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204
[Dec.,
THE DIAL
young people of the year.”
“The most successful book for
narrative.”—Boston Globe.
animation along every stage of the
enthusiasm that carry the reader with
and written with an appreciation and
“ As a history, it is ful, broad,
BLUE JACKETS OF 1812.
By Willis J. ABBOT, author of “Blue Jackets of '61."
With 32 Full-page Illustrations by W. C. Jackson, and 50 Text Illustrations by H.W. McVickar.
QUARTO CANVAS, $3.00.
DODD, MEAD & COMPANY,
NEW YORK.


1887.]
205
THE DIAL
NEW BOOKS FOR THE HOLIDAYS.
The Song of the River.
The Boys of 1812.
Lalla Rookh.
By CHARLES KINGSLEY. Illustrated with original | THE VELLUM EDITION. By THOMAS MOORE. This
drawings by well-known American artists, espe charming oriental poem is now produced in a
cially made for this holiday edition of the ever style worthy of itself. It is illustrated with
popular poem, and engraved by Geo. T. Andrew. about one hundred and forty photo-etchings
1 vol., small quarto, cloth, full gilt or torchon made from designs of the best artists in America,
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with photogravure reproductions of the same text of the poem is set in with the illustrations
original pictures, printed on Japan paper, in deli in artistic style. This is without doubt the most
cate tints. Large quarto, beautifully bound, $6.00. sumptuous and elaborate art book ever pub-
lished in America. 1 vol.; quarto, bound in
Nature and Art.
parchment paper, "and in vellum cloth folio,
A collection of poems and pictures from the best
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Estes. Illustrated with etchings by Rajon after
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others, and woodcuts engraved by W. J. Linton, aders and Cruisers,” etc., etc. An exciting nar-
George T. Andrew, W. B. Closson and others, rative of the great naval war, with an authentic
from designs by A. F. Fellows, George Fuller, account of the different battles and romantic
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Great Grandmother's Girls in
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New France.
By Lizzie W. CHAMPNEY. A charming volume for
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girls, consisting of the romantic story of little
the Düsseldorf School, such as Volkhart, Leisten,
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cloth, bevelled and gilt, $2.25.
Recent French Art.
Three Vassar Girls at Home.
A series of 16 beautiful photo-etchings, reproduced A new volume, in which the favorites of so many
from selected original paintings, by the most readers travel through some of our own States
celebrated French artists, such as Meissonier, and Territories, encountering many interesting
Dupré, Breton and others, printed in colors, with adventures en route. Illustrated by CHAMP. 1
biographical text compiled by WARREN F. KEL vol., small quarto, illuminated board covers
LOGG. 1 vol., royal folio, elegantly and appro and linings, $1.50; cloth, bevelled and gilt,
priately bound, $7.50.
$2.00.
Zigzag Journeys in India.
ESTES & LAURIAT, Boston.


206
[Dec.,
THE DIAL
PRANG'S
ART PUBLICATIONS
FOR THE HOLIDAYS.
PRANG'S CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR CARDS,
NOVELTIES, SATIN ART PRINTS, AND CALENDARS.
PRANG'S ART BOOKS.
HOME OF EVENGELINE. THE VOICE OF THE GRASS.
CHRISTMAS PROCESSIONAL. A GAY DAY FOR SEVEN.
ECHOES IN AQUARELLE FROM ALONG SHORE.
PRANG’S LONGFELLOW STATIONERY.
Put up in a unique box, representing a fac-simile of Longfellow's
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A HANDSOME AND CONVENIENT PRESENT.
PRANG'S WATER COLOR STUDIES,
By Ross Turner and his pupils, by Mrs. E. T. FISHER, Louis K. Harlow,
A. T. BRICHER, and others.
FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS.
NEW YORK: 38 BOND STREET.
SAN FRANCISCO: 529 COMMERCIAL STREET.
BOSTON, MASS.


1887.)
207
THE DIAL
CASSELL & COMPANY'S NEW PUBLICATIONS.
SHAKESPEARE'S KING HENRY IV.
PARTS I. AND II.
Edition de Luxe, Limited. With 12 superb Photogravures from Original Drawings by
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tastefully printed in red and black. A series of Original Drawings has been executed to
serve as ornamental headings and initials, each drawing being an exquisite little work of
art. Folio, price, $25.00.
ABBEYS AND CHURCHES OF THE MODERN SCHOOL OF ART.
ENGLAND AND WALES. Descriptive, Histori- | Edited by WILFRED MEYNELL. With 8 full-
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BONNEY, Sc. Doc., F.R.S., Professor of
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CHRISTMAS IN THE OLDEN TIME.
By Sir WALTER SCOTT. Illustrated from designs by Harry Fenn, Edmund H. Garrett, J. S.
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SHAKESPEAREAN SCENES AND
AMERICAN ART.
CHARACTERS.
Illustrated by 25 plates, executed by the best
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ETCHING. AN OUTLINE OF ITS TECHNICAL PROCESSES AND ITS HISTORY.
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plates, by old and modern etchers, and numerous reproductions in the text. “A sumptuous
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gilt, $40.00; edition de luxe, 2 vols., three-quarters russia, $100.00.
THE MAGAZINE OF ART.
By author of “Grandma's Attic Treasures.”
A MOTHER'S SONG.
Mary D. BRINE, author of “Merry-Go-
Round,” “ Stories Grandma Told," etc.,
with elegant full-page illustrations from
designs by Miss C. B. Northam. Engraved
by Andrews. 1 vol., square 4to, extra
cloth, full gilt, $2.50.
Bound volume for 1887, with 12 exquisite
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hundred choice engravings. Cloth, gilt,
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season.”
Neon Dance Complete Descriptive Catalogue of our Publications is now ready, and will be sent )
Neuuy 1 - free to any address on application. SEND FOR IT NOW. Sent Free.
CASSELL & COMPANY, Limited, 739 and 741 Broadway, New York.


208
[Dec.,
THE DIAL
GIFT BOOKS FOR THE PEOPLE.
THE SAONE. A Summer Voyage. By Philip GILBERT HAMERTON. Author
of “The Unknown River," etc. With 150 illustrations by Joseph Pennell and the author. 1 vol.
4to. Cloth, gilt. Price, $5.00.
IN HIS NAME. A Story of the Waldenses, Seven Hundred Years Ago.
By EDWARD E. HALE. A new holiday edition, with one hundred and twenty-nine illustrations by
G. P. Jacomb-Hood, R.A. Square 12mo. Cloth, gilt. Price, $2.00.
JELEN JACKSON'S COMPLETE POEMS. Including “Verses”
and “Sonnets and Lyrics." In one volume. 16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50; white cloth, gilt, price,
$1.75; calf, padded, $4.00; morocco, padded, $3.50; kinnikinnick, $3.50.
TIDSUMMER-NIGHT'S DREAM. A new edition. With illustrations
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$3.00; full seal, padded, $5.00; new Venetian style, $5.00.
THE COMPLETE WORKS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE.
From the text of REV. ALEXANDER DYCE's second edition. With portrait and Memoir. 7 vols.
16mo. Half Russia. Gilt top. In a neat box. Price, $9.00 the set.
THE LITTLE FLOWERS OF SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI. In
the Name of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who was Crucified, and of His Mother, the Virgin
Mary. In this book are contained Certain Little Flowers, Miracles, and Devout Examples of that
Glorious Poor Follower of Christ, Saint Francis, and of Certain of His Holy Companions, told to the
Praise of Jesus Christ. Amen. Translated from the Italian, with a Brief Account of the Life of
Saint Francis, by ABBY LANGDON ALGER. 16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.00.
QUIET HOURS. A Collection of Poems. First and Second Series bound
in one. Square 16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50. Padded calf, $4.00. Padded morocco, $3.50.
AILY STRENGTH for Daily Needs. “As thy Days, so shall thy
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FOUR BEAUTIFUL GIFT BOOKS.
Songs of Seven. Gray's Elegy. Lead, Kindly Light. Hidden Sweetness.
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POETICAL WORKS OF JOHN KEATS. Chronologically arranged
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16mo. Cloth, $1.50. Limp calf or morocco, $3.50.
TOTUS AND JEWEL. Containing: “In an Indian Temple," "A Casket
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Light of Asia," "Pearls of the Faith,” “India Revisited,” etc. 16mo. Cloth. Price, $1.00.
HEROIC BALLADS. Selected by the editor of “Quiet Hours.” A
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SOME OF OUR FELLOWS. A School Story. By the Rev. T. S. Mil-
LINGTON. With 16 illustrations. Small quarto. Cloth, gilt edges. Price, $2.00.
1 GARLAND FOR GIRLS, and Other Stories. By LOUISA M. Alcott.
16mo. Cloth. With illustrations by Jessie McDermott. Uniform with “Spinning-Wheel Stories,"
“Proverb Stories,” and “Silver Pitchers." Price, $1.25.
ULU'S LIBRARY. Vol. 2. A Collection of Stories. By LOUISA M.
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THE ROB ROY CANOE. By John MACGREGOR, M.A. A new edition,
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Alone in the Yawl Rob Roy.” Three books complete in one volume. 16mo. Cloth, gilt. Price,
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TOTO'S MERRY WINTER. By LAURA E. RICHARDS, author of “The
Joyous Story of Toto.” With illustrations. 16mo. $1.25.
CALENDRIER FRANCAIS. 1888. Entirely New Selections. Printed
in the French language, and mounted on a card of appropriate design. Price, $1.00.
Sold by all booksellers. Mailed post-paid by the publishers.
ROBERTS BROTHERS, Boston.


1887.]
THE DIAL
209
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY'S
SUPERBLY ILLUSTRATED GIFT BOOKS.
ODES AND SONNETS OF KEATS. With Photogravures.
From Designs by WILL H. Low. Uniform with “ Lamia." Folio. Extra cloth, $15.00. Japanese silk,
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LAMIA. With Photogravure Illustrations.
By John KEATS. Designs by Will H. Low. The favorite of the Holiday Art Books. Folio. Printed on
plate paper and containing 40 Reproductions in Photogravure from Original Drawings. Handsomely
bound in extra cloth, $15.00. Elegantly bound in Japanese silk, $25.00. Morocco, $25.00.
FAUST. With Etchings.
The Legend and the Poem. By W. S. WALSH, Illustrated by Hermann Faber. 8vo. Bound in cloth,
gilt, $3.00. Ivory surface, $3.50. Alligator, $3.50. Morocco, $4.50. Tree call, $7.50.
THE DESERTED VILLAGE. With Etchings.
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$8.50. Alligator, $3.50. Morocco, $4.50. Tree calf, $7.50.
THE WIDE, WIDE WORLD. With Etchings.
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Printed on laid paper. Cloth extra, $2.50.
FROM PHARAOH TO FELLAH.
By C. MOBERLEY BELL (Correspondent of the London Times). An Important Work on Egypt, consisting
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THREE POEMS. With Wood Engravings.
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EUDORA. A Tale of Love.
By M. B. M. TOLAND, author of "Ægle and the Elf," " Iris," etc. A beautiful gift volume. With Illustrations
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PRINCE LITTLE BOY, and Other Tales out of Fairy-Land.
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IDA WAUGH'S ALPHABET BOOK.
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THE CLOSING SCENE. With Wood Engravings.
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THE HIERMIT. With Wood Engravings.
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THROUGII SPAIN. With Wood Engravings.
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THE QUEEN'S EMPIRE; or, Ind and Her Pearl.
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A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY THROUGH FRANCE AND ITALY.
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J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, Publishers,
715 AND 717 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA.


210
[Dec.,
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TO HOLIDAY BOOK-BUYERS.
Messrs. GEORGE ROUTLEDGE & Sons will send their Illustrated Catalogue of Holiday Books to any address
on receipt of postage (five cents).
FOR OLDER PEOPLE.
FOR YOUNGER PEOPLE.
The Count of Monte-Cristo.
Our Darlings : at Home, in Town, at the Sea-
By ALEXANDRE DUMAS. With nearly 5n0 illustrations by | side, in the Country and at Play.
Beauce, Staal and other eminent French artists. 5
vols., roy. 8vo, cloth, $15.00.
By MARS. Printed in colors and gold by Plon. Oblong
4to, cloth, $3.00; boards, $2.50.
Uniform with the superbly illustrated edition of "Les Misér.
ables," published last year. A translation of the tale on which
First published in France, where it met with great success
Dumas founded his great romance is appended to the last volume.
among both old and young. The children, laughing, dancing,
romping, doing everything that children (and only children) can
Notre-Dame.
do-gracefully drawn and most charmingly colored-crowd every
page with their happy faces so that the text is obliged to wedge
By VICTOR HUGO. With illustrations from designs by
itself in as best it can.
Victor Hugo, Bayard, Brion, Jobannot and other
eminent French artists. 2 vols., roy. 8vo, cloth, $6.00. Last “ Graphic” Pictures.
Uniform with "Les Misérables” and “The Count of Monte.
Cristo." Pronounced finer than any French edition by Hugo's
By RANDOLPH CALDECOTT. Printed in colors. Oblong
4to, boards, $3.00.
literary executor (Paul Meurice).
Similar to his “Graphic Pictures” and “More Graphic Pic-
The Toilers of the Sea.
tures,” previously published. Overflowing with humorous con-
By VICTOR HUGO. With illustrations from designs by ceits, and provoking good-natured laughter at human follies and
Chifllart, D. Vierge and Victor Hugo. 2 vols., roy. 8vo, weaknesses.
cloth, $6.00.
Fairy Tales of the Countess D'Aulnoy.
Uniform with the above. Completes the trilogy of romances
(of which “ Notre-Dame" was the first and “Les Miserables " the Translated by J. R. PLANCHÉ. New edition. With numer.
second) on which Hugo's reputation so largely rests.
ous illustrations by Gordon Browne and Lydia F.
Emmet. 4to, cloth, $2.00; boards, with lithographed
Carmen.
double cover, $1,50.
By PROSPER MÉRIMÉE. With illustrations from designs “ It is delightful to turn from the earlier mutilated paraphrases
by S. Arcos, engraved by A. Nargeot. 12mo, half of these incomparable stories to the fresh, simple and accurate
levant, gilt top, $5.00.
versions of this practised man of letters, who was not vain enough
The fine paper, broad margins, exquisite illustrations, attrac to think he could better his author.”-R. H. Stoddard, in N. Y.
tive typography, and rich binding make this without dispute the
Mail and Express.
choicest edition that has ever appeared of any of Mérimée's works.
Stories of Persons and Places in Europe.
Sylvie : Recollections of Valois.
By E. L. BENEDICT. Copiously illustrated. 4to, boards,
By GÉRARD DE NERVAL. Preface by Ludovic Halévy.
with lithographed double cover, $1.50.
* With 42 etchings by Ed. Rudaux. 12mo, half levant,
"A capital book to teach and interest American children in the
gilt top, $4.00.
geography, antiquities, legends, historical events and personages,
Fragrant with the memories of the days of early love, written
industries and works of art in foreign countries." -Boston Globe.
in a style tender, charming and yet simple. Published in the
same dainty style as Merimée's “Carmen."
Mattie's Secret.
By EMILE DESBEAUX. With 100 illustrations. 4to,
The Vicar of Wakefield.
boards, with lithographed double cover, $1.25.
By OLIVER GOLDSMITH. With a Prefatory Memoir by
George Saintsbury. With 114 colored illustrations by "A charming little child story, combining in the cost delight.
V. A. Porson. Roy. 8vo, cloth, $5.00; three-quarters
ful manner, instruction with amusement. .. We cordially
commend it to the notice of our readers in search of pleasant and
levant, $8.00; full levant, $12.00.
profitable reading for their children."— Boston Saturday Even.
" The illustrations interest and please by their minuteness and
ing Gazette.
fineness, by their brightness and warmth, by their quietness, by
their pertinency to the text, by their apt reproduction of the
Youngsters' Yarns.
salient points in the story, by their harmony with history, by
By Ascort R. HOPE. With illustrations by C. O. Murray.
their artistic truth and mechanical merit."-Literary World.
12mo, cloth, $1.75.
Paul and Virginia.
“Reading of the most attractive kind for youngsters, and
though veritable accounts of veritable experiences, have all of the
By BERNARDIN DE ST. PIERRE. With 120 woodcuts and
stirring attractiveness of the most exciting fiction, and afford
12 full page engravings from designs by Maurice Le.
profitable examples of the value and advantage of courage, frank-
loir. Large 8vo, clotti, $13.50; in a cloth portfolio,
ness and self-reliance."-Saturday Evening Gazette.
$12.00.
The illustrations 80 sympathetically interpret th“ text that new
Every Boy's Annual for 1888.
beauties are discovered through them in this forever charming
Edited by EDMUND ROUTLEDGE. Twenty-sixth year of
pastoral of child-love.
publication. With numerous illustrations. 8vo, cloth,
Père Goriot : Scenes from Parisian Life.
$2.50.
By HONORÉ DE BALZAC. Translated by Miss Katharine " The stories of travel and adventure, biographies, notes on
Prescott Wormley. With illustrations by Lynch, en. natural history, expositions of parlor magic, tales of the French
graved by Abot. 8vo, boards, $4.00.
retreat from Russia, of Arctic exploration, of adventures in the
bush, and of earthquakes, combine to make the volume extremely
The heavy paper and broad margins, together with the exquisite
interesting."-Cincinnati Commercial Gazette.
designs of Lynch and skilful ingraving of Abot, render it incon-
testably the handsomest edition ever published of any of Balzac's
History of Russia and Japan.
works. Imported by permission of Messrs. Roberts Brothers,
who own the copyright of this translation.
In Words of One Syllable. By HELEN A. SMITH. With
map-linings and numerous illustrations. Each 4to,
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211
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212
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THE DIAL.
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214
[Jan., 1888.
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
--- - - - - - - - -
VOL. VIII. JANUARY, 1888. No. 93.1 They give, in the most vivid manner, the his-
tory of the greatest change in the ways of
working and ways of thinking ever known in
CONTENTS.
the history of science or the history of phi-
losophy.
The reader will naturally turn first to the
DARWIN'S LIFE AND LETTERS. David S. Jordan · 915 autobiography, which, like everything which
Darwin has ever said of himself, is character.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AS A MAN OF LETTERS,
ized by the most charming frankness and sim-
W. H. Ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 plicity. His early school days, it seems, were
marked mainly by his love for collecting and
ON THE TRACK OF ULYSSES. Paul Shorey ... 230
for finding the names of things-shells, beetles,
stamps, and minerals, -and by his passion for
A GIRDLE ROUND THE EARTH. Octave Thanat.
hunting, angling, and all manner of field sports.
None of the schools to which he was sent-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 224
from the boys' schools in Shrewsbury to the
Stedman's The Victorian Poets.-Whitelock's
university at Cambridge—were esteemed of
The Life and Times of John Jay.--Meiklejohn's
much value to him. Of Dr. Butler's school,
The English Langunge.--Gronlund's ça In.--
which he attended for seven years, he says:
stevenson's Virginibus Puerisque.-Stevenson's
“Nothing could have been worse for the devel-
Meinories and Portraits.-Genung's Practical opment of my mind than Dr. Butler's school, as it
Rhetorio. -- Montgomery's The Leading Facts of was strictly classical, nothing else being taught ex-
English History.
cept a little ancient geography and history. The
school as a means of education to me was simply
TOPICS IN DECEMBER PERIODICALS..... 27
a blank.”
He used to work at chemistry in a little
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 227 laboratory fitted up by his brother in the tool-
house in the garden at home, and this unprec-
edented taste caused his school-fellows to give
him the nickname of “ Gas.” “I was once,"
DARWIN'S LIFE AND LETTERS.
says he, “publicly rebuked by the head-master,
Dr. Butler, for thus wasting my time on such
No more delightful work of biography than
useless subjects; and he called me very un-
this which Mr. Francis Darwin has given us
justly a 'poco curante,' and as I did not under-
of his father has been published during the
stand what he meant, it seemed to me a fearful
present generation. It brings before us the
reproach." Later, in the University of Edin-
real Darwin, the Darwin that his friends knew,
burgh, he found the instruction even in natural
the most patient, simple-hearted, unselfish of
history “incredibly dull.” The sole effect
men, the greatest of naturalists by virtue of
produced on him by the lectures in geology
sheer greatness of soul.
was “the determination never so long as I
The work consists first of some account of
lived to read a book on geology, or in any
the ancestry of the Darwin family, followed
way to study the science."
by a chapter of autobiography, a brief sketch
Going from Edinburgh to Cambridge after
of his life, written by Darwin for his children
two years, he abandoned the thought of be-
written, as he says, “as if I were a dead man
coming a physician, and prepared for the career
in another world looking back on my life.”
of country clergyman. Accordingly, he says:
Then follows a series of reminiscences, by his
children, illustrating his character, babits, and
"I read with care “Pearson on the Creeds,' and a
few other books on divinity; and as I did not then
home life. The greater part of the two vol-
in the least doubt the strict and literal truth of every
umes is then taken up with selections from his
word in the Bible, I soon persuaded myself that our
letters to various scientific and personal friends, creed must be fully accepted. Considering how
especially to Lyell, Hooker, Asa Gray, Wallace, fiercely I have been attacked by the orthodox, it
and Huxley, these so arranged as to tell of seems ludicrous that I once intended to be a clergy.
themselves the story of his life and studies
froin his college days to his death in 1882. But Of his three years' work at Cambridge he
these letters show much more even than this. says:
“My time was wasted, as far as the academical
• THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN. In.
studies were concerned, as completely as at Edin.
eluding an Autobiographical Chapter. Edited by bis
burgh and at school...
son Francis Darwin. In two volumes. New York: D.
The careful study of
Appleton and Co.
these works (Paley's Evidences of Christianity,
man."


216
THE DIAL
(Jan.,
_ - - --
-
- --
Moral Philosophy, and Natural Theology). . was plished. In his letters he often refers to the
the only part of the academical course which, as I laborious character of this work, and in one
then felt and as I still believe, was of the least use
case he wonders whether it were really worth
to me in the education of my mind."
the while to spend so much time upon it. It
The real value of his life at Cambridge came
is, however, the testimony of his fellow-natu-
from his association with scholars, and preemi-
ralists that these eight years were well spent.
nently from his acquaintance with the famous
The training thus acquired in the systematic
botanist and still more famous teacher, Pro-
arrangement of facts was of the greatest help
fessor Henslow. Here, too, he met the geolo-
to him in his future studies. The variation of
gist, Adam Sedgwick, whose accuracy of ob-
the species among these animals was to him,
servation and devotion to truth had a marked
as to all writers who have done similar work,
influence on Darwin's early training.
a constant source of delay and perplexity. To
In 1831, Darwin received, from Captain Fitz- his friend Hooker he writes:
roy, the appointment as naturalist on the ship
** Systematic work would be easy were it pot for
“ Beagle," which vessel was to spend some five
this confounded variation, which however is pleas-
years in a cruise around the globe, mainly
ant to me as a speculatist, though odious as a sys-
for purposes of exploration. The story of tematist. .. How painfully true is your
“The Voyage of the Beagle" has been many remark, that no one has hardly a right to examine
times told-here most charmingly by means the question of species, who has not minutely de-
of Darwin's own letters to his friends at home. scribed many. . . . . Certainly I have felt it
The experiences of this voyage caused him to
humiliating discussing and doubting and examining
give his life to science. The publication of
over and over again, when in my own mind the only
doubt has been whether the form varied to-day or
the results of his explorations gave him a posi-
yesterday (not to put too fine a point on it, as
tion in the first rank of English men of sci-
Snagsby would say). After describing 1 set of
ence, and it was through his questionings as forms as distinct species, tearing up my Ms., and
to the relations of the present and past inhab. making them one species, tearing that up and mak-
itants of South America that he was started on ing them separate and then making them one again
that line of investigation which has, in a de (which has happened to me), I have goashed my
gree, made the word “Darwinism" a synonym
teeth, cursed species, and asked what sin I had
for modern biological science.
committed to be so punished."
Darwin was married, in 1839, to Miss Julia
Most deeply interesting of the letters are
Wedgwood. Their married life was most hap-
those which tell the story of the preparation
py, as is testified by many witnesses. From
and publication of the Origin of Species,"
one of his letters to his wife, we may quote a
and of the great change in front along the
charming passage:
whole line of science and speculation which
"Yesterday, after writing to you, I strolled a
this work brought about. In 1N44 he writes
little beyond the glade for an hour and a half and
to his old friend, the botanist looker:
enjoyed myself. The fresh yet dark green of the " Besides a general interest about the southern
grand Scotch firs, the brown of the catkins of the lands, I have been now ever since my return engaged
old birches, with their white stems and a fringe of in a very presumptuous work, and I know no one
distant green from the larches made an excessively individual who would not say a very foolish ope.
pretty view. At last I fell fast asleep on the grass, I was so struck with the distribution of the Galapa-
and a woke with a chorus of birds singing around gos organisms, etc., etc., and with the character of
me, and squirrels running up the trees and some the American fossil mammifers, etc., etc., that I
woodpeckers laughing, and it was as pleasant and determined to collect blindly every sort of fact,
rural a scene as ever I saw, and I did not care one which could bear in any way on what are species.
penny how any of the beasts or birds had been I have read heaps of agricultural and horticultural
formed."
books and have never ceased collecting facts. At
In 1846, Darwin purchased a large mansion last gleams of light have come and I am almost
in the outskirts of the little Kentish village of
convinced quite contrary to the opinion I started
Down, and in this secluded and beautiful spot
with) that species are not (it is like confessing a
murder) immutable. Heaven forfend me from
the rest of his life was spent. Always an in.
Lamarck nonsense of a tendency to progression,
valid, suffering greatly from any excitement
*adaptations from the slow willing of animals,
or over-exertion, this seclusion was to him an | etc ! But the conclusions I am led to are not widely
absolute necessity. In the words of his son: ditlerent from his, though the means of change are
**For nearly forty years he never knew one day
wholly so. I think I have found out there's pre.
of the health of ordinary men, and thus his life was
sumption.) the simple way by which species become
one long struggle against the weariness and pain of
exquisitely adapted to various ends."
sickness, and this cannot be told without speaking Still earlier, in an old note book of 1-37, we
of the one condition the devotion of his wife find the following suggestive paragraph, which
which enabled him to bear the strain and tight out Francis Darwin calls a “vision of the far.
the struggle to the end."
reaching character of the theory of evolution":
At Down, he began his monograph of the
**My theory would give yent to recent and fossil
Cirripedia or Barnacles, one of the most per
comparative anatomy, it would lead to the study of
fect pieces of systematic work ever accom. I instincts, heredity, and mind beredity, whole of


1888.]
217
THE DIAL
dent.
metaphysics. It would lead to closest examination “I have almost always been treated honestly by
of hybridity, degeneration, causes of change in my reviewers, passing over those without scientific
order to know what we have come from and to knowledge as not worthy of notice. My views have
what we tend to what circumstances favor cross often been grossly misrepresented, bitterly opposed
ing and what prevents it. This, and direct exam. and ridiculed, but this has generally been done, as
ination of direct passages of structure in species, I believe, in good faith. On the whole I do not
might lead to laws of change, which would then be doubt that my works have been over and over again
the main object of study to guide our speculations." greatly overpraised. I rejoice that I have avoided
To his first convert, Hooker, he writes :
controversies, and this I owe to Lyell, who many
years ago, in reference to my geological works,
"What a Science Natural History will be, when
we are in our graves, when all the laws of change
strongly advised me never to get entangled in a
controversy, as it rarely did any good, and caused a
are thought one of the most important parts of Nat-
miserable loss of time and temper. Whenever I
ural History."
have found out that I have blundered, or that my
Evidence is not wanting that at times he work has been imperfect, and when I have been con-
had misgivings that his own intellect was not temptuously criticized, and even when I have been
competent to judge of the facts he had col. overpraised, so that I have felt mortified, it has
lected, and that he was biased by long brood-
been my greatest comfort to say hundreds of times
ing over a certain kind of thoughts. He feared,
to myself that I have worked as hard and as well
as I could, and no man can do more than this.' I
at times, that he might be only a "crank" fol.
remember when in Good Success Bay, in Tierra del
lowing an ignis-fatuus. “How awfully flat I
Fuego, thinking (and, I believe, that I wrote home
shall feel," he writes, “if when I get my notes to the effect) that I could not employ my life better
together on species, etc., the whole thing ex than in adding a little to Natural Science. This I
plodes like an empty puff-ball !" But he felt have done to the best of my abilities, and critics
that competent judges were at hand, at least may say what they like, but they cannot destroy
three of them, on whose verdict the theory
this conviction."
could stand or fall so far as he was concerned. But our space will not permit us to carry
Darwin realized that if he could convince our discussion farther. In his ultimate tri-
Lyell, Hooker, and Huxley, the battle was umph, as in the days of trial and uncertainty,
won. If these three great minds gave assent,
he was always the same modest, patient stu-
the truth must be there. For the rest of the
scientific world, especially for the younger and “My success as a man of science," he says, "has
more observant of his fellow-workers, the been determined by complex and diversified mental
adoption of the theory of descent would be qualities and conditions. Of these, the most im-
only a question of time. Nothing in the his. portant have been, the love of science, unbounded
patience in long reflecting over any subject, industry
tory of science is more remarkable than the
in observing and collecting facts, and a fair share
calm patience and humility with which Dar.
of invention and of common sense. With such
win awaited the verdict of posterity on the moderate abilities as I possess, it is truly surprising
main question involved in his theory of the that I should have influenced to a considerable ex-
origin of species. The main question, I say; tent the belief of scientific men on some important
for, as his son has observed :
points."
"It comes out very clearly, that he did not! A very interesting account is given of Dar-
rejoice over the success of his special view of evo win's religious views, but this discussion we
lution, viz., that modification is mainly due to bat can barely mention here. Averse to all d pri.
ural selection : on the contrary, he felt strongly that
ori speculations, of whatever sort, and abso-
the really important point was that the doctrine of
lutely honest with himself in regard to all
Descent should be accepted."
things which no one can know, he pronounces
himself Agnostic. To a lady he writes:
him half humorously, as an unpleasant neces-
" Theology and science should each run its own
sity; as in the following to W. B. Carpenter:
course.. I am not responsible if their meeting
“In the long run we shall conquer. I do not like point should still be far ofl."
being abused, but I feel that I can now bear it, and
To Asa Gray he writes:
as I told Lyell, I am well convinced that it is the
first offender who reaps the rich harvest of abuse.
"I feel most deeply that the whole subject is too
You have done an essential kindness in checking
profound for the human intellect. A dog might as
the odium theologicum in the E[dinburgh) Review).
well speculate on the mind of Newton. Let each
It much pains all one's female relations and injures man hope and believe what he can. Certainly I
the cause."
agree with you that my views are not necessarily
atheistical.'
And again:
"The manner in which he drags in immortality
No one can rise from reading these volumes
and sets the priests at me, and leaves me to their without an exalted appreciation of Darwin's
mercies, is base. He would on no account burn greatness. His view of organic life is now
me, but he will get the wood ready and tell the become the dominant one in science, and it is
black beasts how to catch me."
natural that later students should try to go
In his-autobiography, he sums this all up, in beyond Darwin to the discovery of those sub-
these gentle words:
tler laws which are supposed to transcend the


218
(Jan.,
THE DIAL
process called Natural Selection. Such laws tages and literary training against which he
may in time be made clear to us, but we are struggled, but of which, it must be frankly
not likely to find them through speculation confessed, he did not, on occasion, hesitate to
alone. As we read Darwin's letters we are express his profound contempt.
more and more impressed with the belief that The boy Ben's school life came to an un-
we are not yet beyond the work of the master. timely end at the age of ten, when his teacher
Few of the later theories of evolution contain resigned the birchen sceptre to take up the
a single idea not fully considered by him. All barber's shears. Apprenticed to his brother,
progress bas been within the lines he has laid who was the printer of the “Boston Gazette"
down. So far as new views have rested on the third, or as Mr. McMaster with justice in-
new discoveries, none have welcomed themsists upon calling it, the second newspaper in
more eagerly than he. So far as they have America,-young Benjamin found time to do
rested on a priori possibilities, he has already no inconsiderable amount of reading, and to
weighed and rejected them. On this subject write some wretched doggerel verse. Were
he writes to John Fiske:
Franklin alive to-day and to contribute to that
"I find that my mind is so fixed by the inductive
excellent though somewhat erratic series of
method, that I cannot appreciate deductive reason articles, “Books That Have Helped Me," he
ing: I must begin with a good body of facts and would probably put down first on his list, Pil-
not from a principle (in which I always suspect grim's Progress." Depraved Shakespeare was
some fallacy), and then as much deduction as you not introduced to the highly moral community
please. This may be very narrow-minded; but the
till 1722 or thereabouts. The reader may judge
result is that such parts of H. Spencer as I have
of what other books there might be on this
read with care impress my mind with the idea of his
inexhaustible wealth of suggestion, but never con list by the following:
vince me; and so I find it with some others. I "A wretched book on vegetable diet came into
believe the cause to lie in the frequency with which his hands, and he at once began to live on rice, po-
I have found first-formed theories to be) erroneous." tatoes, and hasty pudding. He read Xenophon's
The various theories of the “ Neo-Lamarck Memorabilia,' and ever after used the Socratic
ians" and other semi-Darwinian evolutionists
method of dispute; he read Shaftesbury and Collins,
and became a skeptic; he read a volume of Addison,
are like the early efforts of children to walk-
and gained a delightful style.” (p. 19.)
hopelessly uncertain and ineffective unless the
parent hand is within grasp. “Neo-Lamarck.
He came across a chance volume of Addison;
ianism” would be as futile as the old "Lamarck.
and afterward, obtaining a full edition of the
ianism" did not Darwinism stand behind it
“Spectator," made it his constant companion.
"in loco parentis.” The central idea in our
He walked the streets with Will Honeycomb
explanation of the fact of Evolution must be
at his side, and went to church with Sir Roger.
that of Natural Selection, as taken in its
Better than the mere companionship, he got a
broadest sense. If this is not true, then the
"culture of all," a tendency to a more liberal
mystery of the origin of species-Evolution
and broader way of thinking than had yet
being admitted-is as far from solution as it
found their way into the stern life of the New
was in the days of ('uvier and Sedgwick and Englanders. He committed the essays to mem-
Agassiz.
David S. JORDAN.
ory. Not satisfied with this he rewrote them
in his own language, even turning some of
them into verse.
The first stage of Franklin's literary career
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AS A MAN OF was marked by several roteworthy events. He
was saved from devoting his energies to ballad
Special interest in Franklin's career has been writing by the solemn asseveration of his father
aroused of late by the publication in a new
to the effect that “all poets are beggars," For
form, with extended matter, of his autobiog.
his brother's paper, the “ New England ('ou.
raphy, and by Mr. McMaster's able sketch of rant," Benjamin wrote a series of short pieces
bis literary life and work. If it seem to any
known as the “Dogood Papers," modeling
a matter of surprise that Franklin should octhem after the “Spectator." This early period
cupy a place in the "American Men of Letters
was terminated by the sale of a few of his
Series," let him but call to mind "Poor Rich. precious books and a sudden escape from his
ard's" Almanac, a large number of political pam.
brother's tyranny.
phlets, the short studies written while residiny! The next scene is laid in Philadelphia. A
in Paris, and, greatest of all, his autobiography. I bright Sunday morning in October, 1723, sees
His literary career takes on an enhanced inter- walking along the streets a lad whose worldly
est when one considers the total lack-accord. effects take less room than the few pennyworth
ing to modern ideas of educational advan. i of bread which he has bought for his break.
fast. A few months later he was in London,
• BENJAMIN FRANKLIN AS A MANOT LETTERS By John :
ha | setting type by day and squandering his money
Bach McNanter. (American Men of Letten series Bus
ton Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
| by night, and, after a little, writing a pam-
ITERS.


1888.]
219
THE DIAL
phlet intended to give an ultimate negative to
the questions, “Is there a God ?”, “Is there
any future life ?”, “Is there any religion ?".
The year 1728 found Franklin back in Phila-
delphia as partner in a printing house, and
public printer for the Province. The next
year he owned the paper, and occupied himself
in the composition of a second series of Addi-
sonian essays, entitled “The Busy body Papers.”
Of this series Mr. McMaster admirably says:
“Dealing with nothing but the most homely mat-
ters, he says what he has to say easily, simply, and
in a pure English idiom. No man ever read a sen-
tence of Franklin's essays and doubted what it
meant. It is this simplicity and homeliness, joined
to hard common sense and wit, that gave his later
writings a popularity and influence beyond those of
any American author since his day. If he has a bad
habit or a silly custom or a small vice to condemn,
he begins by presenting us with a picture of it
which we recognize at once. Then, with the pic-
ture full before us, he draws just the moral or passes
the very censure we would do if left to ourselves.
Not a tavern-keeper but had seen Ridentius and his
followers round the fire-place many a time. Not a
merchant but knew a Cato and a Cretico. Not a
shopkeeper but had suffered just such annoyances
as Patience.” (p. 54.)
As a political economist, Franklin gave ut-
terance to fallacies that any well-informed man
would scout; yet more than a generation be-
fore “The Wealth of Nations” saw the light,
Franklin said: “The measure of value for this
medium [money] is not gold or silver, but
labor. Labor is as much a measure of the
value of silver as anything else.” One of the
old truths that some genius is forever re-dis-
covering.
In editing the “Gazette," which came into
his hands a little later, Franklin showed his
ability as a moralist and his spirit as a pbilan-
thropist by many letters written under assumed
names, most common of which was “Dr.
Janus.” These papers had for their purpose
the ridicule of silly fashions, the proper polic-
ing of the city, better protection from fire,
and the establishment of a circulating library.
In all of these philanthropic efforts he was
successful.
It surprises one to learn how large a part of
the Pennsylvania literature during the pre-
revolutionary period was made up of almanacs.
But among them all, the only one worth a
notice in a bistory of literature is “Poor Rich-
ard's.” “Mrs. Dogood,” “The Busybody,"
and “Dr. Janus” reappear in “Richard Saun-
ders,” the almanac maker of Philadelphia.
During seventeen years the almanac was under
Franklin's control, and for ten more he wrote
occasionally for it. Shrewd common sense
was expressed in the humblest phrases, giving
it a genuine value and popularity. Franklin's
remark, that it was “a proper vehicle for con-
veying instruction among the common people
who bought scarcely any other book, both
explains and justifies its mission. Down to the
Revolution it was read and learned and quoted
and translated until nearly all the civilized
earth had felt the force of “Poor Richard's"
pithy maxims; and to-day no single piece of
literature of equal length can surpass in con-
ciseness, pregnancy, forcefulness, and pointed
application the address made at the auction by
“Father Abraham.” This was published as a
part of the almanac in 1758, and embodied, in
the form of a speech, a large number of the
sayings of “Poor Richard” which had been
scattered through the almanacs of previous
years. Mr. McMaster says, that since 1770, no
period of five years has passed without the
issuance in some language, under some title or
other, of “Father Abraham's” address.
The second magazine of the colonies was
planned, edited, and published by Franklin.
This was in advance of the times and failed.
From this venture he turned to the planning
of an academy which should serve as a nursery
to higher education in the colony. This pro-
ject he was compelled to lay aside for several
years. The next child of his brain was the
American Philosophical Society, which died in
infancy.
Many of Franklin's most vigorous writings
were of the sort that hardly can be called lit-
erature. During the struggle of the Pennsyl.
vania people against the proprietary govern-
ment-a struggle whose importance was little,
compared with that precipitated by the Stamp
Act, -Franklin was aroused to the writing of
two or three powerful tracts; and during the
ten years of his stay in England, as agent of
the colonial government, he wrote nearly
thirty short articles and pamphlets, all having
much interest then, but little now. Soon after
sent to France as the minister of this country
to that friendly power, Franklin found time,
amid the cares of state, to spend many delight-
ful hours at Anteuil among his literary friends.
For their weekly meetings and for the parties
at Moulin Joli he wrote many of the sketches
known as “Bagatelles," and other short essays,
such as “The Story of the Whistle,” “The
Petition of the Left Hand,” “The Morals of
Chess," and the “Dialogue between Franklin
and the Gout,” pieces which have had a lasting
reputation.
That literary work of the great printer to
which we owe most, is the autobiography.
This was begun in 1771, while its author was
on a visit to the Bishop of St. Asaph; was
continued in 1784, during his stay in France;
and in 1788, after his final return to this coun-
try, was brought down to 1757. By Franklin's
own carelessness and the indifference of his
literary executor, it was not until 1867 that the
world received, from Mr. John Bigelow, the
true copy of the autobiography. Both in its
earlier imperfect and its later completed form


220
Jan.,
THE DIAL
this great work has been read by all classes Piræus, or of his emotions at Athens, Mara-
and conditions of people, and has probably thon, and Mycenae. But it is not so often that
influenced more lives than any other book of a we have the opportunity to leave behind us
similar character. It stands preěminent among the world of Baldeker, the Compagnie des
all of its class. If he had published no other Messageries, the Athens and Piræus railway,
book, this would give Franklin a high position and the inevitable “Childe Harold", and
among writers. But not upon this alone does
"Turn
his fame rest. Fifty editions of his works are
And see the stars, and feel the free, shrill wind,
And hear, like ooean on a western bench,
significant testimony to the justice of any man's
The surge and thunder of the Odyssey."
claims to literary greatness. Not only the mat-
And to follow these untrodden ways with so
ter but the manner entitles Franklin to a place
competent and enthusiastic a guide as Mr.
on the roll of honor. Yet it is likely that he
Stillman is a treat indeed.
never aspired to such fame. Philosopher, Mr. Stillman's map of the wanderings of
Diplomat, Statesman, Philanthropist, these are Odysseus is bewilderingly unlike that of Mr.
the titles by which he would rather wish to be Gladstone, which adorns some of our popular
known. In all these departments he was truly
classical atlases, and his definite identifications
great. He was, too, what Cicero would call
of the city of the Phæacians, which Poseidon
truly democratic. His popularity among all hid neath a mighty rock from the sight of
classes of people is shown, if in no other way,
men, of the cave of the nymphs, and the
by the more than two hundred different pict-
harbor of the old man of the sea, Phorkys,
ures, medallions, and busts which remain, and
might be disputed by a confiding student of
by the further fact that no face of the past,
the half-dozen volumes of Buchholz's " Homer.
save Washington's, is so familiar to all Amer-
ische Realien." But we shall not dispute them.
icans as Franklin's.
Fairy land is the true country of the places
One cannot lay down Mr. McMaster's book
pictured in the “Odyssey", and we may say of
without a feeling of regret that Dr. Franklin
them all, as Lucian wittily said of the Ideas :
had not devoted more of his marvellous power
if they had to be anywhere in particular they
and energy to making permanent literature. would be now here at all. Corfu, the corner
Wiser second thought may perhaps dispel the
of the world that smiles more than any other
regret when one considers his invaluable serv-
for Mr. Stillman, Corfu with its hotel, the
ices to the country in other ways, and the
Bella Venezia, where a worn-out professor or
utter hopelessness of the task, should any man,
archæologist lassus maris et riarum can find
in the second century of our colonial existence,
a Macarian peace and keep his carriage on a
have attempted to lead a purely literary life. thousand dollars a year, will serve very well
Mr. McMaster has written in a delightful
as the home of the pleasure loving Phæacians.
style; the work abounds in all sorts of infor-
The storm-beaten west coast of Scheria,
mation about the pamphleteering of the revo-
beautifully portrayed in the illustration on
lutionary epoch; is furnished with a capital
page 8, will always represent for the readers
index; is printed in clear type, and is practi. of this volume the identical rocky shore on
cally free from typographical errors (though which Odysseus vainly essayed to land, after
see page 100, line 6, where brought is evidently
forty-eight hours of swimming. And the
a misprint for bought). Altogether it is a val-
cave of the nymphs, that looks out upon Mt.
uable addition to the series of which it forms
Neriton and the port of Phorkys in the illus.
so excellent a part.
tration on page 24, will remain, until some
W. H. Ray.
rival can produce stronger claims, the veritable
grotto where Athena hid for Odysseus the
treasures he had brought from Scheria.
ON THE TRACK OF ULYSSES..
We like Mr. Stillman's book none the less
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. bave produced a
for his cavalier determination of questions
delightful volume by republishing, in book
which have been debated in ponderous tomes,
form, with abundant well-chosen illustration,
or for his off-band solution of the insoluble
Mr. Stillman's record of his yachting voyage
problem of the date of the “Odyssey". These
among the Greek islands undertaken for the
are questions which it shows a want of seri.
proprietors of the “ ('entury." Travels in ousness to treat seriously. Mr. Stillman gives
Greece are no rarity in these days. Hardly a
us something more profitable than this learned
season passes in which some learned professor. | rubbish. He shows us, still unchanged, the
returned from his vacation jaunt, does not scenes that must have colored the poet's
favor the public with an account of his im. I imagination when he wrote, exhibits to us the
pressions of the voyage from Brindisi to the 'old Ionian Nailor life, subsisting unaltered amid
the changed conditions of modern life, and
ON THE TRACK OF I'LYASES, Together with an Excur thus gives us, combined with a pleasant nar.
ton in Quest of the called Venus of Melos By W.J.
Stulman. Boston Houghton, Mimin & Co.
| rative of personal adventure, the best kind of


1888.)
221
THE DIAL
commentary to awaken a living interest in But now comes Mr. Stillman and says that
the “Odyssey". A school boy, in whose bome the tradition of the islanders a few years later
this book lay on the library table side by side | is that the tears, if tears there were, were tears
with Butcher and Lang's translation of the of laughter. The critic who knows the mod-
"Odyssey", would find something more in his ern Greek character and is acquainted with
Homer than irregular verbs and incompre. the modern Greek pronunciation of Homer,
hensible particles.
will be forced, sorely against his will, to give
Mr. Stillman himself may be compared not his credence rather to the cypical version of
unaptly to the much-wandering Odysseus the story.
Tennysonian Odysseus, whose quest is knowl. The last and not least interesting chapter in
edge. “Lo now, how beloved he is and the book is a reproduction of an article on the
highly esteemed among all men, to the city 80-called Venus of Melos, that attracted some
and land of whomsoever be may come,” we attention at the time of its first publication in
exclaim, as we follow him from island to island the "Century Magazine." Are her worship-
and city to city, everywhere finding old guest. pers hereafter to think of her, like the unhappy
friends or making new. The storm in which Heine, as “Our Lady of Beauty who hath no
his little twelve-ton yacht ran from Cerigo to arms and cannot help us," or shall they salute
Melos realizes for us in his graphic description her as that Victory whose wings the Athenians
the mighty tempest that wrathful Poseidon thought to have clipped and bound her fast in
roused up against his prototype. And Nau. her gem-like temple, with Salamus on her left
sicaa, to whom Odysseus vowed he would pray and Marathon on ber right?
even as to a Goddess all his days, appears as
"Let him name it who can,
the “dark-eyed Samnéan girl whom I shall not
The beauty would be the same."
soon forget."
We simply have not the data to restore with
But we will not press the parallel, lest, certainty this exquisite fragment, or to deter.
going on to speak of the brazen tripods “and mine its exact place in the history of Greek
the many goodly treasures he taketh with him art. Yet, as often bappens, the construction
out of the spoil,” we should awaken the sus of inadequate theories has this value, that it
picions of his old enemies, the Greek custom detains the mind in closer contemplation of an
house officials. To these, to the untrustworthy object which it is good to study from every
Greek guides, and the, in his opinion, equally point of view. And the pretty fancy that
untrustworthy observations and hypotheses Mr. Stillman has spun, mingling a thin fibre
of Dr. Schliemann, Mr. Stillman devotes, in of fact with his staple of hypothesis, deserves
passing, many amusing side thrusts. Every attention, if only that it adds one more thread
one will agree with him in deploring the to the web of historic associations and ästhetic
effects of the severe restrictions on archæolog. fancies, that form so large a part of our enjoy.
ical research imposed by the Greek govern | ment of an artistic masterpiece.
ment, though few will find it in their hearts Mr. Stillman has twice visited (the second
to blame the Greeks for wishing to retain in time in the service of the “Century") the little
their own museums all that the Turks and the island of Melos, where the statue was found
English have spared of their rich inheritance. in 1820; he has gathered the uncertain tra-
The portrait of the voluble, confident Greek | ditions of the islanders, including the faint
guide, who never confesses to ignorance, and recollections of Mr. Brest, the son and suc-
who always has an off-hand solution for the cessor of the French consul who secured the
most desperate problems, will recall many an statue for the Louvre; he has seen with his
amusing experience to those who have at- own eyes the rude niche (now destroyed)
tempted to tramp through Greece without a where the statue was found, in a spot which
dragoman, and will serve as a warning to he indicates for his readers in a pretty view of
intending tourists. Dr. Schliemann's genuine the harbor and town; he has examined the
services to Greek archæology ought, perhaps, "literature” of the subject, including the
to secure a certain measure of immunity from learned and exhaustive dissertation of Goeler
criticism for his most venturesome hypotheses; 1 von Ravensburg, and he now declares it to
but it is bardly in human nature not to smile be his deliberate conviction—a conviction, as
at Mr. Stillman's malicious account of the he admits, based rather on incommunicable
affecting scene when Schliemann, on first land instinct than on severe archæological demon.
ing in Ithaca, read aloud to a throng of curious stration—that the Venus of Melos is the iden-
natives who had gathered about the stranger, tical statue of Wingless Victory that stood in
the touching description of the recognition the temple of Niké Apteros at Athens. Of
of Odysseus by Laertes. In Schliemann's the received tradition he makes short work.
" Ithaca " we are told that these descendants | The French officials present at the time of
of the many kings who used to lord it in the find knew nothing of Greek art, as is
rocky Ithaca were moved to tears by the re- proved by their confused and contradictory
peated accents of the bard of their ancestors. reports.


222
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
"We have the whole statue found, in one, bound
together by iron clamps; in another, only half had
yet been found; in one, the statue is found holding
the apple of discord in one hand; in another, re-
ceiving it from Paris; and in another still, we are
told that search has been ordered for the arms,
etc.” (p. 77.)
The fragments said to have been found with
the statue--an arm holding something like an
apple, and a portion of a plinth (now lost)
with the inscription: “[Alex andros the Son
of Menides from Antiocheia on the Maander
made (this work]” have, in Mr. Stillman's
view, nothing to do with it. Overbeck, in the
latest edition of his “History of Greek Plastik,"
relies mainly on the palæographic character of
the letters of this inscription in determining
the date of the statue, which he assigns to the
second century B. C., at the earliest. Mr.
Stillman's ignoring of the inscription would,
in a book of less popular character, be almost
disingenuous. It can be deciphered in the
reproduction of Tarral's tasteless restoration
given on page 90; but there is otherwise no
reference to it, unless we are to accept as
such the statement on page 79: “Over or
somewhere near the niche an inscription was
said to have been found which records the
dedication of an exedra by a gymnasiarch to
Hercules and Hermes.”
Ignoring Overbeck's suggestion that our
ideas of the possibilities of later Greek art
have been radically modified in the last few
years, Mr. Stillman authoritatively pronounces
the statue to be an ideal type of Attic work.
manship, and of the immediately post-Phidian
age-possibly from the school of Scopas. It
could not have been produced at Melos at the
date of the inscription and other fragments
associated with it. The rude niche in which
it was discovered could never have been de-
signed as the casket of such a gem, but merely
served for its temporary concealment. We
have examples of such concealment of works
of art in the Hercules discovered walled up in
a drain at Rome, and in the burial by the
French, at the time of the Prussian invasion,
of this very statue- parallel not cited by
Mr. Stillman, but which in reality probably
gave him the initial suggestion of his entire
theory.
The “Venus," then, is a highly valued statue
of Athens sent to Melos, for preservation, at
some crisis of Athenian history and then for.
gotten. It would be a pedantic spoiling of
the sport to pause here to ask Mr. Stillman
whether the French shipped their statue to
French Guiana to secure it from the Prussians;
whether Athens retained any effective domini
ion over Melos in the time of Sulla or Mithra
dates, or whether the Dorian descendants of
the men massacred in 416 would have been
chosen by the Athenians for the depositaries of
so precious a trust. Let us rather pursue the
argument. A comparison of the statue with
the Venus dei Medici, the Venus of the Capi-
tol, and other familiar Venus types, shows
that it cannot be a Venus. The calm ideal
heroic head, on the other hand, presents a
striking resemblance to the heads of well-
known Victories, and the treatment of the
drapery suggests at once to our author, and to
unprejudiced French artists whom he has con-
sulted, the draperies of the exquisite little
Victories that adorned the balustrade of the
temple of Niké Apteros. The attempted re-
storations with the apple, or as Venus mirroring
herself in the shield of Mars, are obvious fail.
ures, as is shown by numerous illustrations and
sketches from living models. The restoration
as a Victory looking up and off from the shield,
on which she has just inscribed the name of
the heroic dead, is artistically and dramatically
the most satisfactory.
The statue is, then,-it must be no other
than the very statue of Niké Apteros that stood
in the temple on the acropolis of Athens. The
rude old wooden image which here, as so often,
the religious conservatism of the Greeks pre-
served, in startling contrast with the beauty of
its surroundings, must have been destroyed in
the Persian war (though it is referred to re-
peatedly by later writers); a new and exqui.
site work by Scopas or some member of bis
school (a work unfortunately never mentioned
in antiquity), must have been substituted for
it in the course of the fourth century B. C.,
and this statue, hidden at Melos in some crisis
of Athenian history, dug up by a Greek peas.
ant two thousand years later, rescued from
the unspeakable Turk by the prompt action of
an energetic French naval officer, buried again
by a wonderful self-repetition of history in the
Franco-Prussian war, is the Lady of Victory,
not of Love, whom we admire in her shrine at
the Louvre to-day. Truly, the mythopæio
faculty is not yet extinct, and Mr. Stillman,
wandering over the Greek seas on the track
of Odysseus, has caught something of the
fresh inventive imagination of his hero.
The "good classic," whose head, as Herbert
Spencer compassionately says, is as full of
myths as an old wive's head is of fairy tales,
will hereafter associate Mr. Stillman's pretty
story with the many fancies that gather about
the image of her
* Whom all the pine of Ida shook to see
11de from that quiet beaven of her and tempt
The Trojan when his neat bends were abroad."
and mingling the scepticismn naturally engen-
dered by the perusal of archaeological treatises
with something of the old pagan fear of offend.
ing his divinity by a mistaken appellation, he
will murmur devoutly, with eyes fired on the
livingston
* 1. quorum ne till placet
Sancta nomine.**
PAI'L SHOREY.


1888.)
223
THE DIAL
A GIRDLE ROUND THE EARTI.* scattering thick hatched dwellings, yards fenced
with bamboo and neatly laid-up rice-straw stacks;
Before one has finished the first chapter of
past the plainly sculptured mile-stones and the
this handsome volume, he discovers that it is
wayside spring of purest water, furnished with
quite out of the usual run of travellers' books. small shell dippers that all who come may drink;
He has sat down, wearing that air of resig. | past the frequent wayside chapels with their rudely.
nation to impending instruction which is so sculptured Buddhas... On and on .. until
natural when one takes up a book of travel;
suddenly the 'rikishas wheel into a neat and well
all at once he finds that he is being amused,
swept court, where we are warmly welcomed by
clean and trimly clad wives and daughters, who
and he continues to be amused until he dis-
beg us to remove our honorable shoes, and sit upon
covers that, insensibly, he has also been vastly
their soft clean matting, rest and sip the fresh-
instructed. Mr. Richardson's training as a brewed tea from tiny cups and taste of dainty
journalist has given him the eighth sense of an sugared rice-cake and many sweet and toothsome
author, the sense of omission. He is willing confections which they hasten to bring forth. As
to assume that his audience know some things we sit there, the whole household gathers about,
about foreign lands, already. One is almost
curiously watching .. chatting and laughing,
as thankful to him for what he does not tell
brewing and pouring ten, bowing many bows;
reminding one for all the world of simple, careless,
us as for what he does. The letters are exactly
merry children who know no harm and feel no fear."
what he calls them, “Home letters." They
This is a Japanese inn. Here is another
are such letters as a cultivated man of the
picture : an inn in China.
world, with a keen eye, a swift fancy, a sense
"Over the miserable roads, rutted and sometimes
of humor, and a genial but not at all credulous
sandy, we bumped and rode and walked by turns.
interest in human life, would naturally write
Never a stone or stump, never out of sight of
to his family or friends. They abound in
graves and graves and graves, past fenceless, stone-
charming little genre pictures, in details; they less, almost treeless farms, through villages of mud
tell of the dress, the houses, the food of peo- and walls of tile .. . to the long famed cen-
ple; they have touching little scenes such as tral city of the flowery Middle Kingdom. Twice
every traveller encounters, they paint the
at midday and once at night we halted for refresh-
guides and the hotels and the roads; in short,
ment and sleep. These Chinese taverns are of the
lowest grade of entertainment - dusty and cold,
they gossip delightfully. Mr. Richardson
reeking with dirt and filth. Coming to one along
seems to have gone everywhere with the
the streets, our tandemn donkey-carts pass within
desire (one trait of a man of the world) to see the low browed gate into a spacious, dirty court
things as they are, with no refraction of his . . surrounded by low, one storied lodging rooms.
own spectacles. As much as possible, he gets Within the court the animals take their chow from
close to the life of the people. He is always raised troughs ; within the dirty, brick-floored
talking with natives. He will go to the native
rooms, coolie and traveller betake themselves to eat
inns, he will make excursions into the country.
what they may bring along or buy... At night
we spread our blankets on a cold brick bed to try
He visits the temples. The result is an emi-
to sleep. These brick beds, or kange, are elevated
nently realistic book which is at once wise,
about two feet, have flues within where in winter
entertaining, and kindly. The style is easy, time fires are kindled to warm the brick, on which
picturesque, and vigorous, with a pleasant travellers or families regardless of age or sex, pack
thread of humor merging every now and then themselves like sardines in a box, with such bedding
into feeling. There is genuine love of beauty
as they may bring along. The landlord provides
and that touch of romantic imagination which
| no bedding but the brick, no furniture but very
dirty tables and now and then a chair or stool for
is as real though not as insistent a part of our
gingos, like ourselves. The doors shut very loosely,
American temperament as its humor.
swinging on wooden pivots, the windows were of
Mr. Richardson finds Japan far more at paper ; the lights for the night a wick immersed in
tractive than China. He never tires of prais. fatty oil within a filthy iron cup."
ing the neatness, the sweet politeness, and the Equal in misery to this inn (which seems to
enterprise of Japan. Here is a specimen of be an average specimen) is the Chinese house-
his tone:
boat,—"a floating restless coffin," he calls it.
**Out into the Japan farming region we went-
He describes vividly their experience in one
up the wide meandering valley, with its branches, frozen in the ice of the Pei Ho. The decrep-
right and left, extending into the bordering hill-
itude, the squalor, the amazing discomfort
sides clothed with bushes ever green, along narrow
about all the cities, and the modes of travel-
strips of unfenced, clean ditched district road,
ling in China, are as realistic on one hand as
stretching out among the well kept garden grounds.
the trim
. . We passed fields of rice and beans, peas, bird
paddy fields, the smiling, gentle
seed : now and then some sweet potatoes, water
nisanes, with their ideal cups of tea, the neat
potatoes, and sugar cane with not a weed or strag.
matted rooms and the gorgeous temples of
gling bush in sight. Still the road went on ; by Japan, on the other. One obtains from this
book a deeper impression of the charming
• A GIRDLE ROCND THE EARTH. Horne Letters from
qualities of the Japanese. Indeed, the reader
Foreign Lands. By D. X. Richardson. Chicago A C.
McClurg & Co.
parts from these two countries with regret


224
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
that so clever and kindly an observer should
not have remained, and therefore allowed the
reader to remain, longer.
Mr. Richardson's observations of the mis-
sionaries, too, are very striking, whether one
agrees with him or not. It is a book in which
each reader must pick his favorite subiect.
The tropical scenery of Java has a kind of
serpentish fascination as he describes it, allur-
ing and repelling at once. He observes that
the coffee plant has exhausted the soil in Java,
as the tobacco plant exhausted the Virginian
soil.
Mr. Richardson wisely cuts his experience
in the beaten ground of continental travel
very short, but there is a striking chapter on
Russia. As one of a long-suffering class, I
could wish that this little description of a
Russian sleeping-car might be printed sepa-
rately as a sort of tract for distribution
among railway officers :
“I may have said it before, but will say it again
by way of accent underscored, that these Russian
sleepers are better than our Pullmans, in almost
every way. They are much lighter. They are
more comfortable as riding coaches, having easier
seats and backs. They are in compartments, for
two or four, arranged with doors between the single
rooms as hotel bedrooms are. The beds are softer,
and are not made up on the seat sat on all day; but
the seat revolves on central pivots, and when the
bed is made, the side you sat on goes down under-
neath; the underside, a nice spring-bottom, is
spread with snowy linen, pillows large and soft,
and thick warm blankets.. . The car is com-
fortable, decent, healthy. All drafts are cut off;
the passage-way is along the side, not in the middle
of the car."
I should like also to quote from the author's
just and shrewd indictments of our consular
system. His description of our consuls' offices,
“low and dark and dirty rooms—the sort of
squalid nest of the American eagle," and of
the wife of our minister to China covering
chairs and patching curtains in her husband's
office, makes an American blush. Neither is
it pleasant to be universally known among
Orientals as “the richest and meanest nation
on earth.”
Taken as a whole, the book is one of the
gentlest, shrewdest, most amusing and most
instructive travelling records that has appeared
for many a day; and for one I can only say to
the writer, “ Thank you, and please go again."
OCTAVE THANET.
book a complete history of English poetry during
the half-century of Her Majesty's reign. In its
completed form the work may safely be said to
have no rival. The period of which it treats is a
well-defined one, and Mr. Stedman's treatment of
the period is distinguished above almost all other
contemporary criticism of English poetry. The
original part of the work needs no comment here,
and we will direct our attention to the added chap-
ter. It may broadly be said of this chapter that it
contains no judgment to which serious exception
can be taken. Its criticism is sane, temperate, and
impartial, entirely in keeping with that of the work
as a whole. The only strictures that may fairly be
made upon it touch a few minor points. We do
not quite agree with the author in speaking of
Swinburne's “Erechtheus” as a “relatively frigid"
production compared with the “Atalanta in Caly-
don." The later work seems to us an even closer
reproduction of the Greek spirit than the earlier.
What is called its frigidity is really the Æschylean
austerity which the poet sought to reproduce, and
did reproduce more successfully than any other
modern has succeeded in doing. We do not think
that Mr. Stedman is quite just to Villon when he
says that Swinburne's translations from that poet
"charm the ear with a witching sense possibly
unfelt by the vagabond balladist's contemporaries."
Is Mr. Stedman familiar with the originals of those
ballads? We are also inclined to think that Mr.
Stedman has slightly over-estimated the work of
the late James Thomson, and are quite sure that he
accords to Robert Buchanan more praise than he
deserves. But all these things are trifles, and Mr.
Stedman's estimates are, in the main, amply justi-
fied. He writes with a good deal of just feeling
upon the subject of the Browning and other clubs.
Every lover of poetry will echo such sentiments as
the following: “ The study' of Browning takes
strong hold upon theorists, analysts, didacticians,
who care little for poetry in itself, and who, like
Chinese artists, pay more respect to the facial
dimensions of his Muse than to her essential beauty
and the divine light of her eyes. The master him-
self may well view with distrust certain phases of a
movement originating with his more favored dis-
ciples; nor is poetry that requires annotation in its
own time surer, on that account, of supremacy in
the future." We especially recommend all that
Mr. Stedman says about Browning as one of the
best illustrations of the judicial quality of his criti-
cism. The Shelley Society, which also comes in
for some similar observation, is hardly to be con-
sidered in the same light, as its main object is the
entirely praiseworthy one of securing correct texts
of the poet and of publishing fac-similes of first
editions of his works. What is said of the work of
Tennyson's later years is eminently just. In his
later lyrical verse“ we see undimmed the fire and
beauty of his natural gift, and wisdom increased
with age.” “The passion and lyrical might of
“Rizpah' never have been exceeded by the author,
nor, I think, by any other poet of his day.” Of
the new "Locksley Hall ” we read: "I do not see
that it is out of temper with that fervid chant
which, forty-five years before, seized upon all young
hearts and caught the ear of the world.” Of Ten-
nyson's final acceptance of the peerage, after having
twice refused the honor in earlier life, Mr. Sted-
man says: “It is difficult to find any violation of
principle or taste in the receipt by England's
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
MR. STEDMAN'S “ Victorian Poets" has been pub-
lished recently in a new and what may be called a
“jubilee" edition. To the matter contained in the
earlier editions there has been added a supplement-
ary chapter in which the poetical production of the
past twelve years is summarized, thus making the


1888.]
225
THE DIAL
favorite and official poet of such an honor, bestowed ing accessible to them, in a form so attractive and
at the climax of his years and fame." And he compendious, Professor Meiklejohn's “The Eng-
adds: “He has been, as I long since wrote, a liberal lish Language: its Grammar, History, and Litera-
conservative: liberal in humanity and progressive ture.” Here, in a single volume, are four treatises,
thought, strictly conservative in allegiance to the each presenting in clear outline and with the
national system. As for that, touch but the terri lucidity in detail of the veteran teacher, just the
tory, imperil the institutions, of Great Britain, and things best worth knowing, -the things which it is
Swinburne himself-the pupil of Landor, Mazzini, no credit to know and a disgrace not to know. The
and Hugo-betrays the blood in his veins."
history of the English language and that of the
literature are especially to be commended. The
AMERICANS are looking back just now with a weakest portion of the book is that upon prosody,
new interest upon those men who laid deep and but perhaps that is no great matter for the use to
broad the foundations of the republic, and those which the book is best adapted,-viz., to furnish
whose wisdom and relf-restraint helped to secure students preparing for college, or even students in
alliance and respect abroad, as well as obedience the first year of their college course, with sound
and peace at home. Among those who have a preparation in, or succinct review of, the subjects
rightful claim upon our admiration and respect is required for a liberal course in the English language
John Jay. As Secretary of State under the Conti and literature. Though not absolutely impeccable,
nental Congrese, as a member of the Constitutional the book is a great improvement upon most of the
Convention of 1787, as Supreme Judge, and later, manuals now in use; and its introduction into our
Governor of New York, as envoy to Spain, as col schools would be certain to call attention to the
league with Franklin in negotiating the Treaty of necessity of sounder knowledge than generally pre-
Paris, as friend and confidential adviser of Wash vails of the history of our wonderful tongue. The
ington, and as the first Chief Justice of the federal section upon the history of our literature seems
Supreme Court, Jay rendered valuable service to better adapted to the purposes of secondary instruc-
the country by his sagacity, prudence, unyielding tion than Stopford Brooke's much-praised primer,
integrity, and skill in management. The period of inasmuch as the present author does not, like
Mr. Jay's public career, lasting from the passage Brooke, confuse his outline by tedious and color-
of the Boston Port Bill in 1774 till his retirement less enumeration of books and writers which, to the
after Mr. Jefferson's inauguration in 1801, is pleas learner, remain nothing but names. It may not
antly narrated by Mr. William Whitelock in 1. The seem invidious to note that contemporary or com-
Life and Times of John Jay" (Dodd, Mead & Co.) paratively recent authors, such as Scott, George
Mr. Whitelock wields the pen of an ardent eulogist, Eliot, Ruskin, William Morris, Browning, are too
and to many his praise may sound like exaggera- | frequently praised by being set upon a dizzy pinnacle
tion; but Mr. Jay's services were undeniably most of equality with Homer, Chaucer, Shakespeare. No
valuable to the federal cause, and go to the country doubt, however, this is a fault that leans to virtue's
at large, which needed to learn the lesson of cen side. It will be a great day for vernacular educa-
tralized government. Mr. Whitelock's book is not tion when every high-school “graduate" and every
properly a life of Jay, but rather a record of the applicant for admission to college shall be required
public events with so many of which Mr. Jay was to be master of the contents of such a book as this.
connected and a “part of which he was.” As such
it is a valuable contribution to the historical litera GRONLUND'S " Ça Ira” (Lee & Shepard) is the
ture of the past year. Mr. Whitelock's style is product of a visionary brain, well read in the history
obscure by reason of his wretched use of pronouns: of men, but having slight acquaintance with the
sometimes in a single sentence the same word-form social creature called man. The author discovers,
refers to two or even three antecedents. This as if these were not well accepted facts to-day, that
awkwardness of construction is less frequent in the the French Revolution was an economical rather than
latter part of the book, which in several ways bears a political convulsion, that it enfranchised the mid-
evidence of more careful writing than the earlier dle classes, and that it was the entrance to the great
chapters. The chapters headed * Governor of New age of capital and organized industry. This book
York” and “At Bedford" are especially fine. On is incidentally an attempted rehabilitation of the
page 134 “task" is employed where “tax" would famous Danton as a man of pure life and humane
be more in accordance with modern usage; on page sentiments, and also as the one great agent of the
226 “required” is evidently a misprint for ac Revolution so far as it accomplished anything good.
quired"; while a reference to 2 Kings, 22:2 wil! In the acts of the National Convention, as influ-
satisfy Mr. Whitelock of the incorrectness of his enced by Danton he finds the germs that fruited
final quotation. The book is furnished with two out in the beginning of the next century in civil
valuable appendices, the second of which, on “The order and progress--industrial and financial reform,
Constitutional Right to Sue a State of the Union", an educational system, a civil code, a national sys-
makes very interesting reading in view of the tem of weights and measures. Opinions will differ
recent decision of the Supreme Court in the Vir as to the character and influence of Danton; but
ginia Bond cases. No one who wishes to make his none but a dreamer can read the author's closing
work of the greatest service to his readers can pages, wherein he sets forth not what should be,
afford to follow Mr. Whitelock's example and pub but what will be, without a smile. The wage-system
lish a book on a similar subject without a good is to disappear. Competition is evil, and will also
index.
become a thing of the past. Capitalists will give
place to the Nation. "Ownership of the means of
COLLEGE professors, masters of schools, and
production by individuals will be replaced by owner-
private students desirous of making up early defi ship and supreme control of the means of production
ciencies in English education, have reason to be by the collectivitu. Note. however that con.
thankful to Messrs. D, C. Heath & Co. for mak |
trol of all means of production by the collectivity


226
[Jan.,
THE DIAL
does not imply that the government is to do all the while reading the mass of books on this subject is:
nation's business. There will be a centralization of How could practical teachers—for such the authors
power, but not of functions, except, say, these appear by their titles to be-ever have produced
three: that of being general statistician, general works so useless as text-books. So many and so
manager, and general arbitrator. These the collec useless practically have these treatises been, that
tivity will take upon itself, leaving all the rest to the world outside the schools have come to feel that
perfectly free associations of workers." There will rhetoric cannot be taught, and the inclination has
be a "government over things, instead of over been to let the boy get his art of expression, as his
men.” “It will be administered by the competent, grammar, by accident. Yet there have been, and
skilful, and wise." These will “inevitably gravitate are, some potable exceptions. Professor Hope, of
toward the leadership of affairs when they are Princeton College, thirty years ago published pri-
selected from beloro by free citizens, independent of all, vately a little volume that richly merited a public
individuals." Mr. Gronlund belongs, not in real imprint, which his death prevented. Professor Day,
life, but in an Arcadia, where beings devoid of Yale, gave collegiate teachers a difficult but val-
of an eye to Number One exist, and where egoism uable class-room book in his "Art of Discourse,"
is not merely subordinated, but swallowed up in which, despite much verbiage, has been until re-
altruism.
cently without an equal. Professor Clark, of Syra-
cuse University, last year produced an admirable
Two volumes have been recently added to the book for academic and high-school classes. This
authorized American edition of the writings of Mr. year Professor Genung, of Amherst College, in his
Robert Louis Stevenson (Scribner's). One of them, “Practical Rhetoric" (Ginn & Co.), furnishes a val.
“ Virginibus Puerisque,” is an old volume, for uable text-book, which the highest class in high
several years out of print in England, and one of schools should be able to handle. Its excellence
his most attractive works. The other, styled consists in the large space given to the treatment of
“Memories and Portraits," consists of papers now invention as a basis for style, and in the admirable
permanently published for the first time, and con subdivision, arrangement, and discussion under this
taining some of his latest periodical contributions. all-important but much neglected head. The treat-
It would be difficult to find more wholesome reading ment, under the heading "Mental Habits That Pro-
for youths and maidens than the volume dedicated mote Invention" of habits of observation, of thought,
to them, so free from capt, so suggestive and stim and of reading, will be very helpful to every student.
ulating. The joy of living, a joy unknown to the The chapter on argumentation is especially good,
“army of apæmic and tailorish persons who occupy with its clear setting-forth of proofs, and its whole-
the face of this planet with so much propriety," some caution as to the value of analogy. We are
but within reach of everyone not hopelessly out sorry to see so valuable a book helping, even indi.
of tune with the world, is Mr. Stevenson's theme, rectly, to perpetuate the antiquated explanation of
enforced by many unconventional arguments and King as can-ing, Ableman (p. 33), which Stubbs
wise sayings. He does not deal in book-precepts, calls an absurd derivation. The author very justly
but pleads for the fullest play of the healthy in calls attention, on page 119, to the frequent mis-
stincts of youth, and, for that matter, of other placing of the word "only," but occasionally illus-
seasons no less. “Our affections and beliefs are trates the error in his own text. But these are
wiser than we; the best that is in us is better than minor blemishes, and the book is well worthy of
we can understand, for it is grounded beyond careful examination by teachers seeking a good class
experience, and guides us, blindfold, but safe, from book. Such will do well to read the first pages on
one age on to another.” In the “Memories and Por “Style in General” for their own benefit, and to
traits" we find some autobiographical chapters of begin recitations at page 28.
much interest. What could be franker than this
description of the author's former self, in the chap-
ABOUT a year ago, Mr. D. H. Montgomery pub-
ter called “Some College Memories." He is speak-
lished an extremely interesting sketch of the polit- ...
ing of the differences between the university of the | ical and social development of the Anglo-Norman
present and of his own day. “The chief and far nation, entitled “The Leading Facts of English
the most lamentable change is the absence of a History” (Gion & Co.). The plan was original,
certain lean, ugly, idle, unpopular student, whose
the style simple, and the book was remarkable for
presence was for me the gist and heart of the whole the number of facts not usually to be met with in
matter; whose changing humours, fine occasional manuals and school histories. The work now comes
purposes of good, flinching acceptance of evil, to us under the same title, but enlarged to at least
shiverings on wet, east-windy morning journeys double its original length. Its character is still
up to class, infinite yawnings during lecture and
more pronounced as a book containing just those
unquenchable gusto in the delights of truantry, facts one needs most to know. Anyone comparing
made up the sunshine and shadow of my college it with other compendious historical sketches will
life." There are many other papers, personal and be struck by the rarity of the good sense shown by
impersonal, in the volume, and all of them have that this author in the selection of his material. Even
charm of style which makes Mr. Stevenson one of in treating of the bloody wars "of the kites and
the best of literary models. In one of the papers crows," of the Plantagenets, of the Roses, much
he gives us some hints of the way in which he more space is devoted to laws, manners, reforms,
acquired his style, but omits mention of that architecture, letters, -to whatever works for civili-
element of genius without which the result would zation and righteousness,-than to the doings of
be left still unaccounted for.
royalty. As might be expected, this feature of the
book becomes still more pronounced in treating of
OF the making of text-books on rhetoric there is the humaner modern era. Few will lay down this
no end. Their name is legion and yet their merit book without having something added to their
is small. The question that rises again and again | stock of knowledge.


1888.]
227
THE DIAL
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
JANUARY, 1888.
Abbe, Cleveland. Popular Science.
American Authors and British Pirates. New Princeton.
American Life, John Hall. New Princeton.
Balzac. E. S. Holden. Scribner.
Blind, Dreams of. Joseph Jastrow. New Princeton,
Browning Craze, The. Edgar Fawcett. Lippincott.
Canada, Prosper Bender. Mag. Am. Hist.
Carpenter, Samuel. Wharton Dickinson. Mag. Am. Hist.
Children's Books, History of. C. M. Hewing. Atlantic.
Christ Church, N. Y. City. W. J. Davies. Mag. Am. Hist.
Church, The True. E. P. Gould. Andover.
Churches, City. Andover.
Constantinople. Theodore Child. Allantic.
Coral Reef. Life on a. F.H. Herrick. Popular Science.
Darwin, Life und Letters of. D. S. Jordan. Dial.
Dreams. R. L. Stevenson. Scribner.
Earth, A Girdle Ronnd the. Octave Thanet. Dial.
E incation, A Liberal. E. J. Lowell. Atlantic.
Evolution und Religious Thought. J. LeConte. Pop. Sci.
Franklin, Benjamin. W. H. Ray. Dinl,
Franklin Letters,Unpublished. S.G.W.Benjamin. Atlantic.
French Intelligence. W.0. Brownell. Scribner.
French Sculpture, Modern. Theodore Child. Harper.
Granger Movement. The C. W. Pierson. Pop. Science.
Hidalgo. Frances C. Baylor. New Princeton.
Horseshoe, Battle of the. M. J. Wright. Mag. Am. Hist.
Islamism. Andover.
Italian Chamber of Deputies. J. S. Farrer. Harper.
Japan. Tariff in. E. H. Honse. New Princeton.
Japanese Art. W. E. Griffis. Scribner.
Joking, Psychology of. J. H. Jackson. Pop. Science.
Lake Region Climate. Bila Hubbaril. Pop. Science.
Magi, Adoration of the. H, Van Dyke. Harppr.
Maine, Henry, and Popular Government. Andover.
Man at Arms. The E, H. and E. W. Blashfield. Scribner.
Men of Letters at Bordeaux in 16th century. N. Princeton.
Monkeys of Dutch Guiana. A. Kappler. Popular Science.
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Muslims, Missions to. T. P. Hughes. Andover.
Opera-Singers. Preferences of C. E. L. Wingate. Lippincott.
"Our Hundred Days," After. O. W. Holmes. Atlantic.
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Wordsworth. T. C. Williams. Andover.
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Co. $1.25.


228
(Jan.,
THE DIAL
Fifty Years of English Song. Selections from the Lectures on Bacteria. By A. De Bary. Second, Improred
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1888.)
229
THE DIAL
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1888.]
235
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in spelling, chiefly to bring ourselves into conformity
with the accepted usage, as well as to gratify the desire
of most of our staff, including such gentlemen as Mr.
Bayard Taylor, Mr. George W. Smalley, and Mr. John R.
C. Hassard."
From the NEW YORK HERALD. -" The best English
writers and the most particular American writers use
Worcester as their authority.”
THE FIELD OF ORATORY.
Worcester's Dictionary presents the accepted usage of From EDWARD EVERETT HALE.-"I lose no opportu.
our best public speakers, and has been regarded as the nity of saying that I find Worcester's large Dictionary
standard by our leading orators,-Everett, Sumner, Phil.
the most convenient for use, and by far the best author.
lips, Garfield, Hillard, and others. Most clergymen and
ity known to me as to the present use of the English
lawyers use Worcester as authority on pronunciation.
language."
From HON. CHARLES SUMNER.-" The best authority."
From HON. ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS.—“ Worcester's
From HON. EDWARD EVERETT. - “His orthography
Dictionary is the standard with me.”
and pronunciation represent, as far as I am aware, the
most approved usage of our language."
From HON. JAMES G. BLAINE.-“From the issue of the
From HON. JAMES A. GARFIELD.-" The most reliable first quarto edition of Worcester, I have never been with.
standard authority of the English language as it is now out a copy on my library table for ready and always sat:
written and spoken.”
isfactory reference.”
THE FIELD OF HIGHER EDUCATION.
That Worcester is preferred among scholars is evident | Worcester and Unabridged Webster within easy reach.
from the following testimonials from theleading colleges : but I have consulted the Worcester far more frequently
From PRESIDENT CHAS. W. ELIOT, of Harvard College, than the Webster, a fact from which you may easily infer
October 3, 1887.-“ I have always referred to this work as my preference."
the standard."
From PRESIDENT BARTLETT, of Dartmouth College, Feb.
From PRESIDENT McCOSH, of Princeton College, January ruary 23, 1887.-“I have always regarded Worcester's
21, 1887.-"I am amazed at the amount of knowledge in Dictionary as the true representative of English orthog.
this large volume, which every scholar should possess. raphy and pronunciation, and I wish a wide circulation
Worcester's Dictionary, so well known, needs no com. to this new and improved edition.”
mendation from ine."
From PRESIDENT CARTER, of Williams College, February
From PRESIDENT FAIRCHILD, of Oberlin College, Febru.
7, 1887.-"I have long had a high respect for the Diction.
ary 24, 1887.--"I have never felt sure that I had the best
ary of the late Dr. Worcester, regarding it as unsurpassed
light on any doubtful point until I had consulted this
authority in matters of pronunciation and orthography.
authority. Our instructors in English, in the college,
No single volume can be of greater value to the English
have in general impressed the same idea upon their
scholar, at least none that I have yet seen.
pupils."
From PROF. HARRISON, Chairman of Faculty, University
From PRESIDENT ANGELL, of University of Michigan,
of Virginia, March 11, 1887.-"I have examined it with
March 4, 1887.-"Its high place las long been recognized
care. It gives me much pleasure to commend it to the
wherever the English tongue is spoken."
public as a volume that should be in every private and
From PRESIDENT ADAMS, of Cornell University, January public library, and in every school in the country, as in.
27, 1887.-"For many years I have had the Unabridged dispensable to readers and students.”
WORCESTER IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
From HON. MORRISON R. WAITE, Chief Justice of the other documents. On the contrary, wherever proofs
United States.
from the Congressional Printing Office embody the in.
" WASHINGTON, D. C., February 16, 1887. novations upon English orthography which Webster in.
« MESSRS. J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY:
troduced, they are invariably returned with corrections
" GENTLEMEN --It is difficult to see how you could make restoring the established spelling, as represented by
this great work, which has so long been of the very Worcester and the usage of all great English writers.
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Very respectfully,
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“A, R. SPOFFORD, Librarian of Congress."
"Yours very truly, M. R. WAITE."
From the GOVERNMENT PRINTING-OFFICE.
From the LIBRARI IN OF CONGRESS, Washington.
" GENTLEMEN.-The report having been made that
"WASHINGTON, D. C., March 14, 1887.
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by national officers, to the exclusion of Worcester's. I arrangement and scope of this great philological work,
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236
[Feb., 1888.
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
--- -
VOL. VIII. FEBRUARY, 1888. No. 94.
makes researches in history in these days
must have access to original sources. The
ipse dixit period has passed, when a writer
CONTENTS.
can be regarded as a standard authority,
who puts forth his own theories as facts, and
makes no attempt to justify them by proof.
WINSOR'S NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HIS.
The plan of the work, which divides the
TORY OF AMERICA. W. F. Poole ...... 237
enormous labor on a single volume among
ORIGINS OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE AND OF eight or ten contributors who have previously
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. H. C. G. von studied the subjects, makes this scheme of
Jagemann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 minute research feasible. The editor, how-
SOCIAL REMEDIES. Albert Shaw ....... ever, in this instance, is the master-workman;
and besides planning the general scheme, and
NULLIFICATION. J. J. Halsey .......
overseeing the work of others, is writing whole
RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne . ..247
chapters, and enriching the work of all with
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... his wide reading and accurate bibliographical
Foulke's Slav and Saxon.-A Girl's Life Eighty
knowledge. Three of his contributors in this
Years Ago.-Froebel's Education of Man.-Mary
volume are, like himself, librarians.
Black Claxton's Reminiscences of Jeremiah Sul.
The opening chapter is on “The Revolu-
livan Black.-Frith's My Autobiography and
tion Impending,” by Dr. Mellen Chamberlain,
Reminiscences.-Williams's Negro Troops in the
Librarian of the Boston Public Library. It is
Rebellion.--Sondder's Men and Letters.- Saun.
a most suggestive and admirable treatment of
the subject, and worthy of careful study by
ders's The Story of Some Famous Books.-Miss
historical students. The writer gives to the
Andrews's Only a Year and What It Brought.-
American Revolution a much broader inter-
Heilprin's Distribution of Animals.
pretation than it has hitherto received. It was
TOPICS IN FEBRUARY PERIODICALS. .... 254 no unrelated event; but was a part of the his-
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 254
tory and development of the British race on
both continents. It not only liberated the
English colonies in America, but wrought
with other forces in effecting a change in the
WINSOR'S NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL
constitution of the mother country which
HISTORY OF AMERICA.*
transferred the prerogatives of the crown to
Mr. Winsor's great work on American parliament, and led to the more beneficent in-
history has reached its sixth volume, and the terpretation of its provisions in the light of
subject it treats is the American Revolution. natural rights. It was not simply a quarrel
Readers who are familiar with the preceding between the British people and the American
volumes are the only persons who can, with people, but like other events which mark the
out turning over the seven hundred and progress of the British race, it was a strife
seventy-seven closely printed pages of this between the conservatives of both countries
new volume, appreciate the amount of study as one party, and the liberals of both countries
and bibliographical research which has been as the other party. Some of its fiercest battles
expended in writing and illustrating it. The were fought in the British Parliament. The
researches of the editor, and of some of his struggle went on in both countries at the same
contributors, are simply amazing, and almost | time, and with nearly equal step. Its purpose
raise the query whether they are not endowed in Great Britain was to regain liberty, and in
with a faculty which seems like omniscience. America to preserve liberty. The navigation
No book, tract, pamphlet, broadside, playbill, laws, the tax on tea, writs of assistance, and
or caricature, which appeared and expressed the stamp act, were not the cause, but the im-
public opinion during that period has escaped mediate occasion of the American Revolution.
their notice. The secrets which have been The prerogatives of the crown, abolished in
hid in the collections of historical societies, the revolution of 1640, revived in the reigns of
printing clubs, and manuscript archives, have the later Stuarts, and strenuously adhered to
been brought to light, and the references to and applied by George III., were, with their
these treasures are so abundant that historical abuses, the prolific source of irritations which
students can use them. Whoever writes or brought on the final rupture. Dr. Chamber-
lain's whole chapter deserves careful study.
* NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA.
The second chapter is by Mr. Winsor. It
Edited by Justin Winsor, Librarian of Harvard Univer.
sity. Vol. VI. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
| has the title, “The Conflict Precipitated,” and


238
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
with its text, illustrations, and notes covers gether with a critical study of the “ Treason
one hundred and twenty closely printed pages. of Arnold," by Mr. Winsor. “The War in
The contemporary maps, portraits, and auto- | the Southern Department” is by Edward
graph manuscripts with which the chapter is | Channing, Instructor of History in Harvard
illustrated, have been selected with rare judg College, and describes the campaigns of
ment from the vast treasure-house of recondite Clinton and Cornwallis in the Carolinas, and
materials at the author's disposal, and they are the capture of the latter at Yorktown. The
exceedingly interesting and instructive. The chapter on “ The Naval History of the Amer-
details of battles and campaigns can be read ican Revolution” is written by Rev. Edward
in other works; but here will be found a full Everett Hale of Boston, with notes and illus-
bibliography of all works treating the Ameri trations by Mr. Winsor. The chapter on
can Revolution, and references to parts of “ The Indians and Border Warfare of the
them where special events are treated.
Revolution” is written by Andrew McFar-
The next chapter, on “The Sentiment of In land Davis. The Indians who are treated in
dependence; its Growth and Consummation," the chapter were the Six Nations and their
is written by Dr. George E. Ellis, the president dependencies in New York and Pennsylvania,
of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Few and the border warfare was that which took
writers on American history have made a place east of the Alleghanies. The chapter is
more profound study of its great problems followed by an interesting critical essay of
than Dr. Ellis, or have discussed them in a forty pages on the sources of information re-
broader and more philosophical spirit. When lating to the subject.
the first congress of delegates from the thir The concluding chapter is on “ The West.
teen colonies met at Philadelphia, on Sep from the Treaty of Peace with France, 1763,
tember 5, 1774, there were not probably more to the Treaty of Peace with Great Britain,
than two or three delegates among the number 1783,” by the writer of this notice. Having
who had entertained the idea of Independence. been requested to write this review, my origi-
Perhaps Samuel Adams was the only one who nal intention was either to mention the chapter
had fully decided on that policy, and was care only by its title, or to give a summary of it,
ful not to advocate it openly. Richard Henry and withhold my name as the writer. The
Lee of Virginia was rapidly drifting to the editor of THE DIAL, however, has vetoed
same decision. “To consult for the redress of both propositions, and I am in a quandary how
grievances, and advise on proper measures for to proceed. An incident in my own personal
advancing the best good of the colonies,” was experience comes to my recollection as a re-
as far as the instructions of any of the colonies lief. Some years ago, the editor of one of the
went. If the proposal of declaring independ leading journals in New York City called on
ence had been suggested in the correspond me and requested that I would write for him
ence which preceded the calling of a congress, an extended notice of a book I had recently
it is probable that every colony would have issued. On expressing my surprise at such a
declined to be represented. In less than request, he said: “Nothing is more common.
two years, however, such was the rapid prog The best notices of books are written by their
ress of events and of public sentiment, that authors. They know more about them than
the entire delegation of every colony affixed anybody else. I make this request not as a
their signatures to the Declaration of Inde favor to you, but to me; and I will pay you
pendence. Dr. Ellis traces the cause, progress, for the article. You can write with perfect
and growth of this sentiment for Independ freedom, and say what you choose about the
ence. Mr. Winsor follows with a critical essay book.” The incident rather amused me, and
on the sources of information on the subject, gave me an insight into metropolitan criticism
and fac-simile illustrations of the documents | which I had not suspected. I wrote the
relating to this great event. “The Struggle notice, not omitting such critical comments
for the Hudson” is treated in the next chap as I thought the book deserved, and it was
ter by George W. Cullum, Major General printed as an editorial, without the change of
United States Army, and includes the cam a word. I later received a note of thanks from
paign around New York, on Lake Champlain, | the editor, and a check of double the amount
and the capture of Burgoyne's army. It is I had expected. I must still adhere to my
followed by nearly fifty pages of historical resolution not to write a critical notice of this
and bibliographical notes by the editor, and chapter. I may, however, give a brief sum-
fac-similes of contemporary maps and plans. mary of its contents.
The subject of the next chapter is a The During the period from 1763 to 1783, “The
Struggle for the Delaware — Philadelphia West” as we now, in a political sense, under-
under Howe and under Arnold,"and the writer stand the term, did not exist. It was not
is Mr. Frederick D. Stone, Librarian of the until 1787 that the Northwestern territory
Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It is fol | was brought under federal jurisdiction by the
lowed by editorial notes and illustrations, to- | passage of the celebrated ordinance of that


1888.]
239
THE DIAL
year, and the first English settlement was Every visitor to Kaskaskia is shown the
made the following year at Marietta, Ohio. site of the old fort on the bluff opposite the
“ The West,” however, traversed by Indians town, now called Fort Gage, as the location
and buffaloes, did exist, and was the scene of of the fort which Clark so gallantly captured,
stirring events of historical interest during the with Rocheblave, the commander of the post.
twenty years which have been named. Their This is the spot also depicted in the large his-
story, told in many special works, occupies torical painting of the “Capture of Kaskaskia,"
a very limited space in the general histories of | lately placed on the walls of the State House
the United States. The treaty of peace with at Springfield. The chapter shows that this
France in 1763 brought for the first time the spot was not the site of the fort which Clark
West under English sway; but the narrow and captured; that there was no fort on the bluff
grasping policy of the British crown reserved, in 1778, as it was burnt in 1766, and was never
for the benefit of the fur traders, its fertile rebuilt; and that the fort which Clark took
prairies for the sole occupation of the Indian was in the southeast part of the town, on the
tribes, and prohibited the English colonists opposite side of the river. It was on the
from settling them. The treaty of peace with property confiscated from the Jesuits when
France had hardly been signed when the Pon they were suppressed by order of the king of
tiac war broke out and for a year ravaged France, in 1764. Here was the “Fort Gage"
the frontier borders. The Illinois country did of that period, and the name has in later times
not come into possession of the English until been transferred to the older fort on the bluff.
October, 1765, when a company of Highland The shocking massacre, by the border settlers,
ers occupied Fort Chartres, on the Mississippi of the Moravian “Christian Indians” in the
river. In 1774, the Indians again took up arms, Muskingum villages in 1782 is described, and
and again ravaged the borders of Virginia, the disastrous Crawford campaign undertaken
Pennsylvania, and New York in what is called for exterminating the Indians in the vicinity
the Dunmore war. The same year the British of Sandusky.
Parliament added the Northwest Territory to A new interpretation is given to the raid
the province of Quebec, making it Canadian made on the Spanish post of St. Louis in May,
territory. The war of the Revolution broke 1780, by fifteen hundred Sioux and other
out the following year, and the West was left northern Indians accompanied by some Eng.
to take care of itself, the Eastern colonies lish and Canadian traders. The affair has
being wholly engrossed in their own defense. been the occasion of many conflicting state-
During the whole period of the war, the Con- ments, as to the time it occurred, the number
tinental Congress voted not a farthing for the of persons killed and captured, and why it
defense of the West, and the commander-in- was that so large a body of Indians came so
chief gave not a thought to what was passing ! far and did so little which was warlike. It
west of the Alleghanies. Detroit was held as has been often asserted and as often denied
a British post, and its troops, with the aid of that George Rogers Clark was on the opposite
Indians, were inflicting untold miseries on the side of the river near Cahokia ready to give
Western borders. Kaskaskia, Vincennes, and aid to the Spanish governor at St. Louis. It
Mackinaw were also held as British posts. | is here shown that Clark and his men were
Kentucky had been sparsely settled by Vir near at hand, having hurried up from the
ginians before this date, and the Ohio Indians Falls of the Ohio for that purpose; and that
were carrying on a war of extermination the St. Louis raid was a part of a much larger
against them. At this period, George Rogers scheme devised in London by Lord George
Clark, a Virginian, twenty-three years of age, Germain, Secretary for the Colonies, for the
appeared and turned the tide against the In complete capture of the West from the
dians and their British allies. He conceived Spaniards and the Virginians. The scheme
the idea that the strategic points for fighting was early discovered, through captured de-
Ohio Indians were on the north side of the spatches, by Clark, and by Galvez, the Spanish
Ohio river. He went to Virginia, laid his plans governor at New Orleans; and Galvez re-
before the governor and council, and received sponded by capturing all the English posts on
authority to raise troops and capture Kaskas. the Mississippi, and later Mobile. He made
kia. The story of Clark's capture of Kaskas preparations also for attacking Pensacola.
kia, Cahokia, and Vincennes from the British, This energetic action prevented General Camp-
his pacification of the Indians, and his holding bell, at Pensacola, from carrying out his part
the Northwest territory in the name of Vir of the Germain scheme, that is, of bringing an
ginia until the peace of 1783, is one of the English fleet and army up the Mississippi to
most brilliant episodes of the Revolution and coöperate with the Indian expeditions coming
of American warfare. His services secured down from the north. The Indians, when
for the United States the Mississippi as its they arrived before St. Louis, probably heard
Western boundary, and but for him Chicago for the first time of the failure of General
to-day would doubtless be a Canadian city. | Campbell's plans, and hence their undecisive


240
THE DIAL
[Feb.,
-----
--
--
-
---
-
- - -
--- -- -
attack and speedy return home. The prox- | ing popularized a science before having studied
imity of Colonel Clark, for whom Indians had it as a science. The criticism was not unjust.
a mortal dread, doubtless contributed to their Popular works on the English language were
demoralization. The feeble raid on St. Louis, numerous, and some of them not without
therefore, was an event of historical impor- | decided merits; but the greater pa
tance, as it was the outcropping of a well-con- | results set forth in these works in a popular
sidered and dangerous project which has form were due to the investigations of German
hitherto escaped the notice of historical writ- scholars. Within the last few years a change
ers; and if it had been successfully carried for the better has taken place. Although the
out, would have been disastrous to the United only two periodicals devoted exclusively to
States. The writer says:
the study of the philology and literature of
“The scheme devised by Lord George Germain the English language are still published in
for the complete conquest of the West—of bringing Germany, although the best historical gram-
down a large party of northwestern Indians upon mars of English are still those written by
St. Louis; of sending an expedition from Detroit to German scholars, although it was reserved for
invade Kentucky and keep Colonel Clark busy; of
a German to write the Shakespeare Lexicon,
bringing up the Mississippi to Natchez, under Gen-
there are unmistakable signs that the English
eral Campbell, a fleet and army, there to unite with
and American people are gradually waking up
the northern expeditions, and from thence to cap-
ture the Illinois country, and all the Spanish settle-
to the fact that the historical study of their
ments on the river—was from a military point of mother tongue and of its literature is one of
view an excellent one, and had every promise of the most important tasks of their higher insti.
success. St. Louis was in no condition to resist an tutions of learning.
assault, and rank cowardice marked the conduct
The study of Anglo-Saxon, first introduced
of the governor and the few soldiers stationed at
in this country at the University of Virginia,
the post when the Indian raiders appeared. The
by none other than Thomas Jefferson, and then
Illinois country was very feebly garrisoned, and not
confined for many years to a few colleges, is
a soldier or a shilling had ever been contributed
by the Continental Congress for its conquest or
now carried on in nearly every progressive
defense. The scheme failed because of the prompt college and university in the land; and the
ness and exceptional activity of the Spaniards under work of Francis A. March and the few other
Governor Galvez, and the watchfulness and energy men who had courage enough to stand up for
of Colonel Clark. It was the last concerted effort the study of their mother tongue, as against
of Great Britain to regain possession of the West;
the claims of the classicists, has been con-
as the campaign of Clinton and Cornwallis, with
tinued and its scope widened by a host of
the capitulation of the latter one year later at York-
town, was her expiring effort on the Atlantic coast.
scholars, who, trained in the accurate methods
If the Western scheme of Germain had been suc-
of the German philological seminaries, have
cessful, the country north of the Ohio river would brought to their work the enthusiasm incident
have been a part of the province of Quebec, and to their occupation with a subject so dear to
might have remained Canadian territory to this the heart of every truly educated man-his
day. In negotiating two and three years later the
mother tongue. Much has been done by them
treaty of peace with Great Britain under such con-
in a few years; texts have been edited, older
ditions, it is difficult to conceive what boundaries
the United States could have secured. Spain there-
grammars and vocabularies revised and new
fore rendered an invaluable service to the United
ones written, investigations on special topics
States by enabling George Rogers Clark to hold
in the history of the language and literature
with his Virginia troops the country he had con-
have been carried on, numerous monographs
quered from the British, until the treaty of peace have been published, in short, a most hopeful
confirmed to the nation the Mississippi river as its revival of the scientific study of English bas
western boundary."
been initiated. No doubt this revival will
W. F. POOLE.
result before long in the production of a popu-
lar manual of the English language that will
combine the good features of the earlier, once
ORIGINS OF THE ENGLISII PEOPLE AND
quite excellent works of Trench, Marsh, Earle,
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.*
and others, with the accuracy of modern
scholarship; a work that will not only be based
Not many years ago, a professor of the Eng-
on modern theories concerning the general
lish language in a prominent Eastern univer-
nature and the life of a language, but will in
sity said, in a public address, that in regard to
every detail represent the present state of
English philology the English and American
investigation, in short, a work that will be a
people were in the anomalous position of hav-
credit to the subject.
The book before us certainly does not meet
* ORIGINS OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE AND OF THE ENG-
LISH LANGUAGE. Compiled from the best and latest
these requirements. We record this with
authorities by Jean Roemer. LL.D., Professor of the
French Language and Literature and Vice President of
| and of much patient toil.
the College of the City of New York. New York: D.
The task which
Appleton & Co.
| the author set for himself is one of immense


1888.
241
THE DIAL
difficulty. It is one thing to popularize a sub is not deut or teut, but theod, an old Germanic
ject of comparatively narrow range, as Prof. word meaning “people," common in Low-
Rhys has done in his “Celtic Britain" and German and Anglo-Saxon. This word could
Prof. Earle in his “Anglo-Saxon Literature"; never have changed in British mouths into
it is quite another thing to popularize a Jutes"; the author's argument of the mispro-
subject which, as the writer himself states, nunciations jeur for den and ajero for adiru
“involves, first of all, a critical inquiry into is of no avail, since the word began with th,
the origin, character, and distribution of the not with d, and the pronunciation of th at
various races of men-Celts, Romans, Saxons, that time is supposed to have been the same
Danes, Normans who at various epochs have as in the modern English thin. This old Ger-
found their way into the British islands--their manic theod became diot in High-German, and
idioms and forms of religion, their social and is, indeed, preserved in the word deutsch, but
political differences, their relative progress in the earliest traces of this adjective, in the
the arts of civilized life." In other words, in latinized forms throdiscus and diutiscus, do
addition to being a historian in the widest not go back farther than the beginning of the
sense of the word, the writer should be a ninth century, long after the time when Dr.
philologian of no mean attainments.
Roemer supposes the word to have been used
Under these circumstances we would gladly in the British isles (p. 67). The author's
excuse the author from the Herculean task of assertion that the word is, after all, of remote
original investigation; we should be satisfied ('eltic origin, is absolutely without founda-
if, by judicious compilation from the “best tion; we cannot explain it otherwise than on
and latest authorities," he had produced a book the supposition that he must have been think-
which, while giving a correct general idea of ing of the word German, which was the
the origins of the English people and the ancient Celtic word for “neighbor” and was
English language, should be faithful and trust used by the inhabitants of Gaul to denote
worthy in every particular. We shall not their neighbors in the East. This mistake is
venture to criticize the author's knowledge of the more remarkable since the author, almost
history nor his methods of investigation on throughout the rest of the book, uses the term
that side of his work; but as far as the philo | Dutch instead of German. He uses a termi.
logical part of the work is concerned, we feel nology certainly not found in the “best and
compelled to say that Dr. Roemer has neither latest authorities," when he speaks of “Old
made use of all the “best and latest” authori- High Dutch” and “Old Low Dutch," terms as
ties on the subject, nor has he used to the best obsolete in modern philological literature as
advantage those which he claims to have con- the author's “Gothic stock of languages," and
sulted. The list of his authorities is long terms which become ridiculously misleading
and many wrong ideas are no doubt due to when used in the same connection in their
them; yet we venture to say that certain of modern signification, a kind of anachronism
Dr. Roemer's propositions are entirely original of which the author is frequently guilty. In
with him. And here lies the danger of such many points Dr. Roemer goes directly against
a book; the public is told that it is compiled his own “ best authorities”; he derives smith
from the “best and latest authorities," and all from smite, while Skeat's “Etymological Dic-
through it we find cropping out the compiler's tionary" tells him that he might as soon con-
own hobbies. It reminds us of the remarks nect kith with kite (or sooth with soot), as far
which the media val scribes occasionally wrote as phonetic laws are concerned; he has no
on the margin of a manuscript they were conscientious scruples about a proposed ety.
copying, which the next scribe in his ignorance mology of cockney, while specialists in ety-
embodied in the text, causing no end of mis mology modestly confess their ignorance; he
chief for readers of a later generation.
derives Doomsday (in Doomsday-Book) from
Many passages might be cited in which Dr. domus dei, while etymologists have no doubt
Roemer is evidently his own authority, or is, of its derivation from doom and day, although
to say the least, totally at variance with what they admit that the reason of the name is
are commonly regarded as the best authorities. obscure, etc.
We must content ourselves with a few exam. One of the prominent features of the book
ples. Our author states that the name of the is the author's contempt for Anglo-Saxon,
Jutes is nothing but a corruption, by the "an idiom from which English literature has
British, of the word Teut or Deut, which, derived but little if any value” (p. 455). This
with its suffix ish, sch, ch, has produced the cannot surprise us in a writer who omits from
forms Deutsch and Dutch. It is casually re- the list of his authorities the names of all the
marked, as though it were a well-known fact, ' men most prominently connected with the
that this word Teut or Deut itself, is "after all study of that language and its literature
of remote Celtic origin." Now the facts in viz., those of Ellis, March, Sweet, Sievers,
the case are simply these: For the section of Corson, Ten Brink, Earle, and others. Indeed
country and the period in question, the word there is reason to believe that Dr. Roemer is


242
THE DIAL
[Feb.,
----
ignorant of the very elements of a language, clusio," etc. On the other band we fail to
a thorough knowledge of which constitutes a find many explanations for which the general
prime requisite in the author of such a work. reader would have been grateful; for instance,
On p. 354 he says: “But so irregular and when the author mentions (p. 265) that “oyez,
capricious were the principles of this govern generally pronounced o yes, is still the intro-
ment (viz., that of the Anglo-Saxon preposi ductory cry of the official connected with the
tions) that in the same sentence the same court, inviting silence and attention to the
preposition throws its connected substantives court's proceedings,” he states something
into four different cases," and he illustrates which is known to everybody, while the
this startling proposition by the phrase: mid explanation of oyez as the imperative plural
ealre thinre heortan and mid eallum mode, of the Old French verb oir, to hear, might
(with all thine heart and with all thy soul). have been news to some at least.
The author evidently thinks that the termina For school-use the work is too unsystematic,
tions -re, -an, -um, and -e are signs of different unreliable, and too bulky; the scholar will
cases, while every beginner in Anglo-Saxon prefer to consult the best authorities at first
who has mastered the declensions knows that hand; the general reader will find in it many
the words are all in the dative case, the differ interesting bits of information, but he must
ent endings being due to the fact that heorte not expect to find the account of the origins
and mod are nouns of different genders and of his mother-tongue accurate in outline or in
belong to different declensions. It would be detail. Hans C. G. VON JAGEMANN.
about as reasonable to conclude from the Vul-
gate version of the above passage, ex toto corde
tuo et ex tota anima tua, that in Latin the
SOCIAL REMEDIES. *
preposition ex could be followed by three dif-
ferent cases in the same sentence. It goes
Mr. George Gunton's “Wealth and Progress"
without saying that, with such ignorance of a is the most noteworthy of recent American
language, an author is not qualified to express contributions to the economics of the labor
an opinion as to its value as a means of ex problem. It will at once give its author an
pressing thought or as to the general character assured standing as a political economist, for
of its literature.
none will be so quick to recognize its high
About the same amount of space is allotted merit as those who have already achieved such
to the account of the English conquest and its standing. The vigor, maturity, and independ-
bearing upon the English language as to the ence of its reasoning, the keenness of its phil.
history of the Norman conquest and its effects
osophic insight, and the breadth and accuracy
on the language; but then there is an appendix
of its scientific induction would make it a
of nearly two hundred pages especially de-
remarkable book, apart from the circumstances
voted to the French sources of the English of its authorship and publication. But these
language, containing a historical sketch of the circumstances are destined to contribute
French language, a chapter on French etymol greatly to the influence and fame of the
ogy, introduced by remarks on the first princi book. Mr. Gunton was until recently a cot-
ples of philology taken from the standard ton-mill operative. He was for years a dis-
authority of twenty-five years ago, August
ciple of Ira Steward of Boston, “the history
Schleicher, and a chapter containing specimens
of whose life is the history of the labor move-
of early French. Much of the matter con-
ment in Massachusetts." Steward was the
tained in the appendix is foreign to the pioneer leader of the short-hour movement in
author's subject. Indeed it is one of the chief
this country. He had a clear and profound
faults of the whole book that the reader is theory of the nature of social progress, and it
perfectly bewildered by the amount of miscel was his purpose to write a book upon the labor
laneous information which it contains, often
* WEALTH AND PROGRESS: A Critical Examination of
very interesting in itself, but such as one the Labor Problem. By George Gunton. New York: D.
would never expect to find in a book on the
Appleton & Co.
THE MARGIN OF PROFITS. By Edward Atkinson.
origins of the English people and of the Eng.
New York: G, P. Putnam's Sons.
lish language. Thus, on pp. 330 ff., we find SOCIAL SOLUTIONS. By M. Godin. Translated by Marie
an account of the rise of universities with the Howland. New York: John W. Lovell Company.
question as to the priority of Oxford or Cam-
HIGHER GROUND: Hints Toward Settling the Labor
Troubles. By Augustus Jacobson. Chicago: A. C.
bridge duly considered; on pp. 524 ff., we find
a history of the degree of Bachelor of Arts PRISONERS OF POVERTY: Women Wage-Workers, their
with remarks on the requirements of the
Trades and their Lives. By Helen Campbell, Boston:
Roberts Bros.
mediæval curriculum; on p. 488, we learn
NATURAL LAW IN THE BUSINESS WORLD. By Henry
that in the Middle Ages “in a letter of im Wood. Boston: Lee & Shepard.
portance the following order was always BIG WAGES AND How to EARN THEM. By a Foreman.
strictly observed, viz.: Salutatio, Captatio,
| New York: Harper & Brothers.
| SOCIAL STUDIES. By R. Heber Newton. New York:
Benevolentia, (sic!) Narratio, Petitio, Con- ' G. P. Putnam's Sons.
McClurg & Co.


1888.)
243
THE DIAL
question. He died five years ago, with his lit. arbitrary reduction of hours seems to lack
erary undertaking only just begun, leaving the justification in his philosophy. Nevertheless,
completion of the task to Mr. Gunton. But his work will become the text-book of the
while for his inspiration and his central idea short-hour movement, and will do much to
Mr. Gunton is indebted to Ira Steward, the set intelligent workingmen to thinking in the
book “Wealth and Progress" is his own. This right direction. It will supply an excellent
thought" is "the idea that the stand. | antidote for Henry George's Progress and
ard of living is the basis of wages, and that | Poverty," the leading positions of which it
social opportunity, or more leisure for the antagonizes. The workingmen of this country
masses, as expressed in less hours of labor, is have for some time been studying political
the natural means for increasing wages and economy. Mr. Gunton's book is a product of
promoting progress." This idea is not original. the labor movement and of the vigorous and
Indeed, Mr. Gunton quotes on his title page earnest spirit of study and inquiry that exists
from John Stuart Mill: “No remedies for low among workingmen.
wages have the smallest chance of being effi. Mr. Atkinson's talks to wage earners, pub-
cacious, which do not operate on and through lished as a little volume entitled “The Margin
the minds and habits of the people"; and no of Profits,"contain in terse everyday language
truly discerning student of the economic his much sound economic doctrine. From the
tory and progress of nations can have failed standpoint of capital, Mr. Atkinson expounds
to perceive that ascending standards of living the same law of progress that Mr. Gunton
are at once the measure and the bulwark of more elaborately and methodically expounds
progress. But no preceding economic writer from the standpoint of labor. The sympathetic
has set forth this fact with analyses so sus. reader will find the two books greatly different
tained and complete, and with such well mar in tone, while the scientific reader will find
shalled array of arguments and illustrative them at one in doctrine. They agree that
facts. It would be interesting to enter upon better wages must come out of larger produc-
such a review of the method and doctrine of tion, that the rate of profits tends to diminish
the work as the plan of this article, unfortu. while wages tend to increase, both relatively
nately, does not permit. It teaches, briefly, that and absolutely. Mr. Gunton naturally empha-
the wealth of the laboring classes can only be sizes the improved standard of living as a cause
increased by increasing the aggregate amount of larger production and higher wages, while
produced; that such increase is normally ac. Mr. Atkinson quite as naturally emphasizes
companied by an increase in “real wages"; better processes and larger production as the
that a natural rise of wages is compatible with I precedent and cause of increased wages and
the lowering of prices, and with undiminished shortened hours. The improved standard of
profits and rents; that the price of labor, like living is at once a cause and an effect. En-
that of commodities, is governed by the cost hanced production is also both a cause and an
of production; that the cost of producing effect. Mr. Atkinson as an inventor and manu-
labor is governed by the customary standard facturer, and Mr. Gunton as an apostle of labor
of living, -in other words, the standard of organization and the short-hour movement,
living is the law of wages; that “social char. are both working consistently and effectively
acter," which determines the standard of living, under the same laws of social progress. Mr.
is high or low according to the extent of social Atkinson gives the workingmen a useful dis-
opportunities; that improvement of the moral tinction when he shows them that mere ex-
and material well-being of the masses must pensiveness is not the criterion by which to
come through the increase of their social op measure a standard of living, and that the
portunities, and that under existing conditions economy of thrift, and of skill in getting the
the most feasible means is to be found in largest results from the smallest expenditures,
a general reduction of the hours of labor. is a great desideratum.
Finally, Mr. Gunton prescribes the eight-hour A fault of Mr. Gunton's book is its disposi-
system as a present remedy. This precise con tion to undervalue all practical plans of social
clusion is, however, a non sequitur. The mas. improvement excepting the short-hour move-
terly argument of the book simply shows us ment. Coöperation and profit-sharing, which
that true progress means larger production, he disparages as premature attempts to realize
better machinery, higher “real wages," grad. ideal conditions and final solutions, are in fact
ually diminishing hours of labor, and conse better justifiable by his law of social progress
quent social amelioration. He shows us by than is his own favorite remedy of an arbi.
critical studies of industrial history that there trary reduction of hours. Coöperation is not
has been wonderful economic improvement in heralded as a universal solvent by its intelli-
the past fifty years; and we are prepared by gent advocates, but rather is it deemed a
his demonstration to believe that industrial hopeful means, within certain limits, for the
society will continue to develop along the improvement of the “social character" and
same lines. His plan, therefore, of a large l the consequent enlargement of the economic


244
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
life of the masses. The coöperative move of woman's labor lower than the market price
ment and the short-hour movement have pre of man's labor, can account only in small
cisely the same general end in view, and each part for the deplorable condition of “Women
is beneficial to the other in its more immedi Wage-Workers, their Trades and their Lives,"
ate end. “Social palaces” like M. Godin's -this being the sub-title of Mrs. Helen Camp-
famous establishment at Guise may not be bell's “Prisoners of Poverty," a book which
generally feasible; but the brilliant success of describes the situation of working-women in
M. Godin's experiment and his life-long study New York. Philanthrophy can lessen many
of the labor problem have given him the right of the evils Mrs. Campbell's pen so graphic-
to a deferential hearing. Mr. Gunton must ally portrays, but economic science can sug-
admit that this French stove-maker and savant gest only one or two main remedies, such as
has found satisfactory “social solutions " for better qualifications for gainful pursuits and
the nearly two thousand working people of his the thorough training of all girls in domestic
great factories. M. Godin's book is more valu economy and in the principles which underlie
able for its account of the organization of various arts and industries. Women of train-
industry and the marvellous system of domes | ing and skill are not obliged to make overalls
tic coöperation in the “Familistere” than for by hand in cheerless attics at starvation prices.
its too ambitious effort to construct a social When training and skill are more general,
philosophy.
there will be no cheap hand-labor underbid-
The development of individual character ding machine-labor and dragging down the
and capacity is, of course, the object of all average wages of women. Training to practi-
social reformers, whatever their point of view cal efficiency is the imperative demand of the
or method of approach. A race of trained times for young women as well as for young
and intelligent producers would marvellously men.
increase production and enhance the average. It would be quite too much to hope that
wealth and well-being. Mr. Augustus Jacob the discussion of the labor problem in current
son, in his “Higher Ground, Hints toward literature should be confined to those who
Settling the Labor Troubles,” would apply the understand the significance and bearing of
educational lever. His remedy is a universal the subject and who have a certain degree of
system of manual-training schools supported familiarity with economic principles. In the
by the State, with provision for the partial preface to “Natural Law in the Business
maintenance, from the public treasury, of all World” the author confesses that “it seems
young people while acquiring the symmetrical almost presumptuous for one who has had only
education that he advocates. The vast outlay a practical business training to venture into a
might be met, as he proposes, by a graduated field so thoroughly explored." Unfortunately,
succession tax on estates. Because this book the book itself shows none of the modesty
proposes some radical innovations it does not that the preface might lead one to expect. It
follow that it is either crude or chimerical. It generalizes and dogmatizes with the confidence
is keenly instructive and suggestive, and its of an untrained and superficially informed
proposals are well thought out. There is no mind, and is absolutely without value or ex-
more auspicious movement of educational and cuse, except as it illustrates that ignorance of
social reform than the introduction, now fairly economic laws and principles on the part of a
beginning, of manual-training courses in the large class of “practical business men” which
public schools. To this movement Mr. Jacob- | is so serious an obstacle in the way of social
son's book will give fresh impetus, although it progress.
may be long before manual training becomes “Big Wages and How to Earn Them” is an
so general and thorough as he would have it. anonymous book, the authorship of which is
His enthusiastic portrayal of the social results ascribed to “a foreman.” It is a rambling
that would follow the adoption of his ideas is dissertation upon current industrial and social
not highly exaggerated.
topics, its chief object being the criticism of
There are economic principles, elucidated labor organizations and their methods. The
with unusual clearness by Mr. Gunton, which title bears no relation to the contents of the
make the customary and average wages of book, which is in style and tone a rather
women lower than those of men. The great feeble imitation of Professor Sumner's “Social
majority of the world's wage-workers are Classes” and Professor Newcomb's “Plain
men whose income maintains families. It is Man's Talk on the Labor Question." Like
the cost of maintaining a family that governs the book mentioned above, whose author an-
the rate of wages received by men. Statistics nounces himself “a practical business man,"
show that the earnings of the average man this one, by an author who opens his first
who works for wages have to support nearly chapter with the declaration “I am a laborer,"
twice as many people as those of the average is not worthy of critical notice as an economic
working-woman. But the normal operation work. Both of them moralize and preach at
of this principle, which keeps the market pricel the workingman, and incite him to industry


1888.]
245
THE DIAL
and frugality. The author of “Natural Law” of the Jeffersonian first draft of the former,
would urge Mrs. Campbell's poor working and in relating briefly yet clearly the action of
women to give “a fair and candid considera other state legislatures to which these reso-
tion” to his theory that society is such a lutions led, and so setting forth in manifest
“complete whole” that “when one member characters the state of legislative opinion at
suffers, all suffer, and when one rejoices, all that time, the book gives the student what he
rejoice," and to accept the “logic of unvary can find nowhere else. Still further, in his
ing Natural Law.” “Industry, patience, provi last chapter the author ably analyzes the reso-
dence, and temperance” is the motto he would lutions, and admirably deduces the conse-
inscribe upon their garret walls.
quences that flow from them. He, as it were,
It is a relief to turn to a book so intelligent, pushes their authors and adopters to the wall,
spirited, and hopeful as Dr. Heber Newton's and forces them to utter the intentions that
“Social Studies.” This is not a systematic were covered by the general statements of the
work, but a collection of addresses at once resolutions. The fact that these resolutions
scholarly, critical, and sympathetic. Dr. New were pronunciamentos rather than cool state
ton does not advocate one sole remedy for the papers, that their makers were talking “for
ills of the masses, but rather the co-working buncombe" and with a view to fire the local
of many remedies. He has faith in coöpera heart rather than to put on record an eternal
tion, in labor organization, taxation reform principle, that they did not expect to be called
and the extension of governmental functions, I upon to carry their utterances to their logical
in moral and industrial education, and in the conclusion in deeds, and that the speedy down-
social mission of the church. His “Bird's-eye fall of the Federalists removed all call to put
View of the Labor Problem,” which occupies their words into deeds, are well set forth.
the first eighty pages of the volume and was The vagueness of all the utterances, except
first prepared for the Senate committee on Mr. Jefferson's draft, as to how many states
education and labor, is one of the most are needed to nullification, and of all, without
comprehensive essays upon the social and exception, as to the means to be made use of
economic condition of the working people of to make good the nullification, is forcibly
the United States that has ever been pub drawn out.
lished; and its discussion of practical measures Mr. Warfield has not been so happy in his
and methods of progress is bold, yet sagacious chapter on the authorship of the Kentucky
and timely.
ALBERT Shaw. resolutions. He claims that, while their orig-
inal draft was made by Mr. Jefferson and
communicated to Mr. Breckenridge, the latter
NULLIFICATION.*
made changes so radical as to justify the
calling him “the author of the resolves.” Mr.
Mr. Warfield has made a valuable contribu-
tion to our political literature. The book has
Warfield says:
its purpose in the vindication of the political
"It will be observed that this draught (the Jeff-
erson] differs from the true Kentucky Resolutions
fame of John Breckenridge of Kentucky, yet
in a number of minor points in the first seven reso-
with this personal intention it has far more
lutions, only one or two of these alterations being
than a biographical value. It is true that it,
of any material significance, but in the eighth and
once for all, puts before the public in a per ninth resolutions there is the most radical differ-
manent form the recent correction of an his ence. The eighth in the Jefferson draught is long
torical misstatement of seventy years standing, and declamatory, while the ninth is a short
and establishes the right of Mr. Breckenridge
directory clause, providing that a committee
to be considered the introducer of the “Res-
created by the eighth should hold certain commu-
nications and report at the next session of the
olutions of 1798” into the Legislature of Ken-
legislature; while the eighth in the Kentucky reso-
tucky. It goes further—and this is the orig-
lutions is a directory clause totally unlike the ninth
inal contribution of the book-and claims for of the other paper, and the ninth is the eighth of
Mr. Breckenridge a large share in the formu the other much reduced and greatly shorn of its
lation of the resolutions, which have hitherto declamation and verbiage. The chief significance
been considered the work of Mr. Jefferson's of these changes lies in the alteration in the direc-
pen. This main thesis of the book, we must tory clause."
say, Mr. Warfield has not succeeded in estab Now, our contention is, that Mr. Warfield
lishing in the extent which he bas set to it. has not stated fairly the differences between
But, let this contention rest where it may, the preliminary seven clauses and the declam-
the book has a two-fold value,—an historical atory ones of the respective drafts, and that
and a philosophical. In giving the full text the deduction from the difference between the
of the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, and declaratory clauses as to Mr. Breckenridge's
originality and independence resolves itself
*THE KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS OF 1798. By Ethelbert
into the negative form—that Mr. Breckenridge
Dudley Warfield. New York and London : G. P. Put.
was unwilling to go so far as Mr. Jefferson
nam's Song.


246
(Feb.,
THE DIAL
went. The fact is that there is no material Commonwealth in requesting their (the obnoxious
difference whatever between Mr. Jefferson's laws) repeal at the next session of Congress,"
first seven clauses and Mr. Breckenridge's, as Mr. Jefferson must consistently say,
unamended, and it is Mr. Breckenridge's " Will each take measures of its own for provid-
originality, and not that of the Kentucky ing that neither these acts, nor any others of the
legislature, for which our author is contend general government, not plainly and intentionally
ing), and only a few very slight verbal differ-
authorized by the Constitution, shall be exercised
ences. Instead of its being true that the
within their respective territories."
ninth of Breckenridge is tbe eighth of Jeffer.
What these “measures” should be Mr.
son "much reduced and greatly shorn of its
Jefferson did not say, but the truth is that
declamation and verbiage," it is a fact that the
Nullification was always a sublime absurdity
former follows the latter almost verbatim et
until South Carolina, in 1861, first drew it to
literatim, with the exception of an omission
its logical conclusion-the arbitrament of the
of one portion, and a change of another short
sword. Mr. Warfield overlooks the point that
portion, altogether one-seventh of its whole
by placing the declaratory clause before the
length. These omitted and changed portions
declamatory one the Kentucky "Resolutions”
are not as declamatory as much that was
instruct that merely the seven explanatory
retained, whilst they cover matter of the
clauses, and not the declamatory clause, be
utmost importance from Mr. Jefferson's con communicated to Congress. The beginning of
sistent State's-Right point of view. The
the declamatory clause in both cases instructs
omission covers three lines from the begin-
that the whole instrument be communicated
ning of the clause expressing assurance of
to the other states, in Mr. Jefferson's draft, by
friendly esteem to be communicated to the
& Committee of Legislature, in Mr. Brecken-
other states, but the important remaining
ridge's, by the Governor. Thus in both cases
portion from the 'middle of the clause we
is the threat which is contained in this declam-
shall quote:
atory clause communicated only to the states.
"That in cases of an abuse of the delegated pow.
Mr. Jefferson is superbly consistent without
ers, the members of the General Government
regard to practical results; Mr. Breckenridge,
being chosen by the people, a change by the peo-
letting go Mr. Jefferson's assumption of nulli.
ple would be the constitutional remedy; but where fying power in one state, first instructs Ken-
powers have been assumed which have not been tucky's congressmen to move for a repeal of
delegated, a nullification of the act is the right the obnoxious laws, and then asserts that Ken-
remedy; that every state has a natural right in
tucky will “submit to undelegated power in
cases not within the compact (canus non faderis), to
nullify of their own authority all assumptions of
no man or body of men on earth.” This
power by others within their limits; that without
would seem to mean that if Kentucky's frac.
this right they would be under the dominion, abso-
tion of the Federal creature cannot bring
lute and unlimited, of whatsoever might exercise about rescinding of the illegal action, the
this right of judgment for them; that nevertheless state will be free to refuse submission. But
this commonwealth, from motives of regard and then follows the clanse doubting not "that
respect for its co-States, has wished to communicate
the co-states ... will each unite... in
with them on the subject; that with them alone it
requesting their repeal at the next session of
is proper to communicate, they alone being parties
| Congress." If this last thing be done, where
to the compact, and solely authorized to judge in
the last resort of the powers exercised under it,
is the room for refusal of submission, since
being not a party, but merely the creature of the
Congress is in the hands of its electors in
Congress compact, and subject, as to its assumption the “co-states." If this be not done, where
of power, to the final judgment of those by whom, is there any room for action in refusing sub-
and for whose use, itself and its powers were all mission, unless Mr. Jefferson's clause be rein-
created and modified."
stated, so letting Kentucky stand on the
Here is no declamation, no verbiage, but assertion that werery state has a natural
the statement of two most important assump- rightto nullify of their own author.
tions; to wit, “that erery state has a naturality." The originality of the Kentucky draft
right ... to nullify of their own author- ; consists in cutting out the only expression .
ity," and " that with them (the co-states that makes nullification consistent with itself.
alone it is proper to communicate, they alone It seems curious, after reading the words
being parties to the compact, and solely 1 of the letter written by Mr. Jefferson to Mr.
authorized to judge in the last resort of the Breckenridge's son in 1891, in which he
power exercised under it." This is State-, answers the younger Breckenridge's inquiry
sovereignty pure and simple, from which the as to who really introduced the Kentucky
resolutions shrunk into vague and numberless Resolutions, that, for so many years, it could
statement. Consequently, while the Brecken- have been believed that this letter was ad.
ridge resolutions closed by saying-
I dressed to a son of George Nicholas The
** And it [this Commonwealth doubts not ...
recent publication of this letter, with its plain
that the Co-states ... will each unite with this, address to “J. (abell Breckenridge, Frank.


1888.]
247
THE DIAL
fort, Kentucky," has forever settled the mat teristic way, of the best dramatic work of
ter, although so recent a history of the United Lord Tennyson. The curiously varied and
States as Shouler's attributed the action to inwoven system of rhymes gives it a distinct.
Nicholas. But would Mr. Jefferson, writing ive stamp from the standpoint of construc-
to Mr. Nicholas' son, have said "your father, tion, as will appear in the passages to be
Colonel W. C. Nicholas and myself," and in quoted. The following verses are those in
another place "your father and Mr. Nicholas," which Guendolen reproaches Locrine for his
Remembering that Col. Nicholas was a brother faithlessness to her:
of this reputed father, and an uncle of this
" Dost thou know
reputed correspondent, one must feel that he
What day records to day and night to night-
How he whose wruth was ruined as hail or snow
would have said “ your father, your uncle,"
On Troy's adulterons towers, when treacherous flame
etc., especially in the second citation where Devoured them, and our fathers' roots lay low.
the “Mr." is not distinctive.
And all their praise was turned to fire and shame
All righteous God, w bo herds the stars of heaven
J.J. HALSEY.
As sheep within his sheepfold-God, wbone name
Compels the wandering clouds to service, given
As surely an oven the sun's is loves or hates
Treason? He loved our sires, were they forgiven?
RECENT POETRY.*
Their walls upreared of gods, their sevenfold gates,
Might these keep out his justice
Mr. Swinburne's Elizabethan studies have Mr. Swinburne would hardly be himself were
borne new fruit in the tragedy of “Locrine," he to write an extended poem without some
his latest work. That passage of the legend. mention of the sea, and here, as elsewhere, the
ary history of Britain with which the work is sea has afforded him his finest inspiration.
concerned is already memorable in English Estrild, the queen with whom Locrine lives in
literature, to a certain extent through the unwedded union, thus tells her daughter Sa-
anonymous tragedy at one time absurdly brina of the wonders of the world of waters-
attributed to Shakespeare, but far more so * Thou hast seen the great sea never, nor canst dream
from the closing scene of “Comus," where the How fairer far than earth's most lordly stream
dim figures of Locrine and Guendolen are in-
It rolls Its royal waters here and there,
Most glorious born of all things anywhere.
formed with a fleeting breath of renewed life. Most fateful and most podlike; nt to make
A less shadowy immortality, we venture to Men love life better for the sweet sight's sake
And less fear death if death for them should be
think, is that which those figures have received
Shrined in the sacred splendours of the sex,
at Mr. Swinburne's hands. The assumption As God in heaven's 'mid nystery."
is perhaps over-modest, and the apology surely | But the poet seems to have lingered most lov-
unneeded, which are voiced in these lines of
ingly over his delineation of the
the dedication-
* Virgin, daughter of Locrine,
"Dead fancy's ghost, not living fancy's wraith,
Sprung from old Anchises' line,"
Is now the storied sorrow that survives
and she it is who, of all the figures of the
Faith in the record of these lifeless lives.
Yet Milton's sacred feet have lingered there.
tragedy, will longest linger in the memory.
His lips have made august the fabulous air,
Lovelier verse than that which is placed upon
His hands have touched and left the wild weeds fair." her lips it would be hard to find in English
Mr. Swinburne's great powers are fully sus-
poetry.
tained in this noble tragedy, which is the
ESTRILD
worthy successor of “Marino Faliero," and
"Dost thou understand,
Child, what the birds are singing?
the Mary Stuart trilogy. It is a work of
SABRINA.
virile dramatic expression and presentation,
** All the land
quite the equal, although in its own charac-
Knows that: the water tells it to the rushes
Aloud, and lower and softlier to tbe sand:
• LOCRINE, A Tragedy. By Algernon Charles Swin The flower-frys, lip to lip and hand in hand,
burne. New York Worthington ('o.
Laugh and repeat it all till darkness hnsbes
BALLADS AND POEMS OF TRAGIC LIFE. By George Mer.
Their singing with a word that falls and crushes
edith. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
All song to silence down the river strand
LYRICS, IDYLLS, AND ROMANCES. From the Poetic and
And where the hawthorns hearken for the thrushes.
Dramatic Works of Robert Browning. Boston: Hough.
And all the sacred sense is sweet and wise
ton, Mimin & Co.
That sings through all their singing, and replies
LOTUS AND JEWEL. By Edwin Arnold, C.S.I. Boston:
When we would know if heaven be guy or grey
Roberts Brothers,
And would not open all too soon our eyes
To look percbance on no such happy kieg
DREAMS TO SELL By May Kendall. London: Long.
As sleep brings close and waking blows away."
mans, Green & Co.
THE BOOK OF BRITISH BALLADS. Edited by S. C. Hall.
The poem closes with Sabrina's plunge into
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
the Severn, the crowning act in the fulfillment
LYRICS AND SOXXETS By Edith M. Thomas Boston 1 of the queen's vengeance upon her faithless
Houghton, Mimin & Co.
POEMs. By Edward Rowland sin. Boston: Houghton,
lord and his paramour.
Mimin & Co.
Mr. George Meredith has been for a score
POEMs. By David Atwood Wasson. Boston: Lee & of years past the subject or the victim of an
Shepard.
esoteric literary cult, which, if not all the fol.
TRANSLATIONS FROM THE POEMS OF VICTOR HUGO. By
Henry Carrington, M.A. New York Thomas Whittaker. | lowing, has had all the intensity of the Brown-


248
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
ing worship. Only a few months ago, a
writer in the “ Fortnightly Review " spoke of
“the obvious truth that The Ordeal of Rich-
ard Feverel’ is the greatest novel ever written
in the English language." This is a little
strong, but the writer was doubtless sincere in
saying it, - just as those writers are doubtless
sincere who say that Mr. Browning is an im-
proved! nineteenth century Shakespeare, and
thus bring a noble poet into discredit with the
mass of reasonable people, whom such excess
of praise not unnaturally revolts. The novels
of Mr. Meredith, which have recently been pub-
lished in a uniform edition, and more widely
read than ever before, are doubtless very
notable works, but the roughness of their
literary form will forever shut them out from
the highest rank of fiction. A similar judg.
ment must be passed upon his poems. The
latest volume of them, now before us, entitled
“ Ballads and Poems of Tragic Life," is filled
with vigorous writing, which has only the one
capital defect that it is not poetical. The
poetical feeling is there in abundance, but
its expression is rugged and uncouth. Such
a piece as his “Manfred” out-Brownings
Browning in its straining after effect, and its
violent unconventionality:
** Projected from the bilions (hilde,
This clatter.jaw his foot could set
On Alps, without a broust beguiled
To glow in shedding ruscalswout.
Somewhere about his grinder teeth,
He mouthed of thoughts that arilled beneath,
And summoned Nature to her feud
With bile & buskin Attitude.
* Considerably was the world
Of spinsterdom and clergy racked
While he his hinted horrors hurled,
And she pictorially attacked.
A duel hugeous' Tragic llo!
The cities, not the mountains, blow
Sueb bladders in their babes confessed
An after.dinner's indigest. **
But the volume before us contains one great
poem, & poem so great that we wonder that
its author should so often allow his muse to
rave unchecked when she can sing so nobly,
a poem of sustained and exalted passion,
unmarred by the discords which find their way
into most of the writer's verse. We refer to
the ode entitled “ France, December, 1-70."
This noble poem opens with an invocation of
the old-time France from whom the world
learned heroism and greatness of soul.
- We look for her that sunlike stod
t'pon the forehead of our day.**
The present sorrows of France only serie to
recall to us that it was
** be that mule the brave appeal
For man hood when our time was dark,
And from our ſetter druve the spark
Which w as likhtning to reveal
Newsrusons with threewifter play
Of pulses, and thenixner day,
be tut divinely so the lead
rum jinx man, that.trrtoheil abrad
ller route furetinker stricht,
And marched toward the gloomy gate
Of earth's Untried, gave note, and in a
The good name of Humanity
(alled forth the daring vision."
The long withheld retribution for the deeds of
that time when France, intoxicated with glory,
embraced the “ Dishonourer" Napoleon and
"Gave him France
From head to foot, France present and to come."
has appeared at last, its lightnings are loosed,
and
** The fire
Has grasped her, unconsumable, but framed
For all the ecstasies of suffering dire.
Mother of Pride, her sanctuary shamed:
Mother of Delicacy, and made a mark
For outrage: Mother of Luxury, stripped stark.
Mother or lleroes, bondsmen: thro' the rains,
Across her boundaries, lo the league-long chains
Fond Mother of her martial youth; they pus,
Are specters in her sight, are mown as gries!
Mother of Ilonour, and dishonoured Mother
Of Glory, she condemned to crown with bays
Her victor, and be fountain of his praise."
But this is not all, for there is upon her
another and more terrible curse —
** Mother of Reason is she, trebly cursed,
To feel, to see, to justify the blow:
Chamber to chamber of ler sequent brain
Gives answer of the cause of her great wor
Ine rornbly echoing thro' the vaults,
'Tis thus they roap in blood, in blood wo sow
• This is the sum of self-absolvid faults.'**
Perhaps the finest passage of all is that which
describes the mad career of the Napoleonic
legions as they swept over Europe. We can
give only the closing lines of this passage:
** Yet, bow they sucked the teats
or (arnage, thirsty issue of their dam,
Whose eagles, angrier than their oriflamme,
Flushed the vexed earth with blood, green earth
forgeta
The gay young menentions mask her grief,
W bere bled her children hangs the londed shear.
Forgetful is green earth. the gods alone
Remember everlastingly, they strike
Remorselessly, and ever like for like.
By their great memories the gods are known.**
There are few lines in English poetry that can
be matched with that last one.
There have been prepared before now nu.
merous volumes of selections from the poetry
of Robert Browning, but none of them can
compare with the little book just at hand, en-
titled “Lyrics, Idylls, and Romances." Who.
ever is responsible for this selection has shown
unfailing good taste in his choice, and has
made a volume which the elect who constitute
the Browning clubs and the multitude who
inhabit the outer darkness munt unite in admit-
ting to be the purest of gold. It contains
just those things which the lover of high
poetry cannot afford not to know. We wish
ihat á fund might be provided for its distribu.
tion among those unhappy pouls upon whom
the club blight has fallen, and who are help-
lessly seeking for the poet's genius in the
mazes of "Sordello."
The interpretation of the Indian mind,
which Mr. Elwin Arnold has met himself as a
task, is one of the most notable achievements of


1888.]
249
THE DIAL
recent English poetry. “The Light of Asia," “One fancies Huxley might display
A faint concern, as wondering whether
and the series of volumes which have succeeded
He'd time to have a parting fray
it, have accomplished more, in the way of
With Gladstone ere they rushed together.
bringing Eastern thought to the comprehension “ Critics no longer we shall flee,
of the West, than the disquisitions of the
Nor care how base the things they say are.
They will be we, and we shall be
most learned Oriental scholars. In the per-
The Critics, just as much as they are."
formance of this work by Mr. Arnold there
Equally good, in the same trifling way, is the
is afforded an unusually good example of a man
piece called “Education's Martyr," of which
and a task fitted for each other. Without the
we take the opening stanza:
stimulus of this special work there is no reason
“He loved peculiar plants and rare,
to think that Mr. Arnold's poetical powers
For any plant he did not care
would have attracted marked attention. What
That he had seen before ;
Primroses by the river's brim
he writes upon the ordinary themes of the
Dicotyledons were to him
poet is commonplace in thought and faulty in
And they were nothing more."
expression. But when some Indian theme Passing now to the other end of the scale, we
some Upanishad, or scene from the Mahab- | shall observe how marked is the contrast. The
harata, or passage in the life of Buddha best poems are too long for full quotation and
engages his interest, he writes with a new | too compact for excision, but the following
inspiration, and a hitherto unguessed power. | little copy of verses will sufficiently illustrate
The volume entitled “Lotus and Jewel," while | our meaning. The title is “Lost Souls.”
of far less importance than “ The Song Celes-
“They passed before my threshold
tial” and “The Light of Asia," is a welcome
The lost souls, one by one
I watched them from the day break,
addition to the series of his works. A trans-
Unto the set of sun.
lation from the Mahabharata, called “A
“I said: “My soul's unshaken
Queen's Revenge,” is the most valuable of its
Because I have not sinned.
contents, although not greatly more so than
Surely they reap the whirlwind,
They who have sown the wind.'
the exposition of the mystic word OM, as given
« The burden of their failure
in the dialogue “In an Indian Temple." "A
It was no more my own
Casket of Gems" is a series of poems, mainly
Than a far distant struggle
Lost in a land unknown.
oriental in their inspiration, which embody
the poetic fancies connected with a variety of
" Till it seemed a sudden shadow
Over my threshold crossed,
precious stones. The volume contains also a
And I knew the play was ended,
considerable number of miscellaneous pieces.
And my own soul was lost.”
Mr. Andrew Lang, with some introductory
The volume which contains these pieces should
verses in his most graceful manner, serves as stand on the book-shelf with Locker, and Dob-
sponsor to the little volume called “Dreams to son, and Lang, and it will not need to hide its
Sell,” which bears the name of May Kendall head in that distinguished company.
as that of the author. The verses which make The old “Book of British Ballads,” edited
up the volume's contents are trifling in form, by S. C. Hall, has been added to that series of
although many of them are weighty enough | good, bad, and indifferent classics known as
in theme. At the opening of the book, the the “Knickerbocker Nuggets." The collec-
lighter fancies of the writer confront us, and tion has been reduced in size, both by the
we are won by her deft expression and refined omission of Hall's introductions, and by the
humor. But as we go on in the examination, we use of a page much smaller than that of the
find that we are traversing a sort of emotional original work. The reputation of the book,
scale, and that the verses, still light and airy
at the verses still light and airy | which has been familiarly known to the pub-
in form, become fraught with a subtler and lic for many years, makes any special comment
more serious sentiment; the probe goes deeper unnecessary. It is probably the best general
and deeper into our sympathies, until it touches collection of our ballad literature, in moderate
the inmost heart, and we are aware of a sur compass, that has yet been made. The pretty
prising change in our spiritual temperature. design of the covers ought to go far towards
Among the verses contained in the first part making this new edition a popular one.
of the volume we come across such fancies as Three years have passed since the publica-
this—“Nirvana” being the title of the piece: tion of Miss Edith M. Thomas's first volume
“Some hold, life's transitory pain
of verse, and another collection from the same
Arises from our being fractions:
hand is now before us. While the best things
When we to Unity attain
Behold the end of fret and factions!
of the earlier volume are not here surpassed,
They say each individual soul
and probably never will be surpassed by the
Will in a general Soul be blended,
writer, who has early discovered her own lim-
And that the universal whole
itations and wisely refrained from attempting
Is certain to be something splendid.
to exceed them, yet the general average of
“Then enmity will pale and pall:
We shall be brothers, more than brothers;
excellence is higher, and such occasional lapses
For if we are ourselves at all
from good taste as are found in the earlier
We shall be also all the others.


250
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
volume are entirely wanting here. Miss
Thomas is unquestionably a poet, and she is
one of the few of our latter-day singers whose
work has nearly always a distinct note of
individuality. Even when old-world classic
themes engage her, as they often do, her treat-
ment of them is in no way imitative; she has
learned the secret of their emotion, and gives
it a modern investiture. There is an exquisite
fancy exquisitely expressed in the following
little poem, entitled " Solstice":
* In the month of June, when the world is green,
When the dew beads thick on the clover spray,
And the noons are rife with the scent of hay,
And the brook hides under a willow screen;
When the rose is queen, in Love's demesne,
Then, the time is too sweet and too light to stay:
Whatever the sun and the dial say,
This is the shortest day!
“In the month of December, when, naked and keen,
The tree.tops thrust at the snow-cloud gray,
And frozen tears fill the lid of day;
When only the thorn of the rose is seen,
Then, in heavy teen, each breath between,
We sigh‘Would the winter were well away!'
Whatever the sun and the dial say,
This is the longest day!”
In this poem there is to be noted, not only
the fitness of the descriptive imagery, but the
singular perfection of form ; the variety, the
balance, and the harmony of the rhythmical
structure. We will take another, and an even
more beautiful specimen of Miss Thomas's
workmanship, from “The Kingfisher.” The
following are the opening lines of the poem:
“ The north is flocking with snow, with plumes that
were fledged in the sky;
The east is a garden of thorns where the frost's keen
javelins fly;
The west is a world of caverns whence storms are
unleashed for the chase,-
Alcyone, tarry we here in the sun of the south for a
space!
Rest, for the air is softer than dreams that hover in
sleep;
Rest, for the summer rests with us, mantling the gulf
and the steep.
The long-severed rivers are folded at last in the arms
of the sea,
With drift from the thyme-sweet meadows, and sheaves
they have caught from the leu.
The riotous winds and the ocean are bound by a truce
for thy sake,
And well may the mariner sing, for he knows that no
flaw will awake,-
Thou flying in languorous curves or dipping thy breast
in the spray."
The sonnets, to which the concluding portion
of the volume is devoted, are, in their way,
of equal finish and condensation with the
lyrics. It is not easy to choose among them,
but we have selected the one entitled “ Youth
and Age":
" Youth, like a traveler bound through Darien,
Looks from bis airy path, and each way hails
The brave delight of waves, and swollen sails
That come and go to serve shore-dwelling men.
A little space elate he fareth, then
The land swells round him, and the sea-sound fails,
And he no longer breathes the ocean gales,
Nor sees such ainple sweep of sky again.
O brother travelers! though we shall not know
Reversed way through the Continent of Age,
This knowledge shall in part our grief assuage:
Still o'er the Narrow Land the free winds blow;
Its high ridge rings with songs of those who go
Bearing their undepleted heritage."
In a sense, all such work as this is made up
of echoes-echoes of emotions long since em-
bodied in perfect expression,-and of harmo-
nies conceived and refined by elder workmen;
but the individuality of a new life is there
also; the old ideas seem to come with renewed
freshness to us, as to the eyes of youth itself
the old world will appear new forever. To
produce this illusion is all that is now left a
poet to do—that is, a poet who is not a great
creative genius, and such are of the rarest
births of time.
Some suggestion of Arnold, and more of
Emerson, is what the reader will find in the
little volume of poems by the late Edward
Rowland Sill. A score of years ago, Mr. Sill
published a volume of verse entitled “The
Hermitage and Other Poems.” His subsequent
work has been contributed only to the peri-
odical publications, and it is mainly a collec-
tion of this fugitive work that now appears,
for only five pieces from the earlier volume
are included in the new publication. Serious-
ness, an exquisite taste, and a rare ethical
insight are the characteristics of the carefully
selected work before us. Such a poem as
“The Reformer," for example, is not easily to
be forgotten:
“Before the monstrous wrong he sets him down-
One man against a stone-walled city of sin.
For centuries those walls have been a-building;
Smooth porphyry, they slope and coldly glass
The flying storm and wheeling sun. No chink,
No crevice lets the thinnest arrow in.
He fights alone, and from the cloudy ramparts
A thousand evil faces gibe and jeer him.
Let him lie down and die: what is the right,
And where is justice, in a world like this?
But by and by, earth shakes herself, impatient;
And down, in one great roar of ruin, crash
Watch tower and citadel and battlements.
When the red dust has cleared, the lonely soldier
Stands with strange thoughts beneath the friendly
stars,"
Another poem of singular power is the sonnet
entitled “Recall”:
"Love me, or I: m slain!' I cried, and meant
Bitterly true each word. Nights, morns, slipped by,
Moons, circling suns, yet still alive am I:
But shame to me, if my best time be spent
On this perverse, blind passion! Are we sent
Upon a planet just to mate and die,
A man no more than some pale butterfly
That yields his day to nature's sole intent?
Or is my life but Marguerite's ox-eyed flower,
That I should stand and pluck and fling away,
One after one, the petal of each hour,
Like a love-dreamy girl, and only say,
Loves me,' and 'loves me not,' and 'loves me?' Nay!
Let the man's mind awake to manhood's power."
This last line has a pathetic touch when we
think of the poet's own mind, awakened “to
manhood's power” only to be untimely extin-
guished. The volume, thin as it is, gives to
its writer a distinct place in our literature.
In it he speaks with his own voice, and to no
uncertain purpose. His rare individuality


1888.)
251
THE DIAL
must communicate itself to whomsoever shall profound harmonies would be the last to en-
be arrested by that voice, a healthful contagion tertain as a possibility the reproduction of
and a stimulus to noble thought and action. those melodies and those harmonies in a for-
The “Poems” of the late David Atwood eign tongue. An occasional single poem has,
Wasson are practically unknown to the world. by some inspiration, now and then been toler-
Even in Mr. Stedman's “Poets of America,” | ably turned into English, and the little volume
that record of slender reputations, we look of these selected translations, published a year
for the name of this writer in vain. Most of | or two ago, probably represents the best work
his pieces have remained buried until now in in this direction that may be expected. We
the periodicals to which they were contributed, have before us just now an attempt at the
a few of them only having found their way | translation of a considerable number of Vic-
into the collections. The task of editing and tor Hugo's poems, the work of the Rev. Henry
publishing, confided in his will to a friend, Carrington, Dean of Bocking. More than a
has been faithfully performed, and the result hundred pieces are included, and every one of
is a volume which will provide a welcome sure the poet's volumes of miscellaneous verse is
prise for most cultivated readers. Mr. Wasson represented. But the most that we can say
belongs to the Concord group of writers, the of the translator's work is that it is pains-
Emersonian influence being everywhere trace taking. The ideas are faithfully reproduced
able in his work. This is sufficient warrant and in their proper sequence, but the magic of
for its refinement and spirituality; it is also the poet's song has taken flight. Where is
accountable for its metaphysical vagueness the melody of that wonderful lyric from “Evi-
and its feeble grasp of the realities of exist- | radnus” in such stanzas as these? -
ence. It is the record of a self-centred, intro-
“ Come-be tender-drunk, am I-
spective, optimistic nature, finding a soul of
0, these green and dewy bowers!
Thee, the painted butterfly
good in all evil things, and constructing a
Follows, as the scent of flowers.
calm philosophy of life out of its own gentle
“Ride we towards the Austrian State,
and exalted moods. Such a philosophy can
There the dawn shall meet our brow;
bardly satisfy those who have learned to look
You'll be rich, and I be great,
upon life with steady and serious gaze, but it
Since we love each other now.”
is a restful thing to contemplate in the less And yet this very translation is in many ways
strenuous moments of thought, and the con- an admirable piece of work, a far better trans-
dition of soul that can regard it as final is lation than we should have supposed possible
thought by many to be an enviable one. This of the poem in question.
philosophy is well expressed in what is per-
WILLIAM Morton PAYNE.
haps the best known of Mr. Wasson's poems,
the “All's Well," from which we quote the
opening stanza :
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
“Sweet-voiced Hope, thy fine discourse
Foretold not half life's good to me:
THE author of “Slav and Saxon " (Putnam's) has
Thy painter, Fancy, hath not force
evidently been reading and believing—that egre-
gious pessimist Vámbéry. The influence of the
Thy witching dream
And pictured scheme
European professor and Russophobe is apparent
To match the fact still want the power:
through all the chapters of Mr. Foulke's book.
Thy promise brave
From the beginning, where he says, “It is not easy
From birth to grave
for us in America to realize the gravity of the
Life's boon may beggar in an hour.”
crisis," to the end, where he bursts into a sort of
The editor's phrase of “glorious optimism”
Catilinarian invective against the proposed treaty
is certainly a fit one as descriptive of the tem-
between this country and Russia, the author allows
per of a man who, the prey of years of phys hatred and a sickly dread of Russia to predominate
ical suffering, could thus discourse of life, but over all other feelings. It is hardly fair to judge
this temper is rare among men; perhaps, in
such a book as this by the usual standards of liter-
view of the relentless facts of human suffering,
ature. Criticism is at once disarmed by the avowed
purpose to make this a popular discussion of one
it is better that it should be rare. The bet-
of the “Questions of the Day." Even then it
terment of the world is not accomplished by
would seem that the writer might have avoided the
those who are content with it, but by those
lecture style and the continued use of the present
whose spirits are in perpetual revolt against in place of the past tense. The hortatory arrange-
its manifold forms of misery.
ment of sentences is so marked that it leads one to
To make anything like an adequate English suspect that the various chapters were originally
translation of the poems of Victor Hugo may
delivered as lectures. There is, too, the feeling
safely be put down as one of the impossible
that the author is writing of what he has gathered
only from books that agree with his preconceived
tasks. Their high lyrical quality is, even in
notions. Leroy-Beaulieu and Stepniak are, to say
the original, inappreciable to the majority of
the least, hardly impartial authorities; yet the quo-
English trained ears; and the few who can tations in this book, which are many and long, are
distinguish their subtle melodies and their taken almost entirely from these two sources.
To show how sweet it is to be!


252
[Feb.,
THE DIAL
Marvin and Vámbéry, two most ardent and un-
reasonable haters of Russia and Russian policy,
are the chief remaining sources of Mr. Foulke's
information and inspiration. The subject matter
of the book, however, is of intense interest; and with
one exception the order of arrangement is good.
The author begs the whole question that the book is
written to answer, by making his first caption and
chapter “The Coming Struggle.” Mr. Foulke's
little book shows, in an admirably clear way, what
is difficult for the ordinary American to understand
-the relation of the local assemblies, the “Mir,"
the “Vetché," and the “ Zemstvo," to a general
government, which, in the pride of its absolutism,
directs and controls the merest details of human
existence within its territory. The best chapter in
the book is the one on the “ History of Russia.".
This presents in the tersest language a bird's-eye
view of Russian history, a reading of which would
repay every one who wishes to be well informed, The
most exciting portion of the book is that discussing
the prison life of the Russian convict and political
suspect. One can hardly agree with the main con-
clusion of this book. Civilization against barbar-
ism; justice against injustice; truth against shame-
less duplicity; democracy against most tyrannous
autocracy; faith in God against the basest irrelig-
ion. The final outcome is not a matter of doubt,
and we must turn away from the pessimistic views
of Mr. Foulke to a brighter side of Russian progress
and power. Typographically, the book is fairly
well done—though Kiev need not have been sub-
jected to a double spelling; and the much abused
parenthesis should not be made to do duty for the
bracket also.
wholly taken up by her journey to Saratoga with
Mr. and Mrs. Hasket Derby. It is upon this journey
that she has "a fine view of the celebrated Middle-
sex canal which in future ages must do honor to our
country.” To increase our wonder, she adds, “it
will be twenty-five miles long" and is to run from
Deckel (Dracut] to the Medford River. This brief
passage illustrates, by its unconscious humor, the dif-
ference in point of material advancement between
that day and this. It was on this journey, also, that
she met at the Springs her future husband, Mr. Walter
Bowne, a young business man of New York City, and
a Quaker. This match, which seemed a sensible
one, was approved by her parents, and the marriage
followed within a year. But her happy wedded
life was all too brief, being terminated by her death
in 1802, at the early age of twenty-five. It remains
to be said that, though she received the best educa-
tion then accessible, her grammar and orthography
are not always flawless; yet such was the native
force and delicacy of her wit, such the vivid brevity
and artlessness of her description, that a few, at
least, of these letters deserve to rank with those of
the great masters of the epistolary art.
The correspondence of Eliza Southgate Bowne,
which was published last summer in Scribner's
Magazine," under the title, “A Girl's Life Eighty
Years Ago," has been republished by Scribner's
Sons in book form. The letters which compose the
volume were written to relatives and friends during
the twelve years from 1797 to 1809. They tell of
the fashionable society of the time in Portland,
Salem, Boston, Saratoga, and New York, and
are full of interesting references to many of the
leading eastern families, with most of whom the
writer was connected, either by kinship or acquaint-
ance. They are as far removed from girlish silli.
Dess, gush, and sentimentality as they are from the
prudery, affectation, and surface learning of the blue-
stocking. Indeed, the nature of the writer, though
not cold, and though keenly alive to feelings of
gratitude or admiration, was not so wholly absorbed
by the sentiments and affections as woman's nature
usually is. Her cousin, Moses Porter, her closest
correspondent for some years, died in 1802. Her
only allusion to the event is found in a letter to her
mother, a few days after his death, which makes us
doubt the penetration of a suggestion let fall by
Mr. Clarence Cook, in his able and appreciative in.
troduction, that the cousins did not escape heart-
whole from their discussion of the education of the
sexes. She says, “I surely loved Moses with sin-
cerity,” but qualifies what might otherwise seem
a conclusive statement, by adding, “I knew of no
person so distantly connected whom I felt so inter-
ested in." She finds it “strange, unaccountable,"
that she did not feel his loss more, and can speak
of it " without emotion." Immediately after, we
behold her absorbed in her life of gayety, and
The name of Froebel is one to be cherished by all
to whom education is an important matter. The
man who gave to us the Kindergärten method did
more than make a beginning for Kindergärten. So
far as his influence has gone-and it has gone
widely-he has done much to impress educators
with the sacred trust which they have assumed in
undertaking the work of instruction. His “Edu-
cation of Man" (Appleton), when it first appeared
in Germany in 1826, made an epoch in the practice
as well as in the theory of education. Since its
appearance education has been tending to become
rational, constructive, sympathetic. Froebel's three
great ideas are: that the child is an evolving force
which must be guided along the line of its own
natural development, and not constrained in the
strait-jacket of general methods; that there is a
natural sequence in the relationship of studies as
applied for the purpose of this development; and
that all instruction must be prompted by solicitous
sympathy with the young on the part of the teacher.
His second chapter, on the training of the child
from its earliest infancy, is especially valuable, in
spite of an occasional suggestion which does not
commend itself as a contribution to the natural
method. It would be well if this book could be
read by every young father and mother as well as
by all teachers. The spirit of Froebel's approach
to the mind and heart of the child is the inspiring
element in the book. The translator, Supt. W. N.
Hailmann, of LaPorte, Indiana, has added to the
value of the book by his judicious annotations,
which bring together the best views of educators
from Plato down to our own day, and occasion-
ally revise Froebel's contributions to the study of
child-life, by reference to results obtained by more
recent and more scientific observers. This is the
fourth published volume of the International Edu-
cation Series.
JEREMIAH BLACK was in many respects the most
remarkable banner-bearer of the Democratic party.
The present leader of the Republican party has
borne high testimony to his ability, bis accomplish-
ments, his integrity. To this man it was given, by
turning his back upon his political associates, and,


1888.]
253
THE DIAL
H
largely, upon the logical deductions from his own record on many a field of battle. This narrative is
political convictions, to be true in a grander sense a valuable contribution to our literature of the
to those convictions, and so to prevent the destruc- civil war, is full of absorbing interest, and is told
tion of the Union until the greatest Republican in a graphic and finished style. It contains much
could take the helm. Readers will not find in Mary evidence, for those who still need it, that the negro
Black ('layton's " Reminiscences of Jeremiah Sulli. wants but the proper recognition to take his place
van Black" (Christian Publishing Co., St. Louis) | as a man and a citizen. Although a military his-
aught of this. The man, rather than the statesman, tory, no portion of the book is more interesting
appears in a loving panegyric by one whose ties of than the fourth and fifth chapters, which narrate
blood disqualify for a more critical attempt at biog- ; the slow progress of negro status, during the first
raphy. Even as a panegyric the book is not satis. years of the war, from contraband" to freeman.
factory. The reminiscences are ill-assorted and badly The author, in his natural impatience with the dila.
expressed. The theme is worthy of a better style. tory steps toward the enfranchisement of his race,
Nor can the printer and binder be credited with any hardly recognizes the difficulties under which
measurable amount of taste. The general make-up president, congress, and generals labored with
of the book is flimsy and slovenly, redeemed only by regard to the negro, while engaged in fighting the
the fine face that speaks from the excellent engrav South under the constitution, and aiming to whip
ing prefixed, Mr. Blaine says of Judge Black:-- it back into the Union. The wonder is, not that
* Shakespeare, Milton, indeed all the English poets, emancipation came so late, but that it came so soon
were his familiar companions. There was not a as the second year of the war.
disputed passage or an obscure reading in any one
MR. HORACE E. SCUDDER, in his "Men and Let-
of the great plays upon which he could not off-band
quote the best renderings." In view of this accom-
ters" (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.), has collected
plishment it is unfortunate that so much poetic quo-
something like a dozen fugitive pieces, many of
tation in the book is misquotation, for which, since
them reviews of notabl