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THE DIAL
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74
[Feb. 1,
THE
DIAL
(Eljc XcSd Books.
Memorials of Moltkr*
"Moltke: His Life and Character," is a col-
lection of biographical data compiled with a
view of enabling the reader to form for him-
self a fair general notion of the late Field-
Marshal's career and personality. The con-
tents of the volume are sufficiently various.
There is a short Family History, a Memoir by
the elder Moltke, a very condensed Autobi-
ography contributed by the Count in 1866 to
a German magazine, a brief novel written by
him at twenty-eight, journals of foreign travel,
■early records, etc. With these more direct
autobiographical notices have been effectively
incorporated the comments upon Moltke's
•character and achievements by those whose
duty it was to criticise or report upon them,
beginning with the final certificate of profic-
iency of the young cadet, and ending with the
testimonies of royal approbation showered upon
the hero of the Austrian and the French wars.
Where documentary evidence failed, the knowl-
edge of those who were the Count's companions
has l>een drawn upon; and the charming sketch
Marie Moltke," and the description of the
44 Retirement at Creisau," the calm cheerful
evening of the old man's life, form, perhaps,
the most readable portions of the work. There
is also a table of memorable dates in Moltke's
military career, a number of letters, some in
fac-simile, from the Imperial family, a descrip-
tion of the festivities on his ninetieth birthday,
and a touching account of his last day, by his
nephew, Major v. Moltke.
Descended from an old Mecklenburg family
and the son of a general in the Danish service,
Count Moltke was born in Mecklenburg, Octo-
ber 26, 1800, and grew up in Holstein, where
his father had bought an estate. At the age
of eleven he entered the Landkadetten Acad-
emy at Copenhagen, where, as he tells us, the
discipline was harsh and he underwent many
privations. After leaving the Academy, in
1819, Moltke served until 1822 in the Royal
Danish Oldenburg Infantry Regiment, when,
desiring to enter the Prussian service, he ob-
tained an honorable discharge from the King
of Denmark, and flattering testimonials to his
ability and character from his superiors. The
following extract from his discharge, given by
"Moltke: His Life and Character. Sketched in journals,
memoirs, a novel, and autobiographical notes. Translated by
Mary Herms. Illustrated. Xew York: Harper A Brothers.
his commander, the Duke of Holstein-Beck, is
of interest:
"During the whole of his service I have had the op-
portunity of observing his excellent qualities. His
conduct has been blameless, his ardent and persevering
devotion to the service has been quite what is to be ex-
pected from a young and aspiring officer. . . . Though
I am unwilling to lose this young man from my regi-
ment, I am nevertheless quite ready to give him this
well-deserved and impartial certificate, if it can promote
his advancement."
Added to this formal voucher were a few lines
addressed to the young officer personally:
"In sending you, my dear Moltke, the copy of his
Majesty's order, asked for in your letter of request, I
regret at the same time to lose in you an officer of whom
I bad great expectations. I shall always take a warm
interest in you, and shall be very much pleased to hear
that the change that you have in view lias had the
happiest consequences "...
On March 12, 1822, Moltke received his
commission as youngest second lieutenant in
the Prussian 8th Infantry Regiment, thus en-
tering upon a career which, so far as human
foresight could reach, offered little chance of
high preferment. But in the young lieuten-
ant the Fates had no ordinary man to reckon
with. He obtained, or rather forced, the es-
teem, first of his superior officers, and then,
when his performances rose from excellence
to relative perfection, of his Sovereign also.
Prussia's kings have usually displayed an en-
lightened self-interest; and it is observed, not
without justice, that in their wisdom in choos-
ing the right men for the right places, lies the
chief secret of the success of the Hohenzollerns
and of the people committed to their care.
Moltke's promotion under his first and his
second sovereigns, Frederick William III.
and Frederick William IV., was slow, but it
was sure. In 1840 we find him appointed to
the General Staff of the 4th Army Corps, com-
manded by the King's brother, Prince Charles,
and thus brought into touch with the royal
family and court. In 1845 he was aide-de-
camp to Prince Henry in Rome, and in 1855
was made senior aide-de-camp to the heir to
the throne, Prince Frederick William. At
what time his third sovereign, the Emperor
William, came into close contact with him is
not precisely known. That the penetrating
eye of this prince early noted a talent that in
later years was to aid so signally in achieving
for the Fatherland the most astonishing: and
unbroken series of victories ever won by one
great military nation over another, is evident
in the following story furnished by the Count-
ess Maxa Oriolla, nee von Arnim.
1893.] THE
DIAL "5
"One evening, soon after the war of 1870-71, I was
chatting gayly with the Field-Marshal about old times,
when the Emperor William came up to me and asked:
'What important matter have yon to settle with the
Field - Marshal?' 'We were talking of onr early
years and of our merry pranks in that time,' I replied,
when his Majesty said: 'And do yon know that it was
myself who invented Moltke?' I said, ' Yes, but how
is that possible?' The Emperor : 'Moltke was a sim-
ple voung officer, of whom nothing was known, when
some plans of fortresses and other work done by some
young officers were submitted to me. I was struck by
one of the plans, done by a young man of the name of
v. Moltke, and I said to my Generals: "I wish you to
keep an eye on this young officer, who is as thin as a
pencil, his work is excellent; he may turn out something
great." Well, don't you see that I invented him?'
Strange to say, the Field-Marshal seemed to notice
that the Emperor was speaking to me about him. He
had also heard his name mentioned, and showed some
curiosity, so that he asked me: 'What did the Emperor
speak to you about with so much interest?' I laughed
and said: 'It was something of great interest that he
confided to me, the fact that he discovered you from
some of your first work, which had been submitted to
him.' The Field-Marshal smiled, but was silent."
It was not till his sixty-sixth year, when the
Austrian war broke out, that Moltke had the
opportunity of displaying his ability in an ac-
tive campaign. Touching the issue of this
straggle, so momentous for Prussia and for the
whole of Germany, the Field-Marshal observes:
"Next to the will of God and the valor of the troops
and their leaders, there were two factors in the situa-
tion which decisively affected the termination of the
war; these were the original distribution of our forces
over the different seats of the war, and the massing of
troops on the battle-field."
Moltke's system, as is well known, consisted
chiefly in making the different army corps ad-
vance separately and operate simultaneously in
grappling with the enemy; but in reckoning
the merits of the system and its amazing results
in the wars of 1866 and of 1870, account must
be made of the singular qualities of the man
who carried it out. A scheme of operations
generally expressible in a dozen words may
imply in its execution the mental grasp of a
network of logical relations and a capacity for
patient elaboration of detail, beyond the scope
of anything short of genius. It has, indeed,
l)een held by some (usually in themselves the
best refutation of their theory, for we are apt
to over-value the merit we are conscious of pos-
sessing), that genius and industry are iden-
tical: and certainly in men like Moltke it is
difficult to say where the fruits of natural abil-
ity l>egin and those of diligence end. Gifted j
with an insatiate appetite for work, the period
of his youth and his middle age was an un-
broken course of preparation for the great tasks
of his declining years. Regarding his plan
of operations in 1866, Count Moltke wrote:
"A bold step was taken at the outset, when all the
nine Army Corps were moved toward the centre of the
kingdom, and the Rhine province left to the protection
of an improvised army—consisting of the 13th Divis-
ion, and the troops that had been spared from the Fed-
eral fortifications and the Elbe duchies—but the ef-
fect was decisive. The transport of 285,000 men was,
in the short time available, only made possible by using
all the railway lines, but these terminate at Zeitz, Halle,
Herzberg, Gorlitz, and Freyburg on the frontier of the
country. Hence the echelons that arrived there first had
to wait for the arrival of the last to form a corps for them-
selves. Many a military man of calm judgment may have
been startled at the dispersion of the forces over a line of
fifty (German) miles, if he took for the strategic dispo-
sition what was only an unavoidable preparation for it.
But the single corps were at once marched together to
form three great bodies. ... It was the opinion of
some eminent men that, in a fight of Germans against
Germans, Prussia ought not to be the first to fire at the
enemy. However, the king aud his counsellors knew
well that any further delay would mean danger to the
state. Austria had taken the initiative in armament.
Prussia began the action, and in consequence was dur-
ing the whole war in a position to dictate terms to
the enemy. If the crossing of the frontier had been
delayed for a, fortnight, we should very likely to-day
have had to look for the battle-fields of this war on the
map of Silesia. A few marches were sufficient to col-
lect the two principal armies on the line of Bautzen-
Glatz on the Bohemian frontier, but the intended junc-
tion could only be effected by pushing the enemy back,
and this could only be done by fighting. . . . Ten
days sufficed to force the Austrians to a decisive battle.
On the morning of that day the forces on our side stood
in a front of four miles; in this extension it was nec-
essary to avoid being attacked. Our taking the offen-
sive had the result of so uniting all the corps on the
battle-field that the strategic disadvantage of a sepa-
ration was turned into the tactical advantage of com-
pletely surrounding the enemy."
The chapter headed "Retirement at Crei-
sau" affords suggestive glimpses of Moltke's
private life. In 1848 he wrote to his brother
Adolph, "My favorite thought is still, that by
and by we may have a family gathering on an
estate — I should prefer one in our dear Ger-
man land"; and after the campaign of 1866
the gratitude of the king and the people en-
abled him to purchase the estate of Creisau in
Silesia. He at once showed his readiness to
aid the little community about him. One of
his first acts of proprietorship was to build a
school for the Creisau children, giving the land
for the purpose, aud fixing a sum, the interest
of which was to be the master's salary. For
the benefit of the children he founded a sav-
ings-bank:
"For every child entering the school, he provided a
savings-bank book, in which lie entered one mark (a
shilling) for a beginning, after that the child received
7t»
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
the book to pay in half-pennies or pennies as lie saved
them. Every time that a mark was made up, the Gen-
eral added another one himself. The book was given
to the children at the time of their confirmation, either
to draw the amount, or to keep for a time of need."
At the same time the General started a free-
school library, constantly adding books him-
self, and allowing the children free use of it,
so that during the long winter evenings they
might read to their parents. Later on he
built an infant school, and also contributed
to the building of a church spire at Griiditz,
giving the parish the material for casting a
bell, for which purpose the king allowed him
to use some French cannon that had been cap-
tured during the war.
Of Moltke's simplicity of character and con-
tempt for the tenets and observances of the
"Dandiacal Body,"' several pleasing incidents
are given. He never possessed more than two
suits of clothing, and always wore these as long
as possible. In 1891 he boasted of wearing a
summer overcoat which he had had made when
he went to England with the Crown Prince in
1857, and which he pronounced to "foe "still as
good as new." Nor did he ever forget to re-
mark of this perennial garment that it had a
silk lining — a luxury which he never allowed
himself afterwards. When he set out for a visit,
even one that was to last several days, and was
obliged to take evening dress with him in view
of an impending dinner or other social formal-
ity, he would travel in his dress coat and wear
it for days together, at the imminent peril of
catching cold.
"On one of these occasions the experiment was made
of providing him with a little handbag in which to
carry his dress-coat, but it failed so signally that it was
never repeated. After resisting sometime he had al-
lowed the piece of luggage to be placed on the back
seat of the carriage in which he drove to visit a nephew
for a day. He intended to attend the meeting of the
Order of St. John, at Breslau. Arrived at S he
took out his dress-coat and hung it on a peg. The next
morning he conscientiously packed his ordinary coat
into the bag, which he took with him, but forgetting to
put on the dress-coat, he simply put on his overcoat,
and so drove to Breslau. He did not notice what he
had done till a servant helped him to take off his over-
coat in the ante-room, when he suddenly discovered to
his dismay that what remained after the removal of the
outer wrap of his apparel was not quite suitable for a
drawing room."
A notable trait in the Field-Marshal s char-
acter was his nice regard for the feelings and
the comfort of others, especially of his social
inferiors. Just as he always dismissed his
footman when the tea things were cleared away,
so he never overlooked his coachman, prefer-
ring, in especially bad weather, to walk rather
than order the carriage. "In weather like
this," he used to say, "one really should not
have the coachman or the horses out/' He did
not like to sit with his back to horses, but
would never allow anyone else to do so in order
to make room for him: so when visitors came
to Creisau he used to cut the Gordian knot of
the seat problem by placing himself on the box
beside the driver—much to the embarrassment
of the guests who anxiously watched him on
his uncomfortable perch. One of these occa-
sions will never be forgotten by those con-
cerned:
"Wishing once to confer a special favor on a newly
married officer, he took him for a drive with his bride,
and this time, before anyone could stop him, clambered
up to the box. The young couple, in spite of their ap-
pealing glances, were forced to take the back seat, and
when the little party returned after an hour's ride the
husband and wife were still sitting, stiff and uncomfort-
able, in the place of honor."
Whist formed the usual evening pastime at
Creisau, and it was only on rare occasions that
it was varied by a reception. Much as the
Field-Marshal liked to gather round him his
relatives and closer friends, he disliked formal
gatherings, and the deferential awe with which
strangers approached him made him feel ner-
vous and constrained.
"When he felt quite too uncomfortable, he would
secretly instruct his servant to order his guests' carriages,
which were then suddenly announced at a surpi'isingly
early hour. When the carriages were ouce at the door
it meant the speedy break-up of the party."
Moltke was an assiduous reader, and his
favorite books were those on philosophy and
history. Next to learned works, he liked sound
humor, enjoying especially the works of Dick-
ens, and Gellert's poems, and during his last
years he took great pleasure in the story of the
Buchholz family. At the same time he had a
profound feeling for the beauties of poetry, and
there were moments when he displayed, to the
fascination of all around him, the idealistic
side of his nature, which, conjoined in his case
with practical energy and the capacity of tak-
ing an objective view of life, stamped him as a
German of the genuine type. In his poetical
moods he would sometimes repeat whole scenes
from his favorite " Faust":
"As he recited, pronouncing every syllable distinctly
and with due emphasis, there was a peculiar and won-
derful ring in his voice which went straight to the heart
of the listeners, to whom the full force and poetic
beauty of the passage was brought home by the impas-
sioned delivery."
Although we find the Field-Marshal declar-
1893.]
THE
ing, at the age of forty-one. At last one In-
comes sensible enough to throw overboard all
enthusiasm as empty moonshine," he neverthe-
less continued, up to his ninetieth year, to em-
ploy much of his leisure in translating into
German the poems of Thomas Moore. That
these renderings were not without grace and
feeling, the following specimen attests:
"Du Holde, du Reine, sei du wie die Taube,
Die schiichtern cm Hi.-In in des Waldgrundes Laube
Mit Fliigeln, so rein nnd so weiss wie der Sehnee,
Sich badet in dem krysUillnen See.
Sein lichter Spiegel warnet 9ie dann,
Schwebte der drohende Falke heran
Und eh er die Beute zu fassen vermag,
Flieht eilend sie unter das schirmende Dach.
0 sei wie die Taube
Du Heine, du Holde, sei gleich dieser Taube."*
"Moltke, His Life and Chai'acter," provides
the reader with the materials for forming for
himself a clear and satisfactory portrait of the
great Field-Marshal. The various sketches,
journals, descriptive memoirs, documentary
records, letters, etc., have been most judiciously
gathered, and the publishers have given them
an attractive setting. Mention should lie made
idso of the illustrations. These are mostly fac-
similes of Moltke's drawings, which, though
of modest technical merit, are of considerable
personal interest. j.-. j.
* " Oh fair! oh purest! be thou the dove
That, flies alone to some sunny gTove etc.
i St. Augustine to his Sister, i
Four Xotable Art Books.*
English criticism of art at the present time
has qualities which differentiate it sharply from
that of other countries. It partakes of the na-
ture of English painting in its faulty solem-
nity, following in its wake, accepting its formu-
las, attitudinizing before it in worshipful ad-
miration. No revolution in its aims and meth-
ods, no inspiration for a wider outlook and a
higher reach, could result from such subser-
* Man in Art: Studies in Religious and Historical Art,
Portrait, and Genre. By Philip Gilbert Hamerton. Illus-
trated with 45 plates. New York: Macmillan & Co.
Drawing and Engraving: A Brief Exposition of Tech-
nical Principles and Practice. By Philip Gilbert Hamerton.
Illustrated. New York: Macmillan & Co.
Preferences in Art, Life, and Literature. By
Harry Quilter, M.A. Illustrated. New York: Macmillan
& Co.
Pablo de Segovia, the Spanish Sharper. Translated
from the original of Francisco de Quevedo-Villegas. Illus-
trated with 110 drawings by Daniel Vierge, together with
comments on them by Joseph Pennell. New York: G. P.
Putnam's Sons.
vience. And the function of the critic is to
encourage original talent, to mark the path of
progress, to measure the vitality in new move-
ments and their power for good or evil, to sac-
rifice all personal friendships for the truth as
he understands it, and for the glory of art.
Such criticism is far more common in France
than in her neighbor across the channel. In
contrast with the heavy formality of the En-
glish critic, the Frenchman is alert, receptive,
and sympathetic. His mind is hospitable to
new ideas and influences; his work sparkles
with wit and delicately veiled irony; it is warm
from the heart, as well as from the head, and
its faults of florid language and exaggerated
enthusiasms grow out of these merits. In a
word, the Frenchman has an instinctive feeling
for art, which is quite unknown to his English
rival. It gives his work sincerity; and though
criticism should be interesting in order that it
may be influential, it must be first of all sin-
cere. Mr. Hamerton's work, which is typical
of the best English art criticism of to-day,
always excepting that of Mr. Walter Pater, is
deficient in just this quality. In spite of his
self-consciousness, or perhaps because of it, he
reasons from without rather than from within;
we feel that his training is a thing apart from
himself, that his admiration is cold, and his con-
demnation the result of conviction born of cus-
tom and environment rather than of feeling.
Like many of the English painters, he studies
art too often from the literary standpoint, and
judges an artist, as he judged Whistler, by
standards antagonistic to the highest artistic
production. Mr. Hamerton never attempts to
take another point of view than his own, nor
to appreciate the aims and merits of a painter
whom he does not immediately understand.
His is didactic criticism, rigid, formal, correct.
It has an air of conscious forbearance and vir-
tue, as who should say, " I am Sir Oracle, and
when I ope my lips, let no dog bark "! He
covers much space with elaborate explanations
of obvious things, and seriously considers sub-
jects hardly worthy of attention. And yet his
book, coming as it does from a man whose
authority is conceded in England, is worthy of
consideration as showing the national point of
view.
"Man in Art" is a volume sumptuous
enough to ornament any library. It is well
printed on hand-made paper, and it is furnished
with forty-six plates in line engraving, mezzo-
tint, photogravure, hyalography, etching, and
wood-engraving. These plates cover a wide
78
[Feb. 1,
THE DIAL
range of subjects from the carved " Head of an
Egyptian King" to Rude's "Mercury," from
Botticelli's " Virgin and Child " to a group of
"Cossacks " by Caran D'Ache. They are one
and all superbly reproduced, and Mr. Hamer-
ton has invariably shown in its perfection the
reproductive process which he employs. He
intentionally varies these processes as much as
possible in order to show the merits of each,
and in every case credit is rightly given to the
artist who interprets as well as to him who
creates. Some of the drawings, like Alma Tade-
ma's delicate and beautiful " Study of a Girl"
and the inimitable "Cossacks" by Caran
D'Ache, are here given to the world for the
first time, and these alone would give value to
the book. The admirable etching by C. ().
Murray after Schalcken, with its sharp con-
trasts of light and shade, the sympathetic in-
terpretation by Henri Manesse of the tender-
ness in Ghirlandajo's "Portraits,"and the beau-
tiful mezzotint by Hirst after Watts, are also
interesting. Though the collection is rather
heterogeneous, the individuality of each artist
is vividly presented, and every plate is accom-
panied by a note which connects it in some
measure with the text. The book itself is
divided into six parts, under the general heads
of "Culture," "Beauty," "Religious Art,"
"History and Revivals," " Portrait," and "Life
Observed." Mr. Hamerton rambles on through
these subjects easily and evenly, in his clear,
straightforward style, which knows not, in
spite of his assertions to the contrary, the value
of contrast and climax. Mr. Hamerton's argu-
ments are frequently unanswerable because
they are axiomatic; and his statements are
sometimes the result of study and knowledge.
"There is hardly anything that man does
which cannot be made a legitimate subject
for art," he says on page 90; and yet, curious-
ly enough, he qualifies this undeniable fact by
finding a dearth of artistic material in manu-
facturing towns, which surely offer ample op-
portunities to the right man. And later in the
book he wonders if the modern costume can
ever find artistic expression, forgetting that the
greatest artists can always conquer whimsical-
ities of costume and environment, and sub-
ordinate them to an artistic conception, as
Velasquez and Rembrandt have done repeat-
edly, as Fortuny did in his " Spanish Lady,"
as Whistler did in his " Portrait of Carlyle,"
as St. Gaudens has done in his statue of Lin-
coln. One is inclined to quarrel, too, with his
statement on page 19, that "mystery and sug-
gestion lay quite outside of Diirer's capacity,"
when the greatness of the "Melencholia " is
due chiefly to the mystery and suggestion in
the woman's face. Mr. Hamerton is at his
best in his discussion of Historical Painting,
in his admiration of Raphael and Rembrandt,
in his chapters on " Art and Archaeology " and
"The Analogy between Portrait and Land-
scape," and in his pleas for the imagination in
art.
"Drawing and Engraving" is also signed
by this indefatigable writer. It consists of the
two articles on these subjects contributed by him
to the ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia Bri-
tannica, here slightly revised and enlarged, and
embellished by many wood-cuts, line-engrav-
ings, and reproductions in heliogravure. Mr.
Hamerton's style is always didactic, whether
he intends it to be so or not; consequently
it is better, more natural and severe, where his
subject-matter is avowedly of that nature.
These papers are chiefly for the instruction of
amateurs; but they are valuable also to stu-
dents, for Mr. Hamerton's information is cor-
rect and clearly set forth. His descriptions of
the various processes in engraving are lucid,
and under that head he includes wood-cutting,
copper and steel plate-engraving, etching, mez-
zotint and various photographic reproductions.
The text is well printed and supplemented by
a most interesting and beautiful series of illus-
trations.
Another English art critic exhibits himself
to the public in a large octavo volume,—" Pre-
ferences in Art, Life and Literature," by
"Harry Quilter, M.A., Trin. Coll. Camb., of
the Inner Temple, Esq., Barrister-at-Law." It
is hard to recognize Whistler's "'Arry," one
of the "enemies" whom the artist has re-
morselessly held up to ridicule, under this for-
midable array of honors, but his personality
creeps out on many pages. Although his work
is more sincere and far less pretentious than that
of Mr. Hamerton, it is no less personal and
self-conscious, and it partakes in certain places
of his pomposity. Of what importance to the
reader are the reasons which led these men to
make their books, or their difficulties in find-
ing the right name for a chapter, or their
methods in constructing an article? Mr. Quil-
ter's essays lack form and perspective, but that
does not prevent many of them from being in-
teresting. The chapters on Pre-Raphaelitism
j contain much that is new and instructive, and
| in these at least he seems to be emancipated
I from prejudice. lie brushes aside all senti-
1893.] THE
DIAL 79
mental ideas in regard to the formation of the
brotherhood, and gives a good, fair, cold pre-
sentment of the case. He sees too clearly the
commercial motives of these enthusiasts; but
as Hunt is the only one of them who remained
true to the theories then enunciated, perhaps
Mr. Quilter is not altogether wrong. His pic-
ture of Kossetti is vivid, and probably accur-
ate as far as it goes, but it shows one the triv-
ialities of his character, his shrewdness and his
fits of temper, rather than the incomplete Ti-
tanic greatness of the man.
"He could not understand that other people should not
do as he did, and if they did not, he was angry as frank-
ly as a child would be. There was, it seems to me, much
more of the Italian than the English nationality in him,
and his moments of excitement, his fits of depression,
his mad pranks, and madder suspicions, the nature of
his intellect, his queer mixture of business capacity and
utter childishness, his moral contradictions, were all
such as are common enough in Italy, but rarely met
with in our own country."
And later he writes of his pictures:
"Such as it is, the work has evidently grown from
its author's character, like a flower from the earth, and
bears scarcely a trace of another's influence. The hope
of immortality lies in this fact. Copies die, but for
originals, however imperfect, there is always a chance."
The character of Millais, too, is sharply drawn,
and there is much to be learned from the con-
trast between his youth, poor, generous, and
ambitious, and his age, rich, honored, and sad-
ly content with narrowed power. Madox Brown
and Holman Hunt alone of all the members of
this school ar 1 given too much importance; and
Burne-.Jones'* "queer, half-ascetic, half-volup-
tuous art " is skilfully described. Mr. Quilter
includes in his volume several literary sketches,
but though they are more graceful in style
than the other essays, they contain nothing
particularly notable. It is as an art critic
that this writer must stand or fall; and in
looking over the extracts from his Acad-
emy notes in "The Spectator" during twenty
years, one wonders that in all that time he
could have said so little worth remember-
ing, and one is surprised to come upon his
keen censure of Alma-Tadema and his appre-
ciative criticism of Rodin. But he accepts
Rodin not as an outgrowth of the French
school but as a departure from it, and his
essay called "Thoughts on French Art " is so
inadequate and so antagonistic that its prem-
ises are false and its conclusions absurd. On
the contrary, one of the best things in the
book is the essay on Watts. He appreciates
the largeness of aim in this painter's work, and
characterizes it very happily with Stevenson's
words,—" erring and imperfect, but filled with
a struggling radiancy of better things, and
adorned with ineffective qualities." It is a
little startling to find Watts admired as a
colorist; but one can forget that, in the jus-
tice of the writer's other conclusions, and in
the generosity of a judgment which finds even
his failures beautiful, "for they are sincere
work in a great cause, and over the weakest of
them there lingers something of the glory and
the dream." The book is well printed and
illustrated with many reproductions of draw-
ings and paintings, which vary as greatly in
merit as do different parts of the text.
The importance of the recent edition in En-
glish of Quevedo's novel, "Pablo de Segovia,
the Spanish Sharper," lies not so much in the
text as in the one hundred and ten drawings
by Daniel Vierge which illustrate it. For
these drawings introduce to the public a great
original artist whose work is almost unknown
on this side of the Atlantic. It would be pleas-
ant to bestow praise alone upon this beautiful
book in its rich vellum binding, but the intro-
duction by Mr. Joseph Pennell is so aggres-
sively forced upon one's attention that it can-
not be slighted. It is written in bitterness of
soul from the standpoint of the illustrator who
sees his work neglected or patronized and him-
self ignored by an unfeeling public. And this
in spite of the fact that Mr. Pennell's own
drawings have given him success and fame.
The reason of his resentment is not clear, but
its existence is undeniable. The public, the
writer, the publisher, and critics of both art
and literature, all come in for a share of his
asperity, and even the unoffending painters
and sculptors are obliged to bow before the
triumphal chariot of the illustrator. To give
his own art its due importance it is not neces-
sary to belittle all others: to exalt Vierge one
need not disparage the draftsmanship of Diirer
and Rembrandt and Vandyke. "Fewer peo-
ple, probably "— writes Mr. Pennell, in a sen-
tence which is an object-lesson in regard to the
limitations of the artist in criticism,—" have
seen Vierge's Quevedo since it has been pub-
lished, than in a day sit and gape, and yawn
in awe-struck ignorance before the Sistine Ma-
donna: and yet the latter is as blatant a piece
of shoddy commercialism as has ever been
produced: the Quevedo is a pure work of art."
i Such criticism as this tends to prejudice one
against the object of its idolatry, and so de-
feats its own purpose. Notwithstanding Mr.
Pennell's assertions to the contrary, the posi-
[Feb. 1,
tion of the illustrator to-day is an enviable one.
He reaches a much larger audience than the
master of any other art, and his power for
good is proportionately greater. And alto-
gether, as his worldly success exceeds that of
the painter and his fame is wider, complaints
seem rather superfluous.
It is not strange that these drawings by
Daniel Vierge, first published in Paris in
1882, should have immediately influenced the
illustrative work of the time, so clever are they
in characterization, so bold in the use of line,
and so original in their dash and brilliancy.
His technique is remarkable, never over-elab-
orate, never strained nor finical, and yet often
suggesting a multiplicity of details with a few
lines, or characterizing a scene with a dot and
dash. He thoroughly understands the art of
omission, leaving his paper white where it will
conduce to the artistic effect and never adding
an unnecessary line: but, with all deference to
Mr. Pennell, Rembrandt, Whistler, and two or
three others have also known something of
this art. Vierge's architectural sketches, of
which this book contains only a few, are ex-
quisitely suggestive of the strange beauty of
Spanish buildings, — suggestive rather than
exact, and yet truer to the spirit of the place
than any number of photographs. In the same
way he shows the action in a crowded street
with a few strokes of his pen, or the character
of a fowl with a blot of India ink and half a
dozen lines. Nothing could be more charming
than the composition of the drawing on page
77, with its perspective of sunny roofs and the
few trees so lightly and effectively touched
in. The ruggedness of the mountain-side on
page 103 is vivid to us through the same deli-
cate means, and he can show leagues of dis-
tance in the slightest sketch. Freshness, vigor,
and high spirits are visible in every one of
these drawings; they exhibit a mind alert, olv-
servant, imaginative, quick to understand the
value of contrasts, and keen enough to realize
a situation from a descriptive sentence and to
illumine it. His humor,— and this perhaps
is his distinguishing quality,— is irresistible,
touching and enlivening everything he does,
playing mad pranks sometimes with his char-
acters and holding them up to merciless ridi-
cule. Occasionally its influence upon the draw-
ings is grotesque, but as a rule it is fanciful,
sparkling, and delightful. Mr. Pennell calls
Vierge a realist: but he is too witty and too
imaginative to be so classified, and his inimit-
able character drawing is on broader lines
than realism permits. Among American illus-
trators his rapid, suggestive style is most nearly
approached by Mr. Pennell himself, to whom
our thanks are due for introducing Vierge to
the English-speaking public.
Lucy Monroe.
Heroines of the Ailmy.*
When Mrs. Custer first charmed her thou-
sands of readers with the simple story of her
life in the army, there were not lacking sym-
pathetic souls who shuddered over the perils
and privations whereof she wrote. Hers was
the unvarnished tale of a loving wife's expe-
riences while following the fortunes of her sol-
dier husband during the decade succeeding the
Civil War. Mrs. Viele in "Following the
Drum," and Mrs. Carrington in "Absaraka,
Home of the Crows,7' had published something
of their impressions of army life, which for
many a long year was as a sealed book to the
women of America except such as had rela-
tives or intimate friends wedded in the regu-
lars and stationed in that indefinite geograph-
ical district known as The Plains. So far as
perils are concerned, they were really greater
after than before the war; and the fearful
array of officers, soldiers, settlers and defense-
less women butchered by Indians was far
greater from '66 to '76 than previous to '61.
This for the simple reason that in the old days
the Indians had few if any firearms, and that
after the war they obtained the finest repeat-
ing rifles in abundance, while the troops were
supplied only with the regulation single-shooter.
In point of perils encountered, therefore, the
heroines of our frontier twenty years ago had
little to yield to their sisters of the ante bel-
lum days; but in point of actual privation and
suffering, unexampled as they may have seemed
to the readers of "Boots and Saddles" and
"My Life on the Plains," our more modern
instances must yield the palm to those related
of the amazons of the '50s, for here comes
the daughter of an officer of the old army, the
devoted wife of another, the mother of two de-
voted wives of cavalry captains of to-day, and
her story of danger and privation, unflinch-
ingly met, is one that American women ought
to read and be prouder than ever of their
queendom. "I Married a Soldier " is the ex-
pressive title of Mrs. Lane's straightforward
* I Married a Soldier; or. Old Days in the Old Anny.
By Lydia Spencer Lane. Philadelphia: J. U. Lippincott Co.
1893.]
story; and, soldier though he was,— a daring
Kentuckian who enlisted in '46 and fought
his way up through every grade until lie won
his commission,— the reader is well justified
in the conclusion that the wife was every whit
as good a soldier as he. the dashing lieutenant
who wooed and won her in '54, the veteran
colonel of the retired list to-day.
Think of it! Long before railways were
dreamed of or wagon roads anything more
than trails, she journeyed all over Texas, New
Mexico, and The Plains. Four times between
1854 and 1861 she was trundled by ox-team
or mule-team the long weary way between the
Missouri and the Rockies. Eight weeks' steady
travel it took her to reach her Pennsylvania
home from their adobe shelter on the Rio
Grande. Months she dwelt and reared her
little ones in the open field, with only the flimsy
canvas of her tent to shield them from furious
storm and biting "norther." Often was she
her own cook and nursemaid, sometimes her
own laundress. Once, lost at nightfall miles
from home, she sought and found shelter under
the roof of a band of outlaws. Twice she was
drowned out in New Mexico: once, when the
heavens descended, and the roofs of her shelter
with them; once, when the floods arose, and
"wading knee deep" about her room she res-
cued her treasures from destruction. Once,
in mid-ocean as it were, half-way on that vast
rolling sea of treeless prairie stretching from
Leavenworth to Denver, she was bereft of
almost every earthly possession,— tent, wagon,
camp beds and l>edding,— and only saved from
death in the flames by an instant rush to the
river, " carrying one child and leading the
other"; then journeying days thereafter in a
freight wagon in which there was no room to
recline, so that she and her babies slept with
the earth for their bed and ate with the ground
for a table, while the husband and father, hun-
dreds of miles to the west, was battling to save
the remnant of the government troops and
property from the triumphant rush of armed
rebellion up the valley of the Rio Grande.
Once, when left alone at a defenseless post,
threatened by instant attack from Texan
rangers, while the garrison, all but a sergeant's
guard, was sent, by the orders of traitors to
the flag, long marches away after imaginary
Indians, she became sole custodian of the gov-
ernment funds, and, de facto if not de jure,
the commanding officer of the post,— for the
sergeant reported every day for orders to his
altsent captain's plucky wife. Often she lived
month after month, contentedly, uncomplain-
ingly, on soldier rations, without either milk,
eggs, butter, or vegetables. Often was she or-
dered from pillar to post without the faintest
warning: sometimes she was deprived, through
long winters, of feminine companionship or
sympathy, when stationed at "one-company
camps" along a dangerous road,— sometimes
isolated from the rest of the world, from which
they heard just exactly once a month, no
oftener. Secession was an old story; Bull
Run had been fought and lost before they real-
ized that war was upon them and they them-
selves might at any moment be besieged. It
is a story that from beginning to end will prove
a revelation to every reader hitherto unac-
quainted with "old days in the old army" of
the frontier.
In the narratives of these two typical hero-
ines of our army there will be noted a certain
difference — an intangible, illusive something
which no one can fail to see, which the lay-
reader cannot explain, but which maids and
matrons schooled in garrison life recognize and
understand at a glance. Mrs. Custer saw and
heard as the commanding officer's wife, the
leader of the regimental social circle, the un-
crowned queen of a large garrison, the woman
who, more than any other within their guarded
gates, gives the tone to garrison life and say-
ings and doings. Her pages breathe the very
essence of exquisite womanliness, of a charity
that covered a multitude of sins, cloaked every
frailty, stifled every spiteful tale, and strangled
scandal at its birth. Her husband's rank lifted
her above the manifold little trials and heart-
burnings in which less fortunate sisters were
sometimes involved. It is one thing to be the
object of the chivalric devotion of a regiment
of gallant officers and men, and of the trust
and affection of its circle of women: it is quite
another to begin one's army life as the help-
mate of a junior lieutenant, with one room and
a kitchen for quarters, a hundred dollars per
month for all pay and allowances, and not a
few slights to submit to — little desagremenn
which with concomitant tiffs and squabbles
were frequent enough in the old days, though I
am frequently informed they exist not in the
new. One does not have to read between the
lines to see that Mrs. Lane probably had her
share of vexations, yet she too draws the veil of
kindliness and charity. Once in a while, how-
ever, some charming bit of femininity crops
out. She is so pleased l>ecause Hancock, fa-
mous and a major-general, should instantly
82 THE
DIAL [Feb. 1,
recognize and warmly greet the friend he knew
ten years before when they were roughing it
on the far frontier. She is righteously indig-
nant, though she will not say so, at another,
nowhere near so famous, but still a wearer of
a general's star, who forgets the whilom com-
panions of his exile. She used to bake biscuits
every evening after the long toilsome march
of the day, and two officers regularly came and
were fed till they were filled. One never for-
got it; the other, a magnate of the War De-
partment long after, tells her he "remembered
the march, but not the biscuit." Mrs. Lane
might well be pardoned for saying very much;
but she says very little, and yet how effectually
does it dispose of the ingrate: "He is dead
now, poor man!"
Let those who have seen with Mrs. Custer's
clear, indulgent eyes, and looked on army life,
as it were, " from the throne," turn now to Mrs.
Lane, and learn through her frank, honest re-
cital of the trials and privations and hardships
of those to whom we sang atBenny Havens'—
"To the Ladies of the Army our cups shall ever flow,
Companions of our exile and our shield 'gainst every woe."
They who read will realize what it involved to
say "I married a soldier" in those old days,
and what it cost through the slow upward
climb to reach at last the refuge of the retired
list, beginning almost "from the ranks."
Charles King, U.S.A.
William C'owpkk.*
It will be ninety-three years next April since
William Cowper, poet, died in the sixth-ninth
year of his age. The best accounts of his life
thus far accessible have been Southey's (1835);
Bruce's in the Aldine edition of "Poems"
(1869); Benham's in the Globe edition
(1870; and Goldwin Smith's monograph in
the "English Men of Letters" series (1880).
None of these biographers except Southey lay
any claim to exhaustiveness, and a gi-eat many
new facts and much new material have come
to light since Southey wrote. After nearly
one hundred years, and bit by bit, practically
the whole of Cowper's story has been laid bare,
and the result is the new "Life of William
Cowper " by Mr. Thomas Wright, which may
be truly called "exhaustive"; in fact, if any
fault is to be found with this large, handsome,
copiously illustrated volume of nearly seven
•The Life of William Cowper. By Thomas Wright.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
hundred pages, it is that it contains not only
all that we can care to know about the poet,
but even some things that seem scarcely worth
knowing. The author is Principal of Cowper
School at Olney, and he has embodied in his
work not only the various discoveries of his
predecessors, but also a large number of new
facts of which previous biographers have been
ignorant. He has consulted unpublished let-
ters in the British Museum and in the hands
of private persons, has read in manuscript
the "Diary " and " Life" of Samuel Teedon,
the self-opionated and infatuated Olney school-
master who held such a strange and powerful
sway over the poet's later years: has consulted
the parish registers of Olney, and the ledger
and day-book of Cowper's physician, and be-
sides these every other source that seemed at
all likely to lead to fresh information.
Like all previous biographers, Mr. Wright
is greatly interested in finding some explana-
tion of Cowper's insanity, which manifested it-
self with greater or less force at some half-
dozen times in the course of his life. Some
have attributed it to the excitement of the great
Religious Revival of that time ; some have laid
it definitely to the ghostly ministrations and
counsel of his friend the Rev. John Newton;
some have ascribed it to the death of Cowper's
only brother John; some to the miasmatic
conditions of his residence at Olney. The
special form of his delusion was always the
same: that the God that made him had doomed
him to everlasting torment, that God even re-
gretted that He had given him existence. Mr.
Wright thinks he has discovered the origin of
this delusion. Cowper's belief that he was
damned was due to a dream which he had at
the end of February, 1773. This he calls " the
central incident of the poet's life," "the most
pregnant moment of his existence," and won-
ders that it should have been entirely over-
looked by previous biographers. Allusions to
it are to be found in some of Cowper's letters
as a Terrible Dream in which "a Word " was
spoken, but what was the dream or what the
"word" he does not say. Mr. Wright thinks
it must have been " Actum est de te, periisti"
( It is all over with thee, thou hast perished),
or something of similar import, since this was
the thought ever uppermost in Cowper's mind.
In our opinion, Mr. Wright lays considera-
bly more stress on this " Fatal Dream " theory
than the facts will justify. It is true that he
grants that the dream is only a specific instance
of an habitual morbid frame of mind, and that
1893 ] THE DIAL 83
it was merely an effect of which inherited mel-
ancholia was the cause. But, even so, the em-
phasis seems too great when we consider that
from the period of his early manhood Cowper
had always had a fatal propensity for hearing
supernatural voices; that he was now forty-two
years old, and this was the third period of
mental disturbance he had suffered, and that
this "central incident" could at most apply only
to the later twenty-seven years; and that the
allusions to it by Cowper himself are by no
means so definite or so numerous as we should
expect had it been of the paramount import-
ance ascribed to it by Mr. Wright. Far more
significant, and more entitled to the claim of
being an original contribution to the discus-
sion by the present biographer, would have
been the grouping of all circumstances tend-
ing to throw light on the came of the insan-
ity. Mr. Wright is the first of the biographers
to ascribe this to "inherited melancholia."
We think he is entirely correct in his diag-
nosis, and. that no little evidence in that direc-
tion is offered by himself in the items of fam-
ily history scattered throughout the volume.
Had he taken the same pains to mass these
together and to fix attention upon them as he
has upon the dream, it would have been more
to the purpose.
In every instance, Cowper's mental derange-
ments were provoked by such slight matters
that they are explainable only on the theory of
a predisposition in that direction. A tendency
to loicness of spirits was observable through-
out the family ; in William's case, it manifested
itself when he was barely twelve years old, in'
the shape of a hallucination that he was con-
sumptive and consequently fated to an early
death. John, his younger brother, went through
life oppressed by a superstitious belief in the
fortune-telling of a gypsy tinker, who had read
the lines of his hand when a boy. He lived
to become a Fellow of Benet College, Cam-
bridge, and was so able a man that in his death,
at the age of thirty-three, the university was
said to have lost its best classic and most lib-
eral thinker Yet he suffered periods of de-
jection that were but too surely indications of
the same constitutional malady which so often
embittered the existence of his brother. After
the age of thirty, he lived in constant expecta-
tion of a speedy death, because after thirty the
gypsy had declared that "his fate became ob-
scure, and the lines of his hand showed no
more prognostics of futurity "!
Many of these facts are new, and taken
together they form a body of testimony in
favor of the theory of inherited melancholia of
precisely the kind that would be most valued
by a modern alienist. Perhaps it would also
be thought worthy of mention in this connec-
tion, as an indication of a lack of physical
vitality in the family, that William and John
were the only children that lived to maturity,
six older ones having been born only to die in
infancy.
Naturally, to most readers the most inter-
esting portion of the " Life " will be the story of
the period of Cowper's poetical production. It
did not begin until he was fifty years old, and
lasted only about ten years. No new poems
have been brought to light, but numerous in-
teresting circumstances relating to the compo-
sition of the old favorites are revealed. Long
before this time, Cowper's friends must have
settled down to the conviction that he was a
failure. He had not succeeded in the profes-
sion of law, for which his study had prepared
him; his frequent derangements unfitted him
for all callings: that he could ever make any
mark in the world seemed extremely improb-
able: nearly all his life, he had been partially
dependent upon the bounty of relatives. But,
as Mr. Wright remarks —
"If we had no so-called failures in life, we should
have few great poets. The poet's loss is our gain.
Had Cowper led a busy, industrious life, had his career
beeu what the world calls a successful one, we should
have had no 'Task,' and very little of any other of his
work that we now so much value."
As a schoolboy and youth, Cowper had
written poems to his friends and sweethearts
which are little, if any, superior to similar
compositions by other schoolboys. His first
poem for publication was written at the age of
fifty and was inspired by indignation against a
certain work in defence of polygamy. It was
rather a poor effort, but won the praise of his
nearest friends, Mrs. Unwin and Mr. Newton,
and was the means of inciting him to further
use of his pen. He who, for want of a better
occupation, had mended kitchen windows,
drawn mountains and dabchicks, and grown
cantaloupes, found from that day forward that
he had enough to do. His first volume was
about fourteen months in hand. He took great
pains with his poems, and made no secret of
the fact. "To touch and retouch," he says,
"is, though some writers boast of negligence
and others would be ashamed to show their
foul copies, the secret of almost all good writ-
ing, especially in verse. I am never weary
84 THE
DIAL [Feb. 1,
of it myself." Even "John Gilpin" cost him
more labor than we have been led to believe
from former accounts, which have represented
the famous ballad as having been commenced
and finished in a night. It is true that the
story told to him one evening of the citizen of
"famous London town" made so vivid an im-
pression on him that he could not sleep, but
sprang from his lied to set down on paper the
rhymes that came to him, bringing down to
Mrs. Unwin in the morning the crude outline
of "John Gilpin." But we learn now that—
"All that day and for several days he secluded him-
self in the greenhouse and went on with the task of
polishing and improving what he had written. As he
filled his slips of paper, he sent them across the Mar-
ket-place to Mr. Wilson, to the great delight and mer-
riment of that jocular barber, who on several other oc-
casions had been favored with the first sight of some of
Cowper's smaller poems."
Cowper has spoken of this barber in one of
his letters as "one of the persons of best intel-
ligence in Olney."
The story of the origin of Cowper's longest
poem, "The Task," has been told again and
again, and there is little more to add to it.
As Cowper himself confessed of this poem, be-
gun at the instance of his new friend Lady
Austen, it was not long before he was " forced
to neglect the ' Task ' to attend upon the muse
who had inspired the subject." Concerning
the fact of the subsequent rupture of their
friendly relations, nearly every biographer has
had his own interpretation. This is Mr.
Wright's:
"The fact now began to dawn upon his mind that
Lady Austen was in love with him. The only wonder
is that he did not perceive it before. Nobody can
blame her for losing her heart to the poet. She saw
only the bright and cheerful side of his character, and
knew little or nothing of the canker of despair that
gnawed continually at his heart. ... As soon as
Cowper discovered in what light Lady Austen regarded
him, he perceived that matters could no longer go on
as they were. The thought of love — anything more
than a brotherly and sisterly love — had never entered
his mind, for since his last dreadful derangement he
had given up all thoughts of marriage (it should be re-
membered, too, that he was in his fifty-fourth year),
and seeing himself called on to renounce either one lady
or the other, he felt it to be his bounden duty to cling to
Mrs. Unwin, to whose kindness he had been indebted
for so many years.
"It has been said by some that Mrs. L'nwin was jeal-
ous of Lady Austen. Very likely she was. When we
consider how tenderly and patiently she had watched
over Cowper in his dark and dreadful hours, how for
so many years she had shared his joys and sorrows and
delighted in his companionship, we need not wonder if
some feeling akin to jealousy stirred her when she per-
ceived the danger of her place being taken by one who,
though more brilliant, could not possibly love him more.
"But Mrs. Unwin liad no need to fear. Cowper's af-
fection for her, his knowledge of her worth, his grati-
tude for past services, would not allow him to hesitate.
He had hoped that it would be possible to enjoy the
friendship of both ladies; but when he discovered that
it would be necessary to decide between one and the
other, he bowed to the painful necessity and wrote Lady
Austen 'a very tender yet resolute letter, in which he
explained and lamented the circumstances that forced
him to renounce her society.' She in auger burnt the
letter, and henceforth there was no more communica-
tion between them."
In sad contrast to these ten active years of
poetical composition and of cheerful compan-
ionship with friends new and old were the
ten which followed. Mrs. Unwin had a par-
alytic stroke, her health rapidly declined, and
she sank at length into a state of second child-
ishness. As mind and body became more de-
bilitated, her disposition underwent a total
change. From being Cowper's gentle com-
panion and watchful friend she became selfish,
peevish, exacting. The worse she grew, how-
ever, the brighter burned Cowper's affection
for her, and it was while in this pitiable state
that he wrote those exquisite stanzas "To
Mary" which are known and loved by nura-
gers of persons who are indifferent to the
"Task " or the translation of Homer.
The story of these later years has never l>e-
fore been so fully told, and it is one of the
saddest in all literary history. Cowper firmly
believed that good and evil spirits haunted his
couch every night, and that the latter had the
mastery. He had always kept up a diligent
and brilliant correspondence with numerous
. friends: the few letters that he now wrote
breathe little besides infinite despair. Mrs.
Unwin's death occurred more than three years
before his own. but his gloom could not be
made deeper. His last poem was that most
forlorn and touching one to all who know Cow-
per's history, entitled "The Castaway."
As a whole, Mr. Wright's book succeeds in
presenting what has before been lacking—a
complete picture of the man, with his strangely-
compounded nature, his great capacity for both
joy and sorrow, who, writing simply out of his
own obscure and colorless experiences, became
the most popular poet of his time and marked
an epoch in the history of English Poetry
which according to Matthew Arnold makes
him "the precursor of Wordsworth," and ac-
cording to Saiute-Beuve ranks him with Bous-
seau in bringing about the reaction against
eighteenth century codes of taste and morality.
Anna B. McMahan.
1893.] THE
DIAL 85
Republic anism in Switzerland and
America.*
The parallel and the contrast between the
respective experiences of Switzerland and
America in the growth of Federalism proves
continuously attractive to American students,
as is instanced by a new treatise on the subject,
by Mr. W. D. McCrackan, who has pursued
his studies in Swiss history upon the soil where
that history was made. The Alpine cantons
entered into modern history with their "Per-
petual Pact " of 1291, between three cantons;
and the league assumed a position among the
European powers in 1499, when it had grown
to comprise ten cantons, which in that year
threw off their former allegiance to the Ger-
man Empire, and formed a confederation
proper. By the year 1513, the confederation
had grown to embrace thirteen cantons, which
number remained for more than two centuries;
and it was not until 1648 that these thirteen
cantons secured from the German Empire the
acknowledgement of their independence. The
federation period of the Swiss Republic contin-
ued until 1848, when their first federal consti-
tution, properly speaking, was adopted; since
when these Alpine cantons have constituted a
true federal Republic. In America the first
attempt at Federalism was made in 1643, by
the temporary union of four colonies. The
colonial period, of dependence upon a foreign
power, with occasional leagues between colonies,
continued for a hundred and thirty-four years.
The confederation period, commencing in 1777,
endured but twelve years; and in 1789 the
young nation set the example of a well or-
ganized federal State, upon a plan which has
proved to be enduring. Thus the Swiss democ-
racies were sixty years behind their American
exemplar in adopting the system, to which at
last they were driven by the logic of events.
Their form of federalism, though differing ma-
terially from its American prototype, was in
some respects consciously modelled after it, and
was made to include such features of the Amer-
ican plan as could be utilized.
It is acknowledged that it was the same
Teutonic spirit of individual liberty that ani-
mated these two peoples, which, after such dif-
fering experiences, have assumed political posi-
tions so nearly similar. Why should Switzer-
land have lingered so long, from 1291 to 1499,
in a condition of provincial dependence upon the
* Rise of the Swiss Republic: A History. By W. I).
McCrackan. Boston: Arena Publishing Company.
German Empire, before attempting separate
existence upon the plan of cantonal independ-
ence? And why endure the weakness, dangers,
and vicissitudes of a merely federated relation
for three and a half centuries, before becom-
ing convinced of the vital necessity of adopt-
ing a compact federalism? The answer to thest
problems is to lie found primarily in their en
vironment, though other influences were un-
doubtedly operative. Switzerland occupied a
comparatively small territory, and was sur-
rounded by envious and bellicose neighbors.
The Alpine cantons must literally fight their
way for two centuries, to independence of the
German Empire. Their devotion to cantonal
autonomy took the extreme form; and the
same unfriendly influences which had kept
them dependent tended afterward to keep these
cantons apart from each other, and developed
racial, religious, and lingual differences into
animosities. So they were compelled to fight,
among themselves, their way toward national
organization, till of their misfortunes and neces-
sities was born that wisdom which taught the
warring cantons to find their full strength and
their real life in a federal union. The Amer-
ican colonies, planted across the sea from their
mother-land, and thus left largely to themselves,
escaped many of the severest trials of the Swiss
Cantons. The same Teutonic spirit of liberty,
grown stronger with the advancing centuries,
had on the plains of America a broader field
and larger opportunities than in the Swiss val-
leys. With a continental field of development,
the Swiss democracy might have bourgeoned
in the eighteenth century as rapidly as did its
more favored American exemplar.
But how, in the midst of mediaeval feudal-
ism, could individual liberty find even the first
opportunity for successful self-assertion? The
inquiring American student seeks to discover
the genesis of Swiss democracy. Granting their
disposition, what opportunities had the Swiss
mountaineers for attempting to erect a rural
democracy in the very stronghold of feudalism,
the domains of the house of Habsburg? We
know that the American colonists had the ad-
vantages of descent from free men, and of some
training in political freedom. Without such
advantages, how could the Switzers secure even
the beginnings of individual liberty? Mr. Mc-
Crackan's studies in Swiss history have en-
abled him to throw agreeable light upon some
of the short but sturdy first steps of these
mountaineers toward their present freedom.
The communities which grew into the Swiss
86 THE
DIAL [Feb. 1,
cantons were in mediaeval times mere fiefs of
the great lords, temporal or spiritual, of the
German Empire. The gradual increase of the
power of the Emperor at the expense of that of
his princes proved beneficial to the cause of
democracy in the Alps. The three communi-
ties which formed the league of 1291 had al-
ready been recognized by the Emperor as his |
immediate subjects, entitled to his protection
and to be governed by imperial bailiffs. Im-
munity from the control of the feudal lords
was thus accorded to them. In Uri this im-
munity was secured by the grant of the terri-
tory to an abbey. Schwyz secured a like priv-
ilege by a charter from the Emperor, granted
for the purpose of settling a local contest as
to certain territory. The basis of the claim of
Unterwalden to the like immunity is not so
clear. But in 1291 these three cantons, claim-
ing by this immunity to be no longer under
any obligations to feudal lords, and being wise-
ly jealous of the claims and pretensions of the
Habsburgs to such feudal lordship, formed for
their common protection the memorable " Per-
petual League." This pact, while recognizing
their subjection to the Emperor, contains many
assertions of the inherent governing power of
a democracy. By means of this alliance, the
confederates together resisted with success the
attempted encroachment of the Habsburgs, and
achieved the brilliant victory at Morgarten.
Their example infected their German neigh-
bors. Other communities imitated it, and, with
more or less reason, claimed the imperial im-
munity, and from time to time joined the al-
liance, until the early federation of the "eight
old cantons" was complete by the admission
of Bern in 1353. In each of these eight can-
tons, Mr. McCrackan has traced the growth of
this principle of imperial immunity, which
was the foundation of Swiss liberty. A cen-
tury and a quarter later, two other cities were
admitted to the league. In 1494, the ten
allied cantons became involved in a war with
the Emperor, at the close of which, in 1499,
the Swiss, having practically achieved their
independence, declared their allegiance to the
empire at an end. Their success in holding to
this position marks 1499 as the date of their
independence, instead of 1648, when this claim
was admitted by the empire. Thus had the
contest between imperial and feudal power re-
sulted in securing to these liberty loving moun-
taineers freedom from both, and enabled them
in 1513 to complete their confederacy of thir-
teen cantons, which continued as the exponent
of Swiss nationality for nearly three centuries.
The Swiss type of republicanism, thus ob-
served in its beginnings, is traced by the author
through its many vicissitudes, down to the
present time. Though but a rapid sketch of
the development of Swiss constitutionalism, it
is yet properly called a history. His mode of
treatment of the subject is novel and pleasing.
Though without illustrating at any length
either the geography, the detailed history or
the climate of Switzerland, or the traits, pur-
suits, or social life of its people, he has aimed
to present the salient points in their progress
toward their present constitutional status. This
he has done within the compass of one volume,
conveniently divided into fifty brief chapters,
so that the busy man, whose reading must
be done by piece-meal, may take in this work
by littles.
The romantic elements of Swiss history show
how truth may surpass fiction in interest. These
diminutive democracies could not weld together,
and they formed their unions tardily, without
coalescing. The mutual jealousies of the rural
communes and the free cities seemed for cen-
turies inextinguishable. The Reformation, the
political operation of which in Switzerland is
well summarized by this author, ran new lines
of cleavage through the centres of both rural
and urban communities, and divided them into
hostile camps, sometimes splitting a canton into
two distinct governments. Fighting for lib-
erty made battle a trade, and the Swiss made
war upon their neighbors, and for a time un-
dertook to hold the balance of power in Eu-
rope; afterwards gladly subsiding into that
neutrality which has now been guaranteed to
them by their powerful neighbors. The storm
of the French Revolution burst the barriers of
their neutrality, and the French form of a re-
public was imposed upon them by France.
Soon the pendulum swung to the other ex-
treme, and the cantons resumed their indi-
vidual independence as members of a loose con-
federation. Internecine quarrels brought them
under the thumb of Bonaparte, with his Act of
Mediation. It is curious to see how many of
the constitutional features of the Swiss Repub-
lic were, by the genius of the great Napoleon,
forecast for the Swiss people in this Act of
Mediation. The federalism which he told
them was " uncommonly advantageous for small
states" has at last become their accepted sys-
tem. Modifying and improving their form of
federalism from time to time, they have under
their constitution of 1874 approached still
1893.]
87
THE
DIAL
nearer to the American model. It is probable
that they will yet find it to their liking to im-
itate us more closely in their federal judiciary;
while there are even now Americans — and
Mr. McCrackan is one — who advocate the in-
troduction here of that practical democracy
which operates through the Swiss "referen-
dum" and " initiative."
This work is, for readers in general, the
most entertaining and satisfactory review of
this subject which has appeared in America.
Its numerous typographical errors are a warn-
ing to the enterprising publishers that more
accurate proof-reading is necessary.
James O. Pierce.
Briefs on New Books.
a bookm New "Quabbin, the Story of a Small
Enpiandert and Town, with Outlooks upon Puritan
r etc a Life" (Lee & Shepard), is the title
of a book by Mr. Francis H. Underwood. It is a
story only in the sense of being a careful his-
torical study, for its every page bears the marks of
minute and accurate observation, and even the con-
versations introduced into the interspersed social
episodes show the stamp of reality so clearly that
they seem to have been written out upon the spot.
Mr. Underwood's "Quabbin" is a country town of
about a thousand souls, situated in Western Mass-
achusetts, settled in the eighteenth century, after
the more fertile lands of the Connecticut Valley had
become fully occupied. Of this town, typical of so
many others — typical, in fact, of all New England
except the few larger settlements — the author has
given us a study unsurpassed and unsurpassable
for fidelity to fact. The study centres about the
period of the author's own boyish recollections,
fifty or sixty years ago, but from that point fre-
quent excursions are made into both past and fu-
ture, so that the book has a dynamic as well as a
static aspect. In the latter aspect, it tells us exactly
what the good people of Quabbin were doing and
thinking every year, every week, almost every
day and hour of their lives,— it tells us of their
village and family ways, their political and religious
ideas. In its dynamic aspect, the book describes,
step by step, the slow process of social and intel-
lectual evolution by which Quabbin has emerged
from the dull Puritan atmosphere of the past into
something of the clear air and light of the modern
world. So careful and detailed an exhibit of a
community, of its outer and inner life, has seldom
been attempted, and never, we should say, more
successfully made. For Mr. Underwood's book,
which we opened with the expectation of finding a
sort of novel, proved far more fascinating than
most fictions, and was found to compel the closest
sort of attention. To the descendants of Pilgrims
and Puritans the work is dedicated, and they, at
least, cannot read it without being thrilled to the
inmost fibre by its sympathetic delineation of their
ancestral past, for New England is Quabbin very
much as Freiligrath declared Germany to be Ham-
let. The philosophic temper of this retrospect is
not the least admirable of its features. There is
no blindness to the faults of the Puritans. In a
certain sense, they were the salt of the New World,
and yet their theocratic polity, suppressing indi-
viduality as relentlessly as did the Spartan sys-
tem or the rule of the monastic orders, operated as
a formidable barrier to the advance of civilization.
The author understands all this, and condemns it
at need, but not in the unmeasured terms of cer-
tain modern writers,-—he has penetrated too deeply
into the Puritan spirit for that. The closing chap-
ter, on "the return of the native," will find its res-
ponsive echo in the heart of every man who, after
an active life in the world, has once more sought
the town of his birth, and has vainly endeavored to
make fact fit with memory. The author feelingly
and beautifully expresses the gentle pathos of this
situation, and his closing paragraphs will not easily
be forgotten.
, , . . In "Charing Cross to St. Paul's"
Vteics and sketches J° t . ,
of Fleet street (Macmillan), a handsomely printed
and the strand. volume iuugtrative and descriptive of
London's great thoroughfare, Fleet Street and the
Strand, Mr. Joseph Pennell furnishes the drawings
and Mr. Justin McCarthy the text. The book is
not, as the title seems to imply, of the guide-book
order, though it furnishes a fair amount of facts
useful to tourists. Its best commendation is that
it is extremely lively and readable. The text is
largely a running commentary on the illustrations,
amplified with anecdote, reminiscence, and a good
deal of desultory chat, witty and sentimental. Mr.
McCarthy's manner is pleasantly off-hand, and he
has the right gift of transfiguring the common-
place, and of turning to literary account things at
first sight hopelessly trivial and familiar. The fol-
lowing sketch of a thirsty cabman (no unwonted
phenomenon) has a ring of Dickens: "I once
caught a glimpse of a face at Charing Cross one hot
day last summer which expressed a greater concen-
tration of happiness than I had ever seen on the hu-
man countenance before, or perhaps shall ever see
there again. It was a hot day—glowingly, glo-
riously hot. Outside a public-house door stood the
driver of a four-wheeler, his cab waiting for him.
He held in one hand a pot of beer from which he
had been taking a deep draught. He held the ves-
sel sideways in his hand, and seeing that there was
a good deal left he stopped for a moment to think
over the joy of the occasion and to take it in and
become equal to it. There he was, happy in the
past, in the present, in the near future. The pleas-
ures of memory, the pleasures of hope, the pleasures
of imagination! Think of that first deep, long
draught! How delightful in the mere memory!
88
[Feb. 1,
DIAL
That man would not abate one jot of the heat of
that day lest in doing so he might lose any of the
joy of the deep drink. But then, in this present in-
terval of delight, and while he is allowing the witch-
ery of the first draught to gladden his veins and his
senses, comes the knowledge that there is still a
deeper draught awaiting his good pleasure. So he
pauses in his drink, slants the pot a little, looks
down tenderly into its dark, foam-curdled pool, and
still thrilling with the joy of the past drink, antici-
pates the rapture of the drink that is to come."
Mr. Pennell's capital sketches are full of life and
bustle, giving no hint of the set scene or the lay
figure. Looking at them, one seems to catch the
roar and rattle of distant Fleet Street, and to feel
once more in one's ribs the admonitory elbows of
the driving throng. ,
. , The eve before which the kalei-
btage chat J , .
and recollections doscope is constantly turning takes
of an actor. uttle „ote o{ patterns aml har.
monies; and when a great actor or singer prints
a book of recollections, one naturally looks for
variety rather than closeness or depth of obser-
vation. Mr. Charles Santley's "Student and
Singer" (Macmillan) is a readable, though fragment-
ary, review of his professional career, enlivened
with odds and ends of stage chat and memories of
notable colleagues. Having preserved no notes or
formal autobiographical data, the author has writ-
ten from memory, following Cellini's plan of jot-
ting things down about as they occurred to him.
Many of Mr. Santley's stories illustrate the humors
of theatrical life. His first experience of the pro-
verbial facetiousness of the Dublin gallery was in
"Faust," in the scene of Valentine's death. "After
the duel, Martha, who rushed in at the head of the
crowd, raised my head and held me in her arms
'during the first part of the scene. There was a
death-like stillness in the house, which was inter-
rupted by a voice from the gallery calling out:
; Unbutton his weskit!'" A more notable instance
occurred one night when the author was playing
"Plunket " in " Marta": '• According to the busi-
ness arranged, I took up a candle and proceeded
to light the two girls to their room, but I had
scarcely put my foot inside the door than a witty
individual called out, ' Ah, ah! would ye now ?'"
The most interesting part of the memoir is the ac-
count of the author's early experiences in Italy.
The book is neatly gotten up. and there are two
portraits of Mr. Santley in favorite roles.
Scientific facts Two books are at hand, both pub-
Sor unscientific lished by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.,
'with similar purpose,— namely, to
present scientific facts in a manner simple enough
to be understood by unscientific readers, yet s,o ac-
curate as to teach nothing that will afterwards have
to be unlearned. One of these is called "The Great
World's Farm," by Selina Gaye, and deals mainly
with the conditions of plant-life, showing how soils
are formed, how crops are grown, what are their
chances of life, what their friends and their foes.
The other is "Beauties of Nature," by Sir John
Lubbock, and takes up a larger variety of subjects.
Beginning with Animal and Plant Life, it continues
with Woods and Fields, Mountains, Water, Rivers
and Lakes, the Sea, and the Starry Heavens.
Fifty-five illustrations and twelve plates, together
with its pretty binding and pleasing style, make this
a very attractive volume.
Faith-healino
and kindred
phenomena.
"Faith-Healing, Christian Science,
and Kindred Phenomena " (Century
Co.) is the title of a volume of .es-
says by Mr. J. M. Buckley, reprinted from the
"Century " magazine. The subject is a dangerous
one' to handle, when we consider the amount and
kind of nonsense that is, and may be, written about
it. but Mr. Buckley approaches it in a spirit of san-
ity, taking as his motto the following admirable
rule of treatment: "So long as it is possible to find
a rational explanation of what unquestionably is.
there is no reason to suspect, and it is superstition
to assume, the operation of supernatural causes."
. , , The first volume of Mr. H. G.
A second volume of .
Mr. Dakms's Dakyns s translation of " I he >V orks
English .venophon. rf Xenophon" (Macmillan) was pub-
lished in 1890, and contained the "Anabasis'"
with Books I. and II. of the "Hellenica." We
now have the second volume, which completes
the "Hellenica," and adds the "Agesilaus," the
two "Polities," and the " Revenues." Two further
volumes will complete this handsome and scholarlv
English Xenophon. The translator pays generous
tribute to the scholars who have helped him in the
work, to Professors Jowett and Jebb, and to Mr.
J. R. Mozley, who "has worked in my behalf far
harder than many men care to work for them-
selves." Tile volume has a very full index.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The "Greek Devotions of Lancelot Andrews, Bishop
of Winchester" (Youug), edited by Canon Peter Gold-
smith Medd, from a recently discovered autograph, and
printed in the Greek text, is a small volume of consid-
erable interest. This is the work which the late Cardinal
Newman translated into English from a manuscript
less authentic, but the earliest then known. Some other
recent books of religious interest are "The Evolution
of Christianity " (Ellis), by Mr. M. J. Savage; "After-
glow" (Ellis), four little essays or sermons by Mr.
Frederic A. Hinckley; "Members of One Body" (El-
lis), six sermons by Mr. Samuel McChord Crothers;
"The Cause of the Toiler " (Kerr), a pamphlet sermon
by Mr. Jenkin Lloyd Jones; and " An American Mis-
sionary in Japan " (Houghton), by Dr. M. L. Gortion,
with an introduction by Mr. William Elliot Griffis.
"Wit and Wisdom " are represented by three small
volumes of recent issue. One of them is devoted to
Lamb, is published as a "Knickerbocker Nugget"
1893.] THE
DIAL
(Putnam), and is edited by Mr. Ernest D. North. The
volume devoted to Heine (Cupples), contains not only
wit and wisdom, but poetry as well, is preceded by Ar-
nold's essay, and is edited by Mr. Newell Dunbar. The
third volume gives us wickedness in place of poetry,
being Mr. Henri Pene Dubois's collection of " Witty,
Wise, and Wicked Maxims" (Brentano), selected from
mauj' sources, mostly French, and prefaced by the edit-
or's opinions on maxims in general.
"Twenty-five Years of St. Andrews " (Longmans),
A. K. H. B.'s collection of amiable reminiscences, is
completed by the publication of a seeond volume. The
last completed decade is covered by this volume, which
abounds iu anecdotes and good-natured gossip. The
culminating point of the writer's glory was reached in
1890, when he presided over the General Assembly of
the Kirk, and " was received with immense warmth."
We have received a volume entitled " The Bookworm:
An Illustrated Treasury of Old-Time Literature"
(Armstrong), and we gather from various allusions in
the contents that it is the 189'2 volume of the period-
ical of that name. But no date is given upon the title-
page, nor are we anywhere directly told the year to
which the work should be credited. Fortunately, there
is an index, so that we are not left altogether helpless in
presence of the very miscellaneous contents of the book.
Mr. Oliver T. Morton's "The Southern Empire,
with Other Papers" (Houghton), is a volume of three
essays, the two not named in the title being entitled
"Oxford " and " Some Popular Objections to Civil Ser-
vice Reform." The latter paper is one of the most
convincing arguments for that greatly needed reform
that have ever come to our notice. The titular essay
is about the Knights of the Golden Circle and their
ambitious plan of a great empire about the Gulf of
Mexico, having slavery for its social corner-stone.
"The Universal Atlas" (Dodd) is a well-printed
and inexpensive work, including both maps and statis-
tical tables. The United States receive a large share
uf attention, each of them having, in most cases, a
sheet to itself, with railroads and county lines indicated
to date, as well as a table of county areas and popula-
tions. The work is an excellent atlas for family ref-
erence.
Literary Xotks axi> News
Mr. William Morris's new romance is to be called
"The Well at the World's End."
M. Bourget's " Cosmopolis" is to be published in
English by Messrs. Tait, Sons & Company.
A new Engjish translation of the novels of Tourgue"-
nieff, with introductions by "Stepniak," is in course of
preparation in London.
Messrs. Morrill, Higgins & Company will publish
early this spring " Men, Women, and Emotions," a new
volume of poems by Mrs. Ella Wheeler Wilcox.
"Harper's Magazine " for February has personal ar-
ticles on Whittier and Curtis; the former by Mrs.
Annie Fields, and the latter by the Rev. John W. Chad-
wick.
Messrs. F. J. Schulte & Co. have in press for early
publication a new book by Mr. Hamlin Garland, en-
titled "Prairie Folks." It consists of nine characteris-
tic stories bound together by bits of original verse.
"The Nineteenth Century " for January contains Mr.
Swinburne's latest poetical tribute to Tennyson, and an
intensely interesting article of reminiscence concerning
the late Laureate, by Mr. James Knowles, the editor.
The new edition of the travels of Lewis and Clark,
edited by Dr. Elliott Coues, will soon be published by
Mr. Francis P. Harper. The edition will be in four
volumes, and limited to one thousand copies, in two
forms.
Prof. H. H. Boyesen is preparing a volume of "Es-
says on Scandinavian Literature," to be made up in
part of articles contributed by him to various period-
icals, including The Dial. It will be published by
Charles Scribner's Sons.
The Price-McGill Company announce "John llolden,
Unionist," by Mr. T. C. DeLeon; "Six Cent Sam's," a
volume of stories by Mr. Julian Hawthorne; "John
Applegate, Surgeon," by Miss Mary Harriet Norris;
and "The Loupell Mystery," by Mr. Austyn Granville.
A posthumous poem by the late James De Mille, of
Dalhousie College, will soon be published iu a limited
edition, by Messrs. T. C. Allen & Company, Halifax,
N. S. The poem is entitled " Behind the Veil," and
has been edited for publication by Dr. Archibald Mac-
Mechan.
The J. B. Lippincott Company announce the comple-
tion, early this month, of the new "Chambers's Ency-
clopaedia." The ten volumes of this work will contain
over eleven million words. "One of the Bevans," a
novel by Mrs. Robert Jocelyn, is promised by the same
publishers.
Messrs. D. Appleton and Company announce a " Dic-
tionary of Every-Day German and English," by Dr.
Martin Krummacher; "The Great Enigma," by Mr.
W. S. Lilly; "In the Sunshine of Her Youth," by Miss
Beatrice Whitby; and a new edition of Haeckel's "His-
tory of Creation."
Justice Lamar, of the Supreme Court of the United
States, whose not unexpected death took place January
23, was a man of exceptional intellectual acquirements,
having occupied professorships of mathematics, econom-
ics, and law in tbe Universities of Georgia and Missis-
sippi. He was an illustrious example of the scholar
in politics, and did nothing to bring that much abused
title into disrepute.
Messrs. Harper and Brothers announce "The Ele-
ments of Deductive Logic," by Professor Noah K.
Davis; "Morocco as It Is," by Mr. Stephen Bonsai; a
"Short History of the Christian Church," by Bishop
Hurst; « Wolfenberg," by Mr. William Black; "Kath-
arine North," by Miss Maria Louise Pool; "Time's Re-
venges," by Mr. David Christie Murray; and "From
One Generation to Another," by Mr. Henry Seton Mer-
riman.
Mr. F. York Powell, in the London " Academy," pro-
tests against the sending of the famous Flatey Book,
one of the most precious manuscripts in the world, to
the Chicago Exposition by the Danish Government.
He grounds his protest on the fact that the manuscript
is exceedingly accessible where it now is, that few
American scholars can read it, that an excellent fac-
simile of the part that especially concerns Americans
has been produced by an American scholar now de-
ceased, and that the whole manuscript has been pub-
lished.
"The Audover Review " for December has a serious
and sympathetic study of Shelley by Mr. Kenyon
West. So fair an estimate of the poet's work, and so
genuine an appreciation of the beauty of his life and
90
[Feb. 1,
THE
DIAL
ideals, are not often seen, and it is indeed a sign of the
times that they should he given to us through the
medium of a theological review. But the " Andover"
has always been conducted in a spirit of broad culture,
and the theology of a sterner past would have looked
upon it as a doubtful ally. Announcement is made that
the "Review" will hereafter appear bi-monthly, the single
issue considerably enlarged, and that the annual sub-
scription will henceforth be but three dollars.
"Current Topics," a new monthly magazine eman-
ating (although not officially) from the University
of Chicago, bears many marks of the amateur in its
make-up, but is given dignity by Dr. von Hoist's Con-
vocation Address on "The Need of Universities in the
United States," and the following fine sonnet by Miss
Harriet Monroe, upon the inauguration of the Univer-
sity:
"Swing wide thy gates, city of destiny —
Haste, for the rulers of the world are come.
Go forth with banners, sound the echoing drum.
Sing a new song and set thy prisoners free.
Set free thy slaves of toil, whose dull eyes see
No fields of joy, whose leaden lips are dumb.
Unchain thy slaves of gold; their hearts long numb,
Will swell and bud and bloom to gladden thee.
For lo! the immortal rulers of the earth,
Mightier than kings, gentler than motherhood,
Throng at thy call to lead thy brave desire.
Now the time ripens to a nobler birth.
Give all thou hast and win the deathless good;
Humble thy heart and bid thy soul aspire."
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
February, 1893.
Alexander III. E. B. Lanin. Contemporary (Jan. I
Amir of Afghanistan. Sir L. Griffin. Fortnightly I Jan.)
Architecture a Profession or Art? Nineteenth Century (Jan.)
Army Reforms. John Gibbon. North American.
Art, New Works on. Lucy Monroe. Dial.
Birds, Grass Land. Illus. Spencer Trotter. Popular Science.
Brazilian Politics and Finance. Fortnightly I Jan. i
Bristol in Cabot's Time. Ulus. J. B. Shipley. Harper.
Chicago, Literary. Illus. W. M. Payne. New England Mag.
Columbia River. Illus. Laura B. Starr. Californian.
Common Schools, American. J. M. King. North American.
Cowper, William. Anna B. McMahan. Dial.
Curtis, G. W. Illus. J. W. Chadwick. Harper.
Death Valley. Illns. J. R. Spears. Californian.
Democracy, False. W. S. Lilly. Nineteenth Century I Jan. I
Diggers of Thirty Years Ago. Illus. Overland.
Dress, Servility in. Herbert Maxwell. Popular Science.
Education, Sham. J. P. Mahaffy. Nineteenth Century i Jan.)
Educational Exhibits at World's Fairs. Educational Review.
English Church Changes. Dean of St. Paul's. North Am.
Florentine Artists. Blus. E. H. and E. W. Blashfield. Scribner.
Football in California. Illus. P. Weaver, Jr. Ocerland.
France's Criminal Law. Madame Adam. North American.
Garter Snake, The. Illus. A. G. Mayer. Popular Science.
Geographical Text-Books. J. W. Redway. Educational Rev.
Ghosts and their Photos. H. R. Haweis. Fortnightly (Jan. I
Glass Industry. Illus. C. H. Henderson. Popular Science.
Heroines of Our Frontier Army. Charles King. Dial.
Home Rule, Financial Aspect. Contempory I Jan. I
Ibsen's New Drama. W. M. Payne. Dial.
Iceland, Books and Reading in. W. E. Mead. Atlantic.
Insane Asylum, Life in an. Illus. C. W. Coyle. Overland.
Insanity, Increase of. W. J. Corbet. Fortnightly I Jan.)
Insomnia. E. A. U. Valentine. New England Mag.
Journalism. M. de Blowitz. Contemporary (Jan.)
Kentucky's Pioneer Town. II. C. Wood. New Eng. Mag.
Labor, Cheap. D. F. Schloss. Fortnightly I Jan.)
Liszt, Franz. Illus. Camille Saint-Saens. Century.
Literature at the Columbian Exposition. Dial.
Literature Teaching. Dial.
Literature and Philology. O.F.Emerson. Educational Rev.
Malay Peninsula. Illus. John Fairlie. Century.
Man in Nature. M. Paul Topinard. Popular Science.
Mars ton, Philip Bourke. Newton M. Hall. New Eng. Mag.
Mediaeval Country Houses. Mary Darmester. Contemporary.
Men of Letters. Illus. J. Realf, Jr. Californian.
Michaelangelo. H. P. Horne. Fortnightly i Jan. i
Moltke, Memorials of. Dial.
New Orleans. Illus. Julian Ralph. Harper.
Number Forms. Illus. G. T. W. Patrick. Popular Science.
Panama Canal Congress. Daniel Ammen. North American.
Parsons, Thomas W. Richard Hovey. Atlantic.
Pessimism. S.A.Alexander. Contemporary ijan. I
Philadelphia, New. Illus. Charles Morris. Lippincott.
Pilgrim's Church in Plymouth. Arthur Lord. New Eng. May.
Poets and Life. F. W. H. Myers. Nineteenth Century I Jan. i
Plant Life. Illus. C. F. Holder. Californian.
Priest in Politics. M. Davitt. Nineteenth Century I JanI.
Provence. Illus. T. A. Janvier. Century.
Public School Pioneering. G. H. Martin. Educational Rev.
Rome, a Decorator in. Illus. F. Crowninshield. Scribntr.
Rumford, Count. G. E. Ellis. Atlantic.
Russian Approach to India. Karl Blind. Lippincott.
Salvini, Autobiography of. Illus. Century.
Samoa. Countess of Jersey. Nineteenth Century i Jan. i
San Diego. Illus. J. A. Hall. Californian.
Science Teaching. Fred. Guthrie. Popular Science.
Seward and Lincoln. J. M. Scovel. Lippincott.
Shakespeare and Copyright. Horace Davis. Atlantic.
Sumner. Marquis de Cbambnm. Scribner.
Swiss and American Republicanism. J. 0. Pierce. Dial.
Tariff Revision. W. M. Springer. North American.
Tennyson. John Vance Cheney. Californian.
Tennyson, Voice of. Illus. H. Van Dyke. Century.
Trepang, The. Blus. Wm. Marshall. Popular Science.
Twelfth Night. Illus. E. A. Abbey. Harper.
Utah. Ulus. G. L. Browne. Californian.
Venice to Gross-Venediger. Illus. H. Van Dyke. Scribner.
Vivisection. A.C.Jones. Fortnightly (Jan.)
White Mountain Forests in Peril. J. H. Ward. Atlantic.
Whittier. Illus. Annie Fields. Harper.
World's Fair, Glimpses of the. C. C. Buel. Century.
Wrestling. Blus. H. F. Wolff. Lippincott.
IjIst of New Books.
[The following list, embracing 50 titles, includes all books
received by The Dial since last issue.]
REFERENCE.
An Index to General Literature: Biographical, Histor-
ical, and Literary Essays, etc., etc. By William I.
Fletcher, A.M., with the cooperation of many Librarians.
(Issued by the Publishing Section of the Am. Library As-
sociation.) 4to, pp. 32!). Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $">.
Band, McNally & Co.'s New Pocket Atlas. With col-
ored maps, and much statistical matter. lGmo, pp. 171.
Paper, 23 cts.
ARCHEOLOGY.
Norman Monuments of Palermo and Environs. A
Study by Arne Dehli, author of "Ravenna," assisted
by J. Howard Chamberlain. In 4 parts. Part I., folio,
with 18 plates and numerous letterpress illustrations.
Ticknor & Co. S">.00.
The Mound Builders: Their Works and Relics. By Rev.
Stephen D. Peet, Ph.D. Vol. I., illus., large 8vo, pp.
370. Chicago: Office The American Antiquarian.
HISTORY.
The Dawn of Italian Independence: Italy from the Con-
gress of Vienna, 1814, to the Fall of Venice, 1849. In 2
vols., with maps, 12mo, gilt top. Houghton, Mifflin &
Co. $4.00.
1893.]
91
THE DIAL
Footprints of Statesmen during the Eighteenth Century in
England. By Reginald Baliol Brett. 12mo, pp. 195, un-
cut. Macmillan & Co. $1.73.
The Pageant of 8t. Lusson, Sault Ste. Marie, 1671: An
Address by Justin Winson, LL.D. 8vo. pp. 35. Ann
Arbor: University of Michigan.
The Discovery of America: A Commemoration Address
by B. A. Hinsdale, LL.D. 8vo, pp. 31. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan.
BIOGRAPHY.
Goethe's Mutter: Ein Lebensbild nach den Quellen. Von
Dr. Karl Heinemann. Fourth edition, revised. Blus.
with portraits, etc., 8vo, pp. 388, uncut. Leipsig : Artur
Seeman. Paper, $2.25.
Pioneers of Science. By Oliver Lodge, F.R.S. Blus.,
12mo, pp. 404. Macmillan & Co. $2.50.
Twelve English Authoresses. By L. B. Watford, author
of "Mr. Smith." With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 200, gilt
top, uncut edges. Longmans, Green & Co. 81.50.
Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Sidney
Lee. Vol. XXXIII., Leighton to Lluelyn. Large 8vo,
pp. 450, gilt top. Macmillan & Co. $3.75.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Purgatory of Dante (Purgatorio I.— XXVII. I. An
experiment in literal verse translation, by Charles L.
Shadwell, M.A. With introduction by Walter Pater,
. M.A. 8vo, pp. 410, uncut. Macmillan & Co. Vellum,
$4.00.
The Longer Prose Works of Landor. Edited, with notes,
by Charles G. Crump. In 2 vols. Vol. I., with frontis-
piece, 12mo, pp. 410, uncut. Macmillan & Co. Si.25.
The Art of Worldly Wisdom. By Balthasar Gracian.
Translated from the Spanish, by Joseph Jacobs. 18mo,
pp. 200, uncut. "Golden Treasury Series." Macmillan
& Co. $1.00.
The Humour of Germany. Selected and translated, with
introduction and biographical index, by Hans Mtiller-
Casenow. Illus., 8vo, pp. 437, gilt top. Imported by
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
The Humour of France. Selected and translated, with in-
troduction and biographical index, by Elizabeth Lee.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 463, gilt top. Imported by Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
The Humour of Italy. Selected and translated, with intro-
duction and biographical index, by A. Werner. Blus.,
12mo, pp. 345, gilt top. Imported by Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.25.
Episodes from Dumas' Le Capitaine Pamphlle. Edited,
with notes, by Edward E. Morris, M.A. 24mo, pp. 146.
Longmans, Green & Co. 40 cts.
Episodes from Monte.Cristo: Part II., The Hidden Treas-
ure. Edited, with notes, by D. B. Kitchen, M.A. 24mo,
pp. 154. Longmans, Green & Co. 40 cts.
The Gospel of Matthew in Greek. Edited by Alexander
Kerr and Albert Cushing Tolman. 8vo, pp. 120. C. H.
Kerr & Co. $1.00.
The Book of Judges. With maps, introduction, and notes,
by John Sutherland Black, M.A. 24rno. pp. 116. Mac-
millan & Co. 30 cts.
POETRY.
A Paradise of English Poetry. Arranged by H. C. Beech-
ing. In 2 vols., 8vo, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $6.00.
The Crusaders: An Original Comedy of Modern London
Life. By Henry Arthur Jones, author of "Judah."
16mo, pp. 115, gilt top. Macmillan & Co. 75 cts.
FICTION.
Susy: A Story of the Plains. By Bret Harte. 16mo, pp.
264. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
Don Orsino. By F. Marion Crawford, author of "The
Three Fates." 12mo, pp. 448. Macmillan & Co. $1.00.
A Republic without a President, and Other Stories. By
Herbert D. Ward, author of "'The New Senior at An-
dover." 12mo, pp. 271. Tait, Sons & Co. $1.00.
A Bom Player. By Mary West, author of "Allegra."
12mo, pp. 293. Macmillan & Co. $1.00.
NEW VOLUMES IK THE FAPEB LIBRARIES.
Worthington's International Library: The Cipher Des-
patch, by Robert Byr, tr. by Elise L. Lathrop; illus.,
8vo, pp. 308. 75 cts.
Morrill, Higglns & Co.'s Idylwild Series : The Loyalty of
Langstreth, by John R. V. Gilliat; 8vo, pp. 273. 50 cts.
Tait's Shandon Series : A Shock to Society, by Florence
Warden; 18mo, pp. 157. 25 cts.
Rand, McNally & Co.'s Globe Library: Modest Little
Sara, by A. St. Aubyn; 8vo, pp. 214. 25 cts.
TRAVEL, EXPLORATION, AND DESCRIPTION.
From Adam's Peak to Elephanta: Sketches in Ceylon
and India. By Edward Carpenter. Illus., 8vo, pp. 353.
Macmillan & Co. $3.50.
Young's Tour in Ireland (1776-9). Edited, with intro-
duction and notes, by Arthur Wollaston Hut ton. With
a bibliography by John P. Anderson. In 2 vols., 12mo, un-
cut. (Bonn's Standard Library.) Macmillan & Co. $2.
Round London : Down East and Up West. By Montagu
Williams, Q.C., author of "Leaves of a Life." 12mo,
pp. 245. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
The City and the Land: A Course of Seven Lectures on
the Work of the Palestine Exploration Fund. 8vo, pp.
240, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
Thumb-Nail Sketches of Australian Life. By C. Had-
don Chambers, author of "Captain Swift." 12mo, pp.
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No. 160. FEBRUARY 16, 1893. Vol. XIV.
Contexts.
PAGE
THE CRITIC AND HIS TASK !>7
CHRONICLE AND COMMENT 98
REALISM AND OTHER ISMS. Joseph Kirkland . een
taken in hand by Mr. George Parsons Lathrop. We are
furthermore told that " this special historical course will
l>e preliminary to the production of masterpieces written
for the stage by men of genius of all times." Is it pos-
sible that the time is near when the drama—"the Cin-
derella of the arts," as Mr. Willard styled it in his
Twentieth Century Club address — is no longer to be
left to shift for itself, but is to count upon some share
of the intelligent and practical support already lilwrally
given in this country to other arts no more deserving of
such recognition? The state or municipal theatre will
probably long be a dream of the remote future with us,
but the encouragement of dramatic art by private
means need be a dream no longer than is required to
make the cultivated public realize its importance.
Mr. George W. Smalley, in one of his letters to
the American newspapers, has the following amiable re-
marks about Mr. George Meredith: "The election of
Mr. George Meredith as President of the Society of
Authors in succession to Tennyson indicates, strikingly
enough, the decadence of English letters. Tennyson
was the first writer of English of his time. George
Meredith is almost the worst. . . . He has certain
gifts of a high order, which are not common. But he
lias carried affectation and obscurity to a point reached
by no other writer of this century. His style is an
abomination, and his great powers only make it the
more deplorable and the more dangerous. His readers
are under the spell of a mind out of the common run.
They are attracted, sometimes fascinated, by the imagin-
ative force and originality which his grotesqneness of
expression cannot entirely obscure. Those who care
for simplicity, for truth of form, for art, for English,
are repelled, and it is no matter for rejoicing that a body
like the Society of Authors should give a factitious im-
portance to an author who, after all, is more remarka-
ble for the violence he has done to literature than for
any supreme excellence of any kind whatsoever." This
is proliably too severe, but it does strike a note that
needs to be frequently sounded in these days of the spe-
cial literary cult or sect. It sometimes seems as if,
with many readers, a forced and obscure style is a surer
passport to distinction than those qualities of even and
unobtrusive excellence that characterize the best litera-
ture of the past, as they will continue to characterize, in
spite of all the incense offered up from small and ex-
clusive shrines, the best literature of the future.
REALISM VERSUS OTHER ISMS.
Let only truth be told, and not all the truth.
These ten words seem to me the true creed-and-
ten-commandments for modern prose fiction.
The world has been slow in coming to it. The
childhood of the race, like that of the individual, is
given to dreams. Infancy lives in fancy. The
mewling world awoke to consciousness of light, and
peopled the light with phantasms — gods, charged
with wondrous words and acts; and the gods of
man's imagining became his masters, jealous of his
allegiance and listening to his prayers; before
them he grovelled, crying aloud and sparing not,
lacerating his flesh and macerating his spirit in ab-
ject terror of the creatures of his own teeming
brain. Then this self-martyrdom began to make
the world tired; and the first step toward realism
was when men, without dethroning their gods,
changed them from mere fetishes to beings pos-
sessed of human weaknesses. They were still super-
natural, but they were hungry and ate, thirsty and
drank, grew drowsy and slept, saw beauty in things
about them and enjoyed it — even the beauty of
the daughters of men. The second step was when
this also made us tired; the gods were pensioned off,
and godlike men sprang into being. There were
giants in those days, and magicians of invisible art,
knights of invincible powers, and ladies of irresisti-
ble charm. These too lived out their day and died;
and blessed old Cervantes, first of realists, buried
them.
But we were not yet done with miracle. In place
of miraculous powers, the heroes of romance were
endowed with miraculous luck. Fiction still held
Fact in chancery, and could and did pummel its
face out of all semblance of humanity. A hero
thought nothing of being sewed up in a sack and
cast into the sea; he simply cut himself out of the
sack and swam to the nearest island paved with
diamonds.
Even to this day the adolescent, typical of the
immaturity of the race in the past, clings to the
lucky and unlucky business — as anyone may learn
who looks at the reports of a public library. But
we others ■— where do we stand? Some of us
thank heaven that we are weaned; we glory in the
consciousness of maturity. Better a year of man-
hood or womanhood than all the long slow ages of
babyhood and half-grown powers.
"Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay."'
Better the last half of the nineteenth century, with
its freedom of thought, speech, and action, than
any age of prescription and artificiality. Thanks
to Tolstoi, Daudet, Ibsen, Thomas Hardy, and the
other iconoclasts, we deal no more with the un-
bridled vagaries of romanticism, webs as foolish
and purposeless as the gossamer that is felt — and
scarcely perceived — when one rides across the
prairies facing the breeze of early spring. It weighs
nothing, springs from insignificance, and leads no-
100
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
where. It reminds one of the little girl's remark
about her doll after the home-cradle was newly
brought into use: "I don't play with dolly any
more. We've got a real meat baby at our house."
We now have flesh and blood to laugh and cry
over, and the puppets, with all their sawdust, are
laid away — or dandled by those eager to live in
past times and things, when young men saw signs
and wonders and old men dreamed dreams.
Not all the truth should be told. Much that is
true is not worth telling: more is not proper to be
told. Who shall draw the line? Each for him-
self, and at his own proper peril. The nearer he
comes to the limits, the nearer he comes to success;
the moment he oversteps them he is lost. Tolstoi,
unfailing in strength and courage, fails in perception
of the line. He is a Russian. "Scratch a Rus-
sian and you find a Tartar,"—and the Tartar is
nearly allied to the Chinaman, who is racially un-
conscious of perspective. Tolstoi describes a red-
haired, cross-eyed moujik, his sheep-skin garments,
his evil odor, his naked woods and unfriendly skies,
with a particularity which leads one to say, "This
oddity must be a pivotal part of the story"; to learn
his inscrutable name and watch for it in succeeding
chapters — only to find that, after all, he reappears
nevermore. The description was all there was of
him! Tolstoi lost sight of the line, passed the
blazed tree and wandered miles away in the un-
fruitful forest.
As to the other limitation — the exclusion of the
untellable,— the same great man is almost equally
myopic. Take his wonderful " Khlostomir" (one
of the tales in "The Invaders " ). wherein he tells
the pitiful story of a patient, willing, dutiful, un-
happy horse, and contrasts it with that of a selfish,
sensual Russian nobleman, in such a way as to
make you love the humane brute and hate the bru-
tal human. The part devoted to equine sexuality
is (almost of course) unquotable, and the tragic
close so rude as to admit only of hints as to its
tenor. Suffice it to say that the body of the dis-
gusting rotil is buried in a splendid black velvet
coffin "with tassels at the corners," and left to rot
in welcome oblivion,— alive and dead a useless
burden on earth. — while poor old Khlostomir's
carcass furnishes supper to a gaunt she-wolf, who
hurries off to her lonely lair, there to disgorge the
flesh for the sustenance of her cubs. The horse
was useful to the last!
Strong thinking and strong writing this, with a
sweet moral growing out of its gross realism. But
such literature is not milk for babes; and prose fic-
tion must be written for men, women, and children.
Anatomy, physiology, even pathology, may be
taught to all, but not to youths and maidens side
by side in the same clinic. Therefore the great
Muscovite is far outside the line established for fas-
tidious eastern Europe, especially the English speak-
ing part of it. which stands easily first, in morality,
delicacy, and decency, in its prose fiction. Happily,
the Anglo-Saxon is a race of families, and what is
not good for every member of a household is ex-
cluded from its library table. This is a great sac-
rifice, but one willingly — joyfully — submitted to
by our best and greatest: Hardy, Howells, and
their like.
The French, with their exquisite art. show the
most perfect perception of the line of limitation in
prose fiction. Daudet seems infallible, Maupassant
inimitable. Daudet's tremendous chapter giving
the death of de Mora (de Moray) after his life of
high-handed wickedness.—the great brain removed,
weighed, and set aside in a pail, while a sponge fills
the brain-pan.— comes close to Khlostomir's she-
wolf; yet it observes the line. Maupassant is
splendid, and rarely questionable in taste. Flau-
bert is blind to the line of propriety,—a fault which
puts even his great '• Madame Bovary " beyond the
pale. Zola is a great and glowing failure. He is
daring yet dull, wearisome though wicked. He has
indubitable courage and industry; studies his
themes to the very roots,— pulls them up by the
roots, and shows the mass as a nosegay — which it
is not. In "La Debacle" he tries to picture the
battle of Sedan, goes to the spot for local color, and
questions participants for anecdotal minuteness : and
when he has done, every soldier knows that he
never saw a battle, heard the explosion of a shell or
the whistle of a hostile bullet. Of course he is not
so absurd as Hugo manages to be in his much-
praised, laughable " Waterloo": still, his battle is
no soldier's battle, but a civilian's study.
As to decency, the Sclav does not fully recognize
it, the Anglo-Saxon maintains it by habit of thought,
the Frenchman by deliberate intention (when at
all), pointing the finger at the fig-leaf to show that
the figure is draped.
Young, strong, bright, beautiful, gay, brave, and
faulty, what better state of being could there be for
a new king among men? Such seems to me to be
the present aspect of realistic prose fiction. If the
preceding statement of the earlier years of litera-
ture is true, then the world has come step by step
from foolishness to wisdom, from cloudland to solid
ground,— at the same time that it has come step by
step from darkness to light, from slavery to freedom,
from penury to plenty, from cruelty to kindness; in
short, from lower to higher. Who dares to hold
that intellectual progress has been in a direction the
reverse of that made by material progress ''.— that,
while all else has climbed, literature has gone back-
ward or downward'
Idealism, Romanticism, Classicism, cry out that
Realism seeks to destroy the works of the past and
dim the glory of its workers. Nonsense! The
superstructure would be nothing without the foun-
dation. Man would be nothing without the ideal.
Our only contention is with that spirit which would
turn things upside down — crush the natural man
to earth instead of placing him where he belongs,
at the summit of the pyramid he has builded. Those
others also cry out that what we are driving at is
mere naked, crude materialism. Nonsense again!
DIAL
101
for the strong truth itself is not digestible until it
has passed through the alembic of genius.
Let only truth Im told, and not all t/ie truth. So
a million truths are barred, and all the vague, vast
depths of untruths are barred. These barriers es-
tablished, there remains between them a starry
firmament of illimitable light which the mind of
man has discerned and the spectroscope and camera
of prose fiction have made available for each of us.
Joseph Kikklaxd.
EDMUND CLARENCE STEDMAN.
I.
POET.
I know the way to many a realm of gold,
And one I pleasure in from day to day,
A rich and lucid realm of perfumed May,
With valleys in the mountains fold on fold,
And glimpses of the sea-waves shorewards rolled;
Glad shapes of Greece revisit the clear ray
Of regnant sun, and the famed water-way
Flows thence unto Bohemia, sung of old.
War's trumpet there recalls to grander peace;
The prince discloses all his secret pain,
Making the sadder truth of life more plain;
Love archly peeps forth from his milk-white fleece
Of half-concealing garments, and increase
Of patriot fervor pours a wondrous strain.
II.
CRITIC.
There too I seek a mountain's upper air,
Whence Poesy's every kingdom lies revealed,
Bathed in the light that never shone on field
Or river; Landor lifts his forehead bare
Unto the kissing winds, and the far blare
Of horns reechoes through the woods which yield
King Arthur's name and knights from depths unsealed,
And Browning shows the sold how passing fair.
The lordships of the sovereign world of song
Glow in the all-transfiguring element,
And high above them with divine intent
Hovers the glory whither poets throng,
Light mixed with music, triumph over wrong,
The splendor Dante knew beneficent.
III.
FRIEND OF POETS.
Noble as song, or insight keen and deep
Into the heart of poets, is the skill,
Product of luminous thought and perfect will,
To lure desire to climb the rugged steep
Where high achievement waits, and watchers keep
Eyes on the wheeling skies which bright stars fill,
And flame by flame new revelations thrill
The pulses that responsive bound and leap.
Intimate of the Spirit of the Time,
Friend of the Hope which through the ages runs,
He reaches out unto the eager ones
Whose dreams forever shape themselves in rhyme,
And build the bridge unto the calmer clime
Which feels the strength of more benignant suns.
Louis James Block.
COMMUNICA HONS.
TENNYSON'S PLACE IN POETRY.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Now that the first feeling of present loss at the death
of Tennyson has passed away, it is but natural to try to
ascertain as well as may be what is his place among
English poets. Doubtless the time is by no means yet
come when we can see clearly all his weak points or
weigh them properly against his undoubted strength.
So there will probably be many who will feel a strong
dissent from Professor Stanley's estimate of Tennyson
as expressed in his communication in the last issue
of The Dial. For practical purposes, that estimate
amounts to placing Tennyson after Shakespeare, Mil-
ton, Chaucer, Spenser, Burns, Byron, Shelley, and
Wordsworth, among English poets. This view is based
upon four criteria: personality, theme, technique, and
quantity; although small importance is given to the
last two. As to whether Pope, Dryden, Cowper, Scott,
and Keats are all, properly speaking, poets of a third
order after those just mentioned, there may still be
doubt. Tennyson would probably have been content to
rank with Keats, and it may be with Cowper. But
even among the poets of the second order there are
some with whom Tennyson may compare to advan-
tage, and that upon the basis just noted; notably with
Spenser and Burns, possibly with Chaucer and Byron.
Where Browning is to be placed, does not appear.
Such arrangements are of little value unless they aid
us to know our poet better. We may recognize him as
a poet of the second or third order, and yet be without
that fulness of knowledge of him that is the thing one
wants to gain from his works. To this end is directed
Professor Stanley's consideration of Tennyson's per-
sonality and his poetic theme. As to the first of these
points, few would probably maintain that Tennyson
was "a man of the noblest character, brightest intel-
lect, and most powerful emotions." Not many poets
are. Byron is lacking in nobility of character, Shelley
in brightness of intellect, and Chaucer in power of emo-
tions. But Tennyson's character is such that, in Pro-
fessor Stanley's words, "He sees Nature and Man
transfigured"; and probably herein is he more a true
poet than he might have been had he excelled in other
ways. Though the poet of the highest rank should be
the greatest soul, we may be content with poets who
must come afterward if they are of most poetie soul.
Nor can one quite agree with Professor Stanley as to
the nobility of Tennyson's themes, nor with his remarks
as to Tennyson's treatment of them. Death and Im-
mortality, the relation of Woman to Man, the war of
Sense with Soul,— these are all noble themes, quite as
noble as "our industrial, democratic, scientific civiliza-
tion." Of course, however, the theme alone is not the
great thing. Pope's choice of theme in the "Essay on
Man " does not at once give him standing as a great poet,
nor does Keats's choice of theme in " Lamia " deprive
him of such standing. The treatment is the more im-
portant thing. And here it may be doubted if the
"Idylls " are rightly characterized when they are called
translations or interpretations,—indeed, even when they
are spoken of as "graceful, elegant archaism"; or if
"In Memoriam" is wholly accounted for when called
"a fragmentary diary of private grief."
I must own, too, that I do not feel that a single word
is enough for Tennyson's technique (I should prefer the
word art), whatever it may be well to say of his bulk of
102
[Feb. 16,
production. Mastery of form is what makes a man a
poet. If he have nut this mastery, to some extent at
least, he may be a poetic soul, as we call it, but lie will
write no poetry and so be no poet. Poetic form alone
cannot place a man at once in the first rank of poets.
Nor can it atone even for serious defect in personality
and creative powers, and that because no one seriously
defective in personality and creative power can ever by
any means be a master of poetic form. Tennyson's
mastery of form is not merely that of an " artistic versi-
fier." It is something more: it is part and parcel of
that kind of personality and that kind of creative power
which Tennyson possessed, and by virtue of which he
became the great poet that he is.
Edward E. Hale, Jr.
Slate University of Iowa, Feh. 7, 1S9S,
A WORD WITH TENNYSON DISSENTER*.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Unsupported assertion is not criticism; neither is pic-
turesque and eloquent expression of infectious personal
enthusiasm. But the critic who wishes to obtain a hear-
ing must be made of stern stuff to eschew them. Per-
haps your readers will give a moment's attention to a
few simple considerations in support of the convic-
tion that Tennyson ranks second or third on the roll of
English poets in respect to the total value of his work,
and at least third or fourth in respect of native poetic
genius. He undoubtedly has the suffrages of the ma-
jority of cultivated lovers of poetry, as well as of the
majority of the distinguished literary men of the cen-
tury. This is a fact which would admit of easy dem-
onstration were it worth while to occupy the space.
The dissenters, speaking generally, protest in the name
of Shelley and Swinburne, of Wordsworth and of
Browning. But these partial preferences, this failure
of many estimable minor critics to love the highest
when they see it, is not infrequently due to some doc-
trinal limitation or one-sidedness of thought, some lack
of catholic historic culture, some defect in genuine po-
etic sensibility. The adherents of Shelley and Swin-
burne— exquisite singers but unsound critics of life —
are intoxicated by the intense inanity of vague human-
itarian declamations or captivated by the new music of
English anapaests. They are logically bound to main-
tain that rhetorical denunciation of kings, priests, and
statesmen, and dithyrambic anticipations of the golden
age that will ensue upon their suppression, constitute a
saner social and political philosophy than Tennyson's
temperate, progressive, yet conservative idealization of
the noblest elements of modern English life. They must
avow frankly their faith that there is more religious and
philosophic truth in " Queen Mab," " Hertha," and the
"Hymn to Man," than in " The Higher Pantheism," " In
Memoriam," "The Ancient Sage," and " Lines by an
Evolutionist." They must affirm that it is aesthetically
desirable to purchase unfamiliar if exquisite rhythmic
effects at the cost of wearisome tautology and voluble
periphrasis. These are positions which it is not easy to
defend. The partisans of Wordsworth merit a more j
.sympathetic answer. They are battling for a religion
— Wordsworth's religion of Nature, in which minds as
diverse as John Stuart Mill and Matthew Arnold have
found spiritual sustenance. For the sake of the few
supreme texts of this religion they ignore Wordsworth's
intellectual limitations, his moral priggishness, and the
crudeness or grotesqueness of so much of his work. To
them one can only say reluctantly but firmly, with John <
Morley, that this religion is not true. We quote their
own standard-bearer agninst them: "Wordsworth's
eyes avert their ken from half of human fate." In del-
icate observation and exquisite portrayal of natural
beauty, Tenr.yson has surpassed his teacher. If he
does not offer us the consolatory philosophy of "Tin-
tern Abbey," it is because that philosophy is not true, is
no longer credible to thoughtful men. Tears, idle
tears, the reflections of the hero of "Maud" in the lit-
tle grove where " The mayfly is torn by the swallow, the
sparrow speared by the shrike," the anxious question —
"Are God and Nature then at strife
That Nature lends such evil dreams?"
— these are the thoughts of the reader of Mill's essay
on Nature, of the contemporaries of Darwin when look-
ing on the happy autumn fields.
With the convinced advocates of Browning's claim
to the highest place, an understanding is impossible.
Browning is a great writer. But what perhaps a major-
ity of his devotees chiefly admire in him is the slangy
vehemence with which he detaches and emphasizes ideas
that fail to stimulate their attention when expressed in
quiet artistic English. They deliberately prefer " Owl's
in his heaven, all's right with the world," to
"And hear at times a sentinel
Who moves about from place to place.
And whispers to the worlds of space
In the deep night that all is well."
Their souls are strengthened by the virile if cacophon-
ous optimism of
"All the same of absolute
And irretrievable black — black's soul of black —
lieyoud white's power to disintensify,
Of that 1 saw no sample. Such may wreck
My life and ruin my philosophy
To-morrow doubtless."
But they remain cold to the "elegant virtuoso" who writes
"Oh, yet we trust that somehow good
Will be the final goal of ill.
To pangs of nature, sins of will,
Defects of doubt, and taints of blood;
"That nothing walks with aimless feet;
That not one life shall be destroy'd
Or cast as rubbish to the void,
When God hath made the pile complete.''
"You that way and we this" is the last word in this
matter of critics whose taste has beeu formed by Homer,
Sophocles, Tennyson, and Virgil. Yet the Teiiuysoniaii
may safely challenge the production from the writings
of the competitors for the throne of modern poetry, if
oue sane and suggestive ethical or religious idea cannot
be found better expressed in Tennyson.
There is no space in conclusion to do more than hint
at the qualities in Tennyson's own work that justify the
existing preference for him of the majority of true lovers
of poetry. These do not deem deficient in warmth
and strength of genuine human feeling the writer of
"Break, break, break," "Tears, idle tears," " Love and
Duty," Arthur's last words to Guinevere, "Rizpah,"
"Owd Roii," and "In the Children's Hospital." They
do not prefer the "revelations of personality" in
"Childe Harold " or " Epipsycbidion " to that found in
the dedications of the "Idylls," of " In Memoriam," of
"Tiresias," in "The Ancient Sage," or in "Crossing
the Bar." "In Memoriam," to those who are " cock-
sure" of atheism or of ench and every one of the thirty-
nine articles or the five points, may be only "the frag-
mentary diary of a private grief." It is something more
DIAL
to the many thoughtful men and women whom the spir-
itual unrest of the age has compelled to lead a life of
hope diversified by doubt. Sympathetic readers find in
the "Idylls of the King" what Tennyson explicitly de-
clared he intended to put there: the legend of the hu-
man soul and its powers. They are not sure that
even "The Princess" has a more unreal and fantastic
theme than "The Fairy Queen " or " Paradise Lost," a
less noble theme than "Don Juan" or "The Cenci."
The large ideas of scientific and industrial progress
that have widened the thoughts of men in this cen-
tury; the partial failure of these ideas during the
last three decades to satisfy our legitimate social aspir-
ations; winds of doctrine and gusts of feeling that
shake our souls in the wreck of ancient faiths; the finer
modern feeling for the subtler aspects of the beautiful
in nature; the more penetrating scholarship and the sym-
pathetic historic insight that have enabled us to enter into
full possession of our rich heritage as heirs of all the
literatures and all the arts of the centuries behind us,—
these are the dominant thoughts of the cultivated mod-
ern man. In the varied and vigorous expression of
each and ever}' one of these ideas, Tennyson, by citation
of chapter and verse, can easily be proved supreme.
But, true to his poet's mission as prophet of the beauti-
ful, he has never permitted himself to be hurried into
impatient, grotesque, or intemperate expression of them.
He gives us more meaning to the line than any other
English poet except Shakespeare; but he himself said
that he would almost rather sacrifice a meaning than
allow two s's to come together. This is his condem-
nation iu the eyes of those students of literature who
in their inmost souls care nothing for distinctive poetic
beauty — who have never apprehended the full ethical
and sesthetic significance of Keats's saying that beauty
is truth, truth beauty, and who are not aware that only
by self-abnegating consecration to the beautiful can the
poet attain to the Platonic unity of " the good, the beau-
tiful, and the true." Paul Shorey.
The University of Chicago, Feb. 4, 1893.
THE "TRANSCENDENTALIST" DIAL IN 18«.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Great and truly marvellous have been, within the last
fifty years, the changes iu the feelings and the mental at-
titudes of intelligent meu toward the group of New En-
glanders then called "transcendentalists." Emerson,
Thoreau, Alcott, Margaret Fuller, Wm. H. Channing,
these were the objects of sneers, jests, and contempt;
and those who witli these took interest in the Brook-
Farm experiment, George Ripley, Park Godwin, George
William Curtis, and Nathaniel Hawthorne, to name no
more, had their share of the obloquy. Now all place
two of these names among the greatest of the creators
of American literature, and all of them are mentioned
with respect, at least,—even unpractical, dreamy, "Or-
phic" Alcott. To be sure, some of them did fall within
the depreciative description given by one of the solid
State Street merchants : "Mr. is one of those men
that have sallies into the infinite, and divings into the
unfathomable, and soarings toward the unattainable,
but never have ready cash."
Half a century ago appeared the first number of
"The New Englander," that of January, 1843. It
opens with a chapter of "Prolegomena," from the pen,
it was. said, of the witty Leonard Bacon, an eminent
clergyman of the more liberal party of the orthodox of
New England, afterward an editor of " The Independ-
ent." He was forty years of age when he wrote the
article. It gave the reasons for the establishment of
the new periodical. In five pages he notices the ex-
isting reviews and magazines with which the new-comer
must be more or less a competitor. The " North Amer-
ican" received a few cool compliments; O'Sullivan's
"Democratic Review " was commended with an over-
balancing weight of dispraise; "The Southern Review"
was briefly treated with courtesy, but with hostility
to its advocacy of the perpetuity of slavery; the " Chris-
tian Examiner" was recognized as the scholarly and
dignified exponent of Unitarianism. Upon the "Bibli-
cal Repertory and Princeton Review," which had lately
absorbed the "Literary and Theological Review," he
advanced with spear and sword, using the polished
satire in which he excelled.
There was left one quarterly, and only one, to be no-
ticed or passed in silent contempt. He could not for-
bear the thrust; and this is his treatment of "The
Dial " and its writers:
"Shall we say anything here of the ■ Dial'? the
'Dial,' witli the mystic symbols on its face, looking up
not to the sun, but to the everlasting fog in which it has
its being'! Who reads the 'Dial' for any other pur-
pose than to laugh at its baby poetry, or at the solemn
fooleries of its misty prose? Yet the 'Dial' is worth
adverting to in this connection, not because of any in-
fluence which it is actually exerting or which it is likely
to exert, but because it is in itself one of the symptoms
or manifestations of a morbid influence widely diffused,
which may by and by manifest itself with greater
power and with disastrous results. Who does not see
in the literature of the day many traces of such an in-
fluence? Not all the worshippers of Goethe, not all
who bow down before Carlyle, are so moonstruck as to
assist in editing the 'Dial.' Many there are, who,
having sense enough to .attend to ordinary business, are
the conductors through which this influence is diffus-
ing itself among the uninitiated."
As a reader of " The Dial " and of "The New En-
glander " at that time, I confess that I enjoyed this abuse
hugely ; it was so hearty, aud yet with such an entire
failure of appreciation of what he was belaboring, that
I laughed at it aud transcribed it into my note-book. I
have wondered what change came over Dr. Bacon's
judgment of the authors of the "baby poetry" and of
"the solemn fooleries of its misty prose " during the
next forty years of his life. He died in 1881, by which
time the editors and writers of " The Dial " had won high
reputation and great influence. Was he reconciled to the
inevitable? Or did he regard it as a fulfilling of the sol-
emn vaticination which followed what we have quoted?—
"The infidelity of the last age was, for the most part,
materialism whicli knew nothing and believed nothing
but what is reported by the outward senses. The in-
fidelity with which the coming age is threatened is the
infidelity of a self-styled spiritualism, which believes
nothing that is true and substantial, for the reason that
under the pretense of seeing through this outward show
of things it believes everything that is unsubstantial,
untrue, and absurd. That this mystical infidelity is
likely to be in any way less fanatical or mischievous
than that which in France adored the goddess of Reason,
no man acquainted with history or with human nature
will easily admit."
As The Dial of to-day marks the hours, let it show
how the shadows of half a century have rolled away.
Chicago, January 24, 1S93. Samuel WlLLARD.
104
[Feb. 16.
THE
DIAL
e, in the life of the English
agricultural lalwrers, absolutely no poetiy, no
color, certainly nothing o'f the pastoral pretti-
ness and charm conventionally belonging to
the peasant condition. Shenstone and Ambrose
Phillips, the poets of the pipe and the crook,
would have found scant inspiration in the tale
of Wiltshire Corydon and his Phyllis. Even
their marriages, says Jefferies, are " sober, dull,
tame, clumsy, and colorless ":
"I say sober in the sense of tint, for to get drunk
appears to be the one social pleasure of the marriage-
day. They, of course, walk to the church; but then
that walk usually leads across fields full of all the
beauties of the spring or the summer. There is noth-
ing in the walk itself to flatten down the occasion. But
the procession is so dull—so utterly uiigenial—a stranger
might pass it without guessing that a wedding was to-
ward. Except a few rude jests; except that there is
an attempt to walk arm-in-arm (it is only an attempt,
for they forget to allow for each other's motions); ex-
cept the Sunday dresses, utterly devoid in taste, what
is there to distinguish this day from the rest? There
is the drunken carousal, it is true, all the afternoon and
evening."
106 THE
DIAL [Feb. 16,
The whole pathetic history of Wiltshire
"Hodge " (who is a shade better off than Dor-
setshire "Hodge," and fairly typical of En-
glish " Hodge " in general) is compressed, how-
ever, in the following scrap of dialogue from
"Fieldfaring Women":
"The fact that a fresh being lias entered upon life,
with all its glorious possibilities, is not a subject for
joy. 'Well, John,' says the farmer to his man, 'your
wife has been confined, hasn't she? How's the young
one ' ?' Aw, sir' a' be main weak and picked, an' like
to go back — thank God!' replies the laborer with in-
tense satisfaction, especially if he has two or three
children already. 'Picked ' means thin, sharp-featured,
wasted, emaciated. 'To go back ' is to die. The man
does not like to say 'die,' therefore he puts it < to go
back'- i. e., whence it came; from the unknown."
It is curious enough to find a vague Platonic
notion of human pre-existence floating foggily
in the brain of the Wiltshire clown: not so
curious to find that he arrives perforce, and
without the aid of logic, at a final answer to
Schopenhauer's question, "If children were
brought into the world by an act of pure rea-
son alone, would not the human race cease to
exist"?
In view of the facts brought out by our au-
thor, it certainly seems a little unreasonable in
our transatlantic censors to harp so persistently
on " American barbarism." A leading London
journal, for instance, whose especial pride it is
to gird at us on this score, recently concluded,
after a very scanty induction, that the bulk of
Americans are " barbarous." Even Mr. Kip-
ling rails at our manners in good set terms,
and points an infinitesimal finger of scorn at a
nation of sixty million people. Certainly, the
American reader of Jefferies's account of these
hapless English "Toilers of the Field" will
readily see that they are worse off, mentally,
morally, and economically, than any large class
whatever of his own countrymen. Perhaps,
instead of thanking his own fortune, he will be
tempted into ill-natured reprisals on his critics
— though, after all, these too common inter-
national bandyings of reproach are sorry mat-
ters at best. Each of us lives in his own glass
house, and would be better employed in sweep-
ing and garnishing the same, than in stone-
throwing. America has her local outbreaks of
lawlessness, her lynchings, affrays, and Pin-
kerton-inflamed mobs: England has her " Pall
Mall Gazette " " exposures " and still viler un-
speakabilities, her squalid farm-laborers "im-
moral almost without exception," and a pros-
pective sovereign who goes about with a gam-
bling "outfit" in his luggage: France has
lately shown herself to be no better than her
neighbors: and in short, the world over, as
kindly David Hume said, "the greatest part of
mankind float betwixt vice and virtue."
It is pleasant to believe that each and every
item of evil in the world is, at least, precisely
balanced by its correlative item of good.
It is not, however, as a writer on agricultural
topics that Richard Jeffeiies will live. It was
not the face of man that he knew best to limn.
Nature was his mistress; and he has sketched
her in all her moods and caprices, in all her
works and ways — her flowers and fields, her
teeming coppices and hedge-rows, her wild crea-
tures of brake and stream—with a patience of
observation, a Denner-like minuteness of de-
tail, unmatched in literature. Nature has had
many interpreters greater than he; men who,
like Wordsworth, have sought her as an oracle,
hoping to catch amid her thousand voices some
chance whisper of the "still, sad music of hu-
manity"; she has had no one who has sought
her out and studied her more ardently for her
own sake. There have been varying estimates
of Jefferies, but no one has questioned his
prime quality of truth. At the worst, he lias
been charged with "cataloguing," and the
charge is, under qualification, a just one.
Much of his earlier work is the mere tran-
script of his note-books, recorded series of un-
linked sense-impressions—"cataloguing," if
you will. But the items in the list! How
sweet and fresh, how wonderfully new they are,
and how deliciously full of the scents and es-
sences of summer greenery! There is mate-
rial enough packed in one of Jefferies's early
papers to furnish out handsomely a whole race
of pastoral Denhams and Thomsons with their
"purling streams" and "nodding groves."
Here is a fair specimen of his " cataloguing"':
"In the watery places the sedges send up their dark
flowers, dusted with light yellow pollen, rising above the
triangular stem with its narrow, ribbed leaf. The
reed-sparrow or bunting sits upon the spray over the
ditch with its carex grass and rushes; he is a graceful
bird, with a crown of glossy black. Hops climb the
ash and hang their clusters, which impart an aromatic
scent to the hand that plucks them; broad burdock
leaves, which the mouchers put on the top of their bas-
kets to shield their freshly gathered watereresses from
the sunshine; creeping avens, with buttercup-like flowers
and long stems that straggle across the ditch, and in
autumn are tipped with a small ball of soft spines;
mints, strong-scented and unmistakable; yarrow, white
and sometimes a little lilac, whose flower is perhaps al-
most the last that the bee visits . . . ."
There is a quotation (furnished by Mr.
Besant) from Jefferies's last article, dictated
1898.]
107
THE DIAL
when he knew death was at hand, and after
five hopeless years of suffering and confinement,
that conveys more plainly than description the
tenor of his life and the pathos of his end.
"I wonder to myself how they can all get on without
me; how they manage, bird and flower, without me,
to keep the calendar for them. For I noted it so care-
fully and lovingly day by day. . . . They go on with-
out me, orchis-flower and cowslip. I cannot number
them all. I hear, as it were, the patter of their feet—
flowers and buds, and the beautiful clouds that go over,
with the sweet rush of rain and burst of sun glory
among the leafy trees. They go on, and I am no more
than the least of the empty shells that strew the sward
of that hill."
Yes, he is more. There are certain essays
and detached passages in the writings of Rich-
ard Jefferies that will rank with the English
classics. v n t
Mh. strum an on the Natube and
Elements of Poetry.*
"The origin and nature of poetry are sub-
jects on which it is easy to say a great deal,
but hard to say anything definite or satisfac-
tory." So wrote Professor Gummere in his
little " Handbook of Poetics " more than eight
years ago. The statement finds rather unex-
pected confirmation in this latest book of Mr.
E. C. Stedman, "The Nature and Elements
of Poetry." The title promises much. One
reads it and says to himself, "Good! we have
done with Ars Poetica— the day of Scientia
Poetica is at hand." But one finishes the
hook in a less sanguine mood. Perhaps the
author is not to be blamed because we promise
ourselves too much. The field is new, the
attempt to break ground hazardous,— one's
ploughshare must needs be bright and strong.
Still, we read in the Introduction such sen-
tences as these:
"No work can henceforth be an addition to the litera-
ture of the subject, which fails to recognize the obliga-
tion of treating it upon scientific lines. ... If there
is anything novel in this treatise,— anything like con-
struction,— it is the result of an impulse to confront
the scientific nature and methods of the thing discussed.
Reflecting upon its historic and continuous potency in
many phases of life, upon its office as a vehicle of spir-
itual expression, I have seen that it is only a specific
manifestation of that all-pervading force, of which each
one possesses a share at his control, and which com-
municates the feeling and thought of the human soul to
its fellows. Thus I am moved to perceive that for its
* The Nature and Elements of Poetry. By Edmund
Clarence Stedman. A series of lectures delivered in lH'.tl as
the initial course of the Percy Turnbull Memorial Lecture-
ship of Poetry at. Johns Hopkins University. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
activity it depends, like all other arts, upon Vibrations,
— upon ethereal waves conveying impressions of vision
and sound to mortal senses, and so to the immortal con-
sciousness whereto those senses minister."
We very naturally feel some disappointment
at finding comparatively little of all this in the
pages that follow. It is true, we find poetry
spoken of as a " vibratory force" again and
again, but always with some ill-concealed re-
luctance on the author's part, as if it were a
departure from the main design and a conces-
sion to the necessity of giving a " scientific"
color to the work. This grave fault we have
to find with Mr. Stedman's whole discussion:
that he fails to deal frankly and fearlessly (con-
fidently, he' could not) with problems which lie
at the very root of the matter—problems which
he clearly recognizes and even professes to at-
tack.
If, however, we turn to a consideration of
what has been done, we shall find no dearth of
actual accomplishment. We know Mr. Sted-
man of old, and we know that he writes out of
an abundance of that which is gracious, help-
ful, and inspiring, as well as original and crit-
ical. The present book is all of these. After
all, "Poetry is not a science, yet a scientific
comprehension of any art is possible and essen-
tial." And Mr. Stedman, notwithstanding the
sentences just quoted from his Introduction,
clearly disclaims all intention of giving a dis-
tinctly didactic treatise. If we take up the book
in this spirit and read it. not once, but twice,—
it must be read twice,—it will yield much.
For treating the theme in this spirit, the
way is paved in the first lecture, by inquiring
whether poetry may be placed by the side of
other objects and processes which afford legit-
imate ground for strictly scientific research.
"Can we take up poetry as a botanist takes up a
flower, and analyze its components? Can we make vis-
ible the ichor of its protoplasm, and recognize a some-
thing that imparts to it transcendency, the spirit of the
poet within his uttered work?"
Modern poets have averred that poetry is "the
antithesis to science." What does this mean?
"The poet has two functions, one directly opposed to
that of the scientist, and avoided by him, while of the
other the scientist is not always master. The first is that of
treating nature and life as they seem, rather than as they
are; of depicting phenomena, which often are not actual-
ities. I refer to physical actualities, of which the in-
vestigator gives the scientific fads, the poet the sem-
blances known to eye, ear, and touch. The poet's other
function is the exercise of an insight which pierces to
spiritual actualities, to the meaning of phenomena, and
to the relations of all this scientific knowledge."
So far goes Mr. Stedman. If we grant all this,
— and we may be quite willing to grant it,—
108 THE
DIAL [Feb. 16,
we are ready at once to moderate our expecta-
tions in regard to both the definiteness and the
definitiveness of the exposition to follow; we
are ready to begin by saying with him:
"The poet's province is, and ever must be, the ex-
pression of the manner in which revealed truths, and
truths as yet unseen but guessed and felt by him, affect
the emotions and thus sway man's soul. . . . Insight
and spiritual feeling will continue to precede discovery
and sensation. In their footprints the investigator must
advance for his next truth, and at the moment of his
advance become one with the poet."
Iii the face of this it is confessedly difficult
to essay, what nevertheless the author finds it
incumbent upon him to essay, a definition of
poetry, of poetic utterance, which "may be-
come of record,— a definition both defensible
and inclusive, yet compressed into a single
phrase."' The phrase is:
"Poetry is rhythmical, imaginative language, express-
ing the invention, taste, thought, passion, and insight
of the human soul."
That may be defensible; it certainly looks as
if it might be inclusive. And yet it awakens
distrust precisely because we cannot at once
grasp it. It takes our breath. We feel that
we shall have to study it a long time, and per-
haps even then resort to the author's elucida-
tion, before we can rest assured that he has
omitted nothing. Can that be a good work-
ing definition which has itself been so labor-
iously worked out? If the matter cannot be
reduced to terms that are not only comprehen-
sive but also readily comprehensible, is the
reduction worth while? Had we not better
fall back upon Arnold's " criticism of life," or
Wordsworth's "breath and finer spirit of all
knowledge '"? Mr. Stednian's definition is not
likely to become of record. Even if no fault
be found with its content, it is too unquotable
in form. Unfortunately, we cannot stop here
to discuss that content. The second lecture is
devoted to its discussion, and to the provinces
and limitations of the arts in general. Mr.
Stedman brings to the treatment his enviable
refinement of feeling for all artistic effects.
Briefly surveying the field in extension, the
author gives two lectures to the two great di-
visions of poetry, objective and subjective,—
or, as he prefers to call them, poetry of crea-
tion and poetry of self-expression. The for-
mer is found prevailingly in the "primitive
and heroic song " of the "intuitive pagans."
The latter is a characteristic note of the poets
of Christendom, whose muse is Diirer's " Mel-
encolia." Then follows a consideration of the
pure attributes which qualify this art. Beauty
comes first, with a full discussion of the a;s-
thetic in art. Truth is hardly separable from
this, for beauty is the natural quality of all
things.
"If all natural things make for beauty,—if the state-
ment is well founded that they are as beautiful as they
can be tinder their conditions,— then truth aud beauty,
in the last reduction, are equivalent terms, and beauty
is the unveiled shining countenance of truth."
But the truth must be complete, no half-truth.
The merely didactic, in the usual sense of that
word, is thus excluded. "Pedagogic formulas
of truth do not convey its essence." The soul
of truth " is found in the relations of things to
the universal, and its correct expression is
beautiful and inspiring." So true realism is
not a catalogue of facts. Facts are " the stones
heaped alxmt the mouth of the well in whose
depth truth reflects the sky."
Follow in order Imagination and Passion.
For the understanding of the term "passion,"
compare the word "impassioned." "Poetry
does not seem to me very great, very forceful,
unless it is either imaginative or impassioned,
or both : and in sooth, if it is the one, it is very
apt to be the other." With Shakespeare's
oracle upon the imaginative faculty, we hardly
need "more. Still, Mr. Stednian's words are
illuminating. Besides, much of his treatise is
designedly elementary, and the poetic imagina-
tion must be differentiated from the practical
and from fancy. It is "a faculty of conceiv-
ing things according to their actualities or pos-
sibilities,— that is, as they are or may be; of
conceiving them clearly; of seeing with the
eyes closed, and hearing with the ears sealed,
and vividly feeling, things which exist only
through the will of the artist's genius." As
for passion, " Poetic passion is intensity of emo-
tion." But "the emotion must be unaffected
and ideal." This too is elementary.
Lastly conies the Faculty Divine, "opera-
tive through insight, genius, inspiration, and
consecrated by the minstrel's faith in law and
his sense of a charge laid upon him." The
essence of this lecture lies in Mr. Stednian's
conviction that the poet is not necessarily the
child of his period, that there is " historic evi-
dence that now and then 1 God lets loose a nlan
in the world.'" It affords him opportunity to
discourse upon the tempting subjects enumer-
ated above, and in conclusion to give expres-
sion to the feeling that he has " merely touched
upon an inexhaustible theme."
Let us admit the book is not didactic. To
Mr. Stedman that would be praise. We are
1893.]
109
THE
DIAL
sorry to add that it is frequently obscure, not
so much in phrase or sentence as in drift and
connection, so that many parts must be re-read
and pondered over in order to get even their j
surface meaning: and this in spite of the fact
that it was written as a series 6f lectures and
constantly professes to be elementary in design.
The redeeming features are many. There
are passages which one will re-read for the
pure delight «>f reading them, as well as for the
unimpeachable truth of their content. Take,
for example, the close of the lecture on Beauty,
where Mr. Stedman's prose becomes fairly lyric
as he descants upon the subtle charm that haloes
for us all that is evanescent. In this book, too,
as elsewhere, his optimism remains undismayed.
Poetry still has a future, and shall forever have.
Much more that might be said in praise is
rendered unnecessary by the public's familiar-
ity with the author's previous work. For we
have here the same breadth of learning, the
same catholicity of taste and independence of
judgment, that marked the " Victorian Poets"
and the ''Poets of America." And doubtless
we shall turn to this book no less often in the
future than we have turned to those in the past.
Alphonso G. Newcomer.
Lrland Stanford, Jr., University.
The Influence ok sea Power.*
In "The Influence of Sea Power upon the
French Revolution and Empire," Captain Ma-
han continues his general subject from the
date closed by his preceding work, "The In-
fluence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-
1783." The probable further treatment of
the subject is announced for subsequent vol-
umes. This series fills an important place in
historical literature. It is seldom that men
of the sea deal equally well with professional
subjects and with those broader philosophical
principles that underlie all treatment of his-
tory. The skilful sailor is rarely the facile
wielder of the pen. It is therefore a great
pleasure to find Captain Mahan's professional
knowledge of his subject equalled by a vigor-
ous style, clear enunciation of principles, and
broad treatment of authorities.
The period covered by these two volumes is
an extremely interesting one—perhaps the most
interesting one of modern times: the period
•The Influence of Sea Power upon the French
Revolution. By Capt. A. T. Mahan. U.S.N. In two vol-
umes. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
of the French Revolution and of the Em-
pire. A preliminary sketch of the events from
1783 to 1793, and of the situation of European
powers at that time, is first given; then fol-
lows an excellent account of the state of the
navies of Europe, and especially of that of
France. The author shows conclusively the
reasons why the French navy proved totally
inadequate to its purposes,— the inability to
recognize the conditions of sea-service, the con-
trol of the navy being in the hands of soldiers
and landsmen who foolishly thought that the
waves and winds would be on their side. Cour-
age and audacity were thought the only neces-
sary requirements in a naval commander, and
to this idea the brave Villeneuve was sacrificed.
The demoralizing effects of the ideas of social
equality on an aristocratic service are shown by
graphic accounts of occurrences during the
early years of the period in question. Insub-
ordination, mutinjr, revolt, mob-law, anarchy,
followed in rapid succession. Crews refused
to sail when orders were issued, officers were
attacked and insulted, and ships were seized by
mutineers. The effects were immediate and
disastrous, ending finally in the complete de-
struction of the French naval power. On one
occasion, a British seventy-four-gun ship fought
three French vessels, each of equal force to her
own, for two hours, successfully; and at an-
other time twelve French ships were not able
to cope with five British ships. Legislation —
so often the bane of the naval service — con-
tributed further to destroy the efficiency of the
marine, and it became almost impossible to
man the ships. But at the same time the Brit-
ish navy suffered under a severe strain. It
also passed through a period of mutinous riot,
suffered under neglect, maladministration, and
an odious press-system, and was compelled to
contend with several powers at once. Yet the
maritime spirit of the nation proved equal to
the strain, and from this trial Great Britain
arose mistress of the seas. Her great seamen
— Jervis, Collingwood, Nelson, Howe, and
Sanmauvez — won imperishable renown; and'
the battles J»y which they established the su-
periority of Great Britain at sea,— especially
Ushant, St. Vincent, the Nile, Copenhagen,
and Trafalgar,— are ably and graphically de-
lineated by Captain Mahan. Descriptions of
these battles, as accurate and impartial as
these, have perhaps never before been pub-
lished. If any criticism is to be made, it is
that he has perhaps relied too much upon
James, the English naval historian, whose ver-
110
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
acity is, however, generally called in question.
No British or French account of these great
battles is to be implicitly trusted, and we have
now the first impartial history of them since
the days of the lamented Ward.
Many lessons of importance to our own peo-
ple may be drawn from the history of this per-
iod. Capt. Mahan shows in an admirable way
the importance to both France and Great Brit-
ain of such outlying islands as Corsica, the Bal-
earic Islands, and Malta, in a contest at sea.
The island power in its effect upon sea-power
as a determinating factor in history, might well
serve as a subject for a special treatise. Great
Britain has not forgotten the lessons of exper-
ience ; and Nassau, Jamaica, and the Bermudas
are just as dangerous to us as these Mediter-
ranean islands were to France when they served
as bases of operations or as shelter for the fleets
of Nelson and Collingwood.
As a result of the decline of her war-marine,
and the decisive contests of this eventful per-
iod, France resolved, in 1795, to withdraw her
fleets from the ocean, and to rely upon a dif-
ferent mode of warfare upon the sea—that of
sending out single ships to destroy the com-
merce of the enemy. Much of the space in
Captain Mahan's book is occupied with a de-
scription of this second great sea-struggle of
the period. This developed into the Armed-
Neutrality, the Orders in Council, and all that
puzzling array of decrees concerning enemy's
goods, contraband of war, neutral carriers, etc.,
which fill the pages of Kent, Bynkerschork,
and Vattel, and other writers on international
law. All these decrees had as their object the
same end—the destruction of the commerce of
Great Britain and her exclusion from the sea
as a carrier. Holland, Sweden, Denmark. It-
aly. Spain, all came under the conquerors' oon-
trol; but notwithstanding the enormous losses
inflicted upon her marine, England finally con-
quered in this struggle to the death, and her
marine has ever since been triumphant.
To a seaman, one of the most interesting
chapters in Captain Mahan's book is that in
which is portrayed the remarkable chase of Nel-
son after Villeneuve in the Atlantic, before
Trafalgar. This chapter is accompanied by an
excellent map. The graphic description of the
chase, from the departure of Villeneuve from
Toulon, until he anchored in Cadiz. August 22,
1805, forms sixty pages that read like the story
of a piratical cruise or a sea-tale of phantom
fleets chasing each other about the vast ocean.
Pitt is shown to be the leading agent in the
downfall of Napoleon: but another lesson is to
be drawn from this important contribution to
the history of the period. The great English
statesman made no attempt at generalship by
land or sea, but left those matters to men whose
profession it wVs to fight. Napoleon, on the
contrary, was ever prone to covet mastery by
sea as well as on laud, and imposed his gener-
alship upon an element where no man may
bear absolute rule. His army was imperilled
in Egypt, his contemplated invasion of En-
gland thwarted by Trafalgar, his northern con-
nection severed at Copenhagen, and finally he
was overwhelmed with disaster consequent upon
war with the mighty Czar, upon whose absolute
power he tried to force his Continental system.
What the course of history might have been,
no man can say: but. rising from a perusal of
Captain Mahan's volumes, we feel that the
master of Europe fell before the Island King-
dom because of her possession of the empire
of the sea. FLETCHER S. BaSSETT, U.S.N.
Writings of Thomas Jefferson.*
Thomas Jefferson is, in many respects, the
most interesting personage in American polit-
ical history. His has been, and indeed still is,
a name to conjure with, albeit the party he
founded bears little resemblance to-day to his
ideal. And yet this change is in keeping with
his own career. The Jefferson literature is
extensive, not taking into account what he him-
self wrote; which shows how widely his opin-
ions and acts influenced his own and subsequent
times. This literature embraces the comments
and views of his contemporaries, the panegy-
rics of admirers and the invectives of enemies.
To one class he is St. Thomas ; to the other he
is the author of all that is vicious in our polit-
ical system. Jefferson was neither a saint nor
a devil, and while not a great statesman he
was the most influential party leader of mod-
ern times. A judicial estimate of his charac-
ter and services has yet to be written. The pub-
lication of his complete writings was essential
to a thorough analysis, and comes opportunely
for historical students, who are already pro-
vided, through the enterprise of the Messrs.
Putnam, with the work of his great contem-
poraries, Franklin, Washington, and Hamil-
ton. He reverenced the former—who was al-
*The Writings of Thomas Jekfebsok. Collected and
[ Edited by Paul Leicester Ford. Vol. I.— 17IM-1775. New
I York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
1893.]
ill
THE
ready an old man when Jefferson entered upon
his career — and was influenced by his trend
of thought. He did not comprehend the lofty
patriotism of Washington, and he hated Hamil-
ton most cordially while fearing him. Similarly
placed, Jefferson could not have done what cost
Hamilton no effort in the winter of 1801.
The first volume of this new edition of Jef-
ferson's writings gives promise of thorough
and conscientions editorial work. Mr. Ford
has very properly given precedence to the Au-
tobiography and the Anas, as not allowing of
chronological arrangement, and as serving ad-
mirably as Mr. Jefferson's own introduction to
his correspondence, state papers, and other
writings. He has also made a fair summary
of the inconsistencies in that statesman's ca-
reer, which have been injurious to his reputa-
tion and have involved his motives in mystery.
Mr. Ford alleges that a survey of all of Jeffer-
son's writings will show that no party or tem-
porary advantage was the object of his endeav-
ors, "but that he fought for the ever-enduring
privilege of personal freedom.'' Or, phrasing
Mr. Ford's idea differently — Mr. Jefferson
sought party advantage solely to perpetuate the
privilege of personal freedom. May this yet
prove to have been the case : but meanwhile one
is tempted to ask, How is it possible to reconcile
so pure a motive and such an honorable ambition
with the narrow partisan views, the rancor, the
unworthy suspicion and the venomous hatred re-
vealed in the Anas and the Correspondence?
No such defects marred the characters of sev-
eral of Jefferson's contemporaries, who did not
believe in his political methods and doubted
his sincerity. It is certain that Washington
and Jay, for example, strenuously labored to
promote the highest interests of mankind —
one of which was the enjoyment of personal
freedom: and yet one may search their writ-
ings in vain for a trace of that meanness of
mind that attributes sinister motives to others
and moves tongue and pen to utter libels
against opponents. Could either of these pa-
triots, coidd any man whose heart cherished a
noble purpose, and was free from envy, sus-
picion, and hatred, have written such a para-
graph as this, taken from the Anas ? —
"1801. Feb. 14.—Gen'l Armstrong tells me that
Gouveneur Morris, in conversation with him to-day on
the scene which is passing, expressed himself thus:
How comes it, says he, that Burr, who is 400 miles off
(at Albany), lias agents here at work with great activ-
ity, while Mr. Jefferson, who is on the spot, does noth-
ing? This explains the ambiguous conduct of himself
and bis nephew Lewis Morris, and that they were hold-
ing themselves free for a prize; i. e., some office, either
to the uncle or nephew."
On another occasion Jefferson was gossipping
with one Colonel Hitchburn, who was giving
him the characters of persons in Massachusettsi
Speaking of John Lowell, he said he was in
the beginning of the Revolution a timid Whig,
but as soon as he found the cause was likely to
prevail he became a great office-hunter. And
then, drawing closer to Jefferson, he whispered
in his ear a more damning revelation, which also
smirched another distinguished New England
Federalist. A Mr. Hale, " a reputable worthy
man," who had become embarrassed, went to
Canada to improve his fortunes, in which he
speedily succeeded, and returned to Massachu-
setts, bearing in his hands a bag of money out
of which he was commissioned by the Govern-
ment of Canada to pay to a number of the vir-
tuous citizens of that commonwealth from three
to five thousand guineas each to befriend a good
connection between England and it. Hale con-
fided to Hitchburn that he had bribed four,
and being an honorable as well as " a reputable
worthy man" (the language quoted is Mr.
Jefferson's) he proceeded to reveal their names*
and invited Hitchburn to add his to theirs,
which honor, of course, that worthy declined.
Jefferson, being a good gossip, wanted to know
the names of the four who accepted the bribe;
but Hitchburn was wary and not inclined to
give up all at once — he loved to be solicited.
Two of the four were dead—Heaven assoilzie
their souls! they could no further embarrass
the party of Jefferson in this world,—and other
two — well, he could not mention their names
— at present. But Jefferson's instinct was
unerring; he believed the surviving two to be
the well-known Federalists, John Lowell and
Stephen Higginson — names that resound in
Massachusetts even to this day. He wanted
this suspicion confirmed; and the next day,
when Colonel Hitchburn returned to renew the
gossip, Jefferson screwed the confirmation out
of him in the manner following:
"Dec. 26 In another conversation I mentioned to
Colo. Hitchburn that tho' he had not named names, I had
strongly suspected Higginson to be one of Hale's men.
He smiled, and said if I had strongly suspected any man
wrongfully from his information, he would undeceive
me; that there were no persons he thought more strongly
to be suspected himself than Higginson and Lowell. I
considered this as saying they were the men. Higginson
is employed in an important business about our navy."
It would be interesting, and would help the his-
torian to estimate the character of Thomas Jef-
ferson, to know if the trenchant pen of "A New
112 THE
DIAL • [Feb. 16,
England Farmer," so busily employed in the
days when President and Ex-President Jefferson
was sorely troubled, moved the author of the
Anas in his retirement, when his blood was cool,
to insert these names in the Hitchburn aneedote.
We confess that many such passages render
it difficult to accept Mr. Ford's optimistic view
before the evidence he has promised is pre-
sented. One must challenge, at the outset, the
remark of the editor that " in some subtle way
the people understood Jefferson." That de-
pends upon an important fact which the future
historian is expected to determine: whether
the people have ever been permitted to see the
real Jefferson.
But whatever Jefferson's defects of charac-
ter, it may justly be said that he did much work
of great and lasting benefit to his country. If
he had accomplished nothing more than effect-
ing a change from the aristocratic tendencies of
the closing years of the eighteenth century to
that simplicity consistent with the principles
of a republic, he would have been entitled to
the gratitude of the American people.
We are tempted to refer to one subject out
of many, concerning which there is much con-
troversy,— namely, Jefferson's partiality for
the French people, which grew to be a party
bias,— for the opportunity it offers to quote a
charming passage from his Autobiography, as
illustrating his philosophical bent and giving
evidence of the sentiment of gratitude. It fol-
lows his account of the upheaval in France:
"Here I discontinue my relation of the French Rev-
olution. The minuteness with which I have so far
given its details is disproportioned to the general scale
of my narrative. But I have thought it justified by
the interest which the whole world must take in this
revolution. As yet we are but in the first chapter of
its history. The appeal to the rights of man, which had
been made in the United States, was taken up by
France first of the European nations. From her the
spirit has spread over those of the South. The tyrants
of the North have allied indeed against it, but it is
irresistible. Their opposition will only multiply its
millions of human victims; their own satellites will
catch it, and the condition of man thro' the civilized
world will be finally and greatly ameliorated. This is
a wonderful instance of great events from small causes.
So inscrutable is the arrangement of causes and con-
sequences in this world, that a two-penny duty on tea,
unjustly imposed in a sequestered part of it, changes
the condition of all its inhabitants. I have been more
minute in relating the early transactions of this regen-
eration, because I was in circumstances peculiarly fav-
orable for a knowledge of the truth. Possessing the
confidence and intimacy of the leading patriots, and
more than all of the Marquis Fayette, their heatl and
Atlas, who had no secrets from me, I learnt with cor-
rectness the views and proceedings of that party; while
my intercourse with the diplomatic missionaries of Eu-
rope in Paris, all of them with the court and eager in
prying into its councils and proceedings, gave me a
knowledge of these also.
"And here I cannot leave this great and good coun-
try without expressing my sense of its preeminence of
character among the nations of the earth. A more
benevolent people I have never known, nor greater
warmth and devoteduess in their select friendships.
Their kindness and accommodation to strangers is un-
paralleled, and the hospitality of Paris is beyond any-
thing I had conceived to be practicable in a large city.
Their eminence too in science, the communicative dis-
positions of their scientific men, the politeness of the
general manners, the ease and vivacity of their conver-
sation, give a charm to their society to be found no-
where else. In a comparison of this with other coun-
tries, we have the proof of primacy which was given to
Themistocles after the battle of Salamis. Every gen-
eral voted to himself the first reward of valor, aud the
second to Themistocles. Go ask the travelled inhabit-
ant of any nation, In what country on earth would you
rather live? Certainly in my own, where are all my
friends, my relations, and the earliest and sweetest af-
fections and recollections of my life. Which would be
your second choice? France."
Mr. Jefferson's bias was an amiable one, as
it involved a recognition of the warmth of
sentiment exhibited by the French people to-
wards the American people during our strug-
gle for freedom. This feeling entered into his
party management when he was in opposition,
and into his direction of official affairs when
he had the responsibility. In the nature of
things it was not possible for him to divest
himself of party prejudice and view affairs in
the rigid and patriotic way characteristic of
Washington. This brought about complica-
tions which gave him no end of trouble, and
•subjected him to criticisms which were often
unjust. William Henry Smith.
Recent Americ an Fiction.*
If there is any other living American novel-
ist whose newest book may be taken up with
•Susy. ByBretHarte. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Dos Orsino. By F. Marion Crawford. New York:
Maciuillan & Co.
A Daughter of Venice. By John Seymour Wood. New
York: Cassell Publishing Co.
Zachary Phips. By Edwin Lassetter Bynner. Boston:
Houghton. Mifflin & Co.
The Chosen Valley. By Mary Halloek Foote. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
An Earthly Paragon. By Eva Wilder McGlasson. New
York: Harper e suspected by one of Mrs. Harrison's
readers. But although she admits the New
South as a fact, it is clear that she does not
give it her full approval. "Nannie's Ca-
reer," one of the best of the stories, shows us
where the writer's sympathies are really fixed.
Nannie's mother, who has ornamented the house
with fancy-work and become a zealous mem-
ber of the W. C. T. U., sends her hapless
daughter to New York in search of a career.
Nannie promptly finds her career—and a very
proper one it is, although unexpected — by
falling in love with the artist who has been
giving her lessons in painting. Not a little
knowledge of the human heart is displayed in
these stories, and notably in the account of
"Bentley's System " and its successful applica-
tion. The intellectual quality is predominant
over the emotional in this book, and finds ex-
pression in certain incisive characterizations
and semi-satirical observations that are a
marked feature of the author's work. The fol-
lowing is an excellent example of the latter:
"Up to a recent date the temperance senti-
ments of the South found their chief- if not
their sole expression in the social ostracism of
all but the largest and most prosperous of the
dealers in spirituous liquors." In the way of
characterization, nothing could be better than
Elmore Claymore, who hail "a wonderful in-
explicable imitation intellect," and who made
speeches on all occasions. "All oratorical op-
portunities were embraced, and his speeches
were full of metaphor and alliteration, and
were informed with a really splendid temper-
amental fire — which had nothing whatever to
do with his ideas, or rather which successfully
survived their absence." The type is well-
nigh universal, and may easily be recognized.
It was " A Jest of Fate" by no means uncom-
mon that this individual should impose upon
a girl of mind untutored and wholly unana-
lytic. For a "first book," this collection of
stories is a distinct success, and offers no slight
promise of a brilliant future for its author.
William Morton Payne.
Briefs on New Books.
A chatty, pleasantly desultory, and
Mfa'^iun/,,go. withal informing book, one that no
New Yorker ambitious of knowing
something of the middle stage of his city's progress
can afford to overlook, is John F. Mines's " A Tour
around New York " (Harper). The sketches have
already appeared serially, and they have been duly-
revised, expanded, and profusely illustrated to fit
them for more permanent form. Colonel Mines's
knowledge, topical, personal, and social, of the
Gotham of half a century ago,-—when the Christys
reigned at Mechanics Hall and the Ravels were at
Niblo's, when the Stuyvesant pear-tree still stood
in the •• bouwerie " and Harlem was a village, when
red-shirted "Mose" was the cynosure of the fair,
and brave " Tom " Hyer's laurels were green, when
the Lispenards. Kips, Warrens. De Lanceys. Beek-
116
[Feb. 16,
mans, were potent realities, and when timid folk
took the stage or the sloop rather than '• ride with
a tea-kettle,"—was almost encyclopaedic. Nor was
the Colonel a mere annalist. His heart was with
old New York. One catches a mournful ring of
the " Troja fiiit" in his recital, and a natural bent
for humor and sentiment enabled him to invest his
rather unpromising theme with more than a local
charm and interest. Besides its historical value,
the book is a mine of anecdotes. We subjoin one
illustrating the curious vitality and wide-spread
currency of the slang and idioms of the Bowery:
•• Twelve or fifteen years before the war for the
Union broke out, a New York boy of good family
ran away to sea and made a whaling voyage. Out
in the South Pacific Ocean one day his ship an-
chored off a small island in the wide waste of waters,
in the hope of getting fresh supplies. Presently a
great canoe, paddled by a score of dusky spear-
men, shot out from the shore, and a huge islander,
who turned out to be the king of the reef, clambered
up the side of the ship. When he reached the
deck the monarch smiled so as to show every one of
his milk-white teeth, and laughed assuringly. 'Do
you speak English ' ? asked the captain. The giant
opened his capacious mouth and roared,' I kills for
Keyser!' The mystified captain, who was a New
Englander, inquired ' What in the name of iniquity'
he meant. • I kills for Keyser!' roared the giant
again. Then the young New Yorker stepped for-
ward and explained that this was a New York
idiom in general use at one time in the Bowery.
Keyser was a famous cattle-man, and the butchers
who • killed' for him were proud of asserting the
fact, and it had passed into the slang of the period."
Just how the " King" had acquired his scrap of
dubious English was a mystery; but he certainly
used it in all courtesy as a neat and proper form of
royal salutation. The humorous and anecdotal
element in the book is of course subordinate. Col-
onel Mines's primary aim was to write a popular
history of middle-aged New York, and he has done
it well.
An Englishman's "HOR.E SaBBATIC.K "( Macmillan ),
A^"ricaT/JLs by Sir James Fitzjames Stephen, a
and institution*. collection of rather brief articles re-
printed from the London " Saturday Review," will
attract thoughtful readers. The author's themes
are serious, his treatment of them is liberal and
learned, and he evidently holds the proper business
of a reviewer to be the helping his readers as di-
rectly and plainly as possible to a clear conception
of the book and author reviewed. It may be well
to say here for the behoof of cis-Atlantic readers
that Sir James (writing for the "Saturday Re-
view ") is not as one bereft of reason the moment
he touches on things American. He has written
for instance, a short review of " The Federalist,"
which gives him a capital chance of "blowing up
the 'Mericans" on the well-known Mark Tapleyan
principle; but this paper is no less fair and critical
in tone than the others. There are twenty papers
in all; three on Berkeley's works, three on Burke's,
one on Bentham's u Theory of Legislation." one
on Cobbett's Political Works, four on De Maistre,
one on Paley's "Evidences," one on Tom Paine,
etc., the volume ending with three essays on •• The
Rights of Conscience," "The Temporal and Spir-
itual Powers," and "Moral Controversies." The
author's treatment of American political ideas and
institutions is as we have said, fair and judicial —
though, naturally, he cannot assent to the (to us)
self-evident proposition that " in all governments
sovereignty is in the people, and that the govern-
ment enjoys so much power only as the people sur-
render for the common good." This, he observes,
appears to Englishmen in general " a mere piece of
bad rhetoric, and it almost always is so." That is,
(if we are to believe our author) "Englishmen in
general" are, in respect to rational ideas of govern-
ment, in much the same plight as the contempora-
ries of Copernicus were in respect to his solar the-
ory, or as the plain man " always will be when he
tries to wrench his mind round to the standpoint of
the Kantian philosophy. It is simply a case of
mental inertia. We think our author's charge
against his countrymen much too sweeping; though
there is, of course, a certain perennial Stone-Age
type of Englishman who finds it as hard to clear
his mind of political superstition, as Munchausen
found it to lift himself and his horse out of the mor-
ass by his own pigtail. In the philosophical and
moral essays Sir James shows himself a good ex-
positor and a sound thinker: and the book through-
out will repay close reading.
Biblical literature A GREAT service » gendered to the
m the tight of the literature of any subject when some-
hiaher criticism. , • .1 1 . ,
one versed in the latest researches
of its highest authorities undertakes to present these
in a form simple, available, and suited to the condi-
tions under which most persons must do their read-
ing and gain their knowledge. About three years
ago we had occasion to commend a work of this kind
on the subject of evolution, "The Continuous Crea-
tion." We have now another book from the same
author, the Rev. Myron Adams, dealing with the
results of the higher criticism as applied to Biblical
literature, "The Creation of the Bible" (Hough-
ton). As in the earlier work, the author makes no
pretensions to original research; but he has been a
diligent student of Kuenen and Wellhausen, besides
other scarcely less famous authorities, and presents
their conclusions in their most vital relations to the
subject in hand. Granted the truth of evolution
as the underlying process of all nature, he asserts
that it cannot stop short in its application to all
departments of inquiry, and hence that the Bible,
like everything else, must be studied in the light of
its historic development Mr. Adams has a very
happy art of simplifying and illustrating his themes.
This is particularly shown in the earlier portions
of the book, where, in discussing the editorial work
1893.]
117
THE
DIAL
of Ezra the scribe, the processes of history-making,
and the traditional and legendary elements in the
composition of the Bible, he brings the reader very
closely in touch with the old days and the old peo-
ples. The latter part of the book, from the nature
of its subjects, is less vivid and entertaining. Yet
even here the author's manner lends much charm
to chapters with such unalluring headings as " Paul
and the Second Advent," "The Apocalypse of
John." "The Authorship of the Fourth Gospel."
Exact information concerning the latest conclusions
of advanced biblical criticism is something many
persons have desired who are without opportunity
or leisure to consult original sources; by all such
Mr. Adams's book will be warmly welcomed.
„ , „ Mr. Lowell's lectures on " The Old
Mr. Lowell on .
the aid Engiwh English Dramatists " were delivered
at the Lowell Institute in 1887.
They are now reproduced in book form (Hough-
ton), rather imperfectly, because much was added
in the delivery that did not appear in the manu-
script, and because the illustrative extracts, read
from the printed book, were not always indi-
cated. Hence we must not expect to find Mr.
Lowell at his best in these lectures. But Mr.
Lowell's second best was as good as most men's
first, and the lectures, as we have them, are a real
enrichment of criticism. One of the author's ear-
liest published volumes (not, to our knowledge, re-
printed ) was devoted to the subject of the Eliza-
bethan dramatists, so that nearly half a century of
study lay back of the lectures now before us. And
the subject of these dramatists was not neglected
in the interim, for Mr. Lowell says: "I have con-
tinued to read them ever since, with no less pleas-
ure, if with more discrimination." The lectures
are, of course, freighted with the author's wealth of
literary knowledge, and illuminated by the side-
lights that shine from a richly-stored mind. They
are also sympathetic, and, in the main, just in esti-
mate, although at times the author appears a trifle
too nervous lest he should say something of Mar-
lowe or Fletcher that ought to be reserved for
Shakespeare. We do not think that he quite does
justice to Webster and Ford (upon the latter we
prefer to take the Lowell of 1843), and we cannot
find, with him. in Fletcher "a higher and graver
poetical quality " than in Beaumont. On the other
hand, he gives Marlowe nearly the full measure of
his deserved praise, and Massinger, if anything,
more than is deserved. The lectures are hardly
equal in critical value, even as far as they go, to Mr.
Swinburne's essays on the same group of writers,
and are far less thorough. And in this connection
we should like to ask why Mr. Swinburne, or some-
body for him, does not collect into a volume that
masterly series of studies, now scattered among
many books and periodicals. If we recollect aright,
the series is nearly complete, and it is one of the
things that must be read by every student of Eliza-
bethan poetry.
One of the brightest and freshest of
inTngiamT"' lecent travel-books is Mr. Reuben
Gold Thwaites's " Our Cycling Tour
in England" (McClurg). Accompanied by his
wife, the author, in 1891, threaded his way a-wheel
through the leafy highways and byways of southern
England, putting up at out-of-the-way villages and
baiting at belated Izaak Walton inns, "interview-
ing" en route the Squire, the Parson, and the land-
lady, screwing bits of conversational small-change
out of taciturn *• Hodge," and, in short, rubbing
elbows as closely and sociably as possible with
English rural life. Mr. Thwaites observes well, re-
members well, and writes well; and he has duly
enlivened his journal with bits of local anecdote and
genre. Here is a scrap of dialogue between a
"Boots" and an ostler at a Canterbury hotel, that
the American tourist may note with profit: " ' 'Pears
to me Joe,' said Boots, ' as 'ow the lyedy and gent's
a roon-away coople. an's carr'n' their 'ouse 'long wi'
'em.' 'Thee's a born ijiit, Dyve, thee be's,' re-
sponded the ostler contemptuously, as with a rheu-
matic sigh he arose and wiped his perspiring brow
with the back of his shirt-sleeve; 'they'se reg'lar
nuff, but I heer'n Bill, the waiter, a-tell'n' o' cook
as 'ow he know'd 'em for 'Mericans immedjate. for
the young missus ordered on a pitcher o' cold wat-
ter at breakfast,— an' that's 'Merican every time,
he says; an' he ought to know, as he's served
towrists oop in Wales, where they set a joog o' wat-
ter on every mornin' for breakfast, there's so many
'Mericans as comes that wye. They drinks watter
wi' their victuals, an' says pitcher when they means
joog. an' all that wye o' talkin' an' do'n', you know,
though I un'erstan' as 'ow they pretends to talk En-
glish over there in 'Merica. but I'll be blymed if I
can un'erstan' 'em mysel' soomtoimes.'" We trust
none of our dialect writers will exploit the region
about Canterbury.
, ... . „ , In ene of the new volumes of the
Archbishop Hughes . . _^
as a "maker "Makers of America series ( Dodd,
of America- & Cq j wfi ft jjfe Qf J()hn
Hughes, the first archbishop of New York—in j>ar-
tibus infidelium. He was for thirty years or more a
vigorous active factor in the Roman Catholic church.
He did much to direct its growth and to give it
the place it now holds in America. He was one
of those rare men to whom democratic America
and the democratic church give every opportunity.
His parentage was humble. He had to make his
own opportunities for gaining education and culture.
But when once this sturdy son of a poor Irish peas-
ant was fairly within the fold of the church, he rose
by the sheer force of his own character; for what-
ever else may be charged against the classified hier-
archy and the powerful dignitaries of the Roman
church, it is beyond doubt democratic in the recog-
nition of ability and devotion. To those who are
not churchmen of his faith, the life of the great
archbishop is chiefly interesting for two incidents in
his career. He led the great struggle in New York
118
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
in behalf of the parochial schools, asserting that
inasmuch as the Catholic had conscientious scruples
against sending his child to the public schools either
he should be relieved from the tax which supported
them or the money should be distributed among
the parochial schools also. The second great inci-
dent of his life is his mission abroad during the Re-
bellion. He was one of those unofficial embassa-
dors whom Secretary Seward sent to Europe
charged with the task of counteracting the words
and influence of Confederate agents and of impress-
ing monarch* and ministers with the fact that in
sympathizing with insurrection they were counte-
nancing slavery and aiding a hopeless cause. Cer-
tainly the life and work of this virile and patriotic
priest ought to have been written, and ought to be
read; yet one cannot help thinking that his fellow-
churchman, the author, has shown but little histor-
ical-mindedness. and that in his hands biography
has become not much more than eulogy.
An inralualtle
As inestimable service has been
done to literary workers by the prep-
general literature. paration of „ The American Li-
brary Association Index " (Houghton). This work,
which was suggested by Dr. W. F. Poole, and un-
dertaken by Mr. W. I. Fletcher with the coopera-
tion of the American Library Association, is a bib-
liographical aid almost as important as Dr. Poole's
own great "Index." Something like half the work
upon this Index Rerum was done by Mr. Fletcher
and his immediate assistant; some sixty librarians
contributed the rest. Nearly three thousand vol-
umes are indexed, including books of essays, the
collections of learned societies. " and many works
of history, travel, and general literature, whose in-
dividual chapters furnish a monographic treatment
of special persons, places, events, or topics." No
library, public or private, which includes even five
per cent of the volumes here indexed, can afford to
be without this invaluable work.' Temporary sup-
plements are promised from time to time, and Mr.
Fletcher expresses the hope that the work thus be-
gun "may produce after some years an enlarged
edition, as happily disproportionate to this as the
• Poole ' of 1882 was to that of 1848." There is
no reason why this hope should not be realized, and
its realization would be the greatest possible boon
to students and readers.
Sketches of
Rural Xfu-
Englaml.
•• Along New England Roads"
( Harper), a pretty volume from the
pen of W. C. Prime, is made up of
letters written during the past forty years to the
New York •• Journal of Commerce." Dr. Prime
tells us in the preface that he has been forced to
reprint his sketches because some of his readers
have threatened him that if he did not make a book
of them they would. A threat of this kind implies
nothing very unpleasant, and we fancy there are
few authors but would, under the circumstances,
bow gracefully to the situation—and publish. Dr.
Prime treats pleasantly and familiarly of rural New
England as he saw it in the course of several car-
riage excursions; and the types, incidents, and col-
loquies that he introduces here and there have the
right "down east" flavor. There is a charming
chapter on angling, and an amusing one on " Epi-
taphs and Names," in which the Doctor submits
some choice flowers of mortuary verse, culled in
country church-yards. One epitaph (recalling the
prudent pilgrim in the ballad, who "boiled his
peas ") ends thus:
"His wayes were waves of pleasantness,
And all his paths were pease."
Another, the work of an ambitious stone-cutter who
certainly "knew to build the lofty rhyme," bids the
reader— ....
Mourn not tor rae
Wipe off the crystal tear
Your allotted position be
Like mine upon a bier.
Go search the earth around
Kegard well your behaveer
To Jesus Christ you're bound
He is your only Saviour."
Evidently, nothing but a nice sense of propriety
withheld the bard from writing it "Saveer."
,., .... . , Nothing is more characteristic of
Select historical
documents of the recent methods of historical study
than the emphasis placed on original
documents and contemporary records as at once the
most trustworthy and the most vivid materials for
understanding the life of the past. With the aim
of making such materials accessible to the reader
and student of history, a number of small books
have been published which bring together in con-
venient form the most important texts on various
historical subjects. Mr. Ernest F. Henderson has
sought to make such a collection of extracts from
the sources of mediaeval history in his " Select His-
torical Documents of the Middle Ages," issued in
Bohn's Antiquarian Library. The documents are
rendered into English with little comment or ex-
planation and generally without abridgement.
They are well-chosen, but include scarcely anything
that cannot be found, better edited, in the manuals
of Stubbs, Doeberl, and Altmann and Bernheiin.
The chief merit of the book lies in setting before
English readers what has hitherto been accessible
only in Latin.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Volumk XXXIII. of the " Dictionary of National
Biography" (Macmillan), edited by Mr. Sidney l^ee,
extends from Leighton to Llnelyn, the largest amount
of space falling to the families of Leslie Lewis, Lind-
say, and Lloyd. Among the men of letters included
we find Mark Lemon, Charles Lever, and George
Henry Lewes.
To the "Dryburgh " edition of the Waverley novels
"The Antiquary " (Macmillan) has been added, witli
illustrations by Mr. Paul Hardy. The same publishers
have added "Sketches by Boz " to their popular series
of Dickens reprints. "Lady Silverdale's Sweetheart
1893.] THE
DIAL 119
and Other Tales" (Harper) appears in the new uni-
form edition of Mr. Black's novels. The new edition
of Herman Melville's most important stories is now
completed by the publication (U. S. Book Co.) of
« Moby-Dick " and " White-Jacket."
Dr. A. Sheridan Lea's "The Chemical Basis of the
Animal Body" (Macmillan) is a substantial volume,
and, although prepared as an appendix to Foster's " Text-
Book of Physiology," is a treatise complete in itself.
It is well provided with references to the latest work
done in this department of chemistry, and is in all re-
spects brought thoroughly down to (late. There are
full indexes to subjects and to authorities quoted.
Mr. George Saixtsbury lias made a selection of
"Elizabethan and Jacobean Pamphlets " (Macmillan)
for publication in "The Pocket Library of English Lit-
erature." Seven numbers are included, representing
Lodge, Lyly, Greene, Nash, Dekker, Breton, and Har-
vey. As usual, Mr. Saintsbury's introduction is quite
as interesting as anything that follows it.
"European Pictures of the Year" (Cassell), being
the foreign art supplement for 1892 of "The Maga-
zine of Art," gives us interesting examples, classified
according to national schools, of recent works of paint-
ing and sculpture. America is not unrepresented, al-
though the title of the book hardly indicates this, and
we notice with particular pleasure Mr. Walter Mac-
Ewen's "The Sorceresses."
Recent books of poetry include a pretty edition of
Pope's "Iliad" (McClurg), in two of the "Laurel
Crowned" volumes, the text edited (with Pope's pre-
face and notes) by Mr. Francis F. Browne; "Wanderers"
(Macmillan), being the poems of Mr. William Winterin
a new edition; "Jump to Glory Jane" (Macmillan), a
doggerel narrative by Mr. George Meredith, published
with illustrations and in a sumptuous manner of which
the text is quite unworthy; "Poetry of the Gathered
Years " (McClurg), prettily printed, and compiled by
"M. H." from many sources; a volume of " Lyrics and
Ballads of Heine and Other German Poets " (Putnam),
translated by Miss Frances Hell man; and "By the At-
lantic" (Lee & Shepard), in which, through nearly
five hundred pages, Mr. I. D. Van Dnzee evokes the
unwilling Muse.
LlTKKAItY XOTES ANJ> NEWS.
A volume of Mr. Bliss Carman's poems will soon la-
published in London.
The British Society of Authors, starting in 1884 with
08 members, now has 870 on its roll.
A work on "English Prose Writers," in five vol-
umes, by Mr. Henry Craik, is announced.
A volume of Mr. William Watson's prose, consisting
mainly of reprinted literary criticism, will soon appear.
"The Century " will soon publish a number of letters
written bv Walt Whitman to his mother during the Civil
War.
William Lloyd Garrison's statue in bronze, of colos-
sal size, will be unveiled in Newburvport next Fourth
of July.
Messrs. D. C. Heath and Company announce a vol-
ume of the "Select Speeches of Daniel Webster," ed-
ited by Professor A. J. George.
Several essays upon the art of fiction, entitled collec-
tively " The Aim of the Novel," are soon to be pub-
lished by Mr. F. Marion Crawford through the Mac-
millans.
Mr. J. Addington Symonds is at work upon a study
of Walt Whitman, and will soon publish a new edition
of his essay8 upon the Greek Poets.
"Toscanelli," a geographical periodical largely de-
voted to Columbian studies, has made its first appear-
ance. It is published in Florence, and edited by Sig.
G. Uzielli.
Herr Fr. Winkel Horn is engaged upon a Danish
translation of the works of Mr. Bret Harte, and "Ga-
briel Couroy," the first volume, has recently appeared
in Copenhagen.
Mr. George E. Woodberry is to write the life of
Lowell in the " American Men of Letters " series. Cur-
tis will also appear in this se.ries, his biographer being
Mr. Edward Cary.
Some one in Oakland, California, proposes to collect
the poems of Richard Ilealf, as well as to raise a fund
for the erection of a suitable monument over the poet's
grave in San Francisco.
Mr. Thomas Whittaker announces " Early Maryland,
Civil, Social, and Ecclesiastical," by Dr. Theodore C.
Gambrall; and " The Private Life of the Great Com-
posers," by Mr. .John Rowbothen.
Albert Delpit, the French writer who died on the 4th
of January, was by birth an American, having first seen
the light at New Orleans, in 1849. He was the author
of many plays, poems, and novels.
The first volume of Professor Bryce's new "Ameri-
can Commonwealth " will be published this month by
Messrs. Macmillan & Co., who also announce " Plato
and Platonisin," by Mr. Walter Pater.
What is the poor critic to do when a poet gives his
own book the title " Rank Doggerel"? This is what
Mr. James Hewson, an Englishman, has done, and the
device may be more clever than it seems.
M. Octave Uzanne, the editor of " L'Art et l'ldee,"
has determined to take a year off for the purpose of
visiting the Columbian Exposition, and announces a
suspension of his periodical until January, 1894.
"Kousseau," by M. Arthur Chuquet, is the latest ad-
dition to the "Grands Ecrivains Francais." The next
volumes promised are "Merime'e," by M. Auguste
Filou, and " Alfred de Musset," by " Arvede Barine."
M. Ary Kenan announces the two concluding vol-
umes of his father's '* Histoire du Peuple d'Israe'l."
One will appear in March and the other some mouths
later. Kenan's scattered writings will also be collected
and published.
A second and corrected edition of Mr. Francis H.
L'nderwood's "Quabbin" is in course of preparation.
The text has been carefully gone over by Dr. Oliver
Wendell Holmes, pencil in hand, and many changes
suggested. There will also be a number of added
photographs.
We note with extreme satisfaction the announce-
ment that Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. are to pub-
lish Parsons's translation of Dante, as far as the work
was done at the time of the poet's death, and that the
volume will contain the first two cantiche entire, with a
considerable part of the third.
The second of this mouth, M. Thureau-Dangin, the
historian, and the Vieomte Henri de Bornier, the poet,
were elected to the French Academy. The third of the
existing vacancies was not filled at this election, although
120 THK
DIAL [Feb. 16,
five ballots were taken. It is interesting to learn that
M. Zola obtained only six votes.
"The Magazine of American History" and "The
National Magazine " have been united under the name
of the former, and will be published by the National
History Company, with General James Grant Wilson
as editor. The new magazine will be larger than either
of its constituent parts, but will be issued at a re-
duced price.
The publishers of "The New England Magazine"
send us a timely pamphlet reprint of Mr. Julius H.
Ward's article on the late Phillips Brooks, published
about a year ago in the magazine. The reprint includes
Bishop Brooks's sermon on Abraham Lincoln delivered
at Philadelphia, April 23, 18(55, when the body of the
murdered President was lying in state in that city.
It is announced by "The Critic " tliat the ownership
of that journal is now in the hands of Mr. J. B. Gilder
and Miss J. L. Gilder, its founders and editors, who have
acquired the controlling interest hitherto held by the
publishing house of Charles E. Merrill & Co. We con-
gratulate our sprightly contemporary both on the suc-
cess already achieved and the promise of increased pros-
perity for the future.
Mr. F. If. Day, of Norwood, Massachusetts, a mem-
ber of the Keats Memorial Committee, writes to us as
follows:
"Grateful acknowledgement is made, in ln-lmlf of the
committee receiving subscriptions towards the erection
of the Keats Memorial in Hainpstead, of the contribution
received 'from a lover of Keats,' La Fayette, Indiana,
from whom a more definite name would be appreciated."
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
February, 18D3 i Second List I.
American Millionaires and their Gifts. Review of Reviews.
Atchison. Topeka and Santa Fe Ry. Illus. Cosmopolitan.
Beet-root Sugar. Illus. H. S. Adams. Cosmopolitan.
Blaine. Illus. T. C. Crawford. Cosmopolitan.
Books for a Musical Library. J. G. Adams. Music.
Boston's Public Schools. J.M.Rice. Forum.
Browning's Musical Philosophy. R. P. Hughes. Music.
Cholera, How to Prevent. Sir Spencer Wells. Forum.
Critic and his Task, The. Dial i Feb. IB).
1 )emoeracy and the Mother Tongue. J.C.Adams. Cosmopol'n.
Education, The New. J.R.Buchanan. Arena.
Electric Lighting in Am. Cities. R. J. Finley. Rev. of Rev.
Emotion and the Modern Novel. F. Marion Crawford. Forum.
Fuller, Henry B. W. I. Way. Inland Printer.
Gould, Jay. W. T. Stead. Review of Reviews.
Gould Millions and Inheritance Tax. Max West. Rev. of Rev.
Gypsy Music. Theo. Moelling. Music.
History, Art of Writing. W. E. H. Lecky. Forum.
Housekeeping Problems. Frances M. Abbott. Forum.
Japan, Religious Thought in. Kinza M. Hirai. Arena.
Jefferies, Richard. E. G. J. Dial i Feb. 16 i.
Jefferson, Thomas. William Henry Smith. Dial i Feb. Hi i.
Macbeth, Lady, Stage Types of. Morris Ross. I'liet-Lorr.
Mascagni, Pietro. Illus. Alfred Veit. Music.
Medicine as a Career. J. S. Billings. Forum.
Money, Power and Value of. M. J. Savage. Arena.
Monte Carlo. Illus. H. C. Farnhani. Cosmopolitan.
Municipal Gas Making. Prof. Beniis. Ht-view of Reviews.
Music at the Fair. W. S. B. Matthews. Music.
National Arbitration, Compulsory. Solomon Schindler. Arena.
Naval Construction, Evolution of. Illus. Cosmopolitan.
Negro Suffrage a Failure. J. C. Wickliffe. Forum.
Oldest English Lyric. Richard Burton. Poet-Lore.
Oriental Rugs. Illus. S. G. W. Benjamin. Cosmopolitan.
Piano-Playing, Philosophy in. Adolph Carpe. Music.
Poetic Expression. D. Dorchester, Jr. Poet-Lore.
Poetry, Future of. C. L. Moore. Forum.
Poetry, Mr. Stedman on. A. G. Newcomer. Dial lFeb.lt>).
Realism and Other Isms. Joseph Kirkland. Dial i Feb. Hi).
Representation, Proportional. W. D. McCrackan. Arena.
Ruskin as Letter-Writer. W. G. Kingsland. Poet-Lore.
Shakespeare, A Defense of. W. J. Rolfe. Arena.
Silver-Purchase Act. G. T. Williams. Forum.
Suffrage. E. E. Hale. Cosmopolitan.
Tariff Reform. D. A. Wells. Forum.
Women Wage-Earners. Helen Campbell. Arena.
Wood Printing. L. L. Price. Inland Printer.
List ok New Books.
. [The following list, embracing 03 titles, includes all books
received by The Dial sine* last issue.]
HISTORY.
The Story of a Cavalry Regiment: The Career of the
Fourth Iowa Volunteers, from Kansas to Georgia, lN*il-5.
By William Forse Scott, late Adjutant. Large Svo, with
maps, etc., pp. 600, gilt top, uncut edges. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $3.50.
The Campaign of Waterloo: A Military History. BvJohn
("oilman Ropes, author of "The Army under Pope."
With map. large Hvo, pp. 400, gilt top, uncut edges.
Charles Scribner 8 Sons. $2.50.
Russia under Alexander III. and in the Preceding Period.
Translated from the German of H. Von Samson-Himmel-
stierna, by J. Morrison, M.A. Edited, with explanatory
notes and an introduction, by Felix Volkhovsky. Svo,
pp. 300, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $3.00.
The Tuscan Republics: Florence. Siena, Pisa, and Lucca,
with Genoa. By Bella Duffy. Illus.. Svo, pp. 456. Put-
nam's "Story of the Nations" series. $1.50,
BIOGRAPHY, ETC.
Charles Darwin: His Life Told in an Autobiographical
Chapter and in a Selected Series of his published Letters.
Edited by his son, Francis Darwin. With portrait. *vo,
pp. 3»i5. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Letters of James Sinethum. with an Introductory Memoir.
Edited by Sarah Sraetham and William Davies. With
iwrtrait, l'Jmo, pp. 404, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
Browning and Whitman: A Study in Democracy. By
Oscar L. Triggs (University of Chicago i. ISmo, pp. 145.
Macmillan's Dilettante Library." iK) eta.
ESSAYS.
In the Key of Blue, and Other Prose Essays. By John Ad-
dington Symonds. 12mo, pp. 302, gilt top, uncut edges.
Macmillan & Co. $3.50.
Gossip In a Library. By Edmund Gosse. 12mo. pp. XVI,
Lovell, Coryell & Co. *1.25.
Let Him First Be a Man, and Other Essays, chiefly relat-
ing to Education and Culture. By W. H. Venable,
LL.D., author of "The Teacher's Dream." l'Jmo. pp.
264. Lee & Shepard. $1.25.
LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE.
Three Centuries of Scottish Literature. B y "Hugh
Walker. M.A. In 2 vols., 12mo, uncut edges. Macmil-
lan & Co. £3.00.
Hiiltys Verhaltniss zu der englischen Llteratur: Inaug-
ural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der philosophischen Doc-
tor-wiirde. Von Lewis Addison Rhoades, A.M. Svo.
pp.50. Gottingen : Dieterich'schen Univ.-Buchdruckerei.
History of English: The Origin and Development of the
English I«anguage. By A. C. Champneys, M.A. 12mo,
pp. 415, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
ART.
A Guide to the Paintings of Florence: An Account of
all the Pictures and Frescoes in Florence. By Karl Kar-
oly. lKnio, pp. 345. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
POETRY.
Adzuma; or. The Japanese Wife: A Play in Four Acts.
By Sir Edwin Arnold, author of "'The Light of Asia."
llimo. pp. 170, gilt top, uncut edges. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.50.
The City of Dreadful Night. By James Thomson. With
introduction by E. Cavazza. 12mo, pp. 120, uncut. Port-
land, Maine: Thomas B. Mosher. $1.50.
A Country Muse: New Series. By Norman R. Gale, author
of " A June Romance." 18mo, pp. 110, uncut. G. P. Put-
nani's Sons. $1.00.
Miilmorado: A Metrical Romance. By Joseph I. C. Clarke,
author of "Robert Emmet, a Tragedy. 18mo, pp. 112,
gilt top, uncut edges. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Cloth, 7")
cts.; paper, .Hi cts.
The sunt of 'erica and Columbus; or. The Story of
the New World. By Kinahan Corwallis. lOmo, pp. '278.
New York: Office Daily Investigator. $1.00.
A New Curriculum. Found Among the Posthumous Pa-
pers of Mr. Egbert Cole, M.A. lHmo, pp. 40. Porter &
Coates. AO cts.
FICTION.
The Grand Chaco. By George Manville Fenn, author of
"The Dingo Boys." Illus., 12mo, pp. 383. Tait, Sons
&Co. $1.50.
Furonl Amatl: A Romance. By Mrs. L. C. Ellsworth, author
of " A Little Worldling." llimo, pp. 104. Tait, Sons &
Co. 81.00.
"Mr. Punch's" Prize Novels: New Series, By R. C. Ijah-
man. Illus. from "Punch." llimo, pp.239. Tait, Sons
& Co. Si.00.
Stories nnd Sketches. By Grace Greenwood, author of
"My Toiir in Europe." Uimo, pp. 220, Tait, Sons &
Co. $1.00.
A Moral Dilemma. By Annie Thompson. 8vo, pp. 312.
Longmans, Green & Co. $1.00.
A Mute Confessor: The Romance of a Southern Town. By-
William N". Harben, anthor of "White Marie." With
portrait. llimo, pp. 192, Arena Publishing Co. §1.00.
Lights and Shadows of the Soul: Collected Sketches and
Stories. By Sylvan Drey. 18mo, pp. 01. Baltimore:
dishing it Co. 60 cts.
Rob Roy. By Sir Walter Scott, Bart. New Dryburgh edi-
tion, illus., 8vo, pp. 423, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
David Copperfleld. By Charles Dickens. Reprint of the
first edition, with the illustrations, and an introduction
by Charles Dickens the Younger. 12mo, pp. 819, uncut.
Macmillan & Co. $1.00.
NEW VOIA'MKH IN THK PATER LIBRARIES.
Appleton's Town and Country Library: A Comedy of
Elopement, by Christian Reid; 10iuov pp. 201.—In the
Suntime of Her Youth, bv Beatrice Whitby; lOmo, pp.
36S. Each, 50 cts.
Harper's Franklin Square Library: The Veiled Hand,
by Frederic Wicks; 8vo, pp. 316. 50 cts.
Rand. McNally & Co.'s Rialto Series: Danesbury House,
by Mrs. Henry Wood, with introduction by Frances E.
Willard and Lady Henry Somerset; Hvo, pp. 295. 7."» cts.
Morrill, Higgins & Co.'s Idylwild Series: The Man from
Wall Street, by St. George Rathborne; illus., 8vo, pp.
324.— L'Amencaine, by Jules Cearetie, tr. by William
Henry Scudder; illus., 8vo, pp. 404.--My Jean, by Pa-
tience Stapleton; illns., 8vo, pp. 332, Each, 50 cts.
Schulte's Ariel Library: American Push, by Edgar Faw-
cett; 8vo, pp. 230. 50 cts.
Taylor's Broadway Series: Lady Vemer's Flight, by
"The Duchess"; llimo, pp. 310. 50 cts.
Bonner's Choice Series: The Spanish Treasure, by Eliza-
beth C. Winter, illus. by Warren B. Davis; ltimo, pp.
:<35.— The Siberian Exiles, by Col. T. W. Knox; llimo,
pp. 354. Each, 50 cts.
SOCIAL STUDIES.
Superstition and Force: Essays on the Wager of Law, the
Wager of Battle, the Ordeal, Torture. By Henry
Charles Lea, LL.D. 4th edition, revised, Hvo, pp. 027.
Lea Brothers & Co. $2.75.
Our Children of the Slums. By Annie Bronson King.
12mo, pp. 54. D. D. Merrill Co. 50 cts.
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE.
Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, Moun-
taineer, Scout, Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of
Indians. Written from his own dictation, by T. D. Bon-
ner. New edition, edited by Charles G. Leland. Illus.,
Hvo, pp. 440. Macmillan's " Adventure Series." $1.50.
Morocco as It Is. With an account of Sir Charles Euan
Smith's Recent Mission to Fez. By Stephen Bonsai, Jr.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 340. Harper & Brothers. $2.00.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
The Life of Jesus Critically Examined. By Dr. David
Friedrich Strauss. Translated from the 4th German edi-
tion, by George Eliot. 2d edition, large Svo, pp. 784, un-
cut. Macmillan & Co. $4.50.
Guide to the Knowledge of God: A Study of the Chief
Theodicies. By A. Gratry. Translated by Abby Lang-
don Alger, with introduction by William R. Alger.
Large 8vo, pp. 469. Roberts Brothers. $3.00.
Short History of the Christian Church. By John Fletcher
Hurst, D.D. With maps, Hvo, pp. 072, gilt top, uncut
edges. Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.00.
The Distinctive Messages of the Old Religions. By the
Rev. George Matheson, M.A. 12mo, pp. 342. A. D. F.
Randolph & Co. $1.75.
The Higher Criticism of the Hexateuch. By Charles
Augustus Briggs. l'-'nio, pp. 259. Charles Scribner's
Sons. £1.75.
A Short History of the Book of Common Prayer. To-
gether with certain papers illustrative of liturgical re-
vision, 1878-92. By William Reed Huntington,