e publications, and others
Judge Black is being quoted in each case, we know
studies of general literary interest. The papers on
not whether to hold him or his biographer responsi.
F. D. Maurice, Elisha Mulford, and Dr. Muhlen-
ble. Instances are: "Joseph Williams had all the
berg, form a sort of sub-group, and those on Emer-
versatile accomplishments of the Earl of Peter-
son and Longfellow may be said to form another.
“Landor as a Classic " is the one which we have
boro (1)
•In one revolving man [!]
read with the most pleasure, calling renewed atten-
Was statesman, fiddler, soldier, and buffoon.'" tion as it does, to the importance of the study of
"There is a Providence that shapes our ends,
that writer to everyone who is engaged in literary
Rough-hew them how we will."
production, Mr. Scudder repeats the trite criticism
that Landor wrote for, and is read by, only the
The memoirs of William Powell Frith, Royal
select few- which is perhaps not so true now as it
Academician, and one of the best representatives
once was. We remember to have seen the state-
of the modern school of English painting, furnish
ment that a recent popular selection from the
as entertaining reading as even a captious man
** Imaginary Conversations" had already been sold
could wish for. The work is entitled "My Auto-
to the extent of fifteen thousand copies. Mr. Scud-
biography and Reminiscences" (Harper) and, the
der's style is a little prosy and his view somewhat
author having nearly completed the scriptural tale
provincial; but he is a careful writer, and his papers
of three score and ten, it covers the past fifty years,
are pleasant things to read.
introducing us to a great variety of scenes, and
bringing us into the familiar presence of a long An addition to "The Book-Lover's Library *
series of famous Englishmen, from such bygone (Armstrong) is made in The Story of some Famous
worthies as Landseer and Dickens to such well Books." The name of Mr. Frederick Saunders
known characters of our own day as Henry Irving appears as that of the author, or more properly, the
and Ellen Terry. We must confess that we find it compiler, for nothing of the work of authorship
difficult to speak in moderate terins of the extreme has fallen to his task. A genuine book-lover will
interest of this volume. As a collection of amusing not derive much sustenance from Mr. Saundere's
stories and anecdotes of famous men it is almost compilation, for the simple reason that he will find
unrivalled in the literature of the extensive class to its contents all too familiar. It is made up, from
which it belongs. Mr. Frith has not only lived the first to last, of those venerable anecdotes which are
life of a successful painter, but also that of a man sometimes designated as "chestnuts," even the
of the world, and the wide range of sympathies hardened compiler feeling called upon to introduce
shown in his works is paralleled by the equally many of them with apologetic phrase. One can be
wide range displayed in these reminiscences of his told too often even of Sidney at Zutphen, of how
intercourse with his fellow men. And all through Gibbon came to write his history, or of what Wolfe
his narrative we feel the presence of his own genial said about Gray's "Elegy." Such a book as this
personality, a little self-conscious perhaps, but alto might be prepared by anyone well up in the anec-
gether delightful as a companion. If we had space dotal history of literature who should sit down and
for extracts, we could amply justify these general write whatever came into his head until enough
observations; lacking it, we can only hope that the matter for a volume had been produced.
new circle of friends which the artist's book is sure
to gain for him will be as large as he deserves,
Miss JANE ANDREWS, whose "Ten Boys" of last
1 year was so widely read and appreciated, has
It is gratifying to find a negro entitling his record l written a new story for children, entitled “Only a
of his race's brave deeds, "Negro Troops in the Year, and what it Brought" (Lee & Shepard).
Rebellion" (Harper). We trust the day will come ** Only a Year" is the story of a New England fam-
when the negro everywhere will call himself by the į ily, and especially of the two daughters of that
Dame which truly designates him, and which family, one a bright, lively favorite and the other
Colonel Williams proves has made an enviable dreamy and unpractical. The development of these


254
(Feb.,
THE DIAL
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
[The follorcing List contains all New Books, American and For
aign, received during the month of January by MESSRS
A. C. MOCLURG & Co., Chicago.)
BIOGRAPHY-HISTORY.
two girls, through the various ups and downs of
home and school life, forms the ground work of the
story. The book is thoroughly healthful and inter-
esting, showing that in everyday duties one can
find abundant opportunity for noble living. Many
of Miss Andrews's friends will be glad to know that
a new edition of her “Seven Little Sisters" will
appear next month, containing her biography pre-
pared by her friend Mrs. Louisa C. Hopkins, one
of the Supervisors of the Boston Schools.
HEILPRIN's “Distribution of Animals " (Apple-
ton) gives a concise account of what is known and
can be put in the form of general statements in
regard to the distribution of animal life in time and
in space. The work is very conscientiously done,
and in his compilation the author has taken especial
pains to use only trustworthy authorities. The
literary style of the book is somewhat heavy, and
some parts of the work seem a little antiquated, as
in many branches of zoology the publication of
generalizations has not kept pace with the accumu.
lation of facts. The doctrine of descent, with
modification, is assumed throughout Professor leil.
prin's work. The facts of geographical as well as of
geological distribution are, in fact, incomprehensible
on any other hypothesis.
Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Leslie
Stepben. 8vo. Gilt top. Vols. 1.-XIII. now ready.
Macmillan & Co. Per vol., *3.23.
Recollections of Forty Years. By Ferdinand De Lee
seps. Translated by C. B. Pitman. 8vo. Two vols.
in one. D. Appleton & Co. 88.00,
What I Remember. By T. A. Trollope Crown Svo.
pp. 546. Portrait. Harper & Bros. 01.75
Life and Labor; or, Characteristics of Men of Indus
try, Culture, and Genius By Samuel Smiles, LLD.
12no, pp. 448. Harper & Bros. $1.00.
Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin. By R. L. Stevenson.
12mo, pp. 302.C. Scribner's Sons. $1.00.
The Makers of Venice. Doges, Conqueror, Painten,
and Men or Letters. By Mrs. Oliphant With Ilias
trations by R. R. Holmes, F.SA Sro, pp. 39 Gilt
top. Macmillan & Co. 07.00.
1 Iistory of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. By
H. C. Lea. 3 vols., 8vo. Gilt tops Vols. I.-II. now
rendy. Harper & Bros. Per vol., 8.00,
Torics IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
FEBRIARY, 1495.
TRAVEL
The English in the West Indies; or, The Bow of
('lysses. By J. A. Froude. Illustrated 1mo, pp.
373 c. scribner's sons. 91.76.
Oceana; or, England and her Colonies. By J. A.
Froude. 'Illustrated. 12o, pp. 36. C. Scribner's
sons. $1.75.
Early Adrentures in Persia, Susiana and Babylonia.
Including 3 Residence Among the Bakhtiyari and
other Wild Tribes bwfore the Discovery of Ninevela.
By Sir Henry Layard, K.C.B. With Maps and Illus.
tntions. 9 vols., NVO. Longmans, Green & co.
I'nder the Southern Cross; or, Travels in Australia,
Tasmania, New Zealand, Samoa, and other Pacific
Islands. By M. M. Ballou. 12o, pp. Ticknor &
(o. 01.30.
The Merican Guide. By T. A. Janvier. Batutions for 14
Lanther, tucky. C. Scribner's Sons Net, 2.80
Mountain Trails and Park. in Colorado. By L B.
France. Illustrated 12mo, pp. 224. Chmin, Hardy &
(o. Ne, $1.50
The Voiage and Trarayle of Sir John Maunderille,
Knight. Which treateth of the way toward Hieru
slem and of marveyles of Iude with other Ilands and
('ountreys Edited, Annotated, and Ilustrated in
Facsimile by John Ashton. $v0, pp. 49. London
Ne, $3.70.
The Same. Large Paper Edition Limited to 100 copies.
Xumbered. Sa, 10.5.
Albamen. W. Bern bardt Popular science.
America, Winsor's History of. W.F. Poole. Dial.
Astrology. J. M. Buckley. (ratury
Blue Jays Olive Thorne Miller, Allantic.
Bubot, Felix. Philippe Burty. Harxr.
Cancer. R. T. Morris. Popular science.
Church, Why We Have a W.F. Faber. Andorr.
Decoration Craze in Europe. E. von Hesse Wartegy. (mmt.
Eoonomie Outlook D. AWells Popular Seinna.
Emotionere. Henlth in Women. Mary T. Btssell. Pop. Sci.
English People, Origins of. II. C. G. von Jagemann. Tral.
Euripides, " Meden" of. W. (. Lawton. Atlantic.
Geology A. D. White. Popular Science,
Goethe'. * Iphigenie auf Tauris." Andorr.
Heathen Salvation. Andort.
Hyderabad. J. F. Hurst. Harper.
Irving and Miss Terry. Century.
Israel. Our Religious Inheritance from. Andover.
Labor Problem. W.C. Langdon. Andorr.
Landor. Walter Savage J. R. Lowell. (untury.
Law and the Ballot. J. B Bisbon Serihmer.
Lincoln, Abraham Hay and Nicolay. (entury.
** Long and short Haul." Henry Wood. Popular Sciena.
Lynching. (entury.
Marriages in Europe. F.G. Cook Atlantic.
Men at Irms. E. 11. and E. W. Blashteld. Seribrur.
Mendelssohn Letter WF. Apthor. Scribner.
Meredith, George G. P. Lathron Atlantte.
Milk Adulteration, C. H. Henderson. Popular Science.
Moon and the Weather. J. W Oliver Popular science.
Nullification. J. J. lalary. Dui
Panama (anal (. (Roger Hyudar Sunce
Paris, Living in J. D. lorne. (intury.
Poetry, Recent W M Payne Dul
Politics, Real Nature of. (entury.
Public Worship, 0.000 Trstein Andrwwt.
Pyrenees, in Outuet Race in the Popular Science.
Quebec (H arnham Haret.
Ranch life. Thea. Rosevelt (mfuery.
Retrellion, c.mnd strates of the WThermn. Cool
Russian Political Prison ( honnan fentury
Ship Railway F.Lladon. Hurer
hip ). Imerican strne Hewes Jr Harper
William in london. J Hi Rosny. Harr.
ke medies. Albert Law Inul
1 Makiny S arlat Polar V
stage l'ictorial Art E II ant W orld. Colum.
Star of Winter (P rins Polar A .
ESSAYS-BELLES LETTRES. ETC.
The First Edition of Shakespeare. The Works of win.
iam Shakespeare. In Reduced P imile from the
famous Hint Follo Edition of
With an intro.
duction by J. (). Halliwell-Phulips (rowa WYO
unk & Wagnalls, 2 .
Serpent. Worship, and Other E ye With a Chapter on
Totemninm By C. Wake **Opp. * London Net.
** Knickerbocker Nuggets" Series. Letters, Sentenere
and Marine By Lord Chesterfielt With a tritical
say by
C
int-Beille The Ventures of Baron
Munchausn roto ilielel a list and fman
editions with Illustration: 1*200. Gilt top 6. P.
PunainenPer volei
Andreur Carnegie'. Work. Triumpuant le money.
in merican Four in Hand in Britain, Hund the
World. Vols,
( rilsners vns 4
Speeches, Ete. By James R Eierlart. Tarno, pr. 19
Purtraut ( P. Muttham'. None 1
Theological ment A .
Tholuck in Halle JH W "uckenler And
Thought, Time Resuir for Balur No .
Volcaties X Shaler m er.
Weat. The RB Marry r.
Whiteworth Sir Joseph 'ir xwe
Working Women > Homes 1. Adams Lapu 1
Zoologists of Amn and Evolution
Morse tom
POETRY-THE DRAMA
Christian Ballads. Byl (ore Pre *
A f emo, pn Gitt eiges J Pets &
w
Poem.. nantic and lyrie B fonstanre | Lekoy
Runcie Ak, D
. 11tna i ha 1


1888.)
255
THE DIAL
Thema. Dekker. Edited, with an introduction and
Xotes, by Ernest Rhys. Unexpurgated Edition, 12mo,
pp. 472. Mermaid Series of the best Plays of the Old
Dramatists. London, Net, 9 cents.
Robert Emmet. A Tragedy of Irish History. By J. I. C.
('larke. Portraits of Emmet. 12mo, pp. 134. Gilt top.
G. P, Putnam's Sons. $1.00
Dramatic Works of Victor Hugo. Translated by F. L.
Sious and Mrs. N. ('rosland. 12mo, pp. 430. Bohn's
Standard Library. London. Net, $1.00.
ECONOMICS-POLITICS.
In Inquiry Into the Nature and causes of the
Wealth of Nations. By Adam Smith, LL.D. Re.
printed from the sixth Edition, with an Introduction
by E. B. Bax, 2 vols., 12mo, Bohn's Standard Library,
London. Net, 92.00.
I'nited States Yotea. A History of the various
of Paper Money by the Government of the t'nited
States. By John J. Knox. With an Appendix con.
taining the recent Decision of the Supreme ('ourt of
the l'nited States and the Dissenting Opinion upon
the Legal Tender Onestion. Third Edition, Rerind.
12o, pp. 97. C. Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Triumphant Democracy; or, Fifty Years' March of the
Republic By A. (arnegie. Note Edition. 12mo, pp.
619. C. scribner's Sons, Paper, 50 cents, cloth, $1.50.
Ireland's (ause in England's Parliament. By
Justin McCarthy, M.P. With Preface by John Boyle
Ticknor & Co. Paper, 35
cents; cloth, 50 cents.
SCIENCE-MEDICAL.
Modern Theories of Chemistry. By Dr. L. Meyer,
Translated from the German by P. P. Bedson, D.Sc.
(Lond.), etc., and W. (. Williams, B.Sc., F.C.S. 8vo,
pp. 587. Longmans, Green & (o. $6,50.
A course of Elementary Instruction in Practical
Riology. By T. H. Huxley. LL.D., F.R.S., sisted by
H. X. Martin, M.A., etc. Revised edition, extended
and edited by G. B. Howes, and D. H. Scott, M.A..
Ph.D. With Preface by Prof. Huxley. F.R.S. 19mo,
pp. 512, flex. Macmillan & Co. Nel, $2.60.
Astronomy for Amateurs. Practical Manual of Tel.
escopic Research in all Latitudes. Adapted to the
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Oliver, with the assistance of T. W. Backhouse,
P.R.A.S., and others. Illustrated, 12mo, pp. 316. Long-
mans, Green & Co. $2.95.
Animal Magnetism. By A. Binet and c. Féré 12mo,
pp. 378. * International Scientific Series." D. Appleton
& (o, 150,
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Patton, M.A., Ph.D. ('rown 8vo, pp. 523. Gilt top. D.
ppleton & ('o. $3.00
Home Experiments in Science. For Old and Young. A
Repertory of Simple Experiments with Home Made
Apparatus. By 1. O''onor Sloane, E.M., 1.M., Ph.D.
Illustrated, 12no, pp. 361 H. ( Baird & ('), 01.50.
Doctor and Patient. By 8. W. Mitchell, M.D., LL.D.
Harv. 19o, pp. 177. J. B Lippincott ('o. 01.30.
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nurses in training. By J. (. Non, M., M.D 12mo.
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A Phyllis of the Sierras, and A Drift from Redwood
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Mr. Absalom Bullingelea, and other Georgia Folk.
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Harper & Bros. 91 23.
Leon Roch. From the Spanish of B. Perez Galdos
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Queen Money. By the author of " The Story of Margaret
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A. O. MOCLURG & Co.


256
[Feb., 1888.
THE DIAL
THE BUREAU OF REVISION.
HOW THE CABINET IS MADE UP.
George William Curtis says: “Reading manuscript with
a view to publication is a professional work as much as
examining titles to property ; and this work is done, as
it should be, professionally, by the Easy Chair's'friend
and fellow.laborer in letters, Dr. T. M. Coan."--Harper's
Magazine, April, 1886.
Books edited for authors and publishers. Opinions on
MSS. given. DR. TITUS MUNSON COAN, 110 East 56th
Street, New York City.
TO DENVER IN ONE NIGHT.
On December 4, 1887, the Burlington Route, C. B. &Q
R. R., inaugurated a fast train service as follows: Fast
express train known as “The Burlington's Number One"
leaves Union Depot, corner Canal and Adams stree
Chicago, at 12.01 P.M. daily and runs to Denver solid,
arriving at 10.00 P.M. the next day, thus making the run
from Chicago to Denver in thirty-four hours. This train
arrives at Omaha at 5 A,M., making the run to Omaha in
seventeen hours. Corresponding fast train from Denver
to Chicago. Direct connection made to and from
St. Louis with these trains, and at Denver with the
train of the D. & R. G. R. R. for San Francisco and Pacific
coast points. Superb equipment on " The Burlington's
Number One," consisting of sleeping cars and coaches
from Chicago to Omaha and Chicago to Denver without
change. Meals served en ronte on the famous Burlington
route dining cars as far West as the Missouri river.
Omaha passengers will be allowed to remain in their
sleeping car until breakfast time. See that your ticket
reads via the C. B. & Q. R. R. It can be obtained of any
coupon ticket agent of its own or connecting lines or by
addressing
PAUL MORTON.
Gen'l Passenger and Ticket Agent.
The most satisfactory are made in accordance
with a very appetizing receipt to be found in Miss
Parloa's Kitchen Companion, which is a new book
just written by Miss Maria Parloa, the founder and
principal of the famous School of Cookery in New
York.
It has not been hastily written to meet a sudden
popular demand, but is rather the result of consci-
entious labor in leisure hours for several years, and
it will unquestionably be a welcome visitor in thou-
sands of families all over the land in which Miss
Parloa's name and fame alike are familiar. The
book describes minutely an ideal kitchen, tells
what furniture, utensils and stores should be pro-
vided for it, explains clearly the uses and states the
value of various kinds of food, contains bills-of-fare
for all sorts of occasions, shows how tempting
meals may be quickly cooked when unexpected
guests come, gives explicit instructions about diet
for the sick, and includes also as choice a collection
of receipts in all departments of cookery as can be
found in any ever published. It is thoroughly prac-
tical; it is perfectly reliable; it is marvellously com-
prehensive; it is copiously illustrated; it is, in short,
overflowing with good qualities, and is just the
book that all housekeepers need to guide them in
their daily duties, and to enable them to make their
homes happy.
ESTES & LAURIAT, Boston.
EAGLE, No. 212,
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CHICAGO, MARCH, 1888.
(VOL. VIIL, NO. 96.)
TERMS-61.50 PER YEAR.
Mrs. Burnett's Neu Story, in Book Form, uniform with “Little Lord Fauntleroy."
SARA CREWE; OR, WHAT HAPPENED AT MISS MINCHIN'S.
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258
[March, 1888.
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
VOL. VIII. MARCH, 1888. No. 95.
believed that the earlier work, although deal-
ing with the whole range of a great national
literature, was not the more difficult exercise
CONTENTS.
in self-restraint, selection, and coördination.
In both works the problem of rich and racy
SAINTSBURY'S ELIZABETHAN LITERATURE. compendiousness is solved; and the secret of
Melville B. Anderson . ... ... ... ... 259 the solution lies in part in the author's babit
of ignoring what he calls “copy,”-i. e., the
THE BOW OF ULYSSES. Edward Playfair Anderson · 261
transmitted commonplaces of criticism,- and
THE LAND OF THE QUETZAL. George 0. Noyes · 263 of writing “with his eye upon the object;"
and in part in the rare self-restraint exercised
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ....
in the treatment of first-rate works and illustri-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . .......... 270 ous names. To Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton,
Kirkup's An Inquiry into Socialism.--Thoreau's he allots about sixteen pages each; Bacon he
Winter.-Ebers's Richard Lepsius.-Emily Law.
treats with scarcely more fulness than Hooker
less's The Story of Ireland.-Rhys's Thomas or Hobbes. Of the work of all great authors
Dekker.-Maha ffy's The Art of Conversation.-
except the four greatest, he gives brief char-
Morgan's Shakespeare in fact and in Criti.
acteristic specimens. In all this he exhibits
cism.- Patton's Natural Resources of the United
a common-sense uncommon among literary
States.-Helen Gray Cone's Pen Portraits of
historians, who unwisely think that the pre-
Literary Women.-Griffis's Matthew Calbraith
ëminence of a Bacon or a Milton must be
Perry.-Abercromby's Weather.-Halliwell-Phil.
honored by a proportionable bulk of criticism
lipps's First Edition of Shakespeare. - Steven.
son's Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin. - Sievers's
and citation. "Mr. Saintsbury, on the other
Grammar of Old English.-Adams's The Study of
hand, has actually discovered that people who
History in American Colleges. – Smiles's Life
interest themselves in literary history are usu-
and Labor.--Collyer's Talks to Young Men.
ally furnished with copies or specimens of
Milton, Spenser, Bacon, and Shakespeare, and
TOPICS IN MARCH PERIODICALS ...... 275
that a sufficient number of able monographs
BOOKS OF THE MONTH ........... 275 upon these authors are already in the hands of
the public. It would, however, be a great
mistake to suppose that his treatment of these
SAINTSBURY'S ELIZABETHAN LITERA-
princely names is barren or perfunctory; on
TURE.*
the contrary, his style here rises, in every case,
In the “advertisement,” the publishers make to the height of its great argument, and he
the welcome announcement that the present manages to say something about each which
volume is to form the second of a set of four seems fresh and acceptable,-even to the much-
devoted to the history of English literature. enduring voyager or coaster of the oceans of
The first volume, dealing with pre-Elizabethan criticism and ana in the midst of which these
literature, is to be the work of Mr. Stopford great works, like verdurous islands, are set.
Brooke; the preparation of the third has been But it is as an intelligent, trustworthy, and
entrusted to Mr. Edmund Gosse, and that of indefatigable traveller, who has visited lands
the fourth to Professor Dowden. It may be more out of the track of ordinary commerce,
said at once that Mr. Saintsbury has produced that our author especially commends himself
a most useful first-hand survey,-comprehen- | to us. On the whole, therefore, the art with
sive, compendious, and spirited,- of that which, by these methods, and by omission of
unique period of literary history when “all all but absolutely essential biographical de-
the muses still were in their prime.” One tails, he obtains space for a relatively full
knows not where else to look for so well-pro treatment and illustration of the great body
portioned and well-ordered a conspectus of the of profoundly interesting literature of that
astonishingly varied and rich products of the memorable century, is highly praiseworthy.
teeming English mind, during the century that The crowning excellence of the book,-a rare
begins with Tottel's Miscellany and the birth and arduous excellence is this art of per-
of Bacon, and closes with the Restoration. spective which enables the author to deal, with
Mr. Saintsbury's “Short History of French perspicuity of outline and lucidity of detail,
Literature” was an invaluable apprenticeship with a vast and confusing mass of phenomena.
for a work of this kind; and it may easily be It may be feared that Mr. George Saints-
bury's readers are not quite as grateful as
* A HISTORY OF ELIZABETHAN LITERATURE. By
they should be to an author who furnishes so
George Saintsbury, London and New York: Macmillan
& Co.
| much agreeable and solid instruction. His


260
THE DIAL
[March,
- - - -
qualities do not become mellowed, nor do his of character had appeared as well established
defects become less conspicuous, with the as Sidney's, is, in Mr. Saintsbury's eyes, a cox.
lapse of time. His books have a fascination comb. It is curious, by the way, how many
resembling that which certain acrid fruits, coxcombs have left their names in the literary
not to be tasted without a grimace, possess history of that time. Turning the leaf on
for children. What is the secret of this some which the “coxcombry” of Lord Herbert's
what astringent charm?
antobiography is twice recorded, one notes
In the first place, Mr. Saintsbury is not at that old Ilowell was “a good deal of a cox-
all careful to bar out his own personality, comb, while Walton was destitute of even
which cannot, indeed, be pronounced intra- | a trace of coxcombry.” So also the poetical
sive, but which is not exactly amiable. He Lord Oxford, the man whom knightly Sir
makes us respect him as a man of immense Philip once struck, is “apparently a coxcomb,"
industry, which we should admire more were possibly because he did not strike back. Ga.
we not so frequently in set terms reminded of briel Harvey, Spenser's friend, is “a curious cox-
it. We are not urbanely set at ease; we | comb," and his experiments in classical metres
breathe somewhat apprehensively in presence are mere “coxcombry." It would be interest.
of a powerful mind of pronounced opinions ing to know to what common characteristic
held with a sort of ill-concealed arrogance; a Harvey's learned metrical experiments and
vigorous personality for whom literary history Lord Herbert's unstudied autobiography owe
is a shield from behind which he can hurl an this whimsical designation. Evidently Mr.
occasional javelin against one of his numer- Saintsbury does not enjoy hearing Aristides
ous pet aversions. When an author's persone called the just. Milton and Lord Herbert
ality happens to be that of a Lamb or of a have been eulogized, perhaps extravagantly;
DeQuincey, it is the endearing quality of the this circumstance seems to set our critic on
book; but Mr. Saintsbury makes us sigh for edge against them.
the noble impersonality of Hallam. For in. This author was long ago censured in these
stance,-in Mr. Saintsbury's literary creed columns for his mannerisms and affectations
prose poetry is “a pestilent heresy” and he of phrase and word. Almost as noticeable as
cannot forgive Sidney for having committed the use of the terms “coxcomb" and "cox.
himself to it. This is a logical and, perhaps, combry," is the frequent recurrence of the
a wholesome doctrine; but literature may be expression “purple patch." The prose works
something if not logical, and the admirers of Sydney, of Raleigh, and of Milton, are
of Sidney, as well as those of DeQuincev, said to be afflicted with these purple erup.
Ruskin, and Jean Paul, will remain illogical tions, while those of Hooker are free from
enough to admire poetry, even apart from the them. But this is nothing to the excessive
poetical form which seems, to Mr. Saintsbury, use of foreign words and phrases employed
is to be the root of that matter."— Again, in either to save the trouble of finding an Eng.
dealing with Ilooker, our author goes out of lish equivalent, or as a pare affectation. Such
his way to bave his fling at “a good many of phrases as adespoton, adexpotil, gout du terroir,
our later philosophers," whose names are apeiron, purus, etc., etc., appear upon every
best known to himself, -- "who leave their mid- page. Is this *coxcombry?" It is to be
dles undistributed" and do a number of other ! noted, by the way, that these needless phrases
illogical things of which the judicious looker | are far more condemnable than the racy un.
cannot be accused.-Once more, how can the translatable foreign quotations for the use of
humble-minded reader feel at ease in the com. | which Mr. Lowell is esteemed, by some, such
panionship of a tutor who holds that Milton's a sinner. Nor is Mr. Saintsbury's syntax
character was not only unamiable but not always faultless. At p. 439, where he cites
“ even wholly estimable." One trembles to l an example of Lord Herbert's incorrect syn.
think what the standard of perfection of tax, be perpetrates a far graver fault; and
character must be, which is necessary in order at p. 52 we find the following construction:
to qualify for the esteem and friendship of, “neither anduly prejudicet in favor of Eng.
such a critic. Indications are not wanting lish literature nor wanting in that knowledge
that argue Mr. Saintsbury a disciple of Mr. i of other literature which is as fatal to judy.
Swinburne; but how far is he from that pas. , ment as actual prejudice," — where the syntax
sionate lover of letters in his attitude toward 'reverses the meaning.
Milton! "He must be indeed confident," Mr. Saint-bury's literary judgments are
said Swinburne, “ of having always acted up usually impartial and generous, and often
to Milton's own ideal, and ever made of his enthusiastit. His dislike of Milton extends
own life a heroic poem,' who . . . . ., itself by no means to Milton's fmetry. His
could think himseln wurthy to feel sympathy appreciation of the highest portteal qualities,
with the action and the passion of such lives whether in prise or verse, is singularly warm
as Milton's or Mazzini's."
and pure, despite the fact that he deems the
Lord Herbert of Cherbury, whose nobility iversification the root of that whole matter."


1888.]
261
THE DIAL
In metrical criticism he will, I think, be our author gives his readers the materials for
thought much behind the times, since he correcting his own eccentricity, since he makes
emphasizes the necessity of applying to Eng. it very plain that Marlowe was generally in-
lish verse “the strictest rules of classical capable of writing more than a dozen lines
prosody.” In dealing with Spenser he makes without falling into bathos or puerility, and
the Spenserian stanza the most prominent that he was almost entirely wanting in the con-
topic. “It is impossible to say that Sappho structive faculty. I am not sure that it would
invented the Sapphic, or Alcæus the Alcaic : be so difficult to parallel most of Marlowe's
each poet may have been a Vespucci to some fine lines with equally fine ones, I will not say
precedent Columbus. But we are in a posi from Chaucer, or Byron, or Wordsworth, who
tion to say that Spenser did most unquestion are not deemed worthy of mention in compari-
ably invent the English Spenserian stanza”— son with him, but from the works of Dr. Donne,
and this invention must, he thinks, “be concerning whom Saintsbury quotes Ben
counted the most considerable of its kind in Jonson's dictum that he was "the first poet of
literature.” We are in a position to say no the world in some things." But Donne is not
such thing. Far from inventing the stanza, now in fashion, as Marlowe and Sir Thomas
Spenser simply adapted to his purpose an Malory chance to be, and Mr. Saintsbury
already existing stanza. The Spenserian treats him with his severe fairness.
stanza is nothing more than the ingenious Here I must conclude these special criti.
eight-line stanza used by Chaucer in “ The cisms, which should not be allowed to neu-
Monk's Tale” and by Dunbar in “ The Merle tralize the very high praise I gave this work
and Nightingale," with the simple addition of at the outset. If, as there is good reason to
an alexandrine at the end. To be sure this hope, the other authors of this literary history
simple addition transforms, almost miracu do their parts as thoroughly as Mr. Saintsbury
lously, the whole effect of the stanza; it is has done his, the result will be a more satisfac-
nevertheless no “invention,” but simply an tory survey of the whole field of our literature
"attachment.” Mr. Saintsbury's emphatic than we have hitherto possessed.
assertions on this subject would seem
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON.
strangely ignorant, did one not remember
that Mr. Lowell, in his essay on Spenser, after
quoting a stanza from “ The Merle and the
Nightingale,” goes on to give a most ingeni-
THE BOW OF ULYSSES.*
ous explanation of the exact manner in which Mr. Froude having now turned his seventieth
Spenser adapted his stanza from the Italian
year, and published his thirty-first volume, may
ottava rima. .
well rank, both by length and amount of serv-
Mr. Saintsbury prides himself upon his in ice, among the veteran literary men of Great
dependence of judgment based upon a range Britain. How many born in his decade -
of attentive reading almost unparalleled in the second of the nineteenth century-have
our time; and his independent judgments, already passed away! Thackeray, Dickens,
although sometimes extravagant, are always Reade, Trollope, Lewes and his even more
fresh and suggestive. But with respect to highly gifted wife, have all answered the roll-
Marlowe he appears to show the unfortunate call among the vast majority. And somehow,
influence of Swinburne, whose critical utter in this connection, the names of the novelists
ances he quotes with singular relish. “No are those that first occur to us, perhaps because
writer but Shakespeare,” he says, “bas this is the age of the novel, — and, we may
equalled the famous and wonderful passages add, of the novelist-historian,—the historian
in Tamburlaine' and 'Faustus,' which are with a cause to advocate, with a fine villain
familiar to every student of English literature to rehabilitate, or a noble hero to extol, the
as examples of the ne plus ultra of the poetic | historians who, according to Mr. Froude's
powers, not of the language but of language.” own figure, choose from the picture alphabet
In other words, Mr. Saintsbury means that of history “such letters as we want, arrange
what, for once, he does not call the “purple them as we like, and say nothing about what
patches” in Marlowe, are superior in poetic | does not suit our purpose.”
quality to any passages of equal length in Every new book is, I take it, an appeal for
Homer, Æschylus, Lucretius, Dante, Cal a new trial. So, in spite of Mr. Froude's
deron, Byron, Wordsworth, or Victor Hugo. apology for Henry VIII., in spite of his par-
Indeed, Mr. Saintsbury seems to place Mar tisan history of “The English in Ireland in
lowe above all other poets in our literature, the Eighteenth Century,” in spite of his hero-
save five,-Shakespeare, Milton, Spenser, worshipping sketch of Cæsar, in spite of his
Dryden, Shelley. This is the judgment of a treachery to the memory of the Carlyles, let
coterie, not of a critic. I do not remember
that either Mr. Swinburne or Mr. Symonds
*THE ENGLISH IN THE WEST INDIES; OR, THE Bow
OF ULYSSES. By James Anthony Froude. New York:
has said anything so extravagant. However, ! Chas. Scribner's Sons.


262
(March,
THE DIAL
us try to judge this book on its own merits.
Yet if we see the familiar characteristics
reappearing, we can hardly fail to mark
them.
“ The English in Ireland ” is otherwise
known as Froude's “History of Ireland ";
but it would be a mistake to suppose from
the similarity of titles that “The English in
the West Indies" is also a history. It rather
resembles his “Oceana," being a narrative of
Mr. Froude's winter trip to a warmer climate,
interspersed with many historical allusions,
and saturated with contemporary politics.
It would seem that in such distant lands we
might escape the much vexed Irish question;
but we confront it in the very first pages
of the work, and it is, indeed, omnipresent.
Throughout this book, Rodney, the admiral,
is the hero; and Gladstone, the orator, is the
bête noire. The service rendered by Rodney,
after the surrender of Cornwallis, by win-
ning the battle of Martinique, was, no doubt,
brilliant; but it still seems something like
exaggeration to claim that he was the only
savior of the British Empire :
" The English admiral was aware that his coun
try's fate was in his hands. It was one of those
supreme moments which great men dare to use
and small men tremble at..... One by one
the French ships struck their flags or fought until
they foundered and went down. The carnage on
board them was terrible, crowded as they were with
the troops for Jamaica. Fourteen thousand were
reckoned to have been killed besides the prison.
ers..... Half the French fleet was either taken
or sunk; the rest crawled away for the time, most
of them to be picked up afterwards like crippled
birds. So on that memorable day was the English
Empire saved. Peace followed but it was ' peace
with honor.' The American colonies were lost;
but England kept her West Indies; her flag still
floated over Gibraltar; the hostile strength of
Europe all combined (!) had failed to twist Brit.
annis's ocean sceptre from her. . . . The bow
of Ulysses was strung in those days. The order of
recall arrived when the work was done. It was
proudly obeyed; and even the great Burke admitted
that no honor could be bestowed upon Rodney
which he had not deserved at his country's hands.
If the British Empire is still to have a prolonged
career before it, the men who make empires are
the men who can hold them together. Oratorical
reformers can overthrow what deserves to be over.
thrown. Institutions, even the best of them, wear
out, and must give place to others, and the fine
political speakers are the instruments of their over
throw. But the fine speakers produce nothing of
their own, and as constructive statesmen their paths
are strewed with failures. . . . . Is there a
single instance, in our own or any other history, of
a great political speaker who has added anything to
human knowledge or to human worth! Lord (hat.
ham may stand as a lonely exception. But except
Lord ('hatham who is there! Not one that I know
of. Oratory is the spendthrift sister of the arts,
which decks itself like a strumpet with the tags
and ornameots which it strals from real superiority.
The object of it is not truth, but anything which it
can make appear truth; anything which it can per-
suade people to believe by calling in their passions
to obscure their intelligence."
Now what is the meaning of this eloquent
passage, which itself savors somewhat of ora.
tory? Let us analyze it. It means that those
do most service to mankind who slay their
thousands and their tens of thousands. It
means that countries are best governed by
“ blood and iron,” by men like the Iron Duke,
like Andrew Jackson, nay, like Napoleon or
Julius Cæsar-shorn of their eloquence, how.
ever,- in short, by an autocrat, a despot, so
long as he is wise and good. What to do
when he no longer is so we are not informed.
It means that men like Jefferson, Madison,
and Franklin, like Thiers and Cavour, like
Pitt, Burke, Macaulay, and Gladstone, have
done nothing in the way of constructive
statesmanship, “added nothing to human
knowledge or to human worth.” Other pas.
sages bear us out in this interpretation :
" This only was clear to me in thinking over what
Mr. Gladstone was reported to have said, and in
thinking of his own achievements and career, that
there are two classes of men who have played and
still play a prominent part in the world - those who
accomplish great things, and those who talk and
make speeches about them. The doers of things
are for the most part silent. Those who build up
empires or discover secrets of science, those who
paint great pictures or write great poems, are not
often to be found spouting upon platforms. The
silent men do the work. ... Rodney struck a
blow in the West Indies which sounded over the
world and saved for Britain her ocean sceptre."
What does he say to the eloquence of Au-
gustus, of Bonaparte, of Bismarck, of Hugo,
Lowell, and Bjornson? Indeed the lyceum
platform has made it no rare thing to hear
eloquence even from artists and scientific men.
He tells of Charles Warner of Trinidad, a
poor old man just tottering to the grave, who
was “worth á voyage round the globe” to
see, because “ he was sorry for the courses on
which he saw mankind to be travelling. Spite
of all the newspapers and the blowing of
trumpets he well understood whither all that
was tending. He spoke with horror, and even
loathing, of the sinister leader who was
drawing England into the fatal whirlpool."
It is fair to reproach an author with age, if
he has the spirit of senility. We can almost
imagine we see these two old men, hobnob-
bing and condoling together over their glasses
of cocktail "the established corrective of
West Indian languor without which life is
impossible" -- and saying “the former days
were better than these."
The following are fair specimens of the
political musings which obtrude at every
turn: the strife of political parties in Eng.
land is “organized civil war": "party is more


1888.]
263
THE DIAL
D
than country, and a victory at the hustings gentleman, for he is really an agreeable com-
over a candidate of opposite principles more panion and a delightful talker when not on
glorious than a victory in the field over a his hobby. Beware, however, that you have
foreign foe"; if imperial federation should be no personal peculiarity about you so striking
brought about, at the first session of the par as the wide-flapped ears of his unfortunate
liaments “the satellites would fly off into Danish fellow passenger on the voyage out, or
space, shattered perhaps themselves in the he will certainly blazon the fact to the world.
process"; the Irish are as degraded as the Yet, compared with his Carlyle biographies,
West Indian negroes; "we have not concili. he has been very discreet and reticent in this
ated the native Irish; it was impossible that | volume, for he tells us in his preface :
we should; we have simply armed them with “In a few instances, where opinions were con.
the only weapons which enable them to veyed to me which were important in themselves,
revenge their wrongs upon us "; "the history but which it might be undesirable to assign to the
of the West Indies is a precise parallel; the persons from whom I heard them, I have altered
white settlers ruled as in Ireland, the slaves
initials and disguised localities."
obeyed and all went swimmingly"; "the
The illustrations add much to the appear.
bow of Ulysses is as sound as ever . . . but ance of the work, and we are informed that
it is unstrung ... the Irish python rises
they are engraved from sketches by the
again out of its swamp and Phabus Apollo
author bimself. Wbether his pencil has the
launches no shaft against the scaly sides of
same knack as his pen for conveying impres-
it." Macbeth sees the dagger double; but Mr. sions clear but false, I leave for others to
Froude sees Ireland not only double, but determine.
triple, quadruple, multiple: “The result (of
To sum up, there is danger lest the motto
extending the franchise to the blacks is to he has selected from Goethe, aimed no doubt
have created in the Antilles and Jamaica so at Gladstone and other liberal politicians,
many fresh Irelands."__"If the Antilles are should prove a boomerang; and, in the opin-
ever to thrive each of them also should have | ion of most people, recoil upon himself.
some trained and skilful man at its head, I may paraphrase this motto, in the original
unembarrassed by local elected assemblies ” metre, as follows:
“let governors be sent who would be governors
Princes gild over so oft mere copper stamped with their
likeness
indeed like those who administer the Indian
Meaning so much and so little; and folk are undeceived
presidencies ... governors who would slowly.
command respect and confidence.”
Crude fanatics, meanwhile, print nonsense and falsehood
as genius:
"Let us persist in the other line, let us use the
"Genuine gold" he will call it, who has not the touch.
West Indian governments as asylums for average
worthy persons who have to be provided for, and
EDWARD PLAYFAIR ANDERSON.
force on them black parliamentary institutions as
& remedy for such persons' inefficiency, and their
beautiful countries will become like Hayti, with
Obeah triumphant, and children offered to the
THE LAND OF THE QUETZAL.*
devil and salted and eaten, till the conscience of
To the greater part even of the well-read
mankind wakes again and the Americans sweep
| public, Central America is almost a terra
them all away."
incognita. Old Californians will remember
Such is the refrain, the croaking chorus of
Nicaragua because of the hardships and perils
the book. It would be wrong to infer that
which they experienced in their transit across
this is all. If all this were left out, there its territory. Walker, too, brought it into
would remain the garrulous, gossipy narrative some notice during his filibustering expedi-
of an old man's winter travels in the summer tion. Costa Rica is known as a coffee grow.
land, piquant and interesting enough, buting country lying near the equator, but of
somewhat hasty and superficial. He accepts, Honduras, San Salvador, and Guatemala, little
for instance, as we have seen above, the more is known than their names. That they
stories of cannibalism in Hayti at the present are all independent states, like our own repub.
time; and makes the most of them to prove lic, is about the only thing that is widely
that the blacks in the other islands ought by no known concerning them. The largest of these
means to be given a share in governing them independent republics is Guatemala. Its pop-
selves. After all, the book is both amusing
ulation is about equal to that of the other
and instructive. It helps to render intelligible four, and its commerce is rapidly increasing,
to us the anti-Gladstone sentiment among This is “ The Land of the Quetzal,” the quetzal
elderly people of the English cultivated (pronounced kezdl) being the name of a bird
classes; and it gives us a faithful picture of which is the national emblem. It is a bird
the surface of life in a very charming part of
our hemisphere. We can make up our minds
* GUATEMALA, THE LAND OF THE QUETZAL A Sketch.
By Wiliam T. Brigham, A.M. New York Chas, Scribner's
to disagree silently, and to humor the old
stone


264
(March,
THE DIAL
small in size, but of gorgeous plumage, and is ried out, that it becomes a stimulus to man
decidedly a bird of freedom, since it cannot to convert it into a blessing. Guatemala is
live in captivity, even when taken very young. not the only country where, the more the
It is prized for its tail plumes, which are God of nature bestows, the less man labors to
exceedingly beautiful. They are sometimes deserve it, while the less He gives, the more
more than three feet in length. In ancient man tries to improve it. Almost nothing is
times none but the royal family were per done to develop here the exhaustless resources
mitted to wear them.
of the soil, as may be seen in the fact that
The modern republic of Guatemala has though the sugar-cane produces so abundantly
been described as a rose shut up in its bud without cultivation, there are no mills in
from the time of the Spanish Conquest in Eastern Guatemala, and the people care for
1525, until after its independence was secured nothing more than enough for eating or chew-
in 1821. But it was long after its independ. ing. Fruits of great variety and perfection,
ence was achieved that its beauties and its are grown in endless profusion. Of bananas
great resources came to be known. There alone there are two hundred varieties, many
have indeed been many travellers to explore of them too delicate to bear transportation,
it, and many authors, of greater or less merit, and far superior in quality to any which we
who have written upon it. But these have can find in our markets. Oranges, surpassing
been for the most part either foreigners whose in quality those of Syria, mangoes, sapotes,
works have not been translated, or else they bread-fruit, and many other kinds of fruit,
have been those who sought by their travels all grow alike without cultivation or care of
a knowledge of the country's ruins and mon- any sort. Mr. Brigham tells of an instance
uments, or of its volcanoes and mountains. of buying a half bushel of the finest oranges
To these objects the writings of Stephens and for five cents! It would seem to need only
Squier, our own countrymen, and of Charnay, | capital to develop this country into the great
a French explorer, are almost entirely devoted and fruitful orchard of the United States.
The volume before us is almost the first which, | The climate, which is generally supposed to
besides giving an interesting account of the be very unhealthy, is, on the contrary, one
author's travels, gives also a full description of the most delightful and healthful in the
of the main physical features of Guatemala, world, except a narrow strip along the coast
and of its soil, climate, scenery, vegetable of each ocean. It is never hot or cold, aver-
productions and other resources, which are aging for the year about 80. degrees, and
various and valuable. Mr. Brigham crossed without any change of season. “More per-
the country from the Bay of Honduras to the sons,” says Mr. Brigham, “die of consumption
Pacific and back by an entirely different route. in Massachusetts than of the most dreaded
Both routes traversed were in the southern tropical diseases in Central America.” And
half of the republic, while vast tracts in the he supports this statement by official data.
northern half towards the isthmus Tehuante In the month of July, 1885, there were in
pec were left unexplored.
Livingston, having a thousand inhabitants,
As Guatemala is larger territorially than seven deaths, one a centenarian, and two
either Ohio or Tennessee, one might travel others who broke their necks by falling, while
extensively in it, and still leave much of it in Boston for the same month the death-rate
unvisited. A considerable portion of its sur was 28.1 per thousand! Contrasting the
face is mountainous, and unfit for cultivation. advantages of this country with those found
But there is also a large portion of it-per elsewhere, Mr. Brigham says:
baps one-half-which is easy of cultivation, "Sugar can certainly be raised much cheaper
and which has an exceedingly fertile soil, on here than in Cuba or in the Hawaiian Islands.
which three crops, of many kinds of produce, One day carries the crop to Belize, four days to
can easily be grown in a year. The soil would New Orleans, and eight to Boston or New York.
seem to be practically inexhaustible, being
Yet, notwithstanding all these advantages, the
very deep, in some places as much as fourteen
northern farmer wears out his life in the consump-
tive fields of New England, where his crops grow
feet. It yields abundantly with little or no
only four months of the year, instead of settling
cultivation. Sugar-cane has been found to
here, where he can plant any day of the year, and
yield three tons of sugar per acre for twenty reap a rich harvest in due season. He sometimes
years without replanting-a result quite un goes to Florida, which is neither tropical nor tem-
known in any other sugar-producing country. perate, which is nothing but a raised coral reef with
No plow is ever used, the hoe being the only a veneering of soil, and where frosts cut off his
implement employed in stirring the soil, or crops every few years,”
tilling any kind of crop. The very bountiful But there are some drawbacks, and of these
ness of nature becomes a curse to the people, | Mr. Brigham does not neglect to speak, though
disposing them to idleness and general shift | he attaches less weight to them than many of
lessness. It is usually where the primeval his readers will be disposed to do. Thongh
curse upon the ground is most sternly car. I nearly "every prospect pleases," yet here, too,


1888.]
265
THE DIAL
as elsewhere, “man is vile," and considerably land surface above the sea, the country is less
more ignorant and degraded than he is found plagued with deadly reptiles than tropical
to be in many other countries. The greater countries usually are.
part of the people are of pure Indian blood. Geographically, Guatemala is most favor-
Where these people originally came from is ably situated for commercial intercourse with
yet one of the unsolved problems of ethnog. other parts of America, and also with the
raphy. Stephens has shown that the antiqui nations of both Europe and Asia. It has
ties of Central America are not Cyclopean, good harbors on both oceans, and some of its
Greek, Roman, Chinese, Japanese, or Hindoo, many rivers which intersect the country in
and he comes near to disproving the identity every direction, are so large that, especially
of the American and Egyptian antiquities. In in the rainy season, they open waterway com-
any event, the theory of identity proceeds on munication with extensive portions of the
a wrong principle, and is as untenable as that interior. Some of the productions of the
system in comparative philology, so effectively country which once formed a large item in
ridiculed by Cardinal Wiseman, which cannot its export trade, are no longer of importance.
discover an analogy between two languages These are indigo and cochineal which are
without straightway concluding that one is fast being superseded by other dyes, both
derived from the other. But wherever the cheaper and better, which are the product of
native inhabitants of Central America origi the laboratory. The cochineal insects, being
nated, it is certain that they are a lazy, un now unfed and uncared for, are fast disappear-
thrifty, unenterprising, ignorant and supersti ing from the country. The method of raising
tious race, and that they have probably not them the reader will be interested in know-
been improved or elevated to a higher civiliza ing. They are hatched and fed upon the
tion by nearly four centuries of contact with cactus plant of the broad flat-leaved variety,
their conquerors. The character of their relig. which grows luxuriantly in the lava soil.
ion and its power to uplift them may be The leaves of this plant containing bugs are
judged by the single fact-a representative broken off and placed separately in racks,
one—that Mr. Brigham found over the main where the eggs are hatched. When the rainy
altar in one of the principal churches, three season is over, a number of the young bugs
life-sized figures representing God with a are wrapped in cotton cloth and pinned upon
white beard and a bald head, and Christ with the plants growing in the field. They spread
black hair, and glass eyes, both kneeling to | over it, feed upon the juices of it, and, when
and crowning the Virgin Mary, over whose they have grown plump and full, they are
head a dove hovered! It is not strange that brushed off with brooms into baskets, killed
in witnessing this spectacle our author should by being placed in hot ovens, and then they
confess to feeling a greater shudder of disgust are ready for market. If unfortunately rain
than he felt when, in the sanctuary of Kali should fall after they have been placed upon
near Calcutta, he looked upon the hideous the plants, it would wash them to the ground,
idol with its gory lips and necklace of bleed and then “all the king's horses and all the
ing human heads. The religion of the people king's men” would be unable to place them
is a debasing superstition, to which, however, on again. But though indigo and cochineal
they are blindly and fanatically devoted. are disappearing from the commerce of Guate-
Another cause which may tend to check mala, this loss will be much more than made
the flow of capital and of a more energetic good by a rapidly increasing export trade in
population to this country is that which is other products of the soil, chief among which
found in the frequency and violence of earth are coffee and sugar, and valuable lumber
quakes and of disastrous volcanic disturbances. from the exhaustless and magnificent forests.
In Guatemala alone there are perhaps fifty These forests yield in great abundance, not
volcanic vents, active, quiescent and extinct, only the more prized mahogany, rosewood,
and a still larger number in the other Central logwood, salmwood and cedar, but here, too,
American republics; and of earthquakes more are found the pine, often eight feet in diame-
than three hundred have occurred since the ter, spruce of nearly equal size, and oaks of
Conquest which have been severe enough to several species, and very abundant.
be made a matter of record. One of the most But it would be impossible to bring within
terrible and destructive of these occurred in brief compass any adequate summary of the
1854, and another, less severe, in 1879. Poison contents of this large and interesting volume.
ous snakes and other deadly reptiles, like scor It is packed full of information from begin-
pions and centipedes, are not often seen, and ning to end. It is very handsomely illustrated,
of alligators Mr. Brigham says that there are having twenty-six full page illustrations and
ten in Florida to every one in Guatemala. | about eighty text illustrations. The value of the
The climate being less torrid in temperature work is enhanced by five maps and a good index.
than in latitude, owing to the elevation of the
GEORGE C. NoYES.


266
[March,
THE DIAL
RECENT FICTION.*
It curiously illustrates the importance of
periodical literature in the modern world to
note the large proportion of current novels
that make their first appearance in the pages
of the monthly magazines. Of the eleven
works of fiction which (besides translations)
are discussed in this article, seven, and pos-
sibly more than seven, have already run their
course in the pages of various English and
American periodicals. With the kind of fic.
tion that is chiefly produced at the present
day this method of first publication does not
greatly matter, but it is always unfortunate
when applied to any really great and endur-
ing work. What is perhaps the most striking
of the novels now before us does not, how-
ever, belong to the class of which we have
spoken. We refer to a strange and over-
wrought romance, not lacking in a crude sort
of power, which is called “The New Anti-
gone,” and appears anonymously. The appli-
cation of this title is a little obscure, for the
heroine of the work, although a brother is
provided for her at the end, does not get into
any difficulty with respect to his interment,
nor, although she has an aged father, does she
accompany him to the portal of the shades.
The story has a theme similar to that of
“The Princess Casamassima” and Mr. Black's
“Sunrise,” to name the two most brilliant of
recent works of fiction inspired by the life
of what may be called “Underground Eu-
rope." In other words, Hippolyta and her
aged father are members of a mysterious
secret organization whose object is to over-
throw the existing social edifice, and inaugu-
rate “the world's great age” of their hopes.
They are mixed up in a great many conspir-
acies which are darkly hinted at, and the
reader is led to fancy, at one stage of the
story, that the new Antigone" and her
father have found their Colonos in Russia
upon the occasion of the assassination of
Alexander II. The facts turn out to be
otherwise, however, and this leads us to what
seems the great inconsistency of the work,
the motive for Hippolyta's sudden disappear-
ance. Hippolyta has been brought up by her
father to scorn the conventions of society and
to accept the principles of the Revolution-
that is, the principles which Godwin and
Shelley were among the many to expound-
as a sufficient guide for the conduct of life.
When she is sure that she loves the artist,
Rupert Granville, and is equally sure of being
loved in return, she offers herself to him in
terms that he cannot but accept. He pleads
for the conventional sanctions of their union,
but she is resolute in her faith that such sanc-
tions would be a degradation to the purity
of their love, and so the two live together
as Shelley and Mary Godwin did before
them. Thus far the situation is conceivable
and consistent. But one day, when engaged
upon some charitable mission, Hippolyta
chances to enter a church during service. It
is her first acquaintance with the actual prac-
tice of religious worship, and it has the amaz-
ing effect of at once convicting her of sin,
and causing her in despair to desert her lover
and seek refuge in a religious house. How
her previous conduct is to be judged is not
the question here; whether right or wrong,
it is consistent and perhaps admirable. The
point of criticism is that such a change as
she experiences is an impossibility of human
character. Hippolyta is no child of impulse,
she has had a severe intellectual training,
and it is with due deliberation that she gives
effect to her principles. That an hour of sen-
timental weakness should suffice to overthrow
them is a supposition absolutely untrue to the
facts of her education and character. For
the rest, this romance has occasional well-
written passages, and strongly outlined situa-
tions. Its style shows painstaking, but the
result is almost offensive through excess of
ornament and of what is evidently intended
to be “intensity” or “soulfulness." There is
besides a certain veneer of scholarship spread
over the work, but not so thickly as to deceive
a gaze of much penetration. If any reader is
at first deceived by it, his illusion will vanish
when he comes upon the misquotation of a
*THE NEW ANTIGONE. A Romance. New York: Mac.
millan & Co.
THE SECOND Son. A Novel By M. O. W. Oliphant and
T. B. Aldrich. Boston: Houghton, Miffin & Co.
ONE TRAVELLER RETURNS. By David Christie Murray
and Henry Herman, New York: Longmans, Green & Co.
PAUL PATOFF. By F. Marion Crawford Boston :
Houghton, Mimin & Co.
MARZIO'S CRUCIFIX. By F. Marion Crawford. New
York: Macmillan & Co.
APRIL HOPES. By W. D. Howells. New York: Harper
& Brothers.
NARKA, THE NIHILIST. By Kathleen O'Meara. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
THE STORY OF AN ENTHUSIAST. By Mrs. C. V. Jamison.
Boston: Ticknor & Co.
PINE AND PALM. A Novel By Moncure D. Conway.
New York: Henry Holt & Co.
TONY TUE MAID. By Blanche Willis Howard. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
A PAYLLIS OF THE SIERRAS AND A DRIFT FROM RED.
WOOD CAMP. By Bret Ilarte. Boston: Houghton, Mimin
& Co.
LEON ROCH. A Romance. By Perez Galdós. From the
Spanish by Clara Bell. Two Volumes. New York: Will.
iam S. Gottsberger.
A RUSSIAN PROPRIETOR, AND OTHER STORIES. By
Count Lyof N. Tolstoi. Translated from the Russian by
Nathan Haskell Dole. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co.
THE VAGRANT, AND OTHER TALes. By Vladimir
orolénko. Translated from the Russian by Mrs. Aline
Delano. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co.
THE LAST VON RECKENBURG. By Lonige von François.
Translated by J. M. Percival. Boston: Cupples & Hurd.
FRAU WILHELMINE: THE CONCLI'DING PART OF THE
BUCHHOLZ FAMILY. By Julius Stinde. Translated by
Harriet F. Powell. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.


1888.)
267
THE DIAL
A literary partnership is a thing to be made she thus speaks to them: “Have no fear,
with caution, however excellent the individual I have passed the gates of death before. I
qualities of the writers who think of making am Vreda, whom ye slew." This scene ends
it. A more singular conjunction than that the tale,—this scene, and the dignified closing
afforded by the latest couple of novelists who passage: “The beasts came bounding across
have chosen to work together is not often met the sand. The vast white ring of faces flashed
with. It is hard to see any fitness in a union and darkened, and heaven opened radiant."
of the commonplace dullness of Mrs. Oliphant There is no lack of thrilling interest in
with the brilliancy and poetic sentiment of “Paul Patoff.” It opens with a mysterious
Mr. Aldrich. These well-known writers, how abduction of an able-bodied man in Constan-
ever, seem to have perceived some such fitness, tinople, and this is soon followed up by a
since they have evolved, as a coöperative pro miraculous escape from death in the Black
duct, the recently published story of “The Forest. We are thence taken to England and
Second Son." Unfortunately the dullness of the introduced to a country house containing an
one writer has got the mastery of the other's insane woman. Soon thereafter comes the
brilliancy, and so the story is told at great exciting narrative of the rescue of the long-
length, but to little purpose. The contrast lost man from a Turkish harem, and finally a
which it thus offers between matter and dimen series of attempts, on the part of the maniac,
sion makes its perusal a wearisome task, al to murder her son. The study of the subtle
though it is both carefully and thoughtfully form of insanity developed in this woman is
written, and the authors have blended their one of the most admirable things that Mr.
individual characteristics so happily that even Crawford has ever done; and the introduction
a connoisseur in styles would be puzzled to which he gives us to life in Constantinople is
trace the work of each hand separately. The exceedingly well managed, affording another
theme of the story is English country life, instance of the writer's remarkable facility in
and its main action depends upon the caprice the use of his personal experiences as material
of an English gentleman whose native obsti. for romance. And yet, in spite of all the
nacy, coupled with the fact that he has no really interesting matter which the book
respect for the institution of primogeniture, offers us, it suffers from diffuseness. The
leads him to become responsible for a great author's knack of constructing clever con-
deal of mischief, for which, unfortunately, his versations swells his novels to a size wholly
sudden death prevents him from making any unwarranted by their substance, and produces
amends.
a general impression that the world is one
“One Traveller Returns” is another novel vast drawing-room, the principal business of
of collaboration, being the joint product of its inhabitants being the exchange of observa-
the imagination of Messrs. David Christie tions upon whatever subjects happen to come
Murray and Henry Herman. This duality of into their heads. “Paul Patoff” would suffer
authorship would not be suspected were it not nothing by a condensation to one half its
announced, since the style of the book seems present volume.
to have been invented to fit the singular char This stricture has even greater force in its
acter of the narrative, and is unlike the ordi. application to “Marzio's Crucifix.” Here the
nary mode of expression of either writer. entire story is so exceedingly simple that it
The story tells, as the title almost states, of a could have been told to much better purpose
life brought back from the grave. The scene as a novelette, complete in a single number
is laid in Britain in the first century, this re of the periodical in which it was first pub-
moteness of period fitting the supernatural lished. To expand so slight a thing into a
narrative, and making it appear, at least to full-sized novel was really an unpardonable
those whose imagination has not been wholly thing to do. The long and not altogether
cowed by science, less wildly impossible than characteristic conversations, and the dilute
it would if represented as taking place in analyses, which make up three-fourths of the
modern times. The book is not without a cer book, are introduced for the too obvious pur-
tain weird power, and its pictures of the half pose of producing a merchantable article to
savage life of the early Britons and of the be sold at a price proportioned to its bulk.
struggle between Druidism and Christianity As a matter of literary morality, this seems
are carefully outlined. The Druid rites are to be about the same sort of thing as the gro-
also described in a highly graphic manner. cer's practice of mixing sand with his sugar,
We doubt if the most hardened positivist or the silk-maker's practice of weighing down
can read the book without a thrill at the clos. his goods with heavy, useless chemicals.
ing scene, when Vreda, the woman slain and One of the most curious fruits of Mr. How-
come to life again, is cast, together with her ells's invention is the extraordinary young
slayers, not recognizing in her their victim, woman who casts her gloomy shadow over
into the arena of the Flavian amphitheatre i the life of a good-natured but silly youth in
at Rome, and when, at the supreme moment, the story of "April Hopes." In the common


268
[March,
THE DIAL
relations of life she seems to act with some The study of the artistic temperament, in
show of intelligence, but the way in which she one of its peculiar and perhaps morbid devel-
treats her lover would lead one to entertain lopments, is the aim of Mrs. Jamison's “The
doubts of her sanity. The novel in which she Story of an Enthusiast." A child of mixed
is framed has nothing that can be dignified French and English parentage passes his early
with the name of a plot, being concerned years among artistic surroundings in Paris,
altogether with the series of alternate engage and even inherits the artistic temperament.
ments and disengagements of these two Bereft of his parents when still very young,
young people. When the course of love has he is taken to England by a guardian who
run on smoothly for a time, and drowsiness is seeks to repress the instincts of the boy, and
imminent in the reader, Mr. Howells makes make an English country gentleman of him.
his heroine break off the engagement for no But in making this bare statement, we are
apparent cause, and the reader is startled to neglecting what is, after all, the principal
his senses. This is a very ingenious device, character of our novel. This character is not
for it gives the story a new lease of life, and a flesh and blood creation, but one of oil and
the author can practically start over again. canvas-a picture, in short-believed to be a
When, after several repetitions of this per. Raphael by the father, and the companion
formance, the writer concludes that his story and confidant of the boy's childhood. Upon
is long enough, he hurries it to an end, judi the death of the father, his effects are sold,
ciously omitting to describe the scene of final | and among them the Raphael, despite the
reconciliation, a scene which it would tax far agonizing entreaties of the child. From tbis
greater powers than those of Mr. Howells to time onward, his mind is domin
depict in such a way as to make it seem prob fixed idea—that of regaining possession of his
able or natural. For lack of human interest beloved picture. In later life he is successful
of any attractive sort, this novel outdoes in this, but at the cost, not only of a large
any of its predecessors, while its characters— portion of his fortune, but of what is far
of the class which Mr. Howells presumably dearer than fortune to him. The tone of the
intends to represent as refined—are distin story is sombre and its outcome fairly tragic.
guished above their earlier prototypes for In less practised hands than those of the
vulgarity both of thought and expression. writer it would be disagreeable : as it is, the
Miss Kathleen O'Meara, whose charming skill and feeling of the narration make accept-
book about Madame Mohl and her salon is still able even the unnatural theme of it all. Some
fresh in the minds of readers, has written a of the minor episodes of the romance are less
novel which takes high rank among recent fortunate, notably that of the Princess and the
works of fiction. “Narka, the Nihilist”—the Pole, who impress us as having emerged from
name itself is suggestive of the most romantic one of the romances of Ouida.
sort of interest, and there is no deceptiveness “Pine and Palm" is a novel by the Rev.
in the title, unless, indeed, the word nihilist, Moncure D. Conway. It presents a picture
as applied to the heroine, be slightly mislead of American life, both north and south, just
ing, for that term had barely been invented at before the outbreak of the civil war, and is
the time with which the story deals. Miss | obviously an attempt to study the question
O'Meara takes the melodramatic view of Rus- of slavery more dispassionately than was pos-
sian life, a view which our better recent knowl. | sible a few years ago. It relates the experi-
edge has shown to be at least one-sided, if not ences of two college friends, one from each
exaggerated; but there is a finish to her work section of the country, each of whom seeks,
which makes even the horrors of the despotism by residence in the section unfamiliar to
of which she writes seem less lurid and more nat- him, to understand the causes of antagonism
ural than in most of the novels about nihilism between north and south. While the anti-
which a much-enduring public has been called slavery sympathies of the author are mani.
upon to digest of late years. Certain funda fest, be does not hesitate to present the lights
mental things about Russian society seem to as well as the shadows of slavery, and to con-
have been very fully realized by the writer. | trast the better with the more brutal aspects
Its civilization streaked with barbarism, its of the institution. Mr. Conway's ability
peculiar administration of law, the temper of as a novelist is not eminent. His work is
its aristocratic caste; these things are depicted unbalanced and ill-constructed; the reader can
for us with a firm, sure touch. But we must rarely tell what is to happen next, and the
not give the impression that our novel is a characters all talk in the same way.
social study, or, indeed, anything but a story “Tony the Maid,” is an exceedingly clever
exceptionally well told, and, we would also say, | and well-written little story: all that we
well constructed, were it not that the conclusion should have expected a story of Miss How.
seems hasty and inadequate, and the final weak ard's to be, and a little more. The unexpected
ness of the hero unjustified by anything previ element consists in its good-natured satire
ously discernible in his character.
| and delicate humor, qualities not hitherto


1888.)
269
THE DIAL
prominent in her work, if we make an excep European standards. The democratic spirit
tion of that charming first novel “One Sum. I is abroad, and its leaven is doubtless profit-
mer.” The story of the shrinking, inoffensive | able, yet we cannot repress some feeling of
American lady and of her sharp-witted maid sentimental regret for the contrasted, highly
is in itself excessively amusing, but still more colored life to which the contact of the demo-
so is the description of the other dwellers in cratic spirit is fatal. “Leon Roch" is a pow-
the summer hotel on Lake Constance. The i erful story, both in its dramatic portrayal of
leader of society, the little English chaplain, the central situation, and in its picture of the
and all the others are depicted absolutely to decay of the old orders of things Spanish.
the life. Anyone who has done any summer Certain of its episodes are exquisitely beauti.
travelling in Switzerland will recognize them ful. The story of the invasion of Leon's
as old acquaintances.
study by the barbarians in the guise of child.
The wings of Mr. Bret Harte's invention hood, is told with a grace which recalls Vic-
seem to flag a little in "A Phyllis of the tor Hugo's way of writing about children, and
Sierras," but they resume their wonted flight was very possibly suggested by the immortal
in the accompanying tale of “A Drift from episode of La Tourgue in “Quatre-vingt-
Redwood Camp.” The latter story is one of treize." On the other hand, there are occa-
the most interesting that the author has writ sional lapses of literary taste which are almost
ten of late, and the interest of the former is incredible; the astronomical reflections with
only marred by an occasional suggestion of which Leon seeks to soothe himself after a
earlier work. It is a relief to turn from the peculiarly exasperating scene with his bigoted
lay figures so ingeniously devised by Mr. wife furnish a good example of this. The
Howells and other popular novelists, to the translation is of the slipshod sort to which
men and women of Mr. Harte's far West the lady who is responsible for it has long
far, but familiar to us through the mediation since accustomed her readers.
of his genial observation and description.
A new volume of translations from Tolstoi
The recent awakening of interest in the is entitled “A Russian Proprietor, and Other
work of foreign contemporary novelists has Stories," and the work of translation is done
brought many valuable works within reach by Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole. The stories
of English readers, and among these works are seven in number and are found in the
a high place should be accorded the latest earlier writings of the author, representing
translation from the Spanish of Perez Galdós. his workmanship between the years 1852 and
"Leon Roch” is the title, and the story fills 1859. The story of “A Russian Proprietor,"
two of those neat volumes with whose style although practically complete as it stands,
the publishers have made us so familiar. was planned as the beginning of an extended
It is curious to note how large a share the work of fiction. It represents the efforts of
religious motive has in the interest of modern a high-minded young nobleman to better
Spanish literature. This novel is by no means the condition of his serfs, efforts which are
exceptional in being essentially a religious resisted by that stolidity which seems to be
discussion; it rather illustrates a marked the inheritance of the Russian peasant, the
tendency of the Spanish imagination. This result of his long degradation. Two of the
fact makes the interest of the work a matter stories deal with gambling experiences,
of curiosity rather than of sympathy with the subject being handled with great power.
those for whom the present translation is pre-i Finest of all, perhaps, are the two stories
pared, or would make it merely that were it which represent a certain type of vagrant
not for the human interests which the author musician with which the author seems to be
has outlined with a breadth that escapes the very familiar, Taken altogether, this collec-
limitations of his theme. In a word, his theme tion is representative of the author's strongest
is the conflict between modern thought and i work in the way of sketches. It has none of
priestcraft; but we read and enjoy his work, the finish or artistic symmetry of Tourgué-
because its central feature is the presentation nieff's work in the same direction, but it has
of no mere matter of belief, but of the that photographic quality which we find so
estrangement of two wedded but unsympa- marked in Anna Karénina, that hold upon the
thetic souls. This is matter for romance in realities of life which makes us forget, in read-
all ages and countries. We also thank the ing Tolstoi, that we have anything to do with
writer for what he tells us of the conditions | fiction, or that the things of which we read
of life in modern Spain. This is not fit mat. have perhaps had no other existence than in
ter for romance, except as incidentally intro- the author's imagination,
duced, but it is notably interesting. It seems' Vladimir Korolénko is a new writer for Eng.
that Spain is fast becoming commonplace. , lish readers, but, being a Russian, he is sure of
The railroad and the telegraph have invaded a bearing in the present curiously excited con-
the peninsula, and its costumes and proprieties , dition of the reading public. This sudden
are conforming themselves to the monotonous i fancy for Russian novels cannot be expected


270
THE DIAL
March,
-
- --------- -
to last long, and so both publishers and trans-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
lators are hastening to make hay while the A STRONG but not hopeful tendency of the age
sun of popular approval shines upon them. is to seek to cure existing moral, social, political,
Korolénko's stories were worth translating, and industrial evils by legislative enactments, and
however, in any case. “The Vagrant " tells by a reconstruction of society through new rules
of the escape of a band. of Siberian exiles and expedients applied from without, rather than
from the island of Saghalin in a highly inter-
by a reformation wrought from within. In the field
esting way. The “Sketches of a Siberian
of temperance, this tendency appears in an attempt
to coerce the appetites of men by forcibly taking
Tourist” are quite as graphic and hardly
away all means of their indulgence. In the indus-
less interesting. The remaining sketches are trial world, where the forces of capital and labor
worth a place in the volume. They are full struggle too often for mastery, rather than for
of “the Russian melancholy,” and full also harmonious and mutually helpful coöperation, the
of that vague poetic sentiment that natural same tendency appears in the various schemes of
scenes inspire in the Russian writers. Koro-
socialism and anarchism. Prohibition is the watch-
word of the temperance reform, and socialism of
lénko is a young writer, the date of his birth
the labor reform. They are twin follies, equally
being 1853. What he writes about Siberia
devoted to attaining the unattainable, and by
has the stamp of a painful reality, for be has
methods which set aside the true principles of
spent some of his best years in that exile to
reform. Hence they do not help, but hinder the
wbich almost every Russian of marked intel progress of reform. One of the latest expound-
ligence seems doomed. The present transla ers of socialism is Mr. Thomas Kirkup. În “An
tion is made directly from the original by a
Inquiry into Socialism" (Longmans, Green & Co.)
Russian lady, and gives evidence of careful
he sketches the rise and progress of socialism,
examines the existing social and economic system,
and sympathetic workmanship.
undertakes to define what socialism is, presents
The “ Last von Reckenburg” is a strong,
| a variety of views concerning it, and, turning
sombre tale of sin and expiation, written with
| vaticinator, sets forth the prospects of socialism,
more feeling than literary art, which takes us and predicts, though somewhat hesitatingly, its
back to the time of the Napoleonic wars. Al ultimate triumph. Mr. Kirkup is the well-known
though in no sense a historical romance, the
author of the article on “Socialism" in the new
events of the years from Volmy to Waterloo
edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. From a
form an effective background for the picture.
specialist, to whom has been accorded such a dis.
tinction, one might reasonably expect a thorough
The author is very evidently a woman, but a
and masterly discussion of this subject which
woman with clean-cut ideas, and firm grasp of
should either demonstrate the practical wisdom of
the scenes and situations which she describes. socialism as a scheme for reorganizing society, or
The name of Louise von François is deceptive else should show its utterly impracticable and
as to her nationality, for she belongs to a well visionary character. The latter he has, indeed.
known German family, and anything less
done, but only incidentally, and while vainly trying
French than her treatment of the action of
to prove the former. The intelligent reader who
this novel it would be difficult to imagine.
takes up this book in the hope of finding it satis-
factory, must lay it down with a feeling of utter
The work is comparatively recent, dating from
disappointment. Mr. Kirkup shows himself a com-
1871. The author is still living, and more petent historian of the movement, but beyond this
than seventy years of age.
praise cannot go. He seems incapable of drawing
The doings of “The Buchholz Family” have from facts any wise and safe conclusions. The ills
proved so interesting to English readers that
from which society suffers, he ascribes to the exist-
a third volume, announced as the concluding
ing competitive system. With just as much truth
they might be referred to the Copernican system of
one, has been prepared by the publishers. Our
astronomy. It is not systems, but human hearts,
old friend Frau Wilhelmine still lives as the
which are the fountains from which flow the evils
principal figure in its pages, and still manifests which afflict society. Mr. Kirkup is not self-con-
the same interest in the affairs of others; but sistent. He admits in one place that socialists
increasing age has somewhat smoothed the have been too indiscriminate in denouncing the
asperities of her nature, and she appears in a principle of competition, and declares that com-
more human and lovable light. She marries | petition is and always must be a potent element of
human progress," while in another place he asserts
her remaining daughter and celebrates her own
broadly that “the competitive system is adverse to
silver wedding at the same time. The old house
honest work." Nothing is plainer than that, if
is reconstructed, and Herr Buchholz finds that individuals are allowed to accumulate at all, com-
his increasing business demands a new build petition will at once and necessarily appear; with
ing, which he proceeds to erect. We part from competition will come reduction of wages; and
them all with the feeling that a comparatively with reduction of wages, the original misery of the
tranquil future is assured them, grateful to the
laborer will return. To prevent these evils social-
author for the hours spent in their company. In-
ists generally propose to abolish competition. Mr.
deed, we feel that we know them far better than
Kirkup would simply have it “conducted on reas-
onable terms"; but how it can be so conducted
we know nine-tenths of our acquaintances in the
he does not and cannot show. The preposterous
world of living men and women around us. scheme of socialism for which Mr. Kirkup appears
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. as a benevolent and bewildered defender, proposes


1888.]
271
THE DIAL
to abolish property, and yet retain wealth; to pro No one did more in his time to lay firm and
hibit covetousness, while yet demanding a higher, broad foundations for the science of Egyptology
if not a luxurious style of living; and to make it a than Richard Lepsius; and no one has done more
crime to multiply the means of enjoyment, while than his pupil, Georg Ebers, has done, to popular.
the multiplication of enjoyment is made the very ize the minute knowledge of Egyptian life and
end of life!
antiquities now attained. What could be more
fitting then, than to see these two names associated
WHEN the Roman Empire had merged all indi-
as they are in the recent work entitled “Richard
viduality in a dead mass under the great tyranny, Lepsius, a Biography" (W. S. Gottsberger, New
the barbarian from the German forests burst in upon
York). by Georg Ebers! From the previous suc.
society and reasserted the worth of the Man. The cess of Ebers in clothing abstruse subjects with a
nineteenth century, domineered by democracy, has living charm, we should expect him to be able to
witnessed the greater tyranny of social dependence invest with interest even the life of a narrow spe-
and of social convention; and, no longer in hordes, cialist and scholarly recluse. But Lepsius was
but as solitary champions, a few independent neither of these. A typical German student, be-
thinkers have sought to rescue man from society. fore he was twenty-three he had extracted the best
More than any other, Thoreau succeeded in living honey from the three leading universities of Leipsic,
his belief in the importance of the individual. Göttingen, and Berlin; had obtained his doctorate;
Like the voice of one crying in the wilderness, he and had become familiar with the ripest and best
has from time to time, from his retreat in Walden
scholars in all Germany. From Berlin he went
woods, called to the workers fainting under the to Paris with a letter of commendation from
burden of society to come away from their bondage, Alexander von Humboldt. The reputation of
to communion with their own souls and with Lepsius at Berlin having reached Bunsen in Rome,
Nature's. His call has established few hermitages, the latter wrote to urge him to take up the study
but how many thousands it has aided in rescuing
of Egyptology, and promising to secure for him,
their spiritual natures from the deadening material-
when prepared for it, the directorship of the Egyp-
ism of business and routine, can never be estimated. tian collection at Berlin, thus setting before him an
In the latest posthumous selection of leaves from assured future. He fell in with this proposal, and
his journal, entitled “Winter" (Houghton, Millin for fifty years after, devoted his best efforts to his
& Co.), the lover of Thoreau finds the same im chosen pursuit, publishing year by year the results
patience of social restraints and hypocrisies, the of his labors,—the long list of works appended to
same interrogation of his own soul, the same keen this biography comprising one hundred and forty-
love of retirement, of contemplation, of nature, of two titles. His opportunities were unsurpassed and
truth, all expressed in his characteristic way and he improved them to the utmost. After examining
yet with new force. His estimate of public opinion the collections in Paris, he went to Italy, to Holland,
was never more strikingly put than when he says to England; and when he had exhausted the Egyp-
of Washington: "He was not the darling of the tological resources of Europe, he was sent at the
people, as no man of integrity can ever be, but head of the Prussian expedition of 1842-46 to
was as much respected as loved." His indignation
Egypt itself. In the year of his return he was ap-
with the brute who had broken up many houses pointed a regular professor at the Berlin Univer.
of muskrats is superb: “Depend on it that who sity. At Berlin, Lepsius was successively professor,
soever thus treats the muskrat's house, his refuge director of the museum, and chief librarian. More
when the water is frozen thick, he and his family than this, he was the intimate and trusted friend
will not come to a good end." He says profoundly: of the Grimms, of Humboldt, of Bunsen, of
"In the course of generations men will excuse ('urtius, of Ranke, of King Frederick William
you for not doing as they do, if you will bring IV., and of the Emperor William, with regard to
enough to pass in your own way." Again: "We each of whom we here have interesting details.
want great peasants more than great heroes. "_"Men His Gothic mansion became the rendezvous for all
obey their call and go to the stove-warmed church, the learned and brilliant in Berlin, and among
though God exhibits himself to the walker in a the guests was usually the l'. S. minister, at first
frosted bush to-day as much as he did in a burning Bancroft, later Bayard Taylor, and then Andrew
one to Moses of old.”_ "In one sense we cannot D. White. Though the subject of this book is so
live too leisurely. Let me pot live as if time were promising, and its treatment so interesting, it de-
short. Catch the pace of the seasons, have leisure tracts much from our pleasure in reading it that
to attend to every phenomenon of nature, and to misprints are numerous and the translation incom-
entertain every thought that comes to you. Let petent.
your life be a leisurely progress through the realms
of nature, even in guest-quarters.” Under January Amoxg all the "Stories of the Nations" none is
17, 1860, he gives a bright and characteristic saying more difficult to write to-day than that of Ireland.
of Alcott: "Alcott said well the other day that First and chicfly because if one may be forgiven
this was his definition of heaven, a place where the expression - Ireland has bever been a nation, and
you can have a little conversation." How the soul then, because out of this absence of oneness has
comes out here: "I almost shrink from the ardu. grown the terrible situation which to-day makes it
ousness of meeting men erectly day by day." The almost impossible to discuss Irish questions fairly
contemplation, under date of December 30, 1851, or calmly. Yet it can be said that the Honorable
of the death of a noble pine, is too long to quote, Emily Lawless has told “The Story of Ireland "
but it is one of the finest things in our literature. | (Putnam's) not only in an interesting narrative but
Thoreau is at his best here, in his tender yet rever. 1 with an unprejudiced judgment. No boy or girl
ential swnpathy with nature. The volume will, can take up this animated and artistic presentation
be a prized addition to the familiar green-bound of a most thrilling story and not read to the end
series.
with keenest interest, for one of the most notable


272
(March,
THE DIAL
characteristics of the Green Isle from the days of St. sides this play the volume contains « The Shoe.
Patrick to the present hour is here illustrated,--the maker's Holiday," "Old Fortunatus," and "The
eloquent tongues of her sons and daughters, whether Witch of Edmonton." The next volume of the
native to the soil or domesticated. Out of the pre- | series, "Shirley," edited by Edmund Gosse, is al-
historic obscurity of geology, myth, and legend in ready published.
its earlier pages, we are speedily brought, with
the help of Sir Henry Maine, to the social organ-
The perusal of Prof. Mahaffy's essay on ** The Art
ization with which Ireland's true history opens,
of Conversation" (Putnam) is not much more likely
and then see in successive pictures her conquest by
to make a good talker out of a poor one than that
Church, Dane, Anglo-Norman, and Tudor. Then
of Seneca's treatise upon anger to soften the dispo-
begins the more insidious march of events, expressed
sition of a passionate reader. But Prof. Mahally's
for us in the l'Ister colonization of the seventeenth essay is nevertheless interesting -- when has the
century, and the diabolical Penal Code and Com-
author written anything dullt-and those readers
mercial Code of the eighteenth. The Clster outrage
to whom it is not given to shine in conversation may
is passed somewhat too briefly, and should have had
discover the reasons for their failure, if unable to
a chapter heading of its own. The disastrous effects
redeemn it by practice of all the virtues set forth by
on sentiment and industrial welfare of the two codes
the author. The somewhat forbidding ** analysis *
are well indicated. The author perceives clearly
which confronts the reader at the start may be
the fact of agrarian rather than political or religious
passed over without loss. If it be pondered over,
controversy as the great evil of Ireland for the last
there will arise the mistaken impression that the
two centuries-a controversy born in political dif. subject is attacked by the author in the rhetorical
ferences and accentuated by religious differences.
text-book style, than which nothing could be far
We are sorry that so good a story should be told
ther from the truth. There is indeed a system in
occasionally in confused expression and bad gram-
the discussion, but it reads as smoothly as most
mar, and that the author has not been sufficiently
well-written essays, and its orderly arrangement
careful in the names of actors on her stage. Henry
may be ignored without great loss. The little book
II., not Henry I., obtained the bull for conquest
is so full of clever things that quotations from them
from Pope Adrian, and the name of the famous
would be invidious. The three conditions to be
** Strongbow” was Richard de Clare, not Robert de
fulfilled in a writer who pretends to discuss the
Clair. We commend the book to those who are no
subject of conversation are, according to the author,
longer youths, also, as well as to their children,
to have thought long upon the subject, to live in a
as a fair and instructive summary of the four cent. country where people generally talk well, and to
uries of neglect and the succeeding two of oppres.
hear as many good conversations as possible. These
sion which have made the Irish question what it is
things he claims to have done, and his claim may
to-day.
be passed without question. We must make just
one quotation in illustration of the style of the
ATTENTIOX has already been called in these col. essay. Speaking of that bugbear of all talkers
umes to "The Mermaid Series," beautiful as its the weather, the author remarks: “This method
name, of the best plays of the old dramatists. In of opening the game seems, however, so stale that
half-crown volumes which are fairly to be called every sensible person should have some parados or
exquisite in typography and illustration, Messrs. heresy about the weather ready whereby ho may
Vizetelly & Co., assisted by the ablest living editors, break through the idle skirmishing and make the
are for the first time unlocking to the great public people about him begin to think as soon as possible.
the little-known treasures of Elizabethan literature, On the other hand, it is easy to overdo this attempt,
The volume before us contains five of the plays of and begin with something so serious that the unpre-
Thomas Dekker (counting the two parts of "The pared audience is frightened and chilled. Thus
Honest Whore” as two plays), an admirable intro There can be no greater blunder than to inquire
duction by the scholarly editor, Ernest Rhys, and suddenly about the state of a man's soul, a sort of
an excellent photogravure of the Fortune Playhouse. coup which many pious people have actually thought
By those who know, Dekker has long been ranked a decent introduction to a conversation."
as a very great poet, if not precisely a great drama-
tist, Lamb places him far above Massinger, his MR. APPLETON MORAAN's latest book, ** Shakes.
collaborator in "The Virgin Martyr," and says peare in fact and in (riticism" (W. E. Benjamin,
Dekker ** had poetry enough for anything." Haz. New York), would deserve little notice were it not
litt touches another side of Dekker's genius when for the curious samples it gives of the crudities dis.
he says that his Orlando Friscobaldo is one of the figuring so much of our recent Shakespeare litera.
characters that seem to raise, revive, and give a ture. Though the author himself disclaims the
new rest to our being." In spite of Saintsbury and Baconian craze, much space is devoted to the
Swinburne, we believe that Dekker is a better poet'theories of Miss Delia Bacon of Hartford, and
than Marlowe, and that Charles Lamb would have Mrs. Ashmead Windle of San Francisco, both de-
pronounced him so. Like Marlowe, Dekker pos. ranged, and to "my pstremed friend, Mr. Donnelly"
sessed the secret of those tine translunary things of Minnesota, and his cipher manin. This book is
that the first poets had," and unlike Marlowe his made up of ten papers ** written at differing inter.
garments and hair are not singed with the baleful sals" with no other principle of unity or coher.
fires of the pit. His very impurities, which are ence, as is stated in the preface, than that of tbeir
frequent enough, have generally either a portical common purpose "to protest against the rsthetic
Cast or a moral and sobering effect. His masterpiece criticism Mr. Morgan is a lawyer, and the presi-
** The llonest Whore," the substance of which is as dent of the New York Shakesparr Society and
unshrinking as the title, is not prurient, although it show a certain plavable vigor in his iconoclastn.
is hardly a piece that a mother would, in ordinary which no doubt explains his influence among his fel.
circumstances, recommend to her daughter. Belows; but that he is out a man of sound literary


1888.]
273
THE DIAL
taste is manifest on every page. The words already
authorized in our language are not adequate to ex-
press his contempt for the men whom he calls “the
esthetes of the New Shakespeare Society." He speaks
of “these esthetes divigating their processes" ...
"and then having chronolized the plays," forgetting,
forsooth, that “all sorts, classes, and kinds of evi-
dence must cumulatively be availed of." The italics
are ours. Mr. Morgan would blow over with a
breath all the card-houses which these learned and
laborious critics have been so many years erecting.
But, though he thus ridicules and tries to render
null the patient, unwearied toil of others, he pre-
sents us with no careful investigation, no clearly
substantiated theory of his own. Beyond compi.
lation and unstinted citation from the works of
others, he gives us nothing but a few random
guesses and shallow sensational views. After such
a book, to quote Mr. Morgan apropos of “Law and
Medicine in the Plays,”—“Who can wonder that,
brought up here as by a term and fine, our vision
met and baffled midway by this majestic mountain
of Sbakespeare, some of us should give vent to
our pent-up longings in theories and 'crazes !'”
A CONVENIENT, well-arranged, and not too volu-
minous manual of 523 pages, demi octavo, is
that of Jacob Harris Patton (Appleton), set-
ting forth the “Natural Resources of the United
States.” Beginning with a brief geodetic survey
of the country, including its coast-line, the author
proceeds, in the next ten chapters, to describe the
coal fields of the United States, anthracite and
bituminous, and as found in the East and the West.
Following these are two chapters, one devoted to
petroleum and one to natural gas. On the ques-
tion of the supply of natural gas he concludes
that, unlike coal and petroleum, it will in time be
exhausted. The metals are next considered, in.
cluding iron, gold, silver, quicksilver or mercury,
copper, lead, zinc, tin, and a chapter to various
minor metals, such as chrome, platinum, iridium,
pickel, cobalt, antimony, bismuth, arsenic, alum,
aluminum, mica, and asbestos. The places where
all these metals are found are noted, and the extent
of their deposits is carefully considered. Follow-
ing these are chapters devoted to precious stones,
clays, building stone, such as granite, sandstones,
limestones, blue stone, brown stone, and slate,
marbles of finer grade, abrasive materials, like
emery, grindstones, whetstones, and lithographic
stone, graphite or plumbago, salt, and mineral or
medicinal springs. In this estimate of the natural
resources of the country, Dr. Patton includes also
health resorts, rain-fall, occan currents, climate of
the northwest, the Mississippi valley and its value,
and irrigation as an available means of supplying
deficiency of rain. The concluding chapters of the
work are devoted to an account and estimate of
the food area, textile fibers, timber, grasses, orchard
fruits, the grape and garden fruits, fertilizers,
ocean resources, fur-bearing seals, wild game, and
resources in water-power and in land. This pres-
entation of the table of contents will show the
character and scope of the work, and as it has been
compiled by a careful and accurate statistician, and
from latest official reports, its great value as a
manual for ready reference will at once be seen and
appreciated. The classification is so perfect, and
the table of contents so full, as to make an index
unnecessary.
The two volumes entitled “Pen Portraits of
Literary Women" (Cassell), edited by Helen Gray
Cone and Jeannette L. Gilder, are devoted to the
lives and works of seventeen women, all of whom,
with two exceptions, are English. The two ex-
ceptions are George Sand and Margaret Fuller.
The plan of the work is to give, first, a brief bio-
graphical sketch, containing in bare outline the facts
and events of the author's life and character. This
is followed by extracts from various works and
periodicals. These different criticisms, estimates,
and contemporary opinions are numerous and well
arranged. The introductory biographies, by Miss
Cone, are to be commended for their symmetry of
form, absence of impertinent matter, and touches of
artistic coloring. With due deference to the explana-
tion of the preface, we cannot help thinking that the
selection of Margaret Fuller as the one American,
is more of a tribute at Hawthorne's shrine (vol. 2,
p. 136) than an act of literary discrimination. All
in all, the work is one of interest and use. Knowl.
edge of the appearance, girlhood, homes, education,
and personal traits of these authors endears them
to us. From their methods and manner of work,
much is to be learnt; while it is of great interest
to know how and why some of them gained so
great a power over the public of their day. Mrs.
Browning at her Casa Guidi windows, Fanny
Burney at the court of King George's tiresome
Queen, George Eliot at the Priory, the Brontës,
Jane Austin, Mary Shelley, and the rest, mean
more to us when we associate them with the friends
and the work, the moors and the fields that they
loved. The full list of quoted works and the ex-
cellent marginal topics, which sometimes betray a
mild humor, greatly enhance the value of the work
as one of reference.
DR. WILLIAM ELIOT GRIFFIS has made a much
needed contribution to American biography in his
life of “Matthew Calbraith Perry, a Typical Naval
Officer" (Cupples and Hurd). The fame of the
older brother, Oliver H. Perry, built largely upon
his brilliant victory on Lake Erie, has quite eclipsed
that of the younger brother, Matthew. And yet
in this biography the latter is made easily to appear
as the superior of the former, and one of the most
impressive figures in American history. He was
greater in ability than his older brother, greater in
character, and far greater in the number and splen-
dor of his services to his country. He was born
under the flag when it contained but fifteen stars.
He carried that flag to every sea, reflected new
honor and lustre upon it by his whole career as
a naval commander and diplomatist; and when,
dying, the flag became his winding sheet, it con-
tained thirty-one stars. Beginning his life of
service in the infancy of our navy, he probably
impressed himself upon it for good more than other
single officer who has ever done service in it.
Whether as a midshipman in the war of 1812, or as
fighting pirates and slavers on the coast of Africa,
or as performing distinguished diplomatic service
in the ports of the Mediterranean, or as engaged
for ten years in shore duty, when he labored inces-
santly to promote the efficiency of the navy, or as
the commander of a squadron in African waters, or
as breaching the walls of Vera Cruz in the Mexican
war, or as performing the crowning work of his
life in opening, by treaty, the hitherto closed ports
of Japan, Commodore Perry is always seen to be,


274
[March,
THE DIAL
what his biographer claims for him, a typical THE late Prof. Fleeming Jenkin, of the Univer-
officer, and one of the best type. The literary sity of Edinburgh, was fortunate in numbering Mr.
workmanship of Dr. Griffis shows defects here and Robert Louis Stevenson among his students, for to
there, but he has made a careful study of his sub that circumstance he owed a warm friendship while
ject, and the historical value of his work is unques he lived, and a sympathetic memoir after his death.
tionably great.
The “Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin” (Scribners) is
published in this country as a volume by itself; in
The new work of the International Scientific
England it appears in connection with the two sub-
Series (Appleton) deals with the prolific and ever
stantial volumes which contain the collected papers
popular subject of “Weather,” although the treat-
of that distinguished engineer and electrician. No
ment is something different from that which this
man could ask for a better biographer than Mr.
subject receives in ordinary conversation. The
Stevenson proves himself to be. And yet the book
work is prepared by the Hon. Ralph Abercromby,
is not mainly interesting on account of the writer's
a distinguished English meteorologist, and an
style, as some hasty readers have assumed. Jenkin
original investigator of weather problems. The
was a man of marked personality, and of engaging
reader whose ideas of meteorology are based upon
qualities somewhat concealed beneath a rough ex-
the text-books current a few years ago, or even
terior. These qualities are brought out by Mr.
upon most of those now in use, will at first hardly
Stevenson's skilful portraiture, and the genuine
be able to find his bearings in this volume, so great
nature of the man appears; this memoir probably
is the transformation which the science has under-
making for him a larger circle of new friends than
gone of late. In fact, it may be said to have first
that which had his confidence when living. There
become a science during the last few years, for
is much variety in the material which the biog-
until recently meteorological treatises were made up
rapher had to work with. Such chapters as those
mostly of empirical observations and highly unsat descriptive of Jenkin's boyhood on the continent
isfactory popular explanations of them. Now, we
and of his several voyages for the purpose of sub-
have a detinite theory-based upon the study and
marine cable-laying serve to admirably diversify the
classification of isobars, or lines of equal baromet-
memoir, and to put it far outside the category of
ric pressure,—and the establishment of weather
ordinary humdrum biographical narrative.
bureaus and signal stations all over Europe and
North America has permitted the verification of
the theory, step by step, making of it a scientific
THE impulse recently given in this country to
instrument of the highest value. The author of the
the study of the earlier forms of English is shown
present treatise shows us very clearly what it is
by the fact that although only two years have
possible to tell about the weather, and what, either
elapsed since the Anglo-Saxon Grammar of Professor
from insufficiency of means of observation or from
Sievers, now of the University of Halle, was trans-
the absolute natural limitations of our knowledge,
lated into English, yet the publishers (Ginn & Co.)
we cannot expect to tell. A marked feature of his
have already felt warranted in bringing out a
work is the examination made of the many popular
translation of the second edition of that standard
proverbs on the subject, and the determination of
work. The translator and editor, Professor Albert
their degree of trustworthiness. The chapter on
S. Cook of the University of California, a student
“Forecasting for Solitary Observers," at the close
of Professor Sievers, has done full justice to his
of the book, is a particularly valuable application
work. Since the results of modern investigations
of the previously elucidated principles.
in this line have thus been made accessible to Eng.
lish speaking students it is to be hoped that this
WERE the comedies, histories, and tragedies of work, although not an easy one for beginners to
Mr. William Shakespeare now first given to the usc, will, on account of its thoroughness, speedily
world in the type of the volume before us, it is
replace the older manuals. We commend the editor
doubtful whether their excellences would be at once for his courage in substituting the term Old English
discovered. Who, indecd, would not prefer his for the Anglo-Saxon of the original, a change the
eyesight even to the pleasure to be derived from general adoption of which seems merely a question
acquaintance with the wisest and wittiest of books? of time, since the continuity of the development
Mr. J. 0. Halliwell-Phillipps has done us a great
of the English language is becoming more and
service, nevertheless, in giving us this “reduced more generally recognized.
fac simile from the famous first folio edition of
1623" (Funk & Wagnalls). But is it quite true that The United States Bureau of Education has pub-
" for all usual practical objects of study this cheap lished the result of Dr. Herbert B. Adams's inves-
reproduction will place its owner on a level with tigation of “The Study of History in American
the envied possessors of the far-famed original?" | Colleges and Universities.” The volume contains
For purposes of occasional reference this "reduced about 300 pages and is of much interest to persons
fac simile" will serve; it may serve the purpose engaged in the work of higher education in this
even of those who shall have leisure to follow Mr. country. It contains six special chapters on the
Donnelly through the mazes of his mare's nest. | study of history in the six principal colleges of the
But all who have occasion to use such a book United States, a seventh on the four colleges for
for serious study would doubtless be thankful to women, an eighth on the study of American his-
pay the original selling price of twenty shillings tory, and a ninth on “History and Political Science
for an unreduced fac simile. The time has surely in the Washington High School." A concluding
come when the English-speaking world is suffi chapter is made up of statistical tables compiled
ciently prosperous and appreciative to welcome an from the returns from a large number of educa.
exact reprint, at a fair price, of the most interest tional institutions. There are nearly a score of
ing and valuable book in the whole range of Eng full-page illustrations representing lecture-room,
lish literature." Meantime let the present edition reading-room, and library interiors at the principal
be purchased, and with it a magnifying glass. American colleges.


1888.
275
THE DIAL
Russian State Prisoners. George Kennan. Century.
Salisbury Cathedral. Mrs. Schuyler van Rensselaer. C
South Indin, Villages of. E. A Lawrence. Andorr.
Spanish Art, Modern, E. B. Prescott Harjer.
Underground Waters as Social Factors. Popular Science.
Waterlos. J. C. Ropes, Scribner.
Weather. Prognostics, Ralph Abercromby. Pop. Sci.
West, The, Charles D. Warner. Harper,
BOOKS OF THE MONTH.
(The following Lut contains all New Books, American and For.
eign, received during the month of February by MESSRs.
A. C. MCCLURG & Co., Chicago.)
In the preparation of his recent work “Life and
Labor" (Harper), Samuel Smiles has followed the
plan pursued in his “Self-Help" and "Character."
From a wide field of reading he has gleaned many
anecdotes and quotations which are here arranged
in chapters, under such titles as “Great Men-Great
Workers," "The Literary Ailment: Over Brain-
Work," etc. These anecdotes make up the bulk of
the volume; and the author's comments serve
merely to introduce, connect, and lend moral sig.
nificance to them. The book can hardly fail to
impress some good lessons upon the minds of the
young people who may read it; but we hope that
it will serve the further purpose of leading some to
seek the sources from which the author has drawn
his illustrations. A steady perusal of this book is
wearisome. The reader is surfeited with anecdotes
before finishing a chapter. But there is an index,
which makes the book useful for reference to those
wishing to illustrate their moral teachings by good
stories and examples.
"Talks To Young Mex" (Lee & Shepard), by
the Rev. Robert Collyer, is a series of homilies to
youths. Though it is, perhaps, at times somewhat
hazy, it has an aim of real benevolence; and its
good thoughts number as many as its pages. The
author seldom speaks in religious riddles, but
from a purely moral and human standpoint, and
his work is not less valuable to an old man than to
a young one; for what is a moral to us in youth is
still a moral when we have grown old. The book
is written in the simplest and purest Anglo-Saxon;
and, aside from the merits of its teachings, it is a
useful study in English. The chapter on Charles
and Mary Lamb is a charming essay on the lives of
these two interesting characters, and is alone well
worth the price of the book.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
MARCH, 1888
HISTORY--BIOGRAPHY.
The Inrasion of the Crimea. Its Origin, and an Account
of its Progress, down to the Death of Lord Raglan By
A. W. Kinglake. 12mo. Vol. V. From the Morrow of
Inkerman to the Fall of Canrobert. Harper & Bros.
The History of Canada. By William Kingsford
(1608-1683). 8vo, pp. 488. Toronto. Nel, $3.75
Personal Remembrances of Sir Frederick Pollock,
Second Baronet. Sometime Queen's Remembrancer
2 vols., 12mo. Macmillan & Co. 8.00
The Life of William Barnes, Poet and Philole
his danghter, Lucy Baxter ("Loader Scott"). 19mo.
pp. 356. Portrait. Macmillan & Co. $2.25.
Life of Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, Founder of Deaf.
Mute Instruction in America. By his son, E. M. Gal.
laudet. (rown 8vo, pp. 889. Portrait. H. Holt & Co.
1.75.
Elisabeth Gilbert, and ber Work for the Blind By
Frances Martin. 12mo, pp. 307. Portrail. Mucinillan
& Co, L75.
Harrard Reminiscences. By A. P. Peabody, D.D..
LL.D. 12mo, pp. 216. Gilt top. Ticknor & Co. 91.95
Napoleon and the Russian Campaign. By Count Leo
Tolstoi. Translated from the French by H. Smith.
16mo, pp. 190. Portrait. T. Y. Crowell & Co. 01.00.
Nemoirs of an Arabian Princess. An Autobiography.
By Emily Ruete, nbe Princess of man and Zanzibar.
16mo, pp. 307. Portrnil. D. Appleton & Co. 75 cents
Monarchs I Hare Met. By W. Bentty Kingston. 8vo,
PP. 228. Paper. Portraits. Harper & Bros. 50 centa.
The Life of P. T. Barnum. Written by Himsell Paper.
G. W. Dillingham. 95 cents.
TRAVEL
Historio Water cay.. By Reuben G. Thwaites, Secre.
tary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
12mo, pp. 238. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.25.
Ulysnes; or. Scenes and studies in Many Lands. By
W. G. Palgrave. Svo, pp. . Macmillan & Co. $3.50.
California of the South. Its Physical Geography, Cu-
mate, Resources, Routos of Travel and Health Re.
sorts. Being a complete Guide Book to sonthern
California. By W. Lindley. M.D., and J. P. Widney.
A.M., M.D. Maps and nlast rations. 12mo, pp. 377.
D. Appleton & Co. $2.00.
ESSAYS-BELLES LETTRES. ETC.
Essayı, Chiefly on Poetry. By A. DeVere, LL.D. ! vols.
16mo, Macmillan & Co. ...
The Life and Letters of Marcus Tullius Cicero,
a new translation of the Letters included in Mr.
Watson's Selection, with Historionl and Critical
Notes. By the Rev. G. E. Jeans, M.A. 12mo, pp. 432.
Macmillan & Co. Net, $2.28
Studies in the Poetry of Robert Broirning By James
Fotheringham, 12mo, pp. 3. London. Nel, 42.10.
Substance and Shour, and Other Lectures By Thomas
Starr King. Edited, with an Introduction, by E. P.
Whipple. Surth Edition. Amo, pp 4 Göt top.
Houghton, Mimin & (o. $1.50
Outlook. on Society, Literature and Politics. By
E, P. Whipple. Crown 8vo. pp. 345. Gilt top. Tick-
nor & Co. $1.50.
The l'nited States of Yesterday and or To Mor
W, Barrows, D.D. 16mo, pp. 134Roberts Bros. 12.
Uncle Sam at Home. By H. Brydges. Illustrated. jamo,
pp. 91. H. Holt & Co. 91.95
Bybury to Beacon Street. By Mr. A. M. Diaz. 16Ino,
pp. 176. Gilt top. D. Lothrop ('o. 125.
Wit and Wisdom of Samuel Johnson. Selected and
Arranged by G. BHAI, D. L 1o, PP. 3. Claren.
don Press, Oxford. Nd, $2.00.
Andover.
Wes Buland Larrabee. Por. Popular Son
American Revolution, Beginning ot. John Fiske. Atlantic.
Tleggars. R. L. Stevenson. Serioner.
Bismarck. Century.
British Columbia, Indians of. Franz Bons. Pop. Sci.
Canadian Voyageurs on the Saguenay. Harper.
Ohess in America. Henry Sedley. Harper.
Colonial Estates. F. S. Daniel. Harper
Commercial Enterprise and the Criminal Law, Andover.
Consciousness, Francis Spear, Jr. Popular Science.
Darwin W. H. Larrabee. Popular Science
Dawes Bill and the Indians. J. B. Thayer. Atlantic.
conomic Outlook. D. A. Wells. Popular Scknoe.
Electric Motors F. L. Pope. Scribner.
Elizabetban Literature, M. B. Anderson. Dial.
Endish in the West Indies. E. P. Anderson. Dial.
Eugénie and the Tuileries. Scribner.
Evolution. Popular Science.
Fashion, Law of. S.S. Shaler. Atlantic.
Fiction. Recent. W. M. Payne. Dial.
Flamingoes. H. A. Blake. Popular Scionor.
Franklin in France. John Bigelow. Century.
Geology. AD, White. Popular Science.
Guatemala George C. Noyes. Dial.
Home Ranch, The Theodore Roosevelt. Century.
Hunt. Leish. Mrs. James T. Fields. Seribner.
Ice Snpply. Our. T. M. Prudden. Popular Science.
Immigration by Passport. T. T. Munger. Century.
Immigration, Restriction of. E. W. Bemis. Andover.
Inheritance. Popular science.
Israel, Our Religious Inheritance from. Andover.
Lady de Gourney. Mary D. Steele. Allantic.
Libby, Rose's Tunnel at. F. E. Moran. Century.
Lincoln, Abraham. Hay and Nicolay. Ceratury.
Lirzt, Pupils of. A. M. Bagby. Century.
Marriages in the Colonies. F. G. Cook. Atlantic.
Mendelssohn Letters. W. F. Apthorp Scribner.
Missions in Africa. 0. C. Starbuck. Andover.
Myers, F. WIL Anna L. Dawes. Andorc.
Nason, Henry Bradford Popular Science,
Protestant Unity. J. B. Wasson. Andoter.


276
[March,
THE DIAL
-
-
-
Johnson, History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia.
Elited, with Introduction and Notes, by G. B. Hill,
D.C.L. 16mo, pp. 203. “Clarendon Press Series,” Ox
ford. Net, 75 cents.
The Art of Living. From the Writings of Samuel Smiles.
Selected by Carrie A. Cooke. Introduction by A, P,
Peabody, D.D., LL.D. 16mo, np. 264. “Spare Moments
Series." D. Lothrop & Co. $1.00.
Aphorisms. An Address. By John Morley. 16mo, pp.
55. Macmillan & Co. 50 cents.
The Original Mr. Jacobs. A Startling Exposé, 16mo,
pp. 308. Paper. Minerva Publishing Co. 50 cents.
The National sin of Literary Piracy. By Henry Van
Dyke, D.D. Paper. C. Scribner's Sons. 5 cents.
The Protective Tariff. What it does for us! By Her.
mann Lieb. 12mo, pp. 232. Paper. Published by the
author. 50 cents.
The Indian's Side of the Indian Question. By W.
Barrows, D.D. 16mo, pp. 206. D. Löthrop Co. $1.00.
European Schools of History and Politics. By A. D.
White Paper. Johns Hopkins University studies
in Historical and Political Science. 25 cents.
The Art of Investing. By a New York Broker. 16mo,
pp. 198. D. Appleton & Co. 75 cents.
What Shall We Do With It? (Meaning_the_Surplus.)
Taxation and Revenue DiscussedBy President
Cleveland, the Hon. J. G. Blaine, the Hon. Henry
Watterson, and the Hon. G. F. Edmunds, Paper.
Harper & Bros. 25 cents.
POETRY-THE DRAMA.
A Century of Ballads. Collected. Edited. and Nina.
trated in Facsimile of the Original, by John Ashton.
Large 8vo. pp. 354. Gilt top, half leather. Houghton,
Miffin & Co. $7.50.
The Works of William Shakespeare. Edited by Henry
Irving and Frank A. Marshall. With Notes and Intro.
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Shakespearian Scholars and numerous Illustrations
by Gordon Browne. Square 8vo. Gilt top. Vol. II.
now ready. Scribner & Welford. $3.00.
Good and True Thoughts. From Robert Browning.
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Poems. By Irwin Russell. 16mo, pp. 109. The Century
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tion Association. 20 cents.
Cæsar's Gallio Wars. With an Introduction. Notes.
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tion. 12ino, pp. 390-cix. Half leather. John Allyn.
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pp. 394. D. Lothrop Co. $1.50.


1888.]
277
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onction and by
own, D.
D
in & Co.
:
--- --- -
Patience Preston. M.D. By Mrs. A. F. Raffensper
Mrs. A. F. Raffensperger.
RELIGIOUS.
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1888.]
THE DIAL
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[April, 1888.
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
VOL. VIII. APRIL, 1888. No. 96.
intercourse, and about as much sympathy of
feeling with one another as the states of conti.
nental Europe now have. A common danger
CONTENTS.
brought them to act together in the war of
the Revolution, gave them some knowledge of
each other, and a faint idea of the value of
THE CESSIONS OF WESTERN LANDS TO THE
union. The old Confederacy, however, was
UNITED STATES. W. F. Poole ....... 285
little better than a rope of sand; and when,
** TILE FIGHTING VERES." Joxeph Kirkland ... 288
during the closing years of the war, the feel.
ing of common danger was fading out, there
BRYCE'S SHORT HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN
were indications that the states might resume
PEOPLE. Charles G. D. Roberta ........ 230
something of their former condition of isola-
MAX MOLLER'S BIOGRAPHIES OF WORDS. Paul tion. A bond of common interest other than
Shorey .......
.993 self-protection was wanting; and a joint
ownership in the unoccupied lands west of the
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS ........... 26
Alleghanies seemed to be the only national
Weil's The Order of Words in the Ancient Lan.
ligament which could then hold them in a cor.
gnages Compared with the Modern.- Dennis's
dial and permanent union. Four states, how-
Life and Letters of Southey.-Hale's Life of
ever,— Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
George Washington Studied Anew.-Trollope's
and New York, -claimed the western lands
What I Remember. - Dawson's The Geological as their own, on the ground of having been
History of Plants - Bancroft's History of Mexico, granted to them in their original charters, or
Vol. VI.--Bonnet's Life of Olympia Marata. -Pen. having, in the case of New York, been ac-
nell's Sentimental Journey.-Bolse's Epistles of quired from the Indians. Virginia claimed,
St. Paul.-Miss Corson's Family Living on $500 a in the words of her charter of 1609,_"Alí
Year.
those lands, countries and territories, situate,
TOPICS IN APRIL PERIODICALS.......
lying and being . . . four hundred miles
all along the sea coast, .... and all that
BOOKS OF THE MONTH
space and circuit of land lying from the sea
coast of the precinct aforesaid, up into the
land throughout, from sea to sea, west and
THE CESSIONS OF WESTERN LANDS TO THE
north-ucest" (Hazard Hist. Col., I. 64, 65). In
UNITED STATES.
1624 the crown annulled this charter by dis-
solving the London company, the grantee,
The centennial celebrations which are soon
and making Virginia a royal colony. The
to be held in commemoration of the first Eng. rights of the colony as to western lands were
lish settlement of the Northwestern States are not thereby affected; for the new charter
inspiring much historical writing on the events
made no description of boundary lines, and
which culminated in the notable settlement at the crown on many later occasions recognized
Marietta, Ohio, in April, 1788. The organiza-
the claims of Virginia to lands west of the
tion, in 1786, of the Ohio company in Massa-
Alleghanies, [N. Y. Hist. Col., 1878, p. 129.]
chusetts for the promotion of settlements in
The Massachusetts charters of 1629 and 1691
the Northwest Territory, and the enactment made her northern and southern boundary
by Congress of the matchless Ordinance of lines extend to the South Sea, meaning the
1787, which forever excluded slavery from the
Pacific Ocean. The same provisions were in
territory and established therein an enlight-
the Connecticut charter of 1662. There were
ened and beneficent code of laws, are among similar descriptions in the charters of the Car.
the topics which have been largely discussed.
olinas and Georgia; but the claims of these
Less attention bas been given to the cessions
colonies did not extend to the northwest ter-
of the western lands by individual states to
ritory or to Kentucky. At the time these
the United States-a measure of great impor-
charters were made, the British government
tance, which antedated the settlement by a few
had very crude ideas of the geography of the
years and made the enactment and operation
western continent. In extending the bounda-
of the Ordinance of 1787 both possible and ries of the colonies to the South Sea, it was
practicable.
supposed that the Pacific coast was much
The thirteen original colonies were isolated
nearer the Atlantic coast than it proved to be.
communities, having little social or business
In 1608 Captain Newport was instructed to
• NEW YORK AND Onio's CENTENNIAL By Douglas
sail up the James river and find a passage to
Campbell. **Magazine of American History." March, 1888
| the South Sea; and Captain John Smith, at
L


286
(April,
THE DIAL
about the same date, was told to ascend the captured the Northwest Territory from the
Chickahoming and find a new passage to China. British, and held it until the treaty of peace
In the second volume of McMaster's History with Great Britain in 1783— which conquest
of the United States is a map showing the and possession enabled the United States to
divisions of the country according to the secure the Mississippi as its western boundary,
original charters of the colonies. Milwaukee and the great lakes as its northern boundary.
there appears in Massachusetts, and Chicago The British during the war were maintaining a
in Connecticut. The state of New York post at Detroit ; and, employing Indian allies,
claimed for her share of western lands the were inflicting untold miseries and butcheries
northwest territory and a portion of Ken upon the western settlements. Colonel Clark,
tucky, on the ground of relations to and trea holding a commission from Virginia, captured
ties with the Six Nations, or Iroquois Indians, | Hamilton, the brutal governor of Detroit, and
and their dependent allies in the west. France also the governor of the British post at Kas.
had possessed all the land claimed by New kaskia, and sent them both prisoners of war to
York up to the time of the treaty of peace Williamsburg. As soon as the news of Colo-
with France and Spain, in 1763; and by that nel Clark's capture of Kaskaskia arrived, Vir-
treaty the land was ceded to Great Britain. ginia proceeded to set up a county government
By royal proclamation of October 7, 1763, in Illinois, and commissioned Colonel John
George III. set off all the territory west of the Todd as county lieutenant. The government
Alleghanies as “crown lands." and prohibited of this conquered territory was regularly ad-
the purchase of land from the Indians ministered in the name of and by means wholly
“only for us, in our name.” It cannot be furnished by Virginia, until the advent of peace
shown how, when, or where, the colony or in 1783. New York, which has been the loudest
state of New York acquired by royal author and most boastful claimant of the Northwest
ity an acre of land west of the Aleghany Territory, did not furnish a man or contribute
mountains. Hers was the thinnest and gauzi a York shilling for its conquest or defense.
est of all the claims set up by states for owner Massachusetts and Connecticut did as little as
ship in the western lands.
New York. We are nevertheless told, in an
Concerning the “crown lands," the procla article on “New York and Ohio's Centennial,"
mation of October 7, 1763, declared that they in the March issue of the “Magazine of
were "reserved under our sovereignty, protec American History," that New York was the
tion, and dominion, for the use of the Indians, only state which had a title to the western
.... and we do hereby strictly forbid all our lands. The writer also regards it as a "curious
loving subjects from making any purchases or fact that history has been so manipulated-
settlements whatever, or taking possession of New York having no historian to tell her
any of the lands above reserved, ... and we story”-that "the ordinary school books and
strictly enjoin and require all persons who even more pretentious works have assigned
have either willfully or inadvertently seated to Virginia the credit of magnanimously ced-
themselves upon any lands within the coun ing this territory to the general government,"
tries above described,... forthwith to remove when the credit of this magnanimity belongs
themselves from such settlements."
to New York. He is astonished "that so little
This condition of affairs in the western is known of the mode in which the United
country continued up to the outbreak of the States acquired this territory. Bancroft en-
Revolutionary war. During the progress of tirely ignores the whole matter, and Hildreth
the war, neither the Continental Congress nor dismisses it with a few words,” Bancroft does
any of the eastern states, except Virginia, not ignore the subject, but (vol. vi., p. 14, ed.
gave a thought to what was going on west of 1886) so muddles the statement with rhetorical
the Allegbanies. Virginia, however, besides platitudes that no person can comprehend his
doing her share in prosecuting the war at the meaning. Hildreth (vol. ii., pp. 396-401) gives
east, carried on the war in the west, in her a clear and correct account of the land cessions.
own name, and at her own expense. Her peo He speaks of the claim of Vew York as "the
ple, who had sparsely settled Kentucky, were vaguest and most shadowy."
raided and butchered by the savages dwelling The cessions of land claims to the United
north of the Ohio river. Virginia in this crisis States have never been an obscure phase in
constituted Kentucky a county of Virginia, American history; and the popular idea that
defended the settlements, and administered Virginia's claims to the western lands were
therein in a rude way the best government superior to those of the other colonies, and that
which was possible. The British parliament, especial credit was due to that state in ceding
in 1774, annexed the Northwest Territory to for the common good those claims to the gen-
the province of Quebec, making it Canadian eral government, is the correct one. It was a
territory. Virginia troops, under Colonel creditable and a patriotic action for each of
George Rogers Clark, with a heroism and the states which had claims, whatever might
gallantry which have never been surpassed, I be their quality, to relinquish them. They all


1888.]
287
THE DIAL
supposed their claims were valid; but when she had, although, as we have seen, they were
one state, and the state whose claims were very poor. Her legislature took this action
the weakest, arrogates to herself all the mag. February 19, 1780, and it was laid before
nanimity there was in the transaction, it is Congress March 7. Congress, September 6,
proper that such presumption should be re made an earnest appeal to the other states to
buked. The magazine article to which refer. cede their claims, on the ground that they
ence is made has been much commented on by were “endangering the stability of the Con-
newspaper writers as a remarkable production, federacy; that such action was essential to
developing new facts and changing the cur public credit and confidence, to the support of
rent of history. An editorial of this char our army, to the vigor of our councils and
acter appeared March 17 in one of the leading success of our measures, to our tranquillity at
Chicago newspapers. The magazine article home, our reputation abroad, and to our very
does not merit such commendation, and will existence as a free, sovereign and independent
not change the opinions of anybody who people." October 10, 1780, Connecticut ten-
will investigate the subject from the original dered to Congress a cession of her claims, with
records.
certain conditions which were not accepted;
The question of the cessions of the “crown and the same day Congress voted that "the
lands” was in controversy for ten years. As unappropriated lands which may be ceded to
seven of the thirteen states were confessedly the United States shall be disposed of for the
landless, having no real or assumed claim to common benefit of the United States." On
the crown lands, they were always in a posi January 2, 1781, the Virginia legislature passed
tion to make it uncomfortable for the minority an act ceding to the United States her claims
of states which had such claims. In 1776, north of the Ohio river, but retaining Ken-
Virginia declared in her constitution that her tucky, and annexing certain conditions, the
western and northern boundaries had been chief of which were that she should be reim-
fixed by King James's Charter of 1609. Mary. | bursed for the expenses she had incurred in
land, which had no land claim, protested in her conquering the ceded territory, and that Col.
convention the same year as follows: “That George Rogers Clark and his officers and sol-
the very extensive claim of Virginia to the diers should have a certain quantity of land
back lands hath no foundation in justice, and assigned to them. March 1, 1781, Maryland, en-
that if the same or any like claim is admit couraged by the movement of Virginia toward
ted the freedom of the smaller states and the the relinquishment of her claims, joined the
liberties of America may be thereby greatly Confederacy, and the Union was complete.
endangered.” Maryland during the whole The proposed cessions of New York, Con-
controversy was the stoutest opponent of any necticut, and Virginia were referred to a com-
state claims to the crown lands, and refused to mittee consisting of delegates from New
join the Confederacy until that question was Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Hamp-
adjusted. The matter of land bounties to shire, and Rhode Island, all landless states,
soldiers of the war came in to strengthen the and all hostile to the claims of Virginia. The
anti-land-claim party in Congress. The arti committee summoned before them the agents
cles of Confederation were agreed upon No of the three states to prove their claims; and
vember 15, 1777. It had the clause that “No Virginia, declining to submit her rights to
state shall be deprived of territory for the such a tribunal, did not appear. On May 1,
benefit of the United States." The land-claim 1782, the committee reported that Virginia had
states readily joined the Confederacy, and the no rights in the crown lands; that the title to
landless states reluctantly. In May, 1779, all them was wholly with New York; and that the
the states had joined except Maryland. Vir. cession by New York was all that was needed to
ginia had passed land laws and was about to give the United States a full title thereto. The
establish a land-office. Maryland again vigor. committee made a long report, which is printed
ously protested; and in October, 1779, Con in Journals of the old Congress, vol. iv., pp.
gress by a vote of eight states recommended 21-24. This is the report which the mag-
Virginia, and all other states similarly situated, azine writer already referred to has found as
to forbear issuing warrants for unappropriated something before unheard of, and by it he
lands.
thinks he has proved the exclusive claims of
The country was in the midst of the war, New York to the Western lands. The report
the Confederacy was incomplete, the contro recommended that the cession of New York
versy growing out of the disposition of the be accepted; but “that Congress cannot, con-
crown lands was pregnant with danger, and sistent with the interests of the United States,
could be settled only by an appeal to the accept of the cession proposed to be made by
patriotism of the states having land claims. the State of Virginia, or guarantee the tract
It was greatly to the credit of the State of of country claimed by them in their act of
New York that she was the first to propose to cession referred to your committee.” Massa-
cede to the United States such land claims as I chusetts and Connecticut were requested to


288
[April,
THE DIAL
cede “all claims or pretension of claim in the lina's claims was accepted by Congress August
said western territory without any conditions 9, 1787; of North Carolina, April 9, 1790; and
or restrictions whatever.” The cession made of Georgia, April 24, 1802.*
by New York was officially accepted by Con-
W. F. POOLE.
gress on October 29, 1782, seven states voting
** The Madison Papers," Vol. I.; Rives's “Life of Mad-
in the affirmative, Virginia voting in the nega-
ison," Vol. I.; Prof. H. B. Adams's “ Maryland's Influence
tive, and North Carolina and South Carolina upon the Land Cessions to the United States" (Johns
divided. The only Massachusetts delegate Hopkins University Studies, Vol. III.); Shosuke Sato's
“History of the Land Question in the United States "
present voted nay.
(Ibid, Vol. IV.); and the Journals of the Continental Con.
Further action with reference to cession of gress, Vols. III., IV., give much additional information
the claims of Virginia seems to have been on the subject.
held in abeyance until September 13, 1783,
when a committee, of which Mr. Madison was
a member, made a report modifying the con-
66 THE FIGHTING VERES." *
ditions of the original proposal of cession.
The report says:
The skirmishing which in the sixteenth cen-
66 As to the last condition (retaining Kentuckyl. | tury was called war is the pleasant theme of
your committee are of opinion that Congress can-
the book entitled “The Fighting Veres."
not agree to guarantee to Virginia the land described
“ Armies " numbering from a few hundreds to
in the said condition without entering into a discus a few thousands fought “battles” with the
sion of the right of the state of Virginia to that eighteen-foot ash pike with steel spike, “the
land; and, by the acts of Congress, it appears to lady and queen of arms” as it was called.
have been their intention (which the committee
(The pike held its place until 1700.) The
cannot but approve) to avoid all discussion of the
territorial rights of individual States, and only to
pikemen had, besides, long basket-bilted
recommend and accept a cession of their claims,
swords and also daggers, “a weapon of great
whatsoever they might be, to vacant territory.
advantage in pell-mell.” They wore helmets
Your committee conceive this condition of a guar “well lined with quilted linen " and cuirasses,
antee to be either unnecessary or unreasonable; breast and back pieces; also “taces” to cover
inasmuch as, if the land above-mentioned is really belly and thigh, and “pouldrons” for shoul-
the property of the state of Virginia, it is suffi-
ders and elbows; and some minor devices,
ciently secured by the Confederation; and if it is
good against pike-thrust. Underneath, they
not the property of the State, there is no reason or
consideration for such guarantee. Your commit-
wore doublets of fustian or leather, hose and
tee, therefore, upon the whole, recommend, that
nether stockings gartered at the knees. For
if the legislature of Virginia make a cession con carrying all this, and doing what fighting
formable to this report, Congress accept such might offer, they were paid about six to eight
cession."
dollars a month; that is to say, counting the
Every state voted accepting the recommen-
difference in purchasing power, considerably
dation except Maryland and New Jersey. more than our own private soldiers receive
The legislature of Virginia, October 20, 1783, to-day.
passed an act authorizing its delegates to make About one-tenth of the marching force (in
the cession on the conditions of the above | 1600) were provided with matchlock muskets,
report, and March 1, 1784, the cession was -heavy pieces requiring a staff to use as a rest
accepted in Congress by the vote of every state. for firing. These “sholmen ” formed the
Massachusetts ceded her claim on April 19, flanks of the pike-companies. They did all
1785, and Connecticut came in last, on Sep the sentry-duty. Cavalry was still a great
tember 14, 1786, ten years after the question fighting-arm of the service. Sieges were more
of western lands was first discussed in Con-
frequent than battles, and as Vere himself
gress. Connecticut made a conditional cession said (1597):
by which she reserved nearly four million “We are used to put the soldiers to the work of
acres of land in the north-eastern portion of pioneers, who leave their tools and take their weap-
Ohio. since called the “Western Reserve." | ons when need requireth.”
Five thousand acres of this land was granted The heaviest siege-gun was of eight and
to some of her citizens whose property had a half inches bore, throwing a sixty-pound
been burned by marauding British troops shot nearly half a mile at point blank. The
during the war, and hence is known as the lightest field-piece was a six-pounder. So it
“Fire Lands.” The state sold the remaining seems that our progress has been greater in
land in 1795 for $1,200,000, and the pro small-arms than in artillery.
ceeds now constitute the school fund of the
* LIVES OF SIR FRANCIS VERE, General of the Queen's
state.
But little interest was manifested in Con-
gress in the western land claims of the more
forces in the Low Countries, ..and of SIR HORACE
VERE. General of the English forces in the Low Coun.
tries. By Clements R. Markbam, author of the "Life
of the Great Lord Fairfax." Boston: Houghton, Mifllin
southern states. The cession of South Caro-
& Co.


1888.]
289
THE DIAL
Fighting was done in chivalric and gentle. star." Doubtless England, in doing this, was
manly style. The old tradition of “breaking fighting her own battles on Dutch soil, for the
a lance” was still the glory of knighthood. time had come when it must be settled whether
Such and such a nobleman "rode full upon the she or Spain was to rule the land and the sea.
enemy and broke his lance, in good knightly Spain fought herself sick in the Netherlands,
fashion." (Nowadays a soldier would not be and got her death-blow when the Armada
glorified for bursting his musket.) This absurd perished. But whatever the motive, Vere and
ity illustrates the formal and orderly strategy his fellow volunteers, fighting and dying
and tactics of our ancestors. When infantry among the sand dunes and polders of the
came together it was said to be “at push of great Delta, did noble service to freedom.
pike.” Even bullets were gentler missiles than The Spanish infantry had been invincible until
now; they were not irresistible messengers of the hardy northerners taught them their place.
almost sure death, inaudible, coming faster The motto over the gate of Nymegen shows
than sound and from an unseen foe. Personal at once the similarity of spirit and language
prowess was more in place, and dogged me existing between the English and Dutch.
chanical endurance was less. Wounds were “ Beter is eene strijdbare vrijheid dan eene
more common, and deadly ones were fewer. vreedzame slavernij.” (“Better is a struggling
Men regarded pike-thrusts and cracked crowns freedom than a peaceful slavery.")
somewhat as a blacksmith does a burned hand, One of the most noticeable features in Mr.
or a machinist a broken finger-incidents of Markham's book is the issue he joins with
their trade. War was more amusing in those Mr. Motley regarding the character of Sir
days, and, besides, he who went a-soldiering Francis Vere. It is difficult to avoid agreeing
did not leave such prosperity and comfort at with him-that Mr. Motley is chargeable with
home. Military life was as joyful as civil life; injustice in several particular matters; although
perhaps more so. They did not stand up to in one, where our author admits that his hero
punishment as we do. Of the Spanish defeat used a flag of truce to delay the enemy's assault
at Turnhout we read:
until a rise of the tide should have made it
“The destruction of the infantry battalions was
impossible, he fails to relieve him of a charge
complete. Out of 4,000 the number of killed was of misuse of the flag.
300, of prisoners 600.... Of the allied forces Vere took part in the operations against the
not above ten were slain."
Spanish Armada. He was a chief figure in
This looks like child's play compared with
the glorious Cadiz success and the inglorious
Cold Harbor or Gravelotte. Yet “Their deeds
Azores failure. Then he assisted at the de.
of arms and organization form the first chapter
fence of Ostend, which, by resisting for almost
of the modern military history of England."
three years the concentrated power of Spain,
Mr. Markham seems to be enthusiastically
until the city itself was a heap of smoulder-
English in methods of thought and feeling.
ing ruins (although it capitulated at last), led
The genealogical or family idea rules his work
to the recognition of the independence of the
always. The first three chapters treat entirely
Dutch Republics, through the exhaustion and
of the Veres, before the time of his heroes,
despair of Spain, Vere never was quite him-
beginning with Alberic or Aubrey de Vere,
self after the death of Elizabeth, whom he,
who got from William the Conqueror many
like so many of his countrymen, loved with
broad acres in Essex and Suffolk. Who they
an ardor more romantic than merely loyal.
were and whose daughters they married, what
Shattered with wounds, and with ill-health
crusades they made and where else they fought,
produced by overwork and exposure, he re-
is told with much interest and spirit. All
turned to England, married at forty-eight a
through the book, the lineage of each person
young girl of eighteen, lived in great happi.
of consequence readily gives rise to a digres.
ness with her for two years (writing the mili-
sion in text or notes.
tary autobiography which forms the main
"Francis Vere was the contemporary of great
base of supply for these memoirs), died in
men. The Queen and Leicester, ... Raleigh,
1609, and was buried in Westminster Abbey,
Sidney, Spenser, .. Bacon, . . . Shakes.
where a noble monument, raised by his young
peare, ... James I., . ., Earl of Essex. widow to his memory, is one of the most
. . In such an age and amidst such a remarkable ornaments of the great church.
generation, Francis Vere made his way to the Elizabeth thought him her greatest general,
Iront rank."
and on being urged to make him a peer, is
Certain it is that free and sturdy Protestant said to have answered: “In his proper spbere,
England did a noble share of work in freeing and in my estimation, Sir Francis Vere is above
the Netherlands. “This she-David of ours," a peerage already."
said Sir Fulke Greville, “ ventured to under. Two portraits and seventeen maps ornament
take to slay the great Goliath among the Phil. and elucidate Mr. Markham's narrative, which
istines abroad, I mean Spain and the Pope, and moves on always in a pleasant current of
takes (almost solitary) truth for her leading l instruction and amusement. The stream is


290
(April,
THE DIAL
diluted with the genealogical digressions be cellence of the work, one finds himself com.
fore mentioned; and also with long descriptions pelled to quarrel with it in certain points of
of the present aspect of the places where the detail. Its defects are not inherent in its plan;
old affairs took place, which give the impres a little revision of that second edition which
sion that the conscientious writer, as one of it is to be hoped may soon be called for would
his preparations for work, had made the tour render it, in its own field, comparatively safe
of the whole region in question.
against attack. In the first place, there are
Horace Vere served fifteen years with his traces of unevenness in its composition. Cer-
greater brother, and succeeded him, though tain chapters do not seem to have been written
with lower rank, in the continental struggle with the care or revised with the assiduity
with Spain; his separate service beginning in which have been expended upon the bulk of
1604, and lasting until after the siege of Maes- the book. In the second paragraph of Chap-
tricht in 1632. Our author sees a sad and in ter III. occurs the following, which, whether
glorious contrast between the service under by fault of the author or the fault of his
Elizabeth and that under James; the first open, printer, must be classed with the hard sentences
bold, heroic; the latter timid, half-hearted and of old: “At the time when any portion of this
two-faced. The reader's interest is somewhat continent had reached the stage in its develop-
satiated with the biography of Francis ; and ment which it now retains, was undoubtedly
the story of Horace (the last quarter of the years ago, at the period when there were yet
volume) comes a little like soup after dessert. only archæan or primitive rocks.” The very
Freedom of thought and action was the con next sentence, by reason of the omission of
ception of the sixteenth century and the birth commas, is structurally ambiguous: “Then
of the eighteenth. It is the child of the nine only the north-eastern part of North America
teenth, and perhaps will see mature manhood | appeared as an island in the midst of the tepid
in the twentieth, with dominion over the civil ocean which surrounded it.” The succeeding
ized world. Its origin is, as it should be, of paragraph contains an instance of what is a
entrancing interest to every thoughtful Ameri. somewhat frequent fault with Dr. Bryce—the
can; and in his library the “Fighting Veres ” dragging in by the heels of irrelevant quota-
should stand side by side with Motley's graver tion, with the idea, apparently, of lightening
and more dignified histories. The book is the style. “These have contained hidden in
beautifully printed on the Riverside press, on them from that primeval day till now the
very thick cream laid paper. This gives the veins of gold and silver and copper and iron
volume a rather heavy look, which, however, which men are discovering to-day, but at that
disappears as one reads the fair, handsome, early time referred to not even Mammon, the
open print, in the wide-margined pages. least erected spirit that fell from heaven,' had
JOSEPH KIRKLAND. poured into their glittering crevices.” One
feels inclined, moreover, to question timidly
Dr. Bryce's authority for so sweeping an asser-
BRYCE'S SHORT HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN
tion as this last. What literary sins will not
PEOPLE.*
even our wisest commit in the name of the
picturesque ! A little further on, Dr. Bryce
"To make history picturesque must be the informs us that “At first, no doubt, the wide
aim of the modern historian," says Dr. Bryce expanse of rock, rising above the sea, was like
in his preface. With this creed, Dr. Bryce "the burning marl' of Milton, but was slowly
has succeeded in writing what must, I think, cooling down.” The whole of this section,
be accepted as the best history of Canada yet sketching the geology of Canada, is peculiarly
available to the general reader. Vivacious unhappy, adopting as it does the tone of a
and direct in style, it is essentially interesting; school primer, while leaving unexplained a few
and it puts in attractive form the results of highly technical terms. It strikes one also
wide research and careful consideration. It that Dr. Bryce goes back even beyond the
carries us easily and rapidly through periods twin eggs of Leda, when he begins the story
which most of our historians, by a multiplicity of the Canadian people in the dust out of
of unessential detail, have made for us a which were formed the ancestors of their red
weariness to the flesh. In general, it may be predecessors.
regarded as trustworthy and thorough. In a The sphere of such a work as this does not
word, it does effectively what it sets out to seem to me to include a discussion of the lost
do,-it tells its story in a way to hold atten. Atlantis or the Kingdom of Fusang, still less a
tion, and furnishes a compact and thoughtful study of the American Indian and his customs,-
account of this young Canadian nationality. unless there be any large portion of the Cana-
Having thus testified to the prevailing ex-
dian people ready to claim an Indian ancestry.
Chapters II, and III. take up a great deal
*A SHORT HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE. By the
Rev. George Bryce, M.D., LL.D. London: Sampson Low,
of space. Dr. Bryce is capable of filling this
Marston, Searle & Rivington.
space more profitably. We could spare, too,


1888.]
291
THE DIAL
the frequent instances which these chapters map, as is well known, was one found in the
exhibit of that straining to be popular, that archives of France, and bore upon it an em-
" writing down” to a supposed half-cultured phatic red line which was supposed to mark
audience, which so injures the effect of any the boundaries of the United States as agreed
work of weighty intention. On page 39 we upon by the Treaty of Paris in 1783. It con-
are favored with the information that “among cedes more than the utmost of the British
the Roman writers shortly after the Christian claim; and it was taken by Sparks, as well as
era was the philosophic Seneca. He was the by Webster himself, to be the one which
teacher of the young, afterwards cruel, Em Franklin referred to in the following letter,
peror Nero." It would be interesting to know written to the Count de Vergennes:
what sort of an audience Dr. Bryce was talk
"Passy, December 6, 1782.
ing at when he framed this sentence.
Sir, I have the honor of returning herewith the
In his treatment of the north-eastern bound-
map your Excellency sent me yesterday. I have
ary disputes Dr. Bryce is neither sufficiently
marked with a strong red line, according to your
desire, the limits of the United States, as settled in
full nor strictly accurate. He gives reasonable
the preliminaries between the British and American
attention to the Commission of 1842, but not
Plenipotentiaries.
so much as hints at the embroilment between With great respect, I am, etc.,
Maine and New Brunswick in 1839, known
B. FRANKLIX."
as the “Aroostook War," which was what di Dr. Bryce hastily declares that the map in
rectly inspired the appointment of the Com. | question was a copy of the one referred to by
mission. 'In February of 1839, Maine sent an Franklin. But recent investigations on the
armed force into the Disputed Territory (then part of Mr. Justin Winsor have pretty con-
under jurisdiction of Great Britain, pending clusively proved what was suspected at the
a final settlement of the points at issue,) for time by Senator Benton, namely, that the two
the professed purpose of punishing certain maps had no connection with each other. That
trespassers on the timber lands. This force discovered by Mr. Sparks, on the contrary,
captured some New Brunswick lumbermen, represented an old French claim against the
and sent them captive to Bangor. Upon this Province of Massachusetts. It was marked,
an irregular force of angry lumbermen gath- probably, by Vergennes, with an eye to the
ered to avenge their comrades. The leaders of possibility of a resumption of French suprem-
the Maine expedition, not relishing camp life acy in Canada, and was intended to suggest
on the Aroostook in mid-winter, had forsaken to England the advisability of enlarging her
the quarters of their followers and betaken demands against the infant republic. The red
themselves to feather-beds in the house of a line, it is true, outlined a just claim of England,
settler some miles distant. Here they were sur seeing that all New France was acknowledged
prised by the New Brunswickers, and carried hers, and that the limits of the new states,
off to prison at Fredericton. Maine retorted upon that side, could only in justice be those
by arresting the accredited Warden of the which England had claimed for them while
Disputed Territory, who had been sent by the | they were her colonies. But this had nothing
New Brunswick government to warn off the to do with the intention of the Treaty of Paris;
force as trespassers. In a blaze of military and it was with the intention of the Treaty of
excitement the militia of Maine and of New Paris that the Commissioners of 1842 were
Brunswick were called out, the assistance of concerned. What was this intention, and how
the regular troops on both sides was sum completely favorable it was to the American
moned, sister provinces and sister states ranged claim, Mr. Winsor has shown in a paper lately
themselves in support of the contestants, and read before the Massachusetts Historical Soci-
war seemed inevitable. On the brink of bat. ety. Mr. Winsor refers to two other maps
tle the danger was averted by the tact and whose existence had been forgotten,--one a
conciliatory courtesy of General Winfield Scott, sketch map used by Franklin and Hartley, the
who was sent into Maine as special emissary other a “Mitchell ” map which had been in
by the United States government. With the Sir Robert Peel's possession all the while that
Governor of New Brunswick General Scott Webster was concealing so jealously the exist-
arranged a modus rirendi, to allow of the | ence of the dreaded Sparks map. On the
work of a commission. In regard to the set. Mitchell map was drawn a boundary which
tlement arrived at by this commission, Dr. conceded to America all she asked; and this
Bryce indorses the generally received, but, I line was endorsed, in the hand-writing of
think, quite unjustified view, that Webster George III. himself, with the words, “ Bound-
drove a sharp bargain and that Ashburton ary as described by Mr. Oswald.” It marked,
made disgraceful concessions. He lays much assuredly, a disgraceful concession, but those
stress upon the famous “Sparks map," by the responsible for the concession were Oswald
revelation of which in secret session to the and Strachey, in 1783; and it is told that, on
dissatisfied Senate Mr. Webster secured a sud. his journey homeward from Paris, poor Oswald
denly cordial acceptance of the treaty. This I wept tears of mortification over the manner


292
[April,
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in which Franklin had over-reached him. overlooked whom he owed it to his readers to
From this map, wRich Sir Robert Peel made mention, and without mention of whom his
use of in somewhat the same manner as that chapter is not what it professes to be. We
in which Webster employed the Sparks map, are occupied in the beginnings of a literature;
it may be seen that Great Britain regained, and work which in a mature literature might
in 1842, some five thousand square miles of | not demand much notice is to us of inceptional
territory, with important connections, which significance. Dr. Bryce has treated the sub-
had been lost to her by the weakness of herject, as it were, en passant; but it is one which
agents in 1783. The full credit of this recov bears appreciably upon the development of
ery cannot, it is true, be allowed to Ashbur- our young nationality, and it demands a treat-
ton, whom Peel had kept in ignorance of the | ment which, however brief, shall be very
map lest his scruples should stand in the way fully considered and scrupulously balanced.
of his success. But he knew the terms of the By his own confession, Dr. Bryce has not even
award of the King of the Netherlands, which taken time to make up his mind as to the
had been accepted by England and rejected | merits of those works which he has looked
with scorn by America; and he secured to | at. Of that striking and imaginative drama,
England terms which were more advantageous " Tecumseh," by Mr. Charles Mair, he says
by the extent of over a thousand square miles. that "it may be the truest of Canadian poems."
It seems reasonable to suppose that Lord | Let me urge upon Dr. Bryce the desirability,
Ashburton (then Mr. Baring), chosen out of in his next edition, of a less perfunctory sur-
80 many for this responsibility, and realizing vey of this struggling literature, in which his
that apon his success rested his future, would own work occupies so important a place.
at least not be guilty of the gross ignorance
CHARLES G. D. ROBERTS.
and carelessness which we are wont to lay to
his charge. A dispassionate review of his
action seems to me to show that he strove for
absolute fairness, refusing to be misled by
MAX MULLER's BIOGRAPHIES OF WORDS.
consideration of the errors of his predecessors.
This latest product of Max Müller's prolific
Among us in Canada there is current a ridicu-
pen is composed of five short chapters of word.
lous story as to the fashion in which the line
studies, not unlike those with which Arch-
was at last laid down. The story goes that
bishop Trench, Professor Matthews, and the
this representative of England, with the eyes ingenious author of "Stories from the Diction-
of two continents upon him, was bored by the
ary" have familiarized the public ; of a fresh
whole affair, and one night, being with Mr.
discussion of the ever-new problem of our
Webster in his cups, and good-humored, got
Aryan ancestors, their original home and civil.
up suddenly and walked over to the map which
ization ; and of a few miscellaneous philolog.
lay spread out on a side table. After squint-
ical essays and letters, introduced here appar-
ing at it a moment upside down, through his
ently much as Goethe emptied the contents of
single eye-glass, he reached out at arm's his writing-desk into “ Wilhelm Meister." A
length and poked his pencil at random across
friendly critic might say that Maller, having
the territory; and thus, we are gravely assured,
in “The Science of Thought " solved the prob-
was the question solved. On the judgment of
lem of the relation of language to ideas, now
an impartial and well-equipped historian like
makes haste to give us illustrations of the fer-
Dr. Bryce, such stuff, of course, would exert tility of his new principle when applied in
no shade of influence; I only tell it to point
tracing the actual history of the human spirit.
my suggestion that the conduct of Ashburton
The verdict of an enemy would be, " Book-
be submitted to a fresh scrutiny, and to dis.
making." The unpretending little volume is,
credit certain irresponsible rumors wbich Dr.
at any rate, interesting, and, to those of us
Bryce has referred to in this connection. I
who do not know our Brugmann by heart, not
doubt not that Dr. Bryce will modify some-
altogether devoid of instruction.
what, in a later edition, his paragraphs on this
Instead, however, of endeavoring to deter-
question, and will embody the important re-
mine the exact degree of reprobation incurred
sults of Mr. Winsor's researches.
at the bar of austere science through the pub-
In his paragraphs on ('anadian Literature lication of such a work by a scholar, let us turn
Dr. Bryce lays himself open to criticism.
over its pages, giving free expression to such
This section might almost better have been
casual reflections as may suggest themselves,
omitted than inserted in its present inadequate and gathering here and there some of those
form. If Dr. Bryce does me the honor to nuggets of information that Mar Muller rarely
read this notice, he will probably smile just fails to scatter by the way. Our first reflec-
here, and will shrewdly account for my dis- tion is called forth by Maller's enthusiastic
approval by the fact that he has ignored my -
own literary efforts. Nor will he be altogether in
B RAPHIES or Words, AND THE HOME OF THIS
AXTAS By Y, Max Maller. London and New York
astray. There are several Canadian writers | Longmang Green & Co


1888.]
293
THE DIAL
confidence that the principle of the identity of (2.) “Every word expressed in the beginning
language and thought offers a new instrument something that could be handled or smelt or seen
and a most potent method for the study of the
or heard." (p. 17.)
history of ideas. Rejecting utterly the familiar
A captious critic could easily convince the
notion that "thought is deeper than all speech,
reader that these two enunciations are in
feeling deeper than all thought,” he declares direct and palpable contradiction. They have
categorically that “all thoughts which have not been cited, however, with a view to so
ever passed through the mind of men must
easy a dialectical triamph. But looking to
have found their first embodiment and their the meaning rather than to the expression,
permanent embalmment in words." This may granting the doctrine laid down in the “Science
be true in a sense, but we do not hear it now
of Thought," that root conceptions were de-
for the first time ; and if what Monsieur Bréal rived from experiences of our own action, that
calls Semantik, or the study of word-meanings, the roots so obtained were primarily by vari.
is to be a science, we ask for something more
ous metaphors transferred to the naming of
definite. That there are sermons in words as
concrete objects of perception, and that all
well as in stones, we know already from Arch of language generally understood as abstrac-
bishop Trench; and Mr. Ruskin is never weary tion is of secondary and derivative origin,
of reminding us that the truly cultured writer granting all this, have we here a truth origi-
is careful to be informed of the pedigrees and nating with the science of language, or even
alliances of the words he employs. It is in-
one that admits of definite and fruitful appli.
structive to read in Cicero that the word ineptus cation in the constitution of such a science ?
cannot be translated into Greek, because the
We think not. Of the independent establish-
Greeks are so generally “inept” that the
ment of this principle by the science of lan-
quality does not attract their attention. A
guage, there can be no question. It has always
certain light is thrown on the Greek estimate
been maintained as an d priori necessity by
of the sterner Roman character, when the
the Lockian and associationist school of psy-
rhetor Fronto tells us that Latin offers no
chologists; and Max Maller himself, it would
equivalent for the Greek word storgé (natural appear, has been only recently converted to it
affection), becanse the Romans to a man “want by the study of Locke, Schopenhauer, and
the natural touch." A German will moralize Noiré. Abstracta ex concretis was a proverb
on the insight afforded into the French char before the science of language was heard of.
acter by the perfidious ambiguity of the word
One school of thinkers have been telling us
réunion; while Matthew Arnold, nourished on
that the “soul is but the breath," and their
French traditions, sees in the German language
opponents have been replying that there are
as a whole “ something splay.” The supply of
things inexpressible “in matter-moulded forms
such language-lessons is practically infinite;
of speech” for the past two thousand years.
and when a bright boy is for the first time
Müller's easy triumph over Victor Cousin's
introduced to them in the pages of Trench or
assertion of the etymological irreducibility of
Matthewe, he feels to compare small things
the ego has half a dozen parallels in our own
with great-like Max Müller, that a new world
recent controversial literature. Nor does the
of knowledge has been revealed to him and a
principle, whether original or not, supply a
new method of investigating truth. For the
basis for a science of semantik. At the most,
etymology of the word appears to be indeed, it gives us a general rule of method: look
what the Greeks called it, the etymon, or true
away from the abstract towards the concrete
thing. But when this first boyish enthusiasm
in tracing derivations of words. But all in-
passes away, the mind is oppressed by a sense telligent philologists have practically obeyed
of a lack of unity in all this historical de-
this rule, whatever their ultimate philosophical
tail; we look for some method or principle
convictions. What we are in quest of is a
to impart order and coherence to these principle, with subdivisions and corollaries,
facts, separately instructive, but bewildering
that will classify for us the curious and inter-
in the mass. And this demand we make
esting transitions of meanings recorded in
equally, whether we are dealing with the facts phonetically acceptable etymologies, and ena-
recorded in “Stories from the Dictionary " or
ble us to describe and foresee the paths along
with facts that can be collected only by a vet.
which the human mind passes from meaning
eran philologist. That unity and method the
to meaning in its use of language. Such a
study of word-meanings by itself will hardly
law is not to be found in Müller's book. We
be able to provide. In the volume before us
are prepared to supply the deficiency, but
we can find but two principles of general
with a principle too wide to be of any service
application attained by the new science.
in the constitution of the new science. The
(1.) "All words, even the most concrete, are
law is this: Any word may come to bear any
based on abstract concepts, and what was supposed
meaning by successive changes of associations,
to have come last, namely, abstraction, has now and consequently the meanings that any word
been proved to have come first." (Preface, p. xi.) | actually has borne must be ascertained by
HINTHEIMLICHH
F


294
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-------- ----- -
special historical research. But this rule, and ulation, turns up in Latin as hors, or rather
the canon abstracta ex concretis, do not suffice. fors, our old friend the “bright dawn.” For
We require, between these wide generaliza- further details, the curious are referred to the
tions and the infinity of particular etymologies controversy in the pages of “The Academy."
that may be cited to confirm and illustrate Suffice it here to say that the learned are
them, a number of axiomata media, “subordi. agreed that the vowels and consonants (which,
nate and derivative, coherent and interdepend. | according to Voltaire's epigram, are very com-
ent." It is possible that the labors of the plaisant in these matters), oppose no obstacle
students now working in this field may bring to the new etymology. As for the shift in
to light some such principles. The study of the meaning, the German proverb “ Morgen
metaphors and tropes, which is philosophically Stunde hat Gold im Munde" is confirmation
hardly to be distinguished from the study of enough for Müller, who earnestly protests
the transitions of meaning involved in etymol against “setting down etymologies of this
ogies, is still in the stage of a rather mechan. | kind as ingenious and plausible, but no more."
ical and unintelligent accumulation of facts. Were we a little surer of our vowels and con-
A certain number of useful generalizations sonants, we might, for the sake of variety,
concerning the channels along which metaphor attempt to show that Fortuna is in reality
habitually moves may be established in such | Vesper, the evening rather than the morning.
wise as to constitute a formal scientific doc- | Byron's Sappho's
trine comparable to abstract logic and rhetoric. "O flesperus! thou bringest all things good,"
Such a science would, however, be purely | would furnish an excellent basis of operations.
formal. It would derive all its constituent Under the heading “Words in their In-
principles from psychology, and its main value fancy," the new science is employed to dis-
would lie in its practical application to a par. lodge spiritualists from their last stronghold,
ticular historical material.
by finding a definite sensuous origin for
But the reader will be glad to turn from Victor Cousin's être and je and for Curtius's
what Mr. Howells's women call “these un three favorite roots-Man, to think; SMR, to
profitable generalities” to the examination remember; GNA, to know. We have already
of some of Muller's specimens and nuggets. pointed out that this " short and easy way"
The first “ biography" undertaken by Müller with the spiritualists is hardly more decisive
is that of the word fortuna. He retraces the of great philosophic controversies than "short
various shifting meanings of the word, in and easy " methods generally. The argument
Latin, French, and English,--chance or hap is conclusive enough against Cousin's unwar.
generally, good or evil hap specifically, ranted assertions, but otherwise proves noth-
wealth, treasure-trove, and the like. To his | ing. For the rest, the method was applied
illustrations of the use of fortunal and for. with far greater literary skill, long ago, by
tunoso, in old French and Italian, to denote Matthew Arnold, against the abstract être of
misfortune, and hence storm or disaster by Descartes.
sea, I can add an interesting confirmation from The third chapter follows the long and
personal experience. A few years ago I was interesting history of Persona, from the time
detained by a storm on the wrong side of the when it meant the masque through which the
river Alpheus, with a party of friends, in a actor's voice sounded, to these scientific days
miserable Greek village. The only answer we when it means what the learned call an "indi.
could elicit from our landlord to our impatientvidual." The parson, according to Blackstone,
inquiries as to “when that ferry-boat would is the person who represents the immate-
take us across to Olympia," was the ejacula. | rial invisible entity, the church. Müller
tion "Fortuna, fortuna."" accompanied by a thinks he was rather the high personage
shrug of the shoulders. It was some time who held several benefices in the church.
before we perceived that the mysterious word Without the opportunity to cite texts, it is
meant storm – in this case, spring freshet. impossible to discuss the point; but we think
The term must have been adopted from the |' the idea of representation must in some way
Italian into the sailor.jargon of the western be involved in the transferred meaning. Mol.
Greeks. But it is not for bric-à-brac of this ler certainly forces the passage from Cicero
sort that Maller writes this biography. He which he cites to establish the early use of
has a new etymology to propose. Fortuna persona for "great personage" and "dignity."
has been hitherto interpreted as the dira qur | Cicero says of the friends who disapprove of
fert-the goddess that, like Theocritus's and his writing philosophic hand-books (de Fini-
Mrs. Browning's seasons, “in a gracious hand bus, 1, 3): “Genus hoc scribendi, etri sit
appears to bear gift for mortals old or elegans, personer tamen et dignitatis esse
young." This derivation is too simple and negant." This Muller renders: “ Though this
too abstract for Müller. Going back to the kind of writing be elegant, they deny that it
Sanscrit, he finds a root, HAR, to be “ bright" , is weighty and dignified." But the context,
or “warm," which, after a little skilful manip- | as well as the syntax, requires the meaning,


1888.]
295
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P
" they deny that it is in accord with the rôle I “The Home of the Aryas," Müller voices the
(Cicero the great, consul) have played, and prudent scepticism that has succeeded in the
with my dignity."
minds of scholars to the enthusiastic confi-
Under the fantastic title “School-day Rec dence of twenty or thirty years ago. Mathe-
ollections” are discussed some of the evi matical certainty, he repeatedly warns us, is
dences in our common literary language of not attainable. The European, Germanic, and
the fact expressed by Ruskin in the words: Scandinavian hypotheses, familiar to recent
“ All Greek gentlemen were educated by readers of the “Century Magazine," he rejects
Homer, all Roman gentlemen by Greek liter with emphasis. That the original Aryan home
ature, and, until recently, all English gentle. was in Asia, and that we may assume an early
men by Roman literature." The full history and fundamental division into a northwestern
of the influence on modern thought and idiom and a southeastern group, he thinks still cer.
of Latin renderings of the terms and concep tain. Beyond this, all is doubtful. Never-
tions worked out by the philosophers and theless, he cannot resist the temptation of
schoolmasters of Greece would constitute per representing the migrations of our Aryan
haps the most important chapter in the history ancestors in a diagram. When we studied
of the human mind. The illustrations offered Schleicher and Peile, the diagram appeared
by Müller, however, hardly form a beginning. as a beautiful genealogical tree. Now it takes
It needs no scholar to tell us that alphabet, the form of little arrows perpendicular to
school, bibliotheke, orthography, philology, radii branching off from the circumference of
and all their associates, are Greek, or that our a circle,- if the mathematicians will allow us
grammatical terminology is the result of a to revert from the technical to the etymolog-
more or less successful translation of late | ical use of radius. We observe with regret
Greek school-books into Latin. We need not that there is no arrow for the Armenians.
look farther than to a “ Vocabulary of the Lastly we have a review of the various
Philosophical Sciences” to learn that “in attempts that have been made to reconstruct
stance" meant originally negative instance, the civilization of our Aryan ancestors from
that the scholastic use of “subject ” and the vocabulary they can be shown to have
"object" was reversed by Kant, that “vir possessed in common before the dispersion.
tually " is potentially, and that “individual ” The character of the reasoning employed in
is Latin for "atom."
such attempts is best known to the general
In the chapter on “ Weighing, Buying, and reader from the introductory chapters of
Selling," we part company finally from the Mommsen's “History of Rome." Here, too,
biographical metaphor. The illustrations are scepticism has taken the place of the confi-
chiefly taken from two families of words dence of ingenuous youth. The interesting
running back to Sanscrit roots meaning to book of the Frenchman Pictet, to which so
“shake” or “ quiver.” From spand we get many laymen and compilers of popular man-
the Latin pendere pensare, French penser (from uals have pinned their faith, is declared uncrit-
which it appears that thought is a mode of ical. Definite conclusions in so obscure a
motion), and English " pent-house," which it matter are premature. The safest course is
seems is really “appentice” or “appendix," to tabulate the vocabulary common to all
and has nothing to do with "pent" or "house." branches of the family, and allow the facts to
The other family goes back to the Sanscrit speak for themselves. Such a table was drawn
kamp, also meaning "to shake,” whence we up by Müller and presented to the Académie
get “capio,” “ beben," "heave," "have," and des Inscriptions at Paris in 1849, and its prin-
"heft." * To an American, the authority of cipal results were published in 1856. Muller
“Miss Jackson's Shropshire Glossary" for states these facts, "not to establish
“eft” or “heft," in the sense of “lift," or of priority” which he "hates," but to correct
“try the weight," will appear superfluous. an error of dates in a recent German publica-
All this shaking and vibrating reminds us tion. He now publishes his list at the close of
strangely of the sportive attempt in Plato's his last chapter. It occupies some forty pages,
“Cratylus” to establish the philosophy of and will be a very convenient guide to lay.
motion by the evidence of language ; and on men.
turning back to the chapter on “Infancy," we An appendix of some seventy pages is filled
find, sure enough, that Moller has been read with correspondence and with short essays on
ing the “Cratylus," and has been led to assign such topics as “Aryan Fauna and Flora," « The
the German geist to the ebullient family of original home of Jade and of the Soma," and
“ yeast” and “ geyser," by Plato's derivation “Philology vs. Ethnology." Müller protests
of thumos from thuo. This throws new light with great energy against the employment of
on Charles Kingsley's well-known novel. linguistic terms in ethnological discussions.
The second half of the volume is rather | The mixture of races and languages has been
more technical, and cannot very well be dis. | such that to speak of an Aryan race is as
cussed in these columns. In the chapter on absurd as it would be to speak of a dolicho-


296
(April,
THE DIAL
cephalic language. Throughout the book cate elements, would not otherwise be made clear.
Müller delivers himself in his usual vivacious The German language, in a less degree, obeys the
style on the controversies and the personali-
same necessity. The author brings out incidentally,
ties of the philological movement of the past
as a corollary to his views, a valuable canon for
translation from one language into another. He
twenty years. Will the "young philologists”
says: “In translating from one language to
be amused or exasperated by the stately con-
another, if it is not possible to imitate at the same
descension of the following noble sentence : time the syntax of the original and the order of
“Curtius was the very last man to grudge the the words, retain the order of the words and disre-
younger philologists their new discoveries, gard the grammatical relations. The great secret
their more minute distinctions, their filigree-
of a good translation is to find forms of expression
work traced on the somewhat cyclopean walls
which will allow the translator to adopt into a for-
on which the founders of our science had
eign idiom the order of words which is found in the
original." Such a rule would prevent much of the
erected their noble edifice"?
wooden translation which prevails in many of our
Admirers of Curtius who are not admirers
classical schools under the disguise of so-called
of Müller, on reading the statement “I have "literal” translation. The author would have
often differed from Curtius and he from me, taken a truer view of the functional elements of the
but our differences have generally ended in a sentence had he kept in mind the logical categories.
mutual understanding," will be reminded (if
Thus, he objects to attaching the idea of judgment
they have not lost the habit of reading the
to the sentence, and says: “If you say, Hune
jurenem intemperantia perdidit, you do not express a
classics) of the amused disgust of the Roman
judgment on intemperance, but simply state a fact;
senators when they heard Vitellius declare
and if it is absolutely necessary that this should be
that it was nothing new for two senators to a judgment, it is more natural to say that you ex-
differ, -he himself had often been at variance press a judgment on the young man, who, how.
with Thrasea. But they will not have the ever, is not the subject of the sentence." Now this
sympathy of the general reading public, who
is exactly a judgment on intemperance that it,
have to thank the indefatigable popularizer of
and nothing else, caused a death; and according to
the author's own statement, the hunc juvenem is
philology in England for many pleasant and
placed first because in a sentence "there is a point
instructive hours.
of departure, an initial notion, which is equally
Paul Suorey.
present to him who speaks and to him who hears,
which forms, as it were, the ground upon which
the two intelligences meet, and another part of
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
discourse which forms the statement, properly so
called." In the quotation the equally present
In his translation of Henri Weil's "The Order of notion is the young man, and the statement in the
Words in the Ancient Languages compared with form of a judgment is that intemperance caused his
the Modern,” President Super has done a valuable death. It is unfortunate that the translator of a
service for English readers. The original work book on such a subject should not have been more
has been known to scholars for many years, but careful about the order of his own words, in the
Messrs. Ginn & Co. have now made it accessible to use of that much misplaced word only, over which
the upper-class men in all our colleges. While the he stumbles more than once. Firstly might be cut
work does not answer all the questions which arise down to a better word.
over the variant sentence-structures of ancient and
modern languages, it is an important contribution ROBERT SOUTHEY has suffered much neglect from
toward a reduction of the apparent diversities. readers of this generation, owing both to the
Weil's thesis is that while the syntactical order of amount and the inferior quality of his work. He
the ancient classical languages on the one hand was so far distanced as a poet, even in his own age,
and of the French and English on the other is that literature, while providing him with a reason.
different, the order of words, as expressing the able income, could not give him a very conspicuous
order of ideas, is the same in both groups. He place. Now, he is practically unread as a poet, and
shrewdly emphasizes the fact that as this order of his prose, with the exception of a volume or two,
ideas and of words grows out of the logical struct. is forgotten. He owes his place in literary history
ure of mind it is the same in all languages. But chiefly to his associations with a group of great
the ancient languages, having the power to express men : with Landor, to whom he owes the most;
syntactical relations by inflections, independently with his neighbors in the Lake district, Words
of position, were not constrained, by the necessity worth, Coleridge, and De Quincey; and with Shel-
of being understood, to make the syntactical order | ley, whom he mis judged, and towards whom he
correspond to the logical. Consequently, they sought to play the part of Mentor. That he was a
could reverse it, or rearrange it, without regard to l worthy, industrious, but narrow-minded man, is the
the logical order which spoke through it, for the verdict of literary history upon him; and this
sake of antithetic balance, or emphasis, or rhythm, verdict is not materially modified by the autobio.
or cadence. Thus, in Romulus R aon and indie graphical volumes of his letters just edited by Mr.
Romam condidit Romulus-conduit Romam Romulus John Dennis and issued by tho D. Lothrop Co.
the syntax is one, the thought is three-fold. But Southey was a copious producer of epistles as well
the modern languages which have lost their inflec- as of epics, and his voluminous correspondence
tions have been compelled to conform their syntax finds fewer readers than his poems, so that the
sequence to that of their ideas, since the relations present editor has done a very praise worthy thing
of the words in the sentence, as subject and predi. , in making a selection from that correspondence.


1888.)
297
THE DIAL
The letters are so chosen and arranged as to form an view, letting the personage occasionally pass out
acceptable autobiography, being linked together of sight. In his “Life of George Washington
by occasional editorial notes, and provided with Studied Anew" (Putnam) Edward Everett Hale has
a suggestive and well-written introduction. The attempted to do this. That he has succeeded in
Southey of this volume is a thoroughly amiable calling attention to what former writers have largely
and lovable man. Such letters as the unfortunate obscured, that-in his own words - Washington was
ones addressed to Shelley are omitted, and, in fact, "a man preeminently human," no one will question;
almost everything that would show the unpleasant that he has given any adequate presentation of the
side of his character. The curious self-conscious. character of the man in this new posing, no one
ness which led Southey to so overestimate the value can safely assert. The book is interesting for its
of his own work could not easily be eliminated subject and for its intention, but is a somewhat
altogether, and appears in numerous expressions, in straggling and unconnected account in which the
which we do not know whether the naireté or the unity of the subject and the law of rhetorical
self-deception is the more to be admired. Writing selection are not apparent. Has not the time come
in 1815, and speaking of his own poetry, he says: for the production of a life of Washington, based
"Nothing can be more absurd than thinking of upon his letters and other utterances, as well as
comparing any of my poems with the Paradise Lost. upon his conduct, in which the true lineaments
With Tasso, with Virgil, with Homer, there may of the man shall reappear from under the mask of
be fair grounds of comparison, but my mind is conventionality with which nearly a century of
wholly unlike Milton's." Poor Southey! He little tradition has plastered them over? We take it that
dreamed that in half a century his own work would such a history will gather its narrative about three
be forgotten, and that the supreme poet of his age cardinal characteristics of the man-his integrity,
would be bailed in the boyish, self-exiled enthu his imperturbability, his sympathy; and, finding
siast to whom he wrote in familiar admonition, and that the first resolves itself into the accuracy, thor-
of whom he spoke in terms of patronizing conde oughness and fidelity of a sensitive conscience, the
scension.
second into a lifelong curb set, through a three-fold
sense of duty, upon a most tempestuous nature, and
A VALUABLE addition, not only to the Inter that the third welled forth from a heart full of im.
national Scientific Series, but to the general litera petuous affection and patient tenderness, we shall
ture of geology, is Sir J. W. Dawson's "The see once more the great American as his contem-
Geological History of Plants " (Appleton), for it poraries saw him:
fills a place whose vacancy has been growing pain. * Cold but to such as love distemperature.
fully apparent for many years. Geology has so
His was the true enthusiasm that burns long.
largely occupied itself with the study of animal
Domestically bright,
Fed from itself and shy of human right.
forms that the study of fossil plants has been, it
The hidden force that makes a lifetime strong.
would not be fair to say neglected, but at least
And not the short-lived fuel of a song."
slighted, by the majority of workers. No such
compact and comprehensive record of the develop THERE has just been published what is probably
ment of plant life as is now before us has previously the final result of that cacoethes scribendi which has
been attempted, although for some time past de made the name of Trollope so familiar to the readers
manded by the rapidly growing wealth of material of two, if not three generations. In the “ What I
furnished by the monographs of the specialists and Remember" (Harpers) of T. Adolphus Trollope we
the papers of the scientific societies. Probably no
have the last of a series of works which may be
man living could have done the work better than the
said to have begun with Mrs. Trollope's "Domestic
eminent Canadian geologist whose name is upon the Manners of the Americans," considerably more than
title-page of the present volume. While his conserv half a century ago. Although best known by that
ative attitude with reference to the law of organic work in this country, Mrs. Trollope produced a
evolution is well understood, his sincerity and
great many others. In the volume before us there
scholarship are unquestionable, and he has made is recorded the astonishing fact that, entering upon
the field of fossil botany peculiarly his own by al authorship when more than fifty years of age, Mrs.
series of investigations extending over nearly half | Trollope published one hundred and fifteen vol-
a century. To American readers, the work has an umes before her death of the great literary
added value from dealing with and being illus-
productiveness of her younger son Anthony it is
trated by the fossils and geological formations of unnecessary to speak. And the older son, whose
our own continent, for the most part. Points of
recollections are now before us, has proved himself
special interest are afforded by the author's account worthy of his family by a literary output compar.
of his discovery of the connection between the able, if not equal or superior in amount, to that of
* Sporangites " and the Rhizocarpex, and by his either mother or brother. Of course, work done at
discussion of the part played by lycopodiaceous this rate is not likely to be of great value,-the
spore-cases in the formation of coal. His facts present writer tells us that he once planned, wrote,
seem to prove untepable the recent English theory
and sold a two-volume novel in twenty-four days
that coal is very largely made up of these spore and nothing that any one of the Trollopes has done
cases, although they undoubtedly occur at times in entitles its author to a very high rank in literature;
considerable quantities.
but the mere mass and variety of the work produced
by these three indefatigable toilers is enough to in-
The world has long since come to the conclusion sure them great respect and a strong hold upon the
that nothing new can be said about George Wash- | memory of their successors. The volume of recol-
ington. The truth is, he is as little known in his lections now published is extremely interesting.
real self as any public man who can be mentioned. | It takes us over a large part of Europe and intro-
Careful students of his character have wished that duces us to a great variety of eminent persons. To
his life might yet be written from a human point of the reader who knows only the ways of modern


298
[April,
THE DIAL
travel and life on the continent, its pictures of
travel and life there fifty years ago are full of sur-
prises, and as fascinating as they are strange. In
the field of literature which it occupies, “What I
Remember" is decidedly one of the two books of
the season, the other being Frith's reminiscences,
noticed some time ago in these pages.
flavor which those familiar with Bonnet's work will
recognize as belonging to the original. The little
work is well worthy this mark of consideration,
and will amply repay the attention of the modern
reader.
THE History Company of San Francisco, the pub-
lishers of H. H. Bancroft's Pacific Coast History
series, are fast filling up the gaps in that extensive
work. Twenty-seven of the projected thirty-nine
volumes have now been issued; and at the present
rate of publication the enterprise will soon be fin-
ished. They have recently printed the last of the
six volumes devoted to Mexico, bringing the history
of that country down to the year 1887. The larger
part of the book is taken up with the romantic
Maximilian episode. Beginning with the election
of President Juarez, in 1861, a careful analysis is
given of the events which led up to the offering, in
1863, of the imperial crown to the young Ferdinand
Maximilian, archduke of Austria. In 1864, the
offer was formally accepted, and Maximilian was
received by the Mexican people with open arms.
Mr. Bancroft gives an intensely interesting account
of the Emperor's struggles to maintain his throne,
culminating in the sad tragedy of the 19th of June.
1867, when the noble-minded but weak and mis-
guided prince was shot to death in the very city
where three years before he had been hailed with
the wildest enthusiasm. The empire perished with
Maximilian, and the government was remodelled on
republican principles. Juarez was restored to the
presidential chair, which he occupied until his
death in 1872. He was succeeded by Sebastian
Lerdo de Tejada, and he, in 1877, by Porfirio Diaz,
who is still in office. The later chapters of the book
give a summarizing of Mexico's progress during this
century, under the titles “Commerce and Railroads,"
"Agriculture,” “Ecclesiastical Affairs," and “Soci.
ety." The last chapter gives a history of “ Educa-
tion, Science, Art, and Literature” from 1521 to
1887. An index to the six volumes is added.
MR. JOSEPH PENNELL and his wife are enthusias-
tic “cyclists," as the readers of their “Canterbury
Pilgrimage” and “Two Pilgrims' Progress” are
well aware. Their latest recorded expedition upon
the trusty tricycle was a pious wheel on the track
of Sterne, being nothing less than a new “Senti-
mental Journey." The travellers followed closely
in the path traversed by their illustrious predecessor
of the days when tricycles were not, and endeavored
to be fittingly sentimental in the proper places. Mrs.
Pennell kept a note-book and Mr. Pennell made
sketches, and both note-book and sketches are now
published by Longmans, Green & Co. in an attract-
ive volume, together with a highly original map
of France. What with the annoyances of padé, con-
trary winds, churlish peasants, and being classed
with tramps and other disreputable characters by
the majority of inn-keepers, it is difficult to see how
the delights of such a journey can provide adequate
compensation for its trials. But this is probably one
of those things only to be seen through the eyes of
actual experience. We think that the unpleasant
features of the expedition are unduly emphasized
in its record. The feeling mainly aroused in the
reader is that of pity for the unfortunate travellers,
although they would certainly scout the idea of
being fit objects for any such sympathy. They seem
to have taken very much to heart Mr. Ruskin's
definition of cycling as "wriggling on wheels,” and
his reprobation of the practice, as several semi-
indignant allusions to the subject testify. We do not
regard the mysteriously abrupt conclusion of the
book as quite fair to the reader. He really ought
to be told how the journey was brought to an end.
No woman of the sixteenth century was more
thoroughly in love with classic beauty, or more
devoutly earnest in adherence to the faith of Luther
and Calvin, than Olympia Marata. Born the daugh-
ter of a scholar, in a city that rivalled even Florence
in the renown of its scholars; reared in the family
of the Duke D'Este as the companion and teacher
of his daughter Anne; admired for her erudition,
and genius as a poet; exiled from court because of
her religion; married to a foreigner, and thus sep-
arated from home and native country; brought to
bitterest poverty by the siege of Schweinfurth, in
which all her property was destroyed; dependent
upon others for the necessaries of life; exhausted
and ill from exposure during her escape; at last
established in the university town of Heidelberg,
where her husband was resident physician, and
where she died at the early age of twenty-nine,
such is the outline of a life whose story is full of
pathetic interest. It is related by Jules Bonnet,
whose work was published more than twenty years
ago, but has just now seen the light in an English
version made by Miss Grace Patterson and pub-
lished by the Presbyterian Board of Publication.
Miss Patterson's task is on the whole capitally done;
and she has been successful in preserving a quaint
PROFESSOR BOISE's edition of the epistles of St.
Paul written after he became a prisoner (Appleton)
will, we presume, fairly fulfil its intended function
as an “aid to the student and the minister who has
not had the opportunity to become thoroughly con-
versant with the language or has not been able to
keep up a critical acquaintance with Greek.” The
notes offer nothing to enable the critical student to
elucidate Attic idiom by contrast, or to illustrate the
peculiar Greek of the New Testament by Hellenistic
parallels. Professor Boise would perhaps smile at
the illusions of one who wishes to intrude such mat-
ter into the American class-room. But why,-and
the question is addressed to American editors of
Greek texts generally,—why cite the divergent opin-
ions of obscure German commentators to students
who are assumed to be incapable of appreciating
illustrative parallels from Greek literature? Pro-
fessor Boise seems to have made a faithful study of
his text. In Ephesians I. 14, however, he should
not have retained the “purchased possession" of
the old version without at least noting that Liddell
and Scott assign another more probable meaning to
peripoiesis here. Comments such as “Only that and
nothing more!” “No change of heart! all external!"
and “ Within your hearts, the essential condition of
every true conversion, and oh how often forgotten!"
are doubtless more impressive when coming from
the living voice in the class-room than they appear
to be in unsympathetic print.


1888.] :
299
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Miss CORSON's volume entitled “Family Living
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St. Petersburg and London in the Years 1852-1864.
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300
[April,
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304
THE DIAL
[April, 1888.
WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY
The Standard and the Best.
“A LIBRARY IN ITSELF.”
The latest edition has 118,000 words in its vocabulary,— about 3,000 more than any
other American Dictionary. It contains 3,000 Illustrations in the body of the work (nearly
three times the number found in any other American Dictionary), and these are repeated and
classified at the end of the work. Two features, original with WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED and
unsurpassed for concise and trustworthy information, are the
PRONOUNCING BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY,
Containing nearly 10,000 names of Noteworthy Persons, with their nationality, station,
profession or occupation, date of birth and death (if deceased ), etc., and the
• NEW PRONOUNCING GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD,
Of over 25,000 Titles, describing the Countries, Cities, Towns, and Natural Features of
every part of the Globe, compiled from the most recent and authentic sources.
THE EXPLANATORY AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY of the names of
NOTED FICTITIOUS PERSONS AND PLACES,
Such as are often referred to in literature and conversation, is found in no other Dictionary.
In separate form it costs $2.00.
WEBSTER IS STANDARD AUTHORITY
In the GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, and with the UNITED STATES SUPREME Court
It is recommended by the STATE Sup'tS OF SCHOOLS in 36 STATES, and by
leading COLLEGE PRESIDENTS of the U. S. and Canada. It is the only
Dictionary that has been selected in making STATE PURCHASES.
SPECIMEN TESTIMONIALS,
CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE, of the U. S. Supreme Court, says, Jan. 1882: Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
is recognized as Standard Authority in the Court over which I preside.
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, Washington, Oct. 1886.-Webster will continue to be the Standard in
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Hon. GEORGE BANCROFT, the Historian, says: Webster is superior to all others as a household Dictionary.
THE LONDON TIMES says: It is the best and most useful Dictionary of the English Language ever published.
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NEW YORK TRIBUNE says: It is recognized as the most useful existing “word-book” of the English
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Nearly all the School Books published in this country are avowedly based on Webster. Four lead.
ing firms state that they publish annually 17,000,000 copies, and to this number may be added the public
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by Webster. So far as we can learn, over nineteen-twentieths of the Newspapers of the U.S., that follow
any Dictionary, follow Webster's.
PUBLISHED BY
G. & C. MERRIAM & CO., SPRINGFIELD, Mass.
For Sale by all Booksellers.
JEFFERY PRINTING CO., 159 AND 161 DEARBORN ST., CHICAGO.








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