ewhat different. Mr. Stearns does
not seem to recognize that an implied contract be-
tween the book-buyer and the book-seller, the reader
and the author, is to be held as a real force among
the canons of Art. His standpoint is rather his-
torical than commercial,— historical in the sense of
regarding the development of the human mind,
however, not necessarily chronological. Besides
the essays more particularly referred to in the title
of this volume, there are others on various matters
of literary interest. Among these last, detaching
itself somewhat from all the rest of the book through
its vitality and intensity, is one upon Fred Wads-
worth Loring. To those who knew this man of let-
ters too early cut off, and to those who know of
him, his short career has always been a sort of an
inspiration. This book, dedicated to him, is in no
way unworthy of its dedication; and yet perhaps
its worthiest part is the wreath laid on the grave of
one for whom, had she but known him, his country
might in time have conceived a monument more
adequate in breadth of feeling, but not more im-
pressive nor more fitting.
t- u * <■ • It Is hard to acquit the Rev. Alfred
jrom ihp. oiii J. Church of the crime of "book-
GrfeA" comedian*. 1 ■ • , • , . ^ ■
making in his last venture, " Stories
from the Greek Comedians" (Macmillan). A
lively scholar in one of Moliere's comedies boasts
that he has put all Roman history into madrigals.
Mr. Church seems bent on giving us the whole of
ancient literature in "stories." The "Story of the
Iliad" and the " Story of the Odyssey " are admir-
able books for boys. Herodotus, the prince of story-
tellers, and Livy, in the earlier books, would lend
themselves excellently to the method; and even
Thuoydides and Tacitus might, with sacrifice of
their distinctive literary and philosophic flavor, be
reproduced as simple tales of combat and adven-
ture. But here we draw the line. The interest of
Greek tragedy did not lie in the plot, which was
already familiar to the spectator, but in the high
poetic strain of meditation that moralized the strife
of passions and the conflict of will and destiny.
Nothing is gained for true culture or sound educa-
tion by imposing the external forms of such liter-
ature on minds that are not ripe to appreciate its
inner significance. That is the method by which
the feeble folk of Roman and Byzantine rhetori-
cians taught the great literatures of the past, and
with our epitomes, resumes, and University Exten-
sion syllabuses, we are fast faring in the same
direction. Still more futile is the attempt to water
down the fiery full-bodied wine of Aristophanes
into an innocuous and palatable beverage for the
youthful palate. Knowledge of the contemporary
tragedy, minute acquaintance with Athenian social
and political life, a fearless acceptance of buffoonery,
scurrility, indecency even, if salted with wit; —
these are the mental qualities requisite to a hearty
relish of Aristophanes. They are not desirable
qualities in the mind of a healthy boy. Simplifica-
tion here is falsification. What can the story-lov-
ing boy make of the analysis of the styles of Euri-
pides and ./Eschylus in the " Frogs "? And from the
lame and impotent conclusion of Mr. Church's
Bowdlerized version of the "EcclesiazousK," what
can he infer except that Aristophanes was a very
prosy and inconsequential old duffer? But though
ill-adapted for the boys who are to read Mr. Church's
other stories, the book may serve another class of
readers very well. It will help to vivify the Kn-
glish student's conception of a Greek comedy and
may well take its place on the shelf beside Frere's
translations (in Morley's "Universal Library " )
and the volume on Aristophanes in the "Ancient
Classics for English Readers."
, In "Japan in Art and Industry"
Aotes and emntnenis ^ _*T , r, ■»» ., ",.
on Japanese. Art (G. P. Putnam 8 Sons ), Mr. Felix
and nduitry. Regamey has added one more to
the long list of worthless books about the " Land of
the Rising Sun." It is a collection of miscellaneous
notes and comments, carelessly written, and marred
by much inaccuracy. The conception is a good
one. If well carried out it would have furnished a
desirable hand-book for popular use, differing
somewhat in scope from Professor Chamberlain's
"Things Japanese," and making a convenient sup-
plement to that admirable work. But although the
book contains a great deal of information, largely
the result of personal observation by the author,
the numerous errors, some of which appear upon
almost every page, make it practically valueless.
Many of these errors are due to careless writing.
For instance, we are told that "Birth, baptism,
marriage, and decease are celebrated in the fam-
ily." The italics, of course, are ours. More mis-
leading are such statements as, "Japanese of the
old school avoid pronouncing on this day [the first
of January] the syllable shi, the root word of
death. This would be a bad omen, and, as this
syllable enters into an infinite number of words,
the avoidance involves interminable periphrases."
The fact is that avoidance of the use of shi on
New Year's day is the exception rather than the
rule, even among Japanese who have not fallen
in with the new order of things. Only among a
few of the ignorant and superstitious does the
custom prevail. The mistakes of the author have
been supplemented by numerous blunders on the
part of the translator, some of which,— as, for in-
stance, calling the peculiarly Japanese art of Flower
Arrangement " The Art of Making Bouquets,"—
are apparently attributable to unfamiliarity with
the subject-matter. No reliance should be placed
on the Japanese words printed in this book. Many
of them are incorrectly given; and the translator
has retained the erratic French spelling employed


180
[March 16,
THE DIAL
by Mr. Regamey, instead of substituting therefor
the now generally accepted system of phonetic
transliteration. The only thing of real value in
the book is a " Bibliography of Japan," ami even
that is far from being complete.
Dr. Karl iirinr. DoCTOR Karl Heinemann's excellent
Z™rJZ??r''''h monograph on "Goethe's Mutter"
Mutier." (Heaven bless her!) originally pub-
lished in 1891. comes to us now in it* fourth revised
and improved edition (Leipzig: Artur Seemann).
This conscientious work, full of documents and pic-
tures from "die Quellen," has already received a
good deal of well-merited attention, and has pro-
vided the nucleus for a notable article entitled
"Bourgeois d'autrefois" in the "Revue des Deux
Mondes" of the first of July last. It appears that
the amiable Fran Aja had to encounter, even in her
illustrious son, something of the same egoism and
lack of tenderness from which in his father both
that son and she had suffered so much. Anything
relating to this delightful mother, who grew up, as
she said, with her Wolfgang, and possessed the true
fountain of eternal youth — a serenely practical
and cheerfully poetical spirit — is sure to be wel-
come, especially when presented in so readable and
so attractive a form as this work by Doctor Heine-
mann. The fourth edition is superior to the first in
containing twenty pages of additional matter, con-
sisting partly of an index, partly of more numer-
ous and more extended notes, partly of additional
cuts printed in the text. Besides these cuts paged
with the text, there are several cuts inserted. In
all sixteen valuable illustrations are added, some of
them full-page and some double-page. Would it not
be worth while for some qualified person to translate
this admirable work into English?
,. .. , That Mr. Freeman should have
Mr. brtrmnnr* • i i .
la*work: "The started out to write the history of
.story of Sicily. Normans in Sicily, and, after
publishing over a thousand pages, have died and
left his story told only to the times of Alcibiades,
is a cause of abiding regret to all students. But it
is aggravating to pick up a popular one-volume his-
tory of " Sicily" (Putnam ) from his pen and find
that this also comes short — by just missing it —
of the period of Norman conquest. It seems a per-
versity of fate that the unequaled knowledge of
Mr. Freeman on that special period should all be
buried with him. when the time given to this
brief sketch of ancient Sicily would have been suf-
ficient for giving us at least a summary view of the
days since 1060. Mr. Freeman expected to add a
second volume-—covering the Norman period—to
the one under consideration, but his sudden death
ended all. The great historian of England's Nor-
man conquest touched no page of history which he
did not make luminous, and so, putting away una-
vailing regret, one soon finds his usual mastery in
this his last volume. The period of Greek settle-
ment is made as interesting as it can be made in so
! summary a treatment, and the wars of Gylippus. of
Agathocles, of Pyrrhus, and of the Carthaginians
are dealt with in detail. Mr. Freeman's happy
manner of writing history "on the spot " gives to
his pages a local coloring of extreme familiarity and
accuracy, and we follow with him the march of
Greek and Carthaginian, as we have followed him
in former days over the vales of Normandy and the
downs of England. This book was a residual
product for the author, a sort of condensed essence
of his larger work, but it is one of the very best in
the admirable "Story of the Nations" series.
"Uncle Remus and His Friends"
'■lZ,%™'lm, (Houghton), by Mr. Joel Chandler
Harris, gives us a new collection of
stories and songs transcribed from the lips of the
plantation negro. Our delight in the collection is
only tempered by the author's announcement that
the book contains " Uncle Remus's good-by " to the
public. We cannot have too much matter of this
sort, particularly matter collected and edited with
so happy a mixture of sympathy with intelli-
gence, and we trust that Mr. Harris may yet he led
to reconsider his resolution. Many of the stories
now published were gathered from Mr. Harris's
household servants. He tells us that "there has
been a general understanding in my household for
a dozen years or more that preference was to be
given in the kitchen to a cook of the plantation
type." After this statement we are not surprised
when told that "it has sometimes happened that
digestion was sacrificed to sentiment." The au-
thor's children, also, were enlisted as detectives in
the work of ferreting out bits of half-forgotten
folk-lore, and proved themselves most efficient aids
in the work.
„ , , „ A volume of "Essays and Ad-
A volume of Essays » .
ami Addresses by the dresses by the late Canon Liddon
Me Canon lAddon. ^Longman8) includes two lectures
on Buddhism, two on the life of St. Paul, and three
papers on Dante read before the Oxford Dante So-
ciety. Between the lectures and the Dante Society
papers there is a marked difference of treatment,
the former being adapted to popular audiences, and
the latter fitted for the hearing of scholars. The
popular lectures, which are of slight value, discuss
their subjects from the strictly orthodox stand-
point, those upon Buddhism giving to their subject
a treatment as sympathetic as could perhaps be ex-
pected from the professional spokesman of another
faith. The papers devoted to Dante are, on the
other hand, of considerable scholarly importance.
The first two discuss the influence of Aquinas upon
the poet, as illustrated mainly by the "Commeda,"
for the writer's limits are too narrow to allow the
"Convito" to be brought also within his scope.
The other paper takes up the allied subject of
"Dante and the Franciscans," having mainly to do
with Bonaventura, Bacon, and Duns Scotus. It is
well that the relations of Dante to Dominican and


1893.]
187
THE DIAL
Franciscan thought should have been analyzed by
so thorough a theologian as Dr. Liddon, although
the subject is hardly more than outlined in the few
pages of attention that it here receives.
AnodmiraUy Mr- J■ £■ C- Welldon's translation
precUt rendering of of the Nichomachean Ethics of Aris-
Ansiotie s fjhtca. ^jje (Macmillan) is worthy of the
hand that gave us the "Rhetoric " and the "Poli-
tics." For all purposes except the technical study
of Greek philosophic terminology, it may well take
the place of the original. There are some para-
graphs—notably in the chapters on the intellectual
virtues in the sixth book — where it is permissible
to differ from the translator. But we have de-
tected no lapses of negligence or defective scholar-
ship. Mr. Welldon has succeeded in reproducing
admirably what Schopenhauer calls the gl&nzende
Trockenheit of Aristotle's style. He does not at-
tempt to render consistently each important word
of the original by one corresponding English word,
but he is very happy in the invention or discovery
uf simple idiomatic phraseological equivalents that
reproduce the entire connotation of the Aristotelian
term. To the schoolboy he may seem in some
places to translate as "freely" as Jowett. The
schoolmaster will note that the freedom is only ap-
parent, and that the text is rendered with the ut-
most precision down to the last particle. Why
should not Mr. Welldon go on and give us the En-
glish Aristotle for which students have been wait-
ing so long?
Breety pen pic- "Footi'rints of Statesmen during
lures o/Zven En- the Eighteenth Century in England"
tjlish Statesmen. . -»» *il \ • ■ e t
(Macmillan) is a series of breezy
pen pictures by Reginald Baliol Brett, including
Marlborough, Bolingbroke, Swift, Walpole, the two
Pitts, and Fox. Mr. Brett writes better English
than his use of the word during in his title-page
leads one to expect. As he himself says in his " ad-
vertisement," the book does not contain anything
new, but it forms a very readable running commen-
tary on the growth of popular and parliamentary
government in England in the eighteenth century.
The author is thoroughly familiar with the political
life and the personalities of that period, and his es-
timates of his band of seven are made with much
discernment and cool judgment. As an aid to the
study of the period in such a work as Lecky's great
history, it may find its fit place.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The latest volume of "The Gentleman's Magazine
Library" (Houghton), edited by Mr. George Laur-
ence Gomme, carries on the subject of " Knglisb To-
pography " through the counties of Derbyshire, Devon-
shire, and Dorsetshire. These collections of material,
although hardly available for consecutive reading, throw
many side-lights on the development of English his-
tory, and are published in very attractive form.
"The New Exodus" (Putnam), by Mr. Harold
Frederic, is an account of the Russian Judenhetze of
our days, based upon some personal observation, and
told in newspaper correspondent style. Probably Mr.
Frederic's journalistic instincts lead him into exaggera-
tion now and then, and probably the picture is painted
in darker colors than strict historical truth would jus-
tify, but we may make full allowance for these tenden-
cies and yet find a residuum of cruelty and brutality in
the treatment of its Hebrew population by the Russia
of to-day to make us wonder if we are reading a chron-
icle of nineteenth century civilization.
The " Abraham Lincoln " of Mr. W. H. Herndou and
Mr. Jesse W. Weik (Appleton), published very unat-
tractively a few years ago, is now reissued in a neat
two-volume edition, with an introduction by Mr. Hor-
ace White. It is one of the best, as well as one of the
most intimate, of the many Lincoln biographies. Its
treatment of the period of Lincoln's presidency is rather
summary, but of the earlier period, when Mr. Herndou
was intimately associated with the subject of his biog-
raphy, it gives nearly, if not quite, the most detailed ac-
count that we possess.
Mks. L. B. Walford's "Twelve English Author-
esses" (Longmans) is a collection of commonplace
sketches of the more famous Englishwomen of this and
the last century, having no critical value, and only the
biographical value possessed by a string of rather inco-
herent anecdotes. The range of the volume is from
Hannah More to George Eliot.
"The World's Representative Assemblies of To-
Day " is a study in comparative legislation, by Mr. Ed-
mund K. Alden, published in the Johns Hopkins polit-
ical science series. It offers a summary of facts use-
ful to students and teachers alike. The latest publica-
tion of the American Economic Association is an account,
by Dr. Frederick E. Hayues, of "The Reciprocity
Treaty with Canada of 1854." The study is instruc-
tive, in view of the fact that our political quacks have
recently brought forward the discarded nostrum with
which it deals. A pamphlet of allied interest, sent us
by The Open Court Publishing Co., is entitled "Earl
Grey on Reciprocity and Civil Service Reform," and
prints letters upon these subjects by the veteran En-
glish statesman, with comments by General M. M.
Trumbull.
The Rev. H. N. Hutchinson's " Extinct Monsters"
(Appleton) presents, in an attractive volume, "a pop-
ular account of some of the larger forms of ancient an-
imal life." The book gives us the latest reconstruc-
tions of Dinosaurs and other "dragons of the prime,"
both in drawings and descriptive text. Mr. Hutchinson
is one of the best among English writers of |>opular sci-
entific literature, and his latest work is one of much in-
terest and value.
The following are books and pamphlets of Colum-
bian interest: "Christopher Columbus and His Monu-
ment Columbia" (Rand, McNally & Co.), is a compi-
lation, by Mr. J. M. Dickey, of tributes in prose and
verse to the discoverer and the land of his discovery.
It is a curious hodge-podge. "Columbus and the Find-
ing of the New World," by Dr. W. F. Poole, is a pri-
vately printed pamphlet, which takes a rational view of
the subject, and has the writer's well-known qualities
of incisive style. "The Cradle of the Colombo* " (L\
S. Book Co.), by the Rev. Hugh Flattery, pretends to
trace the family of the discoverer back to liobbio and
»


188 THE DIAL [March 16,
the seventh century. The latest instalment of "Old
South Leaflets" (Heath) consists of numbers relating
to Columbus and other celebrated travellers connected
with American history.
The new edition of " Familiar Talks on English Lit-
erature" (McClurg), by Mrs. Abby Sage Richardson,
shows considerable revision of the earlier ones, and a
marked improvement upon them. The subject is car-
ried down to the early nineteenth century, Scott being
the subject of the closing chapter. The tone of the
book is "familiar," as the title indicates, and the esti-
mates conventional. We think that such a work at-
tempts the impossible in seeking to be at once a his-
tory and a collection of extracts. The scraps of liter-
ature that can alone be given in a volume of this size
are not really representative, and yet they often pro-
duce the illusion of acquaintance with an author.
Literary Xotks and News.
The concluding volumes of Mr. Edward L. Pierce's
life of Charles Sumner are promised for early appear-
ance.
A government bill introduced into the French Cham-
ber proposes a pension of 6000 francs for Madame
Kenan.
A Philadelphia bibliophile has almost completed his
collection of a full set of the works of the poets laureate
of Great Britain.
Messrs. Wise and Smart, who are at work upon a
Kuskin bibliography, have already catalogued 1143
items of Mr. Kuskin's writings.
A society for protection against publishers has been
organized by sixty or more French authors, among whom
are MM. Zola, Daudet, and Goncourt.
Mr. Arthur Sherburne Hardy, of Dartmouth Col-
lege, is acting as editor of "The Cosmopolitan " for a
few weeks, while Mr. Walker is taking a vacation in
the South.
Mr. Theodore Watts, who knew Borrow intimately,
has written the introduction to a new popular edition of
"Lavengro," soon to appear in the "Minerva Library
of Famous Books."
A portrait of the late Bishop Brooks, etched by Mr.
Charles A. Walker, is published by Messrs. Ticknor &
Co. It is an excellent piece of work, and is published
at a moderate price.
No less than 2268 newspapers are published in the
United Kingdom, 146 of them being dailies. There
are also, 1961 magazines and reviews, 456 of which are
described as of "a decidedly religious character."
The Literarische Gesellschaft of Munich, which has
recently been formed, intends arranging next March a
Heine-Feier as a protest against the recent decision of
the Town Council of Diisseldorf forbidding the erec-
tion of a monument in the poet's uative town.
M. Zola is undaunted by his latest failure to secure
election to the French Academy, and informs a " Temps"
reporter that be remains a candidate for the chair of
Kenan, and that he will offer himself for that of John Le-
moiime :—" From my deathbed, if there were a vacancy,
I should offer myself as a candidate."
Mrs. Elizabeth A. Reed of Chicago, will soon pub-
lish, through Messrs. S. C. Griggs & Co., a work on
"Persian Literature, Ancient and Modern," l>eing a
companion volume to the "Hindu Literature " of the
same author. The work will be illustrated by a num-
ber of facsimile reproductions of manuscripts.
Twenty-four performances of the music-dramas of
Richard Wagner, from '* Die Feen " to " Der Ring der
Nibelungen"—the complete cyclus, in fact, excepting
"Parsifal"—are announced by the Munich Hofthea-
ter for next August and September.
'• Poole's Index to Periodical Literature" and "The
American Library Association Index to General Litera-
ture " will hereafter be continued from year to year by
the "Annual Literary Index," which will catalogue
both periodicals and collections of essays under a single
alphabetical arrangement.
The French Academy has resolved on abandoning for
the present its "Dictionnaire Historique," a history of
words which, after forty years, has not yet in four vol-
umes reached the end of the letter A. It will proceed
all the more actively with the ordinary dictionary,
which appears about every twenty-five years.
We gave in our last issue some figures illustrative of
the publishing business for 1892 in England and the
United States. According to " La Bibliographic de la
France," over 13,000 volumes were issued in that coun-
try in 1892, a number about as great as those for the
two English-speaking countries combined.
It seems that the account of " Napoleon's Deporta-
tion to Elba," printed in the March "Century," was
published in Dublin as a pamphlet in 1841. The fam-
ily of the author, Captain Ussher, appear, however, to
have acted in good faith in offering the manuscript as
unpublished matter, for they claim to have had no
knowledge of its previous appearance.
That Voltaire was one of the most industrious of let-
ter-writers is a fact familiar to every owner of his
"CEuvres Completes," in however old and imperfect an
edition. All through the century, new batches of his
letters have been coining to light, and the end is not
yet, for a collection of some five hundred has recently
been unearthed from the library of M. Tronchiu, a Swiss
gentleman.
The proposal to exhibit the MS. of the " Flatejorbok"
at the World's Fair has aroused so much adverse criti-
cism in Denmark that the librarian of the Royal Li-
brary in Copenhagen, in which the codex is now lodged,
recently saw tit to give a public explanation of his posi-
tion in the matter. While discreetly avoiding a de-
tailed account of the negotiations, he states that the
library officials have no authority to take such a step,
and that the loan of the MS. will be made by order of
the government.
The late Mr. Freeman's " History of Federal Gov-
ernment, of which only one volume, dealing with the
Greek Federations, was ever published, lias long been
out of print. We are glad to hear that Messrs. Mac-
millan & Co. will shortly publish a new edition of this
work in one compact volume, edited by Mr. J. B. Burr
of Trinity College, Dublin. Besides various minor cor-
rections and additions left by the author in MS., the
volume will contain a sketch of federal government in
Italy which was found among his papers, and has never
been published.
Mr. J. M. Dent, the London publisher, appears to
have an unerring instinct for what the book-lover, as
distinguished from the general reader, wants to add to
his collection. We have already to thank Mr. Dent for
his exquisite editions of Laudor, Peacock, and Jane


1893.]
189
THE DIAL
Austen, and now comes the news that he is about to pro-
duce the novels of the Bronte" sisters, in twelve volumes,
Malory's "Le Morte Darthur," in two volumes, and
Mackenzie's "Man of Feeling." Of the Malory we are
told, the text will be that of the 1485 edition printed
by Caxton, but the spelling will be partly modernized,
obsolete words and such as have changed their mean-
ings alone being printed in the old spelling. Professor
Rhys is to contribute an introduction, and Mr. Aubrey
Beardsley is supplying drawings for ten photogravure
and twenty other full page illustrations.
"The Athenseura " gives us the following account of
the one-volume Coleridge, soon to be issued by Messrs.
Macmillan & Co., uniform with their Shelley, Words-
worth, Arnold, and Tennyson, and edited by Mr. Dykes
Campbell. "The text is founded upon the edition of
1829, which is the last upon which the author was able
to bestow personal care and attention. To the poems
comprised iu it have been added, as far as possible in
chronological order, (1) all those omitted by Coleridge
from the various collections issued in his lifetime, (2)
all those hitherto added by his editors from whatever
source, (3) a number which have escaped their notice,
and (4) a further considerable number of poems and
fragments which have hitherto remained in MS. These
last appear with the sanction of Mr. Ernest Coleridge,
the author's grandson and literary executor. In along
introduction Mr. Campbell has supplied a more com-
plete and accurate narrative of the events of the poet's
life than has yet appeared. In the appendices are
given the original versions of several poems which af-
terwards underwent great alteration, while the notes,
which are unusually full, will, it is believed, throw much
new light upon the circumstances under which many of
the poems were written, and so be of service not only
to students of the poems, but to all who are interested
in the character and career of the poet."
Announcements of Spuing Books.
We give below a carefully prepared and classified
list of the publications to be issued this spring by Amer-
ican Publishers. The list is a rather more extensive
one than a year ago, every department of literature be-
ing very fully represented. These announcement lists,
which have for many years been made a regular semi-
annual feature of The Dial, are found of particu-
lar value to librarians and book-sellers, as well as inter-
esting and instructive to the large class of general read-
ers who take an active interest in the world of books
and bookmen. It should be noted that books already
issued and received at The Dial, office are not an-
nounced in this list, but are entered, instead, in the reg-
ular List of New Books on page 192. A few additional
announcements, which reached us too late for insertion,
will appear in the issue of The Dial for April 1.
History.
The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians, by Anatole Leroy
Beaulieu, translated, with annotations, from the third
French edition, by Z. A. Ragozin, to be complete in three
parte; Part I., with maps, $3.00.— The Church in the
Roman Empire, A. D. 64-170, with chapters of later
Christian History in Asia Minor, by W. H. Ramsay,
82.50.— Outlines of Roman History, by Henry F. Pelham,
$1.75 —The Story of Poland, by W. R. Morfill, illus.,
"Story of the Nations," $1.50.— Venice: An Historical
Sketch of the Republic, by Horatio F. Brown, with maps,
$4.50. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.)
The Progress of American Historical Literature, by Dr. J. M.
Vincent. I Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.)
Rise of the British Dominion in India, by Sir Alfred Lyall,
with colored maps, $1.50 net, (Charles Scribner's Sons,
New York. I
Green's Short History, new illustrated edition, edited by Mrs.
J. R. Green and Miss Kate Norgate, Vol. H., $5.00.
(Harper & Brothers, New York. I
From Chattanooga to Petersburg under Generals Grant
and Butler: A Contribution to the History of the War, by
William Farrar Smith, with maps, etc. I Houghton, Mif-
flin & Co., Boston.)
English History for American Readers, by Thomas Wentworth
Higginsoii and Dr. Edward Channing, illus.— The Land
of Home Rule: Being an Account of the History and In-
stitutions of the Isle of Man, by Spencer Walpole, $1.75.
(Longmans, Green & Co., New York.)
History of the Expedition of Lewis and Clark, new limited
edition, with notes by Elliott Cones, 4 vols., $12.50; spe-
cial edition on hand-made linen paper, $25.00. (Francis
P. Harper, New York.)
Stories of English History, by Albert E. Blaisdell, illus.—
Historic Mansions of New England, by Samuel Adams
Drake, illus. (Lee & Shepard, Boston.)
Annals of an Old Manor House, Sutton Place, Gnildf ord House,
by Frederic Harrison, illus. (Macmillan & Co., New
York.)
Biography and Memoirs.
Wagner and His Works, the Story of his Life with critical
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192 THE
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Lessons in English, by May F. Hyde.— Petite Histoire de
la Literature Franqaise, by Delphine Duval, $1.12.—Sylla-
bus of English Literature and History, by A. J. George,
25 cts.—Geometry in the German School, by Paul H.
Hanus, 25 cts. (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston.)
Reference.
Lippincott's Gazeteer of the World, 18!):!, $12.00. (J. B. Lip-
pincott Co., Philadelphia.)
Atlas of Classical Antiquities, by Th. Schrieber, edited for
English use by W. C. F. Anderson. iMacmillan & Co.,
New York.)
One Hundred Desserts, by Alessandre Filippini, 50 cts. (C.
L. Webster & Co., New York.)
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
March, 1S!)S I Second List ).
America in Hawaii. Sereno Bishop. Review of Reviews.
America, Prehistoric Annals of. Fred'k Starr. Dial (Mch. 16).
Anthropometry. E. B. Titchener. Philosophical Review.
Atlantic Cable, The Laying of the. Dial (March 16.)
Bacon-Shakespeare Case. F. J. Furnival. Arena.
Bi-Chloride of Gold Cure. Leslie Keeley. .Arena.
Blackfoot Indian Lodge Tales. E. L. Huggins. Dial (Mch. 161.
Chili. C. H. Harlow, U.S.N. New England Magazine.
England in Egypt. W. T. Stead. Review of Reviews.
English Officialism. E. W. Hnffcilt. Pol. Science Quarterly.
Epistemology in Locke and Kant. Andrew Seth. Philos. Rev.
Farmer, The. A. R. Wallace. Arena.
French Lycee, Life in a. Georges Jamin. Educational Rev.
Kant's Critical Problem. J. G. Schurman. Philos. Review.
Local History, Study of. W. S. Nevins. iVeio England Mag.
London University, The Proposed. J. G. Fitch. EducaCl. Rev.
Machinery and Employment. J. A. Hobson. Pol. Sci. Quar.
Marcy and Cuba. S. Webster. Pol. Science Quarterly.
Money Question, The. J.F.Clark. Arena.
Phillips Brooks. Archdeacon Farrar. Review of Reviews.
Poets and Critics. Rev. F. B. Hornbrooke. Poet-Lore.
Politics, Recent American. H. P. Judson. Rev. of Reviews.
Prison System in Mass. S. J. Barrows. New Eng. Mag.
Public School Pioneering. G. H. Martin. Educational Rev.
Realism, Some Aspects of. E. E. Hale, Jr. Dial (March 16).
Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence. /'"/. Sci. Quar.
Buskin, Unpublished Letters of. W. G. Kingsland. Poet-Lore.
Slavery in Old Deerfield. George Sheldon. New. Eng. Mag.
Symonds's " In the Key of Blue." W. I. Way. Dial I Mar. 16).
Taine, H. A. Dial ( March 16).
University of Wisconsin, The. New England Magazine.
Whitman and Tennyson. John Burroughs. Dial (Mar. 16).
William Morris and Socialism. Oscal L. Triggs. Poet-Lore.
Women Wage-Earners. Helen Campbell. Arena.
List of Xew Books.
[Tlie following list, embracing 62 titles, includes all books
received by The Dial since last issue.]
HISTORY.
The Story of the Atlantic Telesrraph. By Henry M.
Field. Illus., r.'mo, pp. 415. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.50.
Division and Reunion, 1829-1889. By Woodrow Wil-
son, Ph.D., author of "The State." With maps, ltlrao,
pp. 326. "Epochs of American History." Longmans,
Green & Co. $1.25.
The French War and the Revolution. By William
Milligan Sloane, Ph.D. With maps, 12mo, pp. 110.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25.


1893.]
193
THE DIAL
BIOGRAPHY.
The Private Life of the Great Composers. By John
Frederick Rowbothani, author of "The History of
Music." With portraits, 12mo, pp. 340, gilt top. Thomas
Whittaker. $2.00.
The Duchess of Berry and the Revolution of 1830. By
Imbert de Saint-Amand; translated by Elizabeth Gil-
bert Martin. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 331. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.25.
Convent Life of George Sand. I From " L'Histoire de Ma
Vie.") Translated by Maria Ellery MacKaye. With
portraits, 16mo, pp. 219. Roberts Bros. $1.00.
LITERARY MISCELLANY.
English Prose: Selections, with Critical Introductions.
Edited by Henry Craik. Vol. I., Fourteenth to Sixteenth
Century. 12mo, pp. 604. Macmillan & Co. $1.10.
Studies in the English Mystery Plays : A Thesis Pre-
sented at Vale University. By Charles Davidson. 8vo,
pp. 173. Printed by authority of Yale University.
Shakespeare as a Dramatic Artist: A popular illustra-
tion of the Principles of Scientific Criticism. By Richard
G. Moulton (University of Chicago). Third edition,
revised and enlarged, 12mo, pp. 443. Macmillan & Co.
$1.60.
Ruminations: The Ideal American Lady, and Other Es-
says. By Paul Siegvolk, author of "A Bundle of Pa-
pers." 16mo, pp. 423, gilt top. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50.
Reveries of a Batchelor ; or, A Book of the Heart. By
Ik Marvel. New Edgewood edition, 18mo, pp. 217.
Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cts.
Dream-Life : A Fable of the Seasons. By the author of
"Reveries of a Batchelor." New Edgewood edition,
18mo, pp. 210, gilt top. Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cts.
MUSIC.
The Parsifal of Richard Wagner. Translated from the
French of Maurice Kufferath. Illus., 12mo, pp. 300,
Tait, Sons & Co. $1.25.
POETRY.
Chronicles of Christopher Columbus : In Twelve Cantos.
By Margaret Dixon. New revised edition, 18mo, pp. 310,
gilt top. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
FICTION.
In the Bundle of Time. By Arlo Bates. 16mo, pp. 359.
Roberts Bros. $1.00.
An Odd Situation. By Stanley Waterloo, author of " A
Man and a Woman." 8vo, pp. 311, Morrill, Higgins &
Co. $1.25.
Cosmopolls. By Paul Bourget, author of "The Disciple."
Authorized edition, 12mo, pp. 343. Tait, Sons & Co.
$1.50.
A Mere Cypher. By Mary Angela Dickens, author of
"Cross Currents." 12mo, pp. 428. Macmillan & Co. $1.
Keith Deramore. By the author of "Miss Molly." 12mo,
pp. 380. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.00.
King Zub. By Walter Herries Pollock, author of " A Nine
Men's Morris." 12mo, pp.285. Tait,Sons & Co. $1.25.
Loaded
tious
Christine. By Adeline Sargent, author of "Beyond Re-
call." 12mo, pp. 325. Tait, Sons & Co. $1.00.
Prairie Folks. By Hamlin Garland, author of " Main-Trav-
elled Roads." 12mo, pp. 254. F. J. Schulte & Co. 50c.
The Black Dwarf and The Legend of Montrose. By Sir
Walter Scott. New Dryburgh Edition, illus., 12mo, pp.
385, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1.25.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Appletons' Town and Country Library: Commander
Mendoza, by Juan Valera, tr. by Mary J. Serrano; 16mo,
pp.291. 50 cts.
Talt's Shandon Series : Wrostella's Weird, by Helen Ma-
thers; 18mo, pp. 186. 25 cts.
Smith Pub'g Co.'s Lakeside Series: The Memoirs of a
Physician, by Alexandre Dumas; 12mo, pp. 525. 50 cts.
Bonner's Choice Series : The King of Honey Island, by
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Dice. By Edgar Fawcett, author of " An Anibi-
j Woman." 12mo, pp.288. Tait, Sons & Co. $1.
RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY.
The Evolution of Religion : The Gifford Lectures 1890-1
and 1891-2. By Edward Caird, LL.D. In 2 vols., 12mo,
uncut. Macmillan & Co. $4.00.
Some Lights of Science on the Faith: The Bampton
Lectures for 1892. By Alfred Barry, D.D. 8vo, pp.
350, uncut. Longmans, Green & Co. $3.00.
A History of the Preparation of the World for Christ.
By Rev. David R. Breed, D.D. Illus., large 8vo, pp.
388. Chicago: Young Men's Era Pub'g Co. $2.00.
Evolution and Man's Place in Nature. By Henry Calder-
wood, LL.D. 12mo, pp. 350. Macmillan & Co. $2.00.
Calvinism, Pure and Mixed: A Deience of the Westminster
Standards. By William G. T. Shadd, D.D. 8vo, pp.
164. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.00.
The World of the Unseen: An Essay on the Relation of
Higher Space to Things Eternal. By Arthur Willink.
18mo, pp. 184. Macmillan & Co. $1.00.
Manual of Natural Theology. By Geoige Park Fisher.
16mo, pp. 94. Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cts.
Do the Dead Return? A Record of Experiences in Spirit-
ualism. By a Clergymen of the Church of England.
12mo, pp. 127, uncut. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
The Secret of Character Building. By John B. DeMotte,
A.M. Illus., 12mo, pp. 130. S. C. Griggs & Co. $1.00.
Life and Conduct. By J. Cameron Lees, D.D. 32iuo, pp.
114. A. D. F. Randolph & Co. 25 cts.
TRAVEL.
Letters from South Africa. By the "Times " Special Cor-
respondent. 18mo, pp. 116. Macmillan & Co. 80 cts.
Carlsbad: A Medico-Practical Guide. By Emil Kleen, M.D.
18mo, pp. 100. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 75 cts.
FINANCE AND POLITICS.
Metal Monetary Systems of the World: A Complete
Guide. With aids to the Construction of the science of
money. By John Henry Norman. 8vo, pp. 330. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $2.25.
The Reciprocity Treaty with Canada of 1854. By Fred-
erick E. Haynes, Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 70. Am. Economic
Association. Paper, 75 cts.
Earl Grey on Reciprocity and Civil Service Reform. With
comments by Gen. M. M. Trumbull. 16mo, pp. 27. Open
Court Pub'g Co. 10 cts.
TEXT BOOKS.
Robinson's New Practical Arithmetic. lOmo, pp. 410.
Am. Book Co. 65 cts.
Robinson's New Rudiments of Arithmetic. 16mo, pp.
225. Am. Book Co. 30 cts.
Robinson's New Primary Arithmetic. lGmo, pp. 80.
Am. Book Co. 18 cts.
Scott's Marmion. 16mo, pp. 247. Am. Book Co. 20 cts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The Profession of Book Selling: A Handbook of Prac-
tical Hints for the Apprentice and Bookseller. By A.
Growoll. Part I., large 8vo, pp. 65. Office of "The
Publisher's Weekly." $2.00.
Keep Your Mouth Shut: A Popular Treatise on Mouth-
Breathing. By Fred A. A. Smith, M.D. With an Ap-
pendix on Ophthalmia in New-born Children, by Dr.
Smith and Dr. S. M. Burnett. 18mo, pp. 73. Roberts
Bros. 50 cts.
The New York Clipper Annual, 1893: Theatrical, Mus-
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Frank Queen Pub'g Co.
Columbian Lunar Annual for the First Year of the Fifth
American Century. 8vo, pp. 87. Poet-Lore Co. Paper, 40c.
/} \A H D 1/^ A\l A A History of the Indian Wars
c/7 IVIElXI . with the First Settlers of the
United States to the commencement of the Late War; to-
gether with an Appendix containing interesting Accounts of
the Battles fought by General Andrew Jackson. With two
Plates. Rochester, N. Y., 1828.
Two hundred signed and numbered copies have just been
published at $2.00 each.
GEORGE P. HUMPHREY,
25 Exchange Street, Rochester, N. Y.


194
[March 16,
THE DIAL
THE DIAL
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1893.]
195
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196
[March 16, 1898.
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THE DIAL
<A SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
!ptfrani Criticism, §iscussion, anb Information.
EDITED BY ;Volume XIV.
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trated. 32mo, cloth, ornamental, 50 cents.
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198
[April 1
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1893.]
199
THE DIAL
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200
[April 1, 1893.
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
9 Sfmi»filontj)lo 3owrnaI of litttarp. GCriticiam, DiBcuagi'on, ano Enformation.
THE DIAL {founded in 18S0) is published on the la and 16th of
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THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
No. 163. APRIL 1, 1893. Vol. XIV.
Contents.
PAOE
THE ORGANIZATION OF AUTHORSHIP ... 201
THE HERESY OF THE REAL. John G. Dow . . 203
CHRONICLE AND COMMENT 204
COMMUNICATIONS 205
Emerson's Relation to Science. Newton Marshall
Halt.
Literature at Columbia College. Brander Matthews.
A Plea for the Ideal. Walter Taylor Field.
A TRIO OF NOTABLE WOMEN. E.O.J. . . . 207
I'LATO AND PLATONISM. Paul Shorey .... 211
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE SOUTHERN
EMPIRE. William Dudley Foulke 214
RECENT BOOKS OF FICTION. William Morton
Payne 216
Black's Wolfenberg.—Gosse's The Secret of Nar-
cisse.— Hueffer's The Shifting of the Fire.— Annie
Thompson's A Moral Dilemma.— The Fishguard In-
vasion by the French in 1797.— Waterloo's An Odd
Situation.— Pollock's King Zub.— Stimson's In the
Three Zones. — Valera's Commander Mendoza.—
Lindan's Hanging Moss.— Claretie's L'Americaine.
— Bourget's Cosmopolis.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 219
The charming Letters of an English Painter.—A wel-
come translation of Gracian's Maxims.— Fragments
of the Greek Comic Poets.—Mr. Lodge's Historical
and Political Essays. — Completion of the new
Chambers's Encyclopaedia.— Republication of a clas-
sic Life of Jeans.— A delightful historical story for
the young.
BRIEFER MENTION 222
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS 222
NOTES SUR TAINE 223
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 224
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 22fi
THE 0RGANIZA TION OF A UTH0RSHIP.
"But the booksellers, sir, they are leviathans;
they roll in seas of gold; they subsist upon authors as
vampires upon little children. But at last endurance
has reached its limit; the flat has gone forth; the
tocsin of liberty has resounded, — authors have
burst their fetters; and we have just inaugurated
the institution of 'The Grand Anti-publlshkr
Confederate Author's Society,' by which, Pisis-
tratus, by which, mark you, every author is to be
his own publisher,—that is, every author who joins
the society. No more submission of immortal
works to mercenary calculators, to sordid tastes; no
more hard bargains and broken hearts; no more
crumbs of bread choking great tragic poets in the
streets ; no more Paradises Lost sold at £10 apiece!
The author brings his book to a select committee
appointed for the purpose,— men of delicacy, edu-
cation, and refinement, authors themselves; they
read it, the society publish, and after a modest deduc-
tion, which goes towards the funds of the society,
the treasurer hands over the profits to the author."
This is not, as might hastily be assumed, an ex-
tract from any prospectus of the London Society of
Authors, being, as readers familiar with English lit-
erature will remember, a passage from " The Cax-
tons," published in 1849. But the immortal Un-
cle Jack, whose teeming enthusiasm outlined this
plan for the relief of oppressed literature, ought
surely to be given a place of honor among the pa-
tron saints of the societies which, in a later gener-
ation, have undertaken to put his ideas into prac-
tice. For Uncle Jack, as his creator remarks, " was
really fortunate in his ideas; his speculations in
themselves always had something sound in the ker-
nel." To realize the soundness of this particular
kernel, and give it a chance for development un-
der favorable conditions, has been the task of such
actual societies as the one above mentioned and of
the similar association of French men of letters.
Mr. Walter Besant, who has taken a conspicuous
part in the work of the London Society of Authors
since its organization ten years ago, who was Chair-
man of the body during its preliminary period, and
who, after the late Mr. Cotter Morrison's brief, and
Sir Frederick Pollock's briefer occupancy of that
position, again assumed its responsibilities in 1888,
has recently retired from the office, and has crowned
his labors in behalf of the Society by preparing a
concise record of its history and its accomplishment
during the nearly ten completed years of its exist-
ence. This record, which is printed in attractive
pamphlet form, is not only very readable, but is
also of great interest to everyone engaged in an-


202
[April 1,
THE DIAL
thorship. It is a summary of ten years of work
done in the interest of the literary profession ; work
done by a body of men of high ability; work al-
ways done unselfishly, and, for the most part, wisely.
Dealing with authorship only in its commercial as-
pect, the work of the Society has been distinctly
practical; it has transferred from the region of
vague theory to the region of comparatively estab-
lished fact most of the business problems that the
author of books is called upon to confront.
Three principal aims were announced by the So-
ciety at the start. They were: 1, The maintenance,
definition, and defence of literary property. 2,
The consolidation and amendment of the laws of do-
mestic copyright. 3, The promotion of interna-
tional copyright. Towards the accomplishment of
the third of these aims, there was obviously little to
be done, since English sentiment already approved
the principle of international copyright, and there
was no other course than to await the development
of a corresponding sentiment in the United States.
In the meantime the pot must stop calling the ket-
tle black. "It was absurd to keep calling the
Americans thieves and pirates while our people did
exactly the same thing on a smaller scale. It ex-
asperated Americans and weakened the efforts of
those who were manfully fighting in the cause of
international honesty." Whatever contribution the
Society made to the memorable triumph of two
years ago was of the indirect sort above suggested.
In the matter of domestic copyright, the Society ap-
pointed a committee of experts to draft a uniform
Bill, consolidating the various and confused Copy-
right Acts now in existence. This Bill has been ap-
proved by the London Chamber of Commerce, and
introduced in the present Parliament. As it is in
no sense a party measure, the prospects of its en-
actment are excellent. If successful, it will be a
distinct feather in the Society's cap, and will offer
a useful precedent for action upon this side of the
Atlantic, where the laws upon the subject of copy-
right are in a state of equal confusion.
In its work for the definition and defence of lit-
erary property, the Society has taken some very
significant steps. First of all, it laid down the
principle that "publishers' accounts, like those of
any other enterprise in which two or more persons
are jointly interested, must be subject to audit."
This principle is a matter of simple justice, and
many publishers have given it their adhesion, but
some remain recalcitrant. The Society has made
a very searching investigation of the correspond-
ence, contracts, and estimates exchanged between
publishers and authors, and has, in consequence,
"arrived at a knowledge of the business side of lit-
erature which is certainly unrivalled by that pos-
sessed by any man, even by any man actually en-
gaged in publishing." It has exposed many kinds
of fraudulent accounts, such as overcharges for pro-
duction, charges for advertisements either unpub-
lished or unpaid for, and charges for all sorts of
incidental expenses with which the author is not
fairly concerned. These practises, and the many
tricks to defraud the unwary, have been so clearly
set forth and substantiated by evidence so convinc-
ing, that the author who continues to suffer by them
can have only himself to blame. The publications
of the Society are inexpensive, and its offices are
open to authors for free consultation and advice.
The Society has always preferred private action to
action through the law courts, and the dishonest
publisher has no less reason to dread the one method
than the other. "As regards one house guilty of
many corrupt things, we have been so 'abundantly
blessed ' that in two or three years, as has been told
me by our Secretary, we have been able to keep
some thousands of pounds' worth of work out of its
hands. And as regards another house, which pro-
poses to those who go there a form of agreement
that is a mockery of the human understanding, our
Secretary only a short time ago kept away three
victims in one week." "We have given but a few
of the many interesting facts embodied in Mr. Be-
sant's sketch of the Society's work. They are suf-
ficient, however, to show that in this organization
the English author has an alert and steadfast ally.
But there are some who imagine that literature
loses something of its dignity by being thus dragged
into the market-place. Of all the obstacles with
which the Society has had to contend in its con-
quest of public opinion, this sentimental notion has
been the most difficult to overcome. There are few
of us who have not thought at times, in view of the
ever-increasing production of worthless books, that
it might be better for the world if the pursuit of
literature offered no possible reward but itself.
The true books would get written, somehow, be-
cause the mandate of the true author is imperative,
while the sham books would be starved out of ex-
istence. Yet it can hardly be doubted that this
reasoning is fallacious. And, if it were not so, it
could not be taken as an argument against the work
of the Society of Authors. The production of lit-
erature is, after all, a profession, and most of those
who follow it must look to it for their support.
The novel which supplied us with our text puts the
case into a nutshell. We are reminded of Dry-
den's saying that "nothing great ever came from
a venal pen," and the comment that follows is pe-
culiarly apt: "A baker is not to be called venal if
he sells his loaves; he is venal if he sells himself.
Dry den only sold his loaves." Literature is a pro-
fession poorly enough rewarded, at best, and all
who have its interests at heart are bound to wel-
come whatever tends to advance those interests,
even in a material way. However the pecuniary
rewards of writing may be increased, and what-
ever the new distinctions that may come to the
makers of books, there seems no reason to fear that
the good will be levelled with the bad, or that the
meritorious worker in literature will not be the
gainer at least as truly as any other.
Really, the whole work of Mr. Besant's Society
makes for the dignity of letters, not against it.


1893.]
THE DIAL
The author, as he exists in the popular imagina-
tion, "as a suppliant standing hat in hand beseech-
ing the generosity of the bookseller," presents a
figure of the dignity of which there is not much to
say. But there is dignity of a true sort in the fig-
ure that the Society of Authors seeks to substitute
for the traditional one above outlined, and there is
dignity in the appeal made by the spokesman of
the Society — " My friends, let us henceforth re-
solve to proclaim that we do not want generosity;
that we will not have it; that we are not beggars
and suppliants, and that what we want is the ad-
ministration of our own property—or its purchase
on fair, just, honorable terms." We need in our
country just such work for the profession of letters
as the Society of Authors is doing in England, and
we thank our transatlantic fellow-craftsmen for
having attacked the problem in earnest, and for
having contributed so largely to its solution.
THE HERESY OF THE REAL.
Now that this profitless controversy concerning
Realism and other Isms in the creative art of mod-
ern literature has well nigh spent itself, and there
is no longer any excuse for the critic to take one
side or the other, it may be well to avail ourselves
of the lull in hostile activities in order to raise the
question of first principles. While the controversy
raged, a casual spectator was uncomfortably affected
by feelings akin to those described by De Quincey
in that dream, in which "somehow, he knew not
how, a battle, a strife, an agony was evolving itself,
with which his sympathy was the more insupport-
able from deepening confusion as to its cause, its
nature, its undecipherable issue." When disputants
become greatly warmed to their subject, the com-
mon effect of such natural increase of warmth is to
make outlines disappear in the volume of vapor
that is given off, and principally are they them-
selves prone to lose sight of the essential question,
what it is all about. The trouble is, that not only
does the confusion deepen and the issue of the
"agony " appear less and less decipherable, but the
agony itself drifts farther and farther away from
the first principles involved, and finally becomes
little more than a blind wrangle about words.
Now, it is sufficiently clear that this literary
agony did not in the first instance present itself as
a strife about the respective merits of Realism,
Idealism, and other Isms. It began in a divergence
of public opinion about the merits of certain con-
crete works that claimed to be products of liter-
ary art, and out of this the discussion passed into
the sphere of abstract theory. Certain literary
craftsmen proceeded to work on certain lines of
art well recognized by themselves, deliberately
chosen, and explicitly stated and defended by
them: I need only cite the well-known cases of
Jean Richepin in France and Olindo Guerrini
(more familiar under his name di tpuerra of Lo-
renzo Stecchetti) in Italy. Certain critics assailed
these works as an outrage upon decency, and in
doing so assailed the principles of so-called art,
which their authors chose to follow. But the as-
sault in general did not take any other form than
a sweeping denunciation of the " New School," and
the criticism was in the main negative rather than
positive. Cavalotti, indeed, subjected Guerrini's
arguments to a searching analysis, and succeeded
with a brilliant display of intellectual fence not
only in driving back Stecchetti's putrido verismo
to the gutter where it belonged, but in establishing,
so far as the Scuola Nwva of Italy was concerned,
something positive in a right historical comprehen-
sion of the genesis of that school. On the whole,
however, the advantage of logic rested with the ex-
ponents of that theory which took Realism for its
watchword, and it did so because the realists un-
derstood their principles much better than their as-
sailants understood theirs.
Have we any canons of creative art in literature
by which the products of any particular artist may
be estimated? If canons do exist, then the ques-
tion of Realism, Idealism, and all other Isms re-
solves itself into an appreciation of these and an
application of them to concrete artistic products.
Often the simplest way to reach a common-sense
issue in a question of abstract theory is to raise a
practical instance. Let us therefore take an illus-
tration, and in order to avoid anything that might
be supposed invidious, let us take that work which
raised such a flutter in the dove-cotes of Paris a good
few years ago, Richepin's "Chanson des Gueux."
It is a volume of verse, but the principles to be dis-
cussed apply equally well to prose fiction. In this
work Richepin chose Vagabondage for his subject,
and claimed that he had practised the artistic virtue
of representing his characters in their true colors, ,
i. e., in their literal realism. Here we touch upon
the first point in which this kind of writing offends
against art. Richepin forgets that if he is not re-
sponsible for the lives his characters lived, he is
at least responsible for his own artistic selection.
From this responsibility there is no escape, whether
the materials which the artist selects be the effron-
teries that flout convention or the vacuous common-
place that gratifies it. The artist has the whole
world to choose from, and nothing constrains him
to adopt one kind of material in preference to an-
other beyond what he considers its artistic value.
He takes certain material, whereas, if he had chosen,
he might have passed it by.
But if art implies selection, the artist who takes
upon himself the responsibility of production,
charges himself by his own act with the further re-
sponsibilty of reticence. The very fact of selection
implies that while some material is chosen for a
purpose, other material is rejected as unsuitable.
Not only the artist's material, but his language, the
very vocables he employs, must be chosen with a
view to resultant effect, and the question of what to
set down, is after all not so important as the ques-


204
[April 1,
THE
DIAL
tion of what to suppress. All things are not of
equal significance in art any more than they are of
equal dignity in life; and as in life, so in art, there
is much about which it is best to maintain silence.
Until he has learnt the value of artistic reticence,
the aspirant after art will only be in a state of un-
thinking and irresponsible artistic childhood. He
will record pointless details with the same circum-
stantial fidelity as the central issues of his piece,
and, should he be inclined that way, what is disgust-
ing will take its place beside what is wholesome as
if artistic justice demanded nothing less.
The offence, whether in poetry or prose fiction,
lies in the mistaken view that fidelity to truth con-
sists in accepting literal facts as they are found. It
lies in the Heresy of the Real. So insidiously does
this Heresy operate, that some writers whom one
would least suspect of adherence to probability are
found vindicating their truthfulness in footnotes
which protest that certain incidents are "actual
fact." Such an appeal to accuracy is the very last
apology which an artist would think of offering.
Whether a certain incident ever happened in real life
is a matter of the utmost irrelevance in the estima-
tion of its artistic value. The question for artist and
reader alike is, Does it happen here? Is it in
accordance with artistic reason? Does it live?
The Heresy of the Real consists in supposing
that fidelity to nature means a reproduction of
nature's detail, and that artistic truth to life implies
literal transcription of facts. Close and minute ob-
servation of nature and of fact are necessary, and
faithful adherence to the broad sweep of nature's
lines is necessary. But so far from mere observa-
tion, mere imitation, mere transcription of particu-
lars guaranteeing an artistic result, fidelity of this
kind will on the contrary be certain to issue in a
result that is artistically false. The penetrative
imagination will follow the principle of the Aris-
totelian katharsis, and will sift, clarify, and trans-
figure any given material before proceeding to real-
ize it in an artistic form. Then only shall we have
the finest Realism of all, which is also the highest
flight of Idealism. JoHN q Dow
University of South Dakota.
CHRONICLE AND COMMENT.
Mr. Besant, the late Chairman of the London Soci-
ety of Authors, and Mr. S. S. Sprigge, the late Secre-
tary of the organization, have been selected as dele-
gatus to represent the Society in the Literary Congress
at Chicago next July. These gentlemen will come
armed not only with their own opinions and experience,
but also with the individual views of many among the
thousand members now comprised within the organiza-
tion, all of the members having been invited—through
"The Author," the Society organ—to give detailed ex-
pression of their opinions upon the principal matters to
be discussed by the Congress. The address by Mr.
Besant, which we have made the subject of our leading
editorial article, contains the following paragraph upon
the work of the Congress. "There was asked at one
of our meetings a question which has never yet been
answered. It is this — What should be the publisher's
share in the proceeds of a book the production of which
carries no risk? Now there is to be a great Confer-
ence of Authors at Chicago next July, at which this
question among others will be considered. ... It is
the first occasion of such a public conference of authors.
Let me invite you all to join in the deliberations of this
Parliament. With the permission of our Chairman I
will draw up iu ' The Author ' a scheme of what is to be
discussed, and make certain suggestions from our own
information as to the real points of the problem, so
that there may be no beating about the bush, or run-
ning after side issues. And I venture to invite every
member of the Society to give careful—very careful—
consideration to the questions proposed, and to furnish
us, if possible, with his own solution. It may be that
the future of our calling for many generations will be
influenced by this Conference." Such evidence as this
of European interest in the work of the Literary Con-
gress is highly gratifying, and should serve to dispel the
fear, expressed in certain quarters, that the Congress will
not be a representative gathering, and the other fear that
it will have nothing to discuss after it has assembled.
The report of the Boston Browning Society for
the seventh season of its work shows that organization
to be in a flourishing condition. "For the first time a def-
inite outline of coherent, cumulative study was prepared
during the summer, essayists were secured in advance,
and the programme for the entire winter was ready for
members when the meetings began in the autumn."
The library of the Society numbers 150 volumes, a list
of which is printed in the report, forming a useful bib-
liography for reference. The Society has 250 members,
ninety per cent of whom are women. Clergymen
seem to find unusual favor in its sacred precincts, for
about one-half of the men whose names appear in the
list are representatives of the cloth. The few men not
thus accounted for seem to be admitted as complement-
ary to their wives, and doubtless keep modestly in the
background. "Poet-Lore " is now the official organ of
the Society.
"The Educational Review," speaking of the last
report of the President of the Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity, and emphasizing that institution's need of further
resources, makes the following observation: "If the
funds that went to found Clark University, at Worces-
ter, for example, or one-half of those that have been
poured into the lap of the University of Chicago, had
been added to the endowments of the Johns Hopkins,
their value would have been multiplied many times."
We have no quarrel with this statement, as far as the
reference to Clark is concerned, for we have no doubt
that the small university of the Clark type is not so
well fitted as is the large university to make an effect-
ive use of money set apart for educational purposes.
An institution planned upon a large scale has the eco-
nomic advantages of all other large concerns. But we
cannot understand how the value of the University of
Chicago funds, or of any portion of them, could have
been " multiplied many times," or iu any way increased,
had they been diverted to the uses of a smaller institu-
tion. Were the observation of "The Educational Re-
view " reversed in its application, it would embody a
certain element of truth, although not a very important
one. We should say that, on the whole, the superior
endowment of the University of Chicago was more than


1893.]
205
THE DIAL
enough to provide an offset to the better working con-
ditions of the Johns Hopkins, and that anyone wishing
to apply a sum of money to educational purposes, in-
fluenced only by the desire of putting it to the most
fruitful use, would select the Western rather than the
Eastern university as the recipient.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
EMERSON'S RELATION TO SCIENCE.
(To the Editor of Thk Dial.)
The statement of Mr. John Burroughs in the last is-
sue of The Dial, that " Whitman and Tennyson were
the only poets of note in our time who have drawn in-
spiration from modern sciences or viewed the universe
through the vistas which science opens," will hardly pass
without challenge from many quarters. Not to urge the
claims of others, Emerson certainly ought to be added
to the list. Emerson drew illustration and inspiration
from all sources. He readily caught the new phraseology
and ideas of science and made incidental use of them.
"The specious panorama of a year,
But multiplies the image of a day
A belt of mirrors round a taper's flame."
"They harness beast, bird, insect, to their work;
They prove the virtues of each bed of rock,
And like the chemht' mid his load of jars,
Draw from each stratum its adapted use
To drug their crops or weapon their arts withal."
He uses with great frequency and power illustrations
from astronomy.
"The lonely Earth amid the balls
That hurry through the eternal halls,
A makeweight flying to the void,
Supplemental asteroid.
Or compensatory spark,
Shoots across the neutral dark."
"Lights far furnace shines.
Smelting balls and bars,
Forging double stars.
Glittering twins and trines."
"The miracle of generative force,
Far reaching concords of astronomy
Felt in the plants and in the punctual birds."
These are, of course, merely incidental allusions to
scientific facts, the full significance of which do not ap-
pear in the poem, but it would be difficult to prove that
many of Tennyson's references to science were any-
thing more profound. In other instances, however,
Emerson showed that his faculty as a seer was not con-
fined to questions of abstract philosophy, but that he
was quite as capable as Whitman of " viewing the uni-
verse through the vistas which science opens." Let us
quote at some length from the "Song of Nature."
"I wrote the past in characters
Of rock and fire the scroll,
The building of the coral sea,
The planting of the coal,
"And thefts from satellites and rings
And broken stars I drew,
And out of spent and aged things
I formed the world anew;
"What time the gods kept carnival,
Tricked out in star and flower,
And in cramp elf and saurian forms
They swathed their too much power.
"Time and thought were my surveyors,
They laid their courses well,
They boiled the sea and piled the layers
Of granite, marl, and shell.
"Yet whirl the glowing wheels once more
And mix the bowl again;
Seethe, Fate! the ancient elements,
Heat, cofd, wet, dry, and peace, and pain.
11 Let war and trade and creeds and song
Blend, ripen race on race.
The sunburnt world a man shall breed
Of all the zones and countless days.
"No ray is dimmed, no atom worn,
My oldest force is good as new.
And the fresh rose on yonder thorn
Gives back the bending heavens in dew."
In this poem the evolution of the material universe is
recognized quite as fully, if with less verbiage, as it is
by Whitman in the "Song of Myself." Emerson goes
still farther and predicts, miicli as does Mr. Fisk in
"The Destiny of Man," that last grand step in evolu-
tion, the development of a more glorious manhood on
the intellectual and spiritual side.
The scientific theory of the genesis of the universe
and the world was especially attractive to him and more
than once he listens to the voice that sings,—
"Sweet the genesis of things,
Of tendency through endless ages,
Of star-dust, and star pilgrimages.
Of rounded worlds, of space and time.
Of the old flood's subsiding slime.
Of chemic matter, force and form,
Of poles and powers, cold, wet, and warm:
The rushing metamorphosis
Dissolving all that fixture is,
Melts things that be to things that seem.
And solid nature to a dream."
The material progress of "these States" through
the inventions of science did not of course attract Emer-
son as it did Whitman, yet ho recognized and ap-
plauded it. "i 7;, fit tlle forest fall
The steej) be graded,
The mountain tunnelled,
The sand shaded,
The orchard planted,
The glebe tilled,
The prairie granted,
The steamer built."
I think that these examples, and many more which
might be given, show that Emerson was in thorough
sympathy with science so far as he knew it. He was
not himself an accurate observer, and even expressed
something of contempt for the scientific spirit which
could not see beyond the end of the microscope. The
meaning of some of the larger truths he saw and felt
and made use of in his large way. I think this is all
that can fairly be claimed for either Tennyson or Whit-
man. They used sc ientific truth because it had forced its
way into their minds, rather than from any fixed inten-
tion or with any very definite purpose. It is quite pos-
sible that Whitman had a larger vision of the relations
of science to poetry and life than was given to Tenny-
son or Emerson, yet his utterances upon the subject
are for the most part tentative and vague. What is
really important and significant is the fact that these
three great poets did not dogmatically deuy the possi-
bility of a connection between science and poetry. Their
period was not really the scientific age, but in their


20G
[April 1,
THE
DIAL
later years they were prophetic forerunners of those
who, in the coming time, will sing more perfectly the
ideality of truth in whatever realm it may be found.
Newton Marshall Hall.
Iowa College, Grinneil, la., March 27, 1898.
LITERATURE AT COLUMBIA COLLEGE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
I have read with great interest your article on the
Teaching of Literature at the Universities and the let-
ter of your correspondent "C."* I write now merely
to suggest that if "C." will get a catalogue of Colum-
bia College, he may see reason to modify his assertion
that "Harvard is the only institution where any con-
siderable number of courses in pure literature has been
offered to advanced students." I should like also to
draw his attention to the fact that Columbia is the only
institution in America having a professorship of pure
literature: she has, in fact, two professors of literature,
Mr. George E. Woodberry and myself. These chairs
of literature are in addition to a professorship and an
adjunct professorship of English language and litera-
ture and a professorship of rhetoric. At Columbia the
literary spirit also dominates the teaching in other
languages than English, as those know who are famil-
iar with the way in which Professor Boyesen expounds
Goethe and Schiller, Professor Merrian the comedies of
Aristophanes, and Professor Peck the comic dramas of
Plautus. Brander Matthews.
Columbia College, N. Y. City, March 21, 1893.
A PLEA FOR THE IDEAL.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Some food for reflection is to be found in a recent
article in The Dial, by Major Joseph Kirkland, which
calls attention to the modern Realistic tendency in lit-
erature and accepts it as a sign of promise.
Probably no terms in philosophic thought have been
more abused than "Realism" and "Idealism." Tlie
ideal must have in it somewhat of the real to give it
substance. The real must have somewhat of the ideal
to lift it out of mere materialism. The great mass of
good literature and art lies between these two limits,
some leaning toward the one, some toward the other,
but avoiding, alike, the extremes. The fact that the
terms " Realist " and " Idealist" are, after all, only rel-
ative, leads to countless misunderstandings and conflicts,
but we must take them as indicating the direction of
a tendency which carried to its extreme in either case
ceases to be artistic or profitable.
The tendency of modern thought is unquestionably
toward the Realistic limit, and it would seem as if the
limit had been almost reached. "Strong meat for
men," " Leave behind us the fairy tales of the nursery,"
cries the apostle of this doctrine. Strong meat for men,
to be sure, but let us see that it be not tainted. My
friend X tells me he prefers beef just after the process
of decomposition has begun. He assures me that its
flavor is vastly improved thereby,— but I am not per-
suaded that his taste is a right one. And even suppos-
ing that the meat were good, there are varieties of
meat. Some of us prefer chicken and fruits to corned
beef and cabbage. Yet the modern taste demands
strong meats, strong liquors, strong literature and art,
•The Dial, Feb. 1 and March 1, 1893.
— and physicians tell us that the great malady of the
nineteenth century is dyspepsia.
I stepped into a book-store the other day to buy a
set of Irving for a friend who, like myself, has an old-
fashioned taste for good literature. The bookseller
could not find a complete set of the edition I wanted,
and told me, confidentially, that people did not read
Irviug any more,— he was too slow. I asked about
Hawthorne. He looked at me wondcringly. "Haw-
thorne is away out of date," he said, " we sell Rudyard
Kipling now." It was an unconscious testimony that
the mass of people nowadays have lost the appreciation
of a delicate flavor in literature. Intense business ac-
tivity, the rush of men toward cities, with all that city
life implies, demand condensation as the first character-
istic. We have busy men's newspapers and we must
have busy men's literature, brief, crisp, and strong. Ad-
dison used to be held up to schoolboys as a model of liter-
ary style, but the writer of to-day who should offer any-
thing like Addison would find the grave of bis literary ef-
forts in the wastebasket of some " busy man's" magazine.
I am not a pessimist. There is much of good in this
Realistic movement. It will lead to a closer study of
nature and of things as they are,— and it will leave art
and literature with a better equipment and a wider ex-
perience when the recoil sets in; for as in the history of
all extreme movements, the recoil must come, and even
now we may see prophetic signs in the heavens. The
Realistic movement is a corrective and a necessity. So
was the French Revolution, but that shall not lead us
to praise Robespierre and the guillotine.
In Art, the Realistic creed finds its incarnation in
faultlessly executed pictures, splendid technique, fig-
ures that seem to live and breathe, marvellous village
loafers and street arabs which we have caught from the
Dutch, wonderful naked women which we have caught
from the French, beautiful iron bridges and elevators
and factory smoke which we have caught from our in-
tensely practical business life,— and yet in all these
works not a thought to convey to the thousands that
gape wonderingly at them in the art exhibitions,— no
message to deliver, no word to tell that shall make men
better or wiser or purer,—nothing but an offensive dis-
play of the artist's powers, as if he shall say, " Look at
me. See how marvellously I can paint." "But," say
their admirers, " these artists are true to nature." So is
a camera.
To return to literature. The writer of the article
referred to speaks of a revolting scene from Tolstoi's
"Khlostomir," in which the horse's carcass is devoured
by a gaunt she-wolf and afterward disgorged in her
lair for the sustenance of her cubs. "Strong think-
ing and strong writing this," says the critic, " with
a sweet moral growing out of its gross Realism."
It is unfortunate that we have to manure onr garden
beds to make these flowers grow. The time was when
the sons of men were pleased with the violet and the
arbutus lifting their heads in the woods, and thought
them sweet and beautiful enough. But now they ask
for brighter colors and richer forms. This kind of fer-
tilizing will perhaps bring them, but let us consider
whether the stench from the garden beds may not be
more noticeable than the fragrance of the flowers. All
this may leave the ground richer, but can we not clear
it away soon, and content ourselves with simpler flow-
ers? There are yet some of us who love the old kinds
1,est• Walter Taylor Field.
Chicago, March 20, 1893.


1893.J
207
THE
DIAL
2E?je Nefo ISoofes.
A Trio of Xotable Women.*
We take pleasure in noting a new and en-
larged edition, from Messrs. Putnam's Sons,
of Janet Ross's delightful book, " Three Gen-
erations of English Women "— a store-house
of anecdotes, letters, and bits of portraiture
and description, before which the quoter stands
embarrassed, like the proverbial animal between
the bundles of hay. The index contains so
many names eminent in literature, politics, and
society, that it reads like a roll of honor. As
some of our readers are aware, the work con-
sists of the Memoirs and Correspondence of
Susannah Taylor, Sarah Austin, and Lady
Duff Gordon, mother, daughter, and grand-
daughter, three ladies of uncommon natural
parts and attainments, and endowed moreover
with a sort of genius for forming intimacies
with notable people. They were members of
the excellent Taylor family of Norwich, which
for several generations produced so many men
and women of literary and scientific ability
that it was a saying in Norfolk, that if a col-
lection were made of the works of the Taylors,
it would form a respectable library. They
would seem, indeed, to have refuted a well-
known maxim, disparaging to a useful craft,
and to have shown in their own persons that it
may sometimes take nine men to make a Tay-
lor. For the gifted Sarah, to whom four-fifths
of the volume is devoted, ten men were per-
haps nearer the mark. As to the town of Nor-
wich itself, "the place of her kindly engen-
dure," the author remarks that the mental ac-
tivity which distinguished it during the latter
half of the last century and the earlier part of
this, was very remarkable. Like the Chicago
of to-day, it was a "literary centre" where
Attic salt was so uncommonly cheap and abund-
ant as to supersede the coarser grades, greatly
to the advantage of conversation and cookery.
The first subject of the Memoirs, Mrs. Sus-
annah Taylor (who may be styled a Taylor by
brevet only, as she came into the family by
marriage), was an excellent, sensible woman,
exceptionally versed in metaphysics and needle-
work, whose house at Norwich was the resort
of some of the most cultivated people of the
time. Under her hospitable mahogany were
* Three Generations of Enoijsh Women: Memoirs
and Correspondence of Susannah Taylor, Sarah Austin, and
Lady Dnff Gordon. By Janet Ross. Illustrated. New York:
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
frequently stretched the eminent legs of Mrs.
Barbauld, Sir Janies Mackintosh, Dr. Southey,
Amelia Opie, Crabb Robinson (the Wandering
Jew of anecdote), etc. Such was the charm of
Mrs. Taylor's entertainment, that people used
to say it was worth a journey to Norwich to
spend an evening with her; and one learns
with interest of the- admirable woman that
"she used to darn her boy's grey worsted stock-
ings while holding her own in poetry and phil-
osophy with Southey, Brougham, and Mackin-
tosh." Her sober salon was no theatre for the
mincing arts, the ogling and fan-flirting, of
the precieuse; and whatever may have been
the hue of Susannah Taylor's hosiery it was
certainly not that inveterate indigo which lifts
the wearer above the actualities—the undarned
stockings and missing buttons — of daily life.
Naturally, Mrs. Taylor's Spartan notions
were manifest in the bringing-up of her chil-
dren. Herself no mere piece of parlor bric-a-
brac, "wisely kept for show," she determined
that her daughters' education should not end
with what are known as " accomplishments "—
glittering baits wherewith to angle in the sea
of matrimony. Or perhaps she argued that a
sober fish, a fish of weight and discretion,
would rise more readily at a sober bait, say
something in the line of solid literary and do-
mestic attainments. Certainly, the training of
her two girls was rigorously and systematically
conducted; and while the ornamental was by
no means neglected, the useful always took the
pas. Sarah Austin, at a comparatively early
age, was proficient in Latin, French, Italian,
German, Political Economy, and the broader
principles of Constitutional Law. Her bread
and pastry were pronounced, by first-rate
judges, remarkable for one of her years. It
was a leading maxim with Mrs. Taylor that a
girl should not marry too young—should not,
so to speak, engage in a duel a outrance until
duly steeled and practised in lesser trials.
"Married in haste, we may repent at leisure,"
she used to say ; and hence, when a certain Dr.
Reeves manifested what our author terms " ar-
dent feelings " (of which the faculty are some-
times capable) toward Sarah, she promptly
wrote him:
"She is but sixteen, and must go on with her lessons
and practise housekeeping and the culinary arts, that
she may not from mere inexperience make mistakes
which her husband would not like."
The expression "culinary arts" (neatly em-
phasizing the dual nature of a branch that is,
like painting, at once a handicraft and a fine


208
[April 1,
THE DIAL
art) is characteristic of Mrs. Taylor's culti-
vated mind. A lesser woman had written it
"cookery." In a somewhat similar vein, we
find her writing to Sarah:
"... A well-educated young woman may always
provide for herself, while girls that are but half in-
structed have too much cultivation for one sort of life
and too little for another. Besides that, the stiff aris-
tocratical carriage produced by the idea that they are
born to be young ladies and to spend their time in friv-
olous occupations is an impediment to everything val-
uable, for we must mix kindly and cordially with our
fellow creatures in order to be useful to them or to
make them useful to us. . . ."
Sarah Austin (to her younger familiars,
"Sally Taylor "), to whom, as already stated,
most of the volume is devoted, was a woman
of unusual beauty, whose judgment, shrewd
sense, and solid learning made her the confi-
dant, and in some sort the oracle, of many
eminent men. Diaries and letters of the pe-
riod contain frequent mention of Mrs. Austin.
She is "My brightest and best" to Lord Jef-
frey; "Dear, fair, and wise " to Sidney Smith;
"My great ally " to Sir James Stephen; "Sun-
light through waste weltering chaos " to Car-
lyle; La petite mire du genre humain" to
Michel Chevalier; "Liebea Miitterlein" to
John Stuart Mill; and " My own Professorin"
to Charles Buller. Among her correspond-
ents were Carlyle, Gladstone, Jeremy Ben-
tham, Sir W. Hamilton, Sidney Smith, von
Ranke, Guizot, Comte, St. Hilaire, Dr. Whe-
well, and others of note, whose letters, printed
at length in the volume, form most instructive
and suggestive reading.
There are, perhaps, points in which woman,
as woman, falls short of man,—is (and we say
it cautiously) his inferior. She cannot, for
instance, throw a stone with ease and precis-
ion, or, save in certain sporadic and abnormal
cases, wear a beard. It has been held that
she cannot keep a secret; but that is an open
question, and we find no a priori ground for
the position. There is no doubt in the world
that Mrs. Austin could keep one, for we find
her intrusted by her correspondents with many
delicate confidences. Many of the letters cited
above contain the frankest self-disclosures ; and
it is usually evident that what the writers sought
was — what only a woman can give in full
measure — sympathy. They knew better than
to look to one of their own sex for it. What
instinct teaches the child, experience verifies
in the man, and when he needs sympathy —
be it in his work, in his views, in his pleasures,
or in his sorrows—he consults a woman. Mrs.
Austin was an unusually sympathetic, liberal,
and cultivated woman; her friends opened
their hearts to her; hence the great value and
interest of many of the letters addressed to her
by people of whom the world wishes to know
more, and can scarcely know enough.
Jeremy Bentham was her fast friend and
admirer ; and indeed, her beauty and wit would
seem to have made a tender impression upon
that (theoretically) obdurate man. She saw
him a fortnight before his death, and he gave
her a ring, with his portrait and some of his
hair let in behind, and " Memento for Mrs.
John Austin: Jeremy Bentham's hair and
profile," engraved on it. He kissed her affec-
tionately and said, "There, my dear, it is the
only ring I ever gave to a woman." To have
thus thawed the utilitarian frosts that bound
the heart of Bentham was no common triumph.
But Sarah Austin's was no common beauty;
and a friend wrote of her that when once, as a
girl, she was taken ill at Bath,—
"She was with us about ten days, lying on the sofa,
with no dress but a riding habit; and I remember well
how our drawing-room was besieged by the young beaux
of Bath, anxious to see the recumbent beauty. . ."
Among her several perfections Mrs. Austin
boasted a remarkably small and shapely foot,
—" an excellent thing in woman," and we be-
lieve something of a rarity in the British Isles.
Touching this foot, Mr. John Austin, its for-
tunate lord and master, used to relate, with
great pride and gusto, a pleasant story. He
was once traveling in Germany with his wife,
when, on stopping over-night at a country
inn,—
"Mrs. Austin felt tired and went early to bed, setting,
as was her custom, her shoes outside the door. John Aus-
tin went out for a walk, and on his return found that a
party of students had arrived. As he entered the din-
ing room they were at supper, and drinking, with, many
'Hochs'and great enthusiasm, the health of the un-
known owner of a little shoe which one of them had
picked up in the passage and was holding aloft."
This passing mention of John Austin will
perhaps recall to the reader's memory Lord
Melbourne's description of him (in "Gre-
ville ")— which was certainly more pithy and
characteristic of his lordship than just to its
object:
"Melbourne said, 'Bickersteth was a Benthamite,
and they were all fools.' I said, 'The Austins were
not fools.' 'Austin? Oh, ad — d fool; did you ever
read his book on "Jurisprudence "?' I said I had
read the greater part of it, and that it did not appear
to be the work of a fool. He said he had read it all,
and that it was the dullest book he had ever read, and
full of truisms elaborately set forth. Melbourne is
fond of being slashing and paradoxical."


1893.]
209
THE
DIAL
While our author makes it clear that Mr.
Austin was by no means a "fool," she seems
to us to make it equally clear that he was a
pedant — one of those portentously learned,
dull persons who have, so to speak, read them-
selves stupid. In point of learning, Sarah
Austin's husband was a whole encyclopaedia
ahead of most people. Echo herself was not
more un-original.
The Austins spent much time in Germany,
and the comments on German manners and
notabilities in Mrs. Austin's diary are often
highly diverting. In November, 1842, she
writes, at Berlin:
"Tea at Selielling's, a very agreeable party. Two
Grimms and Mdme. Grimm, Ranke, Steffeiis, Countess
Bohleu, and others. I was more struck with the Grimms
than with anybody. I talked to Wilhelm, taking him
for Jacob. He told me of my mistake, and I said it
did not signify, the brothers Grimm were one thing.
Presently Jacob came and sat by me. . . His exterior
is striking and engaging. He has the shyness and sim-
plicity of a German man of letters, but without any of
the awkward, uncouth, uiigentlemanlike air so common
among them. . . Ranke is a little, insignificant-look-
ing man, very like a Frenchman—small, vivacious, and
a little conceited-looking."
"Dec. 17.— Went to Savigny's. Nobody was there
but \V. Grimm and his wife and a few men. Grimm
told me he had received two volumes of Norwegian
fairy-tales, and that they were delightful. I said,
'Your children appear to me the happiest in the world;
they live in the midst of fairy-tales.' 'Ah,' said he, 'I
must tell you about that. When we were at Giittingen,
somebody spoke to my little son about his Miirchen.
He had read them but never thought of their being
mine. He came running to me, and said, with an of-
fended air, "Father, they say you wrote those fairy-
tales; surely you never invented such silly rubbish?"
He thought it below my dignity.'"
Here is another of Grimm's stories:
"When I was a young man I was walking one day
and saw an officer in the old-fashioned uniform. It
was under the old Elector. The officers still wore pig-
tails, cocked hats set over one eye, high neck-cloths,
and coats buttoned back. As he was walking along
stifHy, a groom came by riding a horse which he ap-
peared to be breaking in. 'What mare is that you are
riding?' called out the major with an authoritative,
disdainful air. 'She belongs to Prince George,' an-
swered the groom. 'Ah — h !' said the major, raising
his hand reverently to his hat with a military salute,
and bowing low to the marc. 'I told that story,' con-
tinued Grimm, 'to Prince B., thinking to make him
laugh. But he looked grave, and said, with quite a
tragic tone of voice, "Ah, that feeling is no longer to
be found."'"
While at Berlin, continues Mrs. Austin,—
"Bettina von Arnim called, and we had a tite-a-tete
of two hours. Her conversation is that of a clever
woman, with some originality, great conceit, and vast
unconscious ignorance. Her sentiments have a bold
and noble character. We talked about crime, punish-
ment, prisons, education, law of divorce, etc. Gleams
of truth and sense, clouds of nonsense — all tumbled
out with equally undoubting confidence. Occasionally,
great fidelity of expression. Talking of the so-called
happiness and security of ordinary marriages in Ger-
many, she said, 'Qn'est-ce que cela me fait f Est^ce que
je me soucie de ces nidi qu'on arrange pour propager f'
I laughed out: one must admit that the expression is
most happy."
From the varied mass of characteristic let-
ters addressed to Mrs. Austin, a few scattered
crumbs may be selected. Here is an invita-
tion to a "philosophical breakfast" from Sid-
ney Smith:
". . . But will you come to a Philosophical breakfast
on Saturday, ten o'clock punctually? Nothing taken
for granted. Everything (except the Thirty-nine Arti-
cles) called in question — real Philosophers. . . ."
Another letter (worthy of Charles Lamb)
addressed by Sidney to Mrs. Austin's little
daughter must be given in full.
"Lucie, my dear child, don't tear your frock: tear-
ing frocks is not of itself a proof of genius. But write
as your mother writes, act as your mother acts: be
frank, loyal, affectionate, simple, honest, and then in-
tegrity or laceration of frock is of little import. And
Lucie, dear child, mind your arithmetic. You know in
the first sum of yours I ever saw there was a mistake.
You bad carried two (as a cab is licensed to do) and
you ought, dear Lucie, to have carried but one. Is
this a triHe? What would life be without arithmetic
but a scene of horrors? You are going to Boulogne,
the city of debts, peopled by men who never under-
stood arithmetic. By the time you return I shall prob-
ably have received my first paralytic stroke, and shall
have lost all recollection of you. Therefore I now give
you my parting advice —don't marry anybody who has
not a tolerable understanding and a thousand a year."
In a letter of Thomas Carlyle we note the
following cheerful and encouraging view of
that poor occupation, book reviewing:
"I have learned lately, by various cheering symp-
toms, that British Reviewing had as good as died a
natural death, and the Lie lied itself out; that the most
harmonious diapason from the united throat of univer-
sal British Criticism would hardly pay its own expenses.
Rejoice, my dear Friend, that you can now sit apart
from the distracted gulph of abominations; and pay for
those that must still swim for their life there."
This is strongly put; and we commend it to
the notice of critics of Reviewers of Western
Books. There is another letter, in similar vein,
also from the irate sage of Craigenputtock,
with an extract from which we must close our
inadequate notice of Mrs. Austin. After a
vigorous characterization of the polities of the
day —" a hollow, barren jarring of Radicalism
and Toryism," — he goes on, pleasantly and
rationally:
"Meanwhile literature, one's sole craft and staff of
life, lies broken in abeyance; what room for music amid


210
[April 1,
THE
DIAL
the braying of innumerable jackasses, the howling of in-
numerable hyamas whetting the tooth to eat them up?
Alas for it! it is a sick disjointed time; neither shall
we ever mend it; at best let us hope to mend ourselves.
I declare I sometimes think of throwing down the Pen
altogether as a worthless weapon; and leading out a col-
ony of these poor starving Drudges to the waste places of
their old Mother Earth, where for the sweat of their brow
bread will rise for them; it were perhaps the worthiest
service that at this moment could be rendered our old
world to throw open for it the doors of the New."
One cannot help thinking that perhaps the
new "colony " might thrive better under the
leadership of a less dyspeptic and more san-
guine Moses.
Of Lady Duff Gordon (Lucie Austin), the
third of our trio of " English Women," we can
give here but a brief account. What perfunc-
tory pen could render justice to the wit, beauty,
vagaries, amiability, of that brilliant woman?
Much of her later life was spent out of En-
gland— in Germany, France, Egypt, and at
Cape Town,—and her letters from those places
form, to our thinking, the most charming part
of the volume. She inherited her mother's
beauty, and had a fair share of her learning
with twenty times her originality. Between
the epistolary style of the daughter and that of
the mother there is a strong contrast. It is
Pegasus to a coach-horse — with all respect to
the serviceable qualities of the heavier animal.
Sarah Austin's treatment of a topic is serious,
learned — and ponderous. Her wings, like
those of Macaulay's ostrich, helped her to run
but not to fly. On the other hand, Lady
Lucie's nimble fancy plays about her theme
like fitful flashes of summer lightning, light-
ing it now on this side, now on that, ever start-
ling us with a fresh hue or aspect. Of her
mother's childhood and school days our author
(the great-granddaughter of Susannah Tay-
lor) gives us a charming picture. One learns,
with a melancholy interest, that the little Lu-
cie's chief playfellow was John Stuart Mill
(once styled by an irate opponent a " book in
breeches ") and that the field of their childish
sports was the garden of Jeremy Bentham.
Before the duplex fact of Mr. Mill (even as a
boy) playing, and of Jeremy Bentham keeping
a garden, imagination staggers. It is like
fancying Immanuel Kant spinning a top, or an
eminent publisher playing at "mumble-the-
peg." The Bentham garden was, we sus-
pect, a very utilitarian one, perhaps a sort
of market garden (like that of Richard Swiv-
eller's rival, Mr. Cheggs), where geometrical
beds were laid out with the precision of a treat-
ise on poor rates, and the plants, over which no
butterfly ever fluttered, were rigidly propped
and scientifically tagged. In these severe sur-
roundings, much petted by the Grotes, Car-
lyles, Sterlings, Romillys, Comte, Say, and
other family friends, Lucie grew in vigor and
sense, with a strong tinge of originality and
independence. Mill could not benumb her
fancy, nor Bentham chill her sentiment. She
lived in a world of elves and fairies: and a
playmate, Herbert Taylor, with whom she used
to paddle, barefoot, in the nnromantic waters
of the Regent's canal, once said to the author,
"I remember how odd I thought your mother,
and the wonderful tales she used to tell me
about the newts and toads." Later, at Bou-
logne, Lucie met with a kindred spirit, Hein-
rich Heine, who told her still more wonderful
tales than the ones she had told her playfellow,
and with a wilder fancy. She sat next to
Heine at the table d'hote, and related of him,
long afterward, when the Master of the Laugh-
ing Tear slept " under the wings of Renown"
in trim Montmartre:
"He heard me speak German to my mother, and
soon began to talk to me, and then said, ' When you
go back to England, you can tell your friends that you
have seen Heinrich Heine.' I replied, 'And who is
Heini'ich Heine?' He laughed heartily, and took no
offence at my ignorance; and we used to lounge on the
end of the pier together, where he told me stories in
which fish, mermaids, watersprites, and a very funny
old French fiddler with a poodle were mixed up in the
most fanciful manner, sometimes humorous, and very
often pathetic, especially when the watersprites brought
him greetings from the ' Nord See.' . . . He after-
wards told me that the poem ' Wenn ich an deinem
Hause,' etc., was meant for me and my 'braune Augen'."
In after life, when the little girl of the Bou-
logne pier had been long married, and the pris-
tine gilt had long worn off her matrimonial gin-
ger-bread, she again saw the poet — " quantum
mutatus ab illo!" — poor and dying in his
shabby attic in Paris:
"I for my part could scarcely speak to him, so
shocked was I by his appearance. He lay on a pile of
mattresses, his body wasted so that it seemed no big-
ger than a child under the sheet that covered him, the
eyes closed, and the face altogether like the most pain-
ful and wasted Ecce Homo ever painted by some old
German painter. . . . He raised his powerless eye-
lids with his thin white fingers, and exclaimed, ' Gott!
die Heine Lucie ist gross geworden, und hat einen Mann;
das ist eigen /' ('God! little Lucie has grown big, and
has a husband; that is funny.') He then earnestly
asked if I was happy and contented; and begged me to
bring my husband to see him. He said again he hoped
I was happy now, as I had always been such a merry
child. I answered that I was no longer so merry as
'die kleine Lucie' had been, but very happy and con-
tented; and he said, 'That is well, it does one good to
see a woman who does not carry about a broken heart, to


1893.]
211
THE
DIAL
be mended by all sorts of men, like the women here,
who do not see that a total want of heart is their real
failing.' . . . After a few weeks he begged me not to
tell him when I was going, for that he could not bear
to say 'Lebewohl au/ewig' (farewell forever), or to hear
it, and repeated that I had come as a ' beautiful, kind
angel of death,' to bring him greetings from youth and
from Germany, and to dispel all' bad French thoughts.'
... It was evident that I recalled some happy time in
his life to his memory, and that it was a relief to him to
speak German, and to consider me still as a child. . . .
The impression he made on me was so deep, that I had
great difficulty to restrain my tears till I had left the
room the last few times I saw him, and I shall never
forget the sad pale face and eager manner of poor
Heine."
One is reminded of the world-worn poet's own
lines "Der Tod, das ist die kiihle Nacht,
Das Leben ist der schwiile Tag.
Es dunkelt action, mich schlafert,
Der Tag hat mich mud gemacht."
But we must take leave here of our " Three
English Women "— hoping the reader may
be moved to seek a nearer acquaintance with
them. The volume is a good piece of bookmak-
ing (exceptionally so, considering its moderate
price), and there is a frontispiece, with por-
traits of the trio and their biographer which
we fear do them scant justice. K. <j. j.
Plato and Platonism.*
It would be superfluous to dwell on the felic-
itous diction and artistic unity of composition
of Mr. Walter Pater's exquisite little volume
of lectures on " Plato and Platonism." What
I wish to emphasize is its value as an aid to
the serious interpretation of Plato's thought.
Slight as the performance may seem to the spe-
cialist, notable as are its limitations and occa-
sional lapses from accuracy in point of erudite
detail, it has the rare distinction of being right
and just throughout; it is the first true and
correctly proportioned presentation of Plato-
nism that has been given to the general reader.
Mr. Pater has, in Emerson's phrase, succeeded
in "nestling into Plato's brain," and, if not in
thinking thence, at least in looking out from it
upon the Greek world of the fourth century
B. C. Historic criticism, as he justly says, is
in the end the only scientific criticism, and yet
'•the trial-task of criticism beginswhen we touch
what is unique in the individual genius, which
contrived after all by force of will to have its
own masterful way with that environment."
To this double task of criticism Mr. Pater
* Plato and Platonism: A Series of Lectures. By Wal-
ter Pater. New York: Macmillan & Co.
brings sufficient scholarship, and the broad his-
toric culture and refined literary instinct with-
out which the highest merely linguistic scholar-
ship is impotent to interpret a literature like the
Greek. He has brought Plato into intelligible
relation to the life and thought of his time, has
clearly apprehended the chief elements of his
complex personality, the distinctive note of his
genius, and so has interpreted the work from
within, from the "man and the environment"
that brought it forth.
Perhaps the most acceptable service of the
reviewer of such a book will be to resume in
simple direct language some of the thoughts
which the "indefectible "—to compliment Po-
lus in his own peculiar style, — the "inde-
fectible" graces of the author's elaborate dic-
tion may obscure for some impatient readers.
The central idea of the book is Plato's two-
fold relation to that fundamental Greek and
human antithesis of the Ionian and Dorian
temperament, the ideals of progress and con-
servatism, of expansion and self-restraint.
Himself the noblest type of that graceful
Athenian many-sidedness, of which Pericles
made such magnificent boast, but writing in an
age when the living force of Athens and of
Greece was flaming itself away in the fever of
unrestrained individualism, watching the soci-
ety that had produced Marathon, Salamis, and
the iKschylean drama, "dying of the triumph
of the liberal party," Plato was led by inev-
itable reaction to seek salvation for Athens
and mankind in the contrasted Dorian ideal of
simplification and austere self-control.
This key-note is struck in the first chapter,
where, in a brilliant exposition of the ancient
Heraclitean and modern evolutionist philosophy
of mutability and the flux of form, we learn
how to Plato motion " becomes the token of un-
reality in things, of falsity in our thoughts
about them," so that in his very vocabulary such
innocent or pleasant words as "manifold,"
"embroidered," "changeful," become the syn-
onyms of what is evil. In opposing to this
world of flux his ideal world of changeless,
formless, colorless, impalpable, essence, Plato
was consciously under the influence of Par-
menides and the Eleatic pantheism that taught
of one immovable being, the only true God-
head behind the fantastic shapes of the Hom-
eric and Hesiodic mythology, the only reality
underlying the kaleidoscopic figures of change.
And from Pythagoras he learned (besides the
poetic dream of a prenatal existence which
Wordsworth has made familiar to us) to con-


212 THE
DIAL [April 1,
ceive the Heraclitean motion as beats or
waves of measured harmony rippling into
rhythmic life and activity the cold inert ocean
of Parmenidean being. All this is very well
said (as Mr. Pater says it) and is delightful
reading. A more philosophic treatment would
point out that Plato, while yielding to the
charm of these earlier half-poetic lisping phil-
osophies, consciously dominates them from a
higher plane of thought. He is quite as well
aware as his most literal-minded modern critic
that he is playing with symbols, and that it is
somewhat fantastic to charge these catchwords
of primitive generalization with all the weight
of moral significance which he discovers in
them. But to make this clear, Mr. Pater would
have been obliged to follow the master into
some of those metaphysical disquisitions from
the pedantry of which he shrinks with the true
Oxford Platonist's pedantic affectation of ab-
horrence of pedantry.
Guided by this central conception of Plato-
nism, Mr. Pater finds something new (in form,
at least) to say about the Sophists. Rising at
once above the region of the tiresome debate
initiated by Grote's defence of the Sophists, he
shows how "the great Sophist was the Athen-
ian public itself, Athens, as the willing victim
of its own gifts, its own flamboyancy." The
Sophists by their teaching reinforced this dan-
gerous centrifugal tendency, this "ruinous flu-
idity," this excessive individualism, stimulat-
ing the over stimulated and excitable Athenian
temperament to burst all bonds of convention
that fettered self-expansion, not excepting the
prejudice of morality. In politics, morals, and
literature no real things existed for them ; they
recognized only counters and pawns to be
placed and moved in a skilfully played game.
To these teachers and the tendencies they
embodied Plato opposed the world of absolute
ideas and his dream of an ideal republic in
which the judgments of the philosophic few
should be fixed by education and consecrated
by religion and art as the immutable prejudices
of the disciplined many. A faint adumbra-
tion of such a society Plato, with pardonable
anti-patriotic bias, seemed to discern in that
mysterious Lacedsemon lying concealed among
the hollow hills, where stern Dorian discipline,
though narrow and harsh, still continued to
produce from generation to generation the no-
blest physical types of Hellenic manhood.
And so, with exquisite art, before proceeding
to portray for us Plato's ideal state, Mr. Pa-
ter takes us to Lacedaunon in the company of
a supposed curious visitor from the Academy.
A barren abstract would give the reader no
conception of this beautiful chapter. It is a
prose poem in which all that fragmentary tra-
dition has told us of Sparta and her ways, all
that the Dorian discipline symbolized for the
Athenian philosopher's idealizing imagination,
is blended in exquisite harmony with the con jec-
turesof German science and the permissible fan-
cies and modern English analogies that suggest
themselves to one who lias mused and studied
year after year in that richly-laden Oxford air.
Thus prepared we pass to the " Republic," the
dialogue which the author seems to have studied
most diligently — to which the entire book in-
deed is in a sense an introduction. One, per-
haps the chief, aspect of Plato's many-sided
masterpiece Mr. Pater has clearly apprehended
and set forth—that it is the philosopher's day
dream of a city of the perfect made strong by
law, custom, and wise prejudice to resist the
great goddess Mutability, and the play of those
centrifugal forces which were then destroying
Greece and to which every combination formed
by man must sooner or later yield. But Plato
explicitly affirms that the main theme of the
"Republic" is ethical — the demonstration
(where formal logic fails) by psychological and
social analogies, of the everlasting truth that
righteousness is better than unrighteousness.
Plato may have misconceived or misstated the
dominant thought of the " Republic," but no
treatment of Platonism is quite satisfactory
that does not assign their due place to the eth-
ical discussions of the " Gorgias," " Philebus,"
and ninth book of the " Republic." Mr. Pa-
ter's readers, however, will not regret that he
has chosen to depict a personality and a con-
ception of human life rather than to follow the
windings of an argument. Still seeking to
interpret Platonism from within, he finds the
peculiar quality of Plato's genius to reside in
the blending of diverse elements seemingly
contradictory. A disciple of Socrates, the
barefoot philosopher with whom the Stoic and
Cynic traditions began, Plato was himself en-
dowed with a complex and richly sensuous na-
ture. He might have been a poet of the order
of Catullus or Sappho, or a rhetorical sophist
with more philosophy than Gorgias and more
courage to confront the conflicts of real life than
Isocrates. The philosopher of pure " being,"
he was yet a man '• for whom the visible world
existed," a "seer with a sensuous love of the
unseen," one who came very near to persons
and who felt all things in an intense vivid per-


1893.]
sonal fashion. This is the secret of his fascin-
ation for Mr. Pater, whose reasoned preference
for "Cistercian Gothic," Gregorian church
music, sober monastic greys, and awful youth-
ful beauty tempered by asceticism, seems to re-
quire constant stimulus from reflection on the
juxtaposed contrast of florid and flamboyant
decoration, complex Wagnerian harmonies, the
scarlet and cloth of gold of gorgeous papal
functions, and youthful beauty that dedicates
itself more freely to the sun. But though the
uninitiated may be provoked to a philistine
smile by the imagery in which the writer strives
to convey to us not merely his thought but its
emotional accompaniment, there is no question
that this chapter on the genius of Plato is a
more serious contribution to the right under-
standing of Platouism than tomes of the pon-
derous analysis in which German science dis-
putes the genuineness of his most characteris-
tic works, or endeavors to trace the evolution
of his thought by counting his particles.
After thus penetrating to the heart of the
man, to the central core of his personality,
Mr. Pater is able to dismiss in one chapter the
formal doctrine — the theory of ideas and the
dialectic. He attempts no exact analysis of
the logical and metaphysical problems so cu-
riously intermingled in Plato's abstruser writ-
ings. That would necessitate the use of ugly
words in 'osity and 'ation and a style of hard
pedantic precision justly abhorrent to his fas-
tidious taste. His aim is merely to remove
certain stumbling blocks from the pathway of
the young Platonist, and to bring out the es-
sential significance of the ideas and the dialec-
tic from the side of personality — as an atti-
tude of mind, a point of view, a trick of ex-
pression. The tone is apologetic.—"not here,
O Apollo, are haunts fit for thee "—" of course
we are not naturally formed to love or be in-
terested in or attracted towards the abstract as
such." But something, he thinks, may be said
by way of "apology for general ideas,— al>-
struse or intangible, or dry and seedy and
wooden as we may sometimes think them."
Something, indeed! Mr. Pater must be aware
that there exist men who would define educa-
tion as the acquisition and progressive rectifi-
cation of general ideas, men to whom abstrac-
tion and generalization are naturally interest-
ing, men who are supremely bored both in real
life and in realistic or aesthetic literature by
the visible tangible world with its insistent in-
trusion of concrete and irrelevant detail; men
whose pulses are stirred by a subtle generaliza-
tion, but who would pass unheeding by the
finest intarsia work of "Fra Damiano of Ber-
gamo." Plato was not thus limited, having
(as the old anecdote puts it) the eye to discern
both man and humanity. But it is precisely
as the author of those "barren logomachies"
of the "Theaetetus," "Sophist," and "Par-
menides," from which aesthetic Oxford shrinks
with such fastidious dread, that he has at-
tracted some of the disciples who have done
him most honor in every age. Within its
self-imposed limits, however, nothing could be
clearer or more illuminating than the account
here given of the ideas. They are primarily a
way of regarding and speaking of "general
terms such as 'useful' or 'just,' of abstract
notions, like ' equality,' of ideals such as ' Beau-
ty,' or 'the Perfect City.'" These are first
conceived as things, as entities quite as real
and definite as the fleeting particulars of indi-
vidual sensation, and then, in certain select in-
stances, and under the influence of certain ex-
alted moods, they are personified and gather
to themselves all the associations of real per-
sons — and yet always as a fasliion of speech,
a way of feeling, never as a rigid and system-
atic doctrine. These ideas, mythologically said
to have been contemplated by the soul in the
infinite voyagings of its prenatal life, are re-
coverable now only by the dialectic process —
a communing of the soul with itself, or better
yet with some kindred spirit, whereby the es-
sential significance of the facts of common ex-
perience is struck out as the spark of fire (it
is Plato's figure) glints from the firesticks of
primitive man. Only through such flexible,
ever renewed, self-checking, and sometimes
self-contradicting induction can reminiscence
recover the memory of that lost vision, and the
thinker steadying himself amid the flux of
sense attain to "perfectly representative ideas
and a reasoned reflex of experience." Even then
our truth may prove to be only relative truth,
an adumbration of the postulated absolute.
And thus it happens that Plato, the philos-
opher of "absolute being," is also the true
spiritual father of the long and illustrious line
of sceptics and eclectics — the New Academy,
Cicero, Abelard, Montaigne, Victor Cousin,
and our English Jowett and Arnold. Such,
in general, is the conception of Plato's " doc-
trine," which Mr. Pater sets forth with inim-
itable felicity of diction and aptness of illus-
tration. I know of nothing in Platonic liter-
ature at once so sound and so illuminating for
the young student.


214
[April 1,
THE
DIAL
The concluding chapter on the Platonic
^Esthetics, while in the main luminous and
just, needs, I think, to be supplemented. For
Plato the style is (of) the very man. His
own style is the expression of a rich sensuous
imagination, informed and guided by the se-
verest logic, of the ascetic chastening of an
originally passionate nature, and his ajsthetic
doctrine is based on the conviction that such
chastening is indispensable to the welfare of
man, to the salvation of the versatile and lively
Greek. Man is an imitative animal, uncon-
sciously, inevitably imitative. His nature is
subdued to what he works and lives in. Beau-
ty born of murmuring sound does really pass
into the maiden's face. Art can never be a
morally indifferent thing if, as Ruskin says
after Plato, every work of art tends to repro-
duce in the beholder the state of mind and
temper that brought it forth. It is therefore
more than a mere metaphor to speak of an
"incorrigibly lewd style," a base and degrad-
ing music, a vulgar and incontinent architecture.
"Entbeliren sollst du, sollst entbehren " is the
law and lesson of life. How shall we learn it
if we abandon our souls to be played upon
and fretted by the alluring solicitations of an
art without restraints and without reserves?
It is not good, says the sage old counsellor of
Xerxes in Herodotus, to teach our souls to be
ever reaching out after new things. Let us
ther (this is Plato's inference), let us shut
ourselves within narrowing nunnery walls of an
austere hieratic art, and turn our eyes away
from the brilliant Homeric epic — that lucid
Ionian mirror of the various-colored world,
"all the wealth and all the woe." It is not
good to dabble in the fount of Active tears and
divorce the feeling from its mate the deed.
We must banish gorgeous Tragedy with her
sceptred pall; hymner of autocratic kings and
unbridled democracies. For all her august
mien, she cares nothing to make us better, but
only to minister to the pride of eye and ear.
And if we admit the honeyed Muse into our
state, "pleasure and pain will be the lords of
our city instead of law and the rule that right
reason shall have pronounced to be the best."
Hymns and psalms and song services of praise
must be the only music and poetry of the city
of the perfect. And yet there is no hard puri-
tanic insensibility in Plato's banishment of
Homer and his train. He is only too suscept-
ible to the fascinations of the honeyed Muse,
as the fond and frequent citations scattered
over his pages prove. "We are very conscious
of her charms — and thou too, dear friend, art
thou not thyself beguiled by her and chiefly
when thou dost contemplate her through Ho-
mer?" But great is the prize for which we
are striving, and what shall it profit a man if
he gain the whole world of poetry and art and
lose his own soul?
"Bat all those pleasant bowers and palace brave
Guyon broke down with rigour pitiless,
Ne aught their goodly workmanship might save
Them from the tempest of his wrathfulness."
Mr. Pater seems to close his eyes to this cul-
mination in Plato of the eternal tragedy of the
conflict in imperfect human nature between the
artist's apprehension of the beautiful and the
thinker's conception of the salutary and the
true. He finds consolation in the sterner charm
of " Saint Ouen of the aisles and arches " or
Notre Dame de Bourges. But Plato cherished
few if any such illusions as to the superior
loveliness of the " dry beauty," and had the ani-
ina natural iter pagana that lurks in every one
of us, cries out: Ah no,—
"Not as thine, not as thine was our mother, a blossom of
flowering seas."
We may dream of a time when these discords
shall be resolved in a higher harmony. But
to-day in the noonday of science they are felt
no less poignantly by sensitive natures than
then in the dawn of speculative philosophy. As
the wayward Nietsehe (himself an intelligence
at war with a temperament) profoundly says
in his half-mystical language: "Art is like
wine. Better it is for a man to need neither,
but to keep to cold water, and change the wa-
ter into wine by the inward fire, the indwell-
ing sweetness of the soul." pAUL Shorey.
University of Chicago.
The Kise and Fall of the Southern
Empire.*
The designs of the American slave power
leading to the Civil War, and the probable fu-
ture of the country if the Rebellion had been
successful, are forcibly portrayed by Mr. Oliver
T. Morton, in his essay entitled " The Southern
Empire." The essay affords interesting material
for reflection and conjecture. It opens with a
sketch of the purposes of the Knights of the
Golden Circle, as disclosed by the Federal
grand jury in Indiana in 1862. The object of
this fraternity was to acquire territory in Mex-
ico, Central America, and Cuba, and thereby
* The Southern Empire. With Other Papers. By Oli-
ver T. Morton. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


1893] THE DIAL 215
to foster and extend a great slave empire. As
the Romans established themselves around the
Mediterranean, so the Gulf of Mexico and Car-
ribean Sea would become a second Mediter-
ranean for an empire in the New World, sup-
ported by the institution of slavery. Cuba,
Jamaica, Hayti, would follow the fate of Cy-
prus, Sardinia, Sicily.
The causes of the Civil War, as set forth by
Southern statesmen, were mere constitutional
quibbles, utterly inadequate as a vital reason
for such a struggle. When the South agreed
to the Missouri Compromise it affirmed the
power of Congress to regulate slavery in the
territories. When it failed to extend the line
of 36° 30' through the Mexican acquisition,
and repealed this compromise, it trusted at first
to squatter sovereignty to protect its peculiar
domestic institution; and when it failed to
make a slave state of Kansas, then came the
Dred Scott decision which denied the power of
the people of a territory or of Congress itself
to keep slavery out.
The filibustering societies which abounded
before the war were merely the natural expres-
sion of the tendency of the slave system. Slave
labor was unskilful. Slaves lacked versatility.
They had not the deftness and education need-
ful for the artisan nor any stimulant to exer-
tion. The planter must have virgin soil at a
nominal price. Immense territory was neces-
sary.
But there was a more pressing need than
that of land: more slaves must be procured.
Our Constitution abolished the slave-trade in
1808; but after the invention of the cotton-
gin the price of slaves rose rapidly. Virginia
became the great market of supply, and was
opposed to competition from Africa. The
constitutional prohibition of the foreign slave-
trade, adopted at Montgomery, was part of the
price of Virginia's withdrawal from the Union,
and was a concession to the sentiment of Eu-
rope, whose aid the South expected. But the
re-establishment of this trade would be only a
question of time. Delegates to the Charleston
Convention in 1860 advocated it. Governor
Adams, of South Carolina, in 1857 defended
it. The Louisiana House of Representatives
in 1858 authorized the importation of negroes
to be indentured for fifteen years. Premiums
were offered for the best specimens of imported
Africans and prizes for the best sermons on
the ethics of such importation. Jefferson
Davis saw no inhumanity in the slave trade.
Alexander H. Stephens insisted that without
an increase of slaves from abroad many more
slave states need not be looked for. Legal
prohibitions would soon become inoperative.
During eighteen months, in 1859 and 1860,
eighty-five vessels were fitted out for this trade
in New York City alone. The desire for cot-
ton would make it imperative.
The demand for additional land meant the
conquest of Mexico and Central America.
The need of more slaves meant the annexation
of Cuba, a nursery of negroes. The logic of
successful rebellion was the creation of a trop-
ical slave empire. Slave agriculture banished
all pursuits but its own. The South was an
aristocracy. There were few large towns. The
planters lived apart on their estates like feudal
lords. The barons' wars were repeated in min-
iature, by Southern feuds. There was no place
for the well-to-do middle classes, and the so-
called "white trash" offered an inexhaustible
supply of ruffianism ready for every purpose
of ambition. As the slave system of Rome
created vast estates in Italy, so the slave sys-
tem of the South created vast plantations and
impoverished the remaining population.
The slave power entered upon its career of
territorial extension with the purchase of Flor-
ida. The attempts, successful and otherwise,
to acquire Texas, California, Mexico, Cuba,
and Central America, were merely steps in an
evolution proceeding along lines of economic
law. Henry A. Wise said in Congress, in
1842, that slavery would pour itself abroad
without restraint, and find no limit but the
Southern Ocean. Mr. Morton refers to the
encouragement of Kinney and Walker in Cen-
tral America; the quarrels with Great Bri-
tain for outlying islands; the designs upon the
Tehuantepee, Nicaragua, Panama, and Darien
routes to the Pacific; and the scheme to get a
foothold in San Domingo. He recites the his-
tory of the Gadsden purchase. The original in-
tent to acquire all the Northern States of Mex-
ico was an indication of this great movement.
In 1854 Mr. Buchanan, as Minister to En-
gland, proclaimed to the world, in the Ostend
circular, the purpose to take Cuba by force of
arms if other methods would not avail, and ex-
pressed sympathy with the efforts made by the
people of Central America to regenerate the
isthmus.
The War of the Rebellion was practically a
conspiracy for the acquisition of this slave em-
pire. Had the Confederacy been successful,
its legions would have been an irresistible army
of conquest. The new dominions "would un-


216
[April 1,
THE
DIAL
fold like a fan, and the empire would coil it-
self unhindered about the Gulf of Mexico."
The foreign slave trade would he riveted upon
the new domain, with a government founded
upon force, not upon consent, and finally re-
sulting in remorseless absolutism.
"And what of the North, left by secession a dishon-
ored fragment? . . . In the very heat of the war,
Vallandigham said: 'There is not one drop of rain
that fulls on the whole vast expanse of the Northwest
that does not find its home in the bosom of the Gulf.
We must ami will follow it, with travel and trade; not
by treaty, but by right; freely, peaceably, without re-
striction or tribute, under the same government and
flag.' . . . Would new leagues or confederacies be
formed which should possess the clement of stability,
or would they too be involved in strife and be torn with
civil dissensions? . . . The Southern Empire would
probably share the fate of Rome in its declining days.
It would first lose the provinces outlying on the north,
either by military invasion, or, as surely, by the slow
working of economic laws. The reopening of the slave
trade would make slave-breeding unprofitable, and grad-
ually the border states would fall away, subject, as they
must be, to competition, and to other modifying influ-
ences of the Northern industrial system. Later, the
other Southern states would be recovered to freedom,
either through au increasing sterility of the land, or
through a dearth of slave labor, caused by the ultimate
suppression of the slave trade. Slavery woidd thus
owe its destruction to one of two processes which seces-
sion might impede, but which it could not defeat. The
slave empire woidd recede slowly towards the tropics,
giving up all its old possessions in the republic, wither-
ering in the North, enlarging by tumorous growth in the
South, until finally it would become an inert mass, be
drained of its vitality, fade into a mere geographical
expression, and perish of inherent weakness or decay.
Or, perchance, the end would be hastened by foreign
intervention. The slave empire, as a political idea and
entity, would be a defiance of the moral sense of the
civilized world, aud would excite an international cru-
sade, which, beginning on the coasts of Africa, might
lay low the very citadel. In any event, the slave state
would be doomed, whether it should die of itself or by
the hand of an executioner. All this, however, after
many, many years. And who can say what misery and
disaster would be crowded into that hiatus of freedom?
But it is useless to multiply hypotheses. Although we
may not differ widely in our conclusions, our specula-
tions are in air. We can only know that, a brief twen-
ty-five years ago, the American Union, freighted with
the best aspirations of humanity, narrowly escaped ship-
wreck, and that a great storm subsided into a billow of
half a million graves."
Mr. Morton's speculations upon this theme
have perhaps at least this practical value : that
they remind us of the immeasurable gratitude
due to those who averted this calamity.
Of the two additional essays in this inter-
esting volume, it is impossible to speak here at
length. The one on "Oxford" presents a
brief history of the great English university
and its influences upon human thought, with
here and there glimpses of the old town and
the impressions awakened by its ancient struc-
tures and the associations that gather around
them. The third essay fully expresses its sub-
ject in its title: "Some Popular Objections to
Civil Service Reform." It is doubtful if the
rationale of this much abused but inevitable
reform has been anywhere better set forth.
Mr. Morton's style is concise, nervous, sugges-
tive, rich, and imaginative; yet it is the thought
compressed into his earnest sentences which
give these essays their chief value.
William Dudley Foulke.
Recent Books of Fiction.*
Mr. Black is a writer whom one wishes to treat
with consideration because of the simple and re-
fined pleasure he has given to numberless thou-
sands of readers. He has written some pages that
are almost classic in their descriptive beauty, and
told some stories that reach the springs of the most
genuine and tender feeling. Nearly everything that
he has done, moreover, has been done sensibly and
in good taste. But his later work has so clearly
become a mere mechanical output, a refurbishing
of old ideas and situations, that it cannot be praised
very seriously. The action of " Wolfenberg " takes
place on a P. and O. excursion steamer, and covers
the entire round trip, but the people with whom it
acquaints us are clearly the people with whom we
have traveled so many times in other conveyances,
in yachts, and phaetons, and house-boats. Those
that pretend to be new-comers are so only in name,
and several of the characters are not given even
that slight disguise. Besides this, the plot presents
* Wolfenberg: A Novel. By William Black. New
York: Harper t& Brothers.
The Secret of Narcisse: A Romance. By Edmund
Gosse. New York: Tait, Sons & Co.
The Shifting of the Fire. By II. Ford Uueffer. New
York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
A Moral Dilemma. By Annie Thompson. New York:
Macmillan & Co.
The Fishguard Invasion by the French in ITil". New
York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
An Odd Situation. By Stanley Waterloo. Chicago:
Morrill, Higgins & Co.
Kino Zub. By Walter Herries Pollock. New York:
Tait, Sons it Co.
In the Three Zones. By F.J. Stimson. New York:
Charles Sci ibner's Sons.
Commander Mf.ndoza. By Juan Valera. Translated by
Mary J. Serrano. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
Hanging Moss. By Paul Lindau. Translated from the
German, by Winchester Ayer and Helen Folger. New York:
D. Appleton & Co.
L'Amkrioaine. By Jules Claretie. Translated by Will-
iam Henry Scudder. Chicago: Morrill, Higgius & Co.
Cosmopolis : A Novel. By Paul Bourget. New York:
Tait, Sons <S: Co.


1893.]
217
THE DIAL
several improbabilities, and the whole effect of the
narrative is artificial. The best thing about it is
the scenery, which the author, as usual, describes
with a master-hand, and it is at least refreshing to
find the shores of the Mediterranean substituted
for the coast of Scotland.
"The Secret of Narcisse," which is, we believe,
Mr. Gosse's first essay in the art of prose fiction,
is a simple story of sixteenth century Lorraine.
Love and superstition are the twin motives that
urge the action on, the one vainly striving to thwart
the baleful influence of the other. Narcisse, who
is a mechanic and an artist, devises a machine so
ingenious that it must perforce be the work of the
devil, and he is strangled in due form for thus
practising the black art. Mr. Gosse has been suc-
cessful in reproducing the atmosphere of the time,
but his characters are of the most shadowy texture,
and make no strong appeal to human interest.
"The Shifting of the Fire" is a meaningless
title for a meaningless novel. The book is written
by Mr. H. Ford Hueffer (who is, by the way, the
son of Francis Hueffer, and the grandson of Ford
Madox Brown) in a style that is at once affected,
silly, and vulgar. The following is a specimen:
"A house into which death has entered has always
a calm dimness over it, not dissimilar to the noon-
day hush of a cloister — a feeling of fingers placed
reverently to lips — and it was from this sanctu-
ary of hushedness that Hollebone must needs sally
forth on his rounds." The plot of the story is pre-
posterous, and the character-delineation is of the
most rudimentary sort. Hardly one of the char-
acters has anything like a consistent individuality.
"A Moral Dilemma," as described by Miss An-
nie Thompson, would hardly have been a dilemma
to anyone of robust conscience. An amiable scoun-
drel has ruined a friend's life by a forgery for
which credit is given the latter. Afterwards, this
same scoundrel wins the love of a gentle and pure-
hearted girl, to whom knowledge of her lover's
guilt would have dealt a heavy blow. A third man,
who loves her also, and who by right should have
won her love in return, knows of his successful
rival's guilt, and deliberately destroys all the evi-
dence thereof, permitting the marriage that wrecks
his own happiness to take place. The sentimental-
ity that prompts the deserving lover thus to act is,
of course, entirely false, and we cannot sympathize
with the man who allows it to place him in a
dilemma of any sort. As for the heroine, she is
too shadowy to arouse much sympathy, so there is
no one left with whom to sympathize after the vic-
tim of the crime has ended his consumptive life in
Tenerife.
"The Fishguard Invasion by the French in 1797"
is a semi-historical novel, the story being sketched
out rather than told, based upon the supposed diary
of a person described as "sometime vicar of Llan-
fiangelpenybont." The episode with which it deals
was a sort of filibustering descent upon the Welsh
coast by a riff-raff mob of the French, under the
lead of a renegade Irishman. There were some
sixteen hundred of them, in three ships, but their
triumph was short-lived, for, beyond spreading ter-
ror among the country folk, and making inroads
upon many a larder and poultry-yard, they accom-
plished nothing, and made ignominious surrender to
the sturdy Welsh yeoman. The story is told in a
manner not unlike that with which Dr. Conan Doyle
and Mr. Quiller-Couch have made us familiar.
Mr. Waterloo's new novel, " An Odd Situation,"
is a political pamphlet in the disguise of a work of
fiction. Taking for its scene two adjacent farms,
separated by the boundary line between Canada
and the United States, the book preaches a very
effective sermon upon the absurdities of the tariff
wall which either country attempts to erect against
the encroachments of the other. Early in the work
occurs the love story, and its consequence is a union
of farms as well as of hearts. Under such circum-
stances, the two farms having become one, it is
often necessary to move the crops and other farm
products from one portion of the land to another.
But the customs officers of both countries intervene,
and insist that hay grown on one side of the line
shall not be used as fodder for cattle living upon
the other side; that eggs laid by Canadian hens
shall not find their way to United States breakfast
tables. The complications that follow may readily
be imagined, and the author takes every occasion
to emphasize the oddity of the situation. This
finally leads to a tragedy, for one of the customs
officers is murdered by an infuriated farm-laborer.
Mr. Waterloo's book is a skit rather than a novel,
and a skit magnified out of all proportion in the
endeavor to make of it a full-fledged work of fic-
tion. It is told in the first person, but one cannot
help wishing that the narrator were a little less
garrulous. The best feature of the book is its sym-
pathetic and accurate delineation of the aspects of
farm life, its descriptions of country scenes and
denizens. In many of these there is a Blaekmore-
like touch that goes far to redeem the temerity of
the act. The chapters are introduced by scraps of
original verse, often quaintly felicitous, quoted from
quite imaginary sources.
When Mr. Pollock chose to insert a translation
of one of Tourgue'nieff's flawless sketches in a vol-
ume of his own stories he displayed an audacity far
surpassing that of Turner when the painter stipu-
lated that certain canvasses of his own should be
hung by the side of a typical Claude. In the latter
case it was clearly the French artist who suffered
by the contrast, while in the former we can only
say that the English writer is less scathed than most
of his fellow craftsmen would have been. Mr.
Pollock's stories have some of the best qualities of
Tourgue'nieff's art, almost equal restraint, at least,
if far less constructive excellence. They are lighter
in vein than anything the great Russian bequeathed
us, and have the easy refinement that denotes the


218 THE
DIAL [April 1,
man of the world of letters. Several of them have
occult themes, hut the fatal mistake of treating
those themes in semi-scientific fashion is never
made. Mr. Pollock puts occultism to its proper
uses; he toys with it, finding it effective material
for the extravaganza. The longest story in the col-
lection was written in collaboration with Mr. Wal-
ter Besant, while Mr. Brander Matthews lent a
hand in the composition of the most amusing. The
volume displays enough invention to stock an or-
dinary novelist for his whole career.
Mr. Stimson's "three zones "are those of Maine,
Alabama, and Venezuela, and the " tales " devoted
to them are so different in manner that they hardly
seem to have been producible by the same hand.
The story of Venezuela is the sombre romance of a
life-long sorrow, seemingly removed by centuries
from the modern world. The story of Maine is
based upon a pseudo-scientific fantasy that carries
it to equal remoteness from the current of everyday
existence. The story of " An Alabama Courtship,"
on the other hand, is distinctly modern, told with a
degree of humorous suggestion that is not unlike
opera bouffe, and in a vein that frequently reminds
us of Mr. Bret Harte, and occasionally of the
biographer of the immortal Colonel Carter of Car-
tersville. Our English cousins, who take so se-
riously the humorous creations of our local story-
tellers, will probably find in this story an awful
picture of the lawlessness of American society, and
in the heroine a solemn warning against the dan-
gers to which unchaperoned American maidenhood
is exposed. But the author's fellow countrymen
will read it with all the allowances that come from
a saving sense of humor, and keenly delight in
the sequence of its sentimental and romantic inci-
dents.
The placid pleasure that we have learned to ex-
pect from one of Seiior Valera's novels does not
fail us in "Commander Mendoza," of which a
translation has just appeared. An elaborate anal-
ysis of character, relieved by just enough of inci-
dent and local color to prevent monotony, conceal-
ing a delicate art beneath a familiar and seemingly
careless manner, is given us in this novel, as in " Pe-
pita Ximenez" and in " Dona Luz." The "Com-
mander " is a middle-aged Spanish gentleman, who
was a young man at the time of the French Revo-
lution, who absorbed many of the new ideas of that
period, and who, after a jeunesse orageuse in var-
ious foreign parts, comes to settle down in his na-
tive village. One capital episode of that stormy
youth seeks him out in his retirement, and burdens
him with a grave responsibility. The way in which
the responsibility is met provides the story with its
theme, and the author with an opportunity for the
exercise of the casuistry in which his soul delights.
Having settled the problem of his hero's responsi-
bility in an ingenious and satisfactory manner, the
author has only to settle the hero's own subsequent
existence, which he does, summarily and unexpect-
edly, by marrying him to his neice of eighteen
summers. But this really has nothing to do with
the story, and we are hardly justified in giving it
mention.
Herr Lindau's "Hanging Moss " is an unwhole-
some story of life under the hothouse conditions of
society in a great capital. A wealthy stock broker
of Berlin, his beautiful and faithless wife, and a
successful writer of plays, are the principal char-
acters. Adultery furnishes the motive of the plot,
and whatever moral may be extracted from the
treatment is to be found in the complete wreck of
all the lives concerned. The heroine realizes Val-
entine's prediction of his sister's future, the de-
ceived husband makes a commonplace failure in
business, accompanied by more or less of scandal,
and the dramatist seeks lifelong seclusion among
the cypress swamps of Florida. The suggestion
of the title is that unholy passion, like the Tilland-
sia of the Gulf Coast, is fair enough to look upon,
but fatal to the object of its attachment.
Quite as unwholesome in sentiment, although told
with more grace of literary art, is M. Jules Clar-
etie's story of "L'Ame'ricaine." "Les Ame'ri-
caines" would have been a better title, for three or
four American women figure rather prominently in
the narrative, which depicts the mingling of French
and American life in a Trouville season. Such
books as this are true enough to the microcosmic
monde in which they live, but hopelessly untrue to
life viewed in any comprehensive way. The social
types with which they are concerned have only the
most artificial sort of interest, and the passions
which they analyze are unknown outside the social
conservatories erected by wealth and frivolity. The
translation of this book is very poorly made.
The criticism given the two translations just men-
tioned is to a certain extent also applicable to M.
Bourget's "Cosmopolis." The state of society with
which it deals is distinctly artificial and unwhole-
some, while adultery, actual or prospective, sup-
plies the leading motive. But M. Bourget is so
serious a writer, has aims so clearly artistic, and
is the master of so thorough and profound an anal-
ysis, that his book is given the dignity which di-
verts criticism from a theme, and turns it to admir-
ation of a method. That method, we need hardly
say, is the method of psychology applied to a series
of caiefully chosen types of character, and, in the
present case, to types of racial rather than individ-
ual significance. One would like, just for the nov-
elty of the thing, to discuss for once a work of M.
Bourget without any mention of that blessed word
psychology, but it is clearly impossible with this
his latest and most important work. His own
preface, in the form of a familiar letter to a friend,
emphasizes the psychological bearings of the work,
and leaves us in no doubt of what its author has
sought to accomplish. M. Bourget's Cosmopolites
are the foreign residents of Rome, with their "fluc-
tuating society, so uniform in the exterior rites of


1893.] THE
DIAL 219
its elegant life, so really, so thoroughly complex
and composite in its fundamental elements." The
author has selected a dozen or more of these dwellers
in Cosmopolis, and sought to disclose the law of
their inner life, to find the key that really gives
meaning to their actions. His thesis is thus
stated: "The move one is familiar with Cosmop-
olites, the more we are assured that the most irre-
ducible datum in them is that special force of he-
redity which slumbers under the uniform monotony
of superficial relations, but is ready to awaken as
soon as passion touches the ground-work of the
man's nature." With this key in mind, the mean-
ing of the work (which without such an Ariadne's
thread might seem hopelessly perplexing) becomes
perfectly evident at every point, and makes us feel
that the French art, no less than the French lan-
guage, deserves the tribute of the familiar saying,
"Ce qui n'est pas clair n'est pas francais." Con-
trast for a moment M. Bourget's treatment of a
psychological problem with that of Herr Ibsen, and
the superior advantages (we do not say the super-
ior value) of clearness are made very strikingly ap-
parent. M. Bourget has not had equal success
with his Cosmopolitan types, which include men
and women of Venetian and English, Roman and
Polish, French and American, African and Hebrew
blood. We should hardly say that he has in any case
gone wrong, except possibly in his estimate of the
influence upon character of a small infusion of ne-
gro blood, but we think that he has given us cer-
tain racial traits in a slightly exaggerated form, and
we are sure that his analysis of the English and
American types has been inadequate. But his char-
acters are all sharply defined from one another,
and, in the essentials, true to the races they repre-
sent. Take any one of them, and, assuming for
him a different racial origin, ask if he would still
be possible. In almost every case the answer will
be an emphatic negative. The author's greatest
success is with his Frenchmen and Italians, although
his Pole is delineated with a truthfulness almost
equally admirable. For one of his Frenchmen, the
Marquis de Montfanon, fighter and mystic, cham-
pion of lost causes and the ideals of the age of
faith, we must confess to a genuine affection. He
embodies for us the emotional side of Catholicism,
the immense appeal which the Church makes to the
historical sense and the artistic susceptibilities. M.
Bourget writes upon this subject con amove, and
the grim and tender old Marquis has been studied
out with a fidelity even beyond that given to the
other characters. The sympathy that he is sure
to awaken, even in readers of temper most un-
like his own, marks for his creator a supreme ar-
tistic triumph. That the book which gives him to
us (with so many other subtly conceived figures)
is a remarkable production we do not hesitate to
affirm; we should add that it deserved to fare
better at the translator's hands.
William Morton Payne.
Briefs ox New Books.
„l . The '• Letters of James Smetham"
The charming .
utters o/an (Macmulan), edited, with a brief
EngiM painter. Memoir> by w. Davies, is an alto-
gether charming collection, fresh, unstudied, full of
frank self-disclosure, random fancies, and inde-
pendent views on art, letters, and life. The writer
had in a marked degree the epistolary gift of let-
ting the pen run with the thought; hence we are
not surprised to learn that "of all his numerous
correspondents scarcely one is known ever to have
destroyed a letter he wrote." James Smetham
was a painter of respectable standing, but of lim-
ited vogue; not at all, as it seems, a marketable
painter. One suspects, after reading Mr. Da-
vies's Memoir, that Smetham's artistic career was
the old story (a familiar one in the annals of Brit-
ish art) of disparity between conception and execu-
tion, between the teeming mind and the half-
trained fingers. That there was merit in his work
— intellectual merit dimly shining through the haze
of imperfect technique—men like Ruskin and Ros-
setti have testified; and the half-dozen or so finely
imaginative, Blake-like poems appended to the "Let-
ters" suggest that could Smetham's eye and hand
have kept touch with his fancy, he must have taken
high rank in his profession. A sentimentalizing, mor-
alizing fashion of " art criticism " (save the mark!)
has obscured the fact, greatly to the detriment of
English art, that a painter's first business is to be
articulate, to be master of those special dexterities by
virtue of which he is a painter, and not a poet or ver-
bal story-teller. The grand Masters in the " Grand
Style," the Michael Angelos, Raphaels, Leonardos,
Rembrandts, Dttrers, were not only men of mind,
they were first of all consummate workmen, ex-
perts in the mechanical business of laying colors
deceptively on a flat surface, artisans who had
served an arduous apprenticeship to a hand-soiling,
back-aching, ill-smelling handicraft. A further
clew to the secret of James Smetham's life failures
seems to lurk in the following sketch of him, which
is rather suggestive, by the way, of Dickens's " Father
of the Marshalsea": "There was a sort of waver-
ing or undulating motion in his gait, slightly ex-
pressed, and sometimes a certain movement with
the hands indicated — how may it be described ? —
as if feeling or groping towards the Unknown in
the effort to seize something not wholly out of
reach, but still eluding the grasp." Men who waver
through life "groping towards the Unknown," sel-
dom have change for a guinea in their pockets, or
credit at the grocer's. But whatever may have been
James Smetham's limitations as a painter and as a
bread-winner, his quality as a letter-writer is be-
yond question; and with all his turn for dreaming,
he sometimes hits the nail of debate on the head
with a homely force and precision worthy of honest
Sancho himself. There is a sound kernel in the
following outbreak, for example: "Don't get into
the focus of Criticism. Many men spoil their en-


220
[April 1,
THE
joyment of Art by looking on it as something to
pull in pieces, rather than something to enjoy and
to lead them to enjoy nature, and through nature
to enjoy God. How wretched is that feverish,
satiated, complaining spirit of criticism. Never
contented, never at rest. 'Is this better than that,
these than those? Is this a great man, and if
great, how great? Is he as great as Rossetti, or as
great as Raphael? or is he little, like Brown, Jones,
and Robinson ?' all the while avoiding The Thing
and its relish: not thinking art, but about art: not
conversing with nature, but with names. When
they talk of their Raphaels, Correggios, and stuff,
continue to shift your trumpet and only take snuff,
and ask them with some earnestness if the Atlantic
cable is likely to work again." The volume is care-
fully edited, and it contains a good portrait of the
author after a painting by himself.
. , "May this be Wisdom's bill of fare
A u-elromf ....
translation of at the banquet of her sages, m winch
Gracian»Mazimt. gjig ;ngcrjDes jjje items of the feast
of reason to be found in Gracian's other works."
With these words to the reader Don Juan Lasta-
nosa introduced the first known edition (1653 ) of
Balthasar Gracian's " Oniculo Manual." An earlier
edition must have existed, perhaps printed as early
as 1647, but it has been lost. This manual of •• The
Art of Worldly Wisdom," which Mr. Joseph Ja-
cobs has translated for the " Golden Treasury " se-
ries (Macmillan), was introduced to modern readers
by Schopenhauer, who never wearied of praising it,
and who left a complete German translation of the
work among his manuscripts (this may be had, by
the way, in Reclam's '• Universal Bibliothek").
Mr. Jacobs is not the first of the English transla-
tors, for anterior versions were published in London
bearing the dates 1694 and 1702, respectively, but
they were inaccurate in many respects, and the new
translation would supersede them on that score,
even if they were now attainable. Mr. Jacobs has
made his version from the Spanish edition of 1734,
and admits that his work has been done " rather in
the spirit of Fitz Gerald than of Bohn." It repro-
duces admirably the terse and pointed style of the
original, as well as something of its cultismo and
quaintness. For example, Gracian's '• Tres eses
hazen diehoso, Santo, Sano, y Sabio" becomes
"Three HHH's make a man happy—Health, Holi-
ness, and a Headpiece," which is itself distinctly
happy. Gracian, born early in 1601 (" one of the
first men of his century"), died in 1658. He was
a distinguished member of the Jesuit order, and liis
life was uneventful. He published many works,
but the "Oniculo Manual" is the quintessence of
them all. A manual of worldly wisdom, its ethical
tone is high, which does not mean that his maxims
are without shrewdness. As the translator re-
marks, " There does not seem any radical necessity
why a good man should be a fool." In his admir-
able introduction to the work, Mr. Jacobs discusses
the literature of aphorisms and maxims, emphasiz-
ing the often neglected distinction between the
two, which is really the distinction between science
and art. The aphorism gives a view of life: the
maxim tells a man how to act. English literature, as
well as most others, is rich in the former and poor
in the latter. The following acute comment on the
Book of Proverbs illustrates the distinction: How-
ever shrewd some of them are, startling us with the
consciousness how little human nature has changed,
it is knowledge of human nature that they mainly
supply. When we ask for instruction how to apply
that knowledge we only get variations of the theme
'Fear the Lord.' Two thousand years of experi-
ence have indeed shown that the Fear or Love of
the Lord forms a very good foundation for prac-
tical wisdom. But it has to be supplemented by some
such corollary as ' Keep your powder dry' before
it becomes of direct service in the conduct of life."
Gracian's book is undoubtedly the best book of
maxims ever written, and we are delighted to have
it reproduced for English readers in this engaging
dress. Just why it should be the best Mr. Jacobs
is at some pains to point out, and this is the con-
clusion of his analysis: "It was clearly preordained
that when the book of maxims should appear it
would be by a Jesuit, so as to be worldly, yet not
too worldly; by a Spaniard, so that it should have
the proverbial ring: and during the prevalence of
cultismo, so that it it should have the quaintness to
attract attention."
Messrs. Macmillan & Co. have is-
Frnqments of .... . . ,
the Greek sued a second edition ot the late r.
Comic Poet*. A palpy-s Fragments of the Greek
Comic Poets, with Renderings into English Verse."
Mr. Paley was an estimable old-fashioned scholar,
widely known by his useful editions of yEsohylus,
Euripides, and Hesiod. He was somewhat deficient
in the sense of humor ( his "Greek wit " is one of
the saddest books we ever read), somewhat wanting
in sensitive poetic feeling (his literal translations of
jEschylus are sins against the holy ghost of poetry),
wholly unacquainted with modern German scholar-
ship (his article on Plutarch in the " Encyclopaedia
Britannica " fails to mention Volkmann). These se-
lections and versions from the Greek comic poets,
while fairly representative, betray these limitations.
The humors of the fish-market, of the banquet
table, of the cook who magnifies his office, of the
boastful parasite, are perhaps a little too prominent,
though it must be admitted that these well-worn
jests '• pay most of the expenses " of the new Athen-
ian comedy of manners. The moralizing and re-
flective passages are a little commonplace, as Greek
moralizing often is, and the editor has missed some
of the few gems of true poetry to which a surer po-
etic instinct, would have guided him. We look in
vain for the fine passage of Menander familiar to
readers of Symonds's Greek Poets:
"When thou wouldat know thyself what man thou art.
Look at the tombstones as thou passest by," etc.
Mr. Paley's rhymed translations are respectable.


1893.]
221
THE DIAL
They aim at "reproducing the point" rather than
at literal exactness, bat they furnish all the aid that
will be needed by any scholar whose Greek is not
"oxydized an inch thick." For a specimen take
the following of the Schlaraffenleben of Sybaris:
"This river Crathis rolls us down
Huge buns of self-made dough, baked brown;
One other stream, the Sybaris hight,
Bears on its current, pleasing sight!
Relays of loaves and hunks of meat.
Plaice plunging, ready cooked to eat,
While lesser streamlets all about
Run with baked squabs and crabs and trout."
Another selection we think proves that this little
volume once found its way into the pocket of Mr.
Andrew Lang. The reader shall judge:
A.— Did you stay long in Cyprus? B.— All the while
The war went on. A.— And where did you beguile
The weary time? Tell me. B.— At Paphos j there
A most refined contrivance filled the air
With wondrous fragrance. A.—How was that? B.— The king
Was fanned at dinner by the flapping wing
Of many a dove."
Readers of "The World's Desire " will remember
its one redeeming feature — the pretty dedicatory
verses:
"The fancies of the West and East
Shall flash and flit about the feast
Like doves that cooled, with waving wing,
The banquets of the Cyprian king."
Such is the unity of European literature; in this
extravagant fancy of an obscure Greek comic poet
we chance upon the forgotten flower from which the
modern busy bee of letters distils a drop of his
sweetest honey.
Mr imI 't Henry Cabot Lodge has col-
"Historicaland^ lected in "Historical and Political
PoiuwaiEtmyt. Eggay9" (Houghton) various papers
contributed by him to recent numbers of periodicals.
Some months ago, before Mr. Lodge's peculiar
methods in advancing to a seat in the United States
Senate had classed him as a very "practical politi-
cian," these theoretic discussions of patronage, par-
liamentary distinction, rights of minorities, and
party allegiance, would have conveyed a higher
sentiment of patriotism than one is now likely to
find in them. Mr. Lodge is too good a constitu-
tional lawyer not to be, as a matter of course, an
efficient advocate of Mr. Reed's claim to count
a quorum; it is to be regretted that, with ex-
speaker Carlisle, he is able to conscientiously main-
tain that parliamentary minorities have no particu-
lar rights to speak of. His condemnation of the
"independent voter" who is still a party member
causes those to smile who remember him in the
Chicago Convention of 1884. His views on patron-
age are of course well known as those of one who
has fought manfully against the spoils system.
Mr. Lodge persists in misrepresenting Jefferson as
the father of that odious system, and even where he
quotes him does not convey a true impression of his
attitude. Let us hope that the publication of Mr.
Ford's edition of Mr. Jefferson's writings will put
the great Democrat more truly before the public as
he really was. The essay on " Distribution of Abil-
ity in the United States" was sufficiently criticised
when it first appeared in "The Century" to have
made an editor hesitate to reproduce it. The utter
futility of counting heads by states in a land in
which the tide of population has ever gone steadily
westward was fully demonstrated. A case in mind,
of one of the present generation born in Illinois,
father in Kentucky, grandfather in Virginia, great-
grandfather in North Carolina, is only one of thou-
sands which upset Mr. Lodge's attempt in static
sociology, as containing any demonstrative value.
The tenth volume (just published)
Completion of the n « , r /
neic Chambers^ ot the new "Chambers s hincyclo-
Encycioprdia. pjBdia » (Lippincott) completes that
useful book of reference. Begun in 1888, the work
upon it has been going steadily forward at the av-
erage rate of two volumes each year. When the
immense amount of labor connected with publish-
ing a comprehensive encyclopaedia of this charac-
ter is taken into consideration, the time that has in-
tervened between the appearance of the volumes
has been remarkably short. Each book averages
between eight and nine hundred pages, reset from
new type. Every article has been thoroughly re-
vised or rewritten, and a large number of entirely
new ones have been prepared, embracing recent
events in history, biography, etc., and the advance-
ments in geographical, scientific, and other depart-
ments of knowledge. The illustrations, specially
engraved, are of superior excellence, while the maps
have been prepared according to the latest geograph-
ical surveys, and represent all the countries on the
globe, including maps of all the states and terri-
tories of this country. Articles on American top-
ics written by American authors are liberally in-
serted, and the work is thoroughly up to date.
Mr. David Patrick, the editor, contributes to this
closing volume a few words of thanks to those who
have aided him in his task. Nearly a thousand
contributors have been drawn upon for the articles,
and the longer articles are signed by their writers.
Of the more popular class of encyclopaedias, "Cham-
bers's," in its new form, easily stands at the head.
In the volume now before us we note the follow-
ing articles of literary interest: "Swinburne," by
Mr. Walter Whyte ; " Tennyson," by Professor Pal-
grave; "Thackeray," by Mr. Richmond Ritchie;
"Virgil," by Mr. J. W. Mackail; « Voltaire," by
M. F. Espinasse; "Wordsworth," by Professor
Palgrave; and "Zola," by Mr. George Saintsbury.
„ ... ,. George Eliot's translation of the
Republication . „ .
of a clastic "Leben Jesu of Strauss has been
Lifeo/Jcsiu. repUbli8hed by Messrs. Macmillan
& Co., in an octavo volume of over 800 pages, with
an introduction by Dr. Otto Pfleiderer. The edi-
tor points out at some length the epoch-making
character of the work, and, fully aware of the fact
that modern criticism has gone far beyond Strauss,


222 THE
DIAL [April 1,
and invalidated many of his conclusions, yet says:
"The inclination to sink into the slumher of dogma
is so natural to every generation that the most un-
compromising critical intellect must without inter-
mission stand upon the watch against it. And as
this task was performed by Strauss in his first Life
of Jesus in a manner that may serve as a model for
all time, the book, like every classical work, must
ever retain its value." The fact that Baur and
others have given us a deeper criticism of the Gos-
pels than could possibly have been offered by
Strauss or anyone else as early as 1835 has led
many modern writers to minimize the importance
of what Strauss accomplished. Dr. Pfleiderer fully
recognizes that, in the evolution of criticism, nega-
tive work must precede construction, and gives to
Strauss the credit that has often been unfairly with-
held from him. "Strauss's criticism broke down
the ramparts of dogmatism, new and old, and
opened to the inquiring mind the breach through
which the conquest of historical truth might be won."
a j ,■ l„ , Mr. G. A. Hexty is one of the most
historical ttory successful story-writers of the age.
/or the young. ^g a lnan wj10 nag wr;tten three
dozen stories, whose scenes are laid in almost every
land and almost every century, he evinces a wonder-
ful local knowledge, and preserves a marvelous fresh-
ness of style, even in number thirty-six. This is
"Beric the Briton" (Scribner), as handsome a
book in typography and illustration as our youth
could wish. The story of the conquest of Boadicea
and of Britain by Suetonius is iold with the anima-
tion of a romancer and with the accuracy of an
archaeologist, both of which are maintained when
the narrative follows the young British chieftain
as a captive to the court of Nero. The local color-
ing is admirable, and one can only sigh that his
own boyhood days were barren of such books,
while he commends this delightful story to any
youth who wishes to take his first chapter in the
history of his motherland under the guidance of a
fascinating cicerone. The book is a fitting prelude
to that other gem of juvenile literature, Church's
"Count of the Saxon Shore."
BRIEFER^ MENTION.
It is a little curious that so famous a work as Gogol's
"Revizor" should uot have had an English translation
long before this. We are now indebted to Mr. Arthur
A. Sykes for the much-neglected service of presenting
to English readers the most amusing as well as the
best-constructed comedy in Russian literature. "The
Inspector-General" (Scott) is the title given to this
version by Mr. Sykes, who writes for it an introduction
and some notes.
Mr. J. K. Fowler's " Echoes of Old Country Life"
(Macmillan) deals with sport, politics, and farming in
the "good old times," the author describing himself as
"a fair representative of middle-class life, who, in the
course of a busy career, has met many famous"people,
and here truthfully records what he remembers about
them." The book contains a few illustrations and many
anecdotes, while the recollections of the amiable old gen-
tleman who writes it cover more than half a century.
Noting the fact that this year, the first year of the fifth
century from the discovery of America, the new moon
will first appear on the very day of the solstice, the
compiler of the "Columbian Lunar Annual" (Poet-
Lore Co.) has undertaken to convert the world to the
use of almanacs based upon lunar (or true) mouths.
In this new form of calendar, the months get named
after the Muses and suchlike people, and each luna-
tion is illustrated by appropriate passages of prose and
verse quoted from well-known authors.
Mr. A. J. George has edited for school use the
"Select Speeches of Daniel Webster, 1817-1845"
(Heath). Nine speeches are included, among them
being "The Dartmouth College Case " and the "Re-
ply to Hayne." The notes are not numerous, but they
will serve. In fact, the editor of this edition has kept
himself very much in the background, for which he has
our commendation.
Mr. J. Morrison has translated from the German
of Herr von Samson-Himmelstierua a rather import-
ant work upon "Russia under Alexander III. and in
the Preceding Period" (Macmillan). The author's
standpoint is that of one who sees little or no good in
things Russian, and even Mr. Felix Volkhovsky, who
has edited this translation, and whom no one will ac-
cuse of leaning towards charity in his judgments, has
felt constrained to omit several chapters of the original
work by reason of their unfairness. All of this is ex-
plained in a lengthy editorial introduction.
LiiTERAitY Notes and News.
A Study of Ernest Rcnan by Sir M. E. Grant Duff,
will he published by Messrs Macmillan & Co.
The scene of Miss Marie Corelli's new romance will
be laid in ancient Athens, one of her characters being
no less a personage than Plato.
Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co. have in preparation
a new work by Fridtjof Nansen, entitled "Esquimaux
Life," with illustrations. It is being translated by Mr.
William Archer.
Prof. Max Midler will celebrate the fifty years' jubi-
lee of his Doctorate on September 1, 1893. He took
his degree at Leipzig in 1843, and is expected to be
present at Leipzig to receive his honorary diploma.
"The Eloping Angels," a poem by Mr. William Wat-
son, is announced by the Macmillans. It will describe
the experiences and feelings of two adventurous angels
who decide to exchange the conventional delights of
Heaven for the novelties of earth.
The Italian Government has begun the Issue of an
"Edizione Nazionale Columbiana" of works by, or re-
lating to, the Genoese navigator. It will fill fourteen
volumes. An "Edizione Nazionale" of the works of
Galileo is also in course of publication.
A meeting of German historians will be held from
April 5 to 7 at Munich. The principal topics to be
discussed by the conference will be the teaching of
history in collegiate institutions and the establishment
of HLitorische Seminare at the universities.
A posthumous work by Cardinal Manning is on the
point of publication. It will consist of essays written
on " Honour," "Consistency," " Vanity," "Popularity,"


1893.]
223
THE
DIAL
« Gossip," « The Fourth Estate," " Critics," and like sub-
jects, and it has the special interest of being his Emi-
nence's only legacy to secular literature.
Mr. Thomas Wright is following up his biography of
Cowper with a "Complete Correspondence" of the
poet, and is also writing a life of Daniel Defoe. Four
hundred letters, or portions of letters, not included by
Southey, are to be given in the former work, and in the
latter there will be a quantity of entirely new material
dealing with Defoe's private life.
The New York " Critic " has made the discovery that
Chicago is a literary centre, and will publish hereafter
a regular weekly letter from this city, to be written
by Miss Lucy Monroe, whose name is not unknown to
readers of The Dial. Mr. Arthur Waugh (Tenny-
son's biographer) succeeds Mrs. L. B. Walford as Lon-
don correspondent of "The Critic."
The Theatre Franeais gave on March 6 a premiere,
which was a triumph, yet a profoundly melancholy one
— La Paix du Manage, a comedy by M. Guy de Mau-
passant. The great novelist, after more than a year's
suffering in Dr. Blanche's lunatic asylum, is now in a
hopeless condition. The piece was written long before
his mind gave way, but it had not been thoroughly re-
vised.
Dr. J. H. Bridges, one of the three chief English ex-
ponents of Positivism, intends to devote the leisure which
his retirement from the Local Government Board has
given him, to a stupendous piece of work — the editing
of the works of Roger Bacon. Some Bacon MSS. of
the first importance are thought to be in the Vatican,
but the discovery of these is by no means a matter of
certainty.
Miss Partridge, of Alvechurch, Redditch, England,
has undertaken to compile the "Praise of Chaucer"
from his day to ours, for the Chaucer Society. The
book will contain all mentions of Chaucer and allusions
to him up to 1800, and the chief ones since. Miss
Partridge will be grateful for any extracts on the sub-
ject seut to her. Next year a trial list of extracts will
be printed, and the complete volume will appear in or
bet ore 1900, the quincentenary of Chaucer's death.
The "Revue Bleue" has opened a competition for
ascertaining " the best twenty-five books " to be deter-
mined by the suffrages of its readers. A similar com-
petition in Italy recently led to the following being put at
the head of the list: Dante (119 votes), the Bible (57),
Shakespeare (54), Herbert Spencer's "First Princi-
ples" (36), Manzoni's "Promessi Sposi" (36), Dar-
win's "Origin of Speeies" (28), Goethe's "Faust"
(25), Spencer's " System of Philosophy" (22), Homer
(20).
Gail Hamilton has recently notified the world that
she, and she only, has been authorized to prepare a biog-
raphy of Mr. Blaine. She deals with would-be rivals
in language of which the following is a fair specimen:
"If it must be that rapacious rodents, insensible to the
most holy sentiments of the human heart, regardless
alike of the feelings of the living and the rights of the
dead, cannot be kept back from his consecrated grave,
but persist in their rancorous chant,
'Be he alive or be he dead,
I'll grind his bones to make me bread,'
the one consolation of all who love him must be in the full
assurance that the distress and horror are theirs, not his."
We could have wished for Mr. Blaine a better fate
than awaits him at the hands of such a biographer.
Notes sub Taink.
The English papers have dealt generously with
Taine, who has, indeed, a peculiar claim upon the
gratitude of Englishmen. We make a few extracts
from the more important articles that have ap-
peared. The London "Times" writes of him as
follows:
"M. Taine was elected to the French Academy in
1878, in succession to M. de Lome'nie, and at once be-
gan to exercise a real influence on the proceedings of
that body. We may fairly assume, for instance, that
he was one of those who compelled the early recogni-
tion of the claims of M. Sully-Prudhomine, the philo-
sophical poet; and it is certain that, more recently,
he had much to do with the election of M. de Vogue
and M. Lavisse. Although his type of mind was so spe-
cial and distinct that he cannot be said to have had a
literary kinship to anyone, it was with men like these
that he undoubtedly felt the closest sympathy. The
methods of physical science applied to the mind and to
the study of human society — these were what really
interested him, although he had a genuine admiration
for brilliancy and creative genius, whether in talk or in
writing. He admired Renan, for example, and person-
ally felt a real affection for him, as for a very old
friend; he admired Paul Bourget, and would listen de-
lighted, as did men of all ages, to the young writer's ex-
traordinary eloquence in conversation. In painting,
Bonnat was the contemporary whom he admired most;
and Bonnat painted a portrait of him in a style which,
if the methods of art can be said to resemble those of
literature, is curiously like Taine's own—vivid, precise,
scientific, but hard and without charm. His interest in
the politics of the day was only moderately keen; his
attitude, as might have been expected, was mainly crit-
ical. He loyally accepted the Republic, and hoped for
its permanence; he admired the English methods of
governing and legislating; but he used to confess that
the outlook was, in both countries, an anxious one. He
feared much, at home, from the instability of the French
character; he feared much, all over Europe, from the
spread of socialistic theories. But how could a man be
an optimist who had lived through the war of 1870 and
had steeped himself, more deeply than any other stu-
dent, in the published and unpublished records of the
triumphs and the horrors, the hopes, the disappointments,
the miserable disillusion of the Revolution and the era
of Napoleon?"
The following is from " The National Observer":
"He was not primarily a writer. Though his style
is lucid, after the habit of his country, it is none the
less hopelessly pedestrian. There is no stamp of per-
sonality on his page. He expresses his meaning with
fearless logic, but, if you remember his conclusions, you
seldom carry away the echo of a phrase. His talent
for analysis was always conspicuous, and he reinforced
his native esprit with an erudition, a faculty of research,
which were almost Teutonic in their patient accuracy. .
In England, at any rate, his reputation rests upon his
'Histoire de la Literature Anglaise,' a work which,
despite its faults, is scarce likely to be supplanted.
Now, M. Taine looked upon literature as the raw ma-
terial of speculation. For him poetry was not the sport
of the imagination, the solitary caprice of a flushed
fantasy, but a copy in little of prevailing manners. In
fact, he made small allowance for the man of genius


THE
[April 1,
and was ever eloquent in the praise of the spirit of the
age. Hence his criticism is too often misguided by
pedantry, his appreciation blunted by his parti pris.
Now and again the reader cannot but conclude that
thus, and thus only, would Taine have written concern-
ing any other manifestation of human energy. But,
when this fault is acknowledged, there remains little
to register save admiration. The historian of our lit-
erature had exhausted the field of knowledge. His
achievement indeed is unique. No other foreigner has
ever mastered the subtleties of our speech so efficiently
as to understand, as did Taine, both Shakespeare and
Swift. He has read his books, he marshalls his facts
with amazing tact and precision. Even his criticism,
cast as it was in scientific mould, at times surprises the
reader by its insight and ingenuity. Nor is there any
taint of superficiality upon the work. Authorities are
continually quoted to support the argument, and not
even was the drudgery of bibliography shirked. And
yet the book in a measure leaves you cold. The phil-
osophic spirit perpetually obtrudes. The critic thinks
more of milieu than of the man, and you are convinced
that his most cherished theory is instantly upset at the
touch of genius, which rises not only above its own sur-
roundings, but above the teaching of philosophy, con-
troverting the most nicely balanced theories of critics
and psychologists."
The comment of " The Saturday Review" is brief
but pithy. We select the following paragraph:
"M. Taiue's matter, however, was not any man's
matter by any means. Its fault is universally known,
or, if not universally, to many who never opened a page
of his writings in the original. The zeal of the houses
of theory devoured him. Some people called it 'De-
terminism,' which would be as good a name as another
if it were steadily kept in mind that determinists like
M. Taine leave out a good many determining causes.
Take all the causes in, and everybody is a determinist
who is not a donkey. An epigram of Flaubert's, pub-
lished the other day, on one of the causes which M. Taine
and his master Sainte-Beuve, left out, was neat enough.
They looked at everything 'sauf le talent,' said the au-
thor of 'Madame Bovary.' This was not quite fair;
but there was a certain amount of truth in it. The
'product of the circumstances' theory, which Sainte-
Beuve never quite openly admitted, but which M.
Taine unhesitatingly championed, does 'leave out tal-
eut' too often, and when it does not leave it out, it still
oftener thinks less of enjoying its results than of ana-
lyzing their production."
"The Athenaeum " has an editorial article which
includes the following passage:
"Those who never made Taiue's personal acquaint-
ance must judge him by his writings, and the verdict
cannot be other than in his favour. He was a master
of the literary art. A vein of poetry ran through his
nature, and many a passage is vivid with imagery as apt
as it is splendid. He has been blamed for over-doing
quotation in his history of modern France. He readily
admitted the charge, but he urged in his defence that
if he did not cite his authorities in their very words his
statements would not be credited. His desire was to
establish the truth, and he had to dismiss as legends or
pure myths many statements which passed current as
authentic. Few men have been more amenable to
reason. He would bow his head in the presence of a
fact, the aim of his life, indeed the desire of his sold,
being to substitute the reign of fact in literature for that
of mere illusion. Those who have been most intimate
with him entertain the highest respect for his aims
and the profoundest esteem for his character. A sim-
pler or less selfish nature is not to be found in the
ranks of great writers. He had an aversion to pa-
rade and ostentation. His tastes were as simple as
those of an anchorite, and if he deserved any re-
proach it was that of working too hard and enjoying
life too little. Yet for him research was enjoyment.
The one great English writer with whom he had much
iu common was Edward Gibbon. Another great En-
glish writer for whom he had an intense admiration
as an orator and an historian was Macaulay; but Ma-
caulay was much more a man of the world than Taine,
and he was an ardent politician, which Taine could not
become."
We close our extracts with the following excerpt
from a contribution to "The Athenaeum " by "M.
D.," evidently a personal friend of Taine:
"Yes, the future will honour no less than we the great
Positivist philosopher, the historian who, in this trou-
bled crucible of our living, moving age, sought, with
the patient exactitude of the chemist, the original prin-
ciple of its existence. But what we mourn the most
the future cannot know; for, carefully secluded, re-
vealed only to a chosen inner circle, the most exquisite
and noble personality made of M. Taine a sort of con-
science to those who knew him. His absolute sincerity,
his probity of soul, were united to a gentle simplicity,
a warmth of kindness, a generous sympathy, which one
did not expect to find in the author of a system so ab-
stract and so cold in its abstention from illusions. But
his kind great soul was like a flame that lit and warmed
and cheered the borders of an abyss. Never, I suppose,
was a philosopher less absolute in preaching his philos-
ophy. He used sometimes to say, 'I wish I liad writ-
ten my works of philosophy in Latin; then I should be
sure they could do no harm; they would be read by
those only who can understand them rightly.'"
Topics in Treading Periodicals.
April, 1893.
Americans Out of Doors. O. Bradford, Jr. Atlantic.
Architecture in Poetry. H. Van Brunt. Atlantic.
Art, Festal. D. J. Hill. Popular Science.
Art in New York. G. P. Lathrop. Harper.
Arts, Women's. Illus. Octave Uzanne. Scribner.
Authorship, The Organization of. Dial.
Ballot Reform. R. H. McDonald, Jr. Califorman.
Barracks of the Czar. Illus. P. Bigelow. Harper.
British Corrupt Practices Act, The. Forum.
British National Gallery. Illus. Magazine of Art.
Brooklyn. Illus. Julian Ralph. Harper.
Brooks, Phillips. A. V. G. Allen. Atlantic.
Buffalo, The. Hamlin Russell. Harper.
Campaign Expenditures. J. B. Bishop. Forum.
Carlyle, Unpublished Letters of. Scribner.
Chateaux of Blois. Illus. T. A. Cook. Scribner.
Chicago Anarchists of 18K)i. Illus. J. £. Gary. Century.
Chicago's Schools. J. M. Rice. Forum.
Church Union. W. De W. Hyde. Forum.
Consular Service, Our. William Slade. Forum.
Easton, Reginald. Illus. W. P. Frith. Magazine of Art.
Ethics and Economics. International Ethics.
Exposition, The First. Illus. May B. Edmonds. Califor'n.
Farmers' Discontent. Journal Political Economy i March).
Fiction, Recent. W. M. Payne. Dial.


1893.] THE
DIAL 225
Forest Trees of the Sierra Nevada. Illus. Overland.
Fuller, Margaret. Illus. Josephine Lazarus. Century.
Greyhound in Sport, The. Illus. Californian.
Harvard Arboretum, The. Illus. Century.
Hawaiian*, Ancient. Illus. E. £. Carey. Californian.
Hawaiian Annexation. Illus. J. O'Meara. Californian.
Hawaiian Revolution, The. Californian.
Hazlitt. Wm„ Unpublished Correspondence of. Atlantic.
Indian Metal-Work at Imperial Institute. Illus. Mag. of Art.
Japan. Illus. Robert Blum. Scribner.
Kansas. Illus. J. J. Ingalls. Harper.
Leech, John, at Home. Illus. H. Silver. Magazine of Art.
Mackerel Supply, The. R. T. Walsh. Popular Science.
Maoris of New Zealand. Illus. E. Tregear. Pop. Science.
Marquesas Archipelago. Illus. King Kalakaua. Califor'n.
Mass. Election Law, The. Josiah Quincy. Forum.
Money as an International Question. Atlantic.
Musicians, Pre-Columbian. Illus. J. J. Peatfield. Calif n.
Negro Education. Maud W. Goodwin. Popular Science.
New England Farm, A. Illus. Scribner.
Pampas Plumes. Mrs. S. E. A. Higgins. Overland.
Pelham-Copley Letters. P. L. Ford. Atlantic.
Plato and Platonism. Paul Shorey. Dial.
Princess Anne, The. Illus. M. 0. W. Oliphant. Century.
Prussia's Railway Policy. Journal Pol. Economy (March).
Publicity Department, World's Fair. Illus. Lippincott.
Real, Heresy of the. John G. Dow. Dial.
Reform and Law. W. M. Salter. International Ethics.
Religion in 1492. M. Bird. Lippincott.
Romance, Decadence of. Frederic Harrison. Forum.
Renan, Ernest. Illus. G. Monod. Popular Science.
Restoration House, The. Illus. S. T. Aveling. Scribner.
Schipka Pass. Archibald Forbes. Century.
Science and the Colleges. D. S. Jordan. Popular Science.
Self-Development. International Ethics.
Silver Coinage. L. A. Sheldon, Californian.
Silver Coinage. F.A.Walker. Jour. Pol. Economy (March).
Southern Empire, The. Wm. D. Fonlke. Dial.
St. Paul's Schools. J. M. Rice. Forum.
Structure, Action, and Thought. Illus. Popular Science.
Vallejo, Gen. M. G. Illus. Emily B. Powell. Harper.
Washington Society. Illus. H. L. Nelson. Harper.
Whitman, Walt. Illus. D. C. Lockwood. Californian.
Zulu War, The. Illus. T. W. D'Evelyn. Californian.
List op New Books.
[The following list, embracing 66 titles, includes all books
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Sunrise: A Story of These Times. By William Black.
New revised edition, Kimo, pp. 481. Har|ier & Bros,
90 cts.


226
[April 1,
THE DIAL
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1893.]
227
THE DIAL
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Send $3.00 for a year's subscription to
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The American Geologist
For 1893.
THE ONLY EXCLUSIVELY GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE PUBLISHED IN ^AMERICA.
EDITORS AND
SAMUEL CALVIN, Ph.D., F.G.8.A., State University, Iowa City, Iowa.
EDWARD W. CLAYPOLE, B.A., D.Sc., London; F.G.&B., L.E. and
A., Akron, Ohio.
FRANCIS W. CRAGIN, B.Sc., F.G.S.A, Professor of Geology and
Palaeontology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colo.
JOHN EVERMAN, Esq., F.G.S.A., F.A.G.8., M.I.M.E., Easton, Pa.
PERSIFOR FRAZER, Doct. cs Sci. Nat, Offlcier de l'lnstruction Pub-
lique, France; Correspondent, Reichsanstalt, Wein; F.G.8.A.,
Professor of Chemistry, Horticultural Society, Philadelphia.
ROBERT T. HILL, F.G.S. A., late of the Texas and Arkansas Geological
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PROPRIETORS.
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THE GEOLOGICAL PUBLISHING CO., Minneapolis, Minn., U.S.A.


228
[April 1, 1893.
THE DIAL
Dodd, Mead & Co.'s Announcements for Spring.
THE CONTINUATION OF
THE NOVELS OF ANTHONY TROLLOPE.
The next group will be the Parliamentary Novels, containing (
Can You Forgive Her? 3 vols. Phineas Phinn, 3 vols. Phineas Redux, 3 vols.
The Prime Minister, 4 vols. The Duke's Children, 2 vols.
These, like the Barchester Tower Series, form a distinct group. "Can You Forgive Her?" issued in March. The
others will follow at convenient intervals. Each volume 12mo, with frontispiece in photogravure from design
by C. R. Grant. Cloth, $1.25. A de luxe edition on Holland paper, limited to 250 copies, will be issued
at $2.50 per volume.
Previously issued: The Barchester Tower Series, 13 vols., $16.25.
THE NOVELS OF MARIA EDGEWORTH.
To be issued in instalments, with illustrations in photogravure, beginning with ** Belinda," in 2 vols., at the uni-
form price of &1.00 per volume. This edition will be uniform in type, size, etc., with the very popular edition
of Jane Austen's Works published during the last year by Dent, of London.
11 She is the author of works never to be forgotten; of works which can never lose their standard value as 1 English Classics.' Her novels
always found an eager reception at a time when the poetry of Scott, of Campbell, and of Crab be was issuing in its freshness from the press; when
the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews, then splendid novelties, were to be duly read and studied; when Madame de StJM'l was at her zenith, and,
in a word, when the competition of the noblest wits was only less keen than at the present day."— Edward Eybrett, in North American Review.
Said Sir Walter Scott: "If I could but hit Hiss Edgeworth's wonderful power of vivifying all her persons and making them live as beings
in the mind, I should not be afraid."
YOUTH (Jeunesse.)
Translated from the French of Charles Wagner by Ernest Redwood. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
This book, which has attracted wide attention in France, has run through many editions, and has been crowned by the
French Academy. It is a protest against materialism, a plea for the ideal, for plain living, and high thinking. Its publication
in English has been urged by such men as Charles Dudley Warner, who has spoken of it in the highest terras. It is a book
which every thoughtful person will find most suggestive and inspiring.
A SINGER FROM THE SEA.
A Story by Amelia E. Barr. 12mo, cloth, $1.25. Uniform in size and style with Mrs. Barr's other works.
Also, in the same style and at the same price, a reissue of Mrs. Barr's earlier work: CLUNY McPHERSON.
In the Series MAKERS OF AMERICA:
PETER STUYVESANT. By Bayard Tuckerman, author of " Life and Times of Lafayette." 12mo, cloth, 81.
THOMAS JEFFERSON. By James Schouler, LL.D., author of "History of the United States." 12mo, cloth, 81.
NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION OF THE RAIL-
ROADS OF THE UNITED STATES.
By Gf.obgk H. Lewis. 12mo, cloth.
THE ROSE:
Its Cultivation, Varieties, etc. By H. B. Ellw anger. An
entirely new edition, from new plates. Thoroughly revised
and largely rewritten by George H. Ellwanger. 16mo,
tastefully bound, $1.26.
ALMOST FOURTEEN.
A book designed to be used by parents in the training of their
sons and daughters for present modesty and nobility and
future fathernood and motherhood. By Mortimer A.
Warren. A new edition, revised, $1.00.
ELSIE DINSMORE. (Quarter Century Edition.)
By Martha Finley. In a neat but very cheap edition, is-
sued on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
publication of this most popular child's book.
FROM OUT OF THE PAST.
A Story of Touraine. By Emily Howland Hoppin. 12mo,
cloth, $1.00; paper, 50 cents.
To be Published Immediately:
BARRIERS BURNED AWAY.
A Story of the Chicago Fire. By E. P. Roe. Phenix Edi-
tion, from new type, bound in half cloth with gold side,
similar to the popular cheap edition of "Reveries of a Bach-
elor," recently issued in this style.
THE YEAR BOOK OF SCIENCE FOR 1892.
Edited by Professor T. G. Bonney, D.S.C., LL.D., F.R.S.
12rao, cloth, $1.75.
It aims to present a conspectus of the progress made annually, di-
vested as far as may be of technicalities. It is intended to be useful
not only to those interested in one department, but generally interested
in science, and desiring to learn in which direction the sphere of knowl-
edge is being enlarged.
In their Series of BLUE PAPER NOVELS. 12mo,50cU.
Wild River Valley. By Martha Flnxbt.
Perchance to Dream. By Margaret Sutton Briscoe.
From Out of the Past. By Emily Howland Hoppin.
She Loved a Sailor. By Amelia E. Bark.
A Princess of FIJI. By William Churchill.
Prince Serebryanl. By Count Alexis Tolstoi.
Wedded by Fate. By Mrs. Geobois Sheldon.
DODD, MEAD & CO., Publishers, . . . No. 5 East Nineteenth St., New York.
THE DIAL PRESS, CHICAGO.


THE DIAL
SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
i^ittrarg Criticism, gisnission, anir Information.
FRANCIS F. BROWNE. 1 No. 164.
CHICAGO, APRIL 16, 1893. 10a2*ayea^l' j °'%uvent*BtMingST
Charles Scribner's Sons' New Books
HOMES IN CITY AND COUNTRY.
By Russell Sturgis, John W. Root, Bruce Price, Donald G. Mitchell, Samuel Parsons, Jr., and
W. A. Linn. With 100 illustrations. 8vo, 82.00.
These papers from Bcribnkb's Magazine relate to home-winning and to the characteristic features of city, suburban, and country houses,
with suggestions by acknowledged authorities as to the most desirable features of each class. Co-operative house-building is fully explained.
The illustrations represent American architecture from Colonial times to the present.
Island Nights' Entertainments.
The Beach of Falesa, The Bottle Imp, and Isle of Voices.
By Robert Louis Stevenson. Illustrated. 12mo,
S1.2S.
three stories reveal anew two sides of the author's genit
the first: of his gift of flerv narrative of adventure and fight, the last
two of lols fantastic imagination and grotesque humor.
Stories of a Western Town.
By Octave Thanet. Illustrated by A. B. Frost.
12mo, $1.26.
The types portrayed and incidents pictured in these stories are
peculiar to the thriving, pushing towns of the Great Central Western
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HOW TO KNOW THE WILD FLOWERS.
A Guide to the Names, Haunts, and Habits of our Common Wild Flowers. By Mrs. William Starr Dana.
With over 100 illustrations by Marion Satterlee. Square 12mo, $1.50 net.
"With this compact and intelligible guide the least learned lover of floral beauty may acquire with ease and pleasure a store of informa-
tion of lasting benefit. Over four hundred flowers are described. The book is got up in excellent style, and the illustrations are real1
of art.'*—Boston Beacon.
Tropical America.
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WAGNER AND HIS WORKS.
The Story of his Life, with Critical Comments. By Henry T. Finck. With Portrait. 2 vols., 12mo, 84.00.
Mr. Finch's established reputation as a musical scholar, his thorough familiarity with Wagner literature, and his interesting style give his
book a marked and permanent value. It is the result of many years' special study, and is both a full review of Wagner's life and a critical
analysis of his workB.
Recollections of Middle Life.
By Francisqub Sarcey. With Portrait. 12mo,
$1.50.
"A very entertaining volume. It is written with much sparkle
, and will be read with eagerness."—A. Y. Tribune.
The People's Money.
By W. L. Trenholm, ex-Comptroller of the Currency.
12mo, $1.50.
"Beyond all praise as a wise and readily intelligible exposition of the
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LIFE OF MICHEL ANOELO.
By John Addinoton Symoxds. With 50 illustrations. New and cheaper edition. 2 vols., 8vo, 87.50.
"His studies fitted him for the task as no one else has been fitted. The artist's personality in no other work is made so clear to us, and
there is no biography heretofore written which is not superseded because of the information which alone can be had here."—A'. Y. Timet.
•On
Second Book of Verse.
By Eugene Field. 16mo, $1.25.
themes, many of them clever, all of them readable,
of nature in every line." —AT. Y. Journal of Com-
New Edge wood Edition.
Reveries of a Bachelor, and Dream Life. By Donald G.
Mitchell. Each lCmo, 75 cents.
"In charming covers of blue and gold. They are of convenient
size, the type is large, and they have the la'
thor."—N. Y. Times.
i latest revisions by the an-
THE FRENCH WAR AND THE REVOLUTION.
By Prof. W. M. Sloane, of Princeton. American History Series. With Maps. 12mo, $1.25.
"The highest praise we can award the volume is to say that it is entirely worthy to stand by the side of Professor Fisher's study of 1 The
Colonial Era,* which preceded It. If the two divisions of the series yet to come are equally good we shall have a history of the United States
! philosophical significance, and adequate arrangement of fact has never before been approached."—Boston
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743-745 Broadway, New York.


230
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
HARPER & BROTHERS'
NEW BOOKS.
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES,
From the Compromise of 1850. By James Ford
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ATHELWOLD.
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KATHARINE NORTH.
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ornamental, $1.25.
SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE.
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and many Illustrations. Vol. I. Royal 8vo, illumi-
'nated cloth, uncut edges and gilt top, $5.00. («Sec-
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WHITE BIRCHES.
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mental, $1.25.
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, Crown 8vo, cloth, uncut edges and gilt top, $3.00.
OILES COREY, YEOMAN.
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cloth, ornamental, 50 cents.
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1893.]
231
THE
DIAL
Two 'Books of Great Interest to
oArcbceologists.
By ELLEN RUSSELL EMERSON.
Indian Myths;
Or, Legends, Traditions, and Symbols of the Abo-
rigines of America compared with those of Other
Countries, including Hindostan, Egypt, Persia,
Assyria, and China. With numerous plates and
diagrams. 8vo, gilt top, $5.00.
"The myths are grouped under various heads. Thus
there is one chapter containing myths in regard to
birds; others, those concerning the serpent, the stars,
and the sun. Among the most interesting are the
legends of the dead. We have the beliefs in regard to
the origin of evil and its personification, and those in
regard to the Great Spirit. These themes are only a
few among those that are represented in the book.
The work is very largely illustrated, especially by re-
productions of the symbols used by the Iudians; al-
though some larger pictures are given, representing
Indian ceremonials and priests. ... In a word, we
have here a storehouse of what is most interesting and
important in regard to the subject treated. The work
is made complete by a very copious index."—The Chris-
tian Register, Boston.
Masks, Heads, and Faces.
With some Considerations respecting the Rise and
Development of Art. With many illustrations.
8vo, $4.00.
This unique book shows the inception of the idea of
portraiture, and that the construction of masks origi-
nated in emulation of the gods. Ceremonial dances
are described, — these are the drama of the gods, the
earliest masquerade; and there is a chapter on comedy.
Masks, pictographs, and hieroglyphic writing, ideal
faces, with the series of heads of Mexican gods in their
insignia from the Codex Rememsis, give a unique char-
acter to the volume. The book has many illustrations,
among which lion and bird masks, Hellenic and Mexi-
can, are conspicuous. There are Egyptian and Assyr-
ian heads, faces of the Renaissance, the rare head of
Christ by Fuget, Heads of Zeus, Fompeiian mural
decorations, groups of Indian dancers, the ghost-mask,
and many others.
Sold by Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, by
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.,
BOSTON, MASS.
CHARLES L. WEBSTER & CO.
HAVE JUST PUBLISHED:
ELIZABETH: CHRISTIAN SCIENTIST.
By Matt Crim, author of "Adventures of a Fair
Rebel," "In Beaver Cove," etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.00;
paper, 50 cents.
The story deals with the career of a refined and deeply
religious girl, who leaves her home in the Georgia mountains
with the object of converting the world to Christian Science.
The true aims and spirit of Christian Science are set forth by
Miss Crim in a manner calculated to do away with many false
impressions.
STORIES FROM THE RABBIS.
By Abram S. Isaacs, Ph.D., Professor of German and
Hebrew in the University of the City of New York.
12mo, cloth, 81.25.
Dr. Isaacs has gathered from the Talmud and Midrash a
most entertaining collection of non-sectarian stories, and has
re-told them in genial prose. This book is a capital companion
for an hour's relaxation, and is also suited for reading pur-
poses in schools and colleges.
THE ART OF SKETCHING.
By G. Fraipont, with fifty illustrations from drawings
by the author. Translated from the French, by
Clara Bell. With preface by Edwin Bale, R.I.
12mo, cloth, 81.00.
This little book will be found invaluable to amateurs in
black and white, and of great service and interest to artists
and those desiring a text-book on this branch of art.
LATEST ISSUES.
THE £1,000,000 BANK-NOTE, AND NEW
SKETCHES.
By Mark Twain. With frontispiece. Small 8vo,
cloth, 81.00; stamped leather, 81.50.
This volume contains Mark Twain's new story of the
"£1,000,000 Bank-Note," together with several other stories,
by the same author, which have never before appeared in
book form. They include: "Mental Telegraphy," Playing
Courier," "A Letter to Qneen Victoria," About Ships,"
"The German Chicago," and " A Majestic Literary Fossil."
TENTING ON THE PLAINS.
By Elizabeth B. Custer, author of "Boots and
Saddles." New cheap edition. Illustrated, 12mo,
cloth, 81.00.
This edition is printed from new plates, with the original
illustrations, and bound in a handsome and appropriate cover.
It is one of Mrs. Custer's best books, and can be very favor-
ably compared with her "Boots and Saddles."
THE LEGENDS AND MYTHS OF HAWAII:
The Fables and Folk-Lore of a Strange People. Edited,
with an introduction, by Hon. R. M. Daggett, late
U. S. Minister to the Hawaiian Islands. An octavo
volume of 530 pages. Two steel portraits, and
twenty-five other beautiful illustrations.
Scholars will read this book with interest, as it is an in-
vestigation in a new field, and the general reader will find in
these weird legends of a strange people, now nearly extinct,
a charm lacking in modern romances.
Our publication* are sold by all booksellers or mailed, post-
paid, on receipt of price.
CHARLES L. WEBSTER & COMPANY,
No. 07 Fifth Avenue, New York Citt.


232
[April 16, 1893.
THE DIAL
Macmillan and Co.'s New Books.
&{ow Ready. Vol. I. of the New Revised and Enlarged Edition of
the Right Hon. JAMES 'BRYCE'S Great Work,
THE
American Commonwealth.
By the Right Hon. JAMES BRYCE, D.C.L,
Author of "The Holy Empire"; M. P. for Aberdeen.
In Two Vols., Large 12mo. Third Edition. Revised throughout, and for the greater part Rewritten.
Vol. I., $1.75 net. Vol. II., In Press.
OPINIONS OF
"His work rises at once to an eminent place among
studies of great nations and their institutions. It is, so
far as America goes, a work unique in scope, spirit, and
knowledge. There is nothing like it anywhere extant,
nothing that approaches it. . . . Without exaggeration,
it may be called the most considerable and gratifying
tribute that has yet been bestowed upon us by an En-
glishman, and, perhaps, by even England herself. . . .
One despairs in an attempt to give, in a single newspa-
per article, an adequate account of a work so infused
with knowledge and sparkling with suggestion. . . .
Every thoughtful American will read it, and will long
hold in grateful remembrance its author's name."—New
York Times.
"As we can hardly conceive of any influence more
likely to help in forming a right judgment on these mo-
mentous subjects than that of so wise, so temperate, and
so able a discussion of American institutions as Profes-
sor Bryce lias here given us, we repeat the wish that it
may find its way to the library of every patriotic citi-
zen, and be studied with earnest care."—N. Y. Evening
Post. (Second notice.)
"All too brief and inadequate as this review may be,
it indicates the lofty tone and impartial spirit of a work
that taken instant rank as the keenest critique and most
trustworthy description of our social and political life.
The only way to enjoy such a work is to read every line
of it"—Philadelphia Press.
"We understate the facts when we say that De Tocque-
ville's survey of our political and social framework can-
not be compared, in point of wide knowledge and wise
comment, with 'The American Commonwealth'by James
Bryce."—New York Sun.
THE PRESS.
"This work will be invaluable ... to the American
citizen who wishes something more than a superficial
knowledge of the political system under which he lives
and of the differences between it and those of other
countries. . . . The jact is that no writer has ever at-
tempted to present so comprehensive an account of our
political system, founded upon such length of observa-
tion, enriched with so great a mass of detail, and so
thoroughly practical in its character. . . . We have
here a storehouse of political information regarding
America such as no other writer, American or other, has
ever provided in one work. ... It will remain a stand-
ard even for the American reader." —N. Y. Tribune.
"On this side of the Atlantic it is recognized as the
most remarkable among English books for the aecuracy
of its statements, its fairness of judgment, and its clear-
ness of comprehension; while by the English press it is
regarded as the most sagacious and important study of
the subject since De Tocqueville's' Democracy in Amer-
ica,' which appeared more than half a century ago."—
Public Opinion.
"Written with full knowledge by a distinguished En-
glishman to dispel vulgar prejudices and to help kin-
dred people to understand each other better, Professor
Bryce's work is in a sense an embassy of peace, a mes-
sage of good-will from one nation to another."—Lon-
don Times.
"The event of the year in the literary world takes
place to-day in the publication by Messrs. Macmillan of
Mr. Bryce's monumental work on 'The American Com-
monwealth,' ... a work remarkable alike for pene-
tration of judgment, for felicity of style, and for solid-
ity of research."—Pall Mall Gazette.
Macmillan <$- Co.'s List of Books by American Authors will be sent free by mail, postpaid, upon application.
MACMILLAN & CO., Publishers, New Yobk City.


THE DIAL
21 Snn{=iWont})lg Journal of ILttrrarg Critt'ctssm, JBiamman, ano Enformatton.
THE DIAL (Sounded in 1SSO) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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THE DIAL, JVo. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
No. 164- APRIL 16, 1893. Vol. XIV.
Contents.
PAGE
THE FUTURE OF AMERICAN SPEECH .... 233
CHRONICLE AND COMMENT 235
WALTON'S ANGLER, AND ITS BIBLIOGRAPHY.
James L. High 236
COMMUNICATIONS 238
The Passion for Realism, and What Is to Come of
It. Hiram M. Stanley.
NOTES OF A FRENCH LECTURER. E. O.J. . . 241
THE CENTENARY EDITION OF SHELLEY. Mel-
ville B. Anderson 244
SOME RECONCILIATIONS OF FAITH AND REA-
SON. John Bascom 246
THE ETHICS OF EVOLUTION. William H. Hud-
son 249
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 252
Professor Moulton's Study of Shakespeare's Dra-
matic Art.— Theories and Methods of Literary Criti-
cism.— Morocco : Past and Present.—M. Kufferath's
treatment of Wagner's "Parsifal."—Through the
land of the "merry Magyars."—Summer and Au-
tumn in rural New England.—A popular and read-
able History of English.— Works and relics of the
Mound-Builders. — A gossipy book on the Great
Composers.
BRIEFER MENTION 256
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS 256
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 257
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 257
THE FUTURE OF AMERICAN SPEECH.
The coming conquests of the English language
constitute a theme much favored in the discussions
of debating societies and the orations of college
commencements. With anyone born to our En-
glish speech it must, indeed, be a matter of pride
that the language of Shakespeare should hare won
a secure foothold in North America and South
Africa, in India, in Australia, and in the isles of
the sea. But the pride thus gratified by a super-
ficial view of the growth already achieved and
the growth probably to be recorded in the years
to come is tempered when, upon closer observa-
tion, we realize that this extension in area of the
English language is likely to have deterioration
in quality for a concomitant. However desirable
may be the increased use of our language by the
nations of the earth, we cannot regard with equa-
nimity the tendency of the language, in its territo-
rial extensions, to assume corrupt dialectic forms.
The power of literature to give fixity to speech
is very great, but we cannot blindly count upon it
for the impossible. The language of Italy was
cast in definite mould by the genius of Dante, and
it still retains the impress given it six centuries ago,
but we must recollect that this language has never
been called upon to meet the test of transplantation
to another soil, and adoption by a mixed, and in
part, therefore, an alien race. So the English lan-
guage, in its native environment, is still substan-
tially the language created by Chaucer and Shake-
speare, but observers are not wanting who declare
that the English language, transplanted to the
American continent, is undergoing radical changes,
and becoming a dialect of the parent form of speech.
Of course we are not to expect anything like a
repetition of the process by which the Latin lan-
guage, crossing Alps and Pyrenees, underwent first
corruption and then transformation. The solidarity
of modern civilization makes that impossible. All
countries having a common language are linked
together by bonds that will never permit the speech
of one to become unintelligible to the inhabitants
of the other.
But, while retaining a common intelligibility, it
is quite possible for the offsets of our language to
become so differentiated one from the other that
they may fairly be described as dialects, and this
is a danger which everyone familiar with what is
best and noblest in our common literary inheritance
will be quick to appreciate. We do not now refer
to the incorporation of those new words made neces-
sary by a new environment, and illustrated by the


234
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
Pacific coast stories of Mr. Harte, the Indian tales
of Mr. Kipling, and the novels and poems of Aus-
tralian writers. Nor do we refer to those develop-
ments of idiom taken on by all living languages, and
the necessary sign of their vitality. But we do re-
fer to the mushroom growths of speech that spring
up everywhere among us, the modes of expression
that result from mere slovenliness of mind, and
find no warrant either in the genius of the language
or in the necessities of the situation. These linguis-
tic ahortions are encouraged by a press unworthy
of its function because unfaithful to its trust, and
accepted by an easy-going and uncritical public, too
eager in its desire for the new thing, and too heed-
less in its tolerance of the short cut which generally
means incomplete expression, of the barbarism which
usually defeats the very purpose of expression.
The language that is spoken by the people of this
country is the language that is read in their popular
literature — in their newspapers, magazines, and
paper-covered novels -— and is not a language in
which they have reason to take pride. The great
bulk of the writing done for our newspapers is done
by uneducated persons, and offends every instinct
of literary decency. A higher standard is offered
by the best of our magazines, but few can resist the
temptation of a well-known name, and any sort of
notoriety is a passport to the pages of all but three
or four of them. The oldest and for many years
the most dignified of our reviews has been degraded
to the level of the sensational daily paper, and
offers to its readers of to-day as few well-written
pages as it offered of ill-written pages to its readers
of a generation ago. Of the kind of English in
which most of our popular novels are written the
less that is said the better. But we may remark
that the realistic tendency of recent fiction has to
answer, among many other sins, for that of fasten-
ing upon the minds of its readers the grossest sole-
cisms of uneducated speech. Anything is permiss-
ible in the conversations of its characters, for is it
not the function of Realism to represent people as
they act and speak? So the illiterate writer has
only to select his types of characters from the un-
educated crowd, and is then free to pen the sort of
English to which he is accustomed. If, by chance,
the "piebald jargon " which he places upon their
lips passes over into the descriptive and other pas-
sages in which the writer speaks for himself, the
average reader will hold the offence of little weight,
if it even attracts his attention.
The degradation of the American language from
the high standard still measurably preserved in the
parent country is a phenomenon of the gravest sig-
nificance. We are not now concerned with the
quibbling aboutli Americanisms " and " Briticisms"
that has supplied amusement to many ingenious
controversialists. There is about as much to say
upon one side of that question as upon the other,
and the game appears to be drawn. The question
now before us is not that of certain objectionable
locutions—whether their origin be English or Amer-
ican; it is the far more serious question of how
far the American language has become an inferior
dialect of the English. Those of our writers who
resent any imputation of this sort usually ignore
the real question altogether. They seek to divert
attention from it either by childish tu quoqite argu-
ments, or by resort to vague generalizations upon
the fluctuations to which all living languages are
subject. They eloquently oppose " the wild flowers
of speech, plucked betimes with the dew still on
them, humble and homely and touching," to "the
waxen petals of rhetoric as a schoolmaster arranges
them." To the writer who has arrayed for us
these touchingly contrasted figures "the grammar-
ian, the purist, the pernicketty stickler for trifles,
is the deadly foe of good English, rich in idioms
and racy of the soil." That American English is,
on the whole, as good as any other, that its pecul-
iarities are but the evidences of a healthful vitality,
is the sum of the plea urged by these zealous lin-
guistic patriots.
But the question is not to be thus flippantly dis-
posed of. Dr. Fitzedward Hall, who is, we must re-
member, an American, although he has lived in
England for many years, replies to the sort of apol-
ogists above cited in the following emphatic terms:
"With those who, either from denseness of ignor-
ance or from aesthetic insensibility, deliver them-
selves in this uncritical fashion, it would be squan-
dering words to argue: they must be left to perish
in their pravity." And he goes on to say: "More
or less as much as the language of Scotland, Amer-
ican English, as a whole, has already come to be a
dialect; and day by day it entitles itself more and
more to that designation." These quotations are
taken from an article published by Dr. Hall in the
London "Academy" after it had been declined by
"two American periodicals." The greater part of
the article is devoted to a list of "locutions which
go far to realize finished debasement," taken from
a book by one of our better American writers.
Although exception may be taken to some of Dr.
Hall's illustrations, the majority of them are clearly
examples of bad English. That it is difficult for
an American to avoid writing bad English he freely
admits, and the passage in which the admission is
made, although somewhat long, is of so great inter-
est that it deserves to be reproduced here in full.
"If egotism for a moment is pardonable, no false
shame deters me from avowing that, though I have
lived away from America upwards of forty-six
years, I feel, to this hour, in writing English that I
am writing a foreign language, and that, if not in-
cessantly on my guard, I am in peril of stumbling.
Nor will it be amiss for any American, when ex-
perimenting like myself, to feel as I do, and never
to relax his vigilance, if he would not every now
and then reveal himself, needlessly and to his prej-
udice, as an exotic. Not for five minutes can he
listen to the conversation of his fellow-countrymen,
or for that length of time read one of their news-
papers, or one of such books as they usually write


1893.]
235
THE
DIAL
without exposure to the influence of some expres-
sion which is not standard English. Try as he will
to resist this influence, successful resistance to it is
well-nigh impossible. On the other hand, if he is in-
different about resisting it, his fancied English will,
a thousand to one, be chequered with solecisms,
(•rudenesses, and piebald jargon, of the sort which
the pages of Mrs. Stowe, Mr. E. P. Roe, and Mr.
Howells have rendered familiar. In short, the lan-
guage of an American is, all but inevitably, more
or less dialectal." That Dr. Hall speaks with au-
thority few will be bold enough to dispute. And,
although he does not suggest any definite remedy
for the insidious disease that has attacked our lan
guage, he clearly believes that remedies are yet
available. A century from now, he says, our pop-
ulation will be several times that of Great Britain.
"Circumstances generated by unprecedented com-
binations have entailed on us a recognizable dialect,
and one which is rapidly developing. Whether it
is fated to remain a dialect is a hazardous specula-
tion. Yet, unless we chance to breed a matter of
half a dozen Shakespeares and Miltons, it will
hardly, without great purification, reach the dignity
of a substantive language. But, be its eventual
status what it may, that which should especially
weigh with us is its unquestionable destiny to serve
as the mother-tongue of hundreds of millions. To-
wards the shaping of it, so that our successors shall
do us credit, we can contribute consciously. Most
surely it behoves us, therefore, to take measures,
and take them promptly, to the end that, so far as
may prove feasible, its evolution be controlled by
proficients in knowledge and taste, and not by sciol-
ists and vulgarians."
What these measures should be, we are left to
determine. Half a century ago, writing, mutatis
mutandis, upon the same subject, Schopenhauer
proposed in all seriousness that the State should
take a hand in the matter, and establish a system
of linguistic censorship of the press, with penalties
for the misuse of words, for syntactical errors, and
for "impudent mockery of grammar." "Is the
German language outlawed?" he exclaimed, "too
insignificant to deserve the legal protection enjoyed
by every dung-hill?" So heroic a remedy as this
is hardly within our reach, and we must look for
aid to educational systems rather than to legisla-
tures. By wisely directed education, and by that
alone, may we hope to come once more into secure
possession of the rich heritage, so nearly lost, of
the speech of Shakespeare and of Tennyson. To
accomplish this we must improve the methods of
our elementary education, and must make our
higher education higher still. We must strengthen
at all points the study of the English languages and
literature; we must insist upon the acquaintance,
from childhood up, with only good models of style;
we must make the proper expression of thought, in
every department of work, an aim concurrent with
that of acquiring the special subject-matter of the
Study pursued.
CHRONICLE AND COMMENT.
Librarians will find Chicago a very interesting
place next July. The American Library Association
will hold its regular annual meeting at that time and
place, and there will also be a general Congress of li-
brarians among the gatherings provided for by the
World's Congress Auxiliary. The discussions that will
be held at these meetings cannot fail to contribute to
the progress of library economics. All the prominent
phases of library work will be considered, and many of
these phases, it must be remembered, are distinctly
modern, hardly appearing within the scope of the libra-
rian of twenty-five years ago. The Association will
also have an interesting exhibit in the Liberal Arts
Building of the Exposition, including all sorts of blanks,
record-books, catalogues, and other labor-saving devices,
as well as plans and photographs of modern library
building's. Perhaps the most useful part of the exhibit
will be the model library of 5,000 volumes, arranged by
the officers of the New York State Library. This li-
brary will be selected with great care, and shown in
complete working order. The catalogue, which will be
printed for distribution, will prove a useful guide in
the formation of the public libraries that are every year
springing up in so many of our villages and smaller cities.
An important feature of the card catalogue of this li-
brary will be the notes, by competent specialists, upon
the books in some of the more important departments.
Such a system of annotation, generally introduced and
properly planned, would more than double the practi-
cal usefulness of our smaller public libraries. It is
gratifying to note the zeal with which the librarians of
to-day are working to make really helpful the collec-
tions of books in their custody. The size of a library
is really a matter of far less importance than the sys-
tem by which it is catalogued and its contents made
available for intelligent use.
The library of the late M. Renan is thus de-
scribed by Mr. Theodore Stanton: "The whole library
contains about ten thousand volumes, some three or
four thousand of which are devoted to Biblical and
Oriental subjects, and were the tools used by Renan in
the production of his principal works. This portion of
the collection is peculiarly valuable because only a
scholar like Renan could have brought it together.
Again, several of the volumes are out of print, while there
are many pamphlets of great rarity, presentation copies
printed for private circulation among university profes-
sors and treating some special recondite subject. This
part of the library, which, at Kenan's special request,
will not be broken up, but be sold to a single purchaser,
is complete in itself and would be found exceedingly
useful by all students of the Oriental languages or re-
ligious exegesis in its largest sense. The labor of pre-
paring the catalogue has been going on all the winter
under the immediate eye of Mme. Renan, and the
manuscript is now ready for the printer." It would be
very desirable to secure this collection for the Uuited
States, and " manifest destiny" points to Chicago as
the place where it would be of the greatest ultimate
usefulness. We trust that the Newberry Library or
the University of Chicago may see fit to take steps
towards obtaining this collection.
Professor Robert Yelverton Tyrrell, LL.D., who
has recently completed the third course of lectures on
the Turnbull foundation at the Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity, is one of the first among living classical scholars.


236
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
His childhood had all the associations of classical learn-
ing, and two of his brothers were distinguished for their
scholarship in this field. While a student at Trinity
College, Dublin, Mr. Tyrrell won many honors, and wus
elected to a fellowship at the age of twenty-three. He
afterwards became professor of Latin, and finally suc-
ceeded Dr. Ingram as Regius Professor of Greek, the
position he now occupies. His published works include
"The Correspondence of Cicero" (in connection with
Professor Purser), editions of the "Bacchic" and
"Troades " of Euripides, an edition of the " Miles Glor-
iosus " of Plautus, an English translation of the " Achar-
nians" of Aristophanes, and " Hesperidum Susurri," a
volume of translations into Greek and Latin verse. He
has also contributed a number of articles to the En-
glish reviews, the most noteworthy being a "dialogue of
the dead," entitled "The Old School of Classics and
the New," which appeared in the "Fortnightly " for Jan-
uary, 1888. In this dialogue Madvig and Bentley are
the principal speakers, the younger scholar giving to
the elder an account of the modern course of classical
learning. The dialogue is exceedingly brilliant in style,
and embodies a vigorous satirical attack upon the work
and methods of Professor A. H. Sayce. Professor
Tyrrell's lectures at the Johns Hopkins University had
for their subject "The Growth and Influence of Latin
Poetry," and were eight in number. Professor Tyrrell
was in Chicago April 11 as the guest of the Twentieth
Century Club, and read one of his lectures (the "Vir-
gil ") before that Society. He also lectured before the
University of Chicago. He is accompanied upon his
American journey by Mrs. Tyrrell, a daughter of Dr.
Shaw, Senior Fellow of Trinity College.
The recent death of Madame Venturi removes
one of the few remaining members of the group of
English men and women whose names are indissolubly
associated with that of Mazzini. Madame Venturi's
memoir of Mazzini, published under the modest initials,
"E. A. V.," is one of the best and most sympathetic
accounts left us of the life of the great Italian patriot.
The author, who married an Italian, was a Miss As-
hurst, the daughter of a well-known English lawyer.
At the time of Mazzini's short-lived but glorious Ro-
man triumvirate of 1849, Madame Venturi went to
Rome as the bearer of a large sum of money raised in
England by the friends of Italian liberty. Her devo-
tion to Mazzini and to his sacred cause was unfailing
and sincere, and her memory, like those of Mr. Swin-
burne and Mrs. Hamilton King, will be long cherished
by Mazzinians.
The following, from a London paper, is certainly
one of the curiosities of advertising: "A gentleman of
means, excellent social position, novelist of repute,
great traveller, linguist, aged forty-two, name honor-
ably known throughout Europe, who, although having
scores of 'so-called friends' in all hemispheres, singu-
larly feels his lonely position on the stormy ocean of
life, would like to meet with a gentleman or lady of
refinement and liberal views, having literary and ar-
tistic tastes, and who could take interest in his work.
He would either propose to board and reside in well-
appointed house, London, country, or any part of France
or Italy, where he coidd work undisturbed, and con-
tribute a fixed monthly or yearly sum, or arrangements
could be made in sharing his superior residence, situ-
ated in the most fashionable locality of the metropolis,
as well as small but artistically furnished villa abroad,
located in the loveliest part of Europe. Preference
given to one who could assist him in his work, and act
as literary amanuensis. Only those of his own position
in life need apply, in strictest confidence, to, etc."
Mr. Henry Blackburn, in a recent lecture on "The
Book of the Future," said that the English people were
not an artistic nation, and instead of getting better they
appeared to be rapidly getting worse. The author of
the present day was losing the sincerity and the indi-
viduality which ought to characterize him. Clothed in
a degrading, characterless costume, which took all ap-
pearance of manliness and suppleness from his figure, liv-
ing in houses and in cities in which nearly everything or-
nate or beautiful had been stolen, borrowed, or copied
from another country or period, the man of letters was
found engaged in the production of books in which, as
far as the meohanical parts were concerned, nearly every-
thing was a sham. The nineteenth century author's
love for the literature of the past had led him to imitate
not only the style but the outward aspect of old books.
He produced in his books a series of frauds; the en-
gravings, the so-called " hand-made " paper with its rough
edge, the vellum binding, and the gold illuminations on
the cover were all frauds. What they should aim at in
the book of the future was the artistic effect and bal-
ance of the page; and the harmony of writing and or-
nament should be one of the principal charms.
WALTON'S ANGLER, AND ITS
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
On Monday, May the ninth, in the year of grace
and of revolution sixteen hundred and fifty-three,
appeared on the last page of "The Perfect Diur-
nal," published in London, a modest advertisement
which read as follows:
"The Compleat Angler, or the Contemplative Man's
Recreation, being a discourse of Fish and Fishing, not
unworthy the perusal of most anglers; of eighteen
pence price. Written by Iz. Wa. Also the known
play of the Spanish Gipsee, never till now published.
Both printed for Richard Marriot, to be sold at his
shop in Saint Duns tan's Church-yard, Fleet street."
But little more than four years had passed since
Charles was beheaded. Only three weeks before,
Cromwell, at the head of a company of musketeers,
had dissolved the Rump Parliament; and a few
months later he was declared Lord Protector of the
Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Amid such turbulent scenes was composed, and
thus was modestly ushered into the world of letters,
the most perfect pastoral which the English language
has yet produced. One may imagine here and
there a quiet brother of the angle, whose eye had
been attracted by this advertisement, wending his
way through Fleet Street, elbowed by Cromwell's
grim-visaged Ironsides, to Harriot's little shop in
Saint Dunstan's Church-yard, and there investing
his eighteen pence in the little volume, clad in
homely brown calf, which was to achieve immor-
tality for its author.
The exquisitely engraved vignette that adorns
the title-page is still a marvel of beauty to all col-
lectors. A pair of quaintly-carved dolphins above


1893 ] THE DIAL 237
and another below the scroll on which is engraved
the title, are flanked on either side with pendant
strings of fish, strung exactly as we used to string
them in our boyish days. Below the title and pre-
ceding the name of printer and publisher, are the
words:
"Simon Peter said, I go a-fishing: and they said, we
also will go with thee. John, 21, 8."
Half-a-dozen quaint plates of fish, scattered through-
out the two hundred and forty-six pages, and the
angler's song inverted at page two hundred and
seventeen, in this as in the later editions published
during Walton's life, are the only other distinctive
marks of the volume. This edition has now be-
come one of the rarest of English books, and happy
is the collector who numbers it among his treasures.
A copy was sold at Sotheby's sale in London last
March, for three hundred and ten pounds; and the
price is steadily advancing,— if, indeed, there may
be said to be a steady advance in the price of a
book which is offered only at intervals of many
years. Six copies are known to exist in this coun-
try, two being the property of Mr. Dean Sage, of
Albany, one of Mr. Levi Z. Leiter, of Washington,
one of Mr. R. M. Whipple, of Chicago, one of Mr.
L. -D. Alexander, of New York, and one of the
writer of this article.
The second edition appeared in 1655, the work
having been substantially rewritten by Walton, and
enlarged to three hundred and fifty-five pages, with
a table of contents added. The book is prefaced
with divers complimentary poems by half-a-dozen
writers, who express their appreciation of Walton's
labors in halting rhymes ; while one Henry Bagley, a
learned Master of Arts, not otherwise known to fame,
pours forth his praise in Latin verse equally uncer-
tain in quantity and quality. This edition is per-
haps even rarer than the first, only three copies be-
ing known to exist in this country. One of these,
in the original binding and in perfect condition,
adorns the collection of the writer, another is the
property of Mr. Sage, and the third is in Mr. Al-
exander's collection.
The third edition appeared in 1661, being also
published, like its two predecessors, by Richard
Marriot. Soon after its appearance the sale of the
book seems to have been transferred from Marriot
to Simon Gape, who published the rest of the edi-
tion, with a new title-page, in 1664. But slight
changes appeared in this edition as compared with
the second, the principal addition being a chapter
upon the laws of angling.
The fourth edition was published in 1668, being
printed, as stated upon the title-page, for Richard
Marriot, and sold by Charles Harper at his shop
next door to the Crown, near Sergeant's Inn, in
Chancery Lane. Although stated to be much cor-
rected and enlarged, it is only a paginary reprint of
the third edition.
The fifth edition appeared in 1676, being also
published by Marriot. Part I. consists of Walton
proper, Part II. being the first edition of "The
Compleat Angler by Charles Cotton. Being instruc-
tions how to angle for trout and grayling in a clear
stream." Upon the title-page of Cotton appears the
interlaced cipher or monogram of the combined in-
itials of Walton and Cotton. The same cipher is
said to have been engraved over the door of Cot-
ton's fishing-lodge upon the banks of the River Dove,
where the two staunch friends fished together. This
house was still standing as late as 1824. With
these was also bound the fourth edition of "The
Experienced Angler: or Angling Improved, by Col.
Robert Venables," the three being sold collectively
or separately as suited the taste and purse of the
purchaser. The union of Walton and Cotton in
this edition has continued unbroken in all succeed-
ing editions. Cotton's treatise, although written in
great haste and within a period of about ten days,
at the request of Walton, is not unworthy of associa-
tion with the work of his great predecessor, and
they have never since been divorced. Poor Ven-
ables, however, appears in connection with Walton
for the first and last time in the fifth edition only.
Indeed the literary merit of his work is not such as
to insure its permanent association with Walton,
and his book is valuable only to the bibliopole and
collector. Its first edition, published in 1662, al-
though of far less value, is quite as rare as the first
or second Walton. Venables had served with dis-
tinction as a colonel in the Parliamentary army
under Cromwell. So high did he stand in the con-
fidence of the latter that, during the Protectorate,
he was sent in command of a military expedition to
the West Indies, which, unfortunately for his mili-
tary reputation, resulted most disastrously. Re-
turning to England, he was imprisoned with Penn
in the Tower of London. After his liberation he
seems to have retired from public gaze and to have
betaken himself to the pleasures of rural life.
The five editions here described comprise what
are known as the original Waltons, all of which were
published in his life-time; and they are now of al-
most priceless value. But three complete sets of
the five are known to exist in this country,— the
libraries of Mr. Alexander, of Mr. Sage, and of the
writer, each containing one of the three. Seven years
after the publication of the last of these editions,
Walton laid down his pen, as he had long since laid
down his rod, dying December 15,1683, at the age
of ninety. He was buried in Winchester Cathedral,
where a slab of black marble, inscribed with rude
doggerel, for two hundred years marked his rest-
ing place. In 1888, as a result of an appeal to
the anglers of England, through the columns of
"The London Fishing Gazette," sufficient funds
were raised with which to erect a beautiful statue
to his memory, to be placed in the great screen of
Winchester Cathedral.
Walton's long life covers a period equally memor-
able in English history and in English letters. He
witnessed the stormy scenes of the Civil War, the Pro-
tectorate, and the Restoration. Twenty-two years
of age when Shakespeare died, he was the contem-


238 THE
DIAL [April 16,
porary of Dryden, and had known Ben Jonson,
Chillingworth, and Drayton. . He was the intimate
friend of Sir Henry Wotton, and of Dr. John
Donne, Dean of Saint Paul's, whose lives, with those
of Richard Hooker, George Herbert, and Dr. San-
derson, he afterwards wrote. He died just as Addi-
son, Steele, and Swift were coming upon the stage.
Sixty-seven years passed after his death before
the appearance of a new edition of his work, when
in 1750 one Moses Browne — originally a pen-cut-
ter, later a priest, and something of a prig withal,
— published a new edition, in which he professed
to prune away what he was pleased to term the in-
accuracies and redundancies of good old Izaak.
In the preface to this edition Browne says that it
was prepared "at the instigation of an ingenious
and learned friend whose judgment of men and of
books is sufficiently established by his own writings
in the opinion of the world, Mr. Saral. Johnson,
author of the folio dictionary of the English lan-
guage, who may probably on another occasion
oblige the public with the life of Mr. Walton."
Unfortunately for that public, Johnson never com-
pleted his promised life, although Boswell more
than once records Johnson's admiration for Walton.
Browne published three editions in all, his work
overlapping that of John Hawkins, whose first edi-
tion, which appeared in 1760, was followed by half
a dozen others during his life, and has formed the
basis of numerous subsequent editions. From this
time onward editions multiplied so rapidly that they
now number considerably more than a hundred.
From among the long list may be mentioned the cel-
ebrated Bagster edition of 1808; the numerous
editions of John Major, beginning in 1823; and the
superb Pickering edition of 1836, in two octavo vol-
umes. This edition was seven years in prepara-
tion, and in typography and illustration it surpasses
all its predecessors. The one-hundredth, or the
Lea and Dove edition, published in London in
1888, edited by Mr. R. B. Marston, of "The Fish-
ing Gazette," surpasses all others in typography
and illustration.
Among the many American editions, that of
Wiley & Putnam, in 1847, is the pioneer. It was
edited by the Rev. George W. Bethume, himself a
life-long angler and collector of angling literature.
Bethume's bibliographical preface is a scholarly and
appreciative tribute to his great master, and no ed-
itor, English or American, has contributed more of
real value to the literature of Walton. Among
other American editions may be mentioned the
rare edition of Little) Brown & Company, of 1866,
of which only one hundred copies were printed;
and the elegant edition of 1889 by the same pub-
lishers. The latter is prefaced with an introduc-
tion by James Russell Lowell, which is at once crit-
ical, sympathetic, and appreciative. The unpre-
tentious but excellent edition of Mr. Edward Gil-
pin Johnson, published last year, is also one to be
highly commended.
To have survived the pains and perils of a hun-
dred years of editing and re-editing, good, bad, and
indifferent, is perhaps one of the surest proofs that
Walton has achieved immortality. With all the
erudition and learned annotations with which these
many editors have surrounded and obscured his
text, the pure gold still shines through the dross
with which it is encumbered. For the charm of
Walton is peculiarly his own. It is the charm of
simplicity, as artless indeed and as simple as "Rob-
inson Crusoe " or "The Pilgrim's Progress." Of
art there is absolutely none in his pellucid pages.
He leads us through English meadows, by the side
of English streams, and is as artless, as charming,
and as true to nature as are the simple pastoral
scenes which he describes and from which he drew
his inspiration.
Charles Lamb, writing to Coleridge, October 28,
1796, says:
"Among all your quaint readings, did you ever light
upon ' Walton's Com pleat Angler'? I asked you the
question once before. It breathes the very spirit of inno-
cence, purity, and simplicity of heart; there are many
choice old verses interspersed in it; it would sweeten a
man's temper at any time to read it; it would chris-
tianize every discordant, angry passion; pray make
yourself acquainted with it."
A hundred years have passed since Lamb wrote
these words and the charm of Walton still endures.
"Age cannot wither him nor custom stale his in-
finite variety." And the benediction of his closing
lines still rests with loving tenderness "upon all
that are lovers of virtue; and dare trust in his-
providence, and be quiet, and go a-angling."
James L. High.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
THE PASSION FOR REALISM, AND WHAT IS TO
COME OF IT.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
I have read with much interest Major Kirkland's ar-
ticle on " Realism and Other Isms," in your issue of
Feb. 16, and also the contributions in reply of Messrs.
Hale, Edmonds, Dow, and Field, in subsequent issues.
Some further thoughts on the question may be of inter-
est to your readers.
Goethe in one of his delightful Essays on Art com-
pares the amateur who wishes a work of art to be a
facsimile of nature in order that he may enjoy it in a
thoroughly natural way, to the pet ape who was found
eagerly examining the plates in a Natural History and
greedily devouring the pictured beetles. This is, in-
deed, a hard stroke at deceptive Realism, but not un-
deserved. A picture so realistic that we take it for the
reality pictured is no more fine art than a mirror so
clear that we crash into it by mistake. The pictorial for-
gery of nature which deceives the expert is, of course,
a marvel, but one more fit for the dime museum than
for the art gallery. At the best such a production is
but the bastard offspring of Art, sustaining to it much


1893.]
239
the same relation as ventriloquism to Oratory or ono-
matopoetic jingle to Poetry; and while this realistic
artifice will always please the multitude, it will ever be
discriminated from true art by the intelligent amateur.
But this illusory art is essentially opposed to science;
and the scientific Realist aims not at a perfect mimicry of
reality but at a perfect record of facts. The represen-
tation is not to be confounded with the thing repre-
sented but to be compared, and thus seen to be a com-
plete and accurate register. The facts, all the facts,
and nothing but the facts, is the motto of this Realism.
The more timid Realist, Major Kirkland, for instance,
would omit some facts as either improper or unimport-
ant to tell, but the thorough-going Realist allows no
selection, no toning down, no touching up, no interpre-
tation intellectual or emotional, but insists that art, lit-
erary or pictorial, must be minutely true to all the facts.
Such undiscriminating Realism we see in some of Tol-
stoi's novels, where nothing is too trifling or too dis-
gusting to be omitted, but all is given with photographic
fulness; where descriptions become inventories, scenes,
interviews, and characters, persons.
Whither now will this science-born craving for reality
lead art? How, judging from present indications, will
art be transformed in order to sate this ruling passion
of our time?
Perfect assurance of actuality is only attained by me-
chanical transcripts of facts. Hence, as the longing
for the real becomes more and more exacting we may
expect every novel to be prefaced by an affidavit that
every word has been taken from actual life "by phono-
graphic record and that the descriptions are attested by
photographs, thus making the whole legally and scien-
tifically verifiable. We shall then be besieged at every
turn by the litterateur and artist eager for material and
armed with camera and phonograph. Hidden auto-
matic machines will catch the unwary in every word
and act: walls will have ears and ceilings eyes, and
even the billows of the sea may be fitted with apparatus
to register every object and sound coming within range.
But not only will sights and sounds be accurately re-
corded for the use of the artist of the future, but also
tastes, odors, and sensations of touch; the whole sense-
life of man and all which finds expression through it
will thus become available. In the coming age of sci-
ence, a contrivance will accompany every individual
from birth to death to fully record the whole life of
action and sensation, so that we may be enabled to re-
enact any life-experience in its absolute entirety. And
not merely the individual, but through composite pho-
tographs, phonograms, and so forth, the type also will
be perfectly set forth. By such means we shall obtain
a general picture of humanity far more true and im-
pressive than Shakespeare's, and a " Comedie Humaine"
infinitely surpassing Balzac's. What would thus be me-
chanically done with perfect truthfulness, could never
be obtained by the greatest artistic genius. We know
that what seems to the savage of to-day a miracle of
genius (as the telegraph, for instance) is a wholly nat-
ural series; and so the art products which seem to us
inexplicable feats of genius may, in the far higher civ-
ilization of the future, be attained as mere mechanical
products.
While the passion for reality moves the average mod-
ern to renew past events as vividly as possible, his
greatest desire is to be put in direct connection with
events as they actually occur, to keep in touch with all
that is going on from day to day and hour to hour.
Yesterday's paper is old news, and the events of last
month belong to ancient history. Social movements,
which with old methods of communication would have
required months and years for their evolution, now rise,
mature, and die in a few weeks and even days, and hence
every man must strain his utmost to keep up with the
times. The telegraphic news give us a certain connec-
tion with the multifarious and absorbing present, but it
is far better to be at the seat of events in person. Our
facilities for tmvel enable us to do this, and so to at-
tain the strongest of all realization, the direct evidence
of our own senses. A great fire or flood, an important
political or social convention, brings multitudes by rail
and steamer to see and hear for themselves, and we
may expect that striking occurrences and events of great
historic significance will be more and more witnessed
by hosts of spectators. With greatly superior methods
of transit, the cosmopolitan of 1992 will attain a very
much larger proportion of his impressions of reality at
first hand than we can now achieve.
In the near future will also be perfected all those ex-
tensions of sense to a distance by mechanical means
which are the best substitutes for direct experience of
the real. Mr. Ruskin in one of his realistic moods re-
marks that any sensible person would exchange a pic-
ture of Chamouni for a window which would, without
any tedious travel, give him the view at all times.
Now invention will surely supply this window and thus
do away with the necessity for the picture or descrip-
tion by establishing actual sense connection with any
object at any distance. We have already done this in
a measure for sound, but in the near future we shall
not only hear to any distance, but also see, smell,
touch, and taste. A man will then without rising from
bis chair virtually make the round of the globe. In
the course of a few hours he will glance at the art
treasures of the Louvre, will hear a solo from Parsifal
at Bayreuth, will enjoy the view from the summit of
Mount Blanc, will visit St. Peter's, will hear the muez-
zin's call to prayer at Cairo and see the pyramids, will
behold the dazzling glories of the Taj and inspect a
curio shop in Tokio, will look at the marvels of the
Yosemite and Yellowstone Park, and hear the thunder-
ous roar of Niagara; he will also taste the delicious
fruits of the tropics, smell the fragrance of the sweetest
flowers of temperate climes, and touch the softest
fabrics of the Orient; still more, he will see the inter-
esting men of his time,, will shake hands and converse
with dignitaries, authors, politicians, with men great
and low, with the most rude and most cultivated in all
parts of the earth; all this, and perhaps much more,
will, if we may judge from present indications, be ac-
complished by the man of the twenty-first century in a
few hours, and that without rising from his easy chair
in his own home. The promise and potency of much
of this lies in present achievements, but the insatiate
craving for realization will doubtless ultimately lead
far beyond the power of our imagination to conceive.
Literature aud art, no matter how pungently Realistic,
must ever fail and decline in competition with the re-
sources of mechanical invention.
Facts please the many simply by reason of their sheer
force and reality; the crowd seek not truth but sensa-
tion in either reality or its transcript, and in conse-
quence they perceive only appearances and catch only
impressions. There are those, however, who aim at a
higher Realism, who seek for the truth of things and
the inner reality of facts. Art, so these say, should


240
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
never deceptively imitate nor yet copy all the facts in
their natural order, but it should select and arrange
facts so as to emphasize some special truth. The aim of
this selective Realism, in contradistinction to deceptive
and literal Realism, is to embody the objective truth
of facts in a living form, as is done, as Mr. Hale sug-
gests, by Balzac in "La Feau de Chagrin." Thus the
novelist will classify, interpret, generalize, select, aud
compose, and give vividness by those minute touches
which are felt, rather than consciously noted. The
principle, however, of all this selection and manipula-
tion is purely intellectual, to incarnate not beauty but
truth is its aim, and hence this Realism cannot receive
dictation from imagination, emotion, or individuality.
For these select, magnify, minify, in a way which
the scientific spirit must ever disallow. The scien-
tific Realist neither proceeds from feeling nor ap-
peals to feeling, but he aims merely to make us under-
stand how men feel. So the novelist, as M. de Mau-
passant informs us, should not "tell a story to amuse
us, or to appeal to our feelings, but to compel us to re-
flect and to understand the occult and deeper meaning
of events." The personal equation must also.— as in
all scientific work — be eliminated, for nothing distorts
reality worse; and so art becomes cold and juiceless,
entirely lacking that delicious flavor of individuality
which delights and stimulates the mind. And even
more does imagery lead astray from the bounds of ob-
jective truth, and so the fair fields where fancy once
sported and imagination roamed are barred and posted
as unknown, and, perchance, unknowable. Iu the ter-
ritory of science we find no pleasing realms of shade
and mystery, but only wide plains garish with noon-
day glare.
By selective Realist I mean then any artist who pat-
terns after realistic science in setting forth and explain-
ing facts in a wholly unimaginative, unemotional, im-
personal manner. Such is the novelist who tells his
story not for its own sake, but merely as a concrete
psychological or sociological study. His art principally
consists in putting the facts in such a setting that they
shall explain themselves, and give the impression of ab-
solute fidelity to the inner and deeper reality of things.
In deceptive Realism, art merges into artifice; in
literal, into mechanism; in selective, into science. Se-
lective Realism transmutes art into scientific investiga-
tion along psychological, sociological, and kindred lines.
And we see in every direction not only attempts toward
scientific art but also towards scientific religion, ethics,
and philosophy. In fact, all departments of human
culture are fast being swallowed up by science which
assimilates what it can and rejects the rest. In this
scientizing, or process of transforming into a science, the
content is changed but the name is retained, though
surely art turned into a science is thereby no longer
art. Science, however, more and more strenuously de-
mands that man should be engrossed by the passion for
reality, that he should seek only facts and their laws
and conform himself to them, and justifies this demand
by claiming that the scientific age is the age of matur-
ity, when childish thoughts, fancies, and feelings should
be laid aside. Yet is such a point of view scientific?
If culture be an organic whole in its continuous devel-
opment, and its life, like all life, be through a mani-
fold of competing yet cooperating factors, then is the
hypertrophy of any one organ, as of religion in the
Middle Ages or of science in our modern time, a symp-
tom of decay and disease rather than of healthy matur-
ity. As man in the course of physical development
will not outgrow the need of heart and lungs, as well
as brain, so in his spiritual evolution, art and religion,
as well as science, will in the long run have an ever-
increasing function. The thralldom to science which
threatens to obstruct full and free human development
is but a passing phenomenon in that struggle of culture
factors for supremacy which constitutes the higher life
of man.
I have sketched the nature, kinds, and tendencies of
Realism without formally defining truth, an impossible
task, since in defining we assume truth — that is, we
are, of course, seeking the true definition of truth. But
shall we, with Mr. Hale, relate truth exclusively to
statement and beauty to the thing? We certainly use
the word truth to denote many accords besides the ac-
cord of statement with fact, as when we speak of a
plummet, a line, and a musical note as being true when
they accord with recognized physical mathematical and
musical standards. In
"The bride kissed the goblet"
we may conceive the bride as being a tme one and the
goblet as a true goblet, not false but genuine; and here
truth denotes the correspondence of appearance with
essential nature. In a broad view coincidence with any
standard is truth, even with a standard of untruth, as
when we say that a Cretan or a born liar is your only
true liar. And as to beauty, is a statement beautiful
only "as a thing or an idea"? Rather may not an
ugly idea be beautifully stated or vice versa f How-
ever, a more fruitful point of view for both truth and
beauty is the psychological. The least introspection
assures one that the desire to accord with reality and
the satisfaction of realizing this or any empirical accord
is entirely distinct from esthetic emotion. Darwin
watching a woman weeping, and writing down the sci-
entific results of his observations for his book, the " Ex-
pression of the Emotions," was surely in an entirely
different frame of mind from the poet or painter who
might observe the same incident, and make it the basis
for poem or picture. The scientific and the artistic in-
stincts, each so diverse, naturally issue in entirely di-
verse modes of expression, and subserve diverse yet
equally necessary functions in the economy of Culture.
Imitative Realism counterfeits reality, literal Real-
ism records reality, selective Realism composes from
reality, but all agree in predominance of objective mo-
tive, all are stimulated by the passion for the actual.
The Realist, whatever his particular method, is always
harking back to the external fact, is always striving to
express, not himself, but the objective real; and as na-
ture is everywhere equally full of reality, the realist,
like the scientist, must not shrink from any phase as
trivial or indecent.
Yet at bottom reality is but an idea and ideal to which
the Realist seeks to be true, and Realism is only a mode
of Idealism subject to the laws and limitations of all
idealism. The ideal is always unattainable, and the
ideal of perfect conformity to the real is no exception.
And the tracing and recording of events and actualities
is, after all, inferior work. History is always greater
than the historian, and nature than the scientist. To be
a reality is better than to know reality, and to achieve
a full real individual life is better and higher than
to become a register of facts and laws.
Hiram M. Stanley.
Lake Forest University, April 5,1893.


1893.]
THE DIAL
Ejje Wetn Books.
Notes of a French Lecturer.*
Those who have already enjoyed M. Fran-
cisque Sarcey's engaging bit of autobiography,
"Souvenirs de Jeunesse," will welcome its se-
quel, " Recollections of Middle Life," a neatly-
appointed volume of some three hundred pages,
crisply and fluently translated by Elizabeth
Luther Cary, and prefaced by an Introduction
by Edward Cary. The book is, like its pre-
decessor, chatty, anecdotal, naively egotistical,
stamped unmistakably with the hall mark of
Paris. M. Sarcey wears his years and his
laurels gaily; he has played his part, he has
scored a success, he tells us so in the frankest
way possible, and to those who wish to scale
Parnassus by a like route, he tenders his coun-
sel and best wishes. In implying that the note
of self-satisfaction is not wanting in M. Sar-
cey's recital, it is fair to observe that a French-
man's vanity is seldom unpleasant or irritating.
One can bear it much better, for instance, than
the cool self-sufficiency of the Englishman,
who simply assumes his superiority as a thing
axiomatic and not calling for assertion. But
Monsieur appropriates the cardinal virtues so
lightly, so urbanely, and with such cheerful
readiness to admit a minor merit or two in you,
that it seems ungracious to gainsay him. One
does not care to be outdone in politeness.
But to return to our author, whom, by the
way, we do not mean to charge with any very
inordinate share of self-exaltation. M. Sarcey
has been, as we know, professor, journalist,
lecturer, dramatic critic, and for more than
thirty years a member of that brilliant, if het-
erogeneous, society in Paris which tolerates al-
most any personal shortcoming but dulness.
He was born in 1828, at Dourdan, and entered
the Ecole Normale, with Taine, About, and
d'Audegier, in 1848. He seems, at that period,
to have fancied himself born to be a musician
and composer; but becoming happily rid of
the delusion before it became chronic, he sought
and obtained an appointment in the Depart-
ment of Public Instruction, his first assign-
ment being to Chaumont. At the outset of his
professorial career, M. Sarcey seriously of-
fended the authorities by his opposition to a
ukase requiring professors to cut off their
mustaches; and becoming thus, as it were, a
'Recollections of Middle Life. By Francisque Sar-
cey. Translated by Elizabeth Lather Cary. With por-
trait. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
persona non grata in the eyes of his superiors,
we find him banished to remote and unprom-
ising stations — Lesneven, Rodez, Gresnoble,
— and passing with difficulty through the
grades to that of Professor of Philosophy.
Of the results of M. Sarcey's philosophical
meditations at this stage of his progress we
find few traces in the present volume, though
one is led to suspect them to have been of a
sufficiently gay and Epicurean complexion.
In 1859 he got a year's leave of absence and
went to Paris to try his hand at journalism.
By About's friendly offices he found work
on " Le Figaro," and in 1860 he began the
work of dramatic criticism on " L'Opinion Na-
tionale," in which, as he tells us, "the most of
my little fame has come to me." Being thus
successfully launched in journalism, he re-
signed his professorship, not without regret,
for it had given him "some of the sweetest
pleasures of life"; and he pleasantly adds, af-
ter due reflection, that he believes he was " a
good, and even a rare, professor." Apropos
of this cheerful retrospect of M. Sarcey, we
may insert here an amusing story he tells at
his own expense. While lecturing at the
Salle de Capucines, he once took occasion to
develop his idea of the qualifications of the
professor; to be a professor, he argued, it is
necessary to unite three things, which he enu-
merated:
"I develop the first theme, all goes well. Arrived
at the second point the idea escapes me, it has fled, I
cannot put my hand on it. But I "am among friends.
I do not give up, though such adventures are never
without a suspicion of the ludicrous. 'Hold !' I say
gaily, 11 can no longer find the second quality of the
professor, it is a lost quality; is there anyone among
you who cau give it to me?' They smile, there is no
response. A word had been sufficient to set me going
again. No one gives it to me; in fact, they appear
amused at my embarrassment, which I conceal under a
boyish gayety. 'Upon my word, gentlemen, I have
certainly lost my second point. We will go on to the
third. Perhaps the second will take advantage of the
respite to return.' I enlarge complacently upon this
third point, for one can, when he knows his profession,
lengthen and vary a development according to circum-
stance and time. But that imp of a second point is
stubborn and will not reappear. 'Come, gentlemen,'
I say, with my customary cheerfulness, < I have not
found the professor's second quality. Let us mourn for
it; I will go to-morrow to look for it at the office for
lost articles . . .' And as everyone rose to leave, the
idea came to me like a flash of light: 'Ah, gentlemen, I
have it, I've got hold of it! . . .' The movement is
arrested; they look at me; they have an air of expec-
tation; I draw out my watch. 'It has come too late;
so much the worse for it. One should be ou time.'
They commence to laugh, and that was all."
With his engagement on "L'Opinion Na-


242
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
tionale," M. Sarcey had found his calling, and
he followed it thenceforth with industry, meth-
od, and consistency. He was perhaps the first
dramatic critic, certainly the most individual
one, of his time. He saw, says Mr. Cary,
every play he wrote of, not only once, but
many times, and faithfully and minutely stud-
ied every player.
As a dramatic writer M. Sarcey was thor-
oughly in earnest — a man of ripened, well
wrought-out convictions; and his criticism,
bearing the stamp, not of closet meditation
alone, but of intimate practical knowledge, had
the ear both of players and public. He was
an habitue, a "first-nighter," an "every-
nighter," one may say, not a sequestered sage
Spinning out from his inner consciousness a
web of dramatic formula, beautiful, platitu-
dinous, elusive. No critic was ever less a prig
than was M. Sarcey. He viewed both sides of
the theatrical shield, the manager's side, and
the moralist's side. He knew his Paris, more-
over, and he knew better than to prescribe for
the gay intensely human Boulevardier a dra-
matic regimen suited to some liverless race
dwelling dejectedly amid fields of perpetual
snow and ice. In a word, he found a feasible
mean between the ideals of the precisian, the
exigencies of the manager, and the taste of the
average public — and, naturally, he accom-
plished something. The French stage is bet-
ter to-day for the critical labors of M. Sarcey.
In 1867 he joined the staff of " Le Temps,"
and later that of " Le Gaulois," and when that
journal became Imperialist, he went with About
to the "Dixneuvieme Siecle." He had the
usual varied experience of the French journal-
ist,— was sued, fined, and imprisoned, and
fought the regulation duel. He found time to
write several romances, sketches, critical and
biographical essays, etc., and in 1889 he seems
to have thought seriously of presenting his
claims to a seat in the Academy; but (" with
rare discernment," thinks Mr. Gary) he finally
resolved not do so. As to this, he himself ob-
served later:
"I have but one ambition; it is that on my tomb-
stone may be placed the inscription, summing up my
life: Sarcey, Professor and Journalist."
In the present volume M. Sarcey opens for
us, as he says, "a little corner of his life in
Paris." He narrates his experiences and ad-
ventures (often racy enough) as a lecturer,
tells us what, to his mind, a lecture is, how it
should be prepared, and how delivered. Nat-
urally, the recital is studded throughout with
reminiscences, more or less apposite, of the
gay Paris life, and with pen sketches of his
confreres. Before May, 1860, when the first
essays in lecturing took place in the Rue de
la Paix, the word "lecturer" was unknown,
or at least was but vaguely apprehended in
Paris. Men knew by hearsay that in England
"some celebrated writers did not disdain to
seat themselves before a glass of sweetened
water, manuscript in hand, and to read there-
from a certain number of pages to an audience
gathered expressly to hear them." But that
was not, properly speaking, a lecture; and it
should be stated here that in Paris a lecture
was a half-impromptu discourse, thought out
and mentally arranged, perhaps, beforehand,
but delivered without notes or manuscript. If
the speaker were not in tune, had not his points
or his wits well in hand, or was upset by some
accident, he must flounder through somehow,
an object of pity to gods and men, or beat a
disgraceful retreat — as did M. Assolant, at
whose obsequies as a lecturer M. Sarcey as-
sisted. This M. Assolant had written a book,
"Scenes of Life in the United States," a
"masterpiece of French 'go' and British hu-
mor" which had brought him at once to the
fore. He was a singular fellow, says our au-
thor, who joined to a rare boldness of soul an
incredible timidity of manner. Shy to an un-
imaginable degree, without a shadow of re-
partee, always unable to find the word he
wanted, M. Assolant, once fairly started in
pursuit of a dream, would take himself off,
"his eye lost in space, his hat far back on a
brow already very bald, his long legs divided
like compasses "— scornful of obstacles, ener-
getic, headlong. Nature had denied M. As-
solant the slightest grain of the speaker's gift;
therefore he resolved to be an orator. In an
untoward moment the Fates gratified him with
an invitation to lecture in the Rue de la Paix:
"He did not weigh the matter for an instant, and what
was more amusing, having consented to run this risk,
he did not even think of putting all possible chances in
his favor. He seated himself for the first time in the
lecturer's chair with an ingenuousness of confidence that
is intelligible only to those who knew this inconsequent
and contradictory being. He had taken for his theme
the title of his book, 'La Vie aux Etats-Unis.' 'Gen-
tlemen,' he began, with an assured air, 'when one de-
sires to set out for America — for America — when one
desires to go there — one takes the boat — it is neces-
sary to take the boat.' His audience listened to him
somewhat nonplussed. Suddenly we saw him gather
up his papers, his book, rise to his feet, descend from
the chair. 'And I — I take the door !' he cried. A
wild laugh ran along the tiers, no, not tiers, there was
but one, which by good fortune was filled with friends."


1893.]
243
THE
DIAL
That lecture became legendary; and thence-
forth, as for M. Assolant, " Melancholy marked
him for her own."
M. Sarcey's debut, though not so disastrous
a rout, was scarcely encouraging. The lectures
in the Rue de la Paix had never made much
stir in the Parisian world, and when they
changed their place to the Rue Scribe the great
public took no notice. Nevertheless, the idea of
the lecture as an institution had, in an obscure
fashion, made its way; it was, so to speak, "in
the air." There was quite a notion, says M.
Sarcey, at that period of enlightening the peo-
ple, of spreading instruction of all kinds
through the masses, of familiarizing them with
the progress of the sciences, with new ideas in
literature or in art. One morning there ap-
peared at the house of M. Sarcey, M. Felix He-
ment, an ardent promoter of the free lecture,
half-professor, half-journalist, an amiable, dis-
interested man whose generous hobby it was
"to render science accessible to all, lending to
it all the graces of his language, touching, as
our fathers used to say, the edge of the vase
with honey." This liberal enthusiast explained
that he had hired on the Quai Malaquais a large
hall in which he purposed giving three lectures
a week—one on science, one on literature, and
one on history. The course was to be free,
and as the black draught of instruction was to
be disguised with the sugar of entertainment, it
was even hoped that the women of the bour-
geoisie would attend, and that they would bring
their daughters. M. Hdment proposed to M.
Sarcey to open the literary series with a lecture
on Corneille; and our ex-professor, seeing in
the affair only a class to take, accepted with-
out resistance. "The recollection of that first
lecture," he says, " will remain eternally graven
on my memory." It was in December; and
toward afternoon the clouds which since morn-
ing had dragged, dingy and lowering, over
Paris, burst, and the snow fell with silent reg-
ularity, covering the quays knee-deep, stopping
traffic, blinding the wayfarer, and driving the
coachmen with their carriages to the stables.
** I shall never get there," thought M. Sarcey,
glancing through the window-pane at the opaque
veil of driving snow outside; and he adds, "I
was not sorry either." For he began to reflect
that he had given his word to M. Hement very
lightly; it was no easy matter to talk of Cor-
neille an hour running to a strange audience.
But chance came to his succor. When the hour
came, M. Sarcey set out on his pilgrimage on
foot, and arrived at the Quai Malaquais soaked
and exhausted. There were Jive persons alto-
gether in the hall, Hement and his secretary,
two devoted friends who had braved the
weather to offer the solace and support of their
presence, and — a stranger. I never knew,
says the grateful lecturer, apostrophizing this
solitary hero —
"The name of that fifth, of that heroic fifth, whom I
cannot compare to the fifth wheel of a coach, since he
was alone my entire audience, the others not counting.
Was he pleased? Wert thou pleased, brave and con-
soling Fifth, who, like Joab's wise woman, hast never
told thy name, and hast never been seen again? I
have carried thee long in my heart, and keep a grate-
ful corner in my memory for thee. I no longer recall
whether I spoke well or ill that evening, but it was for
thee I spoke, and when ' Gentlemen ' escaped me, it was
to thee that I in my gratitude addressed that polite
plural. Felix He'ment paid me, as he was obliged in
courtesy to do, many compliments, but we did not re-
new the experiment. The snow lasted long enough
that year of ill-luck. The hearers we had counted on
preferred to remain in the corner by the fire. 1 Et le
combat Jinit faute de combatants'"
One of the raciest of M. Sarcey's lecturing
adventures occurred just after 1870, after the
war was over, and the hideous phantom of the
Commune had vanished, and Paris, awakened
from her long delirium, was herself again. Her-
self again — but with a difference; for like
the convalescent, she was still mindful and re-
pentant of past excesses, of past omissions, and,
while inhaling with rapture the first deep
breaths of returning health, she resolved to
amend her ways and assure her recovery.
Among other hopeful signs of the time there
was a great stir in favor of instruction. "If
we have been beaten," argued the people, more
or less justly, "it is by the Prussian school-
master"; and they set themselves to profit by
their chastisement. The hour was propitious,
Virtue was in the ascendant, and all sorts of
educational projects were started. One schemer
desired that in each mayoralty, on every Thurs-
day and Sunday, a reader should come to read
the finest passages from the natioual literature,
and expound them to the children of the lower
classes — thus visiting upon unoffending in-
fancy the sins of its fathers; another proposed
to demand of the theatres one day a week on
which should be explained the history of the
masterpieces played there. Naturally, the lec-
ture (as a somewhat mortified and sombre form
of amusement) was benefited by the new hobby,
and it was even suggested to send M. Sarcey into
the provinces to evangelize the departments.
"It is true," observes that cheerful apostle,
touching this proposal, "that these (projec-
tors) were the very shrewd manufacturers, who


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[April 16,
THE
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assured me a share in the receipts"; and he
adds that of all these fine undertakings there is
only one that gives him pleasure in the remem-
hrance, for he laughed heartily over it at the
time. This hopeful scheme was nothing more
nor less than the turning over to purposes of
social regeneration of a rather notorious resort
known under the Empire as the Casino-Cadet
— a Terpsichorean establishment, where every
night, and all the night, belles of the quarter
gathered to "chase the glowing hours with fly-
ing [very literally flying] feet." At tbe Ca-
sino, says M. Sarcey, there was dancing (of
the Manx penny order, we fancy), there was
drinking, there was worse yet. To rescue this
unsanctified hall from revelry and immorality,
to substitute for the fevered joys of champagne
and the Can-Can the intellectual calm of
learned discourse, the mild, spectacled presence
of the lecturer were indeed a triumph, a token
of that new birth for which Paris — just then
—yearned. Beautiful dream; transitory illu-
sion I Paris, all too human, was not yet ready
to exchange, so to speak, the heady, joyous
vintage of the Marne for the poppied syrups
of some droning Pundit. She could slumber in
church, at a performance of PKedre or the Cid,
at an oratorio; why then at the Casino-Cadet?
Nevertheless, in spite of antecedent absurdities,
the affair was got under way ; and the quarter
soon blossomed out in posters announcing, in
enormous capitals, the re-opening of the Casino,
and, in smaller letters, the giving of the lec-
tures. The names of four speakers were given;
at the head of the list stood that of M. Sarcey.
He was to lead the forlorn hope, to storm the
•mregenerate fortress at the point of his oratory.
We shall let him finish the story in his own
words:
"When I arrived on the day appointed, the manager
came to receive me, very busy and very excited. The
hall was not yet ready; he hustled the workmen and
domestics who had not finished. 'We shall be a little
behindhand this evening. You can understand, the first
day, but be reassured there will be a very fine house.
The audience is already very numerous — many women
in full dress. It will take — it will take; you will see.
Meanwhile, should you like to walk up and down in
one of our side-parlors; you will find only a few there
— you will not be too put out — you will be able to
think over your lecture at ease.' I let myself be con-
ducted into a side-parlor. Five or six groups of women
were walking there, lost in that immense steppe of wax
flooring. They were rather decollelees, and trailed
trained robes of gaudy coloring. I caught here and
there some scraps of conversation exchanged in an un-
dertone. 'Ah there,' said one, 'aren't they going to
begin to dance soon?' 'There are no musicians yet.
They are always late; it is disgusting.' One of them
remarked that the leader of the orchestra had been
changed. They wondered who the new one might be.
They planted themselves in front of one of the new
posters attached to the side-wall. They read my name.
* Is that the leader of the orchestra?' 'Gracious! it
would seem so.' 'Do you know him?' None of them
knew me. But one of them who had gone on reading
cried with amazement, 'But it isn't a ball after all;
there is to be a lecture!' A lecture! They paused
at first in consternation; it was a heavy blow. A lec-
ture! What sort of an 'animal' was that ?' Well,
zut then,' said the one who had read. And they all
filed out indignant. They had been cheated. I laughed
till I cried. I had only half a house to listen to me.
There was no one at the third lecture. All hope of
sanctifying the Casino-Cadet had to be abandoned."
Thus gaily rattles on M. Sarcey, stringing
his stories, witticisms, portraits together in his
pleasant desultory way, throwing in, on occa-
sion, as a make-weight, a passage or a chapter
of sound criticism and suggestion for those
who care to profit by his experience. More
than one pitfall in the path of success is pointed
out. Thus, touching a familiar enough temp-
tation, he observes:
"It will doubtless happen more than once . . . that
you will hit upon a picturesque word, a witty thrust, a
happy phrase. Beware of storing it in your memory
... of sticking it ou paper, like a butterfly fas-
tened on a blank sheet with a pin. If you bring it to
the lecture you will certainly wish to place it, and in-
stead of abandoning yourself to improvisation in the de-
velopment of your idea, you will be wholly occupied
with directing it toward the ingenious or brilliant sally
that you have stored away . . . You will have sacri-
ficed the thought to a mot, and the mot will miss fire."
On the whole, M. Sarcey's " Recollections"
may be read with a good deal of amusement
and a fair share of profit. He intimately knew
the world in which his lot was cast; and he
imparts his impressions of it with the engaging
candor characteristic of his nation. „ „ T
The Centenary Edition of Shelley.*
It is now more than three-score and ten years
since Shelley suffered his "sea-change," leav-
ing his work incomplete and fragmentary.
Much of this time the poet has been hidden in
the light of his own thought,— so hidden that
an authoritative voice of the past generation
has found frequent occasions for repeating the
dictum that " Shelley was a radiant and inef-
fectual angel." Yet the work to which he was
devoted has gone steadily forward; the beauty
•The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bvsshe
Shelley. The Text newly Collated and Revised, and Edited,
with a Memoir and Notes, by George Edward Wood berry.
Centenary Edition. In four volumes. Boston: Houghton,
Mifflin & Co.


1893.]
245
THE DIAL
of his character haa been made clear; his di-
vine music has made his thought familiar, his
penetrating voice has attracted adherents to his
principles; until at last one feels justified,—
applying his own words to himself,— in saying
that his hymns unbidden have wrought the
world
"To sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not."
The change in the feelings of men toward
Shelley has taken place imperceptibly, like the
operations of Nature; indeed, it has been but
a part of that larger change of view which
marks this age as eminently transitional. Very
curiously, however, some of the chief spokes-
men of the new thought have remained insen-
sible to the music and to the fervors of Shel-
ley. In what limitation of the poet are we to
seek the reason for the silence of Lowell, the
coldness of Emerson, the contempt of Carlyle,
the disparagement of Arnold? Other leaders
of thought, scarcely less influential than these,
have saluted Shelley as master. Symonds is
his enthusiastic biographer and critic; W. M.
Rossetti thinks him the poet of the future;
Swinburne pronounces him to be the true sing-
ing-god; and Browning finds in his work,
taken as a whole, the best expression of the
correspondence of matter to mind, of the Uni-
verse to Deity.
It is pleasant to be able to add to these hom-
agers of the poet the name of an American
critic of so much taste, solidity, and sobriety
as the editor of the elegant "Centenary edi-
tion " of Shelley's poems. Mr. Woodberry in
more than one essay, critical and commemora-
tive, had already treated Shelley with rare in-
sight and sympathy; and he now lays all lovers
of the poet under lasting obligations.
One could hardly ask for a better edition of
one's favorite poet. Shelley stood peculiarly in
need of careful and vigilant editing. The la-
bors of such predecessors as Rossetti, Buxton
Forman, Garnett, and Dowden, had barely pre-
pared the way for a perfect text. A perfect
text is perhaps more than can be expected in
the case of a poet to whom length of days was
unfortunately not granted, that he might him-
self superintend the publication of a definitive
edition of his works. But such approach to
perfection as the loving diligence, taste, and
acumen of students can attain has, I think,
been attained here.
Opinions will doubtless differ as to details.
For example, Buxton Forman prints the origi-
nal text of " Laon and Cythna," as being that
which Shelley wrote, printed, and would have
put forth but for the scruples of his publisher.
Mr. Woodberry follows other editors in print-
ing the revised text, which was published un-
der the title of " The Revolt of Islam." For
those who prefer the first text, with its denun-
ciation of the conventional God of Christen-
dom and its disagreeable suggestion of incest,
the original readings are here supplied in foot-
notes. Comparison of the two texts is thus
made easy, and here, as in many other places,
this edition gives a glimpse of the poet at work.
It is surprising how few changes were suffi-
cient to transform "Laon and Cythna" into
"The Revolt of Islam," and thus to placate a
public conscience ready, if not eager, to be
outraged. The systematic alteration of sister
to Cythna, brother to lover, that God to this
Power, atheist to infidel, was about all that
was required. The relations of the hero and
heroine apart, there was almost no change in
the meaning. "Words are wise men's count-
ers,— they do but reckon with them; but they
are the money of fools." It was not for the
benefit of the former class that these verbal
alterations were made.
No one except the student who makes these
careful comparisons, and who collates consid-
erable portions of this edition with former
ones, word for word, and comma for comma, is
in a position to estimate the enormous labor
this edition must have cost. Having made
some comparison of Mr. Woodberry's text with
that of Buxton Forman's monumental edition,
I am able to say that I have noted no change
of reading, of punctuation, or of spelling that
does not commend itself. The principal vari-
ants are printed at the foot of the page; those
less material or less certain are relegated to
the " Notes " at the end of each volume. These
Notes are an important feature of the work.
They are made up of transcripts of titles of
original editions, various readings, notes by
the poet and by Mrs. Shelley, and extracts
from letters of Shelley and others, embodying
the literary history of every one of the longer
poems, and so of the poet himself. The edit-
or's vigilance and taste are exhibited in his
admirable self-effacement. If there be an un-
necessary note in these four volumes, that note
is certainly not by the editor. I have not
found one that I should be willing to spare.
The few misprints I have noticed are in the
Notes and Memoir; they need not be specified
here. The editor's attitude toward his prede-
cessors and his material is indicated by the fol-
lowing words from the preface:


246
[April 16,
THE
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"To all these editors, and also to the group of bi-
ographers and writers of remini