st the annoyances and discomforts
that form the melancholy refrain of the narra-
tives of less resolute pilgrims. The direst mis-
hap serves, with her, to point a jest. At the
very start, for instance, a precious portmanteau
(one portmanteau, containing everything that
this admirable woman thought necessary for a
journey of several months) fell overboard in
the harbor at St. Heliers:
"Everything was thoroughly soaked, and had to be
spread out separately to dry; all my paints, paper, and
dress (only one); for we took the least possible luggage,
and yet had everything we really needed, even luxu-
ries^) including a bonnet, whose crown I used to stuff
with a compact roll of stockings and cram into a hole
left for it amongst my underclothing, just big enough to
contain it: when taken out it would be damped and set in
the sun, with the stockings still in the crown, and it
stretched itself into proper shape again, and was the
admiration of all beholders."
Very different, we may note in passing,
from Miss North's slender effects must have
been the baggage train of the American ladies
(the "Skinners of Boston ") whom she saw
later at Phila? tripping about among the rel-
ics of the Pharaohs, appropriately dressed
"in Worth's very latest fashions," and con-
voyed by a male apparition clad "in a com-
plete suit of cineraria color, from stockings to
cap." Sarcastic Miss North! She even goes
on to say that, owing to this "Yankee incur-
sion" (that is her disrespectful expression)
from the Back Bay, "the place lost half its
charm," etc.
A pleasanter American experience was her
meeting with Miss Hosmer in Rome in 1860.
"Once Miss Raincock took me to see Gibson's young
American pupil, Miss Hosmer, in a large unfurnished
studio she had just taken, where she was preparing to
make a portrait statue of some famous countryman, it
was to be nine feet high, she said (looking herself like


1893.]
65
THE DIAL
a small child); she had only one chair, which she gave
me, as the stranger; seating our old friend on the table,
she mounted to the top of a high ladder herself, from
whence she chattered and laughed with the happy air of
one who is sure to please. Miss Baincock had once re-
ceived a note from Gibson,—' That poor American girl
has fever, come and nurse her,' so she had packed up
her old carpet-bag and gone at once to obey the order,
thus forming a friendship for life."
But Miss North's turn for satirical portrait-
ure was by no means reserved for Americans.
Among the most amusing of her " Innocents
Abroad " was a Frenchman, a fellow-passenger
on the Nile boat, who was, she rather naively
complains, "absurdly national and unlike us
in everything" Curiously enough, Monsieur,
on his side, seems to have been observing his
English companions, and making, mutatis mu-
tandis, the same conclusions about them. Says
Miss North:
"He got up late in the morning, and came into the
saloon in demi-toilette as we were finishing our break-
fast, having been ' strangled' and frozen entirely by the
cold, and, mon Dieu! he had no appetite! he would
take a glass of lemonade and his narghile, and lecture
us in the most polite and unreasonable way about the
bitise and English barbarism of fatiguing the stomach
so early in the morning by eating; after a little while
he would get faint with hunger, and declare the cold
would kill him, and, mon Dieu! he would die if he got
nothing to eat till so late, and Achmet ya Achmet! and
then he began gorging like a boa-constrictor, stopping
every now and then to explain how much better the
food would have been if, etc., after which he began
smoking again, and tried to draw, but, mon Dieu I he
had no time; if he only had time he could do something
of true merit. . . . Mr. S. confided to me that the
Frenchman went to -bed clothes and all, and that his
toilette in the morning consisted of a thorough brushing
downwards with the same brush, beginning with his hair,
then his green velvet coat, and lastly his dear shining
boots, c'est tout, voila! He also complained that he
could not get filtered water to wash in; if he could not
get it filtered he would not wash his < figure' at all. He
was told Madame only used that of the Nile for hers.
'Madame was too good to complain, and besides she
was an Englishwoman, bah '!"
Miss North visited Egypt in 1865, and she
gives a lively account of the country and peo-
ple and of her own experiences. The route
from Alexandria ("a nasty, mongrel, mosquito-
ish place ") to Cairo reminded her of the fens
of Ely; but the country was richly cropped
with cotton and Indian corn, with scarcely a
tree to break the monotony of the view, and but
few villages. The cottages were merely square
blocks of hardened mud, windowless and with
the flat roofs covered with pigeons, chickens,
and cats; primitive ploughs, like the ancient
models in old Egyptian carvings, were scratch-
ins: the rich soil.
"The natives had that calm, soft type of countenance
that marks the old statuary of their country, large eyes
and gentle expression, but no strength of character, and
one could easily see that the old sculptors had before
their eyes the ancestors of the present race, and that,
though the ruling classes might be changed in Egypt,
the fellahs or original population of the land are of the
same blood as their forefathers."
Books might be filled, says Miss North, with
the architectural wonders of Cairo, its elaborate
arabesques, and lacelike patterns in stone-work,
plaster, and wood-carving. The tombs outside
the city were the greatest gems of all, though
they were only visited by flights of falcons or
stray Arab wanderers. Europeans seemed pop-
ular with the people, who were fond of showing
off any words they knew. Miss North's donkey-
man, like most of his tribe, was a special lin-
guist. He knew "a few words of many lan-
guages, and made the most of them by trans-
posing and reversing their order in a sentence;
for instance, ' gentleman like donkey,' 'no gen-
tleman like donkey,' 'donkey no like gentleman.'
He told his beast where to go, and the clever
creature trotted off right or left accordingly.
'Donkey speak English,' then the donkeyalways
put its ears back and kicked out behind,"—a
proceeding reminding one of the intelligent
animal that carried Silas Wegg to " Boffinses
Bower" on a memorable occasion.
The author confesses to having regarded
things Egyptian " from a purely picturesque
point," and was scolded for this by the Cairo
clergyman's wife:
"' Dear, dear, like all travellers, you wander hither
and thither and see nothing with a proper object, every-
thing from a false point of view. I suppose you never
considered that on the precise spot where those Mame-
luke tombs stand the Israelites made their bricks with-
out straw !' And her husband took us to the top of a hill
and showed us the very stone on which Moses stood to
count the Israelites as they passed out of Egypt."
The start from Cairo was made the day after
Christmas, and the author's record of the en-
suing Nile voyage is studded with characteristic
bits of vivid, semi-humourous description. At
Luxor, Miss North visited the eccentric Lady
Duff Gordon, whom she had seen twenty-five
years before. Lady Lucie was picturesquely
installed in some rooms raised up amongst the
pillars of an old temple, " like a second story ":
"She herself was old and gray, but had still the
handsome face which had captivated me then, in spite
of having burst two blood-vessels that year, and she said
the air at Luxor did wonders for her. The natives all
worshipped her, and she doctored them, amused them,
and even smoked with them. They looked on her as
something mysterious, and even rather uncanny, and
respected her accordingly."
Later, at Karnak, Miss North was rather


66
[Aug. 1,
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startlingly reminded of one of Lady Gordon's
early eccentricities:
"Once while painting, and quite absorbed in my work
at Karnak, a man sat down close to me, and I said' Good
morning,' without looking up, till Hassan pulled my
dress, and, oh horror t the man was holding a huge
golden snake by the tail, a yard of shining, polished,
slippery snake, quite straight and looking at me 1 I
shouted and sprang away, and Hassan drove off the
two wretched brutes. They take out the fangs of these
tame snakes, but I hate even the sight of them now,
though I used to like poor Lucie's pet when I was a
child."
The justness of the following description of
our heroine's first crocodiles will be recognized
by those familiar with both terms of her com-
parison:
"One day we saw seven crocodiles, looking like rocks
or shadows on the sand; we were disputing if they were
really crocodiles, when the huge creatures curved their
backs with a violent effort, raised themselves on what
our Frenchman called their 'pattes,' and slid slowly
into the water, as a fat lady descends from her car-
riage, with a certain waddle and air of importance."
Everything in Thebes appeared to Miss North
"too stupendous," seeming, as she says,—
"To blunt my poor wits and pencil too, no cutting could
get the wretched thing to draw straight; and then the
flocks of Americans and ' backsheesh' people drove all
peace away. The little women of eleven or twelve
years old, who carried water jars on their heads, only
supported by the palm of one hand, keeping up with
our fast donkeys at a run, were very bewitching, with
their bright eyes and easy graceful movements. They
said they were all ladies, not girls, meaning they were
married. 'You got wife?' they asked me. 'Oh yes,
you have in house in England !'— as if I locked up
my husband at home as they do their wives here."
Near the caves of Beni Hassan the writer en-
countered her first Egyptian "saint," who
seems to have been, in some points, very like
his historic prototypes:
"One morning we were surprised to see Achmet and
the Keis go on shore amicably together, after incessant
squabbling, for a walk, but a few minutes later a wild
head with a mop of hair came suddenly out of the water
and up the boat's side, and its owner seated himself on
the edge and tied himself into a petticoat which he had
brought on the top of the mop, and then proceeded to
kiss all the sailors, who did not enjoy it, while we
shrank closer into our cabin shell. The poor fellows
all gave him some coppers, and after he had adminis-
tered another hugging all round, he took off and folded
up his petticoat, put it on his head, and dived and swam
off to a boat full of corn near us, to levy the same tax.
They said he was mad, and consequently a saint, and
thus gained his own livelihood."
We shall close our extracts from Miss North's
journals with the following description of the
journalist herself, given by the Egyptian pilot
who took the Norths up the river:
"This Bint was unlike most other English Bints, be-
ing, firstly, white and lively; secondly, she was gracious
in her manner, and of kind disposition; thirdly, she at-
tended continually to her father, whose days went in re-
joicing that he had such a Bint; fourthly, she repre-
sented all things on paper, she drew all the temples of
Nubia, all the Sakkiahs, and all the men and women
and nearly all the palm trees; she was a valuable and
remarkable Bint."
The portrait is certainly more complimentary
to its subject than to English "Bints" (we
confess to some uncertainty as to the meaning
of this term) in general.
There are three illustrations, including por-
traits of the author and her father, and a pen-
sketch, by a fellow-traveler, which is so absurdly
bad that it is difficult to account for its inclu-
sion.
£. G. J.
An Evolutionist's Alarm.*
Professor Calderwood's work on " Evolution
and Man's Place in Nature " belongs to a class
of books that may not inaptly be designated
as "buffers." Their service is to soften the
shock between new scientific doctrine and the
dogmas of popular religion. This work has
been done for the science of geology, and is
now rapidly doing for the new biology that
dates from Darwin. Those who have never
experienced the need of a reconciliation be-
tween religion and science, and those who pre-
fer to devise their own systems of " accommo-
dation," will take but a moderate interest in
"buffers." Acute metaphysical minds will find,
in some form of Berkeleian idealism, a way out
from the disconsolate vision of a merely me-
chanical world, in which Darwinism, on a first
hasty interpretation, seemed to issue. Crude
literal materialism has been proved unthinka-
ble, they will argue. Matter that contains in
itself the power and potency of all forms of
life and thought must be conceived as the man-
ifestation of a power most nearly akin to what
we know as mind. Belief in such a world-
soul would seem mere pantheism. But it did
not seem so to Berkeley; and Berkeley was
right. With the Infinite and Unknowable, all
things are possible. We cannot tell how far
the roots of personality penetrate into the real
nature of things; and since we have no right
to dogmatize on either side, we may properly
throw the weight of our moral and religious
feelings into the scale of hope. Evolution ex-
plains the process, it does not explain away
the fact, of creation. And, like other winds of
scientific doctrine that terrified our fathers, Dar-
* Evolution and Man's Plack in Natuek. By Henry
Calderwood, LL.D. New York: Macmillan & Co.


1893.]
67
THE DIAL
-winism, when the storm of controversy has died
down, will he found to have left unshaken the
pillars of man's faith in his higher spiritual
destiny.
But there are many estimable persons who
Tefuse to be soothed by these subtle considera-
tions. Their alarmed imaginations require
visible tangible barriers of defense—something
like Professor Max Miiller's Rubicon of lan-
guage "which no brute will dare to cross."
And it is for these that Professor Calderwood's
book is chiefly designed. He finds that the
continuity of evolution is interrupted at three
points: (1) at the creation of organic life, (2)
at the appearance of mind, (8) at the advent
of " rational life." At each of these points he
■erects a barrier and assumes a direct interven-
tion of the living source of all existence. In
■defense of the first barrier, he offers no argu-
ment beyond the generally acknowledged fact
that spontaneous generation cannot now be ex-
perimentally verified. In separating by a sharp
line of demarcation " rational life " from animal
life, he follows Mr. Wallace, whose arguments
he amplifies into an elaborate rhetorical expo-
sition of the many distinctive qualities that
■differentiate the developed nineteenth century
man from the animals. The one novel feature
of his teaching is the affirmation (p. 340) that
*' the inferior type of mind recognized as be-
longing to the higher animals cannot be ac-
counted for by evolution from sensory appa-
ratus any more than rational power can be thus
explained." Sensibility is coexistent with life.
But no one, Professor Calderwood argues, would
make mind coexistent with life, for that would
be to assign mind to the oyster, and pass as by
a dissolving view into the Hegelian monism.
The difference between sense-discrimination
and mind, or intelligence proper, is that the
latter not only distinguishes sensations, but
recognizes their significance, interprets them
as signs of something else. The power of the
higher animals to do this,— the ability of a
dog, for example, to understand our signs,—
cannot be accounted for by the structure of
the brain. To explain it we must assume a
higher form of intelligence independent of the
organism, and yet radically distinct from the
active power of inventing signs for his own ra-
tional or moral ends, which is the peculiar pre-
rogative of man. It would seem that the poor
Indian's untutored mind was not so far astray,
after all, in thinking that,
"Admitted to that equal sky,
His faithful doe shall bear him company."
It is hardly worth while to attempt to clear up
the psychological misconceptions involved in
this ratiocination. The rigid distinction be-
tween mere sense-discrimination in the oyster
and the interpretation of sensation in the higher
animals is of course untenable, for the simple
reason that there is no case of sense-discrimi-
nation unaccompanied by a corresponding in-
terpretation. Even the amoeba interprets soft
as organic and digestible, and hard as inor-
ganic and indigestible, and shapes its action
accordingly. And from the amoeba to the dog
the correspondence between immediate sensa-
tion and consequent action based on "inter-
pretation " develops too gradually to admit of
the drawing of any absolute dividing line. We
may say, if we please, that the reaction in the
amoeba is purely physiological or mechanical,
while in the dog it is accompanied by conscious-
ness. But the only basis for such an asser-
tion would be the fact that the dog has a brain
and the amoeba has none. And Professor Cal-
derwood's contention is that the higher facul-
ties of the dog are in no way expressed in his
physical structure. In fact, the attempt to
"draw the line " anywhere except between man
and the animals is not a serious issue in con-
temporary speculation, and the loose reasoning
of this book will not make it one.
Paul Shorey.
The Story of Joan of Arc*
"There is nothing in history more strange and yet
more true than the story that has been told so often,
but which never palls in its interest,— that of the life
of the maiden through whose instrumentality France re-
gained her place among the nations."
Thus does the latest historian of Joan of Arc
introduce his story of her life. And he adds:
"Sainte Beuve has written that, in his opinion, the
way to honor the history of Joan of Arc is to tell the
truth about her as simply as possible. This has been
my object in the following pages."
It is no reproach to Lord Ronald that he has
told the story of the heroine whom his mother
loved (" my mother," he says, "had what the
French call a culte " for Joan of Arc) rather
as the affectionate admirer than the cold-blooded
critic. There are times, indeed, when the ju-
dicial spirit looks ungraceful, especially in a
young man. The book is written in a style of
graphic simplicity, with as little affectation in
•Joan of Arc. By Lord Ronald Gower, F. S. A. London:
John Nimmo. Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons, New
York.


68
[Aug. 1,
THE DIAL
the point of view or arrangement as in the dic-
tion. Through his very straightforwardness
and idiomatic energy, the author often grows
truly impressive and pathetic; while we never
lose our faith in his truthfulness or his common
sense. He has graphically rendered Jeanne's
lovable qualities — those qualities that saints
and martyrs, alas! do not inevitably possess.
She is more than Michelet's woman of genius
in these pages—more even than De Quincey's
heroic saint. To Lord Ronald, whose research
has breathed the breath of life into this dim
and lovely shade, she is just the gentle, infin-
itely compassionate, but not unwise woman,
who is the guardian angel in her family, or
her village, or her nation, as opportunity may
offer. Her people were well-to-do farmers, her
father holding a certain position in the com-
munity as the oldest inhabitant (doyen) of the
village, and ranking next to the mayor. The
family owned "about twenty acres of land,
twelve of which were arable, four were meadow-
lands, and four were used for fuel." Besides
this, they had some two to three hundred francs
kept safe for use in case of emergency, and the
furniture, goods, and chattels of their modest
home. "All told, the fortune of the family of
Joan attained an annual income of about two
hundred pounds of our money." A thousand
dollars a year needs doubling, if not trebling,
to reduce it to our standard; and Lord Ronald
very sensibly remarks that it was "a not in-
considerable revenue at that time; and with it
they were enabled to raise a family in comfort,
and to give alms and hospitality to the poor."
Of this family, Jeanne was the fifth child,
and, it would appear, was rather indulged by
her parents. She was not, for all the wonder-
ful visions that saved France, a mystic or a sol-
itary; she joined in all the sports of her play-
mates, and was a leader and a favorite.
"She loved her mother tenderly, and in her trial she
bore witness before men to the good influence that she
had derived from that parent. . . . All that we gather
of Joan's early years proves her nature to have been a
compound of love and goodness. . . . From her earliest
years she loved to help the weak and poor; she was
known, when there was no room for the weary wayfarer
to pass the night in her parents' house, to give up her
bed to him, and to sleep on the floor by the hearth."
She was a pious little girl, and loved to lis-
ten at her mother's knee to the recital of the
marvels of the saints; she was also patriotic,
and almost as dearly loved to hear the brave
deeds of Frenchmen in war. Her mother
would rehearse these legends while spinning;
and the little, glowing-faced maid would listen
while her heart swelled. But though she felt
intensely, she was a reticent child. No doubt
the worthy Isambeau, or Mere D'Arc, some-
times whispered to a confidant that Joan " was
never one to talk, but as good and willing a
child as ever breathed,"—for, after all, vary
the idiom, and the language of mothers is the
same in all tongues and all generations. Per-
haps, had the mother lived she might have per-
suaded Joan out of her visions — which had
been the better for Mere d'Arc's daughter, and
the worse for France.
It was a strange, heavy time,— a time of
dreams and portents, a time of misery in many
forms. There had been famines and horri-
ble new diseases. The crazed and starving
peasants had risen in revolt, aimlessly striking
at the nearest, rushing about like mad dogs,
biting, and being at last hunted down, at the
end of a useless, brutal, bloody struggle. There
were two popes, and religion itself seemed
shaken. Society was in a ferment. In such
times superstition flourishes. To Frenchmen,
especially, the day was full of bitterness. The
French king had been stripped of his provinces
until there remained to the dauphin, north of
the Loire, only "a pitiful half-dozen places."
No wonder visions came to the French maiden
whose heart was hot with brooding over the
humiliation of her country! Whatever they
were — and we need not follow Michelet into
an ingenious psychical dissertation, since Joan's
character depends on their veracity not at all*
— she undoubtedly counted them real, "and
was not disobedient to the heavenly vision."
It is a wonderful tale, that of her determin
ing to forsake all that she loved, to lead the
troops of the dauphin, "out of the great pity-
that she felt for the land of France"; her jour-
ney to the dauphin, and the manner in which
her superb enthusiasm, her modesty, and her
natural shrewd sense conquered first the com-
mon people (who never fail to respond, for
good or evil, to the note of genuine and tre-
mendous earnestness), then the soldiers and
the nobles, last of all the priests themselves.
Was the Maid a great general? Was she a
leader? Or was she simply an enthusiast who
came at the right moment?
No one can read the most direct accounts
without suspecting that Joan had a long head.
She knew nothing of the technique of war —
which, it is to be remembered, was simpler far
in those days than these,— but she intuitively
seized upon the wisest plan of campaign, pos-
sibly because it was the most daring. Her per-


1893.]
69
THE DIAL
sonal courage is as well established as anything
can be. Lord Ronald loves to dwell on it.
Wounded at the siege of Orleans, she pulled
out the arrow with her own hands, aud then
(having piously made her confession) returned
to the fray and inspired the wavering soldiers.
At Jargeau,—
"A stone from a catapult struck Joan on the helmet as
she was iu the act of mounting a ladder—she fell back,
stunned, into the ditch, but soon revived, and rising,
with her undaunted courage, she turned to hearten her
followers, declaring that the victory would be theirs.
In a few moments the place was in possession of the
French."
At Troyes, the king, considering attack of so
strongly fortified a place hopeless, would have
abandoned the expedition to Rheims (since he
dared not leave such a hornets' nest in his
rear) ; but Joan pushed on the preparations for
attack with such ingenious and overwhelming
energy that the citizens of Troyes surrendered
without a blow. Thus Charles advanced to
Rheims, and was crowned King of France. No
wonder her biographer exclaims enthusiastically:
"How had she been able not only to learn the tactics
of a campaign, the rudiments of the art of war, but even
the art itself? No one had shown a keener eye for se-
lecting the weakest place to attack, or where artillery
and culverin fire could be used with most effect, or had
been quicker to avail himself of these weapons. No
one saw with greater rapidity—(that rarest of military
gifts) — when the decisive moment had arrived for a
sudden attack, or had a better judgment for the right
moment to head a charge and assault."
And he adds that the professional soldiers about
her could only explain her victories by the be-
lief "that in Joan of Arc was united not only
the soul of patriotism and a faith to move
mountains, but the qualities of a great captain
as well."
All testimony agrees that Joan was more
than a narrow zealot. She had nothing of the
furious, almost venomous, partisanship that
sometimes darkens her sex's devotion to a cause.
Because she was a French patriot she was not
therefore a hater of the English. Memoirs of
her are full of her compassion for the foe. She
ministered to the English wounded after the
fight; "as far as she could, she prevented pil-
lage"; even in the fury of battle she restrained
her followers. Indeed, as Lord Ronald says,
"she may be considered the precursor of all
the noble hearts who in modern warfare follow
armies in order to alleviate and help the sick
and wounded." This were enough, had Joan
no other claim on our reverence, to win it.
The peasant from Domremy was the first of
the Red Cross knights.
Even at this distant time, it is a painful task
to follow the cruel ending of the story. The
intrigues of jealous courtiers and of unsuccess-
ful and envious captains on the French side
helped the open enmity of the English. Their
motives are clear enough: to discredit Charles's
title, their only hope was to show that the Maid
was a witch, thus putting the king in the odious
position of being in collusion with the powers
of evil. Joan was wounded, captured, sold to
the English; and the ensuing drama was in-
evitable. She was tried as a sorceress. Lord
Ronald quotes very fully from the notes of the
proces-werbal, and it is interesting to see, even
in this record of her enemies, how clearly the
large sense and elevation of mind of this wonder-
ful girl appear. When asked in what language
her voices conversed,—" They speak to me in
soft and beautiful French voices," said she.
"Does not Saint Margaret speak in English?"
was the instant inquiry. "How should she,"
was her answer, "when she is not on the En-
glish side?"
She disclaimed anything miraculous in the
revival of an apparently dead infant because of
her prayers; she said, as she had said at the
time when the populace besought her to cure
sickness by the touch of her rings, that she
could not cure the sick. She refused steadily
to betray anything that might harm the king,
who had made no effort to save her. Once
Beaupere asked her the usual mediaeval test
question, whether she was in a state of grace.
She avoided the presumption of confidence and
the danger of denial in much the same manner
that an English martyr did later, answering:
"If I am not, may God place me in it; if I
am already, may He keep me in it." When
asked what she thought of the murder of the
Duke of Orleans, she answered out of a pure
and merciful heart; and no statesman could
have spoken more wisely, since she neither in-
culpates Charles nor approves the infamous
act. She said: "It was a great misfortune
for the kingdom of France."
But where the victim is condemned before-
hand, what avails defence? There is no need
to repeat the brutal and treacherous devices of
Beauvais. He was paid his price and earned
his wages. Baffled by Joan's constancy, her
enemies did not scruple to resort to torture as
a persuader of confession. They brought Joan
to the rack; and there are few nobler answers
than the words spoken by this lonely girl, de-
serted by all except her dauntless soul, sick
and feeble, and exhausted by a most cruel im-


70
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prisonment. "Even," she said, "if you tear
me limb from limb, and even if you kill me, I
will not tell you anything further. And even
were I forced to do so, I should afterwards de-
clare that it was only because of the torture
that I had spoken differently."
But when fear failed, fraud succeeded. Just
what happened at the stake, where Joan was
persuaded to make what was proclaimed by the
English to be a recantation, it is difficult to de-
cide. De Quincey vehemently rejects the " cal-
umny," as he calls it. Michelet believes that
she tried to save her life; "whether she said
the word, is uncertain; but 1 affirm that she
thought it," is his phrase. But Michelet had
his own theories of women, which it was ne-
cessary to his peace of mind that he should
support in the case of every woman; and a
little twisting was sometimes necessary. It
appears from obtainable evidence that Joan,
— how worked upon, who shall say ? — did put
her mark to something that day in the square
at Rouen, when she was brought to the stake
and taken away. In view of her courage be-
fore and of her fortitude afterward, the most
likely solution is that she was as much tricked
as bullied into an abjuration that she only half
comprehended. Certain it is that she seems to
have believed herself to have only promised to
abandon her man's dress and to submit herself
to the will of the church. Cochon's plot appears
the more atrocious the more it is investigated.
The unfortunate girl protected her modesty at
the cost of her life. She resumed the man's
dress that she was forbidden to wear; and
whether the danger were real, or only a base
threat, it was equally efficacious. Joan was
brought before her judges. She admitted that
she had seen her supernatural guides, that they
had told her that she had "commited a bad
deed" in denying what she had done. "Then,"
cried the bishop, "you retract your abjura-
tion?" "It was," said Joan — and this is the
clearest testimony we have on the vexed subject
—"it was from the fear of being burnt that I re-
tracted what I had done; but I never intended to
deny or revoke my voices." And when Cochon
asked her if she no longer dreaded being burnt,
she answered, "I had rather die than endure any
longer what I have now to undergo." Where-
upon Cochon fared gaily to Warwick and said
to him in English, "You can dine now with a
good appetite. We have caught her at last."
On the 30th of May, 1431,— the next day but
one,— Joan of Arc met her dreadful fate. She
died with a patience and constancy — the first
natural recoil past — that affected even her
judges and made an indelible impression on the
weeping spectators. And not only on the spec-
tators: the imagination of France has never
been more deeply stirred. Twenty years later,
the French clergy, after a solemn trial, reha-
bilitated the memory of Joan. Her family was
ennobled, and monuments were erected by the
king to the giver of his crown: a tardy jus-
tice, to which, however, was added what Joan
would have valued more than all — the endur-
ing love of her countrymen.
Lord Gower's book is printed and illustrated
sumptuously; the etched illustrations of the
scenes of the story being supplied by Mr. Lee
Latrobe Bateman, who made the sketches from
the spot during a pious journey which Lord
Ronald and he made together to the scenes of
Joan's life. It is seldom, I may add, that one
leaves a work of history with a feeling of more
confidence in the research, judgment, and con-
scientious fidelity of the historian.
Octave Thanet.
Briefs on New Books.
The two volumes of " Studies of the
£££££• Greek Poets," by the late J. A. Sy-
monds, have just been reissued in a
stately third edition (Macmillan), with a few
changes from earlier forms of the text. Of these
changes, the only one at all noteworthy is the new
chapter upon the recently discovered mimes of He-
rondas, which includes long translated passages.
The chapters have been arranged in a better chrono-
logical order than before, some further translations
have been inserted, and an occasional footnote ap-
pended. In one of these foot-notes, the author
gives his reasons for not re-casting more fully the
text of the work. "Owing to the way in which
they were first composed, it is impossible to avoid
a certain amount of repetition without a laborious
re-casting and re-writing of all the chapters. That
would involve a thorough-going change of style, and
would deprive the work of the one quality it claims
—youthfulness." We think it best, on the whole,
that such a revision should not have been attempted,
for the "youthfulness" of the work — that is, its
spirit of generous enthusiasm for its subject—is the
very quality that has made it the most useful, if not
the most important, of the author's many books.
For young readers, whether students of Greek or
not, these chapters offer the best introduction in our
language to the study of Greek literature; and in
these days, when the value of that study is ques-
tioned more than ever before, such books are capa-
ble of doing a world of good. We do not know,
either, that the author's riper judgment could have


1893.]
71
THE DIAL
given better form to the general conclusions result-
ing from the study of Greek thought as expressed
in Greek poetry. Such a passage as the following,
for example, is wholly admirable: "We must imi-
tate the Greeks, not by trying to reproduce their
bygone modes of life and feeling, but by approxi-
mating to their free and fearless attitude of mind.
While frankly recognizing that much of their lib-
erty would for us be license, and that the moral
progress of the race depends on holding with a firm
grasp what the Greeks had hardly apprehended, we
ought still to emulate their spirit by cheerfully ac-
cepting the world as we find it, acknowledging the
value of each human impulse, and aiming after vir-
tues that depend on self-regulation rather than on
total abstinence and mortification. To do this in
the midst of our conventionalities and prejudices,
our interminglement of unproved expectations and
unrefuted terrors, is no doubt hard. Yet if we fail
of this, we lose the best the Greeks can teach us."
A book so sane in its essential doctrine may well be
pardoned a few outbursts of florid rhetoric and a
certain amount of exuberant verbosity. It is doubt-
less open to much minor criticism, as, for example,
in the passage which speaks of Moliere's "courtly
and polished treatment of disgusting subjects"—a
comment that does not come with good grace from
one who censures Hallam for precisely the same
sort of comment upon Marlowe; but criticism of
this sort we are willing to forego, contenting our-
selves with an emphatic protest against the publica-
tion of such a work without an index.
. .. ,. Mr. William Renton's " Outlines of
A diagrammatic _..._. , _, .. . .
treatntento/ English Literature (ocribner) is a
*t u ure. „ University Extension Manual,"
and, as such, hardly appears to fulfil its purpose.
As an introduction to the subject it would be found
confusing, although it has much suggestiveness for
readers who already know the history of our liter-
ature. Its defect, as far as beginners are concerned,
is found in its insistence upon a rather obscure sys-
tem of philosophical classification and criticism.
It professes to deal with types, schools, and epochs
rather than with individuals, but the interest of the
beginner is only to be awakened by an extremely
individual method of treatment. He is told, for
example, that Marlowe's chief discovery was " that
in the universal and a posteriori, not the excep-
tional and the a priori, is to be found the true source
of human interest and interpretation " — from
which statement he is not likely to learn much.
Mr. Kenton makes use of many ingenious formu-
las and diagrams in illustration of his subject. The
formula for Shakespeare, for example, is this:
(s + p) S -f- (v + h) T, which, being interpreted,
means "spontaneity and pregnancy of Suggestion
combined with variety and harmony of Treatment."
When the scientific treatment of literature culmi-
nates in such pseudo-mathematical forms of expres-
sion, it is time to call a halt. The variety and in-
genuity of the author's diagrams — for he makes
much use of the graphic method, as well as of the
algebraical—defy any attempt at mere description.
One of the less complicated of the figures gives
us the abstraction Nature as a centre, and groups
about it, at quadrant intervals, the four other ab-
stractions, Will, Soul, Sense, and Spirit. The names
of eight nineteenth century poets link together the
circles representing these abstractions; thus, Byron
is the poet of Nature and Will, Shelley of Nature
and Soul, Keats of Nature and Sense, Wordsworth
of Nature and Spirit. In an outer circle, Spirit is
linked with Will by Mr. Roden Noel (whose name
had to be dragged in for the sake of diagrammatic
symmetry), Will with Soul by Browning, Soul with
Sense by Mr. Swinburne, and Sense with Spirit by
Tennyson. The description of such a diagram is
its best reductio ad absurdam. The structure of
literature is too organic to admit of being thus me-
chanically explained. The author seems to be
fairly accurate as to historical fact and sane as to
criticism, although we do not agree with him in
making Balzac inferior to Thackeray, in singling
out Mr. Swinburne's "Tristram of Lyonesse" as
one of the poet's most remarkable works, or in a
number of other and minor matters. And it is at
least amusing to be told that Berkeley, in "The
Querist," "anticipated the Political Economy of
Smith and Ruskin." Mr. Ruskin would not thank
the author for that.
a mdented Sismondi's "Republiques Italiennes,"
hutory o7the in ten volumes, albeit a work which
Italian ^public fa8cinategj is somewhat formidable to
one who is seeking a general knowledge of the Ital-
ian city republics of the middle ages. Miss Duffy
has done well to give us a portion of all this in a
single volume, in her "Tuscan Republics and Ge-
noa" (Putnam). Considering the length of cen-
turies that she deals with, and the lack of unity
involved in a history of five states — Genoa, Pisa,
Lucca, Florence, and Siena,— she has produced a
very successful narrative. She truly emphasizes
the fact that communal institutions here did not
come down from the Roman time, but sprang up
amid the confusion and neglect of the Germanic
settlements and the early feudal period. Florence,
as is right, gets the largest treatment,— and the
narrative is well handled as it passes from consuls
to podestas, podestas to Signoria, and as the power
is snatched by popolani from grandi, only to be
handed over to Medici patrons and tyrants. It is a
pity there is much slovenly writing in the volume, for
a good book is worth making slowly. Such writing
as, "In other places, notable in Lombardy," "con-
ferred sole possession to the prop'erty," "Pisa's
wealth and outlaying interests," "a change came
over the government," is not creditable. An inter-
preter is needed for such sentences as, "Florence
owed its final great prosperity to its position mid-
way between the Mediterranean coast and Rome"
(a map will not elucidate it), or "Henry IV. had
conferred on Lucca the privilege of trading freely


72
[Aug. 1,
THE DIAL
More portrait*
of women of the
French Court.
throughout his dominions, and this fact explains the
passionate jealousy of Pisa, which, desirous of ex-
panding inland, found an insurmountable obstacle
to this aspiration of its neighbor." One would
wish to have seen a fuller account of Siena and
some recognition of Arezzo in a Tuscan history.
"Women of the Valois Court" (Scrib-
ner) is the initial volume of a fresh
sub-series by the indefatigable M.
Inibert de Saint-Amand. The volumes differ from
their predecessors in that their interest is still more
largely personal, each one containing a series of
detached historical portraits. In the number before
us, for instance, there are portraits, pictorial as well
as verbal, of Marguerite of Angouleme and Cather-
ine de' Medici, and, subordinately, of Diane de
Poitiers, Marguerite of Valois, Marie Stuart, and
others. The author's style is as showy and vivacious
as ever, and he has interwoven in his own narrative
the usual proportion of quotations from the author-
ities, and from diaries and letters, of the period.
Balzac's opinion of Catherine is sufficiently striking.
Nothing, not even Saint Bartholomew's, gives him
pause in his enthusiasm for his heroine. In his
eyes, "the figure of Catherine de' Medici appears
like that of a great king. 'The calumnies once dis-
pelled by facts, recovered with difficulty from the
falsities and contradictions of pamphlets and anec-
dotes, — everything can be explained to the honor
of this extraordinary woman, who had none of the
weaknesses of her sex, who lived chastely in the
midst of the amours of the most licentious court of
Europe, and who, in spite of her meagre purse, was
able to build admirable monuments, as if to repair
the losses occasioned by the demolitions of the Cal-
vinists, who inflicted as many wounds on art as on
the body politic." The extracts in the volume,
brought thus together in compact and accessible
form, are of great value to the student. The book
is withal full of romantic interest, and is more read-
able than the general run of books that profess to
be nothing else.
In "Orthometry" (Putnam), Mr.
a guide to reading R F Brewer has attempted a fuller
and making verse. -r .
treatment of the art of versification
than is to be found in the popular treatises on that
subject. While the preface shows a tendency to
encourage verse-making, as unnecessary as it is un-
desirable, the work may be regarded as useful in
so far as it tends to cultivate an intelligent taste
for good poetry. The rhyming dictionary at the
end is a new feature, which will undoubtedly com-
mend itself to those having a use for such aids. A
specially interesting chapter is that on "Poetic
Trifles," in which are included the various imita-
tions of foreign verse in English. The discussion
of the sonnet, too, though failing to bring out fully
the spiritual nature of this difficult verse form, is
more accurate than might be expected from the
following sentence: "The form of the sonnet is of
Italian origin, and came into use in the fifteenth
[sic] century, towards the end of which its con-
struction was perfected, and its utmost melodious
sweetness attained in the verse of Petrarch and
Dante." In the chapter on Alliteration there are
several misleading statements, such as calling" Piers
the Plowman" an "Old English " poem. In the
bibliography one is surprised not to find Mr. F. B.
Gummere'8 admirable " Handbook of Poetics," now
in its third edition. In spite of these and other
shortcomings, which can be readily corrected in a
later issue, this work may be recommended as a sat-
isfactory treatment of the mechanics of verse.
» _, i _• , , The public has already heard more
Beautiful reprint of * % * .
the Hebrew text of or less of the translation of the
the Old Testament, q,^ Tegtament writing8) undertaken
sometime since by a group of the most eminent
European and American Semitic scholars, and al-
ready well under way. The projectors of this great
enterprise have also included in their plans the pub-
lication of the complete Hebrew text of the Old
Testament, in a series of volumes to be the exact
counterparts of those making up the English edi-
tion. There will be twenty of these parts altogether,
and, through the generosity of an unnamed friend
of the enterprise, they are offered to subscribers at
a very low price. Part the first, containing the text
of the book of Job, edited by Professor Siegfried,
of Jena, has just been issued, and, in its Leipzig
typography, is a very beautiful piece of work. The
text is printed in colors by a new process, the in-
vention of Professor Haupt, the general editor of
the series. Interpolations and parallel compositions
are thus distinguished from the primitive portions
of the text, a feature which those who use the book
will not be slow to appreciate. The text has been
left unpointed except in ambiguous cases. The
Johns Hopkins Press is the American agent for
this work, and will receive subscriptions for the
whole work or for the separate parts as issued.
Volume 17 of "The Adventure Se-
£T?'rf 0/f ries " ( Macmillan) contains a reprint
Polish adventurer. \ '. ..,-„i. ,
of Nicholson s translation (1790) of
Count de Benyowsky's "Memoirs and Travels in
Siberia, Kamchatka, Japan, the Liukiu Islands, and
Formosa." The book is edited by Captain Pasfield
Oliver, who, in his exhaustive Introduction, devotes
himself to the rather unusual editorial task of pick-
ing holes in his author's narrative and impugning
his veracity. Benyowsky was a Polish adventurer
of the eighteenth century, one of those "plausible,
amusing, and good-looking, but wholly unprincipled,
Don Juans," says Captain Oliver, "who would
fight under any leader where plunder was to be
gained." He was taken prisoner by the Russians
in 1769, but escaped shortly after and made his
way to Kamchatka, from whence he sailed on his zig-
zagging voyage in Behring Sea, the Sea of Ochotsk,
and the North Pacific, arriving at Macao, after
a series of remarkable "adventures" which form
the basis of his narrative, in 1771. Judging from


1893.]
73
THE DIAL
internal evidence, and from discrepancies pointed
out by the diligent and skeptical editor, the Count
was almost as gifted a liar aa Munchausen. Cer-
tainly he was a more plausible one, for his story has
provoked much learned discussion. The "Memoir"
is something of a literary curiosity, and it may still
be read with interest. There are several plates, in-
cluding a portrait of the author.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Princeton College is rich in historical memories,
and Mr. George R. Wallace, a recent graduate, has
taken advantage of this fact in his volume of "Prince-
ton Sketches" (Putnam). Mr. Wallace relates many
episodes in the history of Princeton, from the reign of
Dickinson to the reign of McCosh, and illustrates them
with facsimiles of old documents and photographs of
modern buildings. "The Princeton Idea" is the sub-
ject of the closing chapter,— and, as expounded by the
author, an excellent idea it appears to be.
"Appletons' General Guide to the United States
and Canada " for the year 1893, not greatly changed from
former editions (except for an illustrated World's Fair
appendix), makes its appearance in time for the uses of
the summer tourist. The same publishers send us their
new "Guide-Book to Alaska and the Northwest Coast,"
a work prepared by Miss Eliza Kuhamah Scidmore, and
uniform with the two volumes of the " Canadian Guide-
Book " of Messrs. Roberts and Iugersoll. These hooks
are illustrated, which we think is a mistake, and their
maps and plans leave much to be desired.
The " Latin Lessons" (Houghton) of Messrs. Henry
Preble and Lawrence C. Hull, are " designed to prepare
for the intelligent reading of classical Latin prose."
They are based upon the standard grammars (Andrews
and Stoddard, Allen and Greenough, Gildersleeve, Hark-
ness), but may be used independently of any other book.
There is an extensive vocabulary. Mr. A. S. Cook has
edited Leigh Hunt's "What is Poetry ?" (Ginn) for the
use of students of English. The latest modern language
texts are " Le Piano de Jeanne " and " Qui Perd Gagne"
(Sower Co.), by M. Francisque Sarcey edited by Mr. Ed-
ward H. Magill, and " L'Histoire de la Mere Michel et
de Son Chat" (Heath), by M. de la Bedolliere, edited
by Mr. W. H. Wrench.
The "Shrubs of Northeastern America" (Putnam),
by Mr. Charles S. Newhall, is a companion volume to
the author's handbook of our native trees, published two
years or so ago. The analytical guides, three in num-
ber (based on flowers, leaves, and fruit), are simple and
adequate. There are over a hundred pages of outline
illustrations. Thirty-four orders are represented, and
more than twice that number of genera. Mr. Newhall
is preparing a similar work on vines. The amateur
botanist has much reason to be grateful to the author
for these helpful handbooks.
Volume XXXV. of the "Dictionary of National
Biography" (Macmillan) extends from MacCarwell to
Maltby. The "Macs " get the major share of the arti-
cles, and among them we note Macduff, Earl of Fife
(whose name seems strange enough in this connection),
Macready, and James Macpherson. Later in the vol-
ume come Father Prout, Sir Henry Maine, and Sir
Thomas Malory, three worthies whom one does not
usually think of grouping together.
"Whittier with the Children," by Miss Margaret
Sidney, and "A Song of the Christ," by Miss Harriet
Adams Sawyer, are two pretty gift-books published by
the D. Lothrop Co. The former is in prose and the
latter in verse, and both are illustrated. "An Octave
to Mary" (Murphy), by Mr. John B. Tabb, is also a
gift-book, oblong in shape and comprising eight simple
religious poems. The booklet is given distinction by
its frontispiece, which reproduces in photogravure an
"Annunciation" by Mr. E. Bumc-Jones.
"Shirley," in two volumes, follows " Jane Eyre " in
the exquisite Dent edition of the Brontes. Mr. William
Black's " Yolande " and " Judith Shakespeare " (the lat-
ter one of his three or four most successful novels) are
the latest additions to the popular Harper reprint of his
works. And at last, with illustrations by Mr. Gordon
Browne, appears "Ivanhoe" in the Dryburgh "Wa-
verly," published by the Macmillans.
Literary Notes and News.
The death of Mr. Wilson Graham, who undertook
five years ago the preparation of the Chaucer Concord-
ance, leaves the completion of the work to his colleague,
Dr. Fliigel, of Stanford University, to whom all out-
standing slips should now be sent.
At the Zola dinner mentioned in our last issue, the
following bit of dialogue is reported to have taken
place: General Jung said to M. Zola, "You have writ-
ten ' La Delude'; I hope you will write ' La Victoire.'"
M. Zola replied, "That, General, is more your business
than mine."
The following inscription is borne by the tablet re-
cently placed upon the Palazzo Verospi, at Rome: "A
Percy Bysshe Shelley, che nella primavera del 1819
scrisse in questa casa ' II Prometeo' e 'La Cenci.' II
Commie di Roma, cento anni dopo la nascita del poeta,
sostenitore invitto delle liberta popolati, awersate ai
sui tempi da tutta Europa, pose questo ricordo, 1892."
One Babu Sarat Chandra Das, a Bengali pundit, who
lived for some time in a Buddhist monastery at Lhassa,
and who brought back with him a thorough knowledge
of Tibetan language and literature, is now engaged upon
an exhaustive dictionary of Tibetan, to be published by
the government of India. He has also found time to
write a popular narrative of his travels and experiences
in Tibet, aud thus throw open to English readers a
country that has been closed for more than a century.
The death-roll for July includes two names of high
rank,— that of Guy de Maupassant, who died on the
6th, and that of Henry Nettleship, whose death was re-
ported on the 10th. Maupassant was born in 1850,
trained himself for literary work under the direction of
Flaubert, and during the last dozen years of his life
was a prolific writer of novels and short stories—always
admirable in manner, often far from admirable in mat-
ter. The story of his illness is too fresh in the public
mind to need recounting. Professor Nettleship had not
more than three or four equals among receut classical
scholars in England. He was born in 1839, and was
identified with Oxford throughout the greater part of
his career. In 1878, he became Corpus Professor of
Latin, thus filling the chair formerly occupied by his
old master and friend, Professor Conington. He com-
pleted Conington's " Virgil " and "Persius," published


74
[Aug. 1,
THE DIAL
many papers on classical philology, and devoted many
years to a proposed Latin-English lexicon, planned, then
afterwards abandoned, by the Clarendon Press.
Mr. Walter Besant, the English novelist, who attended
the recent Authors' Congress at Chicago as a delegate
from the British Society of Authors, has written the fol-
lowing appreciative letter to the President of the Aux-
iliary Congresses, by whom it is given to the public.
Charles C. Bonnet, Esq.,
President World's Congress Auxiliary.
Dear Sib : — At the moment of leaving Chicago and the
Literary Conference, I beg permission, in the name of Dr.
Sprigge and myself, and of the organization which we repre-
sented at your Congress, to convey to you as president, and
to the committee of organization of the Literary department,
first, our most sincere congratulations on the success of the
Congress which is to-day concluded; second, our most sin-
cere thanks for the arrangements made for the reception of
the English contributors, and for the great personal kindness
shown to us and the trouble taken for us.
Many papers were read most helpful and suggestive; a great
stimulus has been given to the consideration of all subjects
connected with the advance of our common literature — a lit-
erature growing daily more international, while on both sides
of the Atlantic it will preserve its natural distinctions. I ven-
ture to express the earnest hope that in the interests of both
countries the papers read and the speeches made during this
week may be edited —i. e., reduced and condensed — and pub-
lished, and sent to all the principal libraries in the world of
the Republic and the English Empire.
Permit me, sir, if I may do so as a simple visitor, without
the appearance of impertinence, to congratulate your splendid
city on the place which this Exposition has enabled it to take
among the great mother cities of the world. Among all your
business activities, and in the eager pressing forward of your
people, rejoicing in a vigorous youth, confident in a splendid
future, reckless of what they spend because of the strength
and resources within them, I rejoice to find springing up a
new literature. Whatever be the future of this literature,
which rises on the frontier line of East and West, it will be at
least free from the old traditions. I wish for your authors
that independence which we in the old country are struggling
to conquer; at least it will be their fault if they do not
achieve it at the outset — not the fault of the national char-
acter, nor the fault of this Literary Congress.
I leave your city with memories of the greatest kindness
and hospitality. I can never sufficiently thank my friends
here for their friendliness. I carry away a delightful memory,
not so much of a Chicago rich, daring, young, and confident,
as of a Chicago which has conceived and carried into execu-
tion the most beautiful and poetic dream — a place surpassing
the imagination of man, as man is commonly found — and a
Chicago loving the old literature, discerning and proving that
which is new, and laying the foundations for that which is to
come,— a Chicago which is destined to become the centre of
American literature in the future.
I remain, dear sir, your obedient servant,
Walter Besant.
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
August, 189S.
Academic and Technical Instruction. N. S. Shaler. Atlantic.
Animal Speech. E. P. Evans. Popular Science.
Art and Shoddy. Frederic Harrison. Forum.
Astronomy in America. E. S. Holden. Forum.
Auxiliary Congresses, The. Dial.
Belcher, Jonathan, Royal Governor of Massachusetts. Allan.
Breathing Movements. Illus. T. J. Mays. Century.
California, Division of. M. M. Estee, Abbott Kinney. Cal'n.
Chinese Six Companies. R. H. Drayton. Californian.
Congress and the Financial Crisis. Forum.
Cup Defenders. Illus. W. P. Stephens. Century.
European Literature of a Year. Dial.
Evolution and Man. Paul Shorey. Dial.
Explorer, Tasks for the. A. Heilprin. Forum.
Fez. Illus. Stephen Bonsai. Century.
Frogs' Color Changes. Illus. C. M. Weed. Popular Science*
Greenwich Village. Illus. T. A. Janvier. Harper.
Honey and Honey Plants. G. G. Groif. Popular Science.
How My Character Was Formed. Georg Ebers. forum.
Italian Gardens. Illus. C. A. Piatt. Harper.
Japanese Art, Contemporary. Illus. E. F. Fenollosa. Century*
Joan of Arc. Octave Thanet. Dial.
Journalism, Inside Views of. Forum.
Kentucky Beauties. Illus. Sarah H. Henton. Californian*
Learn and Search. Rudolph Virchow. Popular Science.
Letters of Phillips Brooks to Children. Century.
Lightning, Protection from. Illus. Popular Science.
Mark Twain's Recent Works. F. R. Stockton. Forum.
Material and Spiritual. Graham Lusk. Popular Science.
Murat, Prince and Princess, in Florida. Century.
Navajo Blankets. J. J. Peatfield. Californian.
Newnham College's First Principal. Atlantic.
Newspaper Correspondents. Illus. Julian Ralph. Scribner*
North, Marianne, Further Recollections. Dial.
Oil on the Sea. Illus. G. W. Littlehales. Popular Science.
Petrarch's Correspondence. Atlantic.
Plant and Animal Growth. Manly Miles. Popular Science*
Sealing in the Atlantic. Popular Science.
Siam. Illus. S. E. Carrington. Californian.
Taylor, Zachary. Illus. Annah R. Watson. Lippincott.
Tolstoy the Younger and the Famine. Illus. Century.
Tramp Census and Its Revelations. J. J. McCook. Forum.
Tunis, Riders of. Illus. T. A. Dodge. Harper.
Washington and Baltimore Sanitation. J. S. Billings. Forum.
Washington in 1860-1. H. L. Dawes. Atlantic.
Weismann's Theories. Herbert Spencer. Popular Science*
Witchcraft Revival. Ernest Hart. Popular Science.
World's Fair Types. Illus. J. A. Mitchell. Scribner.
Zorn, Anders. Illus. Mrs. S. van Rensselaer. Century.
PERFECT FREEDOM.
Bishop Phillips Brooks.
The TSeauty of a Life of Service.
Thought and eAclion.
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~/lMPI?IC 4AI4 A Historyof the Indian Wars
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the Battles fought by General Andrew Jackson. With two
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Two hundred signed and numbered copies have just been
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1893.]
75
THE DIAL
A Territory in the Sky.
The entire area of New Mexico, 122,444 square miles in extent,
averages as high as the loftiest summit of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire. There, on a slope of the Rockies, bordered
by the pine forest, neighbored by gorges and foaming torrents
where trout abound, and environed by quaint Mexican villages,
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—every form of bath being administered—and the climate is a
specific for pulmonary affections. The superb Hotel Montezuma
accommodates 2?0 guests. Send for illustrated descriptive book,
"The Land of Sunshine," to
JNO. J. BYRNE,
701 Monadnock Building, Chicago.
EDUCATIONAL.
COLLEOE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, Chicago. III.
Winter term begins September 18, 1893. Course of study
•overs four Tears; for Bachelors of Arts and Sciences, three
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For Announcement and further information address
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CURLS' COLLEOJATE SCHOOL, Chicago, III.
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for College, and gives special courses of study.
Ladies and Children. Migg R g RlQ^ A M
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Boys aged 8 to 16 received into family; fitted for any col-
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MISS CLAQETT'S HOME AND DAY SCHOOL FOR OIRLS.
Boston, Mass., 252 Marlboro' St. Reopens October 3.
Specialists in each Department. References: Rev. Dr. Don-
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BINGHAM SCHOOL (FOR BOYS), Ashevllle, N. C.
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No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. Sarah H. Emerson, Principal.
Will re-open Oct. 4. A few boarding pupils taken.
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY,
BALTIMORE.
(Announcements of the Graduate, Collegiate, and
Medical Courses for the next academic
year are now ready, and will
be sent on application.


7C
[Aug. 1, 1893.
THE DIAL
Macmillan and Co.'s New Books.
Just Published. A New Novel by F. MARION CRA WFORD.
PIETRO GHISLERI.
By R Marion Crawford, author of "Saracinesca," " Mr. Isaacs," etc. 12mo, cloth, 11.00.
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THE COMEDIES OF T. MACCIUS
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SOME FURTHER RECOLLECTIONS
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THE DIAL rUU, CHICAOO.


THE DIAL
«/f SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
$ittrari) Criticism, §iscussion, anb Information.
KDITKI> BT
FRANCIS F. BROWNE
Volume XV.
No. in:
CHICAGO, AUG. 16, 1893.
JO rts. a copy.
82. a year.
Office: 24 Adams St.
Steven* Building.
Some Standard Books.
PERSIAN LITERATURE.
Ancient and Modebn. By Elizabeth A. Reed, Member
of the Philosophical Society of Great Britain and of the
International Congress of Orientalists. 1 vol., cloth, 82.50.
This volume traces the growth and development of the lit-
erature of Persia from its origin, 4000 years ago, to the pres-
ent century. It contains the philosophy, language, literature,
and religion of the Persians, as found in their poems, histo-
ries, and laws, in chronological order and attractive form. A
fac-simile of the illuminated title-page of a Persian manu-
script of great value enriches the volume; and, through the
courtesy of Prof, Max Miiller, the book has, in fac-simile. a
portion of one of the oldest-known Zend manuscripts, the
original being now in the University of Oxford.
Da. Gbobo Kbkbs, Profettor 0/ Egyptian language and A rc/«roiogy,
Unirersity of Leiptic, says:
"I took your Tertian Literature' at once in hand and read it right
through. I am much pleased with it. It is a beautiful book, and charm-
ingly inspiring even for one who is not a specialist in Persian literature.
Many of your translations are eminently successful.'1
"It embodies uot alone the cream of all that has been published ou
the subject, but also much of the unpublished results of late research
which the author has gleaned through correspondence with the foremost
Oriental scholars of Europe."—Public Opinion (Wathinr/lon, D. C).
HINDU LITERATURE;
Or, the Ancient Books of India. By Elizabeth A.
Rkkd, author of " Persian Literature." 1 vol., $2.00.
"In this handsomely printed volume we have a full and sympathetic
conspectus of Hindu literature, and especially of the ancient books of
India. Mrs. Reed has made herself thoroughly familiar with the work
done by the original delvers in the mine of Aryan lore. Her pages are
full of fascination, her comments are clear and pertinent, ber diction is
excellent, and the most important parts of her book have been anno-
tated or revised by Sanskrit scholars whose names have world-wide
fame.*'— The Literary World (Boston).
THE ARYAN RACE:
Its Orjuin and Its Achievements. By Charles Morris,
author of "A Manual of Classical Literature." 1 vol.,
• 155 pages. Second Edition. $1.30.
"A thorough and comprehensive familiarity with the subject, a
lisppy faculty of discrimination between important and relatively unim-
portant matter, combined with faultless diction, unite to make this a
veritable English classic."—Public Opinion (Washington, I), (,'.).
SPARKS FROM A GEOLOGIST'S HAMMER
By Alexander Winchell, LL.D. Third Edition. 1 vol.,
Illustrated, cloth, $2.00.
•'In these essays Dr. Winehell again proves his claim to be ranked
with Professor Proctor as one of the moat brilliant and popular ex-
pounders of modern science.'1—Canadian Methodist Monthly.
THE YOUTH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT
By Ernest Lavissk, Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris.
Translated from the French by Mary Bcshnell Cole-
man. I vol., 462 pages, cloth, $2.00.
"There can be only admiration for the clearness with which the au-
thor has depicted his characters as he understands them. The minutest
detail ih.it helps to fill out the picture is remembered. The book is well
translated. The hardships of Frederick's youth make bis figure a ro-
mantic one In spite of his own sternness in later life. In this volume
you have the romance without the bitterness of complete disillusion.1'
—aVeir York Tribune.
MANUAL OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE.
Comprising; Biographical and Critical Notices of the Principal
Greek and Roman authors, with illustrative extracts for
popular reading. By Charles Morris. 420 pages, $1.50.
"The author has been particularly successful in preparing a book for
readers who, not having had the advantages of a classical course of
study, would nevertheless gain an intelligent insight into the world's
most remarkable uninspired ancient thought and speech."— The Ad-
vance (Chicago).
"The book presents a more complete survey of classical literature
than can elsewhere be found in the same compass."—Scotsman (Edin-
burgh, Scotland).
PREADAMITES;
Ob, A Demonstration of the Existence of Men Before
Adam. By Alexander Wincheix, LL.D. 1 vol., 8vo,
553 pages, with Ethnographic Maps and numerous Illustra-
tions, $3.50.
Fifth edition, enlarged by the addition of twenty-five pages
of supplementary notes and citations, representing the move-
ment of scientific opinion during the past ten years in rela-
tion to themes discussed in this work.
•'There has been no work published upon the subject which can
compare with this in importance. It is the fruit of an exhaustive
Htudy, not of one but of all the sources of information which can be sup-
posed to throw light upon the subject. Dr. Winehell deals fairly and
honestly with facts, and neglects no source of information that is open
to him. His argument is elaborate and many-sided. The comparative
novelty of his attempt may be trusted to win for the work the widest
attention on the one hand, and the most critical scrutiny on the other."
—Xev York Evening Post.
WORLD LIFE; or, Comparative Geology.
Third Edition. Illustrated, 666 pages, cloth, $2.50.
A study of the formation, growth, and decay of worlds from
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space to their development into son and world systems, and
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For tale by all Booksellers, or sent, postpaid, upon receipt of price, by the Publishers,
S. C. GRIGGS & CO., Nos. 262 & 264 Wabash Ave., Chicago.


76 THE DIAL [Aug. 1, 1893.
MACMILLAN AND CO.’S NEW BOOKS.
Just Published. A New Novel by F. MARIOM CRA WFORD.
PIETRO GHISLERI.
By F. MARION CRAwford, author of “Saracinesca,” “Mr. Isaacs,” etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
“The story has power, is highly dramatie in parts, and the threads of the plot are held firmly in the hands of a master."
–Philadelphia Telegraph.
New Editions of F. MARION CRA WFORD’S NOVELS in uniform, binding.
12mo, cloth, $1.00 each.
To Leeward. Paul Patoff. Children of the King.
Just Published. 16mo, cloth, gilt top, gilt extra, #1.”.
THE MAXIMS AND REFLECTIONS
OF GOETHE.
Translated by BAILEY SAUNDERs. With a Preface. 10mo,
cloth, gilt, gilt extra, $1.25.
A Roman Singer.
Just Published. New and Cheaper Edition.
THE MEMORIES OF DEAN HOLE.
12mo, cloth, $2.25.
New Edition. Completed and Largely Re-written.
A STUDY OF THE WORKS OF LORD
TENNYSON.
New Edition. 12mo,
Completion of the New Edition of
THE CAMBRIDGE SHAKESPEARE.
Edited by WILLIAM ALDIs Wright. Vol. IX., 8vo, $3.00.
The Set, nine volumes, in box, $27.00.
WILLIAM GEORGE WARD AND THE
CATHOLIC REVIVAL.
By WILFRID WARD, author of “William George Ward and
the Oxford Movement.” 8vo, $3.00.
SOME FURTHER RECOLLECTIONS
OF A HAPPY LIFE.
Selected from the Journals of Marianne North, chiefly
between the years 1859 and 1869. Edited by her Sister.
Mrs. John AddingtoN Symonds. With Portraits. 12mº,
By Edward CAMPBELL TAINsh.
cloth, $1.75.
Just Published. 12mo, cloth, 31.75.
THE COMEDIES OF T. MACCIUS
PLAUTUS.
Translated in the original metres by Edward H. Sugden,
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Just Ready.
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EDWARD THE FIRST.
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uncut, 75 cents. $3.50.
NEW NOVELS.
Uniform with the 10-volume Edition of Jane Austen's Work".
CHARLOTTE M. YONGE'S NEW STORY, THE NOVELS AND POEMS OF
GRISLY GRISELL; CHARLOTTE, EMILY, and ANNE BRONTE.
Oh, The Laidly Lady of Whitburn. A Tale of the Wars | In 1216mo volumes. With Portrait and 36 Illustrations in
of the Roses. 12mo, cloth, $1.00. photogravure, after drawings by H. S. Greig. Price, $1."
By the same Author. each. To be issued monthly.
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Y
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Wols. I. and II., JOSEPH ANDREWS, 9
Price, 5 cents. Yer
!


THE
DIAL
JA SEMI-MONTHLY fourNAL OF
£iterary Criticism, {3istussion, amb şnformation.
~--
EDITED BY
FRANCIS F. BROwne.'
| Polume Y.W.
No. 172.
PERSIAN LITERATURE.
ANCIENT AND MoDERN. By ELIZABETH A. REED. Member
of the Philosophical Society of Great Britain and of the
International Congress of Orientalists. 1 vol., cloth, $2.50.
This volume traces the growth and development of the lit-
erature of Persia from its origin, 4000 years ago, to the pres-
ent century. It contains the philosophy, language, literature,
and religion of the Persians, as found in their poems, histo-
ries, and laws, in ehronological order and attractive form. A
facsimile of the illuminated title-page of a Persian manu-
script of great value enriches the volume; and, through the
courtesy of Prof. Max Müller, the book has, in fae-simile; a
portion of one of the oldest-known Zend manuscripts, the
original being now in the University of Oxford.
Dr. Gross Essas, Professor of Egyptian Language and Archaeology,
University of Leipsie, says:
*I wokyour “Persian Literature' at once in hand and read it right
through. I am much pleased with it. It is a beautiful book, and charin-
mily inspiring even for one who is not a specialist in Persian literature.
Muyof your translations are eminently successful.”
“It embodies not alone the cream of all that has been published on
the subject, but also much of the unpublished results of late research
which the author has gleaned th correspondence with the foremost
Oriental scholars of Éarope."—Public opinion (Washington, D. C.).
HINDU LITERATURE;
Dr. The AxcIENT Books of INDIA. By Elizabeth A.
Rurn, author of “Persian Literature.” 1 vol., $2.00.
*:::::::: printed volume we have a fun and sympatheti;
supertºothindu literature, and especially of the ancient books of
* Mrs. Reed has made herself thoroughly familiar with the work
*by the original delvers in the mine of A lore. Her pages are
blºfascination, her comments are clear pertinent, her diction is
*and the most important parts of her book have been annº
ºrrºwed by sanskrit choiars whose names have world-wide
*"—The Literary World (Boston).
THE ARYAN RACE:
haſhiºns aspirs Achieve MENTs. By Charlºs Moaºis,
ºf "A Manual of classical Literature." 1 vºl.
CHICAGO, AUG. 16, 1893.
10cts, a copy. OFFICE: 24 ADAMs St.
s2. a year. Sterens Building.
THE YOUTH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT
By ERNEs.T LavissE, Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris.
Translated from the French by MARY Bush NELL Cole-
MAN. 1 vol., 462 pages, cloth, $2.00.
“There can be ºnly admiration for the clearness with which the au-
thor has depicted his characters as he understands them. The minutest
detail that helps to fill out the picture is remembered. The book is well
translated . The hardships of rick's youth make his figure a ro-
mantic one in spite of his own sternness in later life. In this volume
you have the romance without the bitterness of complete disillusion.”
—New York Tribune
MANUAL OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE.
Comprising Biographical and Critical Notices of the Principal
Greek and Roman authors, with illustrative extracts for
popular reading. By CHARLEs MoRRIs. 420 pages, $1.50.
“The author has been particularly successful in º: book for
readers who, not having had the advantages of º . of
study, would nevertheless gain an intelligent insight into the world’s
most remarkable uninspired ancient thought and speech.” – The Ad-
rance (Chicago).
“The book presents a more complete survey of classical literature
than can elsewhere be found in the same compass.”—Scotsman (Edin-
burgh, Scotland).
PREADAMITES;
OR, A DEMoxsrRATION of THE ExistENCE of MEN BEFoRE
ADAM. By ALExANDER WINCHELL, LL.D. 1 vol., 8vo,
553 pages, with Ethnographie Maps and numerous Illustra-
tions, $3.50.
Fifth edition, enlarged by the addition of twenty-five pages
of supplementary notes and citations, representing the move-
ment of scientifie opinion during the past ten years in rela-
tion to themes discussed in this work.
“There has been no work published upon the subject which can
compare with this in importance. It is the fruit of an exhaustive
study, not of one but of all the sources of information which can be sup:
tº: throw light upºn the subject. Dr. Winchell deals fairly and
y with facts, and neglects no source of information that is open
to him. His is elaborate and many-sided. The comparative
novelty of º: sº, : to 3. for the work the widest
attention on hand, most critical sc ."
~ year York Erewing Post. rutiny on the other
*QLD LIFE; or, Comparative Geology.
i Edition, Illustrated, 666 pages, cloth, $2.50.
of the formation, growth, and decay of worlds from
- - - nebulous masses diffused throar:
into sun and world systems, *
*** which the nameranº, ºil-
**on of the results of cosmical n-
ºular science Monthly.
blishers,
"-e, Chicagº
º


7*
[Aug. 16, 1893.
THE DIAL
Macmillan and Ccs New Books.
Just PMisned. In Similar Style to the Issues of the Novels of Jane Austen and the BrontZs.
The Novels of Henry Fielding.
Edited, with an Introductory Memoir, by Gkorue Saintsbury, and Portrait and Illustrations by Herbert
Railton and E. J. Wheeler. To be completed in twelve lOmo volumes.
Now Ready. Volumes I. and II. JOSEPH ANDREWS. 2 vols., $1.00 each.
•,• Also a Large-paper Limited Edition, on hand-made paper, at 83.00 per vol.
Just Published. New and Cheaper Edition.
THE MEMORIES OF DEAN HOLE.
12mo, cloth, 32.25.
flew Edition. Completed and Largely Re-written.
A STUDY OF THE WORKS OF LORD
TENNYSON.
By Edward Campbell Tainsh. New Edition. 12mo,
cloth, $1.75.
Just Published. ISmo, doth, fl.76.
THE COMEDIES OF T. MACCIUS
PLAUTUS.
Translated in the original metres by Edward H. Sugden,
B.A., B.Sc. 12mo, cloth, $1.75.
Just Ready.
New Volume in the Series of Twelve English Statesmen.
EDWARD THE FIRST.
By Professor T. F. Tout. 12mo, cloth, cut, 00 cents; cloth,
uncut, 75 cents.
Just Published. 16mo, doth, gilt top, gilt extra, fl.Oo.
THE MAXIMS AND REFLECTIONS
OF GOETHE.
Translated by Bailey Saunders. With a Preface. Klmo,
cloth, gilt, gilt extra, $1.25.
Completion of the New Edition of
THE CAMBRIDGE SHAKESPEARE.
Edited by William Aldis Wright. Vol. LX., 8vo, $3.00.
The Set, nine volumes, in box, $27.00.
WILLIAM GEORGE WARD AND THE
CATHOLIC REVIVAL.
By Wilfrid Ward, author of " William George Ward and
the Oxford Movement." 8vo, $3.00.
SOME FURTHER RECOLLECTIONS
OF A HAPPY LIFE.
Selected from the Journals of Marianne North, chiefly
between the years 1859 and 1869. Edited by her Sister,
Mrs. John Addinoton Symonds. With Portraits. l'-'mo,
$3.50.
NEW NOVELS.
Just Published. 12mo, $1.00.
CHARLOTTE M. YONGE'S NEW STORY,
GRISLY GRISELL;
Or, The Laidly Lady of Whitburn. A Tale of the Wars
of the Roses. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
By the same Author.
STROLLING PLAYERS.
a harmony of contrasts.
By Charlotte M. Yonoe, author of " Heir of Redclyffe,"
and ('iiitista iik.i. K. Coleridge. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
Just Ready. ISmo, $1.00.
THE GREAT CHIN EPISODE.
By Paul Cushino, author of "Cut by His Own Diamond,"
etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
THE ODD WOMEN.
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THE DIAL
2 J5rmt=Jflontf)Ig Journal of ILiterarg (Criticism, Discussion, anb Information.
THE DIAL {founded in 18S0) U published on the Island 16th of
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THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
No. 172. AUGUST 16, 1893. Vol. XV.
Contents.
PAOE
A NEWSPAPER SYMPOSIUM 79
THE EDUCATION CONGRESSES 82
COMMUNICATIONS 85
Breach of Idiom. /•'. H.
The Use and Abuse of Slang. Pitts Duffield.
GEORGE EBERS'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY. E. G. J.. 87
MR. IRVTNG'S VIEWS ON THE MODERN
DRAMA. Elwyn A. Barron 90
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ... 92
Doyle's The Refugees. — Crawford's Pietro Ghisleri.
—Emily Hoppin's From Out of the Past.—Miss Elli-
ott's John Paget.— Miss MoClelkvnd's Broad oaks. —
Miss Bell's The Love Affairs of an Old Maid.— Mrs.
Catherwood's Old Kaskaskia.— Bangs's Toppleton's
Client. — Kipling's Many Inventions. — Matthews's
The Story of a Story. — Mrs. Deland's Mr. Tommy
Dove.—Sullivan's Day and Night Stories.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 95
A new text-book of Biology. — Interpretations of
Tennyson's Idylls of the King. — Lurid pictnres of
modern city life. — A new edition of Juvenal's Sa-
tires.—The seventh part of the "Great English Dic-
tionary."—French dominion in the Valley of the Miss-
issippi.— Robert Morris, the financier of the Revolu-
tion.—The Establishment of the Anglican Church in
America.
BRIEFER MENTION 97
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS 97
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 98
A NEWSPAPER SYMPOSIUM.
A gTOup of articles upon the subject of
American Journalism, published in the August
"Forum," offers no little food for reflection.
The continuous degradation of the American
newspaper has long been admitted by all who
are competent to express an opinion upon the
subject; it would be difficult to-day to find an
intelligent and disinterested observer who would
make, otherwise than as a hypocritical pre-
tence, the claim that our average newspaper is
in any sense a leader of public opinion. Even
those who, engaged in the "new journalism,"
attempt its defence, are growing bold enough
to cast off the mask, and cynically to disavow
all aims not comprised within such terms as
"popularity," " commercial success," and " un-
precedented circulation." Most of them are
frank enough to admit that these considera-
tions are the only ones to be seriously taken
into account, and that the work of newspaper
production is, like the work of the dealer in
real-estate or of the stock-broker, essentially a
form of money-getting.
The fact is, of course, as all persons will ad-
mit whose moral perceptions are not hopelessly
blunted, that the profession of the journalist
carries with it certain inseparable responsibil-
ities, and that to ignore these responsibilities,
or to take refuge behind the fact that the law
(that excellent but necessarily imperfect rule
of conduct) docs not enforce them, is simply
to set morality at defiance. In all occupations,
indeed, there are ethical as well as legal limi-
tations upon freedom of action; but in the
professions (and journalism surely ought to be
numbered among them) the limitations im-
posed by ethics are peculiarly obvious and im-
perative. The aims of the newspaper, from
the ethical standpoint, may for convenience be
classified under three heads: 1. As a collector
of news, pure and simple, its work should be
done in the scientific spirit, placing accuracy
of statement above all other considerations.
2. In its selection and arrangement of the news
thus collected, it should have regard to real
rather than sensational values; it should pre-
sent its facts in their proper perspective (which
is still, of course, a very different perspective
from that required by permanent history); and
it should carefully exclude, or at least mini-
mize to the utmost, those facts which it cannot
possibly benefit the public to know, or of which
the knowledge is likely to vulgarize popular
taste and lower popular standards of morality.
3. In its comment upon the happenings of the
day or the week, it is bound to be honest, to
stand for well-defined principles, to express the
sincere convictions of its intellectual head and
of those associated with him in the work.


80
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
Judged by these tests (and who, without
abandoning the ethical standpoint altogether,
will deny their fairness ?), there are few news-
papers in the country that will not be found
wanting. In fact, no serious attempt is likely
to be made to defend the American newspaper
upon any such grounds as we have presented.
The "practical newspaper man " will answer
them, and probably think the reply convincing,
in some such fashion as follows: Of the first
requirement he will say that an inaccurate and
distorted report of an occurrence is better than
no report at all; that the public must, in any
event, be given something to read upon the
subject. Of the second requirement he will
say that the public must be regaled with read-
ing to its taste, no matter how trivial, how
shocking, or how filthy the subject-matter. Of
the third requirement he will probably say
that the exigencies of partisan journalism are
incompatible with sincerity and consistency;
or he may be content with the brutal cynicism
of the statement that a newspaper proprietor
may do what he wishes with his own, making
it a weathercock to the shifting winds of ig-
norant popular opinion or of personal whim —
making it even the instrument of his personal
prejudices and petty malignities.
Such a reply as the above, of course, begs
the ethical question altogether, and leaves the
discussion where it started. The magazine
symposium to which we have referred in our
caption includes among its contributors the ed-
itor of the New York " Times," who derides
at the outset the notion that newspapers should
be conducted with any reference to ethical
standards. Yet what would the editor of the
"Times" think of the clergyman who should
preach a doctrine carefully selected for its pay-
ing qualities, or even of the physician who
should take up with what he knew to be quack-
ery because he expected from it large financial
returns? The newspaper certainly assumes,
in its editorial department, the functions of
the preacher or of the college professor—in a
social sense, even the functions of the medical
practitioner; is there any reason why it should
be exempt from judgment by the same stand-
ards? Yet this is the simple proposition of
which the writer in question makes elephantine
fun. "Among the mass of newspaper readers,"
he says, "I do not find any warrant for the
assertions made with such flippancy by these
reckless critics that newspapers are everywhere
regarded as untrustworthy and debasing." Of
course not!" The mass of newspaper read-
ers" approve of the paper so carefully ad-
justed to their tastes, just as the patients of
our practitioner of the "new medicine " or the
hearers of our preacher of the " new theology"
approve of the quackery of which they are the
willing dupes. It is the sort of thing they like,
and so, with admirable thoughtfulness, it is
provided for their delectation.
All that is said by the writer just quoted,
beyond the dull trifling that makes up a large
part of his article, is reducible to what we may
call, for brevity, the counting-room argument;
and the force of that argument we admit with-
out cavil. If journalism is to be considered a
form of business, and nothing more, then the
only proper tests of success are the daily cir-
culation, the number of advertisements, and
the annual balance-sheet. Those who consider
it a profession, with inherent, peculiar, and
far-reaching responsibilities, will prefer the
tests that we have already designated, and will
be aided in applying them by the two articles,
hitherto unmentioned, of the symposium that
suggested our present comment. One of these
articles, by a New York newspaper writer fo
thirteen years' experience, has for its title
"Journalism as a Career," and offers a very
plain-spoken statement of the conditions of
newspaper work in our largest city. "The
fundamental principle of metropolitan journal-
ism," says this candid writer, " is to buy white
paper at three cents a pound and sell it at ten
cents a pound. And in some quarters it does
not matter how much the virgin whiteness of
the paper is defiled so long as the defilement
sells the paper." The writer is not so much
concerned with what he casually calls the "per-
verted ethics " of modern journalism—he seems
to take them for granted — as with the life of
the newspaper worker. That life, under mod-
ern conditions, is one that a dog would hardly
envy, so degrading is it, in most cases, to every
form of self-respect. The modern newspaper
owner is described in a few pointed sentences:
"He knows how to buy and sell, whether it be
white paper or ink or brains. The fact that
he may not know the first rudiments of the En-
glish language, that sociology and political sci-
ence are as incomprehensible to him as the
hereafter, does not affect the case at all."
"Editorial writers, or critics, or copy-readers,
or reporters, are so numerous and so cheap
that his whole editorial staff can be changed in
a day if he deems it necessary. He despises
the literary accomplishments of these men and
I therefore the men themselves, because he meas-


1893.]
81
THE DIAL
ures all men by their ability to accumulate
money and cannot see advantage in anything not
convertible into money." Work in the employ
of such a person is necessarily debasing; and
we are glad that one of the workers has had
the candor to speak his mind openly, and give
us this truthful account of the humiliation at-
tendant upon the path of the modern journal-
ist, of the meanness, the sycophancy, and the
intellectual dishonesty that are the chief qual-
ifications for his success, and of the peculiar
brutality that marks the attitude maintained
toward him by his employer.
The writer of the third of our series of arti-
cles, also a journalist of long experience, boldly
attacks the modern newspaper at the point
where its defence is commonly supposed to be
the strongest, and asks whether, with all its
defects of prejudice and taste, it even succeeds
in giving the news. The writer selects for
comparison, taking the date at random, a copy
of each of the four leading New York papers
for Sunday, April 17,1881, and copies of the
same papers for the corresponding date of the
present year. He analyzes and classifies their
contents, and presents the result in neatly tab-
ulated form. While the aggregate reading
matter in the four papers for 1893 is about
treble that in the papers twelve years old, it is
noticeable that the amount of space devoted to
art has fallen from six and a quarter to five
and a quarter columns; that religious mat-
ter has declined from four and a quarter col-
umns to half a column (in the Sunday papers
at that!); and that literature has dropped from
forty columns to twenty-five. When we ask
what has taken the place of the space thus
saved, and what fills the two hundred per cent
of additional space, we are answered by the
figures for scandals, sports, and gossip. Scan-
dals have gone up from one column to seven
and a half; sports from seven columns to fifty;
and gossip from four and a half columns to
one hundred and sixteen. The writer's final
comment upon these astonishing figures is thus
expressed: "There is a conventional phrase—
'a newspaper is the history of the world for a
day'— that is more or less believed in. Noth-
ing could be falser than this. Our newspapers
do not record the really serious happenings, but
only the sensations, the catastrophes of history."
One other point made by the writer of the
last-mentioned article demands our attention.
In comparing the newspapers of New York
with those of Chicago, he distinctly declares
for the superior tone and intelligence of the
latter. While the former have been under-
going the deterioration set forth by his con-
vincing statistics, the latter "have distinctly
improved in a better direction." This approval
is, of course, only relative, and implies no claim
that "the Chicago papers are models of pro-
priety and good taste." On the contrary, we
are told, "they are not even so good as the
New York papers of twelve years ago; but
they are very much nicer and cleaner than the
Chicago papers of that time or than the New
York papers of to-day. So, while there has
been a distinct deterioration and decadence in
the New York newspaper press in the last
dozen years, the improvement in Chicago has
been steady and noteworthy, and this notwith-
standing the introduction and general adoption
there of the illustrations that do not illustrate."
We are inclined to think that the approval
thus expressed and thus carefully qualified is
just, and it is noteworthy as the opinion of a
New York journalist. Still more noteworthy,
perhaps, is the endorsement of this opinion by
the New York " Evening Post." This opinion,
says the " Post," "we have independent evi-
dence to believe to be well taken. That is, that
while New York papers have degenerated,
Western papers, particularly Chicago papers,
have improved." The man who, more than
any other, is responsible for the " new journal-
ism" as it exists in New York was a West-
erner who "brought to New York a vulgar
standard which was then current and popular
in the West, but which the West has since
grown ashamed of and tried to improve."
THE EDUCATION CONGRESSES.
To the Education Congresses of the World's Con-
gress Auxiliary were assigned the two weeks be-
ginning July 17. The Congresses of the second
week were held under the special auspices of the
National Educational Association, but their work,
in many of the departments, simply continued
the work of the first week, bringing to it the re-
enforcement of new speakers, and, to a certain ex-
tent, of new special subjects for discussion. The
work of the first week was organized in thirteen
sections, and that of the second in fifteen. With
fifteen distinct sections in session at the same time,
as was the case during the second week, the indi-
vidual participant found himself in a state border-
ing upon distraction. He might easily eliminate
from the problem a few sessions of the more spe-
cial sort, but there still remained a considerable
number having nearly or quite equal claims upon
his attention. The same complication has made it


82
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
impossible for us to present a full report ( even had
space permitted) of the proceedings of the Con-
gresses; our readers must be content with an ac-
count of what took place at the more important of
them, and, in some cases, with a list of the more
distinguished speakers, and the subjects of their re-
marks.
The Congress on the subject of General Educa-
tion held eleven sessions during the two weeks, all
but the last three being planned by a committee
having Mrs. H. M. Wilmarth as chairman. The
subjects under discussion the first week included
the following: "Reforms Now Practicable in Sec-
ondary Education," " Methods of Teaching Ethics
in Schools," "The Education of Girls," and the
condition of education in a number of foreign coun-
tries, Australia, Iceland, and Turkey. Monday,
July 24, brought two very interesting sessions of
this Congress, the first of them being given over to
a discussion of what the public schools ought to
teach. Among the speakers on this subject were
Mrs. Marion Foster Washburne, who made a plea
for the kindergarten; Colonel Francis W. Parker,
who stoutly defended the scientific educational
methods called "fads" by the ignorant and indif-
ferent; Mr. Thomas Morgan, who infused an ele-
ment of socialism into the discussion; and Dr. C.
M. Woodward, who argued for manual training.
The second of these sessions brought more social-
ism with Mr. Hamlin Garland, philosophy with the
paper sent by Mr. Thomas Davidson, and practi-
cality with General Francis A. Walker, whose ad-
dress was the feature of the occasion. The session
of July 25 discussed Herbartian pedagogics from
many points of view, the speakers including Dr.
Levi Seeley, of Lake Forest University, Professor
Elmer E. Brown, of the University of California,
President Charles De Garmo, of Swarthmore Col-
lege, and Superintendent C. B. Gilbert, of St.
Paul. The closing three sessions of this General
Congress included addresses by Bishop Samuel Fal-
lows, Dr. S. H. Peabody, Superintendent Albert G.
Lane, President W. R. Harper, President James
B. Angell, General John Eaton, Dr. William T.
Harris, Minister of Education G. W. Ross of To-
ronto, MM. G. Compayre" and Benjamin Buisson,
Professor Stephan Watzoldt, Prince Wolkonsky,
Professor Dimscha and M. Kovalevsky, Russian
delegates, and a number of others.
Two Congresses on the subject of Psychology
were included in the proceedings of the second
week. One of them, having for its special subject
Experimental Psychology in Education, was organ-
ized and presided over by President G. Stanley
Hall, of Clark University, and held three sessions,
devoting its entire time to the psychology of the
child. The reasons for this limitation of field were
thus set forth by Dr. Hall: "It has been decided,
after much consideration and wide conference, to
devote the entire three days to the subject of child
study. Within a very few years several societies
have been formed for this purpose; several jour-
nals have been started; the school children in many
cities of this country and Europe have been meas-
ured or tested as to the rate of growth of body and
muscular and mental power; various classes of de-
fect of sense, limb, mind, character, form of error
in school work and of ignorance on entering school,
have been tabulated. From these results a new
body of literature is being developed, which throws
much light upon the controllable causes, whether of
excellence or defect, and contains many suggestions
on the method and matter of teaching, and prom-
ises to show how instruction can be made more ef-
fective, as well as to point out the true beginnings
of instruction, in the entire group of psychological
subjects." Papers were presented by President Hall,
Professors G. T. W. Patrick, Earl Barnes, W. L.
Bryan, and others. Rational Psychology in Edu-
cation was the subject of the other Congress of
Psychologists, and was presided over by the vener-
able Dr. James McCosh, whose active participation
in the proceedings gave them a peculiar interest.
Dr. McCosh read the opening paper at the first of
the three sessions, taking for his subject, " Reality:
What Place Has It in Philosophy?" The second
paper, sent by Professor Josiah Royee, discussed
the dependence of psychology upon physiology. The
reading of this paper was followed by an interest-
ing discussion, in which Dr. McCosh and Professor
Paul Shorey took leading parts. At the other ses-
sions, papers were read by President Schurman, of
Cornell University, Dr. A. F. Hewitt, of the Cath-
olic University of America, Professor G. T. Or-
mond, of Princeton, and Professor Titchener, of
Cornell.
The Congress on Higher Education held nine ses-
sions during the two weeks ; the first six of which ses-
sions were organized by a committee headed by Pres-
ident Rogers, of the Northwestern University, and
Mrs. H. C. Brainard of the University of Chicago.
The first session of this Congress was opened, after
the preliminary addresses of welcome, by President
Angell, of the University of Michigan, who read a
paper on "State Universities in the United States."
Another paper of interest was by Miss E. P. Hughes,
Principal of the Cambridge (England) Training
College, on "The Training of University Graduates
for the Profession of Teaching." The proceedings
of the day following were devoted to education in
Germany. A paper presented by Frl. Kilthe Schir-
macher, of Danzig, gave some "Reasons Why the
German Universities Are the Last to Admit Wo-
men"; Professor Dittman Finkler, of the Univer-
sity of Bonn, read a paper on the general subject
of " The German University"; and a paper sent
by Professor Stephen Watzoldt, of the University
of Berlin, had for its title "Schools and Universi-
ties in Germany." On Saturday, July 22, the pro-
gramme included the following speakers and pa-
pers: "Latin and Greek as Elements of Second-
ary and Higher Education Compared with Science
and History," by Commissioner of Education Will-
iam T. Harris; "University Education for Women


1893.]
83
THE DIAL
in Russia," by Prince Sergius Wolskonsky; "Free-
dom to Teach," by Mrs. M. F. Crow, of the Uni-
versity of Chicago; "Co-education: Its Advan-
tages and Its Dangers," by Mrs. A. A. F. Johns-
ton, of Oberlin University; "The Balance of Stud-
ies in the College Course," by Miss Sarah F. Whit-
ing, of "Wellesley College; "The Distinction be-
tween College and University Training," by Miss
Mary A. Jordan, of Smith College; and " The Re-
lation of the Government of the United States to
Higher Education," by the Hon. John W. Hoyt.
The four papers first mentioned in this list were,
perhaps, the most important, or at least aroused the
most evident interest. On Monday, July 24, a
number of papers of the highest importance were
read. Those particularly deserving of mention are
"The Latest Revival of the Study of Politics," by
Professor Bernard Moses, of the University of Cal-
ifornia; "Graduate Work in America," by Pro-
fessor William Gardner Hale, of the University of
Chicago ; "University Education in France," by M.
Gabriel Compayre', of the Academy of Poitiers;
"The Study of Literature in French Universities,"
by M. Andre1 Chervillon, of the University of Lille;
"The New Movement in the Italian Universities,"
by Signora Zampini-Salazar, of Naples; "The
Value of a New University," by Professor Earl
Barnes, of the Stanford University; and "The
School at Athens," by Professor F. E. Woodruff,
of Bowdoin College. The programme of this day's
proceedings also included an address by Dr. Eeane,
Chancellor of the Catholic University of America.
The discussion of Higher Education was con-
tinued, under the auspices of the National Educa-
tional Association, during three highly interesting
sessions held on the mornings of July 26, 27, and
28. Professor A. F. West, of Princeton Univer-
sity, acted as secretary of these meetings, and the
presiding officers were Presidents Gilman, Angell,
and Patton. Discussions rather than set papers
were the rule at these sessions. At the first session,
the subjects up for consideration were these: How
far is it desirable that universities should be of one
type? How should we cope with the problem of ex-
cessive specialization in university study? To what
extent should an antecedent liberal education be-
required of students of law, medicine, and theology?
In what way may professional schools be most advan-
tageously connected with universities and colleges?
The first of these discussions was opened by Presi-
dent Kellogg, of the University of California, and
the last by President Low, of Columbia College. A
paper sent by Professor Allievo, of the University
of Turin, opened the second, while the third, which
proved the most interesting of all, was opened by
Professor Woodrow Wilson, who made a strong
plea for the "antecedent liberal education" in all
cases. The session of the second day brought the
interest of the Congress to its climax. The special
question for discussion was the use to be made by
colleges of the Arts degree — whether it should
continue to stand, as heretofore, for the distinct
type of humanistic culture produced by the study
of Greek and Latin, or whether it should be con-
verted into an "omnibus " degree to be conferred
upon graduates in all departments. Professor Hale
opened this discussion with a carefully prepared
and logical argument for the former contention, to
which President Jordan, of the Stanford University,
made an able but somewhat inconclusive reply. Pro-
fessor Shorey, of the University of Chicago, then
took the platform, and made a singularly effective
plea for the retention of what has always been, un-
til recently, the accepted meaning of the Arts de-
gree. The trenchant way in which the speaker
cleared the whole discussion of the irrelevancies
that are always creeping into it and obscuring the
real points at issue was particularly satisfying.
Another argument for the "omnibus " degree, by
Professor T. C. Chamberlain, of the University
of Chicago, closed the discussion of this subject.
Another subject coming up at the same session was
that of the conditions of undergraduate life at the
present day as compared with the conditions a gen-
eration ago, the discussion to range, as the pro-
gramme announced, "over the topics of athletics,
morals, student organizations, intercollegiate cour-
tesies, and relations of students to instructors."
President Raymond, of Wesleyan University, led
in this discussion, and took a very optimistic view
of the situation. In the comment that followed, a
sharp divergence of opinion was manifest, espe-
cially as to the influence of college athletics. The
Rev. Mr. Payne, of New York, was especially vig-
orous in his denunciation of the evils attendant upon
them, and his view of the matter, although extreme,
had considerable support from other speakers.
The closing session of this Congress had for its
general theme "the relations of higher education
to the advancement of culture, learning, and civil-
ization." Professor West read a paper on "The
Evolution of Liberal Education"; this was followed
by a discussion of the doctorate in philosophy and
of the conditions under which it should be bestowed,
and the session closed with addresses by Bishop
Eeane and President Angell on the relation of our
colleges to the advancement of civilization. When
we consider the intelligent character of the audi-
ences, the number of distinguished educators par-
ticipating, and the excellence of the addresses made,
we must reckon this Congress on the Higher Edu-
cation as one of the most marked successes of the
Auxiliary scheme.
The University Extension Congress, in charge of
a committee having as chairman Professor Na-
thaniel Butler, Jr., of the University of Chicago,
held five sessions, all included within the first week.
The first paper read was one sent by Professor
James Stuart, of London. It gave a sketch of Uni-
versity Extension in England, and was particularly
interesting as coming from the man who, in 1872,
really started the movement. Of the other papers,
those of especial interest and value were: "A Sketch
of the Movement in America," by Miss Katharine


74 THE DIAL [Aug. 1,
ºſº
many papers on classical philology, and devoted many
years to a proposed Latin-English lexicon, planned, then
afterwards abandoned, by the Clarendon Press.
Mr. Walter Besant, the English novelist, who attended
the recent Authors' Congress at Chicago as a delegate
from the British Society of Authors, has written the fol-
lowing appreciative letter to the President of the Aux-
iliary Congresses, by whom it is given to the public.
CHARLEs C. Bonney, Esq.,
President World's Congress Auriliary.
DEAR SIR:- At the moment of leaving Chicago and the
Literary Conference, I beg permission, in the name of Dr.
Sprigge and myself, and of the organization which we repre-
sented at your Congress, to convey to you as president, and
to the committee of organization of the Literary department,
first, our most sincere congratulations on the success of the
Congress which is to-day concluded; second, our most sin-
cere thanks for the arrangements made for the reception of
the English contributors, and for the great personal kindness
shown to us and the trouble taken for us.
Many papers were read most helpful and suggestive; a great
stimulus has been given to the consideration of all subjects
connected with the advance of our common literature-a lit-
erature growing daily more international, while on both sides
of the Atlantic it will preserve its natural distinctions. I ven-
ture to express the earnest hope that in the interests of both
countries the papers read and the speeches made during this
week may be edited—i.e., reduced and condensed-and pub-
lished, and sent to all the principal libraries in the world of
the Republic and the English Empire.
Permit me, sir, if I may do so as a simple visitor, without
the appearance of impertinence, to congratulate your splendid
city on the place which this Exposition has enabled it to take
among the great mother cities of the world. Among all your
business activities, and in the eager pressing forward of your
people, rejoicing in a vigorous youth, confident in a splendid
future, reckless of what they spend because of the strength
and resources within them, I rejoice to find springing up a
new literature. Whatever be the future of this literature,
which rises on the frontier line of East and West, it will be at
least free from the old traditions. I wish for your authors
that independence which we in the old country are struggling
to conquer; at least it will be their fault if they do not
achieve it at the outset—not the fault of the national char-
acter, nor the fault of this Literary Congress.
I leave your city with memories of the greatest kindness
and hospitality. I can never sufficiently thank my friends
here for their friendliness. I carry away a delightful memory,
not so much of a Chicago rich, daring, young, and confident,
as of a Chicago which has conceived and carried into execu-
tion the most beautiful and poetic dream – a place surpassing
the imagination of man, as man is commonly found-and a
Chicago loving the old literature, discerning and proving that
which is new, and laying the foundations for that which is to
come, a Chicago which is destined to become the centre of
American literature in the future.
I remain, dear sir, your obedient servant,
WALTER BESANT.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALs.
August, 1893.
Academic and Technical Instruction. N. S. Shaler. Atlantic.
Animal Speech. E. P. Evans. Popular Science.
Art and Shoddy. Frederic Harrison. Forum.
Astronomy in America. E. S. Holden. Forum.
Auxiliary Congresses, The. Dial.
Belcher, Jonathan, Royal Governor of Massachusetts. Atlan.
Breathing Movements. Illus. T. J. Mays. Century.
California, Division of. M. M. Estee, Abbott Kinney. Cal'n.
Chinese Six Companies. R. H. Drayton. Californian.
Congress and the Financial Crisis. Forum.
Cup Defenders. Illus. W. P. Stephens. Century.
European Literature of a Year. Dial.
Evolution and Man. Paul Shorey. Dial.
Explorer, Tasks for the. A. Heilprin. Forum.
Fez. Illus. Stephen Bonsal. Century.
Frogs' Color Changes. Illus. C. M. Weed. Popular Science.
Greenwich Village. Illus. T. A. Janvier. Harper.
Honey and Honey Plants. G. G. Groff. Popular Science.
How My Character Was Formed. Georg Ebers. Forum.
Italian Gardens. Illus. C. A. Platt. Harper.
Japanese Art, Contemporary. Illus. E. F. Fenollosa. Century.
Joan of Arc. Octave Thanet. Dial.
Journalism, Inside Views of. Forum.
Kentucky Beauties. Illus. Sarah H. Henton. Californian.
Learn and Search. Rudolph Virchow. Popular Science.
Letters of Phillips Brooks to Children. Century.
Lightning, Protection from. Illus. Popular Science.
Mark Twain's Recent Works. F. R. Stockton. Forum.
Material and Spiritual. Graham Lusk. Popular Science.
Murat, Prince and Princess, in Florida. Century.
Navajo Blankets. J. J. Peatfield. Californian.
Newnham College's First Principal. Atlantic.
Newspaper Correspondents. Illus. Julian Ralph. Scribner.
North, Marianne, Further Recollections. Dial.
Oil on the Sea. Illus. G. W. Littlehales. Popular Science.
Petrarch's Correspondence. Atlantic.
Plant and Animal Growth. Manly Miles. Popular Science.
Sealing in the Atlantic. Popular Science.
Siam. Illus. S. E. Carrington. Californian.
Taylor, Zachary. Illus. Annah R. Watson. Lippincott.
Toistoy the Younger and the Famine. Illus. Century:
Tramp Census and Its Revelations. J. J. McCook. Forum.
Tunis, Riders of. Illus. T. A. Dodge. Harper.
Washington and Baltimore Sanitation. J. S. Billings. Forum.
Washington in 1860-1. H. L. Dawes. Atlantic.
Weismann's Theories. Herbert Spencer. Popular Science,
Witchcraft Revival. Ernest Hart. Popular Science.
World's Fair Types. Illus. J. A. Mitchell. Scribner.
Zorn, Anders. Illus. Mrs. S. van Rensselaer. Century.
Bishop Phillips Brooks.
The Beauty of a Life of Service.
Thought and Aëtion.
The Duty of the Christian Business Man.
True Liberty.
The Christ in whom Christians Believe.
•Abraham Lincoln. With an etched Portrait by W.
H. W. BickNELL. 1 vol., 16mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.00.
Chas. E. Brown & Co., 53 State St., Boston.
E NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION. Fort
AUTHoRs: The skilled revision, the unbiassed and cºm-
p." criticism of prose and verse; advice as to publication.
on PUBLISHERs: The compilation of first-class works of
reference.-Established 1880. Unique in position and sue-
cess. Indorsed by our leading writers. Address
DR. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave., New York.
&AMERICANA. º.
United States to the commencement of the Late War; to:
gether with an Appendix containing interesting Accounts of
the Battles fought by General Andrew Jackson. With two
Plates. Rochester, § Y., 1828.
Two hundred signed and numbered copies have just been
reprinted at $2.00 each.
GEORGE P. HUMPHREY,
25 Exchange Street, RochestER, N. Y.
!
-
ºf
*a,
sº
ºri
*


1893.] THE DIAL 75
A TERRITORY IN THE SKY.
THE entire area of New Mexico, 122,444 square miles in extent,
averages as high as the loftiest summit of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire. There, on a slope of the Rockies, bordered
by the pine forest, neighbored by gorges and foaming torrents
where trout abound, and environed by quaint Mexican villages,
lies Las Vegas Hot Springs, one of the most attractive of Ameri-
can resorts. Chronic diseases are relieved by the medicinal waters
—every form of bath being administered—and the climate is a
specific for pulmonary affections. The superb Hotel Montezuma
accommodates 250 guests. Send for illustrated descriptive book,
“The Land of Sunshine,” to JNO. J. BYRNE,
701 Monadnock Building, CHICAGO.
EDUCATIONAL.
COLLEGE OF PHYSICANS AND SURGEONS, Chicago, 111. MichildAN FEMALE SEM.INARY, Kalamazoo, Mich.
Winter term begins September 18, 1893. Course of study A superior school and refined home. Number of students
•overs four years; for Bachelors of Arts and Sciences, three limited. Terms $250. Send for Catalogue. Opens Sep-
years. Preliminary examination required in English, Physics, tember 14, 1893. Brick buildings, passenger elevator, and
Mathematics, and Latin. Fees, $100 a year. Laboratory steam heat.
•quipment for students unequaled.
Fºntamation add- BINonAM school (FoR Boys), Asheville, N. c.
- 1793.- Established in 1793. – 1893.
201st Session begins Sept. 1, 1893. Maj. R. BINGHAM, Supt.
Dr. BAYARD Holmes, Sec'y,
Venetian Building, Chicago, Ill.
Glrls' COLLEGIATE SCHOOL, Chicago, III. RockFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, Rockford, III.
Nos. 479–481 Dearborn Ave. Seventeenth year. Prepares Forty-fifth year begins Sept. 13, 1893, College course and
fºr College, and gives special courses of study. For #. excellent preparatory school. Specially organized departments
Ladies and Children. Miss R. S. Rick. A.M l of Music and Art. Four well-equipped laboratories. Good
Miº M.K. Bºbº, A.M. ſ Principals. growing library, fine gymnasium, resident physician. Memo-
* * rial Hall enables students to much reduce expenses. For cat-
FREEHOLD INSTITUTE, Freehold, N. J. alogue address SARAH F. ANDERson, Principal (Lock box 52).
Boys Aged 8 to 16 received into family; fitted for any col-
ege. Business College Course, with Typewriting, Stenog- || YouNo LADIES' SEM.INARY, Freehold, N. J.
raphy. A. A. CHAMBERs, A.M., Principal. Prepares pupils for College. Broader Seminary_Course.
for twenty-five boarders. Individual care of pupils.
MscLader's home and day school. For airls. #.º..."; i.o.º.º."
Pºs, Mass, 252 Marlboro St. Reopens October 3. Miss EUNICE. D. SEwALL, Principal
Specialists in each Department. References: Rev. Dr. ion. pa
* Trinity Church; Mrs. Louis Agassiz, Cambridge: - New Y i
P : , - 7 ge; Miss GIBBONS' SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, New York City.
*Walker. Institute of Technology. No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. SARAH H. EMERson, Principal.
NEW ENGLAND conservatory of Music, Boston, Mass. Will re-open Oct. 4. A few boarding pupils taken.
Founded b N
Dr. Fºre. cºns, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY,
THE LEADING cowsERVA Torr of AMERICA. BALTIMORe.
**dition to its unequaled musical ad tages
- --- equa Innual Van , exce -
º§."jºyº.proviſed for the ºdy ºf #: Announcements of the Graduate, Collegiate, and
the Fine Arts, and M. La . The admirably - -
...” afford; a º; Medical Courses for the next academic
ents. Calendar free. year are now ready, and will
FRANR W. HALE, General Manager. b f licati
ranklin Square, Boston, Mass. e sent on application.


74 THE DIAL [Aug. 1,
*A* --
many papers on classical philology, and devoted many
years to a proposed Latin-English lexicon, planned, then
afterwards abandoned, by the Clarendon Press.
Mr. Walter Besant, the English novelist, who attended
the recent Authors' Congress at Chicago as a delegate
from the British Society of Authors, has written the fol-
lowing appreciative letter to the President of the Aux-
iliary Congresses, by whom it is given to the public.
CHARLEs C. BonnEY, Esq.,
President World's Congress Auriliary.
DEAR SIR:— At the moment of leaving Chicago and the
Literary Conference, I beg permission, in the name of Dr.
Sprigge and myself, and of the organization which we repre-
sented at your Congress, to convey to you as president, and
to the committee of organization of the Literary department,
first, our most sincere congratulations on the success of the
Congress which is to-day concluded; second, our most sin-
cere thanks for the arrangements made for the reception of
the English contributors, and for the great personal kindness
shown to us and the trouble taken for us.
Many papers were read most helpful and suggestive; a great
stimulus has been given to the consideration of all subjects
connected with the advance of our common literature—a lit-
erature growing daily more international, while on both sides
of the Atlantic it will preserve its natural distinctions. Iven-
ture to express the earnest hope that in the interests of both
countries the papers read and the speeches made during this
week may be edited—i.e., reduced and condensed—and pub-
lished, and sent to all the principal libraries in the world of
the Republic and the English Empire.
Permit me, sir, if I may do so as a simple visitor, without
the appearance of impertinence, to congratulate your splendid
city on the place which this Exposition has enabled it to take
among the great mother cities of the world. Among all your
business activities, and in the eager pressing forward of your
people, rejoicing in a vigorous youth, confident in a splendid
future, reckless of what they spend because of the strength
and resources within them, I rejoice to find springing up a
new literature. Whatever be the future of this literature,
which rises on the frontier line of East and West, it will be at
least free from the old traditions. I wish for your authors
that independence which we in the old country are struggling
to conquer; at least it will be their fault if they do not
achieve it at the outset—not the fault of the national char-
acter, nor the fault of this Literary Congress.
I leave your city with memories of the greatest kindness
and hospitality. I can never sufficiently thank my friends
here for their friendliness. I carry away a delightful memory,
not so much of a Chicago rich, daring, young, and confident,
as of a Chicago which has conceived and carried into execu-
tion the most beautiful and poetic dream-a place surpassing
the imagination of man, as man is commonly found-and a
Chicago loving the old literature, discerning and proving that
which is new, and laying the foundations for that which is to
come, a Chicago which is destined to become the centre of
American literature in the future,
I remain, dear sir, your obedient servant,
WALTER BEsANT.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
August, 1893.
Academic and Technical Instruction. N. S. Shaler. Atlantic.
Animal Speech. E. P. Evans. Popular Science.
Art and Shoddy. Frederic Harrison. Forum.
Astronomy in America. E. S. Holden. Forum.
Auxiliary Congresses, The. Dial.
Belcher, Jonathan, Royal Governor of Massachusetts. Atlan.
Breathing Movements. Illus. T. J. Mays. Century.
California, Division of. M. M. Estee, Abbott Kinney. Cal'n.
Chinese Six Companies. R. H. Drayton. Californian.
Congress and the Financial Crisis. Forum.
Cup Defenders. Illus. W. P. Stephens. Century.
European Literature of a Year. Dial.
Evolution and Man. Paul Shorey. Dial.
Explorer, Tasks for the. A. Heilprin. Forum.
Fez. Illus. Stephen Bonsal. Century.
Frogs' Color Changes. Illus. C. M. Weed. Popular Science.
Greenwich Village. Illus. T. A. Janvier. Harper.
Honey and Honey Plants. G. G. Groff. Popular Science.
How My Character Was Formed. Georg Ebers. Forum.
Italian Gardens. Illus. C. A. Platt. Harper.
Japanese Art, Contemporary. Illus. E. F. Fenollosa. Century.
Joan of Arc. Octave Thanet. Dial.
Journalism, Inside Views of. Forum.
Kentucky Beauties. Illus. Sarah H. Henton. Californian.
Learn and Search. Rudolph Virchow. Popular Science.
Letters of Phillips Brooks to Children. Century.
Lightning, Protection from. Illus. Popular Science.
Mark Twain's Recent Works. F. R. Stockton. Forum.
Material and Spiritual. Graham Lusk. Popular Science.
Murat, Prince and Princess, in Florida. Century.
Navajo Blankets. J. J. Peatfield. Californian.
Newnham College's First Principal. Atlantic.
Newspaper Correspondents. Illus. Julian Ralph. Scribner.
North, Marianne, Further Recollections. Dial.
oil on the Sea. Illus. G. W. Littlehales. Popular Science.
Petrarch's Correspondence. Atlantic.
Plant and Animal Growth. Manly Miles. Popular Science.
Sealing in the Atlantic. Popular Science.
Siam. Illus. S. E. Carrington. Californian.
Taylor, Zachary. Illus. Annah R. Watson. Lippincott.
Toistoy the Younger and the Famine. Illus. Century:
Tramp Census and Its Revelations. J. J. McCook. Forum.
Tunis, Riders of. Illus. T. A. Dodge. Harper.
Washington and Baltimore Sanitation. J.S. Billings. Forum.
Washington in 1860-1. H. L. Dawes. Atlantic.
weismann's Theories. Herbert Spencer. Popular Science.
Witchcraft Revival. Ernest Hart. Popular Science.
World's Fair Types. Illus. J. A. Mitchell. Scribner.
Zorn, Anders. Illus. Mrs. S. van Rensselaer. Century.
PERFECT FREEDOM.
Bishop Phillips Brooks.
The Beauty of a Life of Service.
Thought and Aëtion.
The Duty of the Christian Business Man.
True Liberty.
The Christ in whom Christians Believe.
•Abraham Lincoln. With an etched Portrait by W.
H. W. BickNELL. 1 vol., 16mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.00.
Chas. E. Brown & Co., 53 State St., Boston.
THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION. For
AUTHoRs: The skilled revision, the unbiassed and com-
tent criticism of prose and verse; advice as to publication:
or PublishERs: The compilation of first-class works of
reference. —Established 1880. Unique in position and suc-
cess. Indorsed by our leading writers. Address
DR. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave., New York.
cAMERICAN A History of the Indian Wars
- • with the First Settlers of the
United States to the commencement of the Late War; to:
gether with an Appendix containing interesting Accounts of
the Battles fought by General Andrew Jackson. With two
Plates. Rochester, N.Y., 1828.
Two hundred signed and numbered copies have just been
reprinted at $2.00 each.
GEORGE P. HUMPHREY,
25 Exchange Street, RochestER, N. Y.
si
º
N


1893.]
75
THE DIAL
A TERRITORY IN THE Sky.
THE entire area of New Mexico, 122,444 Square miles in extent,
averages as high as the loftiest summit of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire.
There, on a slope of the Rockies, bordered
by the pine forest, neighbored by gorges and foaming torrents
where trout abound, and environed by quaint Mexican villages,
lies Las Vegas Hot Springs, one of the most attractive of Ameri-
can resorts. Chronic diseases are relieved by the medicinal waters
—every form of bath being administered—and the climate is a
specific for pulmonary affections. The superb Hotel Montezuma
accommodates 250 guests. Send for illustrated descriptive book,
“The Land of Sunshine,” to
JNO. J. BYRNE,
701 Monadnock Building, CHICAGO.
EDUCATIONAL.
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, Chicago, iii.
Winter term begins September 18, 1893. Course of study
•overs four years; for Bachelors of Arts and Sciences, three
years. Preliminary examination required in English, Physics,
Mathematics, and Latin. Fees, $100 a year. Laboratory
equipment for students unequaled.
For Announcement and further information address
- Dr. BAYARD Holmes, Sec'y,
Venetian Building, Chicago, Ill.
Girls' collegiate school, chicago, iii.
Nos. 479–481 Dearborn Ave. Seventeenth year. Pre 8
for College, and gives special courses of study. For Young
** and Children. Miss R. S. Ricº, A.M., ),...,
Mſ. M.H. H. A.M., ; Principals.
FREEHOLD INSTITUTE, Freehold, N. J.
Boys aged 8 to 16 received into family; fitted for any col-
lege. Business College Course, with Typewriting, Stenog-
raphy. A. A. Chambers, A.M., Principal.
MISS CLAGETT'S HOME AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
, Boston, MAss., .252 Marlboro’, St. Reopens October 3.
Specialists in each Department. References: Rev. Dr. DoN-
ALD, Trinity Church; Mrs. Louis AGAssiz, Cambridge;
Pres, WALKER, Institute of Technology.
NEW ENGLAND CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC, Boston, Mass.
Founded by CARL FAELTHN,
Dr. EBEN Tourg EE. Director.
THE LEADING CONSERVATORY OF AMERICA.
. In addition to its unequaled musical advantages, excep-
iºnal opportunities are also provided for the study of Elocu-
tion, the Fine Arts, and ... Languages. The admirably
*quipped Home affords a safe and inviting residence for lady
students, Calendar free.
FRANk W. HALE, General Manager,
Franklin Square, Boston, Mass.
Michigan FEMALE SEMINARY, Kalamazoo, Mich.
A superior school and refined home. Number of students
limited. Terms $250. Send for Catalogue. Opens Sep-
tember 14, 1893. Brick buildings, passenger elevator, and
steam heat.
BINGHAM SCHOOL (FOR BOYS), Asheville, N. C.
1793. – EstablishED in 1793. – 1893.
201st Session begins Sept. 1, 1893. Maj. R. BINGHAM, Supt.
ROCKFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, Rockford, III.
Forty-fifth year begins Sept. 13, 1893. College course and
excellent preparatory school. Specially organized departments
of Music and Art. Four well-equipped laboratories. Good
growing library, fine gymnasium, resident physician. Memo-
rial Hall enables students to much reduce expenses. For cat-
alogue address SARAH F. ANDERson, Principal (Lock box 52).
young LADIES' SEMINARY, Freehold, N. J.
Prepares pupils for College. Broader Seminary Course.
Room for twenty-five boarders. Individual care of pupils.
Pleasant family life. Fall term opens Sept. 13, 1893.
Miss EUNICE. D. SEwALL, Principal,
Miss GIBBONS' SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, New York City.
No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. SARAH H. EMERson, Principal.
Will re-open Oct. 4. A few boarding pupils taken.
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY,
BALTIMORE.
•Announcements of the Graduate, Collegiate, and
Medical Courses for the next academic
year are now ready, and will
be sent on application.


74 THE
DIAL [Aug. 1,
many papers on classical philology, and devoted many
years to a proposed Latin-English lexicon, planned, then
afterwards abandoned, by the Clarendon Press.
Mr. Walter Besant, the English novelist, who attended
the recent Authors' Congress at Chicago as a delegate
from the British Society of Authors, has written the fol-
lowing appreciative letter to the President of the Aux-
iliary Congresses, by whom it is given to the public.
CHARLEs C. Bonney, Esq.,
President World's Congress Auriliary.
DEAR SIR:- At the moment of leaving Chicago and the
Literary Conference, I beg permission, in the name of Dr.
Sprigge and myself, and of the organization which we repre-
sented at your Congress, to convey to you as president, and
to the committee of organization of the Literary department,
first, our most sincere congratulations on the success of the
Congress which is to-day concluded; second, our most sin-
cere thanks for the arrangements made for the reception of
the English contributors, and for the great personal kindness
shown to us and the trouble taken for us.
Many papers were read most helpful and suggestive; a great
stimulus has been given to the consideration of all subjects
connected with the advance of our common literature-a lit-
erature growing daily more international, while on both sides
of the Atlantic it will preserve its natural distinctions. Iven-
ture to express the earnest hope that in the interests of both
countries the papers read and the speeches made during this
week may be edited—i.e., reduced and condensed—and pub-
lished, and sent to all the principal libraries in the world of
the Republic and the English Empire.
Permit me, sir, if I may do so as a simple visitor, without
the appearance of impertinence, to congratulate your splendid
city on the place which this Exposition has enabled it to take
among the great mother cities of the world. Among all your
business activities, and in the eager pressing forward of your
people, rejoicing in a vigorous youth, confident in a splendid
future, reckless of what they spend because of the strength
and resources within them, I rejoice to find springing up a
new literature. Whatever be the future of this literature,
which rises on the frontier line of East and West, it will be at
least free from the old traditions. I wish for your authors
that independence which we in the old country are struggling
to conquer; at least it will be their fault if they do not
achieve it at the outset—not the fault of the national char-
acter, nor the fault of this Literary Congress.
I leave your city with memories of the greatest kindness
and hospitality. I can never sufficiently thank my friends
here for their friendliness. I carry away a delightful memory,
not so much of a Chicago rich, daring, young, and confident,
as of a Chicago which has conceived and carried into execu-
tion the most beautiful and poetic dream – a place surpassing
the imagination of man, as man is commonly found-and a
Chicago loving the old literature, discerning and proving that
which is new, and laying the foundations for that which is to
come, a Chicago which is destined to become the centre of
American literature in the future.
I remain, dear sir, your obedient servant,
WALTER BEsANT.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
August, 1893.
Academic and Technical Instruction. N. S. Shaler. Atlantic.
Animal Speech. E. P. Evans. Popular Science.
Art and Shoddy. Frederic Harrison. Forum.
Astronomy in America. E. S. Holden. Forum.
Auxiliary Congresses, The. Dial.
Belcher, Jonathan, Royal Governor of Massachusetts, Atlan.
Breathing Movements. Illus. T. J. Mays, Century.
California, Division of. M. M. Estee, Abbott Kinney. Cal'n,
Chinese Six Companies. R. H. Drayton. Californian.
Congress and the Financial Crisis. Forum.
Cup Defenders. Illus. W. P. Stephens. Century.
European Literature of a Year. Dial.
Evolution and Man. Paul Shorey. Dial.
Explorer, Tasks for the. A. Heilprin. Forum.
Fez. Illus. Stephen Bonsal. Century.
Frogs' Color Changes. Illus. C. M. Weed. Popular Science.
Greenwich Village. Illus. T. A. Janvier. Harper.
Honey and Honey Plants. G. G. Groff. Popular Science.
How My Character Was Formed. Georg Ebers. Forum.
Italian Gardens. Illus. C. A. Platt. Harper.
Japanese Art, Contemporary. Illus. E. F. Fenollosa. Century.
Joan of Arc. Octave Thanet. Dial.
Journalism, Inside Views of. Forum.
Kentucky Beauties. Illus. Sarah H. Henton. Californian.
Learn and Search. Rudolph Virchow. Popular Science.
Letters of Phillips Brooks to Children. Century.
Lightning, Protection from. Illus. Popular Science.
Mark Twain's Recent Works. F. R. Stockton. Forum.
Material and Spiritual. Graham Lusk. Popular Science.
Murat, Prince and Princess, in Florida. Century.
Navajo Blankets. J. J. Peatfield. Californian.
Newnham College's First Principal. Atlantic.
Newspaper Correspondents. Illus. Julian Ralph. Scribner.
North, Marianne, Further Recollections. Dial.
oil on the Sea. Illus. G. W. Littlehales. Popular Science.
Petrarch's Correspondence. Atlantic.
Plant and Animal Growth. Manly Miles. Popular Science.
Sealing in the Atlantic. Popular Science.
Siam. Illus. S. E. Carrington. Californian.
Taylor, Zachary, Illus. Annah R. Watson. Lippincott.
Toistoy the Younger and the Famine. Illus. Century:
Tramp Census and Its Revelations. . J. J. McCook. Forum.
Tunis, Riders of. Illus. T. A. Dodge. Harper.
Washington and Baltimore Sanitation. J.S. Billings. Forum.
Washington in 1860-1. H. L. Dawes. Atlantic.
Weismann's Theories. Herbert Spencer. Popular Science.
Witchcraft Revival. Ernest Hart. Popular Science.
World's Fair Types. Illus. J. A. Mitchell. Scribner.
Zorn, Anders. Illus. Mrs. S. van Rensselaer. Century. -
PERFECT FREEDOM. 3.
Bishop Phillips Brooks. º
The Beauty of a Life of Service. º
Thought and Aëtion. º
The Duty of the Christian Business Man. -
True Liberty. ~
The Christ in whom Christians Believe. :
•Abraham Lincoln. With an etched Portrait by W. *
H. W. BICKNELL. 1 vol., 16mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.00.
Chas. E. Brown & Co., 53 State St., Boston.
E NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION. For
AUTHoRs: The skilled revision, the unbiassed and ºn-
P.": criticism of prose and verse; advice as to publication:
oR PUBLISHERs: The compilation of first-class works of
reference.-Established 1880. Unique in position and suc-
cess. Indorsed by our leading writers. Address
DR. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave., New York.
cAMERICANA. Aiºi.
- - • with the First Settlers of the
United States to the commencement of the Late War; to:
gether with an Appendix containing interesting Accounts of
the Battles fought by General Andrew Jackson. With two
Plates, Rochester, N.Y., 1828.
Two hundred º and numbered copies have just been
reprinted at $2.00 each.
GEORGE P. HUMPHREY,
25 Exchange Street, Rochester, N. Y.


1893.]
75
THE DIAL
A TERRITORY IN THE Sky.
THE entire area of New Mexico, 122,444 square miles in extent,
averages as high as the loftiest summit of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire.
There, on a slope of the Rockies, bordered
by the pine forest, neighbored by gorges and foaming torrents
where trout abound, and environed by quaint Mexican villages,
lies Las Vegas Hot Springs, one of the most attractive of Ameri-
can resorts. Chronic diseases are relieved by the medicinal waters
—every form of bath being administered—and the climate is a
specific for pulmonary affections. The superb Hotel Montezuma
accommodates 250 guests. Send for illustrated descriptive book,
“The Land of Sunshine,” to
JNO. J. BYRNE,
701 Monadnock Building, CHICAGO.
EDUCATIONAL.
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, Chicago, Ill.
Winter term begins September 18, 1893. Course of study
•overs four years; for Bachelors of Arts and Sciences, three
years. Preliminary examination required in English, Physics,
Mathematics, and Latin. Fees, $100 a year. Laboratory
equipment for students unequaled.
For Announcement and further information address
- Dr. BAYARD Holmes, Sec'y,
Venetian Building, Chicago, Ill.
Girls' collegiate SCHOOL, Chicago, Ill.
Nos. 479–481 Dearborn Ave. Seventeenth year. ..
for College, and gives special courses of study. For Young
*** Miss B. S. Rºck, A.M.A. pººl
Miss M. E.B.EEby, A.M., ; *rincipals.
FREEHOLD institute, Freehold, N. J.
Boys aged 8 to 16 received into family; fitted for any col-
lege. Business College Course, with Typewriting, Stenog-
raphy. A, A, CHAMBERs, A.M., Principal.
MISS CLAGETT'S HOME AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
, Boston, MAss., 252 Marlboro’, St. Reopens October 3.
Specialists in each Department. References: Rey. Dr. DoN-
ALD, Trinity Church; Mrs. Louis AGAssiz, Cambridge;
Pres, WALKER, Institute of Technology.
NEW ENGLAND CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC, Boston, Mass.
Founded by CARRFAELTRN,
. EBEN Toufiger. Director.
THE LEADING CONSERVATORY OF AMERICA.
. In addition to its unequaled musical advantages, excep-
onal opportunities are . rovided for the study of Elº-
tion, the Fine Arts, and º Languages. The
equipped Home affords a safe and inviting residence for lady
students, Calendar free.
FRANK W. HALE, General
Franklin Square,
– º –
MICHAGAN FEMALE SEM.INARY, Kalamazoo, Mich.
A superior school and refined home. Number of students
limited. Terms $250. Send for Catalogue. Opens Sep-
tember 14, 1893. Brick buildings, passenger elevator, and
steam heat.
BINGHAM SCHOOL (FOR BOYS), Asheville, N. C.
1793.-- EstablishED IN 1793.— 1893.
201st Session begins Sept. 1, 1893. Maj. R. BINGHAM, Supt.
ROCKFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, Rockford, iii.
Forty-fifth year begins Sept. 13, 1893. College course and
excellent preparatory school. Specially organized departments
of Music and Art. Four well-equipped laboratories. Good
growing library, fine gymnasium, resident physician. Memo-
rial Hall enables students to much reduce expenses. For cat-
alogue address SARAH F. ANDERson, Principal (Lock box 52).
YOUNG LADES' SEM.INARY, Freehold, N. J.
Prepares pupils for College. Broader Seminary Course.
Room for twenty-five boarders. Individual care of pupils.
Pleasant family life. Fall term opens Sept. 13, 1893.
Miss EUNICE. D. SEwALL, Principal.
Miss GIBBONS' SCHOOL FOR GlrLS, New York City.
No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. SARAH H. EMERson, Principal.
Will re-open Oct, 4. A few boarding nupils taken.
JOHNS p : RSIT
* . . . s
*Annºcements ºf ſ
º


76 THE DIAL
[Aug. 1, 1893.
MACMILLAN AND CO's NEW BOOKS.
Just Published. A New Novel by F. MARION CRA WFORD.
PIETRO GHISLERI.
By F. MARION CRAwFoRD, author of “Saracinesca,” “Mr. Isaacs,” etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
“The story has power, is highly dramatic in parts, and the threads of the plot are held firmly in the hands of a master.”
—Philadelphia Telegraph.
New Editions of F. MARION CRA WFORD’S NOVELS in uniform binding.
12mo, cloth, $1.00 each.
A Roman Singer.
Just Published. New and Cheaper Edition.
THE MEMORIES OF DEAN HOLE.
12mo, cloth, $2.25.
New Edition. Completed and Largely Re-written.
A STUDY OF THE WORKS OF LORD
TENNYSON.
By Edward CAMPBELL TAINsh. New Edition. 12mo,
cloth, $1.75.
Just Published. 12mo, cloth, $1.75.
THE COMEDIES OF T. MACCIUS
PLAUTUS.
Translated in the original metres by Edward H. Sugden,
B.A., B.Sc. 12mo, cloth, $1.75.
Just Ready.
New Volume in the Series of Twelve English Statesmen.
EDWARD THE FIRST.
By Professor T. F. TouT. 12mo, cloth, cut, 60 cents; cloth,
uncut, 75 cents.
To Leeward. Paul Patoff. Children of the King.
Just Published. 16mo, cloth, gilt top, gilt extra, £1.25.
THE MAXIMS AND REFLECTIONS
OF GOETHE.
Translated by BAILEY SAUNDERs. With a Preface. 16mo,
cloth, gilt, gilt extra, $1.25.
Completion of the New Edition of
THE CAMBRIDGE SHAKESPEARE.
Edited by WILLIAM ALDIs WRIGHT. Vol. IX., 8vo, $3.00.
The Set, nine volumes, in box, $27.00.
WILLIAM GEORGE WARD AND THE
CATHOLIC REVIVAL.
By WILFRID WARD, author of “William George Ward and
the Oxford Movement.” 8vo, $3.00.
SOME FURTHER RECOLLECTIONS
OF A HAPPY LIFE.
Selected from the Journals of MARIANNE North, chiefly
between the years 1859 and 1869. Edited by her Sister,
Mrs. John ADDINGToN SYMonds. With Portraits. 12mo,
$3.50.
NEW NOVELS.
Just Published. 12mo, $1.00.
CHARLOTTE M, YONGE'S NEW STORY,
GRISLY GRISELL;
OR, THE LAIDLY LADY of WHITBURN. A Tale of the Wars
of the Roses. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
By the same Author.
STROLLING PLAYERS.
A HARMONY OF CONTRASTs.
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and CHRISTABEL R. Col.FRIDGE, 12mo, cloth, $1.00,
Just Ready, 12mo, $1.00.
THE GREAT CHIN EPISODE.
By PAUL Cushing, author of “Cut by His Own Diamond,”
etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
THE ODD WOMEN.
By GroRoe Gissing, author of “Denzil Quarrier,” “The
Nether World,” etc. 12mo, $1.00.
THE REAL THING, and Other Stories.
By HENRY JAMEs, author of “The Lesson of the Master,”
etc. 12mo, $1.00.
Uniform with the 10-volume Edition of Jane Austen's Works.
THE NOVELS AND POEMS OF
CHARLOTTE, EMILY, and ANNE BRONTE.
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Now Ready.
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*** Also, a Large-paper Limited Edition, on hand-made
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In similar style to the issues of the editions of Jane Austen and
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Edited by GEoRGE SAINTsaury. To be completed in 12
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BERT RAILTON and E. J. WHEELER.
Now Ready,
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Book Reviews, a Monthly Journal devoted to New and Current Publications. Price, 5 cents. Yearly subscriptiew, 50 cents.
MACMILLAN & CO., PUBLISHERs, New York.
the dial passs, chicago.
t


THE DIAL
JA SEMI-MONTHLY 7OURNAL OF
£iterary Criticism, {3iscussion, and $nformation.
Edited BY Volume ATV.
FRANCIS F, BROwne. Mo. 172.
CHICAGO, AUG. 16, 1893.
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82, a year. Stevens Building.
SOME STANDARD BOOKS.
PERSIAN LITERATURE.
ANCIENT AND MoDERN. By ELIZABETH A. REED, Member
of the Philosophical Society of Great Britain and of the
International Congress of Orientalists. 1 vol., cloth, $2.50.
This volume traces the growth and development of the lit-
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DR. Georg EBERs, Professor of Egyptian Language and Archaeology,
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| THE YOUTH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT
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Translated from the French by MARY Bush NELL Cole-
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MANUAL OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE.
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PREADAMITES;
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For sale by all Booksellers, or sent, postpaid, upon receipt of price, by the Publishers,
S. C. GRIGGS & CO., Nos. 262 & 264 Wabash Ave., Chicago.


78 THE DIAL
[Aug. 16, 1893.
MACMILLAN AND CO's NEW BOOKS.
Just Published. In Similar Style to the Issues of the Novels of Jane Austen and the Brontºs.
The Novels of Henry Fielding.
Edited, with an Introductory Memoir, by GroRGE SAINTsbury, and Portrait and Illustrations by Herbert
RAILtoN and E. J. WHEELER. To be completed in twelve 16mo volumes.
Now Ready. Volumes I. and II. JOSEPH ANDREWS. 2 vols., $1.00 each.
*...* Also a Large-paper Limited Edition, on hand-made paper, at $3.00 per vol.
Just Published. New and Cheaper Edition.
THE MEMORIES OF DEAN HOLE.
12mo, cloth, $2.25.
New Edition. Completed and Largely Re-written.
A STUDY OF THE WORKS OF LORD
TENNYSON.
By Edward CAMPBELL TAINsh. New Edition. 12mo,
cloth, $1.75.
Just Published. 12mo, cloth, $1.75.
THE COMEDIES OF T. MACCIUS
PLAUTUS.
Translated in the original metres by Edward H. Sugden,
B.A., B.Sc. 12mo, cloth, $1.75.
Just Ready.
New Volume in the Series of Twelve English Statesmen.
EDWARD THE FIRST.
By Professor T. F. ToUT. 12mo, cloth, cut, 60 cents; cloth,
uncut, 75 cents.
Just Published. 16mo, cloth, gilt top, gilt ertra, 31.25.
THE MAXIMS AND REFLECTIONS
OF GOETHE.
Translated by BAILEY SAUNDERs. With a Preface. 16mo,
cloth, gilt, gilt extra, $1.25.
Completion of the New Edition of
THE CAMBRIDGE SHAKESPEARE.
Edited by WILLIAM ALDIs WRight. Vol. IX., 8vo, $3.00.
The Set, nine volumes, in box, $27,00.
WILLIAM GEORGE WARD AND THE
CATHOLIC REVIVAL.
By WILFRID WARD, author of “William George Ward and
the Oxford Movement.” 8vo, $3.00,
SOME FURTHER RECOLLECTIONS
OF A HAPPY LIFE.
Selected from the Journals of MARIANNE North, chiefly
between the years 1859 and 1869, Edited by her Sister,
. John ADDINGto.N SYMoNDs. With Portraits. 12mo,
$3.50.
NEW NOVELS.
Just Published. 12mo, $1.00,
CHARLOTTE M. YONGE's NEW STORY,
GRISLY GRISELL;
OR, THE LAIDLY LADY of WHITBURN. A Tale of the Wars
of the Roses. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
By the same Author.
STROLLING PLAYERS.
A HARMONY OF CONTRAST8,
By CHARLorrr M. Yonge, author of “Heir of Redclyffe,”
and CHRISTABEL R. ColerDGE. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
Just Ready. 12mo, $1.00.
THE GREAT CHIN EPISODE.
By PAUL Cushing, author of “Cut by His Own Diamond,”
etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
THE ODD WOMEN.
By GEORGE GissiNg, author of “Denzil Quarrier,” “The
Nether World,” etc. 12mo, $1.00.
THE REAL THING, and Other Stories.
By HENRY JAMEs, author of “The Lesson of the Master,”
etc., 12mo, $1.00.
Book REviews, a Monthly Journal devoted to New and Current Publications. Price, 5 cents. Yearly Subscription, 50 cents.
Uniform with the 10-volume Edition of Jane Austen's Works.
THE NOVELS AND POEMS OF
CHARLOTTE, EMILY, and ANNE BRONTE.
In 1216mo volumes. With Portrait and 36 Illustrations in
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each. To be issued monthly.
Now Ready.
Wols. I. and II., JANE EYRE, 2 vols., $1.00 each.
Wols. III. and IV., SHIRLEY, 2 vols., $1.00 each.
Wols. W. and VI., WILETTE, 2 vols., $1.00 each.
| "." Also, a Large-paper Limited Edition, on hand-made
paper, at $3.00 per volume.
A New Novel by F. MARION CRAWFORD.
PIETRO GHISLERI.
By F. MARIon CRAwford, author of “Saracinesca,” “Mr.
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| New editions of F. Marion Crawford's Novels in uniform
binding. 12mo, cloth, $1.00 each.
A ROMAN SINGER. TO LEEWARD.
AN AMERICAN POLITICIAN. PAUL PATOFF.
MACMILLAN & CO., PUBLISHERs, New York,
}}|


THE
DIAL
:
3 $emi-ſāonthly 3ournal of 3Littrarg Criticigm, HBigtuggion, amb Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMs of SUBscRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Merico; in other countries
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for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and SAMPLE Copy on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATEs furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
AUGUST 16, 1893.
No. 172 Vol. XV.
CONTENTS.
Page
A NEWSPAPER SYMPOSIUM . . . . . . . . 79
THE EDUCATION CONGRESSES . . . . . . . 82
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Breach of Idiom. F. H.
The Use and Abuse of Slang. Pitts Duffield.
GEORGE EBERS'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY. E. G. J. . 87
MR, IRWING'S VIEWS ON THE MODERN
DRAMA. Elwyn A. Barron - - -
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . . . 92
Doyle's The Refugees. – Crawford's Pietro Ghisleri.
—Emily Hoppin's From Out of the Past.—Miss Elli-
ott's John Paget.— Miss McClelland's Broadoaks. –
Miss Bell's The Love Affairs of an Old Maid.-Mrs.
Catherwood's Old Kaskaskia.- Bangs's Toppleton's
Client. —Kipling's Many Inventions. – Matthews's
The Story of a Story. — Mrs. Deland's Mr. Tommy
Dove.-Sullivan's Day and Night Stories.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . 95
A new text-book of Biology. – Interpretations of
Tennyson's Idylls of the King. — Lurid pictures of
modern city life. — A new edition of Juvenal's Sa-
tires,—The seventh part of the “Great English Dic-
tionary.”—French dominion in the Valley of the Miss-
issippi.-Robert Morris, the financier of the Revolu-
tion.—The Establishment of the Anglican Church in
America.
BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS . . . . . . . 97
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . 98
A NEWSPAPER SYMPOSIUM.
A group of articles upon the subject of
American Journalism, published in the August
“Forum,” offers no little food for reflection.
The continuous degradation of the American
newspaper has long been admitted by all who
are competent to express an opinion upon the
subject ; it would be difficult to-day to find an
intelligent and disinterested observer who would
make, otherwise than as a hypocritical pre-
tence, the claim that our average newspaper is
in any sense a leader of public opinion. Even
those who, engaged in the “new journalism,”
attempt its defence, are growing bold enough
to cast off the mask, and cynically to disavow
all aims not comprised within such terms as
“ popularity,” “commercial success,” and “un-
precedented circulation.” Most of them are
frank enough to admit that these considera-
tions are the only ones to be seriously taken
into account, and that the work of newspaper
production is, like the work of the dealer in
real-estate or of the stock-broker, essentially a
form of money-getting.
The fact is, of course, as all persons will ad-
mit whose moral perceptions are not hopelessly
blunted, that the profession of the journalist
carries with it certain inseparable responsibil-
ities, and that to ignore these responsibilities,
or to take refuge behind the fact that the law
(that excellent but necessarily imperfect rule
of conduct) does not enforce them, is simply
to set morality at defiance. In all occupations,
indeed, there are ethical as well as legal limi-
tations upon freedom of action; but in the
professions (and journalism surely ought to be
numbered among them) the limitations im-
posed by ethics are peculiarly obvious and im-
perative. The aims of the newspaper, from
the ethical standpoint, may for convenience be
classified under three heads: 1. As a collector
of news, pure and simple, its work should be
done in the scientific spirit, placing accuracy
of statement above all other considerations.
2. In its selection and arrangement of the news
thus collected, it should have regard to real
rather than sensational values; it should pre-
sent its facts in their proper perspective (which
is still, of course, a very different perspective
from that required by permanent history); and
it should carefully exclude, or at least mini-
mize to the utmost, those facts which it cannot
possibly benefit the public to know, or of which
the knowledge is likely to vulgarize popular
taste and lower popular standards of morality.
3. In its comment upon the happenings of the
day or the week, it is bound to be honest, to
stand for well-defined principles, to express the
sincere convictions of its intellectual head and
of those associated with him in the work.


80 TEIE DIAL
[Aug. 16,
Judged by these tests (and who, without
abandoning the ethical standpoint altogether,
will deny their fairness?), there are few news-
papers in the country that will not be found
wanting. In fact, no serious attempt is likely
to be made to defend the American newspaper
upon any such grounds as we have presented.
The “practical newspaper man’’ will answer
them, and probably think the reply convincing,
in some such fashion as follows: Of the first
requirement he will say that an inaccurate and
distorted report of an occurrence is better than
no report at all; that the public must, in any
event, be given something to read upon the
subject. Of the second requirement he will
say that the public must be regaled with read-
ing to its taste, no matter how trivial, how
shocking, or how filthy the subject-matter. Of
the third requirement he will probably say
that the exigencies of partisan journalism are
incompatible with sincerity and consistency;
or he may be content with the brutal cynicism
of the statement that a newspaper proprietor
may do what he wishes with his own, making
it a weathercock to the shifting winds of ig-
norant popular opinion or of personal whim —
making it even the instrument of his personal
prejudices and petty malignities.
Such a reply as the above, of course, begs
the ethical question altogether, and leaves the
discussion where it started. The magazine
symposium to which we have referred in our
caption includes among its contributors the ed-
itor of the New York “Times,” who derides
at the outset the notion that newspapers should
be conducted with any reference to ethical
standards. Yet what would the editor of the
“Times” think of the clergyman who should
preach a doctrine carefully selected for its pay-
ing qualities, or even of the physician who
should take up with what he knew to be quack-
ery because he expected from it large financial
returns? The newspaper certainly assumes,
in its editorial department, the functions of
the preacher or of the college professor—in a
social sense, even the functions of the medical
practitioner; is there any reason why it should
be exempt from judgment by the same stand-
ards? Yet this is the simple proposition of
which the writer in question makes elephantine
fun. “Among the mass of newspaper readers,”
he says, “I do not find any warrant for the
assertions made with such flippancy by these
reckless critics that newspapers are everywhere
regarded as untrustworthy and debasing.” Of
course not “The mass of newspaper read-
*
ers” approve of the paper so carefully ad-
justed to their tastes, just as the patients of
our practitioner of the “new medicine” or the
hearers of our preacher of the “new theology”
approve of the quackery of which they are the
willing dupes. It is the sort of thing they like,
and so, with admirable thoughtfulness, it is
provided for their delectation.
All that is said by the writer just quoted,
beyond the dull trifling that makes up a large
part of his article, is reducible to what we may
call, for brevity, the counting-room argument;
and the force of that argument we admit with-
out cavil. If journalism is to be considered a
form of business, and nothing more, then the
only proper tests of success are the daily cir-
culation, the number of advertisements, and
the annual balance-sheet. Those who consider
it a profession, with inherent, peculiar, and
far-reaching responsibilities, will prefer the
tests that we have already designated, and will
be aided in applying them by the two articles,
hitherto unmentioned, of the symposium that
suggested our present comment. One of these
articles, by a New York newspaper writer fo
thirteen years’ experience, has for its title
“Journalism as a Career,” and offers a very
plain-spoken statement of the conditions of
newspaper work in our largest city. “The
fundamental principle of metropolitan journal-
ism,” says this candid writer, “is to buy white .
paper at three cents a pound and sell it at ten
cents a pound. And in some quarters it does
not matter how much the virgin whiteness of
the paper is defiled so long as the defilement
sells the paper.” The writer is not so much
concerned with what he casually calls the “per-
verted ethics” of modern journalism—he seems
to take them for granted—as with the life of
the newspaper worker. That life, under mod-
ern conditions, is one that a dog would hardly
envy, so degrading is it, in most cases, to every
form of self-respect. The modern newspaper
owner is described in a few pointed sentences:
“He knows how to buy and sell, whether it be
white paper or ink or brains. The fact that
he may not know the first rudiments of the En-
glish language, that sociology and political sci-
ence are as incomprehensible to him as the
hereafter, does not affect the case at all."
“Editorial writers, or critics, or copy-readers,
or reporters, are so numerous and so cheap
that his whole editorial staff can be changed in
a day if he deems it necessary. He despises
the literary accomplishments of these men and
therefore the men themselves, because he meas:


1893.]
THE DIAL 81
ures all men by their ability to accumulate
money and cannot see advantage in anything not
convertible into money.” Work in the employ
of such a person is necessarily debasing; and
we are glad that one of the workers has had
the candor to speak his mind openly, and give
us this truthful account of the humiliation at-
tendant upon the path of the modern journal-
ist, of the meanness, the sycophancy, and the
intellectual dishonesty that are the chief qual-
ifications for his success, and of the peculiar
brutality that marks the attitude maintained
toward him by his employer.
The writer of the third of our series of arti-
cles, also a journalist of long experience, boldly
attacks the modern newspaper at the point
where its defence is commonly supposed to be
the strongest, and asks whether, with all its
defects of prejudice and taste, it even succeeds
in giving the news. The writer selects for
comparison, taking the date at random, a copy
of each of the four leading New York papers
for Sunday, April 17, 1881, and copies of the
same papers for the corresponding date of the
present year. He analyzes and classifies their
contents, and presents the result in neatly tab-
ulated form. While the aggregate reading
matter in the four papers for 1893 is about
treble that in the papers twelve years old, it is
noticeable that the amount of space devoted to
art has fallen from six and a quarter to five
and a quarter columns; that religious mat-
ter has declined from four and a quarter col-
umns to half a column (in the Sunday papers
at that '); and that literature has dropped from
forty columns to twenty-five. When we ask
what has taken the place of the space thus
saved, and what fills the two hundred per cent
of additional space, we are answered by the
figures for scandals, sports, and gossip. Scan-
dals have gone up from one column to seven
and a half; sports from seven columns to fifty;
and gossip from four and a half columns to
one hundred and sixteen. The writer's final
comment upon these astonishing figures is thus
expressed: “There is a conventional phrase—
‘a newspaper is the history of the world for a
day’—that is more or less believed in. Noth-
ing could be falser than this. Our newspapers
do not record the really serious happenings, but
only the sensations, the catastrophes of history.”
One other point made by the writer of the
last-mentioned article demands our attention.
In comparing the newspapers of New York
with those of Chicago, he distinctly declares
for the superior tone and intelligence of the
latter. While the former have been under-
going the deterioration set forth by his con-
vincing statistics, the latter “have distinctly
improved in a better direction.” This approval
is, of course, only relative, and implies no claim
that “the Chicago papers are models of pro-
priety and good taste.” On the contrary, we
are told, “they are not even so good as the
New York papers of twelve years ago; but
they are very much nicer and cleaner than the
Chicago papers of that time or than the New
York papers of to-day. So, while there has
been a distinct deterioration and decadence in
the New York newspaper press in the last
dozen years, the improvement in Chicago has
been steady and noteworthy, and this notwith-
standing the introduction and general adoption
there of the illustrations that do not illustrate.”
We are inclined to think that the approval
thus expressed and thus carefully qualified is
just, and it is noteworthy as the opinion of a
New York journalist. Still more noteworthy,
perhaps, is the endorsement of this opinion by
the New York “Evening Post.” This opinion,
says the “Post,” “we have independent evi-
dence to believe to be well taken. That is, that
while New York papers have degenerated,
Western papers, particularly Chicago papers,
have improved.” The man who, more than
any other, is responsible for the “new journal-
ism” as it exists in New York was a West-
erner who “brought to New York a vulgar
standard which was then current and popular
in the West, but which the West has since
grown ashamed of and tried to improve.”
THE EDUCATION CONGRESSES.
To the Education Congresses of the World's Con-
gress Auxiliary were assigned the two weeks be-
ginning July 17. The Congresses of the second
week were held under the special auspices of the
National Educational Association, but their work,
in many of the departments, simply continued
the work of the first week, bringing to it the re-
enforcement of new speakers, and, to a certain ex-
tent, of new special subjects for discussion. The
work of the first week was organized in thirteen
sections, and that of the second in fifteen. With
fifteen distinct sections in session at the same time,
as was the case during the second week, the indi-
vidual participant found himself in a state border-
ing upon distraction. He might easily eliminate
from the problem a few sessions of the more spe-
cial sort, but there still remained a considerable
number having nearly or quite equal claims upon
his attention. The same complication has made it


74 THE TOIAL
[Aug. 1,
many papers on classical philology, and devoted many
years to a proposed Latin-English lexicon, planned, then
afterwards abandoned, by the Clarendon Press.
Mr. Walter Besant, the English novelist, who attended
the recent Authors' Congress at Chicago as a delegate
from the British Society of Authors, has written the fol-
lowing appreciative letter to the President of the Aux-
iliary Congresses, by whom it is given to the public.
CHARLEs C. Bonney, Esq.,
President World's Congress Auriliary.
DEAR SIR:- At the moment of leaving Chicago and the
Literary Conference, I beg permission, in the name of Dr.
Sprigge and myself, and of the organization which we repre-
sented at your Congress, to convey to you as president, and
to the committee of organization of the Literary department,
first, our most sincere congratulations on the success of the
Congress which is to-day concluded; second, our most sin-
cere thanks for the arrangements made for the reception of
the English contributors, and for the great personal kindness
shown to us and the trouble taken for us.
Many papers were read most helpful and suggestive; a great
stimulus has been given to the consideration of all subjects
connected with the advance of our common literature—a lit-
erature growing daily more international, while on both sides
of the Atlantic it will preserve its natural distinctions. I ven-
ture to express the earnest hope that in the interests of both
countries the papers read and the speeches made during this
week may be edited—i.e., reduced and condensed—and pub-
lished, and sent to all the principal libraries in the world of
the Republic and the English Empire.
Permit me, sir, if I may do so as a simple visitor, without
the appearance of impertinence, to congratulate your splendid
city on the place which this Exposition has enabled it to take
among the great mother cities of the world. Among all your
business activities, and in the eager pressing forward of your
people, rejoicing in a vigorous youth, confident in a splendid
future, reckless of what they spend because of the strength
and resources within them, I rejoice to find springing up a
new literature. Whatever be the future of this literature,
which rises on the frontier line of East and West, it will be at
least free from the old traditions. I wish for your authors
that independence which we in the old country are struggling
to conquer; at least it will be their fault if they do not
achieve it at the outset—not the fault of the national char-
acter, nor the fault of this Literary Congress.
I leave your city with memories of the greatest kindness
and hospitality. I can never sufficiently thank my friends
here for their friendliness. I carry away a delightful memory,
not so much of a Chicago rich, daring, young, and confident,
as of a Chicago which has conceived and carried into execu-
tion the most beautiful and poetic dream—a place surpassing
the imagination of man, as man is commonly found—and a
Chicago loving the old literature, discerning and proving that
which is new, and laying the foundations for that which is to
come, a Chicago which is destined to become the centre of
American literature in the future.
I remain, dear sir, your obedient servant,
WALTER BEsANT.
TOIPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALs.
August, 1893.
Academic and Technical Instruction. N. S. Shaler. Atlantic.
Animal Speech. E. P. Evans. Popular Science.
Art and Shoddy. Frederic Harrison. Forum.
Astronomy in America. E. S. Holden. Forum.
Auxiliary Congresses, The. Dial.
Belcher, Jonathan, Royal Governor of Massachusetts. Atlan.
Breathing Movements. Illus. T. J. Mays. Century.
California, Division of. M. M. Estee, Abbott Kinney. Cal'n.
Chinese Six Companies. R. H. Drayton. Californian.
Congress and the Financial Crisis. Forum.
Cup Defenders. Illus. W. P. Stephens. Century.
European Literature of a Year. Dial.
Evolution and Man. Paul Shorey. Dial.
Explorer, Tasks for the. A. Heilprin. Forum.
Fez. Illus. Stephen Bonsal. Century.
Frogs' Color Changes. Illus. C. M. Weed. Popular Science.
Greenwich Village. Illus. T. A. Janvier. Harper.
Honey and Honey Plants. G. G. Groff. Popular Science.
How My Character Was Formed. Georg Ebers. Forum.
Italian Gardens. Illus. C. A. Platt. Harper.
Japanese Art, Contemporary. Illus. E. F. Fenollosa. Century.
Joan of Arc. Octave Thanet. Dial.
Journalism, Inside Views of. Forum.
Kentucky Beauties. Illus. Sarah H. Henton. Californian.
Learn and Search. Rudolph Virchow. Popular Science.
Letters of Phillips Brooks to Children. Century.
Lightning, Protection from. Illus. Popular Science.
Mark Twain's Recent Works. F. R. Stockton. Forum.
Material and Spiritual. Graham Lusk. Popular Science.
Murat, Prince and Princess, in Florida. Century.
Navajo Blankets. J. J. Peatfield. Californian.
Newnham College's First Principal. Atlantic.
Newspaper Correspondents. Illus. Julian Ralph. Scribner.
North, Marianne, Further Recollections. Dial.
Oil on the Sea. Illus. G. W. Littlehales. Popular Science.
Petrarch's Correspondence. Atlantic.
Plant and Animal Growth. Manly Miles. Popular Science.
Sealing in the Atlantic. Popular Science.
Siam. Illus. S. E. Carrington. Californian.
Taylor, Zachary. Illus. Annah R. Watson. Lippincott.
Tolstoy the Younger and the Famine. Illus. Century.
Tramp Census and Its Revelations. J. J. McCook. Forum.
Tunis, Riders of. Illus. T. A. Dodge. Harper.
Washington and Baltimore Sanitation. J. S. Billings. Forum.
Washington in 1860-1. H. L. Dawes. Atlantic.
Weismann's Theories. Herbert Spencer. Popular Science.
Witchcraft Revival. Ernest Hart. Popular Science.
World's Fair Types. Illus. J. A. Mitchell. Scribner.
Zorn, Anders. Illus. Mrs. S. van Rensselaer. Century.
PERFECT FREEDOM.
Bishop Phillips Brooks.
The Beauty of a Life of Service.
Thought and JAétion.
The Duty of the Christian Business Man.
True Liberty.
The Christ in whom Christians Believe.
•Abraham Lincoln. With an etched Portrait by W.
H. W. BickNELL. 1 vol., 16mo, cloth, gilt top, $1.00.
Chas. E. Brown & Co., 53 State St., Boston.
THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION. For
AUTHORs: The skilled revision, the unbiassed and com-
tent criticism of prose and verse; advice as to publication.
oR PUBLISHERs: The compilation of first-class works of
reference.-Established 1880. Unique in position and suc-
cess. Indorsed by our leading writers. Address
DR. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave., New York.
cAMERICANA A History of the Indian Wars
- • with the First Settlers of the
United States to the commencement of the Late War; to:
gether with an Appendix containing interesting Accounts of
the Battles fought 'N General Andrew Jackson. With two
Plates. Rochester, N. Y., 1828.
Two hundred signed and numbered copies have just been
reprinted at $2.00 each,
GEORGE P. HUMPHREY,
25 Exchange Street, RochestER, N. Y.
º
:
!
.
:


1893.] THE DIAL 75
A TERRITORY IN THE SKY.
THE entire area of New Mexico, 122,444 square miles in extent,
averages as high as the loftiest summit of the White Mountains
of New Hampshire. There, on a slope of the Rockies, bordered
by the pine forest, neighbored by gorges and foaming torrents
where trout abound, and environed by quaint Mexican villages,
lies Las Vegas Hot Springs, one of the most attractive of Ameri-
can resorts. Chronic diseases are relieved by the medicinal waters
—every form of bath being administered—and the climate is a
specific for pulmonary affections. The superb Hotel Montezuma
accommodates 250 guests. Send for illustrated descriptive book,
“The Land of Sunshine,” to
JNO. J. BYRNE,
701 Monadnock Building, CHICAGO.
EDUCATIONAL.
COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, Chicago, Ill.
Winter term begins September 18, 1893. Course of study
•overs four years; for Bachelors of Arts and Sciences, three
years. Preliminary examination required in English, Physics,
Mathematics, and Latin. Fees, $100 a year. Laboratory
equipment for students unequaled.
For Announcement and further information address
- Dr. BAYARD Holmes, Sec'y,
Venetian Building, Chicago, Ill.
GIRLS' COLLEGIATE SCHOOL, Chicago, III.
Nos. 479–481 Dearborn Ave. Seventeenth year. Prepares
}..."; and gives special courses of study. For Young
es and Children. Miss R. S. Rick, A
.M., \ w, ...,
Viji.';.º.º. A.M., ; Principals.
FREEHOLD INSTITUTE, Freehold, N. J.
Boys aged 8 to 16 received into family; fitted for any col-
lege. Business College Course, with Typewriting, Stenog-
raphy. A. A. Chambers, A.M., Principal.
MISS CLAGETT'S HOME AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.
, Boston, Mass., 252 Marlboro St. Reopens October 3.
Specialists in each Department. References: Rev. Dr. DoN-
ALD, Trinity Church; Mrs. Louis AGAssiz, Cambridge;
Pres, WALKER, Institute of Technology.
NEW ENGLAND CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC, Boston, Mass.
Founded by CARL FAELTRN,
r. EBEN Tourg EE. Director.
THE LEADING CONSERVATORY OF AMERICA.
. In addition to its unequaled musical advantages, excep-
tional opportunities are also provided for the study of Elocu-
tion, the Fine Arts, and Modern Languages. The admirably
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FRANK W. HALE, General Manager,
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MICHIGAN FEMALE SEMINARY, Kalamazoo, Mich.
A superior school and refined home. Number of students
limited. Terms $250. Send for Catalogue, Opens Sep-
tember 14, 1893. Brick buildings, passenger elevator, and
steam heat.
BINGHAM SCHOOL (FOR BOYS), Asheville, N. C.
1793. – EstablishED IN 1793. – 1893.
201st Session begins Sept. 1, 1893. Maj. R. BINGHAM, Supt.
ROCKFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, Rockford, Ill.
Forty-fifth year begins Sept. 13, 1893. College course and
excellent preparatory school. Specially organized departments
of Music and Art. Four well-equipped laboratories. Good
growing library, fine gymnasium, resident physician. Memo-
rial Hall enables students to much reduce expenses. For cat-
alogue address SARAH F. ANDERSON, Principal (Lock box 52).
YOUNG LADIES' SEMINARY, Freehold, N. J.
Prepares pupils for College. Broader Seminary Course.
Room for twenty-five tºº. Individual care of pupils.
Pleasant family life. Fall term opens Sept. 13, 1893.
Miss EUNICE. D. SEwALL, Principal.
Miss GIBBONS' SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, New York city.
No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. SARAH H. EMERson, Principal.
Will re-open Oct. 4. A few boarding pupils taken.
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY,
BALTIMORE.
•Announcements of the Graduate, Collegiate, and
Medical Courses for the next academic
year are now ready, and will
be sent on application.


76 THE DIAL
[Aug. 1, 1893.
MACMILLAN AND CO.’S NEW BOOKS.
Just Published. A New Novel by F. MARION CRA WFORD.
PIETRO GHISLERI.
By F. MARION CRAwford, author of “Saracinesca,” “Mr. Isaacs,” etc. 12mo, cloth, $1 .00.
“The story has power, is highly dramatic in parts, and the threads of the plot are held firmly in the hands of a master.”
–Philadelphia Telegraph.
New Editions of F. MARION CRA WFORD’S NOVELS in uniform binding.
12mo, cloth, $1.00 each.
A Roman Singer.
Just Published. New and Cheaper Edition.
THE MEMORIES OF DEAN HOLE.
12mo, cloth, $2.25.
New Edition. Completed and Largely Re-written.
A STUDY OF THE WORKS OF LORD
TENNYSON.
By Edward CAMPBELL TAINsh. New Edition.
cloth, $1.75.
Just Published. 12mo, cloth, 81.75.
THE COMEDIES OF T. MACCIUS
PLAUTUS.
Translated in the original metres by Edward H. Sugden,
B.A., B.Sc. 12mo, cloth, $1.75.
Just Ready.
New Volume in the Series of Twelve English Statesmen.
EDWARD THE FIRST.
By Professor T. F. Tour. 12mo, cloth, cut, 60 cents; cloth,
uncut, 75 cents.
12mo,
To Leeward. Paul Patoff. Children of the King.
Just Published. 16mo, cloth, gilt top, gilt extra, 31.25.
THE MAXIMS AND REFLECTIONS
OF GOETHE.
Translated by BAILEY SAUNDERs. With a Preface. 16mo,
or.
cloth, gilt, gilt extra, $1.25.
Completion of the New Edition of
THE CAMBRIDGE SHAKESPEARE.
Edited by WILLIAM ALDIs WRIGHT. Vol. IX., 8vo, $3.00.
The Set, nine volumes, in box, $27.00.
WILLIAM GEORGE WARD AND THE
CATHOLIC REVIVAL.
By WILFRID WARD, author of “William George Ward and
the Oxford Movement.” 8vo, $3.00.
SOME FURTHER RECOLLECTIONS
OF A HAPPY LIFE.
Selected from the Journals of MARIANNE North, chiefly
between the years 1859 and 1869. Edited by her Sister,
Mrs. John AddingtoN SYMonds. With Portraits. 12mo,
$3.50.
NEW NOVELS.
Just Published. 12mo, $1.00.
CHARLOTTE. M. YONGE'S NEW STORY,
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OR, The LAIDLY LADY of WHITBURN. A Tale of the Wars
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By the same Author.
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a HARMONY OF CONTrasts.
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--
THE DIAL Parss, chicago.
i
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:


THE DIAL
..A. SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
£iterary Criticism, Jiscussion, and $nformation.
Polume XV.
No. 172.
Edited by
FRANCIS F. BROWNE.
CHICAGO, AUG. 16, 1893.
10 cts, a copy. OFFICE: 24 ADAMs ST.
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SOME STANDARD BOOKS.
PERSIAN LITERATURE.
ANCIENT AND MoDERN. By ElizaBETH A. REED, Member
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International Congress of Orientalists. 1 vol., cloth, $2.50.
This volume traces the growth and development of the lit-
erature of Persia from its origin, 4000 years ago, to the pres-
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portion of one of the oldest-known Zend manuscripts, the -
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DR. Georg EBERs, Professor of Egyptian Language and Archaeology,
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“I took your “Persian Literature' at once in hand and read it right
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Many of your translations are eminently successful.”
“It embodies not alone the cream of all that has been published on
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THE ARYAN RACE:
Its ORIGIN AND ITs AchieveMENTs. By CHARLEs MoRRIs,
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THE YOUTH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT
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Translated from the French by MARY BUshnell, CoLE-
MAN. 1 vol., 462 pages, cloth, $2.00.
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MANUAL OF CLASSICAL LITERATURE.
Comprising Biographical and Critical Notices of the Principal
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ADAM. By ALEXANDER WINCHELL, LL.D. 1 vol., 8vo,
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WORLD LIFE ; or, Comparative Geology.
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For sale by all Booksellers, or sent, postpaid, upon receipt of price, by the Publishers,
S. C. GRIGGS & CO., Nos. 262 & 264 Wabash Ave., Chicago.


78 THE DIAL
[Aug. 16, 1893.
\
MACMILLAN AND CO.'s NEW BOOKS.
Just Published. In Similar Style to the Issues of the Novels of Jane Austen and the Brontºs.
The Novels of Henry Fielding.
Edited, with an Introductory Memoir, by GEoRGE SAINTsbury, and Portrait and Illustrations by HERBERT
RAILTON and E. J. WHEELER. To be completed in twelve 16mo volumes.
Now Ready. Volumes I. and II.
JOSEPH ANDREWS.
2 vols., $1.00 each.
*** Also a Large-paper Limited Edition, on hand-made paper, at $3.00 per vol.
Just Published. New and Cheaper Edition.
THE MEMORIES OF DEAN HOLE.
12mo, cloth, $2.25.
New Edition. Completed and Largely Re-written.
A STUDY OF THE WORKS OF LORD
TENNYSON.
By Edward CAMPBELL TAINsh. New Edition. 12mo,
cloth, $1.75.
Just Published. 12mo, cloth, $1.75.
THE COMEDIES OF T. MACCIUS
PLAUTUS.
Translated in the original metres by Edward H. Sugden,
B.A., B.Sc. 12mo, cloth, $1.75.
Just Ready.
New Volume in the Series of Twelve English Statesmen.
EDWARD THE FIRST.
By Professor T. F. TouT. 12mo, cloth, cut, 60 cents; cloth,
uncut, 75 cents.
NEW NOVELS.
Just Published. 12mo, $1.00.
CHARLOTTE. M. YONGE'S NEW STORY,
GRISLY GRISELL;
OR, THE LAIDLY LADY of WHITBURN. A Tale of the Wars
of the Roses. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
By the same Author.
STROLLING PLAYERS.
A HARMONY OF CONTRASTs.
By CHARLoTTE. M. Yonge, author of “Heir of Redclyffe,”
and CHRISTABEL R. Coleridge. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
Just Ready. 12mo, $1.00.
THE GREAT CHIN EPISODE.
By PAUL CUsHING, author of “Cut by His Own Diamond,”
etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
THE ODD WOMEN.
By George GissiNg, author of “Denzil Quarrier,” “The
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THE REAL THING, and Other Stories.
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OF A HAPPY LIFE.
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THE
DIAL
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
AUGUST 16, 1893.
No. 172. Vol. X V.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
A NEWSPAPER SYMPOSIUM . . . . . . . . 79
THE EDUCATION CONGRESSES . . . . . . . 82
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Breach of Idiom. F. H.
The Use and Abuse of Slang. Pitts Duffield.
GEORGE EBERS'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY. E. G. J. .. 87
MR. IRWING'S VIEWS ON THE MODERN
DRAMA. Elwyn A. Barron . . . . . .
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . . . 92
Doyle's The Refugees. – Crawford's Pietro Ghisleri.
—Emily Hoppin's From Out of the Past.—Miss Elli-
ott's John Paget.— Miss McClelland's Broadoaks. –
Miss Bell's The Love Affairs of an Old Maid.— Mrs.
Catherwood's Old Kaskaskia.- Bangs's Toppleton's
Client. —Kipling's Many Inventions. – Matthews's
The Story of a Story. — Mrs. Deland's Mr. Tommy
Dove.—Sullivan's Day and Night Stories.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . 95
A new text-book of Biology. – Interpretations of
Tennyson's Idylls of the King. — Lurid pictures of
modern city life. — A new edition of Juvenal's Sa-
tires.—The seventh part of the “Great English Dic-
tionary.”—French dominion in the Walley of the Miss-
issippi.-Robert Morris, the financier of the Revolu-
tion.—The Establishment of the Anglican Church in
America.
BRIEFER MENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS . . . . . . . 97
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . . 98
A NEWSPAPER SYMPOSIUM.
A group of articles upon the subject of
American Journalism, published in the August
“Forum,” offers no little food for reflection.
The continuous degradation of the American
newspaper has long been admitted by all who
are competent to express an opinion upon the
subject; it would be difficult to-day to find an
intelligent and disinterested observer who would
make, otherwise than as a hypocritical pre-
tence, the claim that our average newspaper is
in any sense a leader of public opinion. Even
those who, engaged in the “new journalism,”
attempt its defence, are growing bold enough
to cast off the mask, and cynically to disavow
all aims not comprised within such terms as
“ popularity,” “commercial success,” and “un-
precedented circulation.” Most of them are
frank enough to admit that these considera-
tions are the only ones to be seriously taken
into account, and that the work of newspaper
production is, like the work of the dealer in
real-estate or of the stock-broker, essentially a
form of money-getting.
The fact is, of course, as all persons will ad-
mit whose moral perceptions are not hopelessly
blunted, that the profession of the journalist
carries with it certain inseparable responsibil-
ities, and that to ignore these responsibilities,
or to take refuge behind the fact that the law
(that excellent but necessarily imperfect rule
of conduct) does not enforce them, is simply
to set morality at defiance. In all occupations,
indeed, there are ethical as well as legal limi-
tations upon freedom of action; but in the
professions (and journalism surely ought to be
numbered among them) the limitations im-
posed by ethics are peculiarly obvious and im-
perative. The aims of the newspaper, from
the ethical standpoint, may for convenience be
classified under three heads: 1. As a collector
of news, pure and simple, its work should be
done in the scientific spirit, placing accuracy
of statement above all other considerations.
2. In its selection and arrangement of the news
thus collected, it should have regard to real
rather than sensational values; it should pre-
sent its facts in their proper perspective (which
is still, of course, a very different perspective
from that required by permanent history); and
it should carefully exclude, or at least mini-
mize to the utmost, those facts which it cannot
possibly benefit the public to know, or of which
the knowledge is likely to vulgarize popular
taste and lower popular standards of morality.
3. In its comment upon the happenings of the
day or the week, it is bound to be honest, to
stand for well-defined principles, to express the
sincere convictions of its intellectual head and
of those associated with him in the work.


8<>
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL,
Judged by these tests (and who, without
abandoning the ethical standpoint altogether,
will deny their fairness ?), there are few news-
papers in the country that will not be found
wanting. In fact, no serious attempt is likely
to be made to defend the American newspaper
upon any such grounds as we have presented.
The "practical newspaper man " will answer
them, and probably think the reply convincing,
in some such fashion as follows: Of the first
requirement he will say that an inaccurate and
distorted report of an occurrence is better than
no report at all; that the public must, in any
event, be given something to read upon the
subject. Of the second requirement he will
say that the public must be regaled with read-
ing to its taste, no matter how trivial, how
shocking, or how filthy the subject-matter. Of
the third requirement he will probably say
that the exigencies of partisan journalism are
incompatible with sincerity and consistency:
or he may be content with the brutal cynicism
of the statement that a newspaper proprietor
may do what he wishes with his own, making
it a weathercock to the shifting winds of ig-
norant popular opinion or of personal whim —
making it even the instrument of his personal
prejudices and petty malignities.
Such a reply as the above, of course, begs
the ethical question altogether, and leaves the
discussion where it started. The magazine
symposium to which we have referred in our
caption includes among its contributors the ed-
itor of the New York "Times," who derides
at the outset the notion that newspa|>crs should
be conducted with any reference to ethical
standards. Yet what would the editor of the
"Times" think of the clergyman who should
preach a doctrine carefully selected for its pay-
ing qualities, or even of the physician who
should take up with what he knew to tie quack-
ery liecause he expected from it large financial
returns'.' The newspaj>er certainly assumes,
in its editorial department, the functions of
the preacher or of the college professor—in a
social sense, even the functions of the medical
practitioner: is there any reason why it should
be exempt from judgment by the same stand-
ards? Yet this is the simple proposition of
which the writer in question makes elephantine
fun. "Among the mass of newspaper readers,"
he says, " I do not find any warrant for the
assertions made with such flippancy by these
reckless critics that newspapers are everywhere
regarded as untrustworthy and debasing." Of
course not!" The mass of newspaper read-
ers" approve of the paper so carefully ad-
justed to their tastes, just as the patients of
our practitioner of the "new medicine " or the
hearers of our preacher of the " new theology"
approve of the quackery of which they are the
willing dupes. It is the sort of thing they like,
and so, with admirable thoughtfulness, it is
provided for their delectation.
All that is said by the writer just quoted,
beyond the dull trifling that makes up a large
part of his article, is reducible to what we may
call, for brevity, the counting-room argument;
and the force of that argument we admit with-
out cavil. If journalism is to be considered a
form of business, and nothing more, then the
only proper tests of success are the daily cir-
culation, the number of advertisements, and
the annual balance-sheet. Those who consider
it a profession, with inherent, peculiar, and
far-reaching responsibilities, will prefer the
tests that we have already designated, and will
be aided in applying them by the two articles,
hitherto unmentioned, of the symposium that
suggested our present comment. One of these
articles, by a New York newspaper writer fo
thirteen years' experience, has for its title
"Journalism as a Career," and offers a very
plain-spoken statement of the conditions of
newspaper work in our largest city. "The
fundamental principle of metropolitan journal-
ism," says this candid writer, " is to buy white
paper at three cents a pound and sell it at ten
cents a pound. And in some quarters it does
not matter how much the virgin whiteness of
the paper is defiled so long as the defilement
sells the paper." The writer is not so much
concerned with what he casually calls the "per-
verted ethics " of modern journalism-—he seems
to take them for granted — as with the life of
the newspaper worker. That life, under mod-
ern conditions, is one that a dog would hardly
envy, so degrading is it. in most cases, to every
form of self-respect. The modern newspaper
owner is described in a few pointed sentences:
"He knows how to buy and sell, whether it be
white paper or ink or brains. The fact that
he may not know the first rudiment* of the En-
glish language, that sociology and political sci-
ence are as incomprehensible to him as the
hereafter, does not affect the case at all."
"Editorial writers, or critics, or copy-readers,
or reporters, are so numerous and so cheap
that his whole editorial staff can lx> changed in
a day if he deems it necessary. He despises
the literary accomplishments of th«-se men and
therefore the men themselves, l»ecause he meas-


1893.]
81
THE DIAL
all men by their ability to accumulate
money and cannot see advantage in anything not
convertible into money." Work in the employ
of such a person is necessarily debasing; and
we are glad that one of the workers has had
the candor to speak his mind openly, and give
us this truthful account of the humiliation at-
tendant upon the path of the modern journal-
ist, of the meanness, the sycophancy, and the
intellectual dishonesty that are the chief qual-
ifications for his success, and of the peculiar
brutality that marks the attitude maintained
toward him by his employer.
The writer of the third of our series of arti-
cles, also a journalist of long experience, boldly
attacks the modern newspaper at the point
where its defence is commonly supposed to lie
the strongest, and asks whether, with all its
defects of prejudice and taste, it even succeeds
in giving the news. The writer selects for
comparison, taking the date at random, a copy
of each of the four leading New York papers
for Sunday, April 17,1881, and copies of the
same papers for the corresponding date of the
present year. He analyzes and classifies their
contents, and presents the result in neatly tab-
ulated form. While the aggregate reading
matter in the four papers for 1893 is about
treble that in the papers twelve years old, it is
noticeable that the amount of space devoted to
art has fallen from six and a quarter to five
and a quarter columns; that religious mat-
ter has declined from four and a quarter col-
umns to half a column (in the Sunday papers
at that!); and that literature has dropped from
forty columns to twenty-five. When we ask
what has taken the place of the space thus
saved, aud what fills the two hundred per cent
of additional space, we are answered by the
figures for scandals, sports, and gossip. Scan-
dals have gone up from one column to seven
and a half; sports from seven columns to fifty;
and go*»ip from four and a half columns to
one hundred and sixteen. The writer's final
comment upon these astonishing figures is thus
expressed: "There is a conventional phrase—
* a newspaper is the history of the world for a
day '— that is more or less believed in. Noth-
ing could be falser than this. Our newspapers
do not record the really serious happenings, but
only the sensations, the catastrophes of history.'*
One other point made by the writer of the
last-mentioned article demands our attention.
In comparing the newspapers of New York
with those of Chicago, he distinctly declares
for the superior tone and intelligence of the
latter. While the former have been under-
going the deterioration set forth by his con-
vincing statistics, the latter "have distinctly
improved in a better direction." This approval
is, of course, only relative, and implies no claim
that " the Chicago papers are models of pro-
priety and good taste." On the contrary, we
are told, "they are not even so good as the
New York papers of twelve years ago; but
they are very much nicer and cleaner than the
Chicago papers of that time or than the New
York papers of to-day. So, while there has
been a distinct deterioration and decadence in
the New York newspaper press in the last
dozen years, the improvement in Chicago has
been steady and noteworthy, and this notwith-
standing the introduction and general adoption
there of the illustrations that do not illustrate."
We are inclined to think that the approval
thus expressed and thus carefully qualified is
just, and it is noteworthy as the opinion of a
New York journalist. Still more noteworthy,
perhaps, is the endorsement of this opinion by
the New York " Evening Post." This opinion,
says the " Post," "we have independent evi-
dence to believe to Ihj well taken. That is, that
while New York papers have degenerated,
Western papers, particularly Chicago papers,
have improved." The man who, more than
any other, is responsible for the " new journal-
ism " as it exists in New York was a West-
erner who "brought to New York a vulgar
standard which was then current and popular
in the West, but which the West has since
grown ashamed of and tried to improve."
THE EDUCATION CONGRESSES.
To the Education Congresses of the World's Con-
gress Auxiliary were assigned the two weeks be-
ginning July 17. The Congresses of the second
week were held under the special auspices of the
National Educational Association, but their work,
in many of the departments, simply continued
the work of the first week, bringing to it the re-
enforcement of new s|M'nki'rs, and. to a certain ex-
tent, of new special subjects for discussion. The
work of the first week was organized in thirteen
sections, and that of the second in fifteen. With
fifteen distinct sections in session at the same time,
as was the case during the second week, the indi-
vidual participant found himself in a state border-
ing upon distraction. He might easily eliminate
from the problem a few sessions of the more spe-
cial sort, but there still remained a considerable
number having nearly or quite equal claims upon
his attention. The same complication has made it


82
[Aug. 16,
TIIE DIAL
impossible for as to present a full report (eren had
■pace permitted) of the proceedings of the Con-
gresses; our readers must be content with an ac-
count of what took place at the more important of
them, and, in some rases, with a list of the more
distinguished speakers, and the subjects of their re-
marks.
The Congress on the subject of General Educa-
tion held eleven sessions during the two weeks, all
but the last three Wing planned by a committee
having Mrs. H. M. Wilmarth as chairman. The
subjects under discussion the first week included
the following: "Reforms Now Practicable in Sec-
ondary Education," ■■ Methods of Teaching Ethics
in Schools," "The Education of Girls," and the
condition of education in a number of foreign coun-
tries, Australia, Iceland, and Turkey. Monday.
July 24, brought two very interesting tensions of
this Congress, the first of them l>eing given over to
a discussion of what the public schools ought to
teach. Among the speakers on this subject were
Mrs. Marion Foster Washhurne, who made a plea
for the kindergarten; Colonel Francis W. Parker,
who stoutly defended the scientific educational
methods called " fads" by the ignorant and indif-
ferent; Mr. Thomas Morgan, who infused an ele-
ment of socialism into the discussion; and I)r. C.
M. Woodward, who argued for manual training.
The second of these sessions brought more social-
ism with Mr. Hamlin Garland, philosophy with the
paper sent by Mr. Thomas Davidson, and practi-
cality with General Francis A. Walker, whom- ad-
dress was the feature of the occasion. The session
of July 25 discussed Herbartian pedagogics from
many points of view, the speakers including Dr.
Levi Seeley. of Lake Forest University, Professor
Elmer E. Brown, of the University of California,
President Charles De Ganno, of Swartlimore Col-
lege, and Superintendent C. B. Gilbert, of St.
Paul. The closing three sessions of this General
Congress included addresses by Bishop Samuel Fal-
lows, Dr. S. II. Peabody, Superintendent Albert G.
Lane, President W. K. Harper. President James
B. Angell, General John Eaton. Dr. William T.
Harris. Minister of Education G. W. Ross of To-
ronto. MM. G. Com pay re* and Benjamin Buisson,
Professor Stephan Watzoldt, Prinre Wolkonsky.
Professor Dimscha and M. Kovalevsky. Russian
delegates, and a number of others.
Two Congresses on the subject of Psychology
were included in the proceedings of the second
week. One of them, having for its special subject
Experimental Psychology in Education, was organ-
ized and presided over by President G. Stanley
Hall, of Clark University, and held three sessions,
devoting its entire time to the psychology of the
child. The reasons for this limitation of field were
thus set forth by Dr. Hail: "It has been decided,
after much consideration and wide conference, to
devote the entire three days to the subject of child
study. Within a very few years several societies
have been formed for this purpose; several jour-
nals have been started; the school children in many
cities of this country and Europe have been meas-
ured or tested as to the rate of growth of body and
muscular and mental power; various classes of de-
fect of sense, limb, mind, character, form of error
in school work and of ignorance on entering school,
have been tabulated. From these results a new
body of literature is being developed, which throws
much light upon the controllable causes, whether of
excellence or defect, and contains many suggestions
on the method and matter of teaching, and prom-
ises to show how instruction can be made more ef-
fective, as well as to point out the true beginnings
of instruction, in the entire group of psychological
subjects." Papers were presented by President Hall,
Professors G. T. W. Patrick, Earl Barnes. W. L.
Bryan, and others. Rational Psychology in Edu-
cation was the subject of the oilier Congress of
Psychologists, and was presided over by the vener-
able Dr. James McCosh, whose active participation
in the proceedings gave them a peculiar interest.
I>r. McCosh read the opening paper at the first of
the three sessions, taking for his subject, " Reality:
What Place Has It in Philosophy?" The second
paper, sent by Professor Josiah Royce, discussed
the dependence of psychology upon physiology. The
reading of this paper was followed by an interest-
ing discussion, in which Dr. McCosh and Professor
Paul Shorey took leading parts. At the other ses-
sions, papers were read by President Schurnian. of
Cornell University, Dr. A. F. Hewitt, of the Cath-
olic University of America. Professor G. T. Or-
mond, of Princeton, and Professor Titchener, of
Cornell.
The Congress on Higher Education held nine ses-
sions during the two weeks; the first six of which ses-
sions were organized by a committee headed by Pres-
ident Rogers, of the Northwestern University, and
Mrs. II. C. Brainard of the University of Chicago.
The first session of litis Congress was opened, after
the preliminary addresses of welcome, by President
Angell, of the University of Michigan, who read a
paper on "State Universities in the United States."
Another paper of interest was by Miss K. P. Hughes,
Principal of the Cambridge | England) Training
College, on "The Training of University Graduates
for the Profession of Teaching." The proceedings
of the day following were devoted to education in
Germany. A paper presented by Fri. Kathe Srhir-
marher, of Danzig, gave some •• Reasons Why the
German Universities Are the Last to Admit Wo-
men"; Professor Dittman Finkler, of the Univer-
sity of Bonn, read a paper on the general subject
of " The German University"; and a paper sent
by Professor Stephen Watxnldt, of the University
of Berlin, had for its title "Schools and Universi-
ties in trermany." On Saturday, July 22, the pro-
gramme included the following s|M-akrrs and pa-
pers: "Latin and Greek as Elements of Second-
ary and Higher Education Compared with Science)
and History," by Commissioner of relocation Will-
iam T. Harris; " University Education for Women


1893.]
M3
THE DIAL
in Russia," by Prince Sergius Wolskonsky; " Free-
dom U> Teach," by Mr*. M. F. Crow, of the Uni-
versity of Chicago: "Co-education: Iu Advan-
tages and Iu Dangers," by Mrs. A. A. F. Johns-
ton, of Oberlin Unirertity; "The Balance of Stud-
ies in the College Coarse'," by Mint Sarah F. Whit-
ing, of Wellesley College; "Tlie Distinction be-
tween College and University Training." by Miss
Mar)' A. Jordan, of Smith College; and "The Re-
lation of the Government of the I'nited States to
Higher Education," by the Hon. John \V. Hoyt.
The four papers first mentioned in this list were,
perhaps, the most important, or at least aroused the
most evident interest. On Monday, July 24, a
number of papers of the highest importance were
read. Those particularly deserving of mention are
'* The Latest Revival of'the Study of Politics," by
Professor Bernard Moses, of the University of Cal-
ifornia: "Graduate Work in America," by Pro-
fessor William Gardner Hale, of the University of
Chicago; " University Education in France," liy M.
Gabriel Com pay re1, of the Academy of Poitiers;
- The Study of Literature in French Universities,"
by M. Andre" Chervillon, of the University of Lille;
"TheNew Movement in the Italian Universities,"
by Signora Zampini-Salazar, of Naples; '• The
Value of a New University," by Professor Earl
Barnes, of the Stanford University; and "The
School at Athens," by Professor F. E. Woodruff,
of Bowdoin College. The programme of this day's
proceedings also included an address by Dr. Keane,
Chancellor of the Catholic University of America.
The discussion of Higher Education was con-
tinued, under the auspices of tlie National Educa-
tional Association, during three highly interesting
sessions held on the mornings of July 26, 27, and
2S. Professor A. F. West, of Princeton Univer-
sity, acted as secretary of these meetings, and the
presiding officers were Presidents Oilman. Angell,
and Patton. Discussions rather than set papers
were the rule at these sessions. At the first session,
the subjects up for consideration were these: How
far is it desirable that universities should be of one
type? How should we cope with the problem of ex-
cessive specialization in university study? To what
extent should an antecedent liberal education be
required of students of law, medicine, and theology?
In what way may professional schools be most advan-
tageously connected with universities and colleges?
The first of these discussions was opened by Presi-
dent Kellogg, of the University of California, and
the last by President Low, of Columbia College. A
paper sent by Professor Allievo. of the University
of Turin, opened the second, while the third, which
proved the most interesting of all. was opened by
Professor Woodrow Wilson, who made a strong
plea fur the "antecedent liberal education" in all
cases. Tlie session of the second day brought the
interest of the Congress to its climax. The special
question for discussion was the use to be made by
colleges of the Arts degree — whether it should
continue to stand, aa heretofore, for the distinct
type of humanistic culture produced by the study
of Greek and Latin, or whether it should be con-
verted into an "omnibus " degree to be conferred
upon graduates in all departments. Professor Hale
opened this discussion with a carefully prepared
and logical argument for tlie former contention, to
which President Jordan, of the Stanford University,
made an able but somewhat inconclusive reply. Pro-
fessor Shorey, of the University of Chicago, then
took the platform, and made a singularly effective
plea for tlie retention of what has always been, un-
til recently, the accepted meaning of the Arts de-
gree. The trenchant way in which tlie speaker
cleared tlie whole discussion of tlie irrelevancies
that are always creeping into it and obscuring the
real points at issue was particularly satisfying.
Another argument for the '• omnibus" degree, by
Professor T. C. Chamberlain, of the University
of Chicago, closed the discussion of this subject.
Another subject coming up at tlie same session was
that of the conditions of undergraduate life at the
present day as compared with the conditions a gen-
eration ago, tlie discussion to range, as the pro-
gramme announced, "over the topics of athletics,
morals, student organizations, intercollegiate cour-
tesies, and relations of students to instructors."
President Raymond, of Wesleyan University, led
in this discussion, and took a very optimistic view
of the situation. In the comment that followed, a
sharp divergence of opinion was manifest, espe-
cially as to the influence of college athletics. The
Rev. Mr. Payne, of New York, was especially vig-
orous in his denunciation of tlie evils attendant upon
them, and his view of the matter, although extreme,
had considerable support from other speakers.
The closing session of this Congress had for ita
general theme "tlie relations of higher education
to the advancement of culture, learning, and civil-
ization." Professor West read a paper on "The
Evolution of Liberal Education "; this was followed
by a discussion of the doctorate in philosophy and
of the conditions under which it should be bestowed,
and the session closed with addresses by Bishop
Keane and President Angell on the relation of our
colleges to the advancement of civilization. When
we consider tlie intelligent character of the audi-
ences, tlie number of distinguished educators par-
ticipating, and the excellence of the addresses made,
we must reckon this Congress on the Higher Edu-
cation as one of the most marked successes of the
Auxiliary scheme.
The University Extension Congress, in charge of
a committee having as chairman Professor Na-
thaniel Butler, Jr., of the University of Chicago,
held five sessions, all included within the first week.
Tlie first paper read was one sent by Professor
James Stuart, of London. It gave a sketch of Uni-
versity Extension in England, and was particularly
interesting as coming from the man who, in 1872,
really started the movement. Of the other papers,
those of especial interest and value were: "A Sketch
of the Movement in America," by Miss Katharine


84
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
L. Sharp; Dr. R. D. Roberta's paper on "Univer-
sity Credits"; Mr. F. W. Shepardson's paper on
"The Traveling Library"; Mr. E. T. Devine's pa-
per on "The Syllabus"; Mr. George L. Hunter's
paper upon "The Function of the Local Centre";
the addresses by Mrs. Charles Kendall Adams and
Mr. Melvil Dewey. Mr. Charles Zeublin gave a
very forcible and practical discussion of "Class
Instruction as a Department of University Exten-
sion," and Mr. E. L. S. Horsburgh, of Oxford, gave
what was perhaps the strongest and most interest-
ing paper of the entire programme, the paper which
really closed the Congress, discussing "The Uni-
versities and the Workingmen." The spirit in
which he discussed it and the sentiment which he
expressed were an interesting proof that the pro-
gressive Englishman of to-day, even though he may
come from Oxford itself, is quite as democratic as
the educated and enlightened American. The
chairman of the committee writes to us upon the
work of the Congress as follows: "The recently
closed Congress did not accomplish the very high-
est ideals of success, but I think it came as near to
that as any of the Congresses that have thus far
been held. I feel that we could do much better if
we had the thing to do a second time. There were
many representatives of foreign countries in which
the movement has begun in one form or another,
who would have been glad to report the condition
of work in their countries, but for that the time could
not be found. I think we had rather too much read-
ing of papers, with too little time for discussion.
But, on the whole, the Congress was very gratify-
ing, and I am sure that it put the movement of
University Extension in a new light before a great
many intelligent people who will carry back to their
communities new ideas regarding this new instru-
mentality of culture. I know of several commun-
ities in neighboring States, in which undoubtedly
the work will be begun the coming fall and winter
merely because their representatives were present
at our Congresses."
Mr. Charles Zeublin, of the University of Chi-
cago, and Miss Jane Addams, of Hull House, un-
dertook the organization of a Congress on Social
Settlements, and of this Congress seven sessions
were held during the first week. Among the pa-
pers read we may mention: "The University Set-
tlement Historically Considered," by Mr. Robert
A. Woods, of Andover House, Boston; "The Re-
lation of the Settlement to Universities," by Mr.
James B. Reynolds, of Paris; "The Settlement as
a Centre for University Extension," by Dr. R. D.
Roberts, of London; "The Settlement in Its Re-
lation to Municipal Reform," by Mrs. Florence
Kelley; "The Settlement in Its Relation to Tene-
ment Houses," by Miss Helena Dudley, of Phila-
delphia; "The Settlement in Its Relation to Or-
ganized Social Work," by Mr. Everett P. Wheeler,
of New York; "Weak Points in the Settlement
Method," by Mr. Edward Cummings, of Harvard
University; "The Settlement in Its Relation to the
Art Movement," by Miss Ellen G. Starr, of Hull
House; and "The Ideals of Future Society as
Evolved in a Settlement," by Mr. Charles Zeublin.
The evening Symposium on "The Settlement in
Its Relation to the Labor Movement," opened by
Mr. Henry D. Lloyd, was perhaps the most inter-
esting of the sessions of this Congress.
The Congresses of Secondary and Elementary
Education were held during the second week, and
had three sessions each. In the former, the prin-
cipal subjects of discussion related to the arrange-
ment of the school curriculum, although the inaug-
ural address, by Dr. J. C. Mackenzie, had for its
subject the supervision of secondary instruction by
State or municipal authority. In the latter Con-
gress, the course of study occupied the first session,
the teaching of geography the second, and moral
education the third. The geography session, hav-
ing the most specific theme, proved the most suc-
cessful, and was provided with an interesting ap-
pendix in the shape of an address by General A.
W. Greeley, on the subject of "Arctic Explora-
tions."
The Congress on Technological Instruction held
three sessions, and was opened by General Francis
A. Walker, of the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology. The first session considered the thesis:
"How far do the technological schools, as they are
at present organized, accomplish the training of
men for the scientific professions, and how far and
for what reasons do they fail to accomplish their pri-
mary purpose?" The other sessions discussed the
educational value of a number of special technolog-
ical studies, such as chemistry, electricity, and draw-
ing. The Congress on Manual Education, which
extended through the two weeks, had no less than
eleven sessions, and the papers read were of a high
character. Among them we may mention: "The
Function of Drawing and Manual Training in Edu-
cation," by Professor C. R. Richards, of the Pratt
Institute, Brooklyn; "Manual Training in the
American School System," by President Walter
Hervey, of the New York Training College; "The
Ethical Value of Manual Training," by Dr. Emil
G. Hirsch; "Manual Training in Sweden," by Pro-
fessor Gustaf Sellergren, of the Stockholm Techno-
logical High School; "The Influence of Japanese
Art," by Professor Ernest Fenollosa, of the Boston
Art Museum; "The Philosophy of the Tool," by
Dr. Paul Carus; "Manual and Art Education in
Switzerland," by Mr. Edward Boos-Jegher, official
delegate of the Swiss Confederation; and the ad-
dresses by Mr. W. M. R. French, Dr. H. H. Bel-
field, chairman of the committee of organization,
Dr. C. M. Woodward, of Washington University,
Professor Gabriel Bamberger, the Rev. F. W. Gun-
saulus, Professor Halsey S. Ives, Dr. W. T. Har-
ris, and the Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones. The papers
and addresses above mentioned came during the
first week; the second was mainly devoted to the


1893.]
85
THE DIAL
discussion of certain theses, previously selected and
announced, such as: "The new demands which
the world's industries make upon the elementary
schools," "The claims of the two systems of man-
ual training known as the Russian and the Swedish,"
and "Since all industrial products involve form, it
follows that all industrial instruction should have
an aesthetic basis in the study of the general prin-
ciples which underlie all tasteful and graceful forms,
and this study should be regarded and ranked as of
equal educational value with the mechanic art pro-
cesses."
The limits of our space forbid any account of
the proceedings of the Congress on Art Instruction,
in three sessions; the Congress on Instruction in
Vocal Music, likewise in three sessions; the Con-
gress on Kindergarten Education, in thirteen ses-
sions; of the three joint sessions of the Kindergarten
and Manual Training Congresses; or of the Con-
gresses on School Supervision and the Professional
Training of Teachers, in three sessions each. And
there are something like a dozen of the Education
Congresses that we cannot even mention by name.
"All are bat parts of one stupendous whole."
Of how stupendous was that whole our account may
convey a certain, although a necessarily imperfect,
idea. Perhaps the following sentences, quoted from
an article by Mr. A. Tolman Smith, of the United
States Bureau of Education, may serve us as well
as anything for a closing comment: "On the hu-
manity side this Congress is an assurance such as
the world has never before received that the human
family is one in the aspirations and the necessities
of its spiritual being. On the professional side the
Congress has sounded the note of a victory over the
downfall and routing of two fetishes long wor-
shipped in our schools: the fetish of uniform work
at a uniform pace for all children, and the deadly
superstition that teaching is a matter of fixed method
which can be drilled into insensate minds."
COMMUNICA TIONS.
BREACH OF IDIOM.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In a foot-note to p. 85 of " Modern English," I call
attention to a slip on the part of Mr. G. P. Marsh,
where he writes:
"The word respect, in this combination, has none of the
meanings known to [sic] it, as an independent noun, in the
English vocabulary."
Mr. R. O. Williams, in your issue for July 1, con-
tends that Mr. Marsh there delivers himself metonym-
ically. But, if he so delivers himself, for what is " word"
exchangeable? Its exchangeableness failing, "the mean-
ings known to it," if acceptable, necessitates the accept-
ance of " the known meanings to it" ; "to it" being for
ofit.
Since, in correct usage, known to is practically equiv-
alent to known by, the conversion of Mr. Marsh's pas-
sive construction into the active yields:
"The word respect, in this combination, has none of the
meanings which it knows, as an independent noun, in the En-
glish vocabulary."
To say that a meaning "is known to " or " is known
by " a word, instead of " is recognized as borne by " it,
— just like saying that a word " knows " a meaning, for
"has " it,— at best involves, it seems to me, a highly
nebulous and intolerable sort of personification.
We are by no means obliged, however, to conclude
that Mr. Marsh ventured to sanction the novel phenom-
enon of a word's "knowing" a meaning, whether as an
intimate, as a casual acquaintance, or as tantum visum.
The question of what he actually did, I shall come to a
little farther on.
In order to be fully intelligible, I repeat my foot-
note above referred to:
"A Lord Grenville of former days wrote of 'a long and de-
structive warfare, of a nature long since unknown to the prac-
tice of civilized nations.1 Here, remarks Coleridge, * the word
to is absurdly used for the word in.' i' Essays on His Own
Times,'p. 262.) Not unlike the nobleman's 'unknown to,'
the context considered is Mr. Marsh's ' known to,'"
Lord Grenville was far from intending to say, though
in effect he says, that, as concerns a certain " long and de-
structive warfare, the practice of civilized nations was, in
the distant past, ignorant of its nature." For Coleridge,
if he had altered more freely, must have proposed to sub-
stitute, in place of " unknown to," " discarded in"; Lord
Grenville's nobiliary rhetoric, unamended, importing
that the kind of warfare which he disapproves of was
not known in remote ages.
Altogether apart from this, to predicate, respecting a
practice, that it does not " know " this or that, is, I ad-
mit, a metonomy, in which " practice " stands for " those
who practise." But a metonomy thus violent, permis-
sible though it may be in poetry, is, to my mind, quite
out of place in plain pedestrian prose. That, however,
Lord Grenville indulged in it I see no reason for be-
lieving. Coleridge condemned his "to" only for in;
and "not unlike it, the context considered," as I have
said, is the "to " which Mr. Marsh puts for of. All
this becomes clear by rewriting, with inversions, the
passages quoted.
Mr. Marsh, in doing as he does, exemplifies the care-
lessness in the employment of indeclinables which not-
ably distinguishes our countrymen in general. Of this
carelessness, a few illustrations, exhibiting to misused
for a variety of prepositions, here follow:
"The horse . . . had a very disdainful fling to his hind
legB." (H. W. Longfellow, Kavanagh [ed. 1849], p. 107.)
"A claim for extraordinary protection to a certain kind of
property." (J. R. Lowell [1861], Political Essays [1888],
p. 57.)
"Cattle without any go to them." (Dr. O. W. Holmes,
Elsie Venner [1861], ch. xxi.)
"There was a chivalric smack to the title of the book."
(Dr. J. G. Holland, The Heroes of Crampton [London ed.
1867], p. 203.)
"A few hundred pounds to the year were all that England
gave the weary penman." (Mr. E. C. Stedman, Victorian
Poets [London ed. 1876], p. 81.)
"An old negro . . . rode his plough-horse to a most un-
wonted speed." (Mr. E. Eggleston, Boxy [London ed. 1878],
vol. ii., pp. 29.)
"The light was so great as to be seen . . . far out to sea."
"There is, probably, no short and precise solution to the dif-
ficult problem." (Mr. Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past
[1884], pp. 38, 350.)
"There was a hard, metallic glitter to his talk, as there is


86
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
to the dialogues in his plays." (Professor A. S. Hill, Our
English [1889], p. 205.)
"He set out at once to Boston, to investigate the subject."
(Mr. John Bigelow, William Cullen Bryant [1890], p. 2.)
In all these quotations there is violation of idiom.
To allege, against my position relative to their "to,"
such phrases as "there are three sides to a triangle,"
"Albany lies to the north of New York," "it serves as
a protection to the throat," etc., etc., or quaintnesses like
"we have Abraham to our father," " be was son to a
butcher," is no argument. Good contemporary usage,
not analogy, determines what is idiomatic; and accord-
ingly, Mr. Williams's "a half-dozen of them," in his
letter before me, and his "did not have," in "Our Dic-
tionaries," p. 107, cannot be permitted to pass muster.
"Has «F. H.' ever erred?" So inquires Mr. Wil-
liams, humorously; and he shall have an answer to his
inquiry from the very highest authority, — an answer
which he may, with all confidence, enroll among the
placita prudentum. Alas! much too favorable dear sir,
often, and far oftener than often, in the course of his
philological peregrinations, has that eminent oracle, for
want of unction with the oil of inerrancy, gone wholly
and disastrously astray, nay, come to utter and irrecov-
erable grief, precisely after the fashion .of the most or-
dinary lost sheep of the commonest fold. But, for all
that, it chances, curiously enough, that, in nearly all
cases where he has been charged with taking the wrong
road, he has had the good fortune to take the right one;
and this he may some day show in detail, at the same
time making a full and contrite confession of his mani-
fold and multifarious shortcomings. Resuming the first
person, he would be allowed, meanwhile, to advert to
one of his most recent miscarriages, in the matter of
expression, and to explain how it came about.
It was in the London " Academy," in a letter which,
by the way, I have to thank The Dial for noticing gra-
ciously, that I stumbled and fell. The beginning of
that letter runs: "This question, it may be confidently
assumed, is one to which all, barring the grossly illiter-
ate, would reply in the affirmative. Most of them, too,
if asked," etc. The proof-sheet had "Most of us," with
"we," " our," and "we should," in what immediately
follows, instead of " they," "their," and " they would."
Revising, in unavoidable haste, I altered, in " Most of
us," only the " us," not observing that I had thereby as
good as blundered into the tautological "Most of all,"
for "most." For the rest, on discovery of the remark-
able genius who is not liable, when working against
time, to such a mishap as that of mine, I should be glad
to secure him, if possible, as my literariau Gamaliel.
F H
Marlesford, England, July 15, 1893."
P. S. — " Even such a purist as Lord Macaulay uses
it more than once." This sentence Mr. Williams quotes
from me as "a remark " which I make "concerning
another locution." Is my remark amiss as to its word-
ing? or in what it expresses? I am at a loss to know.
THE USE AND ABUSE OF SLANG.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The paper by Professor Brander Matthews, in a re-
cent number of " Harper's Monthly Magazine," on " The
Function of Slang," fills, as the advertisements say, a
long-felt want. Every true philologist, in these latter
days, must have wished for some one bold enough to
dispute the old pedagogic theory that slang is invariably
a linguistic crime. Professor Matthews's literary inde-
pendence and alert modernity signally qualify him to
set up the new standard; and yet his manifesto might,
I conceive, have been considerably improved by the omis-
sion of a few inaccuracies and a correction in point of
view.
He says, for instance, that the vulgar phrase "fire
out," in the sense of expel forcibly, was used by Shake-
speare, and quotes in support from one of the sonnets:
"Till my good angel fire my bad one out."
Here, obviously, the "fire out" means, not expel forcibly,
as Professor Matthews, curiously enough, seems to have
thought, but drive away by fire. In " Lear" we have
the same figure:
"He that parts us shall bring a brand from heaven
And fire us henee like foxes."—[Lear, v. 3; S3.)
The power and poetic propriety of this figure must be
felt at once. In Shakespeare's use of the term, Adam
and Eve may be said to have been " fired out" of Eden;
yet we should hardly like to say so of them nowadays,
simply because the modern metaphor is that of fire-
arms, not of a fire-brand. Of the two, I think no one
will hesitate to pronounce Shakespeare's the better. He
was not seldom extravagant in his tropes, but it re-
mained for the exuberant incongruity of the nineteenth
century to speak of "firing" people from the cannon's
mouth. In circuses, to be sure, we have all seen lovely
pink-apparelled creatures who were literally '* fired out,"
who described graceful parabolas through the air, landed
safely in capacious nets, and made unsteady exits with
bows and kisses of the hand. But when we talk about
"firing " a book agent from an office room, nine in ten
of us have dulled our use of the words by forgetting
what they originally meant.
It is this same heedless lack of imagination that is
the besetting sin of much of the popular diction of to-
day,—a sin which Professor Matthews fails to rebuke
as I could wish a person of his authority to have done.
He says, "It cannot be declared too often and too em-
phatically how fortunate it is that the care of our lan-
guage is not in the hands of even the most competent
of our scholars." Our scholars and our purists exert a
corrective influence which these rapid days make us
hardly able to do without. In slower times a new word
or a new phrase was not caught at once upon the cur-
rent of popular approval; it was revolved first in the
sober eddies of scholastic deliberation, with the result
that much rubbish was got rid of by the way. We
hardly agree with Professor Matthews that this rubbish
should be swept along undammed. And we should be
inclined to dispute him utterly, if by " the most compe-
tent of our scholars " he included Lowell, Emerson, and
men of their calibre. A language with the like of them
for overseers would never be in danger of growing for-
mal, and could not tend seriously toward the license which
Professor Matthews rather too cursorily deprecates.
He should recall Emerson's American Scholar for
breadth and scholastic equity. And his admired Lowell
might have kept him from such an error as implying
that deck, in the sense of a pack of cards, is slang,—
"Western," Professor Matthews says, not, perhaps, hav-
ing known always that it is an old word. If the men
of books had a little more to say in this matter, they
would not let good words come into disrepute because
they fell into bad company, and there would be less
necessity for the coinage of new ones.
Pitts Duffield.
Mackinac Island, Michigan, August 7, 1893.


1893.]
87
THE DIAL
ftije Wcto Books.
Okohg Ebeks's Autobiography.*
The proverbial rarity of true " Confessions"
is not so surprising when we consider how hard
it is to shrive one's self, without evasion or
casuistry, even at the bar of one's own con-
science. Perfectly sincere autobiographies are
the black swans of literature. Even Samuel
Pepys, the accepted type of autobiographical
candor, never meant to be candid. He care-
fully screened himself from observation (as he
thought) behind his cipher: and posterity has
taken what is, on the whole, rather an unfair
advantage of him. Pepys was really a sensible,
self-respecting man, and not unmindful of Lord
Chesterfield's maxims as to the Graces; and
were it possible for him at any time to revisit
the glimpses of the moon, his dismay at the qual-
ity of his reception would be comical indeed.
In the little volume before us, "The Story
of My Life," by Dr. Georg Ebers the eminent
Egyptologist and novelist, the point beyond
which autobiographical frankness ceases, in a
way, to be a virtue is fairly indicated. The
book gives us all that its title warrants us in
asking, and it does not give us too much. Its
most important heads are the touching retro-
spect of the author's childhood, the account of
his gymnasium and university career and of his
early essays in authorship, and the description
of the unique Keilhau school (founded by Froe-
l>el), its methods and ideals. There is a good
deal of incidental portraiture and reminiscence,
and certain not unimportant Pendennis-like
episodes of the narrator's Flegeljahre are amus-
ingly told. The style throughout is easy and
familiar, and there is a certain engaging air,
especially in the earlier chapters, of musing,
half-soliloquy, that the rather hasty translation
has not altogether effaced.
Georg Ebers was born in Berlin in 1837.
He was a posthumous child. "It was," he says,
"To soothe a mother's heartbreak that I came in the
saddest hours of her life, and, though niy locks are now
gray, I have not forgotten the joyful moments in which
that dear mother hugged her fatherless little one, and
among other pet names called him her' comfort child.'"
The mother was a Berliner only by adoption.
She was a native of Holland; and that the title
of "the beautiful Hollander," by which she
became known in the capital, was worthily be-
* Thk Story ok My Life, from Childhood to Manhood.
By Georg Ebers. Translated by Mary J. Safford. With por-
traits. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
stowed is attested by the portrait which (in
the fullest sense) adorns the volume before us.
The plate is, in itself, a poor one; but the
beauty and goodness of the original shine
through and fairly overcome the faults and in-
adequacies of the representation. Says our
author:
"No one could help pronouncing my mother beauti-
ful; but to me she was at once the fairest and best of
women, and if I make the suffering Stephanus in Homo
Sum say, • For every child his own mother is the best
mother,' mine certainly was to me. My heart rejoiced
when I perceived that every one shared this apprecia-
tion."
When the elder Ebers led the "beautiful
Hollander" away from her native city as his
bride, the burgomaster told him that he gave
to his keeping the pearl of Rotterdam; and
that the phrase was not merely the language
of compliment was evinced by the young wife's
speedy social triumph in her new home. She
became one of the most courted women in Ber-
lin society:
"Holtei (the actor and dramatist) had made her ac-
quaintance at this time, and it was a delight to hear her
speak of those gay, brilliant days. How often Baron
von Humboldt, Ranch, or Schleiermacher had escorted
her to dinner! Hegel had kept a blackened coin won
from her at whist. Whenever he sat down to play
curds with her he liked to draw it out, and showing it
to his partner, say, 'My thaler, fair lady.'"
Holtei, in later years, when asked by the au-
thor if he remembered the " fair lady," warmly
replied:
"... No, my young unknown friend, I have far too
much with which to reproach myself, have brought from
the conflicts of a changeful life a lacerated heart, but 1
have never reached the point where that heart ceased
to cherish Fanny Ebers among the most sacred memo-
ries of my chequered career. How often her loved
image appears before me when, in lonely twilight hours,
I recall the past."
Less eloquent was the tribute of Frau Koni-
missionsrath Reichert, to whom Madam Ebers,
in the first year of her widowhood, applied for
the lease of a house in the Thiergartenstrasse.
This lady, having no children herself, inclined
to be rather sharp with people who had; so
she refused the lease, adding that she pre-
ferred to let the house " stand empty rather
than rent it to a family with children." But,
says the author,—
"She had a warm, kind heart, and—she told me this
herself — the sight of the beautiful young mother in
her deep mourning made her quickly forget her preju-
dice. 'If she had brought ten bawlers instead of Ave,'
she remarked, ' I would not have refused the house to
that angel face.'"
About this pleasant, retired house in the
Thiergartenstrasse are twined some of the ten-


88
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
derest memories of the author's childhood —
among them the regular pilgrimages to the
churchyard where his father lay buried. At
these little ceremonies all the children were re-
quired to assist:
"During the walk, we gathered blue corn-flowers and
scarlet poppies from the fields, bluebells, daisies, ranun-
culus, and snap-dragon from the turf along the road-
side, and tied them into nosegays for the graves. My
mother moved silently with us between the rows of grassy
mounds, tombstones, and crosses, while we carried the
pots of flowers and wreaths, which, to afford everyone
the pleasure of helping, she had distributed among us
at the grave-digger's house, just back of the cemetery.
. . . My mother led the way into the small enclosure,
which was surrounded by an iron railing, and prayed or
thought silently of the beloved dead who rested there.
. . . When she had satisfied the needs of her own soul,
she turned to us, and with cheerful composure directed
the decoration of the mound. Then she spoke of our
father, and if any of us had recently incurred punish-
ment — one instance of this kind is indelibly impressed
on my memory—she passed her arms around the child,
and in whispered words, which no one else could hear,
entreated the son or daughter not to grieve her so again,
but to remember the dead."
Later, the family moved to the Lennestrasse,
and at this period our author's acquaintance
with the world of books and of men fairly be-
gan. The mother was still the sun about which
the little lives revolved. She shared in and
supervised the amusements of her children, and
directed their reading with judicious liberality.
Robinson Crusoe, the Arabian Nights, Don
Quixote, Gulliver's Travels, etc., were devoured
in turn ; but the ever-green story of the Trojan
War was the common favorite:
"Homer's heroes seemed like giant oaks, which far
overtopped the little trees of the human wood. They
towered like glorious snow-mountains above the little
hills with which my childish imagination was already
filled; and how often we played the Trojan War, and
aspired to the honor of acting Achilles, Hector, or Ajax."
In the Lennestrasse our author was early
introduced to the world of art, and enjoyed
access to the neighboring studios of Drake,
Streichenberg, and Peter Cornelius. Corne-
lius was an especial friend; and when he asked
permission of Madam Ebers to use her son's
blond curly head as a model, the mother readily
consented. Of this memorable sitting the wri-
ter, as he says, remembers nothing save some
particularly good candied fruit which the artist
found necessary to administer at intervals:
"Even now I smile at the recollection of his making
an angel or a spirit of peace out of the wild boy who
perhaps just before had been scuffling with the enemy
from the flower-cellar."
An equally notable friend at that time was
Court-Chaplain Strauss:
"When Strauss met us in the street and called to us
with a certain unction in his melodious voice, 'Good
morning my dear children in Christ!' our hearts went
out to him, and it seemed to us as if we had received a
blessing."
Strauss was deep in the counsels of Freder-
ick William IV.,— although that eccentric
prince could not resist an inclination to make
cheap jokes at the good man's expense. After
creating him court-chaplain, Frederick said to
Alexander von Humboldt: "A trick in nat-
ural history which you cannot copy! I have
turned an ostrich (Strauss) into a bull-finch
(Dompfaffer) " — an allusion to Strauss's be-
ing a preacher in the cathedral (Dom).
It was to this jocular prince that von Hum-
boldt, when asked how he, who passed at court
for a freethinker, could go to church, made the
apt reply, "In order to get on, your Excel-
lency."
The scenes of the Berlin revolution natur-
ally left a deep impression on the writer's
mind, and the two chapters devoted to the pe-
riod are full of graphic interest. The family
were then living in the Linkstrasse, not far
from the scene of the disturbances. The catch-
words of the day were in the mouths even of
the schoolboys; and the author remembers es-
pecially a truculent phrase, "hanging the last
king with the guts of the last priest," which he
heard for the first time from the lips of a big,
blond-bearded man at the sculptor Streichen-
berg's, a declaimer who talked much of the
freedom of the people and of his own mission
to pave the way for it, and who was probably
comfortably out of danger when the fighting
began. The ever-recurring catch-word Press-
J'reiheit (freedom of the press) was altered by
the wags of the school into Fressfrcihelt (lib-
erty to stuff one's self); and cries of "Loyal
Legioner," " Pietist," " Friend of Light," etc.,
were not wanting. When the tumult began
in the Schlossplatz, and the ominous rattle of
musketry was heard from the Leipzigerstrasse,
there was a sudden rush of an excited throng of
rioters down the quiet street where the Ebers
lived:
"The tall, bearded fellow at their head we knew
well. It was the upholsterer Specht, who had often
put up curtains and done similar work for us, a good
and capable workman. But what a change! Instead
of a neat little hammer, he was flourishing an axe, and
he and his companions looked as if they were going to
avenge some terrible injury. He caught sight of us,
and I remember distinctly the whites of his rolling eyes
as he raised his axe higher, and shouted hoarsely, and
as if the threat was meant for us: < They shall get it!'—
Meanwhile the fighting in the streets seemed to have
increased in places to a battle, for the crash of the ar-


1893.]
89
THE DIAL
tillery grapeshot was constantly intermingled with the
crackling of the infantry fire, and through it all the
bells were sounding the tocsin, a wailing, warning sound,
which stirred the inmost heart."
Happily, with the night the brief reign of
terror was over. It was said that all was quiet;
the famous proclamation "To my dear people
of Berlin " was issued; but Pressfreiheit (and
indeed "Fressfreiheit") were still below the
horizon, while luckless "upholsterer Specht"
lay quiet enough in the cool of the morning,
with outstretched hands that were done with
the axe and the " neat little hammer " forever.
The Berlin streets on that day presented a
strange and terrible medley:
"Here was a pool of blood, there a bearded corpse;
here a blood-stained weapon, there another blackened
with powder. Like a cauldron where a witch mixes all
sorts of strange things for a philtre, each barricade con-
sisted of every sort of rubbish, together with objects
originally useful. All kinds of overturned vehicles,
from an omnibus to a perambulator, from a carriage to
a hand-cart, were everywhere to be found. Ward-
robes, commodes, chairs, boards, bookshelves, bath-tubs
and wash-tubs, iron and wooden pipes, were piled to-
gether, and the interstices filled with sacks of straw
and rags, mattresses, and carriage cushions. . . . Bloody
and terrible pictures rose before us, and perhaps there
was no need of Assessor Geppert's calling to us sternly,
'Off home with you, boys!' to turn our feet iu that
direction."
Touching the mooted question whether the
Berlin revolution was the result of a long-pre-
pared conspiracy or the spontaneous outburst
of enthusiasm for liberty among the citizens,
Dr. Ebers adopts the opinion of von Sybel:
"Both these views are equally well founded, for only
the united effort of the two forces could insure a pos-
sibility of victory."
From the detailed account of the admirable
Keilhau school we shall extract only the fol-
lowing notice of Froebel, its founder:
"When we came to Keilhau he was already sixty-six
years old, a man of lofty stature, with a face which
seemed to be carved with a dull knife out of brown
wood. His long nose, strong chin, and large ears, be-
hind which the long locks, parted in the middle, were
smoothly brushed, would have rendered him positively
ugly, had not his 'Come, let us live for our children,'
beamed so invitingly in his clear eyes. . . . Yet I
must confess—and his portrait agrees with my memory
—that his face by no means suggested the idealist and
man of feeling; it seemed rather expressive of shrewd-
ness, and to have been lined and worn by severe con-
flicts concerning the most diverse interests. But his
voice and his glance were unusually winning, and his
power over the child was limitless. A few words were
sufficient to win completely the shyest boy whom he de-
sired to attract; and thus it happened that, even when
he had been with us only a few weeks, he was never
seen crossing the court-yard without a group of the
younger pupils hanging to his coat-tails and clasping
his hands and arms. . . . We never called him any-
thing but 'Oheim' (uncle). The word ' Onkel' he de-
tested as foreign, because it was derived from 'avun-
culus ' and 'oncle.'"
If the reader will call to mind for a mo-
ment, in connection with this winning picture,
some "Dr. Busby " of his own boyhood, and
the probable result of a pupil's calling the
great man " uncle "—not to speak of " hanging
to his coat-tails," — the principle that lay at
the root of Froebel's ideals becomes apparent.
Love for the master, and the freest opportu-
nity for the development of individual char-
acter, was the rule at the Keilhau school.
"Wherever I have met," says our author,—
"An old pupil of Keilhau, I have found in him the
same love for the institute, have seen his eyes sparkle
more brightly when we talked of Langethal, Midden-
dorf, and Barop (the masters). Not one has turned out
a sneak or a hypocrite."
After a term at the gymnasia of Kottbus and
Quedlinburg, Dr. Ebers entered GJittingen,
where he resolved to devote himself to the law;
but his studies at this point were cut short by
a terrible attack of spinal disease, which for
some years left him almost helpless. It was
during convalescence, however, that he found
a final province of labor, a fixed goal toward
which to move with firm tread in the seclusion
to which his malady condemned him. He had
been early attracted to Egyptology; and by
the advice of Jacob Grimm he resolved to take
counsel with Richard Lepsius as to a plan of
exhaustive study in that science. Lepsius's re-
quirements were sufficiently formidable:
"He had inquired about my previous education, and
urged me to study philology, archseology, and at least
one Semitic language. ... It would be necessary
also for me to understand English and Italian, since
many things which the Egyptologist ought to know
were published iu those languages. Lastly he advised
me to obtain some insight into Sanscrit, which was the
poiut of departure for all linguistic studies."
Lepsius, in brief, impressed upon the au-
thor the truth, which he himself afterwards
impressed upon his pupils, that it would be a
mistake to begin by studying so restricted a
science as Egyptology. The foundations nec-
essary for the special structure must first be
firmly laid. The programme suggested by
Lepsius was thoroughly carried out, and many
details were added — including the study of
Italian, Spanish, and Dutch. The material
having been thus laboriously gathered, the ques-
tion presented itself, how to turn it to account:
"This material gave me no peace. I soon mastered
it completely, but gradually the relation changed and
it mastered me, gave me no rest, and forced me to try
upon it the poetic power so long condemned to rest."
r


90
[Aug. 16,
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In short, Dr. Ebers resolved, not without
some twinges of his scientific conscience, to
compose a novel embodying this troublesome
material, and the outcome was " The Egyptian
Princess " — a title suggested by Auerbach.
His account of the reception by the austere
Lepsius of the finished manuscript is amus-
ing:
"I had not said even a word in allusion to what I
was doing in the evening hours, and the three volumes
of my large manuscript were received by him in a way
that warranted the worst fears. He even asked how I,
whom he believed to be a serious worker, had been
tempted into such ' side issues.' . . . Yet he kept the
manuscript and promised to look at the curiosity. He
did more. He read it through to the last letter, and
when, a fortnight later, he asked me at his house to re-
main after the others had left, he looked pleased, and
confessed that he had found something entirely different
from what he had expected. The book was a scholarly
work, and also a fascinating romance."
With the account of his first novel, Dr.
Ebers closes the first instalment of his autobi-
ography. We shall look for the half-promised
supplementary volume with interest.
E. G. J.
Mr. Irving's Views on the Modern
Drama.*
Whatever the place to which definitive criti-
cism may assign the fame of Mr. Henry Irving
as an actor, there is no possibility that his ser-
vice to the stage, as artist, producer, champion,
will be overpraised. He deserves of his profes-
sional brethren more than the pretense of grat-
itude, and the intellectual world is under obli-
gation to him not merely for additions to its
refinement but for positive increase of its knowl-
edge. It is not necessary to assume that be-
fore Mr. Irving's time there was no actor es-
teemed and no art of acting appreciable, for
in his excellent little volume of Addresses on
the Drama — in which jewels of literature
sort with gems of reason — our lecturer is at
loving pains to tell us what noble figures in his
regard are four of the masters of other days,
Burbage, Betterton, Garrick, Kean. But Mr.
Irving chanced upon, though he partly brought
about, an era of dramatic renaissance, to which
Edwin Booth and Lawrence Barrett in our
own country, Salvini and Rossi in Italy, Son-
nenthal and Barnay in Germany, were equally
coincident and contributory. It was the first
period in the history of the theatre that found
* The Drama. Addresses by Henry Irving. 1, The Stage
as It Is. 2, The Art of Acting. 3, Four Great Actors. 4, The
Art of Acting. New York: Tait, Sons & Co.
actors ready and capable to assert themselves
as peers in the kingdom of Genius, entitled to
move by authority and not by sufferance; and
they claimed the right to be received as equals
and factors, not as proteges and exhibits, of the
society that tardily opened to them its doors.
Circumstances have peculiarly favored Mr.
Irving, and he has had the shrewdness to de-
rive their full benefit. He came in the de-
ciduous season of the English stage. The
great ones were fallen or falling, and there
was so little promise in the rising actors that
the chief honors were to be worn by him who
should most urgently set himself to possess
them. Though he has something of the poetic
temperament and much of artistic culture, Mr.
Irving is firmly practical, methodic, and calcu-
lating. Ardent impulses never mislead him;
calm, discriminating judgment guides him. As
a young man he saw the opportunities open-
ing to someone in the uncertain conditions of
the English theatre, and he determined to be
that someone. He strove with a strenuousness
it is not in the power of fate to resist. He began
by educating himself, with an eye to mastery;
and, assiduous then, he has been unremitting
since. Truly and thoroughly proud of his vo-
cation, nothing would content him but that it
should be so much a pride to others as to give
its chief representatives absolute equality with
the eminent followers of other arts and profes-
sions. So it came about that to-day we have, elo-
quently worded and of manly spirit, preserved
in the covers of a book, lectures delivered by
an actor as the nobly honored guest of that
stern and august mistress of learning, the Phil-
osophical Institution of Edinburgh ; of that an-
cient contemner of the mummer vagabond, the
University of Oxford; and of Harvard, ven-
erable in age but never intolerant. That Mr.
Irving should a little exult in his triumph and
in the greater triumph of the stage, was a thing
expected and pardonable; but the objection may
be urged against him that he has been so can-
did in the expression of his satisfaction as rather
to give the impression of a favor received than
of a right secured. However, it must be ad-
mitted that for a grievous time in the world's
history the actor class was, partly through its
own ignoble obsequiousness, but mostly by force
of community prejudices and ignorance, made
unworthy social esteem; and if the old trend
of thought bore off the current of new ideas
long after the stage had indicated its right to
the regard of the wise and the good, there is
abundant reason now for gratulation that a


1893.]
91
THE DIAL
better understanding between theatre and pub-
lic has been educated.
Question is made nowadays if the actor's be
not the most difficult, as it is the most com-
plex, of all the arts; and it is pretty well
established as a judgment that to be great as
an actor entitles the man to a station not less
than, nor removed from, that to which fame
conducts poet, or painter, or sculptor, or states-
man, or preacher. "A theatre," one time said
Macready, "ought to be a place of recreation
for the sober-minded and intelligent." So,
indeed, the true theatre is; for the theatre is
not the building from whose plan of construc-
tion it takes its name, but the vital drama,
plays of life and character and thought and
condition and purpose. The great pity is that
the drama proper is confounded with amuse-
ments, that the theatre is made to take in
everything in which there are the arc of a cir-
cle and a stage. In any serious discussion of
the drama, it is always presumed that the refer-
ence is to its representative parts, those things
in it that are best, noblest, enduring. Mr.
Irving says, as soundly as felicitously:
"The truth is that the immortal part of the stage is
its noble part. Ignoble accidents and interludes come
and go, but this lasts on forever. It lives like the hu-
man soul in the body of humanity, associated with much
that is inferior, and hampered by many hindrances,—
but it never sinks into nothingness, and never fails to
find new and noble work in exactness of permanent and
memorable excellence. Heaven forbid that I should
seem to cover, even with a counterpane of courtesy, ex-
hibitions of deliberate immorality. Happily this sort of
thing is not common, and although it has hardly been
practised by anyone who, without a strain of meaning,
can be associated with the profession of acting; yet public
censure, not active enough to repress the evil, is ever
ready to pass a sweeping condemnation on the stage
which harbors it. Our cause is a good one. We go
forth, armed with the luminous panoply which genius
has forged for us, to do battle with dulness, with
coarseness, with apathy, with every form of vice and
evil. In every human heart there gleams a higher re-
flection of this shining armor. The stage has no lights
or shadows that are not lights of life and shadows of
the heart. To each human consciousness it appeals in
alternating mirth and sadness, and will not be denied.
Err it must, for it is human; but, being human, it must
endure."
Admission is made of the fact that the in-
terests of the theatre are sometimes degraded
by panders to low, vicious, and morbid tastes;
but fair-minded, intelligent people find no dif-
ficulty in discriminating the devotees of the
drama from the hucksters and tradespeople of
the play-house, nor do they confound the pur-
suit of a noble art with the practices of a con-
temptible commerce between ignorance and
vulgarity. But even in such cases there is this
to be observed, that the stage "holds out long
against the invitation to pander : and such invi-
tations, from the publicity and decorum that
attend the whole matter, are neither frequent
nor eager. A sort of decency sets in upon the
coarsest person in entering even the roughest
theatre. I have sometimes thought that, con-
sidering the liability to descend and the facil-
ity of descent, a special providence watches
over the morals and tone of our English stage."
He might have said, of the English-speaking
stage; for certainly nothing is more indicative
of a protecting spirit of the drama than the
high moral tone of the stage of this country,
where the only censorship of the drama, and
the only restraint upon the theatre, is public
opinion.
May we not see in the survival and triumph
of the drama through ages of assault and con-
tumely, of persecutions and prohibitions, a di-
vine purpose somewhat wiser than the will of
man? Mr. Irving has suggested the reason why
"the stage has literally lived down the rebuke
and reproach under which it formerly cowered,
while its professors have been simultaneously
living down the prejudices which excluded them
from society." That reason is, "The stage is now
seen to be an elevating instead of a lowering
influence on national morality, and actors and
actresses receive in society, as do members of
other professions, exactly the treatment which
is earned by their professional conduct." The
conditions were very different when each of
the four great actors discussed in one of these
lectures strove for the laurel. Their obligation
in the service of their profession was that of
pioneers. They commanded the emotions of
men, and prepared the way for the persuasion
of their intelligence.
Thomas Sheridan, in 1746, in Dublin, pre-
cipitated a notorious riot by declaring in the
face of a rich young ruffian, who, with others
had made a disorder in the theatre, "I am as
good a gentleman as you are." This impu-
dence on the part of an actor —though he was
the son of old Dr. Sheridan, scholar and gen-
tleman, and a graduate of the university—was
"tolerable and not to be endured," and for
some hours the audacious Thespian was in mor-
tal danger. At the same time Garrick was
trying to be a gentleman in London, and, if
not wholly successful in having himself ac-
cepted by the noble lords who patronized and
condescended to him, he did beat down some
of the barriers and cleared a way for others to


92
[Aug. 16,
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prosper in. The actor need not now eat out his
heart with chagrin that his patient merit has
to suffer whips and scorns on his profession's
account. Society not only welcomes him, but
holds him much in favor, for in these times
the famous player has the advantage that at-
tends preferment after revolution. He occu-
pies a place in which he yet feels new, and of
which he speaks mysteriously, and in which he
is regarded with some curiosity. Even Mr.
Irving could not repress a sort of chuckle from
his lecture before the Philosophical Institution
of Edinburgh. Before long all this reserve
and strangeness will have disappeared, and the
apologist of the theatre will be as rare a bird
as the theatrical "reformer," described as one
who combines with intellectual superciliousness
a timidity as to moral contamination. Mr. Irv-
ing finds the stage as it is both elevating and
educating, a social benefactor and benefit to the
individual, notwithstanding its sins of omission
and of commission; and I think no sociologist
is prepared to dispute him. Indeed, the old
warfare against the stage is about ended, or, if
pursued, is so to the disadvantage of those who
wage it; of course I mean indiscriminate war-
fare, battle against the theatre.
Not less important than the first, but more
technical and of immediate interest to the lim-
ited number, is Mr. Irving's lecture on the Art
of Acting. He finds as remarkable improve-
ment in that regard as in the moral and social
status of the theatre; and particularly com-
mends the modern adoption of Hamlet's ad-
vice to the players as the rule and guide of
action. Artifice is more and more dispelled,
and the decrees of art become the utterance of
nature. We learned sometime ago from his
friendly rejoinders to Coquelin that Mr. Irving
has no sympathy with the brilliant and specious
Diderot's idea that the actor must be insensible
to the emotions he simulates. It seems impos-
sible there should be any great acting with-
out profound sensibility, though it is the busi-
ness of the artist to control his feelings within
conscious bounds; careful not to overstep the
modesty of nature by letting passion get the
better of judgment. Not to follow too far the
interesting lead of Mr. Irving's delightful vol-
ume and valuable addition to stage literature,
this quotation, which presents a summary of
the actor's art, will serve also as an epitome
of the three especially aesthetic lectures:
"It is necessary to this art that the mind should
have, as it were, a double consciousness, in which all
the emotions proper to the occasion may have full
swing, while the actor is all the time on the alert for
every detail of his method. It may be that his playing
will be more spirited one night than another. But the
actor who combines the electric force of a strong per-
sonality with a mastery of the resources of his art must
have a greater power over his audiences than the pas-
sionless actor who gives a most artistic simulation of
the emotions he never experiences."
Elwyn A. Barron.
Recent Fiction.*
For a good story, that pretends to be nothing
more than a story, that impels to no soul-search-
ings, and that is instructive only in the mildest way,
the season has brought us nothing better than "The
Refugees." Dr. Doyle's work usuallyhas a way of
suggesting some one of the masters of fiction—with
"Micah Clarke" and "The White Company " the
suggestion was of Scott, while with the Sherlock
Holmes series it was only of Gaboriau, — and the
Franco-American romance now before us tempts to
characterization of its writer as a Dumas dovblh de
Cooper. Taking the revocation of the Edict of
Nantes as his central episode, Dr. Doyle seeks (not
in vain) to interest us in the fortunes of a Hugue-
not family group; and his story divides neatly into
two parts, one of which, quite as good as "Le Vi-
comte de Bragelonne," takes us to the court of " le
Koi Soleil," while the other, no less thrilling than
"The Last of the Mohicans," transports us to the
wilds of the New World, and gives us some of the
best Indian fighting to be found in books. Adven-
ture is piled upon adventure with startling swiftness
of succession ; but we soon learn that the author has
a way for his hero out of the difficulties he encoun-
ters, however desperate, and we can only feign
alarm at the critical moments. We must say that
the writer's Americans (not Indians) are a little
•The Refugees: A Tale of Two Continents. By A.
Couan Doyle. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Pietbo Ghislebi. By F. Marion Crawford. New York:
Macmillan & Co.
Fbom Out of the Past. By Emily Howland Hoppin.
New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
John Paget. By Sarah Barnwell Elliott. New York:
Henry Holt & Co.
Bhoadoaks. By M. G. McClelland. St. Paul: The Prioe-
McGill Co.
The Love Affaibb of an Old Maid. By Lilian Bell.
New York: Harper & Brothers.
Old Kaskaskia. By Mary Hartwell Catherwood. Bos-
ton: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Toppleton's Client; or, A Spirit in Exile. By John
Kendrick Bangs. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.
Many Inventions. By Rudyard Kipling. New York:
D. Appleton & Co.
The Stoby of a Stoby, and Other Stories. By Brander
Matthews. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Mb. Tommy Dove, and Other Stories. By Margaret De-
land. Boston: Honghton, Mifflin & Co.
Day and Night Stobies: Second Series. By T. R. Sulli-
van. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.


1893.]
93
THE DIAL
overdone, and that some among the humorous points
that he scores are the result of rather cheap devices,
but the tale as a whole is so well-knit, so spirited,
and so exciting in its interest, that criticism of the
minuter sort stands abashed in its presence.
Mr. Crawford's "Pietro Ghisleri " introduces us
once more to the aristocratic Roman society made
so familiar by the novels of the « Saracinesca" se-
ries, and even incidentally, to many of the charac-
ters of those brilliant works of fiction. The new
story is of surprising interest, and leaves little to
be desired, either in constructive skill or in deline-
ation of character. The plot is complicated and the
structure compact; there is little of the padding
that disfigures a number of the author's books, and
often makes us feel that he was hard-pressed to fill
the requisite number of pages. Many of Mr. Craw-
ford s literary excursions have been unfortunate,
noticeably his dreary novel of hypnotism and his
formless Oriental fantasies; and we are dad that
he has returned to the solid and familiar ground of
contemporary life in the country best known to him.
Mr. Crawford has recently deprecated putting the
novelist s art at the service of science; but we are
bound to express the opinion that, as social or his-
toncal documents, the series of his Roman stories
have claims quite as strong as those based merely
upon their power to amuse or to entertain.
« From Out of the Past" is one of the best nov-
els that we have lately had occasion to read, and
yet, so unobtrusive is its excellence, so far removed
from the sensational its manner, it is likely to cause
hardly a ripple upon the stream of current fiction.
Ihe scene is Touraine, although the characters are
American, and something of the peace and old-world
charm of the place has found its way into the au-
thor s pages. A deep and exquisite feeling for
beauty in landscape and art has given the simple
love-story of the book a setting that enhances its
meaning at every point. The writer knows her
rouraine minutely and lovingly; and as far as
her book deals with French life it gives us the
*ane true, life of the provinces, not the false and
feverish life of the capital which so many take to
be the typical life of France. Our chief adverse
criticism upon the book must be for its occasional
lapses into the style of the tourist manual; the au-
thor seems to know Touraine almost too well for
strictly artistic purposes. The story of the book is
skilfully told, although the reader is left until the
very end in a not wholly justifiable state of suspense
as to the outcome. We cordially commend the work
to those in search of summer-afternoon literature.
A strong character gives a name to a strong book
in Miss Elliott's « John Paget." He is one of two
brothers whom fate separates when children, one of
them to become a worldling, the other —he of the
title —to become, through devious ways, both a
preacher and a minister of the Gospel. His nature
has the stamp of sincerity, and earnestness of pur-
pose characterizes his every act. His religion, how-
ever subject to intellectual limitations, is of the true
sort, for it supplements faith by undoubted works
and so commands our respect. As a protest against
worldhness, as an almost passionate plea for the real-
ities as distinguished from the shows of existence,
John Paget" is a book of fine ethical tone and
worthy idealism. Yet it inculcates one lesson that
is, in our opinion, distinctly false in its ethical bear-
ings. The brothers have a cousin, Beatrice, who,
after a youth of religious training in a Southern
convent, is taken to the home of her relatives in
New York, and there becomes devotedly attached
to Claude, the brother of the worldly mind and train-
ing, who returns her love in at least equal measure,
Wow these two natures are in every essential respect
fatted for one another; yet the shadow of dogma
falls between them, and Beatrice, acting from what
she supposes to be religious conviction, tears her
love from her heart, and dies as the consequence.
Ihe author's sympathies are clearly with her hero-
ine m this course; that is, we are clearly given to
understand that she believes it right that two lives
should be wrecked by a barren intellectual abstrac-
tion. Such tragedies occur in real life, no doubt,
and perhaps we cannot greatly blame those who are
directly responsible for them ; but no condemnation
of the system that trains young girls to act as Bea-
trice does can be too strong. Miss Elliott gives tacit
assent to the system, and so her book seems to us
to embody a profoundly immoral lesson. To the
author, and to her heroine, certain passages (espe-
cially in the preface) of Mr. Ruskin's « Sesame
and Lilies " might be recommended as profitable
reading. It is a pity that so good and thoughtful
a book as « John Paget" should have been marred
by this insistence upon matters of " mint and anise
and cummin," even if " the weightier matters of the
law be not wholly neglected.
A mining engineer from New England, search-
ing for gold on a Virginia plantation, incidentally
falling in love with a fair maiden of the South, and
coming to a tragic end in the old graveyard to which,
without reckoning upon native prejudice and super-
stition, he had extended his diggings — this is the
story told in "Broadoaks" by Miss McClelland.
The first thing that occurs to the reader is the use
made by Miss Murfree of a similar situation, al-
though the resemblance is not carried into detail
The story is well thought out, has the atmosphere of
its locality, and offers, in its negro-character sketches,
a certain element of semi-humorous diversion.
"The Love Affairs of an Old Maid " are really
the love affairs of a number of her friends, reflected
in the sympathetic and generous consciousness of
the narrator. In these pages, unaffected and ex-
quisite in style, sparkling with humor, yet softened
by a pathos that reaches the very depths of the
spiritual life, are sketched the heart-stories of a doz-
en men and women, each with a few swift incisive
strokes, and, for the most part, an insight that
makes of the book a gallery of distinctly individual


94
[Aug. 16,
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outline portraits. We imply no censure in saying
that it is a woman's book, in noting the obvious
fact that the men, with one exception, appear in but
shadowy characterization. In the subtlety of her
analysis, the writer reminds us not a little of Mrs.
Clifford, while in her successful use of the epigram
she suggests the brilliant Englishwoman who chooses
to sign her very feminine books with the assertively
masculine name of "John Oliver Hobbes.'' Miss
Bell is, we understand, a new-comer in the field of
letters. It may safely be said that she has already
won her spurs, and that her present performance
justifies a lively expectation of excellent things to
come. We hope that a rather forbidding title will
not deter possible readers from making speedy ac-
quaintance with a book possessing so distinct a
charm.
In " Old Kaskaskia " Mrs. Catherwood has given
us another of her delicate outline pictures of life in
the Old Northwest. The story is placed in the
early days of the present century, and in the town
that was soon to become the first capital of a great
commonwealth. It has for its culminating episode
a great rising of the Mississippi in which half Kas-
kaskia was submerged, and which extricates the
tangled threads of romance woven by the author's
art, breaking some of them off, and uniting those
that remain into more symmetrical patterns. The
contrasted French and English types of character
are delineated with a subtle feeling for their essen-
tial differences, while Mrs. Catherwood's restrained
and exquisite style gives literary charm to every
page of her work. One cannot help wishing that
the author would, for once, work upon a larger
canvas than any she has yet sought to cover. The
field she has chosen is almost her own, and its ro-
mantic possibilities are considerable.
"Toppleton's Client" is an extravaganza that
ranges all the way from dry Stocktonian humor to
roaring farce. The central idea is that of the ex-
change of souls between bodies, and we may easily
imagine the opportunities it offers a writer intent
only upon the possible humorous complications. The
"client" is an exiled spirit whose body is occupied by
a usurping fiend, and who engages Toppleton (a law-
yer whose chief work of reference is the "Comic
Blackstone ") to possess him once more of the bod-
ily estate that he has lost. But the fiend is too sharp
for the lawyer, and, preferring Toppleton's cor-
poreal tenement to that in which he has been fraud-
ulently dwelling, effects a substitution, and leaves
Toppleton helpless, either to protect the rights of
his client or to re-establish his own. The extrava-
ganza is overdone, here and there, and its theory
will not bear close scrutiny, but it is, as a whole,
entertaining.
Of Mr. Kipling's " Many Inventions," many turn
out to be variations upon the old familiar ones, and
one gets a little tired even of Mulvaney and Or-
theris and all the rest of the tribe of Atkins. But the
volume contains one piece (which no one can for-
get who read it in the English review where it first
appeared) which we are inclined to rank as the
cleverest thing—and perhaps the most finely imag-
inative — that the author has ever done in prose.
It is that romance of metempsychosis that he has
chosen to style "The Finest Story in the World."
The quotation-marks of this title are Mr. Kipling's,
not ours, but we should be almost content to drop
them, letting the name stand as a description of the
author's own work, not of the work of his imagin-
ary hero. It was a true stroke of genius to re-
incarnate, in a cockney banker's clerk, one of the
men who sailed with Thorfin Karlsefne, and to be-
stow upon him reminiscent flashes of his past lives.
The other stories in the book are of unequal value;
one can hardly escape being fascinated by Mul-
vaney's adventure with "My Lord the Elephant,"
or finding in "A Conference of the Powers " a les-
son at least worth the pondering. Mr. Kipling
both introduces and closes his new collection of
tales by some spirited verses.
Mr. Brander Matthews has long before this shown
himself an adept in the art of the short story, and
his new volume is, as a matter of course, vivacious
and entertaining. The characters that he knows
best are those supplied by his own New York en-
vironment of club and society life, although he
reaches out, not without success, on one occasion to
the wilds of British Guiana, and, on another, back
to Augustan Rome. There are five stories alto-
gether, two of which are distinctly romantic, one
mildly satirical, one essentially humorous, and one
a combination of all three of these qualities. We
leave his readers to classify the five in accordance
with our suggested scheme.
Mrs. Deland is a new-comer among the tellers of
short stories, but it is clear that she has mastered
more than the rudiments of the art. Her work
comes close to that of Miss Sarah Orne Jewett, not
only in its choice of village scene and people, but
also in its observation of the minuter humors of life,
and in the delicacy of its treatment. Humor in
any broader sense is lacking the writer, and the
pathos of her humble tragedies seems to need some
such relief as would be afforded by an occasional
breeze blown from the brighter parts of life. She
might profitably study " Octave Thanet," for exam-
ple, with a view of making up for this defect.
"Mr. Tommy Dove" and "A Fourth-class Ap-
pointment" are decidedly the best of the five sto-
ries, the latter being as effective a sermon on be-
half of civil service reform as one often hears from
a pulpit of any sort. If such stories could be mul-
tiplied, they might prove the very best way of strik-
ing the national conscience with shame for the
"system " that has so cankered the vital organs of
our political life.
In passing from the volume just mentioned to
the new series of Mr. Sullivan's " Day and Night
Stories," we go all the way from realism to ro-
mance, and find that, after all, romance is more sat-


1893.]
95
THE DIAL
isfying than the most faithful realism. As a speci-
men of romance in miniature, it would not be easy
to surpass "A Toledo Blade," which is a master-
piece of both style and construction. The half
dozen stories that go with it are only less admira-
ble examples of Active art. They possess the qual-
ity of distinction in a marked degree — the dis-
tinction that betokens a mind well-cultured and
responsive to a wide range of emotional appeal.
Trifling as two or three of the stories appear at
first sight, no one of them comes to an end without
sounding, at least for a moment, some deep recess
of the soul. Mr. Sullivan knows, far better than
most tellers of tales, just what ought to be said, and
what must be left unsaid, to make a story as effect-
ive as possible. .„» ,, t,
r William Morton Payne.
Briefs ox New Books.
We are wont to look very much
o/bm""^00'' askance at every new text-book of
biology. So many of them are al-
ready in the field struggling for life, many of them
goaded to the unequal combat by the stimulating
influences of their publishers' voices, that we insist
now that each new competitor shall demonstrate his
right to enter the lists. With a knowledge of the
difficulties of the case, Professor John Bidgood has
prepared his " Course of Practical Biology " (Long-
mans). There is one respect in which the work
can fairly be said to be a departure. Each subject
that is taken for study is treated in a series of para-
graphs, each one of which directs some operation,
the point of which is discussed in its immediate
connection. This ought to have the effect of mak-
ing a student thoughtful of the progress and sig-
nificance of his work. We do not know of any
other biological text-book in which this principle is
so well applied as here. The subjects first taken up
are several of the Fungi and Protococcus. A chap-
ter on the Bacteria is included, with directions for
some simpler experiments in culture and a consid-
eration of their relation to disease. Then Cliara,
the Fern, and the Nettle are taken up in great de-
tail. These complete the botanical side of the work,
and occupy in all about half of the treatment. The
fifty-four pages devoted to the Fungi and Proto-
coccus form as good an introduction to the modes of
biological work and thought as has yet appeared.
We do not see, however, any sufficient reasons for
the selection of Chara, or for the choice of the net-
tle rather than of some others of the Phanerogams
with a regularly racial flower—as, for instance,
the geranium, which latter can be had at all sea-
sons at the florist's. We also regret that some of
the filamentous algae were not touched on, if only
briefly, as they are so very accessible for study.
The animal forms selected are Amoeba, Vorticella,
Paramecium, Hydra, Anodonta, Astacus, and Rana.
These are all well treated on the side of anatomy,
Interpretation*
5f Tennyson1*
dyUt of the King.
but, as is the fashion in general text-books, they are
very incomplete on the embryological side. On the
other hand, the subject of Vertebrate Histology re-
ceives very satisfactory attention. It will be seen
that the work is one which covers a very large area.
While it is necessarily greatly condensed, it is at
the same time written in such a perfectly clear style
that it is wholly intelligible, and the lay reader, as
well as the student, will find it a very valuable
presentation of the leading principles of the science.
An Introduction of twenty-four pages covers the
essentials of microscopical technique. The work is
illustrated throughout, in part with the author's
drawings and in part with many standard illustra-
tions. In the histological part of the chapters on
the Frog the cuts are largely from Quain's Anat-
omy.
Mr. Harold Littledale's "Essays on
Lord Tennyson's Idylls of the King"
(Macmillan) are based upon lec-
tures written for students in India. It was cer-
tainly worth while to offer the book in its present
form to English and American students. Like
other books prepared for the use of Indian under-
graduates, this volume explains many things that
any good dictionary could explain, but on the other
hand it interprets many phases of the Idylls that
no reference-book alludes to. There are chapters on
the sources of the Arthurian story, on its growth from
Malory to Tennyson, and on personages and localities
spoken of in the modern epic Then follow stud-
ies of each Idyll, and annotations on particular words
and obscure points. The work is by no means ex-
haustive, but the material is carefully selected and
well arranged. There is a constant comparison
of Tennyson with Malory and the Mabinogion, and
many interesting points of departure are suggested
to the reader. The interpretation of the allegor-
ical bearing of the Idylls is sensible and apprecia-
tive, and the treatment of the rise of the legend,
although brief, is in the main accurate. Rather
strangely, however, Mr. Littledale takes no account
of such an authoritative work as Professor Rhys's
"Arthurian Legend." The work can readily be
used as a handbook in a Tennyson class.
Dfcftn-M ^n "Civilization's Inferno" (Arena
o/moitrV™ Publishing Co.) Mr. B. O. Flower
city,i^t- paints a lurid picture of the seamy
and gruesome side of modern city life. Besides the
Introduction, there are seven chapters (expanded
from articles published in "The Arena "), with the
following titles, which indicate the spirit of sensa-
tionalism that marks and mars the book: "Society's
Exiles," "Two Hours in the Social Cellar," "The
Democracy of Darkness," "Why the Ishmaelites
Multiply," "The Froth and the Dregs," "A Pil-
grimage and a Vision," and "What of the Mor-
row?" The author is evidently a man of earnest
purpose, who has a very keen and genuine sympa-
thy for the unfortunate classes whose condition he


9*3
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
portrays in these pages. He writes some passages
that glow with an eloquence born of deep feeling
and feliritoos phrase; but as a rule he lays on the
red paint a little too lavishly, while he makes it too
apparent that he is striving to produce an effect.
The grime and want and wretchedness which he
depicts do exist; these heartrending miseries are
realities. So far as Mr. Flower reports what
he himself has seen, his earnest words are calcu-
lated to arrest attention and arouse sympathy- And
it seems ungracious to criticise one whose heart is
aglow with interest in behalf of our destitute and
depraved fellows. But a careful reading of this
volume leaves the impression that Mr. Flower's ob-
servations in this noisome but pitiable realm have
not been sufficiently painstaking and searching to
make his pages of value to the scientific student of
social problems or to the practical philanthropist.
As photographs of certain conditions, they may stir
people to thought and sympathy; but they do not
penetrate deep enough to lead to helpful action.
There is no adequate discussion of causes or de-
scription of remedies. When we come to the last
chapter, "What of the Morrow?" we are given
nothing more than a few familiar and glittering
generalities. The way out is not described; the
methods by which this Inferno may be turned into
a Paradise are not defined.
A am MftHoa
mfJmtmnr*
Stint.
ence of the ignominious associations that attached
to its Latin original crux, and the expression,' / in
crueem .'' could have conceived that a time would
come when Cross would be one of the great diction-
ary words of a far greater language than his own;
that besides embracing senses so distinct as the in-
strument of crucifixion, a decoration of an order, a
piece of money, an intermixture of breeds, not to
mention thirty other applications, the word would
also be an adjective, a verb, an adverb, and a pre-
position; and in each of these capacities give rise
to a multitude of compound* and derivations, of
which -HI would require treatment in the Diction-
ary?" This instalment of the Dictionary conclude*
the long series of "Con "-prefixed words, and goes
well into •• Cr," which is - noteworthy for its nu-
merous echoic or imitative words expressing sounds,
usually of an abrupt, rough, or harsh kind, and the
actions accompanied by such sounds."
FrrrvX Icmimio
I <■> IKt Vjllnt rtf
1 u* ituniipr*.
Professor F. P. Nash's edition of
the first two Satires of Juvenal
( Houghton ) shows sufficient schol-
arship and considerable general information. It is
put forth as a specimen of a larger work which will
perhaps find a small circle of u*efulne*s among the
many learned editions of this more than sufficiently
edited poet. It is hard to say for what readers the
present volume is intended. No tescher will care
to confine his class to the first two Satires. The col-
lege graduate who desires to renew his acquaint-
ance with the "authors" (if that much-invoked
personage exists in America) will want more di-
rect help in construing, and leu* erudition. The
scholar who uses Mayor will find little if anything
new here. Mr. Nash is under an illusion in this
regard. The new matter in hi* notes is of the kind
that a well-informed discursive teacher will some-
time* dictate to a class of students whom he has
trained to bring up their lessons in good shape. It
is not a seriou* contribution to the interpretation of
Juvenal.
•/(*«" tirr* A"a- tionary of the Philological Society
"**"" (MacmilUn) extends fromConsignii-
icant to Crouching, ami rontains 5414 main words,
936 combinations, and 1190 subordinate words and
forms. Twenty-rive per cent of the words are marked
as either obsolete or incompletely naturalised. W*
quote an interesting prefatory note on the word
Cross: "The influence of historiral events on the
fortunes of a word rinds a remarkaMc exemplifica-
tion in the ease of Croat. What Roman in pres-
Miss Grace King's "Jean Baptiste
Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville," in
the "Makers of America" series
(Dodd), is really a narrative of the establishment
of the French government in the Mississippi Val-
ley, so closely associated with this subject is Bien-
ville's biography. Its pages, .T_'7 in number, are
very interesting, but naturally appeal more to the
general reader than to the historian. They pre-
sent in our own language and in a popular form
what must otherwise be found in Margry's " De»
couvertes et Ktablissement de Franeais." An ac-
count of the discovery of the Mississippi is pre-
faced by an outline story of the Le Moyne family.
Then we are introduced to the Indian tribes of the
lower Mississippi region, and told of Bienville's ex-
cursion up the Red River Valley and of the many
trials of this determined pioneer in the building up
of a sort of Canada in southern North America.
The history between 1725 and 1733 and between
1743 and 1765 is left entirely blank. Of special
interest to the student are a private letter from Bien-
ville to his brother, and a copy of his will made in
1765 ami registered in Paris in 1767.
Ret~H Vera,
Prof. William G. Sumner's -Rob-
ert Morris," in the same series as
v <*« *™<-«<s y^ volume jurt reviewed, has made
a collection of such facts from his "The Finan-
cier and Finances of the Revolution " as he consid-
ers of general interest. He certainly proves him-
J self an iconoclast; and much of his ironoclasm is
I timely, to say the least. Popular images of Robert
Morris are broken into a thousand pieces; but the
image -mli-lituted seems imperfect. The reader
must go elsewhere for a satisfactory portrait of the
great financier. So much attention is given to de-
stroying, and the destroying is done with such en-
ergy, tliat much of the merit in Morris's work is
apt to be lost Right of. This is prut>al>ly due in a
measure to the facts that the book is an adaptation
I and that it is necessarily small.


1893.]
97
THE DIAL
The estaUuhment
of the .Xii'iliom
Church in America,
Mr. Julius H. Ward's volume on
'The Life and Times of Bishop
White " is one of the best thus far
published in the "Makers of America" series. It
is of interest to the student as well as to the general
reader. The author has attempted not only to give
a personal portrait, but besides to show what part
the "Patriarch of the Church in America" had in
the civil and religious life of the time in which he
lived. As an account of the transplanting of the
Anglican Church, it is brief, salient, and well writ-
ten. For color and accuracy in detail, the memory
and knowledge of the Bishop's relatives are largely
depended upon; and materials are drawn from both
original and secondary sources. There is an intro-
duction by Bishop Potter.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Miss Martha F. Sesselberg has prepared a volume
entitled "In Amazon Land" (Putnam), described as
containing "adaptations from Brazilian writers, with
original selections." What an " original selection " may
be we know not, but we find the volume to contain a
number of short Amazonian stories — "A Tale of the
Great River " being the longest—some Brazilian legend-
ary lore, and a number of amorphous fragments. No
indication is given of the authorship of the "original"
and other "selections."
Madison's "Journal of the Federal Convention" of
1787 —one of the two foundation works of our consti-
tutional history — has been reprinted in a thick octavo
volume of over eight hundred pages by Messrs. Albert,
Scott & Co. The special feature of this reprint is a
new and elaborate index, which is, we presume, to be
credited to Mr. £. H. Scott, whose name appears upon
the title-page as editor.
Four late volumes of the " Black and White " series
(Harper), give us biographical sketches of as many
American worthies, three of the number being on the
death-roll of the past year. Mr. Laurence Hutton
writes of Edwin Booth, Mr. John W. Chad wick of
George William Curtis, Dr. Arthur Brooks of his
brother, the late Bishop of Massachusetts, and Mr.
Charles Dudley Warner of Washington Irving—of the
works rather than of the man. In the same series we
have "The Decision of the Court," by Mr. Brander
Matthews, a society comedy in which the author ap-
proaches, but does not quite reach, the approved French
manner.
Published under the auspices of the " Palestine Ex-
ploration Fund" (Macmillan), we have a highly inter-
esting series of seven lectures delivered to popular au-
diences about a year ago. Among the lectures we note
the following: " Ancient Jerusalem," by Sir Charles W.
Wilson; "The Future of Palestine," by Major Conder;
"The Hittites," by Dr. William Wright; "The Mod-
ern Traveller in Palestine," by Canon Dal ton; and " The
General Work of the Society," by Mr. Walter Besant.
"The City and the Land" is the general title of the
collection.
Three modern language dissertations, recently re-
ceived by us, deserve a word of mention. "The Le-
gend of the Holy Grail," by Mr. George McLean Har-
per, is a reprint from the publications of the Modern
Language Association. Dr. Edward Miles Brown takes
as his subject " The Language of the Rushworth Gloss to
the Gospel of Matthew and the Mercian Dialect" (Gbtt-
ingen). "An Historical Study of the e-Vowel in Ac-
cented Syllables in English" (Murphy) is the title of
a thesis by Dr. Edwin W. Bowen. We may perhaps
also mention in this connection an essay by Mr. Frank
Chapman Sharp on "The .Esthetic Element in Moral-
ity," a booklet with the Macmillan imprint, but with
very un-Macmillanlike typography.
Mr. Henry Sweet has published " A Manual of Cur-
rent Shorthand " (Macmillan), " intended to supply the
want of a system of writing shorter and more compact
than ordinary longhand, and at the same time not less
distinct and legible." Mr. Sweet's method is upon a
script basis, and is worked out in two forms: "one or-
thographic, simply constructed, and of moderate speed,
the other phonetic, in which brevity may be carried to
its utmost legitimate limits." He claims that his system
is " the first workable pure script shorthand that has
been brought out in England." The volume is very
neatly printed.
The "Vertebrate Embryology" of Dr. A. Milnes
Marshall (Putnam) deals exhaustively with the embry-
onic development of five typical vertebrate forms —
amphioxus, the frog, the chick, the rabbit, and man.
The account of the latter form, in particular, is a highly
satisfactory exposition of the present state of knowl-
edge upon the subject, and will be found as usefnl to
the physician as to the biologist. The figures are very
numerous, and many of them are new. The work is
handsomely printed.
IjIterary Notes and News.
Portugal is the latest addition to the list of foreign
countries coming under the operation of the Interna-
tional Copyright Law.
M. Zola has been named an officer of the Legion of
Honor, which distinction, doubtless less desired than
election to the Academy, may perhaps serve him as a
sort of consolation prize.
A hundred or more of the best known French novel-
ists have organized themselves into a society called
"Les Romanciers Francais." One must have published
at least four novels to be eligible for membership.
By arrangement with the French publishers, the
Messrs. Scribner will publish the authorized English
version of the memoirs of the late Chancellor Pasquier,
edited by the Due d'Audiffret-Pasquier, and entitled
"A History of My Time."
Count Tolstoi has just finished an important work
on the social question, which is being translated into
English. Tolstoi says that he feels that his days are
numbered, but that he hopes to finish his life work with
one more novel dealing with the present condition of
society.
A comprehensive programme has been arranged for
the fifteenth annual congress of the International Lit-
erary and Artistic Association, to be held at Barcelona
in the last week of September. Upwards of a dozen
papers will be read, opening with one on translation and
ending with a study of Catalan literature.
The Old South lectures for this summer have for
their general subject "The Opening of the Great West."
They are to he eight in number, closing September 13


98 THE DIAL
[Aug. 16,
with “The Story of Chicago.” Mr. Edwin D. Mead,
who has kept the good work going for more than ten
years, is to be warmly congratulated upon its success.
“The Pall Mall Magazine” contains a table which it
calls “Mudie Measure”:
“Ten lines make one page;
Ten pages make one point;
Two points make one chapter;
Five chapters make one episode;
Two episodes make one volume;
Three volumes make one tired.”
The series of the “Story of the Nations” is being
translated into the Marathi and Gujaráti languages,
the volumes on Egypt, Persia, and Turkey having
already been published. The work has been under-
taken by the tutor to H.R.H., the Prince Gaikwar of
Baroda, British India, at the national expense. The
companion series of “Heroes of the Nations” is now
under consideration for a similar translation.
“Bulls and Blunders” is the title of a work by Mr.
Marshall Brown, which is soon to be issued by Messrs.
S. C. Griggs & Co. It gives examples of blunders in
expression, drawn from many sources — from the writ-
ings of distinguished essayists, historians, and novelists;
from the speeches of statesmen in Congress and Parlia-
ment; from the pulpit, the bar, the editorial chair; and
from the sayings of the intelligent and the stupid in all
ranks of life.
M. Brunetière, who has long had a large part in the
direction of the “Revue des Deux Mondes,” takes the
place of M. Buloz for the present. M. Brunetière has
been steadily bringing back the French criticism of lit-
erature to the classical standards of the age of Louis
XIV.; and his pertinacity is gradually building up
a school. For nearly a dozen years he has annually
published one or two solid volumes, made up from his
lectures at the Ecole Normale and the Sorbonne.
Beginning with 1894, an index to periodicals, on a
new plan, will be published weekly in New York. Each
successive issue during a quarter will recapitulate all
the titles from the beginning of the quarter; at the end
of the sixth, ninth, and twelfth months a special issue
will recapitulate all the titles from the commencement
of a year. This publication is made possible by the
Mergenthaler and similar machines which cast type as
a solid line. Its publisher will be Mr. J. Wellman
Parks, who is at present in charge of the library exhibit
of the National Department of Education in the United
States Government Building at the World's Fair.
LIST OF NEW Books.
[The following list, embracing 52 titles, includes all books
received by THE DIAL since last issue.]
HISTORY.
Leif's House in Vineland. By Eben Norton Horsford.
With Graves of the Northmen, by Cornelia Horsford.
Illus. in photogravure, 4to, pp. 40. Damrell & Upham.
$1.50.
Lake St. Louis, Old and New, and Cavalier de La Salle.
By Desiré Girouard. , Columbian edition, illus., 4to, pp.
300, uncut. Montreal: Poirier, Bessette & Co.
BIOGRAPHY.
hn and Sebastian Cabot.: Biographical Notice, with
Jo ñº. From the Italian of #. º
Henry F. Brownson. Illus., 8vo, pp. 409. Detroit: H.
F. Brownson. $3.00.
Edward the First. By Prof. T. F. Tout. 16mo, pp. 238.
Macmillan & Co. 60 cts.
“Buffalo Bill”: An Authentic History of the Wild West.
Compiled by John M. Burke (“Arizona John ”), with
the authority of Gen. W. F. Cody (“Buffalo Bill”).
Illus., 12mo, pp. 275. Rand, McNally & Co. $1.00.
LITERARY MISCELLANY.
Fleet Street : The Highway of Letters and Its Echoes of
Famous Footsteps. By #. Archer, author of “De-
cisive Events in History.” Illus., 12mo, pp. 507. A. D.
F. Randolph & Co. $2.00.
Classic Myths in English Literature, Based chiefly on
Bulfinch's “Age of Fable.” Edited by Charles Mills
Gayley. Illus., 16mo, pp. 540. Ginn & Co. $1.65.
Other Essays from the Easy Chair. By George William
gº. With portrait, 18mo, pp. 229. Harper & Bros.
1.00.
The Work of Washington Irving. By Charles Dudle
Warner. Illus., 24mo, pp. 60. Harper's “Black an
White Series.” 50 cts.
What One Woman Thinks: Essays of Haryot Holt Ca-
hoon. Edited by Cynthia M. Westover. With portrait,
12mo, pp. 269. Tait, Sons & Co. $1.25.
The Pursuit of Happiness: A Book of Studies and Strow-
ings. By Daniel G. Brinton, A.M., author of “Races
and Peoples.” 12mo, pp. 292. David McKay. $1.00.
Conversations on Some of the Old Poets. By James
Russell Lowell. With introduction by Robert Ellis
Thompson, S.T.D. 3d edition, enlarged, 12mo, pp. 294.
David McKay. $1.25.
POETRY.
Later Canadian Poets. Edited by J. E. Wetherell, B.A.
{{...", Pºłº, gilt edges. Toronto: The Copp, Clark
. $1.50.
Count Julian : A Spanish Tragedy. By Julian Sturgis.
16mo, pp. 122. i. Brown, & Co. $1.00.
The Dread Voyage. By William Wilfred Campbell, author
of “Lake Lyrics.” 16mo, pp. 190. Toronto: William
Briggs. $1.00.
FICTION.
The Complaining Millions of Men. By Edward Fuller.
12mo, pp. 417. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
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This book sketches big game hunting in the West from a fresh point
of view. The author describes the actual adventures and experiences
of a naturalist who has hunted from Mexico to the northern confines
of British Columbia, pursuing grizzly bears, mountain sheep, elk, moose,
and other rare game. As an outdoor book of camping and hunting this
possesses a timely interest, and it also has the merit of scientific exact-
ness in the descriptions of the habits, peculiarities, and haunts of wild
animals.
True Riches.
By Francois Copper. A new volume in Appletons1 Summer
Series. 12mo, cloth, 75 cents.
The charm of Francois CoppeVs style has become familiar to Amer-
ican readers, who will find that the author has not fallen below his
highest mark in this entertaining and sympathetic book. "True Riches1'
Is bright, wholesome, and interesting, and, although the author is too
true an artist to insist upon his moral, he suggests one which perhaps
has a peculiarly timely value.
Many Inventions.
By Rudyard Kii'ling. Containing: fourteen stories, sev-
eral of which are now published for the first time, and two
poems. Ilium, cloth, $1.50.
44 'Many Inventions* will confirm Mr. Kipling's reputation. . . .
We could cite with pleasure sentences from almost every page, and
extract incidents from almost every story. But to what end V Here is
the completest book that Mr. Kipling lias yet given us in workmanship,
the weightiest and most humaue in breadth of view/' — I'atl Mall (la-
seUe.
44 Mr. Kipling's powers as a story-teller are evidently not diminishing.
We advise everybody to buy ' Many Inventions' and to profit by some
of the best entertainment that modern fiction has to offer." — Afar
York Sun.
44 4 Many Inventions' will be welcomed wherever the English language
Is spoken. . . . Kvery one of tin* stories bears the imprint of a master
who conjures up incident as If by magic, and who portrays character,
scenery, and feeling with an ease which is only exceeded by the bold-
ness of force."— Boston Globe.
The Simple Adventures of a Memsahib.
A new book by Sara Jeannkttk Duncan, author of "A
Social Departure" and "An American Girl in London."
With many illustrations by F. H. Townbknd. l*2mo, cloth,
$1.50.
44 It is Impossible for Sara Jeannette Duncan to be otherwise than
interesting. Whether it be a voyage around the world, or an American
girl's experiences in London society, or the adventures pertaining to
the establishment of a youthful couple in India, there is always an atmos-
?here, a quality, a charm peculiarly her own."—Brooklyn Standard-
'nion.
44 Another witty and delightful book.."— Philadelphia Time*.
44 It is like traveling without leaving one's armchair to read it. Miss
Duncan has the descriptive and narrative gift in large measure, and she
brings vividly before us the street scenes, the interiors, the bewilder-
ingly queer natives, the gayeties of the Kuglish colony."— Philadelphia
Telegraph.
For sale by all Booksellers, or sent by mail, on receipt of price, by the Publishers,
D. APPLETON & CO., Nos. 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street, New York.


THE DIAL
a Stmi=fHont{)lg Journal of Uttrrarg Criticism, JSiBcuaat'on, anto Information.
THE DIAL (/minded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. Teams or Subscription, S2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 60 cents a year for extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. Remittances should be by check, or by express or
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. Special Rates to Clubs and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and Sample Copt on receipt of 10 cents. Advertising Rates furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
No. 173. SEPTEMBER 1,1893. Vol. XV.
Contents.
PAOI
A MIDWAY REVIEW 105
THE AUGUST CONGRESSES 107
COMMUNICATIONS 108
"The Use and Abuse of Slang." Brander Matthews.
The "New Theology" and Quackery. Leon A.
Harvey.
An Unauthoritative Authority. It. O. Williams.
THREE NEW BOOKS ON INDIA. E.O.J. . . . 110
THE NEW WITCHCRAFT. Joseph Jastrow . . .113
AN AUSTRALIAN BUILDER. John J. Halsey . . 114
ENGLISH PROSE LITERATURE. O/iW Farrar
Emerson 116
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 118
Exquisite reprints of classic English fiction.— A fan-
ciful scheme for the study of psychology. — Mr. Ma-
ine's literary essays.— A sympathetic biography of
Dr. John Brown. —A satisfactory biography of the
Earl of Aberdeen. — Greek and Latin Palaeography.
An excellent hand-book of American history.— A
thousand-page history of the Fair.
BRIEFER MENTION 120
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS 121
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 122
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 122
A MIDWAY REVIEW.
The Columbian Exposition has now been
open to the public for a period of four months,
and ten million paid admissions have been reg-
istered by the turnstiles at the gates. Seven
or eight million more are practically assured,
and, if an extension of the term into the open-
ing weeks of November should be found prac-
ticable, it is by no means impossible that the
number of admissions now recorded should be
doubled before the close. The prospect is thus
very cheering, and satisfies, perhaps exceeds,
all reasonable anticipations. That the Fair
will pay every dollar of its bonded indebted-
ness is now beyond a doubt; and few, having
any adequate conception of the undertaking,
ever supposed that it would do much more than
this. The stockholders, including the City of
Chicago, understood from the outset that their
subscriptions were largely in the nature of a
gift, and looked for their reward in ways more
or less indirect. That reward, even in the tan-
gible form of pecuniary profit, bids fair to be
realized by many of them — not, of course, by
all, for, in the very nature of things, such a
distribution could not find its way back into
the exact channels whence the contributions
flowed. In spite of the many instances in which
individual expectation has come short of real-
ization, there cannot be the least doubt that
the community as a whole has reason to be
grateful to the Fair for the influx of currency
and the stimulation of trade that have come in
its train. The severity of the commercial de-
pression, elsewhere so marked, has in this city
been noticeably mitigated, and many an insti-
tution has been saved from financial disaster.
Of the intangible rewards that will come from
the influence of so magnificent a demonstration
of the possibilities of civilization it would be
impossible to speak adequately without speak-
ing at far greater length than our space per-
mits; these rewards will be disclosed in hun-
dreds of subtle and unforeseen ways in the
years to come.
Although the term appointed is now two-
thirds complete, it is probably fair to say, in
view of the increased numbers that will throng
the streets of the White City during its closing
months, that the exhibition is but half over,
that we have now reached a point midway in
its course. At such a point in the history of
any great enterprise it is well to pause for a
moment, reviewing the accomplishment of the
past, and regarding the probable outcome of
the future. It is the purpose of this article to
take such a backward and forward glance from
one point of view only, from that of the ideal
possibilities of the enterprise as contrasted with
the actual realization of the daring and high-
principled conception with which its directors


106
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
set out. If, in making this survey, we have
occasion to subject the management of the
Fair to severe adverse criticism, it must be re-
membered that from other points of view, which
we do not here attempt to assume, that man-
agement has deserved the highest praise. There
has, for example, been no taint of jobbery in
the direction of its vast and lavish scheme of
expenditure; there has been no lack of self-
sacrificing devotion, prompted by genuine civic
and personal pride, on the part of the execu-
tive officers of the organization.
The original conception of the Exposition
was characterized by a fine disregard of the
mean practical motives that might so easily
have come to prevail in the councils of its man-
agement. It was clearly understood that the
mere suggestion of a universal exhibition to be
held in this city would be met all over the world
with the cry, "Can any good thing come out
of Chicago?" and it was resolved that the cry
should be silenced, not by words, but by most
effective deeds. The common expectation that
a Chicago Fair would prove a vast exemplifi-
cation of the material and commercial aspects
of civilization should be met by a Fair in which
art was exalted above manufacturing and the
ideal above the narrowly practical. In this
spirit was inaugurated the whole magnificent
plan for a hitherto unequalled exhibition of ar-
chitecture and landscape gardening, of music,
and the arts of form, of science and industry,
of objective and intellectual cosmopolitanism.
In this spirit the best architects, sculptors, and
painters were called together to design and dec-
orate the buildings, and the best landscape gar-
deners to beautify the site, all being given the
greatest possible freedom to do their work with
artistic effect alone in view. In this spirit a great
musical leader was engaged, given practically
unlimited resources, and told to prepare such an
exhibit of his art as the world had never before
known. In this spirit commissions were sent to
foreign countries to collect the masterpieces of
modern art, and expeditions were fitted out to
bring together from the remote parts of earth
the relics of primitive man. In this spirit a large
sum of money was set aside to endow the city
of the Fair with a permanent sculptured me-
morial of the eventful year, and a still larger
sum of money was devoted to the strictly in-
tellectual work of the World's Congress Aux-
iliary, work that could not be expected to yield
any but an intellectual return. We have by
no means exhausted the list of the methods by
which the directors of the Exposition sought
once for all to refute the widespread notion
that Chicago was a community devoid of ideal
interests, sought definitively to substitute newer
and more worthy associations for those com-
monly linked with its name. The methods, as
a whole, were characterized by large-minded-
ness; they brought moral and intellectual con-
siderations within their purview; they took
thought for the verdict of the future rather
than for the clamor of the present.
It is unpleasant now, in our midway retro-
spect of the course followed by the directors of
the Exposition, to be forced to chronicle a mel-
ancholy derogation from the high motiveswhich
controlled the inception and early history of
their work. The commercial motive has forced
its way to the surface, and has become the con-
trolling influence in their action. The object
of the Fair is now frankly proclaimed to be
that of making as much money for its stock-
holders as possible. Amusement, of cheap and
even vulgar sorts, is being substituted for educa-
tion, because most people prefer being amused
to being instructed. The popular devices of the
country fair are being resorted to, and the
greased pole figured in a recently published
list of attractions for a particular day. Such
pleasing novelties, announced in great variety
from day to day, are converting the Exposition,
as far as it is possible, into a huge circus (the
Plaisance furnishing the sideshows), and mark
a process of degradation aptly described by its
sponsors as that of "barnumising the Fair."
Now all this would have been deplorable enough
had it been necessary to save the Fair from
bankruptcy. But there has never been any
serious danger that the income would be in-
sufficient to pay the bills and meet the bonded
indebtedness of the Exposition, while the stock
subscriptions were made, as we have already
pointed out, with a very clear understanding
that no considerable fraction of them would
come directly back. The directors were thus
in the position of trustees of an enterprise un-
dertaken less for financial returns than for the
glory of accomplishing a great and worthy ob-
ject. To all appearances, they started out with
a distinct consciousness of the high nature of
this trust; to all appearances, they have made
to greed at least a partial sacrifice of their
principles.
The most signal illustration of their weak-
ness, and of the decline of their ideals under
the pressure of the commercial spirit, is offered
by their treatment of the musical department of
the Fair. To begin with, they incurred large


1893.]
107
THE DIAL
preliminary expenses in the erection of two
concert buildings. They then placed the mu-
sical arrangements in the most competent of
possible hands, contracted for the season with a
large orchestra, and made many engagements
with artists at home and abroad. Their aim,
which no one can deny was well taken, was to
place the music of the Fair upon an equal foot-
ing with the painting, the sculpture, and the
architecture. For three months, or therea-
bouts, the plans thus made were carried out to
the satisfaction of all whose opinion is worth
considering. Then came the disgraceful news-
paper attack upon the musical director, by
which at first they very properly refused to be
influenced. But at last, under the pressure of
large expenses and unsatisfactory receipts, they
weakly accepted the resignation generously of-
fered by the musical director (who may well
have been disheartened by the malignant in-
sults heaped upon him by the press, but who
deserved, on that account all the more, the un-
hesitating support of the directors), and calmly
announced their intention of repudiating the
contracts they had made with the orchestra.
The orchestra could not, of course, be thus dis-
missed, for its legal rights are perfectly clear;
but the fact that it will remain brings no credit
to the directors who sought deliberately to ig-
nore those rights. The musical director, like-
wise, might have remained had he chosen, and
the acceptance of his generosity is even less
creditable to the directors than their avowed
intention of violating their contracts with the
orchestra. Naturally the directors sought to
excuse their extraordinary conduct in this mat-
ter, and therefore pleaded the necessity of a
reduction in the running expenses of the Fair.
What this plea amounts to we have already
seen, and had it amounted to much more it
would not have justified a clearly dishonorable
course. A secondary plea, put forward in all
seriousness, although its absurdity is appar-
ent, was to the effect that the musical depart-
ment of the Fair should be disestablished be-
cause it was not paying for itself. As if any
department of the Fair, or the Fair as a whole,
paid, or was expected to pay, for itself! On
this theory the Art Building might be closed
to the public, or its wall stripped of paintings
and hung with chromos. The fact is, of course,
that the department of music, besides contrib-
uting greatly, like the department of fine arts,
to the general attractiveness of the Exposition,
and thus paying for itself in the only sense that
could reasonably be required, did further pay
for itself in a specific sense, to the amount of
the admission fees charged for some of the more
important concerts. In this respect the mu-
sical feature of the Fair had a distinct advant-
age over all the others, and should have been
singled out, if at all, to be retained rather than
to be cut off.
We might adduce other illustrations of the
unprincipled, or at least low-principled, meth-
ods that have come to prevail of late in the
management of the Exposition. The cheese-
paring policy that would have cut off current
expenditures for music, leaving the costly mu-
sic halls unused, may be parallelled by the pol-
icy that has crippled the work of the World's
Congress Auxiliary. Although for that work
a large building appropriation was made at the
start, the petty sums needed for clerical help,
for the printing of programmes, and for keep-
ing a record of the proceedings, have either
been grudgingly bestowed or withheld alto-
gether. The attitude of the directors towards
the question of Sunday closing is a further
striking illustration of the decline from prin-
ciple to expediency; it has even caused many
to doubt whether principle was involved at any
stage of the discussion, and has earned the
contempt of both parties alike. These, and
other instances, might be enlarged upon as we
have enlarged upon the music episode, but that
episode is so typical of the class to which it be-
longs that its lesson does not need reinforce-
ment. When, in the future, we shall look back
upon the history of the great exhibition, it is
unpleasant to think that our view will include
so much to awaken regret, when we might so
easily have bequeathed to posterity the mem-
ory of a noble purpose, not only planned with
regard to ideal ends, but consistently carried
out with no other than those ends in view.
THE AUGUST CONGRESSES.
The Education meetings of the World's Congress
Auxiliary, summarized at length in the last issue
of The Dial, have been followed during the five
weeks from July 31 to September 2, inclusive, by
meetings devoted to the consideration of a great va-
riety of subjects. Art and Engineering occupied
the firs,t of the five weeks now under discussion.
The Art Congresses included meetings of painters
and sculptors, decorative and ceramic artists, ar-
chitects, and photographers. The American In-
stitute of Architects met in connection with these
Congresses, and its sessions were probably the most
important held in this department. A notable fea-
ture of the Congress on Painting and Sculpture was


106 - THE DIAL
[Sept. 1,
set out. If, in making this survey, we have
occasion to subject the management of the
Fair to severe adverse criticism, it must be re-
membered that from other points of view, which
we do not here attempt to assume, that man-
agement has deserved the highest praise. There
has, for example, been no taint of jobbery in
the direction of its vast and lavish scheme of
expenditure; there has been no lack of self-
sacrificing devotion, prompted by genuine civic
and personal pride, on the part of the execu-
tive officers of the organization.
The original conception of the Exposition
was characterized by a fine disregard of the
mean practical motives that might so easily
have come to prevail in the councils of its man-
agement. It was clearly understood that the
mere suggestion of a universal exhibition to be
held in this city would be met all over the world
with the cry, “Can any good thing come out
of Chicago 2° and it was resolved that the cry
should be silenced, not by words, but by most
effective deeds. The common expectation that
a Chicago Fair would prove a vast exemplifi-
cation of the material and commercial aspects
of civilization should be met by a Fair in which
art was exalted above manufacturing and the
ideal above the narrowly practical. In this
spirit was inaugurated the whole magnificent
plan for a hitherto unequalled exhibition of ar-
chitecture and landscape gardening, of music,
and the arts of form, of science and industry,
of objective and intellectual cosmopolitanism.
In this spirit the best architects, sculptors, and
painters were called together to design and dec-
orate the buildings, and the best landscape gar-
deners to beautify the site, all being given the
greatest possible freedom to do their work with
artistic effect alone in view. In this spirit a great
musical leader was engaged, given practically
unlimited resources, and told to prepare such an
exhibit of his art as the world had never before
known. In this spirit commissions were sent to
foreign countries to collect the masterpieces of
modern art, and expeditions were fitted out to
bring together from the remote parts of earth
the relics of primitive man. In this spirit a large
sum of money was set aside to endow the city
of the Fair with a permanent sculptured me-
morial of the eventful year, and a still larger
sum of money was devoted to the strictly in-
tellectual work of the World's Congress Aux-
iliary, work that could not be expected to yield
any but an intellectual return. We have by
no means exhausted the list of the methods by
which the directors of the Exposition sought
once for all to refute the widespread notion
that Chicago was a community devoid of ideal
interests, sought definitively to substitute newer
and more worthy associations for those com-
monly linked with its name. The methods, as
a whole, were characterized by large-minded-
ness; they brought moral and intellectual con-
siderations within their purview ; they took
thought for the verdict of the future rather
than for the clamor of the present.
It is unpleasant now, in our midway retro-
spect of the course followed by the directors of
the Exposition, to be forced to chronicle a mel-
ancholy derogation from the high motives which
controlled the inception and early history of
their work. The commercial motive has forced
its way to the surface, and has become the con-
trolling influence in their action. The object
of the Fair is now frankly proclaimed to be
that of making as much money for its stock-
holders as possible. Amusement, of cheap and
even vulgar sorts, is being substituted for educa-
tion, because most people prefer being amused
to being instructed. The popular devices of the
country fair are being resorted to, and the
greased pole figured in a recently published
list of attractions for a particular day. Such
pleasing novelties, announced in great variety
from day to day, are converting the Exposition,
as far as it is possible, into a huge circus (the
Plaisance furnishing the sideshows), and mark
a process of degradation aptly described by its
sponsors as that of “barnumising the Fair.”
Now all this would have been deplorable enough
had it been necessary to save the Fair from
bankruptcy. But there has never been any
serious danger that the income would be in-
sufficient to pay the bills and meet the bonded
indebtedness of the Exposition, while the stock
subscriptions were made, as we have already
pointed out, with a very clear understanding
that no considerable fraction of them would
come directly back. The directors were thus
in the position of trustees of an enterprise un-
dertaken less for financial returns than for the
glory of accomplishing a great and worthy ob-
ject. To all appearances, they started out with
a distinct consciousness of the high nature of
this trust; to all appearances, they have made
to greed at least a partial sacrifice of their
principles.
The most signal illustration of their weak-
ness, and of the decline of their ideals under
the pressure of the commercial spirit, is offered
by their treatment of the musical department of
the Fair. To begin with, they incurred large


1893.] THE DIAL 107
•
.
preliminary expenses in the erection of two
concert buildings. They then placed the mu-
sical arrangements in the most competent of
possible hands, contracted for the season with a
large orchestra, and made many engagements
with artists at home and abroad. Their aim,
which no one can deny was well taken, was to
place the music of the Fair upon an equal foot-
ing with the painting, the sculpture, and the
architecture. For three months, or therea-
bouts, the plans thus made were carried out to
the satisfaction of all whose opinion is worth
considering. Then came the disgraceful news-
paper attack upon the musical director, by
which at first they very properly refused to be
influenced. But at last, under the pressure of
large expenses and unsatisfactory receipts, they
weakly accepted the resignation generously of-
fered by the musical director (who may well
have been disheartened by the malignant in-
sults heaped upon him by the press, but who
deserved, on that account all the more, the un-
hesitating support of the directors), and calmly
announced their intention of repudiating the
contracts they had made with the orchestra.
The orchestra could not, of course, be thus dis-
missed, for its legal rights are perfectly clear:
but the fact that it will remain brings no credit
to the directors who sought deliberately to ig-
nore those rights. The musical director, like-
wise, might have remained had he chosen, and
the acceptance of his generosity is even less
creditable to the directors than their avowed
intention of violating their contracts with the
orchestra. Naturally the directors sought to
excuse their extraordinary conduct in this mat-
ter, and therefore pleaded the necessity of a
reduction in the running expenses of the Fair.
What this plea amounts to we have already
seen, and had it amounted to much more it
would not have justified a clearly dishonorable
course. A secondary plea, put forward in all
seriousness, although its absurdity is appar-
ent, was to the effect that the musical depart-
ment of the Fair should be disestablished be-
cause it was not paying for itself. As if any
department of the Fair, or the Fair as a whole,
paid, or was expected to pay, for itself! On
this theory the Art Building might be closed
to the public, or its wall stripped of paintings
and hung with chromos. The fact is, of course,
that the department of music, besides contrib-
uting greatly, like the department of fine arts,
to the general attractiveness of the Exposition,
and thus paying for itself in the only sense that
could reasonably be required, did further pay
for itself in a specific sense, to the amount of
the admission fees charged for some of the more
important concerts. In this respect the mu-
sical feature of the Fair had a distinct advant-
age over all the others, and should have been
singled out, if at all, to be retained rather than
to be cut off.
We might adduce other illustrations of the
unprincipled, or at least low-principled, meth-
ods that have come to prevail of late in the
management of the Exposition. The cheese-
paring policy that would have cut off current
expenditures for music, leaving the costly mu-
sic halls unused, may be parallelled by the pol-
icy that has crippled the work of the World's
Congress Auxiliary. Although for that work
a large building appropriation was made at the
start, the petty sums needed for clerical help,
for the printing of programmes, and for keep-
ing a record of the proceedings, have either
been grudgingly bestowed or withheld alto-
gether. The attitude of the directors towards
the question of Sunday closing is a further
striking illustration of the decline from prin-
ciple to expediency; it has even caused many
to doubt whether principle was involved at any
stage of the discussion, and has earned the
contempt of both parties alike. These, and
other instances, might be enlarged upon as we
have enlarged upon the music episode, but that
episode is so typical of the class to which it be-
longs that its lesson does not need reinforce-
ment. When, in the future, we shall look back
upon the history of the great exhibition, it is
unpleasant to think that our view will include
so much to awaken regret, when we might so
easily have bequeathed to posterity the mem-
ory of a noble purpose, not only planned with
regard to ideal ends, but consistently carried
out with no other than those ends in view.
THE AUGUST CONGRESSES.
The Education meetings of the World's Congress
Auxiliary, summarized at length in the last issue
of THE DIAL, have been followed during the five
weeks from July 31 to September 2, inclusive, by
meetings devoted to the consideration of a great va-
riety of subjects. Art and Engineering occupied
the first of the five weeks now under discussion.
The Art Congresses included meetings of painters
and sculptors, decorative and ceramic artists, ar-
chitects, and photographers. The American In-
stitute of Architects met in connection with these
Congresses, and its sessions were probably the most
important held in this department. A notable fea-
ture of the Congress on Painting and Sculpture was


108
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
the lecture by Mr. F. Hopkinson Smith on "The
Illustrative Arts of America." The Engineering
Congress must be ranked among the great successes
of the Auxiliary scheme. The number of foreign
delegates was very large, and among them were the
most eminent regresentatives of the profession. Be-
sides the regular sections of civil, mechanical, min-
ing, metallurgical, and military engineers, there was
an important section devoted to engineering educa-
tion, and another to the subject of aerial naviga-
tion. The engineering sessions were mainly given
over to the discussion of papers which had been
printed in advance and circulated among the mem-
bers. The week beginning August 7 was devoted
to the subject of Government, and the proceedings
included a Congress on Suffrage, a Congress on
City Government, and Congresses on the reform of
jurisprudence and of the civil service. The week
of August 14 was set apart for a number of Con-
gresses not easily classifiable under the regular de-
partments of the Auxiliary, the most important of
them being a Congress on Africa, historical, geo-
graphical, ethnological, literary, scientific, religious,
and social. The Arbitration and Peace Congress,
also comprised within this week, was of much in-
terest. Science and Philosophy held the Auxiliary
fort during the week beginning August 21. Chem-
istry, Meteorology, Geology, Electricity, and Math-
ematics and Astronomy were the subjects of five
sections, each of which called out a considerable at-
tendance of specialists. The Electricity Congress
included the special meetings of a small body of
representative electricians, sent to the Congress by
various countries as governmental delegates, and
charged with the task of adopting a uniform inter-
national system of electrical units. Dr. von Helm-
holt/., who represented the German government in
this "Chamber of Delegates," was naturally the
guest of honor even among men so distinguished as
his associates. "Psychical Science " was the sub-
ject of a Congress some of whose sessions must
have made the judicious grieve. It was given dig-
nity by the presence and frequent participation of
Mr. Frederic W. H. Myers, and, we need hardly
add, proved the popular success of the week. The
Philosophical Congress was of surprising interest,
and its discussions proved to be animated, stimulat-
ing, and serious. Among those who took part in
them were Professors Josiah Royce, J. Macbride
Sterrett, J. Clark Murray, Paul Shorey, and Les-
ter F. Ward. The Congresses for the week begin-
ning August 28, just ending, have included, first of
all. Zoology and Anthropology, both really belong-
ing to the week preceding, but necessarily postponed.
Strictly speaking, the subject of this week's Con-
gresses has been Economic Science, with special sec-
tions on Labor, Profit-sharing, and Single Tax.
The Jewish Congress, also included within the pro-
gramme of this week, anticipates the Congresses in
the Department of Religion, which will begin Sep-
tember 4, and take up the remainder of the month.
It will be seen from the rapid survey above given
that the Congresses of the month of August have
been among the most important of the whole series,
and have given President Bonney renewed reason
to congratulate himself upon the success of the im-
mense organization at whose head he stands.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
"THE USE AND ABUSE OF SLANG."
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Generally as a man grows older he gains confidence
in his own abilities; and I must confess that the arti-
cles evoked by the little linguistic essays of mine which
have appeared in the July number of " Harper's Mag-
azine " for now three years are gradually giving me a
great conceit as to my own ability to write sentences
which can be misunderstood despite my utmost endeavor
to make my meaning plain. If, for example, I implied
—as Mr. Pitts Duffield, in his very courteous commu-
nication in The Dial of August 16 seems to suggest —
that "all the rubbish" of accidental and temporary
slang should sweep " along undammed," I implied what
I did not mean. What I desired to say, and what I
thought I had said, was that the exclusive control of
language ought not to be in the hands of a single class,
even though that class were composed wholly of " our
most competent scholars." I am sorry that there are
not more clergymen and more college professors in the
Congress of the United States; but I should gravely
doubt the action of Congress if it were composed wholly
of college professors or of clergymen.
Brander Matthews.
Columbia College, Neio York, August 19, 1893.
THE "NEW THEOLOGY" AND QUACKERY.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
As an interested reader of The Dial, permit me to call
attention to a misleading statement in your issue for Au-
gust 16. In your leading editorial of that date, you say:
"The mass of newspaper readers approve of the pa-
per so carefully adjusted to their tastes, just as the pa-
tients of our practitioner of the 'new medicine ' or the
hearers of our preacher of the 'new theology' approve
of the quackery of which they are the willing dupes."
This statement makes the "new theology" synony-
mous with " quackery." And, though the writer of this
protest is too radical to be identified with the " new theol-
ogy," he believes that the movement known as the "new
theology " is very far from quackery. Lyman Abbott,
Newman Smyth, and Dr. Briggs are the acknowledged
leaders of this movement. And, whatever else may be
said of them, they cannot be counted men who carefully
adjust their preaching or their teaching to the tastes of
their hearers; nor can they be called theologic quacks.
Feeling sure that your candor will induce you to cor-
rect this (to me) unjustifiable statement, or, should you
still hold to the view expressed, to justify that view, I
am, very truly yours, Lkon a Harvey.
Des Moines, Iowa, August 19, 1893.
[We willingly print the above letter, but cannot
refrain from an expression of surprise that our
meaning, in the article referred to, should have been
entirely misunderstood. In the opening sentences of
the paragraph to which our correspondent takes ex-
ception, we had occasion to define a certain type of


1893.]
109
THE DIAL
clergymen — " who should preach a doctrine care-
fully selected for its paying qualities "—and the sim-
ilar type of physician — " who should take up with
what he knew to he quackery because he expected
from it large financial returns." Our object in the
selection and definition of these types was merely
to illustrate, by the analogy of other professions,
the leading principle of the "new journalism."
Later on in the paragraph, speaking of the news-
paper produced by the "new journalism," we used
the language that our correspondent has so misun-
derstood. The words " our practitioner " and " our
preacher," of course, merely referred back to the
definitions previously given, to the offensive types
of clergyman and physician selected for the purpose
of illustrating by comparison the turpitude of the
journalist. It is very surprising to us that the words
should have been construed into an attack upon Dr.
Abbott and Dr. Briggs, or upon the "new theol-
ogy" in any other than the narrow special sense
just before carefully defined. — Edbs. Dial.]
AN UNAUTHORITATIVE AUTHORITY.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
At page 114 of his " Recent Exemplifications of False
Philology" (New York, 1872), Dr. Hall said: "To the
authorities for expressions like is being built, which I
formerly adduced, I can now add Shelley, Mrs. Shelley,
Dr. Arnold, Dr. Newman, Mr. Ruskin, and the Rev.
Charles Kingsley."
Although there might be different opinions concern-
ing the value, as authorities for grammatical usage, of
most of the writers mentioned—at least when regarded
separately,—yet there could be hardly any doubt as to
the importance that would be attached to the name of
John Henry Newman. What Dr. Hall himself thought
of Dr. Newman as an authority has been shown in pas-
sages quoted by me in a former letter. I will quote
one of them again, at somewhat greater length, because
it contains the gist of the matter now to be considered.
In an appendix to his "Modern English " (1873, pp.
321-359) Dr. Hall returns to the discussion of is being
built, and there (pp. 328-9) says:
"I need, surely, name no more, among the dead, who found
is being built, or the like, acceptable, . . . and we all know
that the sort of phraseology under consideration is daily be-
coming more and more common. The best-written of the
English reviews, magazines, and journals are perpetually
marked by it; and some of the choicest of living English
writers employ it freely. Preeminent among these stands
Dr. Newman, who wrote, as far baek as 1846: 'At this very
moment, souls are being led into the Catholic Church, on the
most various and independent impulses, and from the most
opposite directions."—(Essays Critical and Historical, Vol. 2,
p. 448).
"Bishop Wilberforce shall be summoned next." [Then fol-
low fonr illustrative quotations from the bishop's writings.]
No other instance of the use of this form of expres-
sion by Dr. Newman is quoted or referred to by Dr.
Hall in this appendix of thirty-nine pages (where less
important authorities are quoted several times), although
Dr. Hall had previously said (p. 292) that he had
"studied nearly every line of Dr. Newman's voluminous
writings." This quotation from Newman, with others
from other writers illustrative of " imperfects passive,"
was contributed by Dr. Hall to "A New English Dic-
tionary on Historical Principles," where, shortened, it
appears under Be.
Now an inquisitive reader would like to know whether
Dr. Hall, at the time he wrote the remarks quoted above,
had knowledge of such a number of instances where Dr.
Newman had used this locution in his voluminous writ-
ings, that he, Dr. Hall, could fairly say, either by direct
assertion or by implication, that Dr. Newman employed
it "freely." It will be noticed that the propriety of
is being built is not questioned here; that has been long
settled.
I do not know how many examples of the "imperfect
passive" have been added from Cardinal Newman's
writings, by Dr. Hall and others, to the one quoted above;
but Professor Earle, in "The Philology of the English
Tongue" (third edition, Oxford, 1879, pp. 546-7) has
given to the public very distinct information as to New-
man's feeling concerning is being:
"From an early friend of Dr. Newman's I learnt that he
had long ago expressed a strong dislike to the cumulate form-
ula is being. 1 desired to be more particularly informed, and
Dr. Newman wrote as follows to his friend: 'It surprises me
that my antipathy to is being existed so long ago. It is as
keen and bitter now as ever it wss, though I don't pretend
to be able to defend it. . . . Now I know nothing of the his-
tory of the language, and cannot tell whether all this will
stand, but this I do know, that, rationally or irrationally, I
have an undying, never-dying hatred to is being, whatever ar-
guments are brought in its favour. At the same time I fully
grant that it is so convenient in the present state of the lan-
guage, that I will not pledge myself I have never been guilty
of using it."
Although I have noticed two instances (one in a let-
ter), besides the one cited above by Dr. Hall, where
the "imperfect passive" was employed by Dr. New-
man, yet I am confident that its use by him — at least
in print — was very rare.
Surprise which one feels at the weakness of the sup-
port to be had from Dr. Newman is increased by sur-
prise from a different source when one compares with
the quotation from " Modern English " given above Dr.
Hall's opinion of Bishop Wilberforce as shown in other
parts of the same volume.
"Would that pessimists could learn to stifle their flatulent
lamentations. Listen to another [Bishop Wilberforce], one'
who, for all his unctuous clutter, is, certainly, the most me-
chanical of contemporary prelates." (P. 290, footnote.)
And at page 48 Dr. Hall pays this compliment to the
Bishop's English:
"The self-accommodating Bp. Wilberforce, when, a few
years ago, he wrote of 'the alone Saviour/was ridiculed, in
that, when he cleansed his skirts of Low-churchism, he did
not fully unlearn its characteristic jargon."
Perhaps Dr. Hall did not intend to include Bishop
Wilberforce (with Dr. Newman) in " some of the choic-
est of living English writers"; but if he did not, page
329 needs amending. R 0 Williams.
New Haven, Conn., August 18, 189S.
A large part of the forthcoming biography of Whit-
tier will consist of letters never before published, in ac-
cordance with his wish that he might be allowed to
speak for himself, as far as possible, in his memoirs. In
these letters we find the history of all his principal
poems, the circumstances under which they were writ-
ten, the changes made in them, and the reasons for the
changes. Whittier's literary executor,—Mr. S. T. Pick-
ard, of Portland, Me.,— requests the loan of any letters
by the poet which contain passages of public interest.


110
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
Etje Nefo 33oofts.
Three New Books on India.*
Within its moderate scope and intention,
Mr. Edward Carpenter's " From Adam's Peak
to Elephanta: Sketches in Ceylon and India"
is decidedly the best book of recent East In-
dian travel that has come to our notice. In
addition to his series of brilliant pen-pictures
of Oriental life and landscape, Mr. Carpenter
offers us some instructive comment on current
Indian questions, and his broader generaliza-
tions touching the status and outlook of the
Empire are pertinent and have an assuring
ring of candor and mature conviction. To the
rather hopeless social relations between Anglo-
Indians and natives a separate chapter is de-
voted, and the volume closes with a review of
the "Old Order" of caste and communism,
and of the working of the "New Influences"
(chiefly Western science and commercialism)
under whose solvent force old social and polit-
ical growths now promise to disintegrate, agree-
ably to the Spencerian formula. Religious
topics are interestingly treated. We are af-
forded a glimpse or two behind the scenes of
the Hindu ritual, and the four expository chap-
ters on the esoteric religious lore of South In-
dia are the fruit of the author's introduction
into circles of traditional teaching usually
closed against the English. We may note
here, in passing, that while in Madras Mr. Car-
penter visited Adyar, the Theosophist head-
quarters.
"The Theosophist villa, with roomy lecture-hall and
library, stands pleasantly among woods on the bank of
a river and within half a mile of the sea. Passing from
the library through sandalwood doors into an inner
sanctum, I was shown a variety of curios connected with
Madame Blavatsky, among which was a portrait, appar-
ently done in a somewhat dashing style—just the head
of a man, surrounded with clouds and filaments — in
blue pigment on a piece of white silk, which was ' pre-
cipitated ' by Madame Blavatsky in Col. Olcott's pres-
ence—she simply placing her two hands on the silk for
a moment. . . . There were also two oil portraits —
heads, well framed and reverently guarded behind a
curtain — of the now celebrated Kout Houmi, Madame
Blavatsky's Guru (Adept), and of another, Col. Olcott's
Guru. . . . Madame Blavatsky knew Col. Olcott's
Guru as well as her own, and the history of these two
• From Adam's Pkak to Elephanta: Sketches in Cey-
lon and India. By Edward Carpenter. Illustrated. New
York: Macmillan & Co.
The Simple Adventures of a Mf.msahib. By Sara Jean-
nette Duncan. Illustrated. New York : D. Appleton <& Co.
Eastward to the Land of the Morning. By M. M.
Shoemaker. Illustrated. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co.
portraits is that they were done by a German artist
whom she met in the course of her travels. Consider-
ing him competent for the work, she projected the im-
ages of the two Gurus into his mind, and he painted
from the mental pictures—she placing her hand on his
head during the operation. The German artist-medium
accounted for the decidedly mawkish expression of both
faces, as well as for the considerable likeness to each
other—which, considering that Kout Houmi dates from
Cashmere, and the other from Thibet, might not have
been expected. . . . Keightley was evidently much im-
pressed by the 'old lady's' clairvoyant power, saying
that sometimes in her letters from England she dis-
played a knowledge of what was going on at Adyar,
which he could not account for."
It is due the author to add that he does not go
into a serious discussion of the Adyar " mys-
teries."
We shall confine our notice of the more pic-
turesque portion of Mr. Carpenter's narrative
to the chapter on Benares — an ancient city,
to which the "cheap-and-nasty puffing, profit-
mongering, enterprising, energetic, individual-
istic business " (our author is a fierce Ruskin-
ian) of mongrel Bombay and Calcutta has not
yet penetrated. Benares, the Indian Mecca,
is situated in the midst of a great and populous
plain, on the banks of the sacred Ganges. That
the Ganges, a majestic river, and, like the Nile,
the prime fertilizer of its adjacent plains, should
be the object of a cult is easily intelligible.
The myth is a striking one. In the Mahabar-
ata, Siva is god of the Himalayas—or rather he
is the Himalayas—the icy crags his brow, the
forests his hair:
"Ganga, the beautiful Ganga, could not descend to
earth till Siva consented to receive her on his head. So
impetuously then did she rush down (in rain) that the
god grew angry and locked up the floods amid his laby-
rinthine hair — till at last he let them escape and find
their way to the plains."
To Benares come pilgrims by the hundred and
the thousand the year round, to make their
offering at its 5000 shrines, and to bathe in the
Ganges, or to burn the bodies of their friends
and scatter their ashes upon the stream. The
riverside is a wonderful, a richly Oriental scene
— a wilderness of marble stairs, terraces, and
jutting platforms, stretching away in pictur-
esque disorder for a mile or more along the
banks, and enlivened, especially on festal days,
with throngs of natives in parti-colored rai-
ment, going down to or coming up from the
water, or sitting about in groups under gay
awnings or huge straw umbrellas, chatting, or
drinking in, for the thousandth time, the mar-
vels of the story-teller. Here is a string of
pilgrims carrying their scanty belongings in
baskets on their heads : there on a balcony ap


1893.]
in
THE DIAL
pear a half-dozen young men, stripped for their
morning exercise, with their Indian clubs in
their hands—" their yellow and brown bodies
shining in the early sun"; here are the men
selling marigolds for the bathers to cast into
the stream; there is a group of children in
festal finery, with silver toe-rings and bangles,
stepping timidly down the steep stair, the same
foot always first, to the water; here is a yogi
(saint), surrounded by a little circle of admir-
ers; there are boats and a quay, and ominous-
looking piles, of wood for burning the dead;
and there beyond, the dismal spectacle of a
burning ghaut.
Touching the rite of bathing in the Ganges,
the author observes:
"One might think that in order to induce people to
bathe by thousands in muddy, half-stagnant water, thick
with funeral ashes and drowned flowers, and here and
there defiled by a corpse or a portion of one, there must
be present an immense amount of religious or other fer-
vor. But nothing of the kind. Except in a few, a very
few, cases there was no more of this than there is in
the crowd going to or from a popular London church
on Sunday evening. Mere blind habit was written on
most faces. ... It simply had to be done."
One morning our author accompanied a
Hindu friend, who wanted to bathe at a par-
ticular ghaut, to the river-side. It was a spring
festival, the ghauts were thronged, and charac-
teristic scenes and objects were on every hand.
"As we approached the river the alleys began to get
full of people coming up after their baths to the vari-
ous temples—pretty to see the women in all shades of
tawny gold, primrose, saffron, or salmon-pink, bearing
their brass bowls and saucers full of flowers, and a sup-
ply of Ganges water."
It was early spring, and a group of women
coming up fresh from the water in their drip-
ping garments were shivering in the chill air
as they took their stand near by.
"Their long cotton clothes clung to their limbs, and
I wondered how they would dress themselves under
these conditions. The steps were reeking with wet and
mud, and could not be used for sitting on. They man-
aged, however, to unwind their wet things and at the
same time to put on dry ones so deftly that in a short
time and without any exposure of their bodies they were
habited in clean and bright attire."
In the course of the walk they came to one of
the burning ghauts — a sufficiently gruesome
sight — a blackened hollow running down to
the water's edge with room for three funeral
pyres.
"As we stood there a corpse was brought down —
wrapped in an unbleached cloth (probably the same it
wore in life) and slung beneath a pole which was car-
ried on the shoulders of two men. Round about on the
jutting verges of the hollow the male relatives sat
perched upon their heels, with their cloths drawn over
their heads—-spectators of the whole operation. . . .
The body is placed upon the pyre, which generally in
the case of the poor people is insufficiently large, a scanty
supply of gums and fragrant oils is provided, the near-
est male relative applies the torch himself — and then
there remains nothing but to sit for hours and watch
the dread process, and at the conclusion, if the burning
is complete, to collect the ashes and scatter them on the
water, and if not, to throw the charred remains them-
selves into the sacred river."
While the author was taking note of this sick-
ening business — so hideously, not to say pro-
fanely, suggestive, with its spices and aromat-
ics, of cookery — there appeared opportunely
on the scene a self-mutilating fakir. This re-
ligionist, scorning the lenten observances and
mortifications of milder creeds, humored his
amiable deity by holding the left arm uplifted
in lifelong penance.
"There was no doubt about it; the bare limb, to some
extent dwindled, went straight up from the shoulder,
and ended in a little hand, which looked like the hand
of a child—with fingers inbent and ending in long claw-
like nails, while the thumb, which was disproportion-
ately large, went straight up between the second and
third fingers. . . . His extended right hand entreated
a coin, which I gladly gave him, and after invoking
some kind of blessing he turned away through the crowd
—his poor dwindled hand and half-closed fingers visible
for some time over the heads of the people."
Naturally, all this solemnity had its humor-
ous interludes; and the author was especially
amused by the antics of a goat and a crow
which knowingly stuck close to the altars and
between them nibbled and nicked off the edible
offerings as fast as the pious deposited them
thereon.
In his discussion of the Indian race-problem
Mr. Carpenter is very frank and not at all
optimistic. The sway of the Briton in a land
he cannot really inhabit, and over a swarming
and potentially powerful race that is to him
as oil is to water, is an anomaly. John Bull
in India is at best a sort of armed moderator,
tolerated for the time because he measurably
secures to the thrifty the fruits of their thrift,
and restrains general throat-cutting. He does
not like his position, but he accepts it, like old
Mr. Trapbois, "for a consideration." Cer-
tainly his "subjects" do not like him. Says
a Hindu friend to our author:
"The vaunted administrative ability of the English
is a fiction. They make good policemen and keep or-
der when the people acquiesce — that is all. If this
acquiescence ceases, as it must, when the people rightly
or wrongly believe their religion and family life in dan-
ger from the government, the English must pack up
and go, and woe to the English capitalist and profes-
sional man."
/*"


112
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
Between the Englishman and the native is a
profound and impassable gulf of race differ-
ence, of race dislike—" a deep-set ineradicable
incompatibility." The primary point of view
of each is impossible to the other. It is the
old spiritual feud of Aristotelian and Platon-
ist — the two great types, as Leibniz said, of
humanity. With the profoundly religious char-
acter of the social system of India, the mate-
rialistic spirit of English rule cannot blend.
What are the Englishman's " improvements,"
his railways and tanks and bridges, his five
per cent, dividends even, to the mystical, mildly
contemplative, apathetic Hindu, with his gaze
fixed on Nirvana, and his scorn of the fleeting
uses of a world that is to him an inn, a
"hatter'd Caravanserai
Whose Portals are alternate Night and Day."
And on the other hand, what can the bustling,
huckstering, eye-on-the-main-chance English-
man, to whom metaphysic is a fable and barom-
eters and microscopes are "philosophical instru-
ments,"* whose religion is largely a matter of
seventh-day observances, make of a man whose
life is all religion, all metaphysic, who, as our
author tartly puts it,—
"Sits on his haunches at a railway station for a whole
day meditating on the desirability of not being born
again I"
Truly, here is a pair of hopeless "Incompat-
ibles." Yet the Anglo-Indian, a mere drop in
the ocean of latently-hostile native life about
him, is apparently as unmindful of his position
as he was up to the hour when the tragedy of
'57 burst upon him, threatening to sweep him
like thistle-down from the face of the land where
(as we gather from our author) he snubs the
natives socially, maltreats them officially, and,
in short, fags and bullies his unresisting infe-
riors in the good old John Bull way. Says
Mr. Carpenter:
"The most damning fact that I know against the
average English attitude towards the natives is the
fact that one of the very few places besides Aligarh,
where there is any cordial feeling between the two
parties, is Hyderabad — a place in which, on account
of its being under the Nizam, the officials are natives,
and their position therefore prevents their being tram-
pled on!"
Mr. Carpenter dwells with apprehension on the
fact that there are indications of an awaken-
ing sense of nationality, of a dawning con-
sciousness of their own strength, among the
natives. While they will have none of the re-
* As Hegel notes with scorn in his Geschichte der Philos-
ophic.
ligion of their rulers, they profit by their polit-
ical lessons. Prominent among the signs of
the times is the National Indian Congress —
an annual assemblage which brings together
from 1000 to 1500 delegates from all parts of
India.
"If the Congress movement is destined to become a
great political movement, it must, it seems to me, even-
tuate in one of two ways — either in violence and civil
war, owing to determined hostility on the part of our
Government and the continual widening of the breach
between the two peoples; or — which is more likely,
if our government grants more and more representative
power to the people — in the immense growth of polit-
ical and constitutional life among them, and the gradual
drowning out of British rule thereby."
There are other possibilities, as our author
points out; but they all, he holds, "involve
the decadence of our political power in India.
... I can neither see nor imagine any other
conclusion."
From Mr. Carpenter's account of Caste we
shall allow ourselves one extract — just pre-
mising that when one reads that the Brahmans
alone are subdivided into 1886 separate classes,
the fearful complexity of the system is dimly
apparent. *
"An acquaintance of mine in Ceylon who belongs to
the Vellala caste told me that on one occasion he paid
a visit to a friend of his in India who belonged to the
same caste but to a different section of it. They had
a Brahman cook, who prepared the food for both of
them, but who, being of a higher caste, could not eat
after them; while they could not eat together because
they did not belong to the same section."
Here was a problem to stagger the genius of a
McAllister. But the Brahman cook rose to
the emergency. He " ate his dinner first, and
then served up the remainder separately to the
two friends, who sat at different tables with a
curtain hanging between them."
In contrast to Mr. Carpenter's thoughtful
book is Sara Jeannette Duncan's "The Sim-
ple Adventures of a Memsahib." A " memsa-
hib," we may say to those who have not read
their Kipling, is a married woman — more spe-
cifically, we think, an English married woman.
Our author has herself recently become a " mem-
sahib "; and the present volume is essentially an
account of the early house-keeping trials of an
inexperienced young wife in Calcutta. The com
plexities of house-furnishing, of the hiring and
management of servants, of polyglot duels with
the native shopmen (whose ways are decidedly
not " the ways of righteousness "), etc., are de-
•Dr. Wilson of Bombay wrote two large volumes of his
projected great work on Caste, and then died; but had not
finished his first subject, the Brahmans 1


1893.]
113
THE DIAL
tailed in a sprightly, superficial style, with a
sprinkling of the smallest of small talk, and
with a rambling volubility slightly suggestive
of Mrs. Nickleby. Incidentally, the reader is
given a glimpse of Calcutta "society "— and
the glimpse is not a pleasing one. The vol-
ume closes with the following picture of an
evolved memsahib—" graduated, sophisticated,
qualified":
"She has lost her pretty color, that always goes
first, and has gained a shadowy ring under each eye,
that always comes afterwards. She is thinner than she
was, and has acquired nerves and some petulance. . . .
To make up, she dresses her hair more elaborately, and
crowns it with a little bonnet which is somewhat ex-
travagantly ' chic' She has fallen into a way of cross-
ing her knees in a low chair that would horrify her
Aunt Plovtree, and a whole set of little feminine An-
glo-Indian poses have come to her naturally. . . .
Without being actually slangy, she takes the easiest
word and the shortest cut — in India we know only the
necessities of speech, we do not really talk, even in the
cold weather. . . . She is growing dull to India, too,
which is about as sad a thing as any. She has ac-
quired for the Aryan inhabitant a certain strong irri-
tation, and she believes him to be nasty in all his ways.
This will sum up her impressions of India years hence
as completely as it does to-day. She is a memsahib
like another."
The book is very amusing, and offers a fresh
disproof of the notion (started, probably, by
some author of an unappreciated joke) that wo-
men lack the sense of humor. Miss Duncan
is at times nearly as good as "Mark Twain."
The illustrations, by F. H. Townsend, are cap-
ital.
"Eastward to the Land of the Morning,"
by M. M. Shoemaker, is the pleasantly writ-
ten record of "a happy winter under sunny
skies and amidst strange people." In the
course of his globe-girdling trip the author
saw something of Egypt and China, and more
of India and Japan; and he tells the story in
an easy, unaffected way, and with an abstention
from citing the "capitol building at Colum-
bus " as the architectural standard, that, in an
Ohio man, is rather remarkable. Among the
notable people met by Mr. Shoemaker was an
Anglo-Indian judge who asked " whether each
and every railroad in America does not own
its own judge, before whom all cases in which
said road is concerned are tried, and who al-
ways decides in its favor." Mr. Shoemaker
was about to give the " reply valiant"; but re-
flecting that perhaps the judge had "heard
something of the government of the city of
New York, and gotten it mixed up with the
country at large," he desisted.
E. G. J*
The New Witchcraft.*
Dr. Ernest Hart, well known to students of
psychology, has written a timely work on " Hyp-
notism, Mesmerism, and the New Witchcraft."
The tendency of this very readable volume is
admirable; while recognizing the demonstrable
and physiological phenomena of hypnotism, it
opposes most vigorously and effectively the
extravagant notions and pseudo-experiments
which, in the name of hypnotic science, have
been launched with much ceremony upon the
reading public. This protest is especially time-
ly, as the recent popular interest in hypnotism
has been sustained and fostered distinctly more
by the promises of demonstration of superna-
tural effects than by an intelligent understand-
ing of the specially psychological and scientific
problems involved.
Dr. Hart devotes the most of his space to
the consideration of the views and experiments
of Dr. Luys at the hospital of La Charite" in
Paris. Dr. Luys's subjects claim to be sensi-
tive to the action of a magnet, one pole attract-
ing them and causing pleasant visions, while
the other repels and gives rise to distressing
emotions. Another specialty of these subjects
is the externalization of sensation. The sub-
ject becomes en rapport with an inanimate ob-
ject. The favorite object is a doll that has
been acted upon to secure the rapport; if the
doll be pinched, the subject feels the pain in
the corresponding place. Dr. Luys even has
a skull-cap which, when placed upon the head
of the subject, produces in her the somewhat
incoherent mental notions of its former pos-
sessor. These fantastic theories and observa-
tions Dr. Hart has most patiently refuted by a
series of control experiments. With the aid
of an electro-magnet it was clearly shown that
the alleged effects appeared as readily when
the current was off as when it was on, and
always in response to a suggestion. When one
thing was said while in reality the opposite
was done by Dr. Hart, the verbal suggestion
was obeyed; a false doll, not acted upon, ef-
fected the alleged transfer of sensation quite
as well as the true one. The following is a
summary of some of the more interesting of
the doll and magnet experiments:
"I had prepared an electro-magnet of considerable
power, from which the current could be turned on or off
with great rapidity by touching a button or by lifting
the plates from the bath, or of course by detaching one
or the other of the wires. I had also a bar of iron
* Hypnotism, Mesmerism, and the New Witchcraft.
By Ernest Hart. New York: D. Appleton & Co.


114
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
resembling the magnetised bar which M. Luys had used,
but which was not magnetic, a demagnetised magnet,
and a set of needles variously and inversely magnetised.
I had also two exactly similar wax dolls brought from a
toy shop. ... I signalled to the assistant, and told him
to put on the current, whereupon he turned it off. Ac-
customed, however, to believe that a magnet must be a
magnet, Marguerite began to handle it. The note taken
by Dr. Sajous runs thus: 'She found the north pole,
notwithstanding there was no current, very pretty; she
was, as it were, fascinated by it; she caressed the blue
flames, and showed every sign of delight. Then came
the phenomena of attraction. She followed the magnet
with delight across the room, as though fascinated by
it. The bar was turned so as to present the other end,
or what would be called, in the language of La Charite",
the south pole; then she fell into the attitude of repul-
sion and horror, with clenched fists, and as it approached
her she fell backward into the arms of M. Cremiere,
and was carried, still showing all the signs of terror and
repulsion, back to her chair.' . . . Similar but false
phenomena were obtained in succession with all the
different forms of magnet and non-magnet. Marguerite
was never once right; but throughout, her acting was
perfect; she was utterly unable at any time really to dis-
tinguish between a plain bar of iron, a demagnetised
magnet, or a horse-shoe magnet carrying a full current,
and one from which the current was wholly cut off.
"We took one of the dolls. We restored Marguerite
to the perfectly hypnotised condition, and when she was
profoundly plunged in the state which is described as
profound hypnosis, I placed a doll in her hand, which
she held long enough to sensitise it. I then, taking the
doll from her, rapidly disposed of it behind some books,
and proceeded to operate on another doll which she
had not touched and which I had just taken out of
the box in which it came from the toy-shop. Holding
her hand, I placed her in contact with Dr. Sajous, that
he might also be, to use the jargon of the school, en
rapport with her, and I continued to hold her hand.
If now I touched the hair of the doll, which she was sup-
posed not to see, she exclaimed, according to my notes,
'On touche les cheveux,' 'On les tire,'—' They are
touching my hair — they are pulling it,'—and as she
complained it hurt her, we had to leave off pulling the
doll's hair. Taking the doll to a little distance, I
pinched it; she showed every sign of pain, and cried out,
< I don't like to be hurt — je ne veux pas qu' on me fasse
de mal.' I tickled the cheek of the figure; she began
to smile pleasantly."
The supposed action of drugs at a distance
proved to depend for its success upon delicate
and unconscious suggestion.
"I put away the witness dolls, and we then proceeded
to the effects of medicine tubes applied to the skin.
I took a tube which was supposed to contain alcohol, but
which did contain cherry laurel water. She immedi-
ately began, to use the words of M. Sajous's notes, to
• smile agreeably and then to laugh; she became gay.
'It makes me laugh,' she said; and then, 'I'm not
tipsy, I want to sing,'—and so on through the whole
performance of a not ungraceful griserie, which we
stopped at that stage, for I was loth to have the degrading
performance of drunkenness carried to the extreme I
had seen her go through at the Charite". I now applied
a tube of alcohol, asking the assistant, however, to give
me valerian, which no doubt this profoundly hypnotised
subject perfectly well heard, for she immediately went
through the whole cat performance I have already de-
scribed as having been performed for my delectation by
Mervel, under the hands of Dr. Luys, on the previous
day. She spat, she scratched, she mewed, she leaped
about on all fours, and she was as thoroughly cat-like
as was Mervel on the previous and Jeanne on the sub-
sequent day. It would be tedious to go through the
whole of the notes of the numerous sittings which I had
with these five subjects, but I may say at once that we
had the cat performance six times, twice with Jeanne,
twice with Vix, once with Clarice, and once with Mervel.
In no case by any accident was valerian used, but either
sugar, alcohol, diabetic sugar, cherry laurel water, or
distilled water; nevertheless, the performance never
failed when the subjects had reason to think it was ex-
pected of them."
In brief, we have here recorded another in-
stance of a man of reputation being deceived
by a shrewd anticipation of his unexpressed
theories. It is certainly most unfortunate that
experiments of this type have become identified
with hypnotism, and it is to be hoped that this
volume will contribute to a clearer perspective
of the value of such research and a more whole-
some direction of interest in phenomena of this
kind.
The one criticism that most students of hyp-
notism would pass upon Dr. Hart's views is
that he undervalues the work done by the Nancy
school, and the application of hypnotism to
medical practice. There is undoubtedly occa-
sion for divergence of opinion on these points,
but a somewhat more prominent and emphatic
statement of the real contribution to the sub-
ject would perhaps have been serviceable in
preventing the notion, which a hasty reader
might form, that all hypnotic research is value-
less. But the provocation for a destructive
criticism of certain studies in hypnotism has
been so ample that a little overstatement is but
natural. Joseph Jastrow.
An Australian Builder.*
The eyes of the financial world are at pres-
ent fixed on Australia, which has seen its credit
shaken to the centre by the crash of its bank-
ing system. This catastrophe seems, however,
but a phase of the " storm and stress " period of
growth through which all young states must
inevitably come to a maturer, safer, and hon-
ester life, and carries American memories back
to the days of state banking and " wildcat"
money. At such a time especial interest at-
* Fifty Yeabs in the Making of Australian History.
By Sir Henry Parkes, G.C.M.G. New York: Longmans,
Green. & Co.


1893.]
115
THE DIAL
taches to a book which is an autobiographic
record of a half-century of public life in the
leading Australian colony, written by the chief
maker of Australian history—probably the one
politician of that new world who is as largely
known to the American public as is Frank Sla-
vin or Peter Jackson. For nearly forty years,
as Henry Parkes or Sir Henry Parkes, he was
a member of the Parliament of New South
Wales, and was five times at the head of a lib-
eral ministry. No more fascinating book than
his has been published in recent times. The
octogenarian statesman writes with the same
audacious faith in himself which has always
characterized his forty years of stormy polit-
ical leadership, and gives blows with as sturdy
a good-will as when he held command.
One must not look here for a cool historical
account of affairs in New South Wales. He
must always remember that there is another
side; but Mr. Francis in the " Fortnightly Re-
view," the special correspondent of the London
"Times" for 1893, and Sir Charles Dilke in
his "Problems of Greater Britain" may all
help to keep that in sight for the impartial ob-
server. What one does find here is a wealth
of details of political affairs in Australia to be
read of nowhere else, and such an introduction
to the personality of Australian governing cir-
cles as can be given, probably, by no other pen.
These pages, for their field, are as good as
Mozley's Reminiscences, or Greville's Memoirs,
or the Journal of Lord Loftus. Here, mingled
with interesting reminiscences of Browning
and Tennyson, Cobden and Bright, President
Arthur and General Grant, are delightful let-
ters from Carlyle and Florence Nightingale,
sandwiched in with others of the highest im-
portance with reference to constitutional law
from authorities so eminent as Alpheus Todd,
Sir T. Erskine May, Sir Arthur Helps, Lord
Grey of Howick. But, better still, we are here
introduced to Australian life in its infancy,
and see it grow to a giant strength as it unfolds
around this Homeric figure. From the deck
of an emigrant ship we catch with him our first
glimpse of Australia in 1839, seventeen years
before the advent of responsible government,
when New South Wales had little more than
a hundred thousand of colonists and nearly
one-third of these were transported convicts.
Then it was known to the outer world almost
solely as the purlieus of Botany Bay. With
this still hale old man we see it set off, to the
north and to the south, its two younger colo-
nies; and then come to have within its own
borders a million of freemen, the majority of
whom annually produce the largest wool crop
in the world, while thousands of others are en-
gaged with the product of the most prolific
of silver mines. Sidney wool is as famous for
its quality as is the Proprietary Mine at Broken
Hill for its quantity.
Young in experience as Australia is, it has
already given to the older world of its anti-
podes the Torrens land registry system, the
secret ballot, the closure, and the practical ap-
plication of the eight-hour day. But not only
in its suggestiveness to American politics is
this newer Australian life of interest to us.
This record by Sir Henry Parkes is a record
of the working out on parallel lines of many
problems kindred to our own, and this fre-
quently under the influence of our own national
history. Among the most important questions
are those of immigration, the tariff, and the
disposal of public lands. The immigration
controversy in Australia has gone through
three stages, according as its subject has been
the convict, the Chinaman, or the Kanaka.
In his early days Henry Parkes did good ser-
vice, alongside the afterwards famous Robert
Lowe, and that pioneer Australian, William
Charles Wentworth, in putting an end to the
convict supply. In 1881, and again in 1888,
he was largely instrumental in the passage of
Chinese restriction acts — curiously synchron-
ous with our own exclusion legislation. Con-
sistently with his record, he took only last year
the same attitude in regard to the importation
of South Sea Islanders, as an element detri-
mental to the body politic. So in his earlier
years, when the experiment of "assisted" im-
migration from the sturdy working classes of
Great Britain and Ireland was being tried, he
was strenuous for a proportion which should
keep Saxon blood always to the fore. A homo-
geneous self-controlled community has ever
been his aim for the Australias. Again, along
with Sir John Robertson, he fought for years
the battle of the humbler settler against the
"shepherd kings,"— the farmsteading against
the ranche, — until some approach to equal-
ity of opportunity was at length obtained for
the intending agriculturist. Again and again
is reference found to our own system of land
entry — so far, more favorable to the home-
steader. In the matter of the tariff, Parkes
has always been a stanch free-trader, and with
an interim of eight or nine years he has led the
sentiment of his colony. In 1865, however,
—and the date is interesting from a telepathic


116
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
point of view, — New South Wales adopted a
protective tariff. . In 1873 the free-traders re-
turned to control; but only two years ago Sir
Henry's last ministry was defeated through a
coalition of the protectionists and the labor
group, and in the spring of last year Mr.
Dibbs's ministry reverted to protection. To-
day, nevertheless, public sentiment in the col-
ony, as with us, trembles in the balance.
It is interesting to see, in all these Austra-
lian colonies, a generous pride in the associa-
tion with Great Britain go hand-in-hand with
a large-minded jealousy of anything like im-
perial interference in their affairs. By the
aid of this local independence, Sir Henry has
not yet succeeded in getting rid of the nomi-
nee members of the upper house of the legis-
lature, for whom his memoirs express scant re-
spect. But it was during his first ministry
that the imperial government—in 1874 —
virtually conceded to the colonial ministry the
full control of the pardoning power; and his
government, backed by the legislature, by res-
olution and protest most heartily cooperated
with Queensland in 1888 in her successful op-
position to the appointment of a governor who
was persona ingrata to a large section of her
population. Only the other day, in deference
to this sentiment, the imperial authorities noti-
fied the government of New South Wales of
their desire to appoint Sir R. W. Duff to suc-
ceed the retiring governor. The same spirit
is manifest in the discussion of Australian
as distinct from and even opposed to impe-
rial federation, and is brought out in the cor-
respondence in 1889 between Parkes and Dun-
can Gillies, the premier of Victoria. Sir Henry
Parkes's name has been largely identified with
this movement toward Australasian federation,
although his own colony has held somewhat
aloof until the trend as to some of the matters
of detail shall be more clearly defined. When
that much-to-be-desired union shall take place,
the Australian will find some of the problems
of an upper house, over which Sir Henry has
spent much thought, capable of an easier solu-
tion.
The author's visits to the United States and
England are interesting episodes in his agree-
able narrative. His account of General Grant,
who, at a dining, " spoke for six or seven min-
utes with quiet fluency, and in clear finely-cut
sentences of common-sense," was well worth re-
cording. His mention of Governor Carnell of
New York, whom he met more than once in the
beginning of 1882, makes one rub his eyes for
a moment, till he discovers Governor Cornell.
Funny is Parkes's reply, in 1853, to a speaker
who challenged the patriotism of the makers
of our Constitution by the criticism that their
work was done behind closed doors. "To a
certain extent it might be true," is the rejoin-
der, "that the delegates sat with closed doors,
for as it was cold in America, they probably
did not leave them open." Curious is it, too,
to read from the speech of one of the delegates
to the Federation Conference of 1890,as quoted
approvingly by Parkes, that " the Federal Par-
liament ought to be empowered to cut up the
larger colonies into smaller colonies, as the
Federal Government of America has cut up
the larger States into smaller States when it
has been deemed expedient and just to do so."
Is this a generous induction from the solitary
case of West Virginia? Inter arma silent leges.
Many other portions of this prolonged and
useful career might be dwelt upon — such as
Sir Henry Parkes's agency in opening up the
trans-Pacific Ocean route in connection with
our first continental railway, his admirable sys-
tem of public-school education, his local-option
treatment of the liquor traffic, his industrial
schools and hospital system. But enough has
been said to induce to the reading of a most
instructive volume, where, if the author has in
truth written himself somewhat large, he has
done it with that naive and unconscious sim-
plicity of egoism which is charming because it
is the product only of heroic epochs — of the
inventus mundi. jOHN j. Halsey.
English Prose IiiTERATURE.*
Among selections from English poets, no
collection is at present more widely known or
more frequently used than Ward's " English
Poets." The main feature of that work, apart
from its careful selection of characteristic poems
from various writers, was the concise critical
introduction accompanying each author. Many
of these were models of their kind, written as
they were by various eminent critics chosen
with special reference to the poet treated. The
volume of Craik's "English Prose" now be-
fore us, together with the three that are to
follow it, are to furnish for English prose
what Ward's Poets furnishes for English poe-
try; that is, short typical selections from the
majority of English prose writers since the
* English Prose. Selections, with Critical Introductions.
Edited by Henry Craik. Vol. I. New York: Macmillan & Co.


1893.]
117
THE DIAL
middle of the fourteenth century. "We find
here the same critical introductions by emi-
nent English critics, preceded by concise state-
ments of the facts in the lives of the writers
and followed by short selections from their
works.
The plan of the work would therefore seem
to be without fault, and such a future useful-
ness might apparently be predicted for it as
the companion series has already had. Yet
there is one essential difference between selec-
tions from poetry and from prose. It is always
possible in the case of poetry to select com-
plete pieces which shall do ample justice to the
merits of a poet, or even to choose passages
from longer works that, because of some strik-
ing description or episode, have a complete-
ness in themselves. This is far from true of
prose. It is not possible in the compass of
such a volume as the present, giving extracts
from the prose authors of two centuries, to
print a single complete prose work, even a
monograph or pamphlet; while the nature of
prose does not make it easy to select any short
passage fully exemplifying the style of a prose
writer. This depends on the fact that poetry
is always a more concise form of expression
than prose, and its flavor, so to speak, may be
more easily perceived from a taste or two. In
reality it would take twenty volumes of prose
to give such a view of growth and development
in English as might be given in a single vol-
ume of poetry. For this reason, although it is
inherent in the nature of poetry and prose and
so not under the control of editor or critic, the
volumes before us must inevitably suffer in
comparison with the corresponding series.
One other point deserves mention. The ed-
itor of a volume of selections is most likely to
err through including too many authors. Most
of the collectors of prose have been especially
liable to this criticism, and our editor is no ex-
ception to the rule. For example, there are
about forty poets in the first volume of Ward,
ending with Donne, who died in 1631. In
this first volume of English prose there are
fifty-one for practically the same period. Had
the number of authors been fewer, the selec-
tions from the more important ones might have
been longer and better. Moreover, this fact
is especially emphasized when we compare the
relative development of English poetry and
prose. Modern poetry begins with Chaucer,
and its second great exemplar died before 1600.
Modern prose of equal importance scarcely
begins before Milton and Dryden, neither of
whom belongs to the present volume. Not-
withstanding these criticisms, we gladly wel-
come this important contribution to the history
of English prose, and we shall look with inter-
est for the later volumes, which will cover the
more interesting periods of the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries.
As in Ward's Poets, the critical introduc-
tion to the prose writers are particularly inter-
esting and valuable. Some of these are writ-
ten by Saintsbury, Hales, Collins, Ainger,
Ward, and Gosse, besides the editor himself.
The introduction to the whole volume is by Mr.
W. P. Ker, whose name also follows the largest
number of critical notices. As to the former,
one feels that scant justice is done to the ear-
liest prose in the times of the great literary re-
vivals under Alfred and ^Elfric, compared with
the later prose under Chaucer. For it may
certainly be said that the best prose of the pe-
riods of Alfred and ^Elfric is stronger and
clearer than much of that written in the Mid-
dle English period. Nor is it clearly set forth
that the relation between the prose of Alfred
and the prose of Mandeville is a much more
natural one than would be supposed from the
exaggerated estimates of the influence of the
Norman conquest. This is largely due to the
fact that the English literary critic knows so
little of the older period, and hence is not able
to judge of what is original and what is ac-
quired.
Occasional points that might be improved
occur in the critical notices preceding the se-
lections from various authors. We might have
a more exact statement as to the origin of
Mandeville's travels, and some mention might
have been made of Schbnborn's important mon-
ograph. Again, we have an occasional false
note, as in the notice of Cranmer, where Mr.
Collins has the following:
"He adjusted with exquisite tact and skill the Saxon
and Latin elements in our language, both in the ser-
vice of rhythm and in the service of expression. He
saw that the power of the first lay in terseness and
sweetness, the power of the second in massiveness and
dignity, and that he who could succeed in tempering
artfully and with propriety the one by the other would
be in the possession of an instrument which Isocrates
and Cicero might envy. He saw, too, the immense ad-
vantage which the coexistence of these elements af-
forded for rhetorical emphasis. And this accounts for
one of the distinctive features of the diction of our lit-
urgy, the habitual association of Saxon words with their
Latin synonyms for purposes of rhetorical emphasis."
Now there need be no hesitation in saying that
this goes much too far with regard to Cranmer
or anyone else. In fact, one may assert, with-


118
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
out fear of successful refutation, that uo writer
of any age consciously chooses his words from
the Saxon and Latin or any other elements.
What he does do is to choose from his own vo-
cabulary, however required, words that seem
to him strong or forcible, clear or concise, me-
lodious or rhythmical, with little if any thought
and often no knowledge of ultimate origin.
One might as reasonably suppose the painter
chooses his colors with some knowledge of their
chemical composition, rather than because of
their power to produce certain color effects.
Moreover, an examination of the English Lit-
urgy shows that the statement as to " habitual
association," etc., is exaggerated and incorrect,
although it has been so often repeated as to
have apparently established itself.
While noting these points of disagreement
with the work before us, we have already ex-
pressed a belief in its careful preparation and
in its usefulness. These critical comments are
added with the hope that they may be of bene-
fit to those who use the book, not in any sense
that they may prevent its use. It is to be hoped
also that this new series of selections will stimu-
late the study of English prose, which, compared
with poetry, has been sadly neglected in the
schools and we fear too often by English read-
ers.
Oliver Farrar Emerson.
Briefs on New Books.
Exquisite re-
prints of classic
English fiction.
We have had frequent occasion to
praise the exquisite editions of En-
glish classics published by Messrs.
J. M. Dent & Co. (Macmillan). Few reprints of
recent years have been as welcome as the Landor,
Peacock, and Jane Austen, for which we are in-
debted to these publishers. The convenient form
of the volumes, the taste displayed in their typog-
raphy, binding, and illustration, are features which
must commend these editions to a wide circle of
book-lovers; while their inexpensiveness puts them
within the reach of thousands to whom editions de
luxe, in the ordinary sense, are inaccessible. The
publishers of these books are now producing, in
similar shape, editions of the Bronte sisters and of
the works of Fielding. The former of these edi-
tions has already been mentioned in these pages,
and we have now only to note the appearance of
the "Villette," which, like the "Jane Eyre" and
the " Shirley," fills two of the pretty volumes. The
edition of Fielding has just been started with " Jos-
eph Andrews," in two volumes. It will be followed
by "Tom Jones," "Amelia," "Jonathan Wild,"
and two volumes of Fielding's miscellaneous writ-
ings—twelve volumes in all,—the whole under the
editorship of Mr. George Saintsbury. The illus-
trations, of which each volume is to have three or
four, are the work of Mr. Herbert Railton and Mr.
E. J. Wheeler. Mr. Saintsbury is to furnish each
work with an introduction, and the prefatory chap-
ter thus provided for "Joseph Andrews" is in the
happiest manner (or mannerism) of that accom-
plished critic. Mr. Saintsbury considers "Joseph
Andrews" as having been suggested by the "Pay-
san Parvenu" of Marivaux quite as much as by
Richardson's "Pamela," which is perhaps stretch-
ing a point. But Mr. Saintsbury is always thought-
provoking, and nowhere more so than in his too
brief introduction to the present volumes.
. . ,., , Herr Ziehen's "Introduction to the
A fanciful scheme . . , .,
for the study of Study of Physiological .Psychology
psychology. (Macmillan) is a clear presentation
of the outlines of the science from the point of view
of the reaction against Herr Wundt, of which Herr
Milnsterberg is the best-known leader. All the
ultimate problems of psychology are relegated to
epistemology, or to a possible science of meta-
physics, "supposing it to exist"; and then every-
thing else is made perfectly simple by means of
neat little diagrams illustrating the origin, trans-
formations, and associations of ideas in the brain.
The diagrams are purely schematic and problem-
atical. The hypothesis, for example, that pervades
them all, of locally distinct sensory and memory
cells, is by no means generally accepted by special-
ists. But even a hypothetical anatomical scheme,
the author contends, is of use as demonstrating the
a priori possibility of his method, and relieving us
of the "fear" of being compelled to have recourse
to apperception, or will, or synthetic unity of con-
sciousness, or some other mystic higher faculty. His
schemes, he assures us, can all be easily readjusted
as science progresses, and, whatever alterations be-
come necessary, "the fundamental conception that all
processes of thought can be reduced psychologic-
ally to the association of ideas will at all events en-
dure." Into the merits of the controversy with Herr
Wundt it is impossible to enter here. Suffice it to
say that he does not really break the continuity
of mental development by the assumption of new
mystic faculties of apperception, judgment, and will.
Under these varying names he endeavors rather to
trace throughout psychic life the fundamental uni-
fying activity which the young psychologists in part
dissimulate and in part relegate to epistemology.
He attacks wherever he finds them the ultimate
metaphysical problems which they evade and post-
pone. To determine whether this means more than
a difference of method or exposition would require
a much more elaborate dialectic than either side has
yet brought to bear upon the controversy. In any
case, the present brief intelligible exposition of one
view of the matter is welcome. The translation,
by Mr. C. C. Van Liew and Dr. Otto W. Beyer, is
substantially correct, but stiff, inelegant, and con-
taminated with German idiom.


1893.]
119
THE DIAL
Mr. H. W. Mabie'g " Essays in Lit-
Mr.Mabie't era Interpretation" (Dodd) are
hterary essays. . , . , v . 7
eight in number, and are character-
ized by sanity, grace, and the philosophic temper.
Two of them set forth the complexity of modern lit-
erature and the irreducible personal element which,
in all great work, baffles the academic critic. A
third discusses criticism itself, for the purpose of
emphasizing the significant aspects of the art in its
modern development. The critic has mainly to do
with "the men whose inferiority to Homer and
Dante, to Shakespeare and Milton, is clearly appar-
ent," says Mr. Mabie. This is, of course, true, but
we fail to understand to whom the succeeding sen-
tence refers: "These illustrious shades have re-
ceived but a single comrade into their immortal fel-
lowship during the present century." Is it Goethe
or Shelley or Hugo or Tennyson? Competent opin-
ion declares for each or all of these names, and Mr.
Mabie should have specified, although later passages
make it probable that Goethe is meant. According
to Mr. Mabie, plasticity and the historical method
give to modern criticism its distinctive character.
Four of these essays are studies of as many poets—
Rossetti, Browning, Keats, and Dante. They well
illustrate the author's own views of modern criti-
cism, for each displays the special quality of sym-
pathy that its subject calls for, and each takes ade-
quate account of the poet's environment. The essay
on Rossetti has one or two slips: 1876, instead of
1870, is given as the date of Rossetti's " Poems,"
and "The Bride's Prelude" is omitted from the
enumeration of his ballads.
ened by the examples of his correspondence given
us in this welcome little volume.
A sympathetic
biography of
Dr. John Brown.
The "Recollections of Dr. John
Brown " (Scribner), which are given
us, with a selection from Brown's
correspondence, by Dr. Alexander Peddie, afford a
sketch, rather than a finished portrait, of the genial
historian of " Rab " and " Marjorie Fleming." The
author was intimately acquainted with Brown, whom
he calls "my revered master and nearly lifelong
friend," and his book is sympathetic, if fragment-
ary. It keeps us constantly in mind of the fact
that Brown was primarily a man of medicine, and
but secondarily a man of letters — that his literary
recreations were indeed, as their title indicates,
products of his " Horse Subsecivse," rather than the
serious work of his life. In fact, his appearance
in literature was rather accidental, resulting from
Hugh Miller's invitation to contribute to the " Wit-
ness" some notices of the pictures in the Scottish
Academy exhibition of 1846. His first thought
was to decline the request (which was accompanied
by a bank note), "had not my sine qud non, with
wife-like government, retentive and peremptory,
kept the money and heartened me." The book has
a number of interesting illustrations, which include
portraits and facsimile letters, the latter ornamented
with rough drawings. Brown reminds one not a
little, in character and originality, of the late Ed-
ward FitzGerald, and this impression is strength-
a taiiifactory "■* Arthur Gordon's "The Earl of
biography of the Aberdeen" ( " The Queen's Prime
Earl of Aberdeen. Minister8)» Harper) is a satisfactory
piece of biography, considering the narrow compass
to which the volumes of the series are confined.
The delineation of so finely shaded a character
would not, in any circumstances, be an easy task;
and the fact that Lord Aberdeen's public, like his
private life, was, generally speaking, comparatively
hidden, renders it still more difficult. His pre-
miership shows none of the histrionic climaxes and
situations that mark that of a Disraeli. There was
little in his public career to dazzle the spectator, or
to command instant or excessive admiration; and
neither his mental powers nor rare personal charm
can now be fairly appreciated, except by those who,
like the author of this book, lived in close personal
intercourse with him, and have had access to the
mass of his correspondence, public and private. The
author is to be especially commended, in view of
his relationship to Lord Aberdeen, for the tact and
sobriety of judgment everywhere manifest in his
work.
A very valuable addition to the " In-
^*a^f^",n ternational Scientific Series" (Ap-
pleton ) takes the shape of a " Hand-
book of Greek and Latin Palaeography," by Dr.
Edward Maunde Thompson, of the British Mu-
seum. Photography has done so much in recent
years for the study of palaeography that the sub-
ject is practically brought within the reach of any
who care to take it up. To such this book is ad-
dressed. It gives us a history of the Greek and
Latin alphabets, an account of the materials used
to receive writing, chapters on writing instruments,
the forms of books, and abbreviations, and, finally,
an extended history of the development of Greek
and Latin writing, with many facsimile illustrations
from the earliest to the latest periods. The work is
singularly compact, and provides a satisfactory in-
troduction to the study of its important subject.
„ , "A Pathfinder in American His-
An excellent ~ r., i \ i -mr
handbook of tory (Lee & Shepard), by Messrs.
American hvfory. w p q^ an(J w j Twitchell; is
one of those useful, or rather indispensable, books
for teachers that recent years have so greatly mul-
tiplied. It suggests methods of instruction for all
grades, including the youngest; it outlines the treat-
ment of selected typical subjects; it gives extensive
lists of books for reference and for supplementary
reading. The references, which are in most cases
not merely to the book, but to chapter and page,
will be found extremely helpful by students and
teachers alike, while they represent, on the part of
the authors, many years of reading and investiga-
tion. We give the book a hearty welcome, and pre-
dict for it a long career of usefulness.


120
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
The Bancroft Company send as the
tSZtt&r. ^installment of their "Book of
the Fair, a forty-page folio, to be
followed by twenty-four similar semi-monthly parts.
The complete work will thus make a folio volume
of a thousand pages, and these will be adorned, we
are told, by more than three thousand illustrations.
The part now published contains a chapter on
"Fairs of the Past," a historical sketch of Chicago,
and the beginning of a chapter on " The Evolution
of the Columbian Exposition." Mr. Hubert Howe
Bancroft is the writer of the text, and is peculiarly
competent to deal with so large a subject, although
his style occasionally suffers from magniloquence.
Paper, print, and illustrations are very satisfactory.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Mr. Arnold H. Heinemann has edited a selection of
Froebel's letters (Lee & Shepard), not printed hereto-
fore, and now reproduced in a very free sort of trans-
lation or paraphrase. The publication is sanctioned by
Frau Froebel, who is still living—which may be news to
some — at the age of seventy-eight. The editor con-
tributes some notes to the work, and a certain amount
of comment upon Froebel's theories of education. The
book will be welcome to kindergartners, and, indeed,
to all who are concerned in the education of children.
Our veteran lepidopterist, Mr. Samuel H. Scudder,
has recently prepared two books about butterflies that
will be found very helpful to youthful readers and stu-
dents. One of them, "The Life of a Butterfly," takes
a single species (Anosia plexippus) for a text, and dis-
courses upon the structure, habits, and life-histories of
butterflies in general. The other book is a little more
pretentious, being a "Brief Guide to the Commoner
Butterflies of the Northern United States and Canada."
It classifies the common species, to the number of about
a hundred, giving their life-histories, and provides ana-
lytical keys, suggestions for reading, and directions for
field and cabinet work. It is in every respect an ad-
mirable little book, and ought to have a wide circula-
tion. Both volumes are published by Messrs. Henry
Holt & Co.
"The Making of a Newspaper" (Putnam) is a
scrappy book, edited by Mr. Melville Philips, and con-
sisting of a dozen or more articles upon various phases
of newspaper production. It is intended "to afford the
public a close and comprehensive view of various phases
of newspaper life and work." While the view thus
afforded is undeniably "close," we can hardly say that
it is " comprehensive," for it is illustrated with too much
of anecdote and random comment to leave room for the
desirable amount of exact description.
Professor T. F. Tout's " Edward the First" (Mac-
millaii) almost completes the series of "Twelve En-
glish Statesmen," but one volume—Mr. Morley's "Chat-
ham "— remaining to be published. Professor Tout
gives us a straightforward narrative of the reign of the
great statesman-king. His work, while not brilliant, is
perspicuous and scholarly, and comes quite up to the
high general average of the series within which it is
comprised.
Dr. James I)wight's little book on " Practical Lawn-
Tennis" (Harper) is full of suggestions by which even
an experienced player may profit, while for the begin-
ner it affords all the necessary directions and rules.
The most interesting feature of the book, however, is
found in the illustrations, from instantaneous photo-
graphs by Mr. Francis Blake, which represent the ten-
nis player in a great variety of typical positions. So
brief has been the exposure given these photographs,
that the ball is defined with perfect sharpuess, although
in many cases it is just leaving the bat.
A volume of " Other Essays from the Easy Chair"
(Harper) affords pleasant desultory reading. The es-
says chosen range over many subjects, from nominating
conventions to the idiosyncrasies of the hog family, and
include semi-biographical studies of Emerson, Beecher,
and Sherman. Some of the selections date back many
years, as we discovered when we came upon the state-
ment that Vice-Presidents of the United States have
thrice succeeded to the Presidential chair. Either the
essays should have been dated, or editorial care should
have seen to the correction of such statements.
The Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing contributes "A
History of Crustacea " to the "International Scientific
Series" (Appleton). This title is misleading, for the
reason that the work covers only a part of the ground
indicated, having little to say about Entomostraca and
Cirripedia. As far as the ground is covered, the book
offers a compact and well illustrated manual of its sub-
ject, useful both to the beginner and the advanced stu-
dent.
Some recent studies in biography deserve a word of
favorable mention. Dr. George H. Clark's "Oliver
Cromwell" (Lothrop) is a popular account of its sub-
ject, excellent as far as it goes, and, of course, compet-
ing with Mr. Paxton Hood rather than with Carlyle.
Miss Edith Carpenter has drawn an attractive "histor-
ical portrait" of " Lorenzo de' Medici" (Putnam), which
appears in a pretty little volume. "General Greene,"
by Mr. Francis Vinton Greene, is a new volume in the
"Great Commanders" series (Appleton). Among the
"Makers of America" (Dodd), we now have enrolled
"Peter Stuyvesant," by Mr. Bayard Tuckerman, and
"Thomas Jefferson," by Dr. James Schouler.
A new series of pocketable volumes, the "Distaff,"
just begun by Messrs. Harper & Brothers, already in-
cludes "Woman and the Higher Education," edited by
Miss Anna C. Brackett, and " The Literature of Phi-
lanthropy," edited by Miss Frances A. Goodale. Both
are collections of essays, by women writers of the State
of New York, selected from the periodicals of the cen-
tury. The series is designed as a sort of appendix to
the New York exhibit of woman's work in the Woman's
Building at the World's Fair.
"Out of Doors in Tsarland " (Longmans), by Mr. F.
J. Whishaw, is a book on Russia, " in whose pages, from
beginning to end, no reference is made to Russia's Mis-
sion in the East, or Peter the Great's Will, no allusion
to Nihilists, and no mention whatever of Siberia." In-
stead of these instructive themes, the writer has chosen
to discourse upon street scenes and village manners,
upon the snipe and the capercailzie, and upon the for-
tunes of the angler and the bear-hunter. The book is
as entertaining as it is unpretentious, and will appeal
strongly to all lovers of out-door life.
Anyone who fancies that the Talmud is dry reading
may be referred to a little book recently published by
Dr. Abram S. Isaacs, and called "Stories from the
Rabbis " (Webster). The author has retold the stories,


1893.]
121
THE DIAL
it is true, and made them more attractive than in their
original form, but it is interesting to know that the Tal-
mud has its Faust story, and its Rip Van Winkle, and
its Baron Munchausen. This " modest sheaf of arrows
from the rabbinical quiver" is aimed at the general,
and particularly the young, reader, who will And the
collection deserving of attention.
"The Philosophy of Singing" (Harper), by Mrs.
Clara Kathleen Rogers, is a little book that conveys
much excellent instruction of a technical kind, upon
such subjects as breathing, enunciation, dramatic ex-
pression, and the like. These matters occupy about
half the volume; the other half is rhapsody, and of
slight value. There is very little of the rhapsodical
about Mr. Adolph Carpe"s " The Pianist and the Art of
Music" (Lyon & Healy), which we And to be a schol-
arly and suggestive work. It is strictly what it claims
to be," a treatise on piano-playing for teachers and stu-
dents," and its closing " Outline of Piano Literature"
is an admirable historical presentation of the subject.
The "Memories of Dean Hole" (Macmillan) has
been reviewed at great length in The Dial, and we
now mention it to call attention to the new and cheaper
edition in which it is offered to the public. Published
less than a year ago, the demand for this entertaining
work has exhausted five editions. The sixth, now pub-
lished, is in crown octavo, and, to our mind, more at-
tractive in form than the original.
"Recreations in Botany" (Harper) is the title of
a pleasing volume of popular science by Miss Caroline
A. Creevey. It marshals many of the curiosities of
botanical science for the information of the beginner,
and is written in fairly popular style, although unhesi-
tating use is made, when necessary, of scientific termin-
ology. The illustrations are satisfactory. The book
may be commended to those who wish to learn some-
thing substantial of botany without attacking the tech-
nical manuals.
The "Health Resorts of Europe," by Dr. Thomas
Linn (Appleton), is a medical guide to the various
springs, health resorts, and other "cures " of England
and the Continent. Dr. T. M. Coan contributes a com-
mendatory preface, in which it is hinted that those who
seek a European "cure " are probably benefited by the
change of scene quite as much as by the therapeutic
qualities of the waters to which the pilgrimage is made.
But what does Dr. Coan mean by his reference to " Mil-
ton's famous line about changing one's skies and not
one's mind "?
Literary Notes and News.
"The Chameleon's Dish " is the title of a forthcom-
ing volume of lyrics and ballads by Mr. Theodore Til-
ton, announced by MM. Mesnil-Dramard & Cie., of Paris.
Mr. Arthur Christopher Benson, the son of the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury, is about to publish a volume of
poems. Mr. Benson is a master at Eton, and his poetry is
calm and reflective, viewing life rather from the ethical
than the artistic standpoint. The Archbishop's family
boasts many names of distinction. Mr. E. F. Benson
has made one of the successes of the season with his
"Dodo," and Mr. F. R. Benson, the actor, is a nephew
of the Archbishop.
Mr. Besant, writing from this country, sent the fol-
lowing amusing note to the London " Author" for Au-
gust: "I have just learned from the New York 'Sun'
that Mr. Buchanan is having a ' quarrel' with me. It
generally takes two to make a quarrel, and I am not
one of the two. However, I hope that Mr. Buchanan
is thoroughly enjoying himself. When I get home I
dare say I may find a few remarks to make. But that
cannot be for some weeks to come -—• not, so far as the
'Author' is concerned, until the September number."
The following note is from the London "Academy":
"Dr. Y. Sarruf, the editor of' Al-Muktataf,' has just ar-
rived in London, after having made a tour of the prin-
cipal cities of Europe. From this country he will pro-
ceed to Chicago. Dr. Sarruf is also joint editor and
proprietor of the daily ' Al-Mokattam,' which is consid-
ered to be the leading native newspaper in Egypt, as
1 Al-Muktataf' is the leading scientific and literary
monthly. This periodical, founded about twenty years
ago, was the first to introduce the latest developments
of western thought and achievement to the Arabic-
speaking world."
Mr. Edwin Lassetter Bynner, the well-known novel-
ist, and at one time the librarian of the Boston Bar As-
sociation, died August 5, at his residence at Forest
Hills, Boston. Mr. Bynner combined literary with legal
pursuits. He took his degree of LL.B. at the Harvard
Law School in 1867. He was the author of numerous
magazine articles on early New England life, and of
the chapters, "Topography and Landmarks of the Colo-
nial Period " and "Topography and Landmarks of the
Provincial Period," in the Memorial History of Boston.
"The Begum's Daughter," "Agnes Surriage," and
"Zachary Phips " are the titles of his novels.
The treatment by the English papers of the July Con-
gress of Authors is in striking contrast to the almost
complete neglect of that event by the papers of this
country. It is hardly too much to say that The Dial
published the only intelligent account of the Congress
that has appeared on this side of the Atlantic. On the
other hand, the London "Times " devoted a long arti-
cle to the subject; the London "Athenseum" fouud
space for two important letters, sending to the Congress
a special correspondent for the purpose of preparing
them; and the London "Author" reprinted in full the
six-page account published in The Dial for July 16.
The following is from the London "Academy ":—
"A well-known scholar and man of letters has sent the
following jeu d'esprU to Dr. Murray, on hearing the
news that the New English Dictionary has at last got
through the letter C, and that D is now in hand:
'Wherever the English speech has spread.
And the Union Jack flies free,
The news will be gratefully, proudly read
That you've conquered your ABC!
But I fear it will come
As a shock to some
That the sad result must be
That you 're taking to dabble and dawdle and do -r,
To dulness and dumps, and (worse than those i
To danger and drink.
And — shocking to think —
To words that begin with a d .'"
This is the jubilee year of the great publishing house
of Macmillan & Co., their first book having appeared
in 1843. Daniel Macmillan was the founder of the
house, which first did business in Glasgow. He soon
removed to London, and then to Cambridge, his brother
Alexander being associated with him. The former died
in 1857, but the latter still lives as the senior member
of the firm. In 1863 the headquarters of the firm was


122
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
t
transferred to London, and the Cambridge business
came into the hands of Macmillan and Bowes, a distinct
firm. In 1859 “Macmillan's Magazine” was started.
From 1863 to 1880 Mr. A. Macmillan was official pub-
lisher to the University of Oxford. In 1867 he vis-
ited this country, and the result of the visit was the
establishment, in 1869, of a branch house in New York,
under the management of Mr. George E. Brett. On
Mr. Brett's death, in 1890, the New York branch be-
came an independent firm, with Mr. George P. Brett,
his son, as the resident American partner. The firm
has just moved into its new building at No. 66 Fifth
Avenue. The present members of the London firm are
Messrs. Alexander, Frederick, George, and Maurice
Macmillan, and Mr. George L. Craik. American authors
figure largely in the Macmillan catalogue, which, car-
ried down only to 1889, fills an octavo volume of 568
pages. It includes, as everyone knows, many of the
greatest names in modern English literature.
The following letter, written by Mr. Alfred B. Ma-
son to the New York “Critic,” has more than a local
application.
“The Sculpture Society is prematurely born. The hopes,
the efforts, the money which it will absorb should be con-
centrated on an older and more modest organization – the
Iconoclast Society. It is our purpose to destroy the chief hor-
rors of existence in New York City. We propose, first, to
blow up with suitable ceremonies a certain (or uncertain)
cockchafer impaled on a pin (see Johnson's Dictionary:
‘Cockchafer, an animal unlike anything else on earth'), which
disfigures Washington Square and has been labelled ‘Gari-
baldi' by some hater of Italy. We shall then remove with
proper violence a statue on the east side of Central Park
which represents a forgotten retail clothier named S. F.
B. Morse in the act of offering for sale to the passer-by
a ‘gent's shawl, rich and dressy.” St. Andrew's Day is to be
celebrated by the obliteration of a misshapen bronze lump
marked ‘Burns,' which now makes walking on the Mall im-
possible for all but the blind and the very young. Until the
Iconoclast Society by a judicious combination of good taste
and gunpowder has thus wrought its perfect work and freed
the city from these and the kindred monsters which squat
darkly in our parks, there can be no public taste for the
Sculpture Society to develop and satisfy.”
We should like to see a branch of the Iconoclast Soci-
ety established in Chicago, and it might very fittingly
inaugurate its crusade by the removal, with “proper
violence,” of the bronze statue, alleged to be of Christo-
pher Columbus, which the directors of the World's Fair
have erected upon our Lake Front.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALs.
September 1, 1893.
African Diggings, The. Illus. Annie Russell. Century.
Albert Dürer Town, An. Illus. Elizabeth R. Pennell. Harper.
American Finances. M. M. Estee. Californian.
Anthropology at the Fair, Illus. Fred'k Starr.
Australian Builder, An. J. J. Halsey. Dial.
Barnard, Edward E. Illus. S. W. Burnham. IIarper.
Bay of Fundy Tides. Illus. Gustav Kobbé. Scribner.
Booth, Edwin. H. A. Clapp. Atlantic.
Californian Naval Battalion. Illus. Californian.
ºnsus and Immigration. H. C. Lodge. Century.
ºhamps Elysées Salon. Illus. Claude Phillips. Maq. of Art.
Children of the Streets. Illus. Elodie Hogan. Californian.
Cholera's Pilgrim Path. Illus. Ernest Hart. Pop. Science.
Clothes. Illus. E. J. Lowell. Scribner.
Solumbian Exposition, Midway Review of. Dial.
Cooking, Scientific. Miss M. A. Boland. Popular Science.
Pop. Sci.
Dante's Historical Presuppositions. W. M. Bryant. Andover.
DeFoe, Daniel. Illus. M. O. W. Oliphant. Century.
Dickens, Girl's Recollections of. Mrs. E. W. Latimer. Lippin.
Egyptian Riders. Illus. T. A. Dodge. Harper.
English General Election. Illus. R. H. Davis.
English Prose. O. F. Emerson. Dial.
Executive Clemency. Charles Robinson. Century.
Folk-Lore Study in America. Illus. Lee J. Vance. Pop. Sci.
France's Moral Revival. Aline Gorren. Atlantic.
German Sunday. G. M. Whicher. Andover.
Graphic Humorists. Illus. M. H. Spielmann. Mag. of Art.
Hypnotism. Judson Daland. Lippincott.
Ibsen Notes. Illus. C. M. Waage. Californium.
Iceland. Illus. T. G. Paterson. Magazine of Art.
India, Recent Travels in. Dial.
Irving, Henry. Illus. Peter Robertson. Californian.
Isthmian Canal Law. Sidney Webster. Harper.
Lehigh Jaspar Mines. Illus. H. C. Mercer. Pop. Science.
Letters from India. Phillips Brooks. Century.
Lizards, Psychology of. M. J. Delboeuf. Popular Science.
Literary Forms. Charles Letourneau. Popular Science.
Love and Marriage. Sir Edward Strachey. Atlantic.
Love Lane. Illus. T. A. Janvier. Harper.
Lowell's Letters. C. E. Norton. Harper.
Machinists. Illus. F. J. Miller. Scribner.
North, J. W., Painter and Poet. H. Herkomer. Mag. of Art.
Pacific Coast Women's Press Ass'n. Illus. Californian.
Petrarch Correspondence. Mrs. Preston and Miss Dodge. Atl.
Prairie Farm Life. E. W. Smalley. Atlantic.
Reformatories and Lombroso. Helen Zimmern. Pop. Sci.
Richardson at Home. Illus. Austin Dobson. Scribner.
Russian Summer Resort. Isabel F. Hapgood. Atlantic.
Salvini, Autobiography of. Century.
Science, Recent. Prince Krapotkin. Popular Science.
Seville Bull-Fights. Illus. Marrion Wilcox. Lippincott.
Sights at the Fair. Illus. Gustav Kobbé. Century.
Silver, Why It Ceases to be Money. F. W. Taussig. Pop. Sci.
Silver Coinage. W. W. Bowers. Californian.
Southern Utes. Illus. W. Z. Reed. Californian.
Harper.
St. Augustine Road, The. Bradford Torrey. Atlantic.
Stillman, W. J. W. P. Garrison. Century.
Supernatural, The. C. E. Brewster. Andover.
Taormina Note-Book. Illus. G. E. Woodberry. Century.
Technical School and the University. F. A. Walker. Atlantic.
Texas. Illus. S. B. Maxey. Harper.
Thackeray MS. at Harvard. T. R. Sullivan. Scribner.
Theosophy and Christianity. W. J. Lhamon. Andover.
Uncle Sam in the Fair. Charles King, U.S. A. Lippincott.
Walnut in California. Wayne Scott. Californian.
Walton, Izaak. Illus. Alex. Cargill. Scribner.
Webster, Daniel. Mellen Chamberlain. Century.
Wildcat Banking in the Teens. J. B. McMaster. Atlantic.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, embracing 38 titles, includes all books
received by The DIAL since last issue.]
ILLUSTRATED GIFT BOORS.
The Ariel Shakespeare, Second Group: King John, Rich-
ard II. º IV. (First Part), Henry IV. (Second
Part), Henry V., Richard III., Henry VIII. 7 vols.,
illus., 32mo, G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5.25.
Coaching Days, and Coaching Ways. By W. Outram
Tristram. Illus, by Hugh Thomson and Hº: Rail-
ton. 12mo, pp. 376, gilt edges. Macmillan & Co. $2.00.
HISTORY.
The Ancient.Ways: Winchester Fifty
Rev. W. Tuckwell, M.A.
Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
BIOGRAPHY.
The Memories of Dean Hole. New edition, wi -
- --- - ion, with portrait,
12mo, pp. 332, uncut. Macmillan & Co. sº r
Years Ago. By
Illus., 12mo, pp. 17i, ment.


1893.]
123
THE DIAL
LITERARY MISCELLANY.
The Literary Works of James Smetham. Edited by
William Davies. 12nio, pp. 288, uncut. Macmillan & Co.
Si.50.
Early Prose and Verse. Edited by Alice Morse Earle and
Emily Ellsworth Ford. 18mo, pp. 21(5. Harper's " Dis-
taff Series." $1.00.
POETRY.
Rellglo Poetas, etc. By Coventry Patniore. 18mo, pp.
229, uncut. Macmillan & Co. ¥2.00.
Selections from the Verse of Augusta Webster. Kimo,
pp. 211, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $1-50.
FICTION.
The Rebel Queen. By Walter Besant. author of " Children
ofGibeon." Illtis., 12mo, pp. 389. Harper & Bros. $1.50,
The Private Life, Lord lieaupre, and The Visits. By Henry
James. 16mo, pp. 232, uncut. Harper & Bros. $1.00.
True Riches. By Francois Copped. 16mo, Ipp. 168. D.
Appleton & Co. $1.00.
Mrs. Curgenven of Curgenven. By S. Baring-Gould, au-
thor of " In the Roar of the Sea." l'-'iim, pp. 308. Lov-
ell, Coryell & Co. $1.25.
Stories of the Sea. Illus.. 32rao, pp. 250, gilt top, uncut.
"Stories from Scribner." Chas. Scribners Sons. 75 cts.
REPRINTS OK STANDARD FICTION.
The Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend Mr.
Abraham Adams. By Henry Fielding;, Esq. Edited by
George Saintsbury. In 2 vols., illus., Kimo, gilt top, un-
cut edges. Macmillan & Co. $2.00.
Vlllette. By Charlotte Bronte. In 2 vols., illus., lfimo, gilt
top, uncut edges. Macmillan & Co. $2.00.
The Monastery. By Sir Walter Scott, Bart. New Dry-
burgh edition, illus., 8vo, pp. 400, uncut. Macmillan &
Co. $1.25.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE TAPER LIBRARIES.
Appletons' Town and Country Library : From the Five
Rivers, by Mrs. F. A. Steel: Kimo, pp. 212.—An Inno-
cent Impostor, by Maxwell Grey; IGnio, pp. 206. Each,
50 cts.
Harper's Franklin Square Library: The Nameless City,
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Neely"B Choice Literature : The Passing Show, by Richard
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BOOKS FOR TUE YOUNG.
A Child's History of France. By John Bonner. Illus.,
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Paula Ferris. By Mary Farley Sanborn, author of " Sweet
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EDUCATIONAL.
MICHIGAN FEMALE SEMINARY, Kalamazoo, Mich.
A superior school and refined home. Number of students
limited. Terms $250. Send for Catalogue. Opens Sep-
tember 14, 1893. Brick buildings, passenger elevator, and
steam heat.
BINGHAM SCHOOL (FOR BOYS), Ashe villi-. N. C.
1793.— Established is 1703.— 1893.
201st Session begins Sept. 1, 1893. Maj. R. Bingham, Supt.
ROCKFORD COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, Rockford, III.
Forty-fifth year begins Sept. 13, 1893. College course and
excellent preparatory school. Specially organized departments
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growing library, fine gymnasium, resident physician. Memo-
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YOUNG LADIES' SEMINARY, Freehold, N. J.
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Room for twenty-five boarders. Individual care of pupils.
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MISS GIBBONS' SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, New York City.
No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. Sarah H. Emerson, Principal.
Will re-open Oct. 4. A few boarding pupils taken.
(URLS' COLLEGIATE SCHOOL, Chicago, III.
Nos. 470-481 Dearborn Aye. Seventeenth year. Prepares
for College, and gives special courses of study. For Young
Ladies and Children. Migg R s Rl A M ) „ . . . Miss M. E. Beedy, A.M.. ( P"""'Pa'»-
MISS CLAaETT'S HOME AND DAY SCHOOL FOR OIRLS.
Boston, Mass., 252 Marlboro' St. Reopens October 3.
Specialists in each Department. References: Rev. Dr. Don-
ald, Trinity Church; Mrs. Louis Agassi/., Cambridge;
Pres. Walker, Institute of Technology.
NEW ENOLAND CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC, Boston, Mass.
Founded by Carl Faelten,
Dr. Eben Touroee. Director.
THE LEADING CONSERVATORY OF AMERICA.
In addition to its unequaled musical advantages, excep-
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students. Calendar free.
Frank W. Hale, General Manager.
Franklin Square, Boston, Mass.
fUE NEW YORK BUREAU OF REVISION. For
'Authors: The skilled revision, the unbiassed and com-
petent criticism of prose and verse; advice as to publication.
For Publishers: The compilation of first-class works of
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cess. Indorsed by our leading writers. Address
DR. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave, New York.
/7 AAP I? //"" J � A A History of the Indian Wars
&nlVlLZl\l K^SllVrt. with the First Settlers of the
United States to the commencement of the Late War; to-
gether with an Appendix containing interesting Accounts of
the Battles fought by General Andrew Jackson. With two
Plates. Rochester, N. Y., 1828.
Two hundred signed and numbered copies have just been
reprinted at $2.00 each.
GEORGE P. HUMPHREY,
25 Exchange Street, Rochester, N. Y.


124
[Sept. 1, 1893.
THE DIAL
To California and Back
Hy the Santa Fe Impute. The most attratlive ^American
tour. ?A new descriptive book, with the above title, con-
taining over 150 pages and as many pen-and-ink Illus-
trations, sent free, on receipt of four cents in postage, by
JNO. J. 'BYRNE,
701 Monadnock Building, Chicago, III.
Fall Announcement Number
of THE DIAL.
The issue of The DJal for September
16 will be the Annual Fall Announce-
ment Number, and will contain the
usual classified lists of the books to
be issued this Fall by the American
publishers. It is intended that the list
shall be as complete and accurate as
possible, and publishers are invited to
furnish full and prompt information of
their forthcoming publications. This
will, of course, be printed without
charge. ___
%*M)T£.—The edition of this number will
be the largest THE DIAL has ever printed.
Joseph Gillott's
steel tens.
GOLD MEDALS, PARIS, 1878 and 1889.
Ms Celebrated Slumbers,
303-404-I70-604-332
zAnd bis other styles, may be had of all dealers
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thi dial run, CUCASO.


THE DIAL
Jt SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
$ittrarg Criticism, giscussimt, anb (Information.
EDITED BT I Volume XV.
FRANCIS F. BROWNE. I A'o. 174.
/1UTP 
r\ ct?t>t> ic -iqqo 10 cU- ■ ***»■! Office: 24 Adams St.
tHlLAUU, Oilrrl. lb, lBiM. W.aiwor. j Stevens Building.
Charles Scribner's Sons' New Books
JUST PUBLISHED.
A New Romance by ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON.
David Balfour.
Being Memoirs of his Adventures at Home and Abroad. l2mo, cloth, $1.50.
Mr. Stevenson's new book is a worthy sequel to his great masterpiece, " Kidnapped." It is more than a
story of romantic adventure, with conspiracies and perils and heroic achievements on land and sea, for it
makes David the bero of a love affair, the description of which reveals the author's genius in an altogether
new light. The Adventures of David and his Highland sweetheart carry them both into Holland and France,
and supply fresh evidence of the author's wonderful power of spirited narrative and bold character painting.
NEW EDITION, UNIFORM WITH THE ABOVE.
KIDNAPPED.
Being Memoirs of the Adventures of David Balfour, in the Year 1751. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
l* Mr. Stevenson has never appeared to greater advantage than in ' Kidnapped.' . . . No better book of its kind than
these ' Adventures of David Balfour' has ever been written. Mr. Stevenson confesses in a note his own great kindness for
Alan and Davie, and half promises to tell what further befell them after their parting in Edinburgh—a promise which the
friends they have already made long to see fulfilled." — The Nation.
A New Book by ROBERT GRANT.
A Sequel to " THE REFLECTIONS OF A MARRIED MAN."
The Opinions of a Philosopher.
With many Illustrations by C. S. REINHART and W. T. SMEDLEY. l2mo, cloth, $1.00.
An unusually large circle of eager readers will be found waiting for Robert Grant's " Opinions of a Phil-
osopher"; for his "Reflections," to which this is a sequel, appealed to and made friends of a larger public
than any book of its class in recent years. Every one who remembers at how many points, both tender and
laughable, the story of Fred and Josephine's young married life in the " Reflections " touched his own, will be
anxious to follow the couple through their middle life. The illustrations reflect admirably both the grave
and the comic elements in the story.
IN UNIFORM STYLE WITH THE FOREGOING:
THE REFLECTIONS OF A MARRIED MAN.
12mo, cloth, $1.00.
"Nothing is more entertaining than to have one's familiar experiences take objective form; and few experiences are
more familiar than those which Mr. Grant here chronicles for us. Altogether Mr. Grant has given us a capital little book,
which should easily strike up literary comradeship with "Reveries of a Bachelor." — Boston Transcript.
TWO BOOKS FOR BOYS BY ROBERT GRANT.
JACK HALL;
| Or, The School Days of an American Boy. By Robert
Gkant. Illus. by F. G. Attwood. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
41A capital story for boys, wholesome and interesting. It reminds
j one of 'Tom Brown.' "—Boston Transcript.
JACK IN THE BUSH;
Or. A Summer on Salmon River. By Robert Grant.
Illustrated by F. T. Merrill. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
11 An ideal story of out-door life and genuine experiences."—Boston
Traveller.
For sale by all Booksellers, or sent postpaid, on receipt of price, by the Publishers,
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743-745 Broadway, New York.


126
[Sept. 16.
THE DIAL
Charles Scribner's Sons' New Books
With Thackeray in America.
New and charming glimpses of the great novelist are given in this chatty and readable book of Mr. Crowe,
the artist who accompanied Thackeray on his journeyings in this country. The rapid and graphic narrative
also describes the writer's own very lively impressions of the country and people
of forty years ago. The author's vigorous sketches of persons and places are
really historical memoranda of value, and include portraits of the most eminent
notabilities of that day, and of characteristic scenes which have now wholly
passed away.
By Eyre Crowe.
With 121 Illustrations.
Small 4to, 52.00.
Two New Volumes in the Cameo Edition.
Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers.
By R. L. Stevenson.
"If there are among our readers any lovers of good
books, to whom Mr. Stevenson is still a
stranger, we may advise them to make
his acquaintance through this collection
of essays."—X. Y. Tribune.
By Andrew Lang.
Letters to Dead Authors.
With four additional letters.
"The book is one of the luxuries of the literary taste.
It is meant for the exquisite palate,
Each, with etched Portrait, j and is prepared by one of the 'know-
l6mo. Half levant, $3.50; | ing kind.' It is an astonishing little
half calf, $2.75; cloth, $l .25.! volume."—N. Y. Evening Post.
•_• Large Paper Edition of the above two volumes, limited to 212 numbered sets, printed on Holland
Paper, per set, $7.00 net.
Women of
the Valois and
Versailles
Courts.
By Imbert de Saint-AmanJ.
"Iu his previous volumes upon Famous Women of
Saiut-Amaud apostrophised the virtues of Marie
Josephine, Marie Louise, Duchess of Angouleme
and Duchess of Berry. He now reverts to a
group of even more distinction and of quite as
much historic interest. He presents a group of
feminine types, discovering almost every shade
of human passions and ambitions."
—-Philadelphia Ledger.
the French Court, M. de
Antoinette, the Empress
Women of the Valois Court.
The Court of Louis XIV.
The Court of Louis XV.
Last Years of Louis XV.
Each, with numerous Portraits,
l'2mo, jl.23. The set, half calf,
$10.00; cloth, S.1.00.
New Editions of Page's and Cable's Works.
Thomas Nelson Page's Works.
The publication in a uniform edition of Mr. Page's
"In Ole Virginia," "Elsket," "On Newfound
Hiver," and the volume of essays, "The Old
South," will make these stand-
ard books a welcome addition 4 vols. In a box
to many libraries. $4.50.
George W. Cable's Novels.
Mr. Cable's six novels long ago acquired the distinc-
tion of classics, and their appearance in a handsome
uniform binding is in response to a wide demand
for a library edition befitting
their character and position in 5 yols ,n a box
the front rank of American lit-
erature.
$6.00.
Stories from
Scribner.
Fully Illustrated.
Each, paper, 50 cts.; cloth,
75 cts.; half calf, $1.50.
Stories of Italy.
Stories of New York.
Stories of the South.
Stories of the Army.
Stories of the Railway.
Stories of the Sea.
"Only those who have regularly read Scribner's have any idea of the delight-
ful contents of these volumes, for they contain
some of the best short stories written for this peri-
odical. They are exquisitely bound, clearly printed
on fine paper, and admirably illustrated."—Boston
Times.
The Set, 6 vols., paper,
$3.00; cloth, $4.50; half
calf, $9.00.
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743-745 Broadway, New York.


1893.]
127
THE DIAL
NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS
To be Published by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY during Autumn of 189J.
TALES FROM SHAKSPEARE. By Charles and
Mart Lamb, with a continuation by Harrison S. Morris,
author of "Tales from Ten Poets," etc. 4 vols., lGnio,
illustrated, cloth, $4.00; half calf or half morocco, $8.00;
three-quarters calf, $10.00. De Luxe Edition, 4 vols., small
8vo, cloth, $12.00, net.
THE LIVES OF THE QUEENS OF ENGLAND.
By Agnes Strickland. New Cabinet Edition, in 8 vols.,
lGmo, cloth, $12.00 ;' half calf, $24.00; three-quarters calf,
$28.00.
HISTORY OF THE REIQN OF THE EMPEROR
CHARLES V. 2 vols.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL MISCELLANIES
1 vol. Completing the De Luxe Edition (limited to 230
copies) of the celebrated works of William H. Pkbscott.
Large 8vo. Handsomely bound in half morocco, gilt top,
$5.00 net per volume.
HISTORY OF THE CONSULATE AND THE EM-
PIRE OF FRANCE UNDER NAPOLEON. By L.
A. Thiers, Ex-Prime Minister of France. Translated from
the French, with the consent of the author, by D. Forbes
Campbell. Printed from new type, and illustrated with
30 steel plates, printed from the French originals. The
first volume ready in September, to be followed by one
volume a month until completed. 12 8vo vols., cloth,
price, $3.00 per vol., net.
HISTORICAL TALES. The Romance of Reality. By
Charles Morris, author of " The Half-Hour Series," etc.
12ino, cloth, $1.25 per vol. — America, England, France,
Germany. Each work sold separately or in sets in boxes.
Price, $5.00 per set; half calf, $10.00.
GOLDSMITH'S WORKS. New Edition, published in
connection with Dent & Co., of London. 6 vols., lGmo,
cloth, $(i.OO.
SEVEN CHRISTMAS EVES. The Romance of a So-
cial Evolution. By Seven Authors. With illustrations by
Dudley Hardv. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
THE CHRONICLES OF FAIRYLAND. A volume of
Fantastic Tales. By Feroi's Hume. 4to, cloth extra,
$1.50.
A DOO OF FLANDERS, and Other Stories. By
Ouida. A collection of four charming sketches for young
readers. With illustrations, small 4to, cloth, $1.50.
TWENTY LITTLE MAIDENS. By AmyE.Blanch-
ard. A delightful book for little folks. With 20 full-page
illustrations by Ida Wauoh. Small 4to, cloth extra, $1.50.
KING ARTHUR AND THE KNIGHTS OF THE
ROUND TABLE. By Charles Morris. A Mod-
ernized Version of the Morte Darthur. New illustrated
Edition. 3 vols., lOnio, half cloth, gilt top, $3.00; half
calf or half morocco, $(i.OO; three-quarters calf, $7.50.
LITTLE MISS MUFFET. A Story for Girls. By
Rosa Nouchette Carey, author of "Esther," "Aunt
Diana," etc. 12mo, cloth, with illustrations, $1.25.
ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF THE HALF-HOUR
SERIES. Selected and arranged by Charles Mor-
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HALF HOURS WITH THE BEST FOREION AUTHORS.
4 vols., crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $0.00; half calf, $10.00;
three-quarters calf, $13.00.
HALF HOURS WITH THE BEST HUMOROUS AUTHORS.
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three-quarters calf, $13.00.
HALF HOURS WITH THE BEST AMERICAN AUTHORS.
4 vols., crown 8vo, cloth, $0.00; half calf, $10.00; three-
quarters calf, $13.00; Svo size, half cloth, $10.00.
HALF HOURS WITH AMERICAN HISTORY. 2 vols., crown
8vo, cloth, $3.00; half calf, $5.00; three-quarters calf,
$0.50.
IN THE YULE-LOG GLOW. By Harrison S. Mor-
ris. Containing Christmas Tales and Christmas Poems
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cloth, gilt top, $4.00; half polished calf or morocco, $8.00;
three-quarters calf, $10.00.
THROUGH COLONIAL DOORWAYS. By Anne
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Svo, handsomely bound, uncut edges, in box, $3.50 net.
Fourth Edition. 12mo, colonial covers, $1.25.
BIRDS IN A V1LLAOE. By W. H. Hudson (S. M.
Z. S.I. author of " Idle Days in Patagonia," etc. Crown
Svo, buckram, $2.25.
OUR OWN BIRDS. A Familiar Natural History of
the Birds of the United States. By Wm. L. Bailey. Re-
vised and edited by Edward D. Cope. Containing, in ad-
dition to numerous wood-cuts, 12 full-page plates of the
best workmanship. 12rao, cloth, $1.25.
QUEECHY. By Susan Warner, author of "Wide,
Wide World," etc. New Edition, printed from new plates,
and illustrated with 30 new pictures in the text, from draw-
ings by Frederick Dielman, uniform with " Wide, Wide
World." 12mo, cloth, $ 1.00; paper, 50 ots.
ELINOR FENTON. An Adirondack Story. By David
S. Foster, author of " Casanova the Courier," etc. 12mo,
cloth, $1.25.
THE SION OF FOUR. By A. Conan Doyle, author
of " A Study in Scarlet," etc. 12mo, paper, 50 cts.; cloth,
$1.00.
A DIPLOMAT'S DIARY. By Julif.n Gordon, au-
thor of " A Successful Man," etc. New Edition, in paper
covers, lL'iuo, 50 cts.
MY CHILD AND I. A Woman's Story by Florence
Warden. Copyright in " Lippincott's Select Series."
A NEW NOVEL. By B. M. Croker. To be issued
in "Lippincott's Select Series." 12mo, paper, 50 cts.;
cloth, $1.00.
For sale by all Booksellers, or sent by the Publishers, postage prepaid, on receipt of price.
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, 715 and 717 Market Street, Philadelphia.


126 THE DIAL [Sept. 16,
Charles Scribner's Sons' New Books
With Thackeray in America.
New and charming glimpses of the great novelist are given in this chatty and readable book of Mr. Crowe,
the artist who accompanied Thackeray on his journeyings in this country. The rapid and graphic narrative
also describes the writer's own very lively impressions of the country and people
of forty years ago. The author's vigorous sketches of persons and places are
really historical memoranda of value, and include portraits of the most eminent
notabilities of that day, and of characteristic scenes which have now wholly
passed away.
By Eyre Crowe.
With 121 illustrations.
Small 4to, $2.00.
Two New Volumes in the Cameo Edition.
Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers. Letters to Dead Authors. By ANDREw LANG.
By R. L. STEveNsoN. With four additional letters.
“If there are among our readers any lovers of good “The book is one of the luxuries of the literary taste.
books, to whom Mr. Stevenson is still a - ––. It is meant for the exquisite palate,
stranger, we may advise them to make | Each, with etched Portrait, and is prepared by one of the ‘know-
his acquaintance through this collection | 16mo. Haif levant, $3.50; ing kind.' It is an astonishing little
of essays.”—N. Y. Tribune. half caiſ, s2.7s; cloth, si.2s. volume.”—N. Y. Evening Post.
*...* Large Paper Edition of the above two volumes, limited to 212 numbered sets, printed on Holland
Paper, per set, $7.00 met.
“In his previous volumes upon Famous Women of the French Court, M. de
Women of | Saint-Amand apostrophised the virtues of Marie Antoinette, the Empress
| - Josephine, Marie Louise, Duchess of Angoulême — -
the Valois and and Duchess of Berry. He now reverts to a women of the Valois Court.
- - - - >> Each, with numerous Portraits,
of human passions and ambitions. 12mo, $1.25. The set, half calf,
—Philadelphia Ledger. $10.00; cloth, $5.00.
- group of even more distinction and of quite as The Court of Louis XIV.
Versailles much historic interest. He presents a group of The Court of Louis XV.
Courts. feminine types, discovering almost every shade Last Years of Louis XV.
By Imbert de Saint-Amand.
New Editions of Page's and Cable's Works.
|
Thomas Nelson Page's Works.
The publication in a uniform edition of Mr. Page's
“In Ole Virginia,” “Elsket,” “On Newfound
River," and the volume of essays, “The Old
South,” will make these stand- =
ard books a welcome addition 4 vols. in a box,
to many libraries. $4.50.
Stories of Italy.
Stories from Stories of New York,
George W. Cable's Novels.
Mr. Cable's six novels long ago acquired the distinc-
tion of classics, and their appearance in a handsome
uniform binding is in response to a wide demand
for a library edition befitting —
their character and position in 5 vols. in a box,
the front rank of American lit- $6.00.
erature.
Stories of the Army.
Stories of the Railway.
Scribner. Stories of the South. Stories of the Sea.
“Only those who have regularly read ScribNER's have any idea of the delight-
Fully Illustrated. ful contents of these volumes, for they contain y
Each, paper, 50 cts. ; cloth,
75 cts.; half calf, $1.50,
Times.
some of the best short stories written for this peri-
odical. They are exquisitely bound, clearly printed
on fine paper, and admirably illustrated.” Boston
–
The Set, 6 vols., paper,
s3.00; cloth, sº so; hall
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS,
calf, $9.00. |
743-745 Broadway, New York.


1893.] THE
DIAL 127
NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS
To be Published by J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY during Autumn of 1893.
TALES FROM SHAKSPEARE. By CHARLEs and
MARY LAMB, with a continuation by HARRIsoN S. MoRRIs,
author of “Tales from Ten Poets,” etc. 4 vols., 16mo,
illustrated, cloth, $4.00; half calf or half morocco, $8.00;
three-quarters calf, $10.00. De Luxe Edition, 4 vols., small
8vo, cloth, $12.00, net.
THE LIVES OF THE QUEENS OF ENGLAND.
By AGNEs STRICKLAND. New Cabinet Edition, in 8 vols.,
16mo, cloth, $12.00; half calf, $24.00; three-quarters calf,
$28.00.
HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF THE EMPEROR
CHARLES V. 2 vols.
BIOGRAPHICAL AND CRITICAL MISCELLANIES
1 vol. Completing the De Lure Edition (limited to 250
copies) of the celebrated works of WILLIAM. H. PREscott.
Large 8vo. Handsomely bound in half morocco, gilt top,
$5.00 met per volume.
HISTORY OF THE CONSULATE AND THE EM-
PIRE OF FRANCE UNDER NAPOLEON. By L.
A. THIERs, Ex-Prime Minister of France. Translated from
the French, with the consent of the author, by D. Forbes
CAMPBELL. Printed from new type, and illustrated with
36 steel plates, printed from the French originals. The
first volume ready in September, to be followed by one
volume a month until completed. 12 8vo vols., cloth,
price, $3.00 per vol., net.
HISTORICAL TALES. The Romance of Reality. By
CHARLEs MoRRIs, author of “The Half-Hour Series,” etc.
12mo, cloth, $1.25 per vol.-America, England, France,
Germany. Each work sold separately or in sets in boxes.
Price, $5.00 per set; half calf, $10.00.
GOLDSMITH'S WORKS. New Edition, published in
connection with Dent & Co., of London. 6 vols., 16mo,
cloth, $6.00.
SEVEN CHRISTMAS EVES. The Romance of a So-
cial Evolution. By Seven Authors. With illustrations by
DUDLEY HARDy. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
THE CHRONICLES OF FAIRYLAND. A volume of
Fantastic Tales. By FERGus HUME. 4to, cloth extra,
$1.50.
A D0G OF FLANDERS, and Other Stories. By
OUIDA. A collection of four charming sketches for young
readers. With illustrations, small 4to, cloth, $1.50.
TWENTY LITTLE MALDENS. By AMy E. BLANCH-
ARD, A delightful book for little folks. With 20 full-page
illustrations by Ida Waugh, Small 4to, cloth extra, $1.50.
KING ARTHUR AND THE KNIGHTS OF THE
ROUND TABLE. By CHARLEs MoRRIs. A Mod-
•rnized Version of the Morte Darthur. New illustrated
Edition. 3 vols., 16mo, half cloth, gilt top, $3.00; half
calf or half morocco, $6.00; three-quarters calf, $7.50.
LlTTLE MISS MUFFET. A Story for Girls. By
Rosa Noucherre CAREy, author of “Esther,” “Aunt
Diana,” etc. 12mo, cloth, with illustrations, $1.25.
For sale by all Booksellers, or sent by the Publishers, post-
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, 715 AND 117
ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF THE HALF-HOUR
SERIES. Selected and arranged by CHARLEs MoR-
Ris. Uniform in style, size and binding.
HALF HOURS WITH THE BEST FOREIGN AUTHORS.
4 vols., crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $6.00; half calf, $10.00;
three-quarters calf, $13.00.
HALF HOURS WITH THE BEST HUMOROUS AUTHORS.
4 vols., crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $6.00; half calf, $10.00;
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128 THE DIAL
[Sept. 16,
T.Y. Crowell & Co.'s Fall Announcement
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1893.]
129
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