. Taylor. The subjects are all questions of the day,
and the references, although adequate for high-school
purposes, are not overwhelming in quantity.
The American Book Co. are publishing a series of
"Masterpieces of the English Drama," under the gen-
eral editorship of Professor Felix E. Schelling. Each
volume includes four or five plays, and the following
three have appeared: Marlowe, by Professor W. L.
Phelps, Webster and Tourneur, by Professor Ashley H.
Thorndike, and Beaumont and Fletcher, by Professor
Schelling. The collection bids fair to become an
American "Mermaid Series."
"Alphonsus Emperor of Germany " is an Elizabethan
play which was published in 1654. Professor Herford
characterizes it as "a crude and sanguinary travesty of
an imperial election dispute in which the chief interest
attaches to a wholly mythical love affair." The play is
attributed, uncertainly, to Chapman, whose name is on
the title-page. Mr. Herbert F. Schwarz has edited a
facsimile reprint of the work, which is now published
by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The second series of " Famous Speeches," selected
and edited by Mr. Herbert Paul, comes from Messrs.
Little, Brown, & Co. The addresses included are
representative specimens of modern and contemporary
oratory, and reveal to the student of public speaking
(for whom the collection is intended) the constantly
widening of scope and subject matter in the eloquence
of to-day, the comparative concentration and use of facts
and reasons in modern addresses, as well as tbe gradual
development of oratory in accordance with traditions
and ideals of the past.
The inexperienced author will find in Mr. R. D.
Blackman's "Composition and Style" (Edinburgh:
John Grant) a serviceable manual dealing with the use
of correct English as well as with the general details
of printing and publishing. Since the first edition
appeared, several years ago, numerous handbooks
similar in character have been issued from time to time;
but the clearness and explicitness with which it sets
forth rules of best usage, with free use of illustration,
will maintain for Mr. Blackman's manual a permanent
place among books with rival claims.
In "Childhoodin Art" (Chicago: Altrua Art Library),
Mrs. John B. Sherwood aims to summarize briefly a
few of the best-known pictures of children, representing
the work of artists since the time of the Renaissance to
the present day. Numerous illustrations accompany
her sympathetic descriptions, and convey in part the
evanescent spirit of childhood which only a limited num-
ber of the world's great artists have caught successfully.
The small volume also contains a list of over one hun-
dred paintings of children, with the name of the artist
and of the gallery where the painting may be found.
In "A Handbook of Norse Mythology," Mr. A. *
Clinton Crowell has made a translation from the Danish
of Karl Mortensen's popular handbook of the myths and
sagas of the North, long in use for the study of Norse
mythology in the schools of all the Scandinavian coun-
tries. The author traces in his introduction the general
outlines of Norse mythology contrasting its more sombre
aspects with the brighter myths of the Greeks. The
stories are told in a clear and vivid style, and a chapter
on the hero sagas — poetic representations of life mid-
way between myth and history —concludes the volume,
which is published by Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
"The Family: An Historical and Social Study," by
Dr. Charles Franklin Thwing and Carrie F. Butler
Thwing, is reissued in revised and enlarged form by
Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co. Since 1885, when the
book was first published, the demand for it as a college
text-book in sociology has steadily increased, carrying
with it in recent years a parallel demand for bringing
its figures and statistics down to date, as has been done
in the present volume. Tested by several years of use,
the soundness and permanency of its historical parts in
particular are generally accepted; the chapters devoted
to sociological study have been rewritten in the light of
the results of recent social investigations.
Mr. Le Roy Jeffers, of the Circulation Department
of the New York Public Library, has prepared a second
and revised edition of his useful "List of Economic
Editions" (of well-known books), which the Publishing
Board of the American Library Association issues in a
32-page pamphlet. The editions named are not to be
regarded as in all instances desirable, except for inex-
pensiveness, and this is clearly stated in the Introduc-
tion. If it were practicable, in any future revision of
the work, to indicate such editions as are both cheap
and otherwise desirable, especially in the matter of
durability, the usefulness of the list to libraries and
individuals forced to study economy would be increased.


350
[April 16
THE DIAL
Notes.
"The Dust of the Road," a novel of theatrical life
by Miss Marjorie Patterson, will be published in this
country by Messrs. Holt.
A new novel by Mr. Upton Sinclair, entitled
"Sylvia " and dealing with life in the South, will be
published in May by the John C. Winston Co.
Mrs. Lionel Marks (Josephine Preston Peabody) has
recently completed a new dramatic poem, which will be
published in the fall by Houghton Mifflin Co.
The author of "The Helmet of Navarre," Miss Bertha
Runkle, has in press with the Century Co. a new tale of
adventure and romance entitled "The Scarlet Rider."
"Personality," a study by Dt. F. B. Jevons, author
of " Comparative Religion " and "The Idea of God in
Early Religions," will be brought out shortly by Messrs.
Putnam.
An important volume in connection with the "in-
creased cost of living" problem is to be issued immedi-
ately by the George H. Doran Co. in Mr. J. A. Hobsou's
study of " Gold, Prices, and Wages."
Three volumes soon to appear in Messrs. Duffleld's
series, "Plays of To-day and To-morrow," are Dr.
Vollmoeller's " Turandot: Princess of China," an adap-
tation from Carlo Gozzi; Mr. Jerome K. Jerome's " The
Master of Mrs. Chilvers"; and Mr. S. M. Fox's "This
Generation."
It is good news that "Cymbeline," in the "New Vari-
orum" edition, is now in press and will be published
in the early summer by Messrs. Lippincott. "Julius
Cfflsar," the seventeenth volume of the set and the third
play edited by Mr. Horace Howard Furness, Jr., is
appearing this month.
All persons possessing letters of the late Clara Barton
are earnestly requested to send them to Mr. Stephen E.
Barton, 86 Water Street, Boston, Mass., for use in con-
nection with the preparation of the authorized biography
of Miss Barton. All letters sent will be carefully handled,
copied, and originals will be promptly returned to the
owners.
The important "Cambridge History of India," re-
cently announced in these pages, will be published in this
country by the Macmillan Co. It is planned now to pub-
lish the first volume of the history, which is to be com-
plete in six volumes, within a year, the remaining instal-
ments to appear subsequently in chronological order at
regular intervals of six months.
A notable series of books on the social evil, prepared
under the auspices of the Bureau of Social Hygiene, of
which Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., is the chairman,
will be published by the Century Co. The first volume
of the series," Commercialized Prostitution in New York
City," by Mr. George J. Kneeland, is now in press, and
will appear in May. This will be followed in the early
summer by " Prostitution in Western Europe," by Dr.
Abraham Flexner. Other volumes will be announced
later.
Among the books on Messrs. Holt's spring list which
have not previously been announced in these pages are
the following: "On Ten Further Plays of Shakespeare,"
by Dr. Stopford A. Brooke; "The World Soul," by Mr.
Fielding Hall; "Science from an Easy Chair," by Sir
E. Ray Lankester; "Marxism vs. Socialism," by Pro-
fessor V. G. Simkhovitch; "The Confessions of a Ten-
derfoot," by Mr. Ralph Stock; "The Living Plant,"
by Dr. William F. Ganong; "Popular Botany," by
Messrs. A. E. Knight and Edward Step; "Commercial
Credit," by Professor J. E. Hagerty; and "The Child:
Its Care, Diet, and Common Dls," by Dr. E. Mather Sill.
Lady Scott, the widow of Captain Scott, has tele-
graphed from New Zealand that her husband's journal
is in her possession "excellent and complete." The
journal will be published in London by Messrs. Smith,
Elder & Co., in its entirety, while the "Strand Maga-
zine" will print two or perhaps three preliminary
articles. No arrangements have yet been announced
regarding American publication.
"The Letters, Speeches, and Correspondence of Carl
Schurz," which will appear this month under the imprint
of Messrs. Putnam, has been prepared for publication
under the general auspices of the Carl Schurz Memorial
Committee, which was formed in 1906. The work,
complete in six volumes, has been in the hands of a
sub-committee, of which Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard
has been chairman, and the editing has been done by
Mr. Frederic Bancroft.
Mr. Everard Meynell, a son of Mr. Wilfred Meynell*
has now nearly finished the " Life of Francis Thompson'
upon which he has been engaged for several years. I*
is based on unpublished letters, fragments of diaries,
the reminiscences of friends, and other trustworthy
sources of information. The collected edition of
Thompson's verse and prose, edited by Mr. Wilfrid
Meynell, will be published immediately in three vol-
umes. A large amount of hitherto unpublished
material will appear in this edition.
Mr. Bernard Shaw, as we learn from the London
"Nation," has in hand the interesting task of complet-
ing perhaps the best of his earlier works, " The Quintes-
sence of Ibsenism." The earlier book was written before
the appearance of "John Gabriel Borkman," "Little
Eyolf," "The Master Builder," and « When We Dead
Awaken," all plays of great beauty and significance,
and marking a separate period of Ibsen's dramatic
method and critical thought. These works, Mr. Shaw
insists with some truth, are treatments of dead people —
of men and women who have done something, but whose
life-work is finished when as yet the death of the body
is remote — a numerous and worthy class in this country
and elsewhere. Mr. Shaw also proposes to describe the
changes in dramatic technique which Ibsen introduced
and developed in the series of realistic plays beginning
with " The Doll's House."
Edward Dowden, the Shakespearean scholar and for
over forty-five years professor of English literature
in the University of Dublin, died in that city on the
4th of this month. He was born at Cork in 1843, and
received his education at Queen's College, Cork, and
Trinity College, Dublin. In 1888 he was elected
President of the English Goethe Society, succeeding
Max Miiller; and has held honorary positions in several
other literary or educational organizations. His pub-
lished works are numerous, and cover a wide field of
literature. Besides "Shakspere: His Mind and Art,"
the "Shakspere Primer," and his editions of the
Sonnets and individual Shakespearean plays, he wrote
"Studies in Literature," "Southey," " Life of Shelley,"
"Transcripts and Studies," " New Studies in Literature,"
"The French Revolution and English Literature," " A
History of French Literature," " Puritan and Anglican,"
"Robert Browning," "Michel de Montaigne," "Essays:
Modern and Elizabethan," a volume of original verse,
and editions of several modern poets.


1913]
351
THE PI AT,
LiiST of New Books.
[The following lilt, containing 102 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
A Small Boy and Other*. By Henry James.
With photogravure frontispiece, 8vo, 419 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net.
The Windham Pa perm The Life and Correspond-
ence of the Rt. Hon. William Windham, 1750-
1810, a member of Pitt's First Cabinet and the
Ministry of "All the Talents." With Introduc-
tion by the Rt. Hon. The Earl of Rosebery, K. G.
In 2 volumes; illustrated in photogravure, etc.,
large 8vo. Small, Maynard & Co. $10. net.
Nelson In England! A Domestic Chronicle. By E.
Hallam Moorhouse. Illustrated In photogravure,
etc., large 8vo, 274 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$3.50 net.
The Story of Don John of Austria. By Padre Luis
Coloma, S. J., translated from the Spanish by
Lady Moreton. Illustrated in photogravure, 8vo,
428 pages. John Lane Co. $4.50 net.
Theatrical and Musical Memotra. By Rudolph Aron-
son. Illustrated, large 8vo, 283 pages. McBride,
Nast & Co. $2.75 net.
Sir Roger L'Estrangei A Contribution to the His-
tory of the Press in the Seventh Century. By
George Kitchln. Illustrated, large 8vo, 440
pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. net.
Sir Frederick Mauricel A Record of His Work and
Opinions, with Eight Essays on Discipline and
National Efficiency. Edited by his son, F. Mau-
rice. With photogravure portrait, 8vo, 287
pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $3. net.
Guerilla Leaders of the World. By Percy Cross
Standing. Illustrated, 8vo, 294 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $1.75 net.
Tyrone Power. By William Winter. Illustrated in
photogravure, etc., 12mo. 192 pages. Moffat,
Yard & Co. $1.25 net.
HISTORY.
The Grandeur that Was Romei A Survey of Roman
Culture and Civilization. By J. C. Stobart, M. A.
Il