463 466,164 THE DIAL 47586 À Semi-Montbly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME XVII. JULY 1, 1894, TO DECEMBER 16, 1894 CHICAGO: THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1894 INDEX TO VOLUME XVII. African Folk-Lork, Curiosities of Frederick Starr 261 American History, New Studies in Francis W. Shepardson 380 American Law Reform, Problems of Merritt Starr 115 American Stage Favorite, An 256 Bartlett's Concordance to Shakespeare .... Hiram Corson 103 Birds, Some Books about Sara A. Hvbbard 291 Books of the Fall of 1894 143 British Diplomat in the Orient, A Ernest Wilson Clement 92 Canterbury Tales as Poetry, The Hiram Corson 260 Centennials, Literary 371 College and University English: A Summary 249 Continental Literature, A Year of 51. 79 Crerar Library, The 323 Dutch Influence upon America Francis W. Shepardson 61 Economic Principles Newly Stated 0. L. Elliott 118 Edison, The Life and Work of 289 "Eminent Scoundrel" in Literature, The 223 English at Amherst College John F. Genung 54 English at the University of California . . . Charles Mills Gayley 29 English at the University of Indiana .... Martin W. Sampson 5 English at the University of Michigan .... Fred N. Scott 82 English at the University of Nebraska A. Sherman 105 English at the University of Pennsylvania . . Felix E. Schilling 146 English at the University of Wisconsin .... David B. Frankenburger .... 187 English at Wellesley College Katharine Lee Bates 219 English in a French University 27 English in the Lower Schools 3 English Literature, The History of Frederic Ives Carpenter .... 285 English Novels, Recent William Morton Payne 263 Ethics, Some Recent Studies in Frank Chapman Sharp .... 196 Evolution, The Antiquity of David Starr Jordan 330 Faith, Extremes of John Bascom 156 Faith, The Enlargement of John Bascom 294 Fiction, Recent William Morton Payne 121 Froude, James Anthony 251 Hamerton, Philip Gilbert 283 History, A Library of A. H. Noll 152 Holiday Publications, 1894 335, 383 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 215 Holmes, English Tributes to 252 Japan — Korea — China 189 Japan of Old, The Real Ernest W. Clement 258 Juvenile Books, 1894 339, 388 Karakoram Himalayas, In the 58 Lake Poets, The Anna B. McMahan 293 Legislation, Unconstitutional • . Harry Pratt Judson 62 Lincoln's Complete Works B. A. Hinsdale 33 Literature, Signs of Life in Edward E. Hale, Jr 11 Manners, American Anna B. McMahan 375 Mental Growth of Mankind, The Frederick Starr 117 "Mere Literature" John Burroughs 253 Musicians, Two, Letters of 8 Napoleonic Pictures, More Ill Nova Scotian Indians, Folk Tales of Frederick Starr 14 Old Light on the New Path, The Frederick Starr 376 One Step Short S. R. Elliott 217 Pater, Walter 84 Poetry, Recent William Morton Payne 63 Public Servant, A Great Melville B. Anderson 86 Rambles and Reflections of a Lover of Nature Anna B. McMahan 13 Save Me from my Friends Alexander C. McClurg 36 iv. INDEX. Sherman Letters, The B. A. Hinsdale 226 Short Story, The Art of the . . „l 183 Socialism, The Strength and Weakness of . . . Edward W. Bemis 91 Sociology, Recent Studies of C. R. Henderson 153 Stories, A Century of William Morton Payne 332 Sunbeam from the Thirteenth Century, A . . . C. A. L. Riclmrds 150 Swing, David 217 Teaching, The Freedom of 103 "Tell Us a Story!" Jessie Macmillan Anderson . . . 145 Thaxter, Mrs. Celia 108 Thoreau's Letters Louis J. Block 228 "Three Decker," The Rise and Fall of the . . Walter Besant 185 Travel, Some Recent Books of Alice Morse Earle 39 Underwood, Francis H 85 Unemployed, The Problem of the E. W. Bemis 331 Virginians, Two Great B. A. Hinsdale 378 Wealth Against Commonwealth William Henry Smith 230 Whittier, The Life and Letters of 327 COMMUNICATIONS. New York Topics. Arthur Stedman Books, The Public Appreciation of. W. R. K. . 222 Bryant Centenary, The. Arthur Stedman . . 107 Bryant Day at Knox College. W. E. S. . . . 301 Comparative Literature, A Society of. Charles Mills Gayley 57 Comparative Literature, The Proposed Society of. Albert S. Cook 110 Comparative Literature, The Proposed Society of. Willard C. Gore 287 Cruelty, The Social Distribution of. A. W. G. . 326 Ely, Professor, The Trial of. R. W. Conant . 109 English in Southern Universities. J. B. Henneman 373 English Literature, The Study of, from the Stand- point of the Student. Charles W. Hodell . 148 English, The Teaching of, in Preparatory Schools. John M. Clapp 222 English in Preparatory Schools. Caskie Harrison 286 Ethics in Journalism—A Warning for the Unin- itiated. William C. Lawton 288 Fiske, John, and the California Vigilants. C. Clark 255 Hebrew as a Sailor, The. Adolphe Cohn . . . 222 Historian's " Literary Style," An. John J. Halsey 32 19, 44, 71, 96, 167, 201, 237, 301, 343, 390 Illinois University, Dedication and Inauguration at the. T.A.Clark 342 Italian Novelists, Contemporary. G. B. Rose . 7 Learning, The "Royal Road " to. W. M. Bryant 254 Literature in Preparatory Schools, The Study of. Gertrude H. Mason 374 "Literature, Mere," Mr. Burroughs on. William M. Salter 326 Literature, The Teaching of. W. H. Johnson . 56 Literature, The Teaching of, Again. Frederic Ives Carpenter 85 "Literature," What is Meant by? W. E. Henry 326 New York "Nation," The, and its "College An- archist." C.E.S 110 Provincial Flag of Pennsylvania, The. F.O.Allen 7 San Francisco Vigilantes Again, The. W. R. K. 286 Shakespeare Library, A Working. A. J. H. . 188 Shakespeare Society of New York, The, and its "Bankside" Shakespeare. Appleton Morgan 57 "Teaching, The Freedom of." Duane Mowry . 149 Tennyson, A Memorial to. Annie Fields ... 57 Word Unfitly Spoken, A. W. R. K. . . . . 149 MISCELLANEOUS. American Philological Association, The. J. R. S. 56 Autumn. Poem by John Vance Cheney . . . 147 Ballade of Books Well Bound. Poem by Harry B. Smith . . .' 73 Bibliophile's Library, A Modern. W. Irving Way 129 Books for the Young 339, 388 Bulgaria, Papers and Magazines of 45 Carcassonne. Poem from the French of Gustave Nadaud, by Francis F. Browne 288 Changeless Bard, The. Poem by W. P. Trent . 188 De Lisle, Leconte 98 English Authors, Older, Thinned Ranks of the . 344 Fiction, Why Alone as Serials? 73 Freeman, Edward Augustus, In Memoriam. Poem by Arthur J. Evans 271 Helmholtz, Prof. Hermann von, Death of . . . 169 Holmes.OliverWendell. Poem by JuliaC.R. Dorr 303 Inadequacy. Poem by Edith M. Thomas . . 217 Minor Poets, The Prospect for 203 Newberry Library, John Vance Cheney Elected Librarian of the 270 Oxford, Final Honor School of English at . . 21 Pater, Walter. Poem by Michael Field . . . 129 Pater, Walter, The Message of 203 Pearson, Charles Henry 21 Publishing House, The History of a .... 344 Reprints, Garbled, Protection of Authors from . 73 San Francisco, Professor M. B. Anderson's Crit- icisms on 391 Scott at the Close of his Century 128 Shelley Memorial, Unveiling of the 239 Swinburne's Memorial Ode on the Death of Le- conte de Lisle, Selections from 392 To a Sleeper at Rome. Poem by Theodore Watts 73 "Transfiguration." Poem by Florence Wilkinson 45 Turkey, Public Instruction in 20 University Extension, A Prophet of 98 Webster, Augusta. Poem by Alexander H. Japp 203 INDEX. v. Announcements of Fall Books, 1894 Briefs on New Books Briefer Mention Literary Notes and Miscellany Topics in Leading Periodicals . . List of New Books AUTHORS AND TITLES Abbott, Charles Conrad. The Birds About Us . 291 • Aitken, G. A. Works of Richard Steele ... 70 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey. The Story of a Bad Boy, holiday edition 390 Alexander, W. F. Selected Letters of Mendels- sohn 10 Allen, Joseph Henry. An Historical Sketch of the Unitarian Movement 157 Allingham, William. Varieties in Prose ... 13 Andersen, Hans, Tales from 339 Anster, John. Goethe's Faust, Dodd, Mead & Co.'s edition 385 Aspects of Modern Study 235 Atherton, Gertrude. Before the Gringo Came . 333 Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice, holiday edi- tion 337 Ballou, M. M. The Pearl of India 299 Bancroft, H. H. The Book of the Fair ... 159 Bangs, John Kendrick. The Water Ghost and Others 334 'Barker, G. F. Russell. Walpole's Memoirs of the Reign of George III 335 Bartlett, John. A Complete Concordance to Shakespeare 193 Baylor, Frances Courtney. Claudia Hyde . . 123 Beers, Henry A. From Chaucer to Tennyson . 199 Bent, Theodore. The Sacred City of the Ethiop- ians 71 Bible Stories for the Young 340 Bibliographica 18 Bike"las, Demetrios. Tales from the ^Egean . . 334 Bishop, W. H. Writing to Rosina 338 Bjornson, Bjdrnstjerne. A Gauntlet .... 128 Black, William. Highland Cousins 265 Bliss, Frederick Jones. A Mound of Many Cities 19 Blossom, Jr., Henry M. The Documents in Evi- dence 44 Bolles, Frank. From Blomidon to Smoky . . 292 Bolton, Sarah K. Famous Leaders among Men 342 Booth, Charles. The Aged Poor in England and Wales 154 Booth by, Guy. On the Wallaby 40 Bosanquet, Bernard. The Civilization of Christ- endom 196 Bower, Hamilton. Diary of a Journey across Tibet 39 Boyesen, H. H. Literary and Social Silhouettes 95 Boyesen, H. H. Norseland Tales 342 Boyd, Mrs. Orsemus B. Cavalry Life in Tent and Field 234 Bradford, Amory H. The Question of Unity . 156 Bradford, Amory H. The Sistine Madonna . . 387 Bridges, Robert. The Growth of Love . . . 386 Brooks, Elbridge S. The Century Book for Young Americans 340 Brown, Horatio F. Life on the Lagoons ... 68 Browning, Robert. Asolando 300 Bruce, Wallace. Wayside Poems 387 160,204 . 16, 41, 68, 94, 124, 158, 198, 233, 267, 296, 345 . . .19, 44, 70, 96, 127, 160, 200, 236, 269, 300 20, 45, 72, 97,128, 168, 202, 238, 270, 302, 343, 391 . . 21, 46, 74, 130, 169, 205, 239, 271, 345, 392 .... 21, 46, 74, 130, 205, 240, 271, 303, 392 OF BOOKS REVIEWED. Bryant, William M. A Syllabus of Ethics . . 198 Bryant, William M. Ethics and the New Edu- cation 198 Burnett, Frances Hodgson. Piccino .... 388 Burt, Mary E. Stories from Plato and Other Classic Writers 127 Butterworth, Hezekiah. The Patriot School- master 341 Byron, Lord. Childe Harold, Handy Volume edition 387 Caine, Hall. The Manxman 264 Carus, Paul. Fundamental Problems .... 269 Catherwood, Mary Hartwell. The Chase of Saint- Castin 333 Champney, Elizabeth W. Witch Winnie at Shin- necock 388 Chatelain, Heli. Folk-Tales of Angola . . 261 Chatterbox for 1894 390 Child, Theodore. Wimples and Crisping Pins . 386 Church, A. J. Stories from English History . 389 - Chnrch, Samuel Harden. Oliver Cromwell . . 71 Clark, J. W. Libraries in the Mediteval and Renaissance Periods 201 Clark, T. M. Building Superintendence ... 19 Cochrane, Alfred. The Kestral's Nest ... 65 Cole, Grenville A. J. The Gypsy Road ... 41 Collier, William Francis. History of English Literature 300 Coman, Katherine, and Kendall, Elizabeth. The Growth of the English Nation 199 • Commons, John R. Social Reform and the Church 155 Commons, John R. The Distribution of Wealth 119 Conder, Claude R. Maccabreus and the Jewish War of Independence 201 Conway, Moncure D. Centenary History of the South Place Society 126 Conway, Moncure D. The Writings of Thomas Paine 269 Conway, William M. Climbing and Exploration in the Karakoram Himalayas 58 Coolidge, Susan. Not Quite Eighteen . . . 388 Cortina, R. D. Spanish Texts for Students . . 128 Cotes, Mrs. Everard. A Daughter of To-day . 123 Cox, Palmer. The Brownies Around the World 339 Coxe, Brinton. Essay on Judicial Power and Un- constitutional Legislation 62 Craddock, Charles Egbert. His Vanished Star . 123 Crane, Lauren E. Speeches and Addresses of Newton Booth 71 Curzon, George N. Problems of the Far East . 189 Davidson, John. Plays 125 De Amicis, Edmondo. Holland 383 De Gontnit, the Duchesse, Memoirs of . . . 384 De Me'ueval, Claude-Francois. Memoirs Illus- trating the History of Napoleon I. . . . Ill, 199 Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities, holi- day edition 336 vi. INDEX. Dickens, Mary Angela. A Valiant Ignorance . 122 Dickson, W. K. L. and Autonia. The Life and Inventions of Thomas Alva Edison .... 289 Dictionary of National Biography 201 Dillon, John F. Laws and Jurisprudence of En- gland and America 115 Discipleship: The Scheme of Christianity . . . 295 Dixon, Miss E. Fairy Tales from the Arabian Nights 19 Dobson, Austin. Eighteenth Century Vignettes, Second Series 338 Dobson, Austin. Old English Songs .... 385 Dodge, Mary Mapes. The Land of Pluck . . 340 Dodge, Mary Mapes. When Life is Young . . 389 Dolbear, A. E. Matter, Ether, and Motion . . 71 Dostoievsky, F. Poor Folk 124 Doyle, A. Conan. Micah Clarke, school edition 236 Doyle, A. Conan. Hound the Red Lamp . . . 332 Drage, Geoffrey. The Unemployed . . . 155,331 Drake, Samuel Adams. The Making of the Ohio Valley States 381 Dumas, Alexandre. The Count of Monte Cristo, Crowell's edition 336 Dumas, Alexandre. The Napoleon Romances, Little, Brown, & Co.'s edition 127 Du Maurier, George. Trilby 264 Dunn, George. Red Cap and Blue Jacket . . 121 Earle, Alice Morse. Costume in Colonial Times 269 Earle, Alice Morse. Diary of Anna Green Winslow 268 Edwards, George Wharton. P'tit Matinic 338 Egleston, Thomas. Life of Major General John Paterson 380 Ely, Richard T. Socialism 91 English in the Secondary Schools 71 Erman, Adolf. Life in Ancient Egypt . . . 386 European Architecture 383 Faber's Hymns, Crowell's edition 387 Farrar, Canon. Life of Christ as Represented in Art 383 Fasnacht, G. E. Select Specimens of the Great French Writers 160 Fenn, George Manville. First in the Field . . 389 Ferrier, Susan, The Novels of, Dent's edition . 385 Field, Eugene. Love Songs of Childhood . . 390 Finley, John H. The Public Treatment of Pau- perism 300 Firth, C. H. Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow . . 160 Fiske, John. History of the United States for Schools 198 Fiske, John. The War for Independence, school edition 70 Fitzgerald, Edward. The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, Mosher's edition 299 Fitzgerald, Percy. The Gilbert and Sullivan Operas 159 Flammarion, Camille. Popular Astronomy . . 386 Forbes, Archibald. Czar and Sultan .... 340 Forster, Francis. Major Joshua 122 Fowler, J. K. Recollections of Old Country Life 95 Frederic, Harold. Marsena 333 Frost, William H. Wagner Story Book . . . 340 Fullef, Anna. Peak and Prairie 333 Gamliu, Hilda. Life and Art of George Romuey 384 Gandhi, Virchand R. The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ 295 Garland, Hamlin. Crumbling Idols .... 11 Garnett, Edward. An Imaged World .... 338 Giddings, Franklin II. The Theory of Sociology 155 Gilder, Richard Watson. Five Books of Song . 300 Gilkes, Arthur Herman. The Thing that Hath Been 2G6 Gomme, Alice B. Children's Singing Games . 201 Goodyear, W. H. Renaissance and Modern Art 199 Gould, George M. Illustrated Dictionary of Med- icine, Biology, and Allied Sciences .... 43 Gould, George M. The Meauing and the Method of Life 156 Green Carnation, The 266 Green, Mrs. J. R. Town Life in the Fifteenth Century 94" Griffis, William Elliott. Brave Little Holland . 01 Gudeman, Alfred. Tacitus's Dialogus de Orator- ibus 236 Gunn, John. The Sons of the Vikings . . . 342 Hall, John R. Clark. A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary 236 Hall, Tom. When Hearts are Trumps ... 08 Harper's Young People for 1894 390 Harraden, Beatrice. Things Will Take a Turn 388 Harris, Frank. Elder Conklin 332 Harris, Joel Chandler. Little Mr. Thimblefln- ger 389 Harte, Bret. The Bell-Ringer of Angel's . . 333 Healy, George P. A. Reminiscences of a Portrait Painter 267 Hearn, Lafcadio. Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan 258 Heath, Richard. The English Peasant . . 155 Henty, G. A. In the Heart of the Rockies . . 341 Henty, G. A. When London Burned .... 341 Henty, G. A. Wulf the Saxon 341 Heyse, Paul. Ghost Tales 387 Hinkson, Katherine Tynan. Cuckoo Songs . 05 Hinton, Richard J. John Brown and His Men . 297 Hittell, John S. A History of the Mental Growth of Mankind in Ancient Times 117 Holmes, Oliver Wendell. The Last Leaf, holi- day edition 33G Hope, Anthony. A Change of Air 206 Howells, W. D. A Traveller from Altruria . . 154 Howells, W. D. Five o'Clock Tea 124 Howells, W. D. Their Wedding Journey, holiday edition 338 Howells, W. D. The Mousetrap 124 Hudson, William Henry. Introduction to the Philosophy of Herbert Spencer 158 Hufford, Lois G. Essays and Letters Selected from the Writings of John Ruskin .... 128 Hughson, Shirley C. The Carolina Pirates and Colonial Commerce 381 Hugo, Victor, The Romances of, Little, Brown, & Co.'s edition 386 Hunt, Violet. The Maiden's Progress .... 265 Hutton, Laurence. Portraits in Plaster . . . 337 Hutton, Richard Holt. Criticisms on Contem- porary Thought and Thinkers 17 Huxley, Thomas H. Discourses Biological and Geological 200 Huxley, Thomas H. Man's Place in Nature . 43 Irving, Washington. The Sketch Book, Lippin- cott's edition 338 Irving, Washington. The Sketch Book, "Van Tassell" edition 330 Jacobs, Joseph. More Celtic Fairy Tales . . 389 Jacobs, Joseph. The Fables of ^sop .... 387 James, Henry. Theatricals 124 Jamison, Mrs. C. V. Toinette's Philip ... 388 INDEX. Janvier, Thomas A. In Old New York . . . 235 Jenks, Tudor. Imaginotions 339 Jersey, The Countess of. Maurice, or the Red Jar 339 Jessopp, Augustus. Random Roamings . . . 155 Jewish Question, The 125 Johnson, Bradley T. General Washington . . 378 Johnson, Clifton. The Farmer's Boy .... 342 Judson, H. P. Europe in the Nineteenth Century 199 Karoly, Karl. Raphael's Madonnas .... 385 Kayserling, M. Christopher Columbus . . 95 Keane, T. Prose Tales of Alexander Poushkin . 124 Keene, John Harrington. Boys' Own Guide to Fishing 389 Keith, Alyn Yates. A Hilltop Summer . . . 387 Kelly, W. J. Presswork 237 Kenealy, Arabella. Dr. Janet of Harley Street 266 Keyser, Leander S. In Bird Land 292 Kidd, Benjamin. Social Evolution 154 Kingsley, Charles. Hypatia, holiday edition. . 336 Kiugsley, Henry, The Novels of, Ward, Lock, & Bowden's edition 300 Knox, Thomas W. Boy Travellers in the Levant 341 Knox, Thomas W. The Lost Army .... 389 La- Mara. Letters of Franz Liszt 8 Landon, Joseph. Principles and Practice of Teaching 18 Lane-Poole, Stanley. Life of Sir Harry Parkes, K.C.B 92 Lang, Andrew. Ban and Arriere Ban .... 63 Lang, Andrew. Border Ballads 383 Lang, Andrew. Cock Lane and Common Sense 126 Lang, Andrew. St. Andrews 96 Lang, Andrew. The Yellow Fairy Book . . . 339 Larminie, William. West Irish Folk-Tales . . 69 Lamed, J. N. History for Ready Reference . 152,237 Laurie, S. S. Lectures on Language and Linguistic Method in the School . 17 Layard, G. S. Tennyson and His Pre-Raphaelite Illustrators 337 Lecky, W. E. H. The Empire, Its Value and Growth 70 Lee, Charles Henry. Arthur Lee as Seen in His- tory 382 Lee, Fitzhugh. General Lee 379 Lee-Warner, William. The Protected Princes of India 201 Lefevre, Andre". Race and Language .... 299 LeGallienne, Richard. English Poems ... 65 Leighton, Robert. Olaf the Glorious .... 341 Liddon, Henry Parry. Life of Pusey .... 297 Lilly, William Samuel. The Claims of Chris- tianity 296 Little, George T. Bowdoin College .... 199 Little, W. J. Knox. Sacerdotalism 156 Lloyd, Henry Demarest. Wealth against Com- monwealth 230 Lummis, Charles F. The Man Who Married the Moon 340 Maccallum, M. W. Tennyson's Idylls of the King and Arthurian Story from the XVIth Century 42 Maccunn, John. The Ethics of Citizenship . . 233 Mace, W. H. Syllabus on American History . 44 Mackay, Eric. Love Letters of a Violinist . . 387 Mackintosh, William. The Natural History of the Christian Religion 157 Macpherson, H. A., Stuart-Wortley, A. J., and Saintsbury, George. The Grouse .... 200 Magruder, Julia. The Child Amy 390 Marshall, Emma. Kensington Palace in the Days of Queen Mary 389 Masson, Frederic. Napoleon, Lover and Hus- band 269 Matthews, Brander. Vignettes of Manhattan . 299 May, Joseph. Letters and Sermons of Samuel Longfellow 267 McCulloch, Hugh, Jr. The Quest of Heracles . 68 McLaughlin, Edward Tompkins. Studies in Me- diaeval Life and Literature 41 Mercer, L. P. The New Jerusalem in the World's Religious Congresses 294 Meredith, George. Lord Ormont and His Aminta 263 Merriam, Florence A. My Summer in a Mormon Village 94 Meyer, Isaac. Scarabs 71 Mitchell, Langdon Elwyn. Poems 66 Molesworth, Mrs. My New Home 388 Molesworth, Mrs. Olivia 388 Monroe, Kirk. The Fur Seal's Tooth .... 341 Montbard, Georges. Among the Moors ... 40 Moore, R. W. A History of German Literature 201 Morris, Mowbray. Boswell's Life of Johnson, Crowell's edition 338 « Morton, Frederick W. Woman in Epigram . . 298 Muirhead, J. F. Guide-Book to Canada ... 268 Murray-Aaron, Eugene. The Butterfly Hunters in the Caribbees 389 My Paris Note-Book 18 Nichols, Edward L. Laboratory Manual of Physics and Applied Electricity 160, 237 Nicholson, J. Shield. Principles of Political Econ- omy 118 Nicolay, John G., and Hay, John. Abraham Lin- coln's Complete Works 33 Norton, Charles Eliot. Orations and Addresses of George William Curtis 86 Oliphant, Mrs. M. O. W. The Reign of Queen Anne 335 • Oman, John Campbell. The Great Indian Epics 300 Optic, Oliver. Brother against Brother . . . 341 O'Rell, Max. John Bull & Co 268 Oriental Studies 300 Osborn, Grover Pease. Principles of Economics 120 Osborn, Henry F. From the Greeks to Darwin 330 Page, Thomas Nelson. Polly 384 Page, Thomas Nelson. The Burial of the Guns 333 Parker, Gilbert. A Lover's Diary 07 Pasquier, Due D'Audiffret. The Pasquier Me- moirs 236 Paull, H. B., and Wheatley, L. A. Grimm's Fairy Tales 201 Peard, Frances Mary. The Interloper . . . 122 Penuell, Joseph. Pen Drawing and Pen Draughts- men 335 Perry, Nora. Hope Benham 388 Pfleiderer, Otto. Philosophy and Development of Religion 296 Piatt, Donn, and Boynton, Henry V. General George H. Thomas 36 Pickard, Samuel T. Life and Letters of John Greenleaf Whittier 327 Plympton, Miss A. G. Penelope Prig .... 388 Plympton, Miss A. G. Rags and Velvet Gowns 342 Pollard, Alfred W. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales 260 Porter, Rose. About Women: What Men Have Said 298 Porter, J. Hampden. Wild Beasts .... 386 viii. INDEX. Posse, Baron Nils. Special Kinesiology of Edu- cational Gymnastics 71 Prince, John T. Arithmetic by Grades . . . 160 Radcliffe, Miss A. G. Schools and Masters of Sculpture 337 Radford, Lewis 13. Thomas of London before His Consecration 298 Rand, Silas Tertius. Legends of the Micmacs . 14 Rawnsley, H. D. Literary Associations of the English Lakes 293 Rhys, Grace. The "Banbury Cross " Series . . 389 Rinder, Edith Wingate. Poems and Lyrics of Nature 300 Robertson, Alexander. Life of Fra Paolo Sarpi 70 Robinson Crusoe, Macmillan's edition .... 390 Robinson, Rowland E. Danvis Folk .... 299 Rogers, Arthur Kenyon. The Life and Teachings of Jesus 295 Roosevelt, Theodore. The Founding of the Trans- Alleghany Commonwealths 382 Ruskin, John. Letters Addressed to a College Friend 127 Ruskin, John. Verona and Other Lectures . . 69 Rutherford, Mildred. American Authors . . 234 Sabatier, Paul. Life of St. Francis of Assisi . 150 Saint-Pierre, Bernardin. Paul and Virginia, Ap- pletons' edition 338 Salt, H. S. Animals' Rights 296 Samuel, Mark. The Amateur Aquarist ... 19 Samuels, Adelaide F. Father Gander's Melodies 390 Sanborn, F. B. Familiar Letters of Henry David Thoreau 228 Sanborn, Kate. Abandoning an Adopted Farm 269 Saunders, Bailey. Life and Letters of James Macpherson 158 Scott, Complete Poetical Works of, Crowell's edi- tion 338 Scudder, Horace E. Childhood in Literature and Art 384 Seawell, Molly Elliot. Decatur and Somers . 342 Seccombe, Thomas. Lives of Twelve Bad Men 223 Shakespeare, The "Ariel" 269,386 Shakespeare, The "Temple" . . . . 96, 269, 386 Short Story Writing, The Art of 183 Shultz, Jeanne. Madeleine's Rescue .... 388 Shuman, Edwin L. Steps into Journalism . . 298 Sienkiewicz, Henryk. Lillian Morris .... 334 Simcox, Miss E. J. Primitive Civilizations . . 376 Small, A. W., and Vincent, G. E. An Introduc- tion to the Study of Society 153 Smith, Charles. Elementary Algebra .... 127 Smith, Goldwin. Essays on Questions of the Day 43 Smith, Harry B. Lyrics and Sonnets .... 67 Smith, Mary P. Wells. Jolly Good Times To-day 389 Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Pub- lications of the 390 Spencer, William G. System of Lucid Shorthand 96 Spofford, Harriet Prescott, and others. Three Heroines of New England Romance . . . 336 Spofford, Harriet Prescott. A Scarlet Poppy . 334 Stables, Gordon. To Greenland and the Pole . 341 Steel, Flora Annie. The Potter's Thumb . . 122 Steele, Robert. The Story of Alexander . . . 340 Sterrett, J. Macbride. The Ethics of Hegel . . 197 Stevens, George B. The Johannine Theology . 295 Stevenson, Robert Louis, and Osbourne, Lloyd. The Ebb-Tide 122 St. Nicholas for 1894 390 Stoddard, William O. Chris the Model Maker. 389 Stoddard, William O. The Captain's Boat . . 389 Straus, Oscar S. Roger Williams 380 Swift, F. Darwin. The Life and Times of James the First 200 Swinburne, Algernon Charles. Felise .... 299 Syle, L. DuPont. From Milton to Tennyson . 70 Tennyson, Alfred. Becket, Dodd, Mead & Co.'s edition 387 Thiers, Louis Adolphe. History of the Consulate and the Empire, Lippincott's edition . . . 335 Thiers, Louis Adolphe. History of the French Revolution, Lippincott's edition 335 Thompson, Langdon S. Educational and Indus- trial System of Drawing 44 Thorndike, Rachel Sherman. The Sherman Let- ters 226 Thornton, John. Human Physiology .... 300 Todd, Mabel Loomis. Total Eclipses of the Sun 237 Tolman, W. H., and Hull, W. I. Handbook of Sociological Information 155 Tomlinson, Everett T. The Search for Andrew Field 341 Torrey, Bradford. A Florida Sketch Book . . .292 Tourgue'nieff, Ivan. A House of Gentlefolk . . 329 Townsend, Virginia. Sirs, Only Seventeen . . 388 Trollope, Mrs. Domestic Manners of the Amer- icans 375 Trowbridge, John. Three Boys in an Electrical Boat 341 Turgenev, Ivan. Rudin 123 Vaughan, David James. Questions of the Day . 197 Von Weirsiicker, Carl. The Apostolic Age of the Christian Church 157 Wake, C. Staniland. Memoirs of the International Congress of Anthropology 128 Wallihan, A. G. Hoofs, Claws, and Antlers. . 385 Walton, Alice. The Cult of Asklepios ... 269 Waverley Novels, "Dryburgh" edition . . . 237 Webster, Leigh. Another Girl's Experience . 388 Weeks, Stephen B. General Joseph Martin and the War of the Revolution 381 Wentworth, G. A. First Steps in Algebra . . 70 Weyman, Stanley J. My Lady Rotha . . . 264 Whitcomb, Seldon L. Chronological Outlines of American Literature 235 White, Eliza Orne. When Molly Was Six . . 388 Whitney, Caspar W. A Sporting Pilgrimage . 383 Whittier, John G., Poetical Works," Cambridge" edition 300 Wiggin, Kate Douglas. Timothy's Quest, holi- day edition 390 Wilde, Oscar. Salome 12 Winter, William. The Life and Art of Joseph Jefferson 256 Wood, Mrs. J. W. Dante Rossetti, and the Pre- Raphaelite Movement 42 Woods, Margaret L. The Vagabonds .... 265 Wright, Mabel Osgood. The Friendship of Nature 159 Wright, William Aldis. Letters of Edward Fitz- Gerald 16 » Wyatt, Marian L. A Girl I Know 385 Wylie, James Hamilton. History of England un- der Henry the Fourth 127 .. Yeats, J. B. A Celtic Twilight 69 Yellow Book, The 200 Yonge, Charlotte M. The Cook and the Captive 342 Z. Z. A Drama in Dutch 265 THE DIAL I ■ v4 SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF $iterarrr Criticism, giseusston, anb Information. F.DITED BY FRANCIS F. BROWNE Volume XVII. A'o. 193. CHICAGO, JULY 1, 1894. 10 ct*. a copy. 82. a year. 315 Wabash Avk. Opposite Auditorium. Harper's Magazine FOR JULY. 166 PAGES: 74 ILLUSTRATIONS. With The Golden House. A Story. By Charles Dudley Warner. Part I. 7 Illustrations by W. T. Smedley. My First Visit to New England. By William Dean Howells. Third Part. With 0 Illus- trations. The Harvard and Yale Boat-Race. By W. A. Brooks. With 5 Illustrations by C. D. Gibson. In Fly-Time. A Story. By Robert Grant. With 6 Illustrations by C. D. Gibson. The President at Home. 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THE DIAL a SemujJHonrhlg Journal a! 3Lttetarg Crttt'ciBm, BtBtusfium, ano Enformatton. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month. Terms or Subscription, 82.00 a year in advance, pottage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin wiih the current number. Remittances should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. Special Rates to Clubs and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; and Sample Copt on receipt of 10 cents. Advertising Rates furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. No. 193. JULY 1, 1894. Vol. XVII. CONTKNTS. PAOE ENGLISH IK THE LOWER SCHOOLS 3 ENGLISH AT INDIANA UNIVERSITY-. Martin W. Sampson 6 COMMUNICATIONS 7 Contemporary Italian Novelists. G. B. Rose. The Provincial Flag of Pennsylvania. Francis Olcott Allen. LETTERS OF TWO MUSICIANS. E.G.J. . . . 8 SIGNS OF LIFE IN LITERATURE. Edward E. Hale, Jr 11 RAMBLES AND REFLECTIONS OF A LOVER OF NATURE. Anna B. McMohan 13 FOLK-TALES OF NOVA SCOTIAN INDIANS. Frederick Starr 14 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 16 More of the letters of FitzGerald.— Language and linguistic methods in the school. — Contemporary thought and thinkers.— Teaching, its principles and practices.— Bibliography in its historical and artistic aspects.— Leaves from a Parisian note-book. BRIEFER MENTION 19 NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman 19 LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 20 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 21 LIST OF NEW BOOKS .' 21 ENGLISH IN THE LOWER SCHOOLS. The recent agitation in behalf of better in- struction in elementary English, now so prom- inent a feature of educational discussion, may almost be said to date from the publication, a year or two ago, of the famous Harvard Re- port on Composition and Rhetoric. That Re- port, at least, gave to the reform movement its strongest impulse, and made a burning " ques- tion of the day " out of a matter previously little more than academic in its interest. The sub- ject reached a larger public than it had ever addressed before, and this new and wider pub- lic was fairly startled out of its self-complacency by the exhibit made of the sort of English writ- ten by young men and women supposed to have enjoyed the best preparatory educational advantages, and to be fitted for entrance into the oldest and most dignified of our colleges. The Report was more than a discussion of the evils of bad training; it was an object-lesson of the most effective sort, for it printed many specimen papers literatim, et verbatim, and was even cruel enough to facsimile some of them by photographic process. The seed of discontent having thus been sown broadcast, the field was in a measure pre- pared for the labors of the English Conference named by the Committee of Ten; and the re- port of that Conference, made public at the beginning of the present year, has kept the question of English teaching as burning as ever, if, indeed, it has not fanned the flame into greater heat. Not only the educational periodicals, but also many published in the in- terests of general culture, and even some of the newspapers — in their blundering way — have kept the subject before the public. Edu- cational gatherings have devoted to it much of their attention, and it has been taken up by the pamphleteers, notably by Professors Gay- ley and Bradley of the University of Califor- nia, whose "English in the Secondary Schools" we take pleasure in cominendiug as both prac- tical and sane. The English Conference of which mention has been made, although appointed to investi- gate secondary education only, soon found that the subject of English is a unity, and felt obliged to make its recommendations apply to the whole course of training below the college —to the work of twelve years instead of four. The recommendations made for the first eight years were substantially as follows: For the first two years, elementary story-telling and the description of objects; for the next four, the use of reading-books, the beginnings of written composition, and a certain amount of informal grammar; for the last two years, for- mal grammar and reading of a distinctly liter- ary sort. The "speller" is to be discarded altogether, and the "reader" after the sixth year. We wish, indeed, that the Conference 4 [July 1, THE DIAL had gone still farther in the latter case and re- jected the "reader" altogether. The impor- tant principle seems to be that nothing but lit- erature should be read at all, and the "readers" in current use certainly contain much matter that cannot by any courtesy be called litera- ture. This criticism is altogether apart from the other defect of scrappiness, inherent in the plan of the typical reading-book. Even "Mother Goose," as Mr. Horace Scudder has convincingly argued, is a sort of literature, and there is no lack of other substitutes for the thin and innutritious pabulum of the graded (we were on the point of saying degraded) books called " readers " which enterprising pub- lishers have forced upon several generations of over-complacent school authorities. The sug- gestion that, as far as possible, complete works should be studied, is of fundamental impor- tance, and should have been given greater em- phasis. The following recommendation is ad- mirable: "Due attention should be paid to what are sometimes thoughtlessly regarded as points of pedantic detail, such as the elucidation of involved sentences, the expansion of metaphors into similes and the compression of similes into metaphors, the tracing of historical and other ref- erences, and a study of the denotation and connotation of single words. Such details are necessary if the pu- pil is to be brought to anything but the vaguest under- standing of what he reads, and there is no danger that an intelligent teacher will allow himself to be dominated by them. It should not be forgotten that in these early years of his training the pupil is forming habits of read- ing and of thought which will either aid him for the rest of his life, or of which he will by-and-by have to cure himself with painful effort." Upon the proportion of time to be allotted English in the first eight years, no definite pro- nouncement is made; but it should be greater rather than less than the share of attention given to the subject during the high-school years. This share, in the opinion of the Conference, should be a full fourth of the time throughout the four years of work, and of this share literature proper should get rather more than half, the rest being given to composition, rhetoric, and grammar of the historical or systematic sort. The demand for a full fourth of the secondary school period does not seem to us excessive, and other reforms may well wait until the justice of this claim becomes generally admitted. Given such a recognition of the importance of secondary English, the accomplishment of its educational purpose must follow from insist- ence upon a few simple and well-understood principles rather than from any new devices or startling innovations of method. The Confer- ence rightly emphasized the fundamental im- portance of requiring good English in all school work, whether written or oral. As long as slovenly composition is allowed to pass un- censured in mathematical or natural science ex- ercises, as long as slovenly speech is tolerated in class translations from foreign languages, the case remains hopeless. This is the root of the matter, and other reforms are of minor import- ance. Theme-writing in the English classes is useful, but written exercises in all the classes must be treated as themes, and bad English in a mathematical paper must count against it no less than bad logic. Teachers should also avail themselves to the utmost of the invaluable com- parative advantages offered by the study of whatever ancient or modern languages are be- ing pursued at the same time by the English student. The Conference was wholly right in asserting that " the best results in the teaching of English in high schools cannot be secured without the aid given by the study of some other language." As for the study of English literature in sec- ondary schools, we are firmly convinced that a historical text-book of the subject should be in the hands of every student, and that he should frequently recur to it for the proper correla- tion of groups and the chronological develop- ment of schools and forms. Such a book should be used sparingly, and for certain purposes only ; not, for example, as a storehouse of cut- and-dried critical estimates. There has been of late a marked tendency to get along with the study of typical works of the great periods, just as in biology there has been a tendency to con- fine the work to study of a few typical forms. But the average student, left to his own devices, will not master the classification,in the one case, or the chronology, in the other; and without the indispensable framework of bare fact, his special studies will fail to come into proper re- lation with each other, and will lose much of their significance. The greater part of the work done in English literature must of course consist in reading as many whole pieces of literature as it is possible to crowd into the time allotted. Since no two classes can be alike, and no two teachers ought to be alike, there is no greater mistake than the arrangement of a Procrustean course, to be followed by all, and repeated year after year. Whether the annual divisions of the high-school work be based upon literary periods or literary forms, or graded according to difficulty of sub- ject-matter, there should be within each year's 1894.] 5 THE DIAL work an almost unbounded latitude for the dis- play of the teacher's individuality. He should be free to read as much as he chooses, and what he chooses, and in whatever way he chooses. To impose rigid methods upon the secondary teacher, or to select for him the texts which he shall study with his classes, is an act of sheer and utterly unjustifiable arrogance. To sum up, we are inclined to think that the problem of secondary education in English re- duces itself to getting teachers who know good literature and care for it, and minimizing to the utmost the restrictions placed upon their work. Duplication of work in different years must be avoided, but beyond the limits set with this ob- ject in view there should be no effort made to secure uniformity, both because every attempt to secure it costs something in vitality, and be- cause there is no good reason for uniformity anyway. Our suggestions doubtless seem tame in comparison with the brilliant new departures here and there noisily heralded, but radical re- constructions appear to us no less suspicious in the body educational than in the body politic. It will be time to seek for the "new thing" when we have done all that is possible with the old. ENGLISH AT INDIANA UNIVERSITY* A year ago the English department of the Uni- versity of Indiana was completely reorganized, and four men—a professor, an associate professor, and two instructors — were appointed to carry on the work. The present course is our attempt to meet existing conditions. Each department must offer a full course of study leading to the bachelor's de- gree. Our students graduate in Greek, in Mathe- matics, in Sociology, in English, or in any one of the dozen other departments, with the uniform de- gree of A.B. About a third of the student's time is given to required studies, a third to the special work of the chosen department, and a third to elect- ive studies. The department of English, then, is required to offer a four years' course of five hours a * This article is the eleventh of an extended series on the Teaching of English at American Colleges and Universities, of which the following have already appeared in The Dial: English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook (Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran- der Matthews (Feb. 16); English at Harvard University, by Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); English at Stanford University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson (March 16); English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Corson (April 1) j English at the University of Virginia, by Professor Charles W. Kent (April 16); English at the University of Illinois, by Professor D. K'. Dodge (May 1); English at La- fayette College, by Professor F. A. March (May 16); English at the State University of Iowa, by Professor E. E. Hale, Jr. (Jnne 1); and English at the University of Chicago, by Pro- fessor Albert H. Tolman (June 16). — [Edr. Dial.1 week; as a matter of fact, it offers considerably more. The English courses fall into three distinct nat- ural groups—language, composition, and literature, —in each of which work may be pursued for four or more years. One year of this work is required of all students; the rest is elective. With two ex- ceptions, all our courses run throughout the year. The linguistic work is under the charge of Asso- ciate Professor Davidson. The elementary courses are a beginning class in Old English prose, and one in the history of the language. Then follow a course in Chaucer, the Mystery Plays, and Middle English romances and lyrics; an advanced course in Old English poetry, including a seminary study of Beo- wulf; the history of Old and Middle English liter- ature; and a course in historical English grammar, which makes a special examination of forms and constructions in modern prose. In these classes the intention is to lead the student into independent in- vestigation as soon as he is prepared for it. In composition, the work is as completely prac- tical as we can make it. Writing is learned by writing papers, each one of which is corrected and rewritten. There are no recitations in " rhetoric." The bugbear known generally in our colleges as Freshman English is now a part of our entrance re- quirement, and university instruction in composition begins with those fortunate students who have some little control of their native language when a pen is between their fingers. We are still obliged, how- ever, to supply instruction to students conditioned in entrance English, and the conditioned classes make the heaviest drain upon the instructors' time. The first regular class receives students who write clearly and can compose good paragraphs. The sub- jects of the year's work are narration, description, exposition. In the next year's class, an attempt is made to stimulate original production in prose and verse. A certain amount of criticism upon contem- porary writing enters into this course, — the object being to point out what is good in (for example) current magazines and reviews, and thus to hold before the student an ideal not altogether impos- sible of attainment. A young writer confronted with the virtues and defects of Macaulay and De Quincey is likelier to be discouraged or made indif- ferent, than inspired, as far as his own style is con- cerned. If he is shown wherein a "Brief" in The Dial is better than his own review of the book, he is in a fair way to improve. And so with sketches, stories, and even poems. Of course current maga- zine writing is not held up as ideal literature; nor, on the other hand, is the production of literature deemed a possible part of college study. The work in this branch of English is rounded off by a class for stu- dents who intend to teach composition. The theory of rhetoric is studied, and something of its history; school texts in rhetoric are examined; and finally the class learns the first steps in teaching by taking charge of elementary classes. In the literary courses the required work comes first. Many students take no more English than these 6 [July 1, THE DIAL prescribed three terms of five hours a week; many others continue the study; and the problem has been to arrange the course so as to create in the former class the habit of careful and sympathetic reading, and at the same time to give the latter class a safe foundation for future work. The plan is to read in the class, with the greatest attention to detail, one or more characteristic works of the authors chosen (Scott, Shakespeare, Thackeray, George Eliot), and to require as outside work a good deal of rapid collateral reading. This class and most of the composition classes are conducted by Mr. Sembower and Mr. Harris, who will be as- sisted during the coming year by one or two addi- tional instructors. The course in English prose style begins in the second year, and follows the method of the late Professor Minto. Macaulay, De Quincey, Carlyle, Ruskin, and Arnold are the writers taken up. A course in American* authors finds here a place. Then comes a course in poetry : Coleridge, Words- worth, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Tennyson, Browning. Complete editions of all the poets, except the last, are used, and the year's work is meant to serve as an introduction to the critical reading of poetry. A separate course of one term in metrics accompanies the poetry course. In the drama there is a full course in Shakespeare and other Elizabethans (which presupposes the first year's work in Shakespeare), and also a course in classical drama, Greek and French, studied in translation. The dramatic courses begin with a discussion of Professor Moulton's books on Shakespeare, and on the Greek drama, and then take up independent study of as many plays as possible. The last regular course is the literary seminary, which during the coming year will investigate, as far as the library will allow, the rise of romantic poetry in England. Special re- search courses are arranged for students who wish to pursue their English studies. It may be added that in order to graduate in English, work must be taken in each of the three groups of the department. It has been my effort, naturally, to arrange the courses in a logical order, advancing from the simple to the more difficult, and covering as wide a range as is consistent with thoroughness; this lat- ter quality being an ideal kept-always in view — would we might say as confidently, in reach. And as to the method of conducting classes, each in- structor teaches as he pleases; any man's best method is the one that appeals to him at the time. And now, as to that vexed question: How shall literature be taught? Class-room methods vary in the department, but our ultimate object is the same. The aim, then, in teaching literature is, I think, to give the student a thorough understanding of what he reads, and the ability to read sympathetically and understanding^ in the future. If we use the phrase "to read intelligently," we name the object of every instructor's teaching. But in the defini- tion of this ideal we come upon so many differences of opinion that in reality it means not one thing but a thousand. To touch upon a few obsolescent notions,—to one teacher it meant to fill the student full of biography and literary history; to another it meant to put the student in possession of what the best critics, or the worst ones, had said about the artist and his work; to another it meant mak- ing a pother over numberless petty details of the text (a species of literary parsing); to another it meant harping on the moral purposes of the poet or novelist; anything, in short, except placing the student face to face with the work itself and acting as his spectacles when his eyesight was blurred. The negations of all these theories have become the commonplaces of-day,— truisms among a cer- tain class of teachers. To repeat those principles that have thus become truisms of theory (not yet of practice—the difference is profound), we have first the truth that the study of literature means the study of literature, not of biography nor of literary history (incidentally of vast importance), not of grammar, not of etymology, not of anything except the works themselves, viewed as their creators wrote them, viewed as art, as transcripts of humanity,— not as logic, not as psychology, not as ethics. The second point is that we are concerned with the study of literature. And here is the parting of the ways. Granting we concern ourselves with pure literature only, just how shall we concern ourselves with it? There are many methods, but these methods are of two kinds only: the method of the professor who preaches the beauty of the poet's utterance, and the method of him who makes his student sys- tematically approach the work as a work of art, find out the laws of its existence as such, the mode of its manifestation, the meaning it has, and the sig- nificance of that meaning,— in brief, to have his students interpret the work of art and ascertain what makes it just that and not something else. Literature, as every reader profoundly feels, is an appeal to all sides of our nature; but I venture to insist that as a study—and this is the point at issue —it must be approached intellectually. And here the purpose of literature, and the purpose of study- ing literature, must be sharply discriminated. The question is not, Apprehending literature, how shall I let it influence me? The question most definitely is, How shall I learn to apprehend literature, that thereby it may influence me? As far as class study is concerned, the instructors must draw the line once for all between the liking for reading and the understanding of literature. To all who assert that the study of literature must take into account the emotions, that it must remem- ber questions of taste, I can only answer impatiently, Yes, I agree; but between taking them into account, and making them the prime object of the study, there is the difference between day and night It is only by recognizing this difference that we pro- fessors of English cease to make ourselves ridicu- lous in the eyes of those who see into the heart of things, that we can at all successfully disprove Freeman's remark—caustic and four-fifths true — 1894.] 7 THE DIAL "English Literature is only chatter about Shelley." As a friend of mine puts it: To understand litera- ture is a matter of study, and may be taught in the class-room; to love literature is a matter of char- acter, and can never be taught in a class-room. The professor who tries chiefly to make his students love literature wastes his energy for the sake of a few students who would love poetry anyway, and sacri- fices the majority of his class, who are not yet ripe enough to love it. The professor who tries chiefly to make his students understand literature will give them something to incorporate into their characters. For it is the peculiar grace of literature that whoso understands it loves it. It becomes to him a per- manent possession, not a passing thrill. To revert to our University work in English, we have been confronted with a peculiar local condi- tion. Sometime ago, Professor Hale wrote to The Dial that the students of Iowa University had lit- tle feeling for style. That is true of the Indiana students I have met. But the Iowans, it was my experience, were willing to study style and develop their latent feeling. Widespread in Indiana, how- ever, I find the firm conviction that style is un- worthy serious consideration. A poem is simply so much thought; its "form-side," to use a favorite student expression, ought to be ignored. And of the thought, only the ethical bearing of it is signifi- cant. Poetry is merely a question of morals, and beauty has no excuse for being. The plan of pro- cedure is: believe unyieldingly in a certain philos- ophy of life; take a poem and read that philosophy into it. This is the "thought-side" of literature. Our first year has been largely an attempt to set up other aims than these. MABTIN W. SAMP80N. Professor of English, Indiana University. COMMUNICA TIONS. CONTEMPORARY ITALIAN NOVELISTS. (To the Editor of The Dial.) I was surprised to read in the leading article of your issue for June 16 the following sentence: "It is a little curious that Italy, from whom we have reason to ex- pect mnch, should have no contemporary writer of fic- tion deserving mention here." I fear that the writer is acquainted only with such Italian novels as have been translated into English. If he were a student of contemporary Italian literature he could hardly have made such a statement. In point of fact, Italy now has a school of novelists that is not sur- passed by that of any other country. While their state of society is very similar to the French and their plots are necessarily of the same somewhat objectionable character, and while they are fully as realistic, yet some- thing of the spirit of Dante and Petrarch, something of the idealization of love even in its guiltiest forms, still clings to their souls, and saves them from the cynicism of the French; so that they may well be placed above the contemporary French school. Every dog has its day. A few years ago it was the Russian dog; now it is the Spanish; and when people get tired of that, the Italian will doubtless have its turn, and everybody will be raving about Italian books which are now passed over unnoticed. To mention the able Italian novels of to-day would take too long. I may say, though, that I know of no contemporary French novel equal to Fogazzaro'a " Dan- iele Cortis," the story of the struggle of two noble souls against a guilty love, a struggle in which they came out victors. It is said that Fogazzaro has been the recipient of very many letters from men and women thanking him for saving them in the hour of temptation, and that one famous Italian beauty who died rather than yield to a guilty passion had the book placed in her coffin. Then, to go to the other extreme, I know of no French novel equal in its way to that marvellous, perverse, and perverting book, "L' Innocents," by Gabriele d'Annun- zio. It is probably impossible to find in any language a study of morbid psychology that will compare with it. Those sentimentalists who think that the infidelity of the husband is as blamable as that of the wife should read this awful book. The writer, a very young man, is perhaps the most highly gifted of living authors. It is probably safe to say that the writer of your ar- ticle has never read Rovetta's " Mater Dolorosa," Mem- ini's "Marchesa d'Arcello," Roberti's "L' Illusione," Gentile's "II Peccato," or Sperani's "Numeri e Sogni," or he would have written differently. q. jj r08B Little Bock, Ark., June SO, 1894. [The editorial article to which our correspondent refers dealt with its subject in the most summary fashion, and attempted to name only a very few of the living writers of fiction. Probably many of its readers felt aggrieved at the omission of favorite names, and we are glad to afford a lover of the new Italian literature this opportunity of expressing his particular grievance. But we still think that no one of the writers mentioned by him yet occupies a suf- ficient space in the field of literature to deserve being classed with the few whom we singled out. Even the work of the young poet Sig. d'Annunzio, remarkable as it is, has the fatal defect of being morbid, and we did not mention it for the same reason that would have prevented us from mention- ing the work of Guy de Maupassant, had he still been among the living. To call the former "the most highly gifted of living authors" seems to us a very wild bit of criticism.—Edb. Dial.] THE PROVINCIAL FLAG OF PENNSYLVANIA. (To the Editor of Thb Dial.) The " Pennsylvania Gazette " of January 12 and April 16,1748, gives a description of devices which Dr. Ben- jamin Franklin says (in his Autobiography) that he fur- nished for flags for the " Associators " of 1747, in Phil- adelphia. ( Vide Sparks's Franklin, p. 146, for details.) No mention is made in either issue of the color of the silks upon which these devices were painted. Can any reader of The Dial put me in the way of finding out the color of the silk, especially that of the flag with de- vice No. 1, "a lion erect, a naked scimitar in one paw, the other holding the escutcheon of Pennsylvania, motto, Patria t Francis Olcott Allen. 314 Walnut St., Philadelphia, June 17, 1894. 8 [July 1, THE DIAL £tje Xcfaj Books. Letters of Two Musicians.* To the musical world the publication of Liszt's Letters is an event of first-rate import- ance; and they will be found, in the main, to fulfil anticipation. Their critical value is of a high order, and criticism is their dominant note. They tell us something of Liszt the man and much of Liszt the artist, and are fairly rich in those personal allusions and judgments which are the spice of productions of their class. "Spice," however, is hardly the right word here, for Liszt, when speaking of others, is too amiable to be pungent. Though a true son of Phoebus Apollo, there were no poisoned shafts in his quiver; and his words have scarcely a sting even for Shelley's "stupid and malig- nant race," from whom, as a frequent con- temner of beaten paths, he had some provoca- tion. "Whether one worries a bit more or a bit less," he writes to Kbhler, "it is pretty much the same. Let us only spread our wings 'with our faces firmly set,' and all the cackle of goose-quills will not trouble us at all." As Schlegel divided men into two main classes of Platonists and Aristotelians, so Liszt seems to have divided them into the fools and the nora-fools; and against the rock-ribbed Ehrenbreitstein of folly he resolved to waste no sparrow-shot in the shape of argument or appeal. The unvexed composer wrote to Dr. Franz Brendel, an active polemic in the lists his friend declined to enter: "People may think about it what they please, but the truth is that I do not bother myself about fools of any species, whether German, French, English, Russian or Italian, but am peacefully industrious in my seclu- sion here (Rome). 'Let me rest, let me dream,' not indeed beneath blossoming almond trees, as Hoffman sings, but comforted and at peace under the protection of the Madonna del Rosario who has provided me with this celL" In point of literary charm, Liszt's letters generally fall short of Mendelssohn's; and the un-musical reader will find them over-full of the caviare of musical lore and technicality. Music was the god of Liszt's idolatry, and his devotions left him little time or concern for what he may have thought profaner interests. His letters are mostly addressed to people whose • Letters of Franz Liszt. Collected and edited by La Mara; translated by Constance Bache. In two volumes, with portrait. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. Selected Letters of Mendelssohn. Edited by W. F. Alexander, M.A. With an Introduction by Sir George Grove. "The Dilettante Library." New York: Macmillan & Co. pursuits and interests were kindred to his own —fellow-artists, composers, publishers, critics, and amateurs of music, etc.; and one notes lit- tle to indicate that his sympathies ever left for long their wonted channel. Sparing in his cen- sures, he bestowed his commendation with a free hand. In 1832 he wrote of his early idol Paganini: "' And I too am a painter !' cried Michael Angelo the first time he beheld a chef tTacuvre. . . . Though insignificant and poor, your friend cannot leave off re- peating those words of the great man ever since Paga- nini's last performance. Rene', what a man, what a vio- lin, what an artist! Heavens! what sufferings, what misery, what tortures in those four strings!" Of Wagner he wrote to Belloni in 1849: "Richard Wagner, a Dresden conductor, has been here (Weimar) since yesterday. That is a man of won- derful genius, such a brain-splitting genius indeed as beseems this country,— a new and brilliant appearance in art." In a letter to Kohler, in 1853, he tells of the "several Walhalla-da.y&" recently spent with Wagner, and adds, " I praise God for hav- ing created such a man." Writing to Wilhelra von Lenz in regard to the latter's book on "Beethoven and his Three Styles," Liszt finely says: "For us musicians Beethoven's work is like the pil- lar of cloud and fire which guided the Israelites through the desert—a pillar of cloud to guide us by day, a pil- lar of fire to guide us by night, ' so that we may pro- gress both day and night.' His obscurity and his light trace for us equally the path we have to follow; they are each of them a perpetual commandment, an infallible revelation." Proceeding to discuss the ground idea of Lenz's book, Liszt continues: « Were it my place to categorize the different peri- ods of the great master's thoughts, as manifested in his Sonatas, Symphonies, and Quartets, I should certainly not fix the division into three stylet, which is now pretty generally adopted and which you have followed; but simply recording the questions which have been raised hitherto, I should frankly weigh the great question which is the axis of criticism and of musical restheticism at the point to which Beethoven has led us — namely, in how far is traditional or recognized form a necessary determinant for the organism of thought ? — The solu- tion of this question, evolved from the works of Beet- hoven himself, would lead me to divide this work, not into three styles or periods,—the words style and period being here only corollary subordinate terms, of a vague and equivocal meaning, ■— but quite logically into two categories: the first, that in which traditional and rec- ognized form contains and governs the thought of the master; and the second, that in which the thought stretches, breaks, recreates, and fashions the form and style according to its needs and inspirations. Doubtless in proceeding thus we arrive in a direct line at those incessant problems of authority and liberty. But why should they alarm us? In the region of liberal arts they do not, happily, bring in any of the dangers and 1894.] THE DIAL disasters which their oscillations occasion in the polit- ical and social world; for, in the domain of the Beau- tiful, Genius alone is the authority, and hence, Dualism disappearing, the notions of liberty and authority are brought back to their original identity. Manzoni, in de- fining genius as < a stronger imprint of Divinity,' has elo- quently expressed this very truth." It is well known that Liszt virtually defrayed the expenses (about 60,000 francs) of the Bonn monument to Beethoven out of his own purse. The contributions had flowed in very meagerly, and Liszt impatiently wrote to Berlioz, "such a niggardly almsgiving, got together with such trouble and sending round the hat, must not be allowed to' help towards building our Beet- hoven's monument." There is perhaps a shade of sarcasm in his letter to the Bonn committee: "As the subscription for Beethoven's monument is only getting on slowly, and as the carrying out of this undertaking seems to be rather far distant, I venture to make a proposal to you, the acceptance of which would make me very happy. I offer myself to make up, from my own means, the sum still wanting for the erection of the monument, and ask no other privilege than that of naming the artist who shall execute the work. . . ." Writing to Brendel (1854), he styles Eu- binstein " the pseudo-Musician of the Future." He continues: "He is a clever fellow, possessed of talent and char- acter in an exceptional degree, and therefore no one can be more just to him than I have been for years. Still I do not want to preach to him — he may sow his wild oats and fish deeper in the Mendelssohn waters, and even swim away if he likes." Of Hans von Biilow he writes to Lessman: "His knowledge, ability, experience are astounding, and border on the fabulous. Especially has he, by long years of study, so thoroughly steeped himself in the un- derstanding of Beethoven, that it seems scarcely pos- sible for any one else to approach nearer to him in that respect." A brief note to Edvard Grieg indicates Liszt's esteem for this clever leader of the Young Northern School: "I am very glad to tell you what pleasure it has given me to read your Sonata. It bears testimony to a talent of vigorous, reflective, and inventive composition of excellent quality,—which has only to follow its natural bent in order to rise to a high rank. . . ." Chopin's genius is finely characterized in a letter to Lenz (1872): "Let us reascend to Chopin, the enchanting aristocrat, the most refined in his magic. Pascal's epigraph, 'One must not get one's nourishment from it, but use it as one would an essence,' is only appropriate to a certain extent. Let us inhale the essence and leave it to the druggists to make use of it. You also, I think, exag- gerate the influence which the Parisian salons exercised on Chopin. His soul was not in the least affected by them, and his work as an artist remains transparent, marvellous, ethereal, and of an incomparable genius — quite outside the errors of a school and the silly trifling of a salon. He is akin to the angel and the fairy; more than this, he sets in motion the heroic string which has nowhere else vibrated with so much grandeur, passion, and fresh energy as in his Polonaises, which you bril- liantly designate as 'Pindaric Hymns of Victory.'" In a note to Schumann (1839) there is a playful touch worthy of Heine, which shows the master in a warmer light than usual. He says: "As to the Kinderscenen, I owe to them one of the greatest pleasures of my life. You know, or you don't know, that I have a little girl of three years old, whom everybody agrees in considering angelic (did yon ever hear such a commonplace ? ). Her name is Blandine- Rachel, and her surname Moucheron. It goes without saying that she has a complexion of roses and milk, and that her fair golden hair reaches to her feet—just like a savage. She is, however, tie most silent child, the most sweetly grave, the most philosophically gay in the world. I have every reason to hope also that she will not be a musician, from which may Heaven preserve her!" There is a fine ring of patriotic pride and wounded dignity in a letter (1840) to Buloz, editor of the " Revue des Deux Mondes." That the national honor paid him in his native Hun- gary should be confounded with the plaudits bestowed on an artist whose art lay (as Carlyle once put it) in " making a Manx penny of her- self," was too much even for Liszt's serenity; and he wrote to the offending editor: "In your Revue Musicale for October last my name was mixed up with the outrageous pretensions and ex- aggerated success of some executant artists; I take the liberty to address a few remarks to you on this subject. The wreaths thrown at the feet of Mesdemoiselles Elssler and Pixis by the amateurs of New York and Palermo are striking manifestations of the enthusiasm of a pub- lic; the sabre which was given to me at Pest is a re- ward given by a nation in an entirely national form. In Hungary, sir, in that country of antique and chiv- alrous manners, the sabre has a patriotic signification. It is the special token of manhood; it is the weapon of every man who has a right to carry a weapon. When six of the chief men of note in my country presented me with it amidst the acclamations of my compatriots, whilst at the same moment the towns of Pest and Oeden- burg conferred upon me the freedom of the city, and the civic authorities of Pest asked His Majesty for let- ters of nobility for me, it was an act to acknowledge me afresh as a Hungarian, after an absence of fifteen years; it was a reward of some slight services rendered to Art in my country; it was especially, and so I felt it, to unite me gloriously to her by imposing on me serious duties, and obligations for life as man and as artist. I agree with you, sir, that it was, without doubt, going far beyond my deserts up to the present time. There- fore I saw in that solemnity the expression of a hope far more than of a satisfaction. Hungary hailed in me the man from whom she expects artistic illustriousness, after all the illustrious soldiers and politicians she has so plentifully produced. As a child I received from my country precious tokens of interest, and the means of going abroad to develop my artistic vocation. When 10 [July 1, THE DIAL grown up, and after long years, the young man returns to bring her the fruits of his work and the future of his will, the enthusiasm of the hearts which open to re- ceive him must not be confounded with the frantic dem- onstrations of an audience of amateurs. Iu placing these two things side by side it seems to me there is something which must wound a just national pride and sympathies by which I am honored." While somewhat lacking, perhaps, on the personal side, the Letters of Liszt make an ar- tistic biography, of rare inner truth and, form considered, fulness. The editing is helpful and thorough, and the translation acceptable. At one point the translator "misses it" rather oddly. Writing of the bringing out of the "Faust Symphony for 2 Pianofortes," Liszt went on to say, punning (like Homer, he sins once), "None the less . . . bully him [Schu- berth the publisher] into action with 'Faust- Recht' "— meaning, of course, with club-law, law of might. Miss Bache gravely renders it, in parenthesis, " Faust rights or Faust justice" —a small matter, but worth mending. There is a fine portrait of Liszt, and the work resem- bles in size and typography the Wagner-Liszt Letters. In preparing a volume of Mendelssohn's let- ters, the editor, Mr. W. F. Alexander, has made a fair selection and an excellent transla- tion, and Sir George Grove has added an In- troduction which, like the annals of the poor, is "short and simple." Sir George tells us, first, that he was asked to write — which we should have taken for granted; and, second, that he approves of both author and editor — which will be gratifying to the latter. There are thirty-three letters in all, sixteen of them addressed to the writer's relatives, and the rest to Zelter, Moscheles, Pastor Schubring, von Falkenstein, Julius Rietz, and other friends and acquaintances. In the earlier ones there are some suggestive glimpses of Goethe, nota- bly in an account of a family dinner at the poet's. Mendelssohn says: "I found him outwardly unchanged, but at first some- what silent and reserved; I fancy he must have wanted to observe me, but at the moment I felt disappointed, and thought to myself, ' Now he is always like that.'" Presently, however, the talk turning on the Weimar "Women's Association " and the Wei- mar women's newspaper — matters in them- selves provocative of Teutonic wit, — "The old man all at once became jovial, and began to quiz the ladies about their philanthropy and their in- tellect, also about their subscriptions and their visita- tions of the sick, which seemed particularly to move his wrath. He appealed to me to join him in a revolt against these things, and, when I would not, he re- turned to his former indifference, but at last he became more friendly and intimate than I had ever known him before. It was beyond everything 1 . . . After din- ner, he all at once began to hum, ' Gute Kinder — htth- sche Kinder miissen immer lustig sein — tolles Volk,' and his eyes grew like those of an old lion just falling asleep. So presently I had to play to him, and he said it was very strange to him to think how long it was since he had heard my music, and meanwhile great advances had been made and he knew nothing of them." Goethe seems to have made unsparing drafts upon his young friend's abilities — both of ex- position and execution. Says Mendelssohn: "In the morning I have to play the piano to him for an hour, pieces from all the great composers arranged in the order of dates, and then explain to him how mu- sic has progressed in their hands; meanwhile he sits in a dark corner, like a Jupiter Tonans, and his old eyes flash fire. About Beethoven he was indifferent. But I said he must endure some, and played him the first movement of the symphony in C minor. It affected him very strangely. First he said,'That does not touch one at all, it only astonishes one.' Then he murmured to himself, and said presently,' It is very great, it is wild; it seems as though the house were falling; what must it be with the whole orchestra 1'" Mendelssohn was in Italy in 1830-31; and his letters from thence, especially the Roman ones, show how fully he was in harmony with his new surroundings. Like Goethe, he drank deep of the cup that Italia proffers to those who understand and love her, his descriptions re- calling the poet's paradox that "one finds in Rome only what one brings there." But every- one, the poorest, finds something; and the bar- renest Spiessburger,vrho grunts his disapproval of the Pantheon and the tomb of the Scipios, relents before the wicker-bound Orvieto and the purple figs of Spoleto. Felix Mendelssohn brought to Rome a mind open and receptive to the best she had to offer. The traditions of her two-fold past, the memorials of the Em- perors and the Pontiffs, alike filled him with a "measureless delight." "I proceeded with these free gifts of hers," he says, "very leis- urely." One day it was a ramble in the Forum or on the Aventine, the next a visit to the Bor- ghese Gallery, the Capitol, or the Vatican; "so each day is one never to be forgotten, and this sort of dallying leaves each impression firmer and stronger." Reading now for the first time the " Italian Journey," it pleases Mendels- sohn to find that he and Goethe reached Rome on the same day, and that Goethe, too, went first to the Quirinal and heard a requiem there. "He says also that at Florence and Bologna a sort of impatience took possession of him, and on arrival here he felt calm again, and, as he calls it, well-knit in mind; so I have experienced all he describes, a reflection which pleases me." 1894.] 11 THE DIAL His reverence, however, for his "old hero" of Weimar results in no mean subservience of opinion. He can doubt his oracle where most men, or most Germans, would incline to accept the judgment as final. So when Goethe finds a certain Titian "meaningless" — a mere set scene or elegantly-arranged tableau, in the style of Veronese — Mendelssohn says: "I flatter myself, however, that I have found a deep significance in this picture, and maintain that he is right who sees most in a Titian, for the man was simply di- vine. He, indeed, found no opportunity to display the whole breadth of his inspiration, as Raphael did here in the Vatican; yet one can never forget his three pic- tures at Venice, and this of the Vatican, which I first saw this morning, stands in a line with them." Mendelssohn waxes wroth over the Philis- tinism of the artists he saw in Rome — a poor lot mostly, it seems, distinguished as a class chiefly by eccentricities of dress and manners. The chronic delusion that fustian coats, long hair and loose habits make the painter, was rife with these degenerate pittori, and their chief professional concern was to find, not the color- secret of Titian, but where the most brandy was to be had for the least money. Mendels- sohn says: "It is terrible to see them at their Cafe1 Greco. I seldom go there, for I am rather afraid of them and the place they haunt. It is a small dark room about eight paces wide; on one side it is permitted to smoke tobacco, on the other not. They sit round on the benches with their brigand-hats and their big bloodhounds; their throats, chins, and faces are entirely covered with hair, and they pour out dense volumes of smoke and exchange incivilities with one another while the dogs are ex- changing their insects. A necktie or a frock-coat would be a modern weakness; all the face that's left by the beard is concealed by their spectacles; they swill their coffee and discourse of Titian and Porde- none as though these persons were sitting there with beards and brigand-hats like themselves. Their busi- ness is to paint sickly madonnas, ricketty saints, and effeminate knights, things one longs to dash one's fist through. As for Titian's picture in the Vatican, which you ask about, these infernal critics have no respect for it. According to them it has neither subject nor con- ception, and it never occurs to one of them that a mas- ter who gave laborious days of love and reverence to a picture, may still have seen as far as they can through their glistening spectacles, and if all my life I never contrive to do anything else, I am resolved, at least, to be as rude as I can to people who have no respect for the great masters; that will be one good work accom- plished." The many who know Mendelssohn only through his music will find in this little book a fair test of his quality as a letter-writer — a character in which he is unusually attractive. The vol- ume has a good portrait. E. G. J. Signs of Life in Literature.* There are in Paris during the Spring of the year a good many exhibitions of pictures which trouble the soul of the conscientious lover of the arts. Not only at the two great Salons are there generally certain alarming manifestations, but there are also smaller collections gathered together by Independents, Rosicrucians, or other such persons, in which the wildest gymnastics in the name of art are not only allowed but en- couraged. Dazed and antagonized by these indulgences, the feeling of many an ordinary and honest art-lover must be, "Almost thou persuadest me to be a Philistine." Fortunately, however, Paris herself furnishes an antidote to any such despair, in the annual exhibition of the pictures and sculptures entered in compe- tition for the Prix de Rome. One goes to these shameless revelations of academic horror, and becomes in a great degree reconciled to the ex- istence of new notions in art, however extrava- gant. They really do but little harm (except to their ingenious sponsors), and they are ex- tremely useful in keeping up a healthy circula- tion of ideas. Now I am not familiar with any evil things in literature analogous to these Prix de Rome exhibitions, unless perhaps we might count col- lege oratorical contests and commencements. But the feeling that there might be something worse should make us look with benignity, if not pleasure, on such books as Mr. Hamlin Garland's "Crumbling Idols" and Mr. Oscar Wilde's " Salome." Different as they are in all other points, both books are of that foam and froth of literature which is indicative of true life and action somewhere, which is itself shortly blown away and lost to sight and re- membrance. Mr. Garland's book, we are informed by an unknown sponsor, is "a vigorous plea for the recognition of youth and a protest against the despotism of tradition." It might have been added that it is an assertion of the necessity of Americanism in American Literature. Surely these things are very good things, looked at in their ordinary light. But when we look at them in Mr. Garland's light, it must be confessed that the feeling is not one of approbation but of irritation. One is led to inquire. What * Crumbling Idols. Twelve Essays on Art. By Hamlin Garland. Chicago and Cambridge: Stone & Kimball. Salome: A Tragedy in One Act. Translated fnmi the French of Oscar Wilde. Fietured by Aubrey Beardsley. Bos- ton: Conelaud & Day. 12 [July 1, THE DIAL earthly use can there be in Mr. Garland's say- ing all this? For the main points in Mr. Gar- land's discourse are by no means new. He takes Walt Whitman's thesis as to a native literature, looks at it in the light of the expe- rience of the last twenty-five years, and puts forth the whole thing as his own prophecy for the future. As one reads "Crumbling Idols" it comes more and more strongly to mind that the book is a sort of apology for existence on the part of its author. Now Mr. Garland of course need makeno such apology. "MainTravelled Roads" and " Prairie Songs" are reasons enough for anyone's existing, temporarily. They are their own excuse for being: no one doubted the fact, until Mr. Garland set himself to force us into admitting it. For, unfortunately, Mr. Gar- land is not persuasive: he is bellicose, obstrep- erous, blatant. Nobody could possibly agree with him, Whatever he said. The real difficulty seems to be that Mr. Gar- land, being himself able to write excellent things of a certain sort, cannot conceive that there can be anything else excellent of a kind totally different. Feeling himself very virtuous, he becomes enraged that anyone else should ven- ture to be still attached to cakes and ale. Now this is all wrong. Literature in America may never come to anything without plenty of local color and provincialism (to use Mr. Garland's expressions), but it will never be a great liter- ature so long as it has nothing besides. Mr. (iarland would do us but poor service if he could persuade people to write nothing but "local novels." But of course one need not take the book very seriously. Mr. Garland's engrossing fear seems to be that Americans will turn their en- tire attention to writing " blank-verse tragedies on Columbus or Washington," or that they will "copy the last epics of feudalism." Such an apprehension seems to have very slight basis. It is probable that during the last year there have been thousands of what Mr. Garland would call " local" stories written by young America for every single blank-verse tragedy or epic of feudalism that has seen the light this side the Atlantic. Everybody writes "local" stories nowadays; it is as natural as whooping-cough. There is no need of encouragement: to tell the truth, a little restraint would do no harm. For, even with the best of intentions, one may write a "local" story so badly that it will be worse than a blank-verse tragedy on Washing- ton or anybody else, But to turn from such serious foolishness to a more sprightly trifler. Mr. Oscar Wilde never troubles one with taking himself too se- riously, and the history of "Salome" is Oscar Wilde all over. It was written in French and produced in Paris. Desirous then of favoring his own countrymen, Mr. Wilde made prepara- tion to present it in London. In this worthy attempt, however, he was hindered — so the papers told us — by some official folly which enraged him so much that he was even strongly tempted to stop being an Englishman, in favor of that less imbecile people across the Chan- nel. But not wishing to keep his anger for- ever, Mr. Wilde finally allowed his noble friend Lord Alfred Bruce Douglas to do the play into English. It was then " pictured," as the phrase is, by Mr. Aubrey Beardsley, and is now ready for the delight of a somewhat indifferent world. Such an extraordinary conjunction of affecta- tions is ominous. But, strangely enough, there are some things in "Salome" that are good. It is impossible to read it without feeling cu- riously moved and stirred. The careless talk of the loungers on the terrace, the soldiers and the Cappadocian, is good; the squabbling of the Jews, the Pharisee, the Sadducee, the Naz- arene, is good. So, also, is Herod,— indeed the character of Herod is quite the best con- ceived thing in the play, as his description of his treasure is the best written. The play may well have been very effective on the stage, for there is a constant feeling of movement, of life, and it is certainly worth reading now that it is published. With all this, however, the play is wholly ephemeral. Its action is trivial and its dia- logue affected. Its ideas, and its language too, are extravagances, without much more founda- tion than the extravagances of Mr. Hamlin Garland. But while in Mr. Garland we have the prophet of Literature as Life, we have in Mr. Wilde the follower of Literature as Art. Mr. Garland is a " veritist," and prefers the fresh novelties of nature. But Mr. Wilde seeks beauty, in art and art's most latent sub- tleties. He contrives expressions and concep- tions of the most curious and self-conscious refinement, of the strangest and most ultra- precious distinction. As ever, he scorns the ordinary, the every-day, the generally pleasing, and is unremitting to attain the romantic beauty, the strange, the wonderful, the remote, the reward of no art but the most devoted, the delight of no taste but the most distinguished. As such, his work lends itself eminently to, 1894.] THE DIAL 13 the illustration of Mr. Aubrey Beardsley. * Mr. Aubrey Beardsley receives a good many hard words nowadays,—and'certainly his pic- tures are strange things, more affected than Oscar Wilde himself, and more remote from obvious apprehension. What one is first in- clined to criticise in Mr. Beardsley is his lack of originality. His pictures remind us of al- most every phase of art that has ever existed; or, at any rate, of every phase which had ever a tinge of the grotesque or the trivial in its character. From the bald priestly pictures mingled among Egyptian hieroglyphics, down to the graceful frivolities of Willette of the Red Windmill, Mr. Beardsley seems to have laid everything under contribution. His work seems by turns one thing and then another —- .Japanese, Gothic, Preraphaelite, what you will. So it seems at first. But the great excellence is that, however Protean, Mr. Aubrey Beards- ley, like Satan in "Paradise Lost," is always himself, even in the midst of his disguises. Just what is his own quality, is hard to say; but there can be little doubt that it exists, and it would be worth somebody's while to de- termine it in the shifting dazzle of his influ- ences, — to fix it for an instant for us, to get its true character and flavor unadulterated. But whatever be his quality, it is eminently in keeping with the work of Mr. Oscar Wilde. Of our two literary eccentrics, some will pre- fer Mr. Wilde and some Mr. Garland. If they could be seized each with an admiration for the other, it would have an excellent effect on the work of both. But even as they are, they are good evidence of life in literature, and an as- surance that it will not yet awhile harden down into utter conventionalism. Edward E. Hale, Jr. * Characteristic of author and artist is the tribute of ad- miration which we see in the portrait of the former, opposite page 24. That Mr. Wilde should care to be presented to the world with the sensual lips, sodden eyes, and double chin, that are here so conscientiously pictured, is a somewhat re- markable thing. Kambles and Reflections or a Lover ok Nature.* William Allingham, during his life, was known almost exclusively as a poet; but a three- volume edition of "Varieties in Prose," just published by his wife, proves him to have been a delightful prose writer as well. "Patricius Walker" he calls himself in the first two vol- • Vabietiks in Prose. By William Allingham. In three volumes. New York; Longmans, Green, & Co, umes, which consist of "Rambles" through England, Scotland, and Wales, and furnish the opportunity for much charming description of natural scenery, flavored with literary and ar- tistic comment and generalizations. Few ex- periences in life are more enjoyable than long and leisurely out-door strolls through a pleas- ing country, with a chatty companion who has an eye for the picturesque, a well-stored mind, and a ready fancy. Something of the same satisfaction we feel in these books ; for the time being, we are fellow-ramblers with Patricius, and share in his quiet but responsive moods. He calls attention to much that would have escaped our own more prosaic eyes and minds: while the physical aspects of the country might have been apparent, its sentiment and associa- tions would probably have continued unre- vealed. For example, Winchester is perhaps not specially interesting to the average man, but our companion recalls that it was here, one Sunday evening, "a certain young poet—now forever young," felt and sung the rich sadness of Autumn. "Young Keats 'a gaze that Sunday evening was upon the Winchester stubble-fields like a spiritual setting-sun, and left them lying enchanted in its fadeless light. . . . After all, it is permissible to believe, the poet draws the best lot from Fortune's urn. Whom could he envy? Not alone is his delight in life the keenest, but his in- sight the most veracious. Yet, ah me 1 how tbin-skinned he is—how open to suffering — how sure to suffer, in a world such as this! Is it partly the world's fault for being such a world? Was Keats, pensive among the sheaves, a happier man than Hodge, who reaped them, and quaffed his ale-cup at the harvest-home ?' Hap- pier '—what is happiness t Would any man deliberately give up a grain of his intellect or sensibility to win a lower kind of happiness than be was born capable of? —escape suffering by stupidity? Here truly is a cat- echism of questions, and food for meditation." We get very close to our companion's idio- syncrasies, know his likes and dislikes, and though not always agreeing, learn to expect something spontaneous and entertaining at each step of the way. A cathedral service on a Brit- ish Sunday he finds a great resource, and " the sermon keeps it from appearing too pleasant— a set-off against the music and the architec- ture." As an easy and most valuable reform in the Church of England, he suggests the to- tal abolition of sermons in connection with the ordinary service. Modern life, whether pub- lic or private, does not interest him; it is neither romantic nor picturesque, and nothing arouses his indignation more than to see an old building " restored " (that is, defaced) by mod- ern hands. Words cannot express his disgust at what he calls the uglijicrs of the world. He 11 [July 1, THE DIAL admit* that such an evil may be sometimes ab- j solutely unavoidable, like shaving a sick man's head, or cutting off his leg; bat the necessity ought to be clear and real, not, as is so often the case, a pretended need, generated in a com- post of stupidity, weak desire of novelty, and some kind of low self-interest. On this point he says: ** The world is not ours absolutely, or any part of it; but only ours in tnul. We have ' a user' as the lawyers say, and that without prejudice to all others, born or to be born. I'ray, how can mortal do, in a common way, worse turn to mankind than by permanently lessening the world's beauty, in landscape, in architecture, in dress, in (what is sure to go with the rest) manners, tastes, sympathies? An evil governor, or the writer of a clever vile book, perhaps does worse, but that is not in a common way." But we prefer to quote our friend when he is in his usual more serene mood. The true poet's power of seeing the beautiful in the com- mon is quickly stirred in him. This is what he finds in an idle hour at the little railway- station of Winibourne Minster: "Narrow streets hem in the Minster. I first reached the market-place, an irregular open; and then,through bye-lanes, a pretty field-path on the west side of the town, where, amidst broad meadows, guarded north and south by heavily wooded slopes, winds the tranquil Stour, with deep pools, where, looking into the trans- parent water, I could see some of the inhabitants, little pike at feed, who know nothing of Wiinbonrne, or Dor- set, or the South Western Railways, but have their own towns and districts and lines of travelling. Two young ladies came along the path from the town, sat down on the grassy margin close to an island or promontory shaded with tall green withes, and began to read un- known mysterious books; it was poetry, I felt sure, and liner than any I have yet seen in print. Yet could I have looked over their shoulder it would doubtless have changed into — The damsels themselves seemed, in that sunny spring meadow by the clear river, more than semi-celestial; yet already their features have mingled irrevocably with the cloudy past." Patricius believes firmly in the educating power of fair and noble landscape. Even the peasant, who does not consciously notice it, is lietter for the beauty, as he is better for the pure air he unconsciously breathes, and he would soon miss both. Yet our enthusiastic Nature-lover is forced to admit that even the most responsive do not at all times feel Nature's charms. Like other pleasures, it is apt to evade too eager pursuit. One may find the mountain or the cataract, but cannot always command the mood for enjoying them. Often, in the fairest scenes, we may repeat Coleridge's line, "I see, not feel, that it is fair," and unawares, in some happy hour or moment, "reap the harvest of a quiet eye." Inspired by a stroll through Devonshire lanes, and the sight of Dean Prior where Robert Mer- rick was vicar two centuries ago, he treats us to a disquisition on Herrick's poetry, com- paring him to Martial, and calling him by names less harsh than are sometimes used. Robert Herrick is a name that echoes pleas- antly, after all, and he can drink a health to the "half-disreputable shade" who was so un- like his contemporary brother-poet and brother- clergyman whose memories are also revived — the "almost too respectable vicar of Fuggle- ston, near Salisbury — George Herbert!" The " Rambles " come to an end with the second volume. In the third are seven Irish Sketches, and about as many essays on various literary themes, all agreeable though not re- markable. Like most poets, Mr. Allingham seems to have had some ambition towards drama, and the work concludes with a serio- comic play in one act, " Hopgood & Co." Be- ing far inferior to the rest of the collection, it might better have been omitted. The pub- lishers have given the book a beautiful dress, and a pleasing photograph of the author, from a drawing by his wife, serves as frontispiece. Ann a B. McMahan. Folk-Tales of Nova Scotian Indians.* The Algonkin family of Indian tribes was one of the most widely spread in America. To it belonged tribes so different as the Blackfeet of the far West, the Sacs and Foxes and the Ojibways of the interior, the Delawares of Pennsylvania, and the New England Indians. To it, too, the Micmacs of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward's Island belong. The Rev. Silas Tertius Rand—in many ways a remarkable man —was for forty years or more a missionary to this tribe. Scholarly in his tastes and pro- foundly interested in the people among whom he labored, he gathered a great mass of mate- rial, both linguistic and mythological, of much value. Part of this material is in the volume before us. It contains eighty-seven stories, of varying interest and importance, simply told. There is already considerable Algonkin folk- lore in print. Ojibway legends have been often studied and told with more or less of accuracy. Mr. George Bird Grinnell has beautifully put the Blackfeet Lodge-Tales into English. * Lkoknds or thk Micmacs. By Silas Tertins Rand. (Wcllcsley Philological Publications.) New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. 1894.] 15 THE DIAL Others have busied themselves with other tribes; and Mr. Charles G. Leland has given us in his «' Algonkin Legends of New England "— a wonderful book — stories from the Indians of Maine and Nova Scotia. In fact, Mr. Leland's book contains many of these very Micmac legends, for he was permitted by Mr. Hand to make liberal use of the manuscript of these in preparing bis book. Thus, much of the choic- est part of Mr. Rand's book was already in print. It is, however, very desirable to have— as here—the whole collection in the very form in which it was gathered. The reader is at once impressed with the profound difference between the best of these Micmac tales and those of the more Western tribes of the Algonkin group — such as the Blackfeet. They are more massive in struct- ure, bolder in conception, more wild in spirit. This is true only of those which are plainly un- touched by modern European influence. There are some stories in the collection which are plainly modifications of European fairy-tales of recent introduction. Most of this latter class betray themselves, but are interesting as illustrations of myth-changes due to new con- ditions. Curious heroes figure in the better of these stories: giants, magicians, chenoo. The Al- gonkins have sorcerers, and medicine and magic were realities in their old life; they figure in these stories. The great hero is Glooskap. He is a mighty magician, kind usually, ready to help the poor and punish the bad, a joker withal whose jokes are sometimes rather grim. He knows the language of beast and bird, he can control nature's powers (though with cu- rious limitations), he can change the size and form of himself or others. Cheated and robbed, he can yet overtake his spoilers and put them to confusion. As he can grant fulfilment of wishes, he is much sought by men; but often, in granting their desires, he shows them their folly and weakness. Very common, too, in Micmac stories is it to hear of the remarkable adventures of the Rabbit. He is cunning and has great " medicine " power, but he is hasty and thoughtless, often putting himself into strange predicaments, although he usually comes forth the victor. But most curious of all the curious beings in Micmac stories are the Chenoo — dreadful, wild, cannibalistic, with heart of ice, endowed with more than hu- man powers for both good and ill, but seldom exercising the power. Scarcely anywhere will we find a more beautiful bit in folk-lore than the story of the Chenoo converted by kindness. His savage nature is tamed by love, but with the change comes, necessarily, death. Some of the legends are, or appear to be, simple nar- ratives of real events — battles, incidents of tribal history; in some of these there is no im- probability in the narrative, in others an ele- ment of magic enters in which weakens our faith. From these to pure hero myths is not a long step. The modified fairy-stories of Eu- rope, but recently introduced, are interesting. They are plainly exotic, but they often have acquired some new flavor and undergone some curious modification. A fair example is the story of " The Magical Food, Belt, and Flute." The widow's stupid son Jack goes to sell a cow to get money for the rent; he is inveigled into parting with it for an apparent trifle — a tiny dish with a bit of food upon it. A second cow goes for a belt, and a third one for a flute. All are magical, but will not pay the rent, and the mother is in despair. Of course the stu- pid boy with his magical treasures gets the rent remitted, seeks his fortune and marries a king's daughter. The most interesting fact in these Micmac stories remains to be stated. In many points they show unquestionable and startling resem- blance to old Scandinavian sagas. This re- semblance has been well stated and ably dis- cussed by Air. Leland, to whose book we must refer for the argument. Sometime, somehow, somewhere, a Scandinavian influence deep and profound has come into the life and thought of the olden Micmacs; the resemblance is too great and too minute to be of no significance. And here, curiously, is a vital matter, so far as the book before us is concerned. The late Pro- fessor Horsford's interest in Norse settlement of New England is well known. Everyone has heard of " Norumbega" and Professor Hors- ford's belief that he had discovered the very site of that "city of the past." There is no doubt that it was the Norse strain in these Mic- mac legends which led him to purchase Dr. Rand's manuscripts and present them toWelles- ley College. It was his belief that "traces of the Northmen might be found in these Indian tales, and that the language of the Micmacs might, upon closer study, reveal the impress of the early Norse invaders. In this belief he helped toward the publication of the material. "The Legends of the Micmacs" is the first of the " Wellesley Philological Pub- lications." It is edited by Miss Helen L. Web- ster, and is, we hope, only the forerunner of a 16 [July 1, THE DIAL valuable series of volumes. The Library of American Linguistics of Wellesley College is rich both in manuscripts and printed material. Of Mr. Rand's manuscripts it possesses nearly all, amounting to more than a score of volumes upon Micmac and Maliseet. Of his printed works it has a fine series of about fifty num- bers; of the Bible in various Indian languages it has a notable collection ; and Major Powell's private collection of over a thousand linguistic papers and books is in its keeping. From such a wealth of matter we shall expect to receive important results. A second volume is already in preparation; it will consist of grammatical material from the Micmac language. Besides gathering this library and publishing these vol- umes, the college is moving toward instruction in American Linguistics and Ethnology. A beginning has been made, with a small class, under Miss Webster. Workers in anthropol- ogy everywhere will watch the growth and de- velopment of this promising work with great interest. Frederick Starr. More of the Letter» of FitzGerald. Briefs on Nmv Books. If there are in the English language any more delightful letters than those of Edward FitzGerald, we would not at this moment venture to name them. Cowper'g, much belauded; Shelley's, with their sweetness and dignity ; Thackeray's, with their boyish exuberance —even these seem less attractive when one is per- mitted to enjoy the intimacy of Omar's translator. Lamb's ?—but "comparisons are odorous." Those who already have the "Letters and Literary Re- mains " will none the less welcome the new edition of the " Letters" (Macmillan), and will find a place for them upon the shelf, for divers reasons. First of all, they are prettily published in two " Eversley" volumes; second, there are some forty hitherto un- published letters; third, there is a good index to the whole. If these be not sufficient reasons, we know nought of logic. The happy reader will of course begin by picking out all the plums (being the new letters) — if we may apply the metaphor to a pud- ding which is all plums; he will then read the old letters over again. Last of all, he will rejoice (while impatient of delay) at the announcement of Mr. William Aldis "Wright, the editor, who promises a wholly new volume to be devoted to the letters written by FitzGerald to Fanny Kemble. The new letters contained in the present edition are ad- dressed to a number of people. Fully half of them are added to those of which Professor E. B. Cowell was the fortunate original recipient, and from these are the following selections. Writing in 1857, Fitz- Gerald says: "In truth I take old Omar rather more as my property than yours: he and I are more akin, are we not? You see all [his] Beauty, but you do n't feel with him in some respects as I do. I think you would almost feel obliged to leave out the part of Hamlet in representing him to your Au- dience, for fear of Mischief. Now I do not wish to show Hamlet at his maddest: but mad he must be shown, or he is no Hamlet at all. G. de Tassy eluded all that was dangerous, and all that was character- istic. I think these free opinions are less danger- ous in an old Mahometan, or an old Roman (like Lucretius), than when they are returned to by those who have lived on happier Food." Two years later, after telling his friend of a great bereavement, he writes: "Well, this is so: and there is no more to be said about it. It is one of the things that rec- oncile me to my own stupid Decline of Life—to the crazy state of the world—Well—no more about it. I sent you poor old Omar, who has his kind of Con- solation for all these Things. I doubt you will re- gret you ever introduced him to me. ... I hardly know why I print any of these things, which no- body buys; and I scarce now see the few I give them to. But when one has done one's best, and is sure that that best is better than so many will take pains to do, though far from the best that might be done, one likes to make an end of the matter by Print. I suppose very few People have taken such Pains in Translation as I have: though certainly not to be literal. But at all Cost, a Thing must live: with a transfusion of one's own worse Life if one can't retain the Original's better. Bet- ter a live Sparrow than a stuffed Eagle." The fol- lowing characteristic bit is dated 1863: "Oh dear, when I do look into Homer, Dante, and Virgil, iEschylus, Shakespeare, etc., those Orientals look silly! Don't resent my saying so. Don't they? I am now a good [deal] about in a new Boat I have built, and thought (as Johnson took Cocker's Arith- metic with him on travel, because he shouldn't ex- haust it) so I would take Dante and Homer with me, instead of Mudie's Books which I read through directly. I took Dante by way of slow Digestion: not having looked at him for some years: but I am glad to find I relish him as much as ever: he atones with the Sea; as you know does the 'Odyssey ' — these are the Men." We note that Mr. Wright has omitted from this edition (as was proper) the ref- erence to Mrs. Browning which gave such offence to her husband, and impelled him to an outburst of temper, which, however great the provocation, must always be regarded as deplorable. The only refer- ence to Browning in the present edition is a new one, dated 1882, and with it we end our extracts: "Browning told Mrs. Kemble he knew there was 'a grotesque side' to his society, etc., but he could not refuse the kind solicitations of his Friends, Fur- nival and Co. Mrs. E. had been asked to join: but declined, because of her somewhat admiring him; nay, much admiring what he might have done." 1894.] 17 THE DIAL Language and m0TQ valuable contribution to the Linguistic Method pedagogy of a special branch of edu- * 8cho<*- cation has been made in recent years than the series of " Lectures on Language and Lin- guistic Method in the School," delivered in the Uni- versity of Cambridge, by Prof. S. S. Laurie, of the University of Edinburgh, which first appeared in 1890, and a new edition of which has lately been published (James Thin, Edinburgh). The new edition is improved in several respects. The quantity of matter has been increased from 147 pages to 197 pages; all the lectures have been re- written in part, the matter has been rearranged with a view to make the volume more suitable as a text-book; and a lecture on the teaching of French has been added, as well as a supplement. In no other way can the scope of the book so well be given as to present the heads of lectures. "Lan- guage the Supreme Instrument in Education"; "The Real and Formal in Language" ; "Language as a Real Study Conveying Substance of Thought" (three lectures); " Language as a Formal Study "; "Grammar of the Vernacular Tongue "; "Lan- guage as Literature "; "Foreign Tongues, Latin as Type "; "Method of Teaching Latin "; "Method of Teaching Foreign Languages"; "Language vs. Science in the School." These lectures are all marked by that clearness of thought and expression, and that completeness and balance of view, which are so char- acteristic of their author. The volume opens with this suggestive paragraph: "Every human being is educated by the experiences of life. The experiences begin very early. The babe at its mother's breast is receiving impressions for good or for evil as cer- tainly as a seed, which has just begun to sprout, is already absorbing from the soil what is to make it or mar it as a vigorous plant of its kind. There- after, as the child walks rvon cequis passibus at his mother's side, the whole world of nature is seeking to form him. Earth and sky, the events of his lit- tle life, the words and acts, nay, even the gestures, of those about him, are all busy in the work of his education. Unconsciously at first, and thereafter con- sciously, he is organising into himself the vast and infinite material of outer impression and inner feel- ing. Every human being undergoes this process of education; and it is not at all a question whether he is to be educated or not, but simply how and to what end he is to be educated." A passage on the meaning and influence of the mother-tongue is also well worth quoting: "Mind grows only in so far as it finds expression for itself; it cannot find it through a foreign tongue. It is round the language learned at the mother's knee that the whole life of feeling, emotion, thought, gathers. If it were possible for a child or boy to live in two languages at once equally well, so much the worse for him. His intellectual and spiritual growth would not thereby be doubled, but halved. Unity of mind and of character would have great difficulty in asserting itself in such cir- cumstances. Language, remember, is at best only symbolic of a world of consciousness, and almost Contemporary Thought and Thinkers. every word is rich in unexpressed associations of experience which give it its full value for the life of mind. Subtleties, and delicacies, and refinements of feeling and perception are, at best, only suggested by the words we use. The major part lies deep in our conscious or half-conscious life, and is the source of the tone and colour of language, and of its wide- reaching unexpressed relations. Words, accordingly, must be steeped in life to be living; and as we have not two lives, but only one, so we can have only one language." Two volumes of leaders and reviews written for the London " Spectator" by Mr. Richard Holt Hutton have been collected under the title, "Criticisms on Con- temporary Thought and Thinkers" (Macmillan). They range over the past twenty years, and include articles upon such men as Carlyle, Emerson, Long- fellow, Dickens, Mill, Arnold, Renan, Maurice, Bagehot, Darwin, Stanley, Church, and Newman. They also include reviews of many remarkable works, such as Carlyle's "Reminiscences," Mr. Les- lie Stephen's Essays, Mill's " Autobiography," Mori- son's "The Service of Man," Dr. Martineau's "Types of Ethical Theory," and some of Tennyson's later poems. The papers are all brief, but several are often devoted to the same subject. There are groups of four each upon Carlyle and Dr. Martineau, of three each upon Mill and Mr. Stephen, and a group of no less than eight upon Sir John Lubbock's studies of insect life. These groups produce something of the effect of extensive essays, and serve to make the book less fragmentary than at first appears. It will be seen from the above incomplete enumeration of topics that the papers touch upon a wide range of subjects; it might almost be said that no move- ment or tendency of the last twenty years, having to do with religious philosophy or the spiritual life, escapes the author's attention. Mr. Hutton's stand- point and the solidity of his culture are well known to thoughtful readers, and to such only do these vol- umes appeal. He is a journalist, but his journalism is so dignified as to make the name almost a mis- nomer. His position upon philosophical and relig- ious questions — and with him the two are almost one—is ultra-conservative; he is entrenched behind a barricade of prejudices, and from their shelter con- ducts a skilfully defensive campaign. One must not expect from him anything like sympathetic treat- ment of such men as Arnold and Renan, for ex- ample; the spirit of such men seems almost wholly to escape him. But he is always urbane, or nearly always. In the case of Clifford, indeed, his tem- per nearly deserts him, but then Clifford was exas- perating at times. And the author pays for his lapse into something like invective by allowing him- self to be detected in such puerile reasoning as the following: "If Professor Clifford's theory were worth anything, consciousness would develope pari passu with the organic development of all forms of matter, and we ought to have as much con- sciousness behind the action of the motor nerves as 18 [July 1, THE DIAL ching - behind the action of the sensitive nerves, as much plan of publication is certainly novel. The first consciousness of the growth of our hair, as of the number made its appearance early in April, and the flush on our cheeks or the music in our ears.” We | last will be issued at the end of 1896. Subscrip- might extract equally childish passages from what tions are only received for the complete set of twelve is said upon that dangerous subject of free will and parts, payable yearly in advance. Only as many moral responsibility. We are almost tempted to say sets will be issued as are subscribed for in advance, that Mr. Hutton is too good a writer to be an exact and subscribers are thus guaranteed against broken thinker. His rhetoric is doubtless of a high char sets and depreciation in value. The publishers be- acter, but his fate is nevertheless that of far cheaper | lieve that an opportunity has now presented itself rhetoricians : he is entangled in the network of his to give to those interested a series of papers by own verbiage. Still, he has a point of view, and writers of authority on various points of book-lore those who wish to know what can be said from that which require special treatment, without being of point of view upon the most serious aspects of mod sufficient importance to be made the subject of sep- ern thought cannot do better than read these vol. arate works. A special feature in the magazine umes. will be the admission of articles in French as well Mr. Joseph Landon, the author of as English. In Part I., Mr. W. Y. Fletcher writes Teaching - its Principles “Principles and Practice of Teach on “ A Copy of Celsus from the Library of Gro- and Practice. ing" (Macmillan), tells us in his pre- | lier"; Mr. Charles I. Elton on “Christina of Swe- face that his work is the outcome of nearly a quar- den and her Books”; M. Octave Uzanne on “La ter of a century's experience as lecturer on school Bibliophile Moderne"; Mr. E. Gordon Duff on management in a training college, and of a still larger 66 The Stationers at the Sign of the Trinity”; Mr. experience as a teacher, as well as of a considerable Alfred W. Pollard on “The Books of Hours of amount of reading, and of numerous observations Geoffroy Tory"; while Mr. Andrew Lang writes and experiments in teaching carried out at various felicitously about “Names and Notes in Books." times and in various ways"; and the work itself | Names are to be preferred to book-plates, Mr. Lang amply confirms this testimony. He has produced, thinks, and he finds appropriate and inoffensive not an original or a brilliant book, but a useful one, such pointed notes as that written by Sir Walter well thought out, solid, and methodical from cover Scott on a fly-leaf of Maule's “History of the Picts": to cover. He adheres to the tradition in including “ Very rare, therefore worth a guinea; very sense- “ principles” as well as practice”; but, as he less, therefore not worth a shilling.” A word must frankly tells us, the book treats the subject “ on the be added in commendation of the decorative ini- art side rather than on the scientific side," so that tials and tail-pieces specially designed by Mr. Lau- it may be of as thoroughly practical and useful a | rence Housman. To the individual collector, the character as possible. Still, the underlying science librarian, the professional bibliographer, and the he has carefully kept in mind. The art of the ex book-lover, if not to the general reader, “Biblio- perienced teacher—and of the experienced teacher graphica” will not make its appeal in vain. of teachers — is apparent in the minuteness of the discussion, and in the detail with which the analysis “My Paris Note - Book” (Lippin- Leaves from cott), an aftermath of memories by is carried out. While this minutiæ and detail may Note-Book. that amusing quidnunc who set us commend the book to many private readers, it will all guessing some months ago with his “An En- not conduce to its popularity as a text-book, at least glishman in Paris," should find favor with lovers in the United States. Like all the new books of of light literature. Like its predecessor, the book like character, this one emphasizes the study and is a racy medley of stories and pen-pictures of nota- teaching of English. Mr. Landon pronounces the ble people-Louis Napoleon, Renan, Thiers, Victor neglect of the study of the subject in England “aston- Emmanuel, Grévy, Simon, de Kock, MM. Erckmann- ishing”; and he fortifies his general argument with Chatrian, de Musset, etc. From the mass of quo- this neat quotation: “ That a language should be, as table matter we select one extract-a caustic news- English is, so apt and clear in expression as to com- paper bit at Thiers : “ The Minister of the Interior mend itself to almost universal use, so wide and full is no doubt the man who in a given time can spout' in its capacity to voice high thought and deep feeling the greatest number of words and squirt' the as to win universal acclaim, and yet should be com- largest number of verbal blue-bottles upon the air.. paratively worthless for the training of its own chil- He is, moreover, the man who can talk for the dren, is a paradox that falls below the dignity of longest period without taking trouble to think. As a tolerable joke.”_ a rule, one idea is all-sufficient for him ; one idea, Bibliography in Sumptuousness in all details of form, and a tumbler of water with a lump of sugar in it. its historical and paper, type, presswork, and illus- | With these, M. Thiers will go on prating for twenty- artistic aspects. trations, characterizes “ Bibliograph four hours at a stretch, like the skilful wire-drawer ica,” a quarterly magazine of bibliography in its who from an ounce of metal will produce twenty- historical and artistic aspects, issued by Messrs. | four leagues of wire.” The book is a capital one Charles Scribner's Sons in connection with Messrs. for dog-day reading, and contains a good many odds Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. of London. The l and ends of curious information withal, a Parisian 1894.] 19 THE DIAL BRIEFER MENTION. Mr. Mark Samuel, of Columbia College, publishes "The Amateur Aquarist" (Baker & Taylor Co.), a lit- tle book of instructions on the subject of aquaria. The preface, commendably brief, is as follows: "A collec- tion of simply-expressed suggestions to amateur aquar- ists is all this book claims to be. Its descriptions are terse, tried, and true." The book gives full and exact information about the collection of fresh-water fishes and plants, and tells how they are to be kept alive and in good health. It is simply written and well illustrated. What is described as a " first series " of " Fairy Tales from the Arabian Nights " comes to us with the imprints of Messrs. J. M. Dent & Co. and Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. The text is selected from Galland, and edited virginibus puerisque by Miss E. Dixon, of Girton College. There are fifteen tales in this volume, among them be- ing the seven voyages of Sindbad, whose name is un- accountably printed " Sinbad." The illustrations of the book, by Mr. J. D. Batten, are its most striking feature, and are very artistic, particularly the five full-page plates. We hope that there will be as many more se- ries of this work as there are "Nights " to fill them. Among books for the young not one in a hundred de- serves such hearty commendation as this. We quote the preface of Mr. T. M. Clark's « Build- ing Superintendence " (Macmillan) as the best descrip- tion of a work of value so approved that it has now reached its twelfth edition. "This is not a treatise on the architectural art, or the science of construction, but a simple exposition of the ordinary practice of building in this country, with suggestions for supervising such work efficiently. Architects of experience probably know already nearly everything that the book contains, but their younger brethren, as well as those persons not of the profession who are occasionally called upon to di- rect building operations, will perhaps be glad of its help." Mr. Frederick Jones Bliss, in " A Mound of Many Cities " (Macmillan), describes the excavations carried on from 1890 to 1893 by officers of the Palestine Ex- ploration Fund at Tell el Hesy, a mound situated in Judtea, between Hebron and Gaza. The Tell in ques- tion was about sixty feet high, and was found to con- tain the ruins of no less than eight cities, in superim- posed strata. The conjectural chronology of these cities, fairly well supported by the evidence, ranges from about 1700 B.C. to 400 B.C. The book is extra- ordinarily interesting; hardly less so to the general reader than to the archaeologist and historian. New York Topics. New York, June 25, 1894. The death of Howard Seely by his own hand at the home of his parents in Brooklyn last Friday night was a severe shock to his many friends among the younger men of letters in this city. Only a few of them knew that he was subject to recurrent attacks of insanity, especially in the early summer of each year. At other times he preserved a cheerful interested manner which endeared him to all who knew him. Edward Howard Seely, Jr., to give his full name, was a member of the Class of 1878 at Yale, where he distinguished himself in literary work, becoming one of the editors of the "Yale Literary Magazine." Two years later he grad- uated at the Columbia law school, but overstudy brought on attacks of nervous prostration and he was obliged to abandon his profession. He then travelled in Texas and through the Southwest, and thus gained the mate- rial which he made use of in his stories, which some- what resemble in scope and character those of Mr. Owen Wister. Mr. Seely's first volume, « A Lone Star Bo-peep, and Other Tales of Texan Ranch Life," was published in 1885, and has been followed by " A Ranch- man's Stories," " A Nymph of the West," « The Jonah of Lucky Valley," and one or two others. He was a mem- ber of the Authors Club, and for sometime held an as- sistant-editorship on the newly-revived " Peterson's Mag- azine," for which he wrote quite freely. "The Publisher's Weekly" prints a report of the proceedings in the German Reichstag in relation to the Copyright treaty with this country, referred to in my letter of May 1. In reply to the petition to annul the treaty on account of the unfairness of the Copyright Act to Germans, the Royal Commissioner, Dr. Leh- mann, '■ advised strongly against annulling the treaty, as by so doing the branches now fully protected (music, art works, maps, etc.) would again fall into the hands of ruthless plunderers without anything being gained for authors or publishers of books. He hoped that lit- tle by little the terms of contract could be modified, and felt sure that Americans themselves would realize more and more the weaknesses of the Copyright Act, for which so many had made so brave a struggle, sub- mitting to the restriction of the unsatisfactory clause only because without it the whole Copyright question would again have dropped for years. After a short de- bate, in which all the speakers showed a remarkably full knowledge of the situation, it was decided to refer the proceedings and further action to the Reichskanzler." This would indicate a conciliatory attitude on the part of the German government, and that little is to be feared from the recent aggressiveness of German publishers. The " Overheard in Arcady " of Mr. Robert Bridges, so warmly praised by your reviewer, has reached a sec- ond edition, of which the Messrs. Dent & Co. of Lon- don will be the English publishers. The American pub- lishers of this book, Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons, are to bring out in book form the lectures recently de- livered at Oxford by Mr. James A. Froude on the Life and Writings of Erasmus. This firm will also publish in America Mr. Gladstone's translations of the odes of Horace. It is interesting to learn that Mr. Theodore Stanton, who was the resident commissioner in France of the Columbian Exposition, has been invited to prepare the European chapter for the official history of the Fair to be published by the Federal government. Among the contributors to this chapter will be the Hon. Andrew D. White, American minister to Russia, and Col. Freder- ick D. Grant, ex-minister to Austria. Mr. Stanton is also busily engaged on a series of lectures on the third French republic, which are to be delivered at Cornell University and later at the University of Wisconsin. Some of the friends and admirers of Walt Whitman who have for some time met annually at Philadelphia on the occasion of his birthday, inaugurated at their last meeting, May 31, a Walt Whitman Fellowship, which is intended to be international in character. The purpose of the association is not entirely literary, but for human advancement according to Whitman's ideas. Dr. Daniel G. Brinton, of Philadelphia, has been chosen 20 [July 1, THE DIAL president. Any person can become a member by de- claring himself such to the secretary and upon payment of small annual dues. The removal of the firm of Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. from 1,3, and 5 Bond street to 72 Fifth avenue, where they will occupy the new building at the northwest cor- ner of Fifth avenue and Thirteenth street, is in har- mony with the uptown movement of New York pub- lishers. When the founder of the house — Daniel Ap- pleton—came to New York from Boston in 1825, he be- gan the importation of English books in connection with other business in Exchange Place. The book business was in charge of his oldest son, William Henry Apple- ton, the present head of the firm, who has well earned his title as the Nestor of American publishers, occupy- ing as he does in this country a place similar to that held by the late John Murray in England. After a short stay in Exchange Place, Daniel Appleton removed to Clinton Hall, Beekman street, and devoted himself entirely to the importation and sale of books. In 1835 William H. Appleton was sent to London, where he founded an agency. The first publishing venture of the firm was a little 32mo book called " Daily Crumbs from the Master's Table," issued in 1831. In January, 1838, William H. Appleton was taken into partnership, and the firm removed to 200 Broadway. In 1848 Daniel Appleton retired, and W. H. Appleton formed a part- nership with his brother, John Adams Appleton. Three other sons subsequently became partners — Daniel Sid- ney, George Swett, and Samuel Francis. The business was removed from 200 Broadway to the old Society Library building at Broadway and Leonard street. The next removal of the firm was to 443-5 Broadway. Later a building was erected at 94 Grand street, corner of Green, and occupied for some years until a change was made to 549-51 Broadway. About 1880 Messrs. Appleton removed to 1, 3, and 5 Bond street. Each one of these periods has witnessed some increase and development. There are now five members of the firm —Messrs. William H. Appleton, William W. Appleton, Daniel Appleton, Edward Dale Appleton, and D. Sid- ney Appleton. Arthur Stedman. TjIterary Notes asd Miscellany. A new work by General Gordon — a sort of journal written at Khartoum — is soon to be published. It is reported that Mr. Howells, during his European sojourn this summer, will make a thorough study of Holland. A number of unpublished letters by Poe are being edited for the " Century Magazine " by Professor G. L. Woodberry. Mr. Charles DeKay, the New York journalist and poet, has been appointed Consul-General of the United States at Berlin. The Tennyson memorial at Freshwater is to be an Ionic cross thirty-four feet high, called the Tennyson Beacon. It has been designed by Mr. John L. Pearson. The uniform limited edition of Mr. R. L. Stevenson's works will be published in this country by the Scrib- ner's. Mr. Stevenson has just completed one historical novel, "St. Ives," and is well along with another, "The Lord Justice-Clerk." The management of " Public Opinion" has been re- organized, and new features will be added to that already excellent paper. The publishers send us a handsome Albertype reproduction of the photographs of fifty well- known American writers, grouped upon one sheet. Professor Herbert Tuttle, of Cornell University, died recently at the age of forty-seven. He was one of the most brilliant of our historical scholars, his chief work being a history of Prussia, not completed. He was at one time a valued contributor to The Dial. The Rev. Stopford A. Brooke will give a course of lectures at the Lowell Institute in the autumn. Apro- pos of this subject, the " London Literary World " sup- plies an anxious correspondent with the following extra- ordinary information: "The Lowell Lectures are anew foundation, in commemoration of the late James Rus- sell Lowell, and in connection with the new University at Chicago. Professor Drummond was the lecturer last year, and his course formed the basis of ' The Lowell Lectures on the Ascent of Mau,' which has just been published." A writer in the " Revue de Paris " tells the following anecdote of Baudelaire: "Passing the shop of a coal- dealer one evening, he saw the proprietor, in a back room, seated at the table with his family. He seemed happy; the cloth was white; the wine smiled in the fla- gons. Baudelaire entered. The dealer came towards him, obsequious, delighted at a customer, awaiting or- ders. 1 Is that yours, all that coal ?' he asked. The man nodded in affirmation, not understanding. 'And all those piles of wood?' The man assented again, thinking the purchaser undecided. 'And that, is it coke? is that charcoal? Is that yours, too?' Baud- elaire examined carefully all the heaped-up merchand- ise; then, looking the dealer in the face: 'What, that is all yours! And you do not asphyxiate yourself ?'" The Western Reserve University has conferred the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws upon Professor C. A. Young, Professor Thomas D. Seymour, and Mr. John Hay. A brief Latin address was given in each case. Colonel Hay was described in these terms: "Johannis Hay, vir ingeniosus et liberalitate sua de hac universi- tate optime meritus, in rebus publicis, potissimum in eis quae apud exteras nationes administrandae essent, acriter et diligenter versatus est. Idem per multos annus litteris operam dedit. Mores Hispanorum felic- iter descripsit. Carmiua condidit partim rudem et agrestem populi occidentalis linguam optime imitantia, alia summa arte expolita. Quod vitam et res gestas Abrahami Lincoln descripsit patriae nostrae beneficium dedit. Ob talia merita summjs honoribus dignus gradu amplissimo Legum Doctoris ornatur." PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN TURKEY. The Turkish papers are publishing some statistics to illustrate the great progress of public instruction in Turkey under the present Sultan. Since his accession the increase in the number of schools is estimated at 25,000, said to be attended by a million and a quarter scholars of both sexes. It is difficult to ascertain what the number formerly was, but there is no doubt the in- crease is great. This is largely due to the measures taken by the late Sultans, Abd ul Mejid and Abd ul Aziz, in laying the foundation of a Ministry of Instruc- tion, which of late years have been bearing fruit. The progress is also greatly due to the successful working of the reform of the administration of pious or eccles- iastical foundations. Thus, not only have numerous mosques and schools been founded, particularly in con- nection with the large immigration of refugees, and re- 1894.] 21 THE DIAL ligious fervor aroused, but the revenues of the local religious establishments have been considerably aug- mented. Formerly education in the country districts was very backward, particularly for girls, as parents did not value it; but since education has become com- pulsory the attendance has much improved. — The Athenasum. CHARLES HENRY PEARSON. Mr. Charles Henry Pearson, the author of " National Life and Character," died on the 29th of May. He was born in 1830, became a fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, in 1854, and held this place until 1872, when he married, and emigrated to Australia. In 1892 he returned to England. He was the author of numerous historical works, and took high rank as an educator. One of his friends writes of him in these terms: "He was a most indefatigable worker his whole life long. He had a most marvellous memory, and a most rapid power of generalization from the long array of facts and precedents which marshalled themselves spontan- eously before his mind when called upon to pronounce judgment. He was a profound classical scholar, but his knowledge of modern literature, English as well as Continental, was equally remarkable. He was acquainted with most of the modern European languages, and en- joyed Ibsen and Gogol in the original no less than Vic- tor Hugo and Goethe. As a newspaper writer he dis- tinguished himself by the possession of a most earnest and trenchant style, which he was able at will to vary with the most racy banter. His conversation was always striking and fascinating. His manner seemed at first sight somewhat cold, but his unruffled exterior concealed the warmest and truest of hearts. He especially de- lighted in the society of the young, and he would spare no pains to put an earnest student on the right track. As a politician, he was feared by his political opponents on account of his knowledge and intellectual power; he inspired absolute trust and confidence in his own party. He was regarded by both sides as absolutely incorrupt- ible." THE FINAL HONOR SCHOOL OF ENGLISH AT OXFORD. We are indebted to the New York "Evening Post" for the following paragraph: Liberality and progress have made two great strides in the University of Oxford. A last attack upon the establishment of the eighth final school, the "Final Honour School of English Language and Literature," was defeated in congregation on May 1, when the form of statute establishing the new school was promulgated, and its preamble was finally adopted by 120 placets against 46 non-placets. The details of this statute are now open to amendment, but the establishment of the school is assured. The preamble adopted runs as fol- lows: "Whereas it is expedient to establish a Final Honour School of English Language and Literature, the University enacts as follows." This school must include authors "belonging to the different periods of English literature," and "the history of the English language and the history of English literature." Spe- cial subjects "falling within or usually studied in con- nection with the English language and literature " are also provided for. Candidates must have studied their authors " (1) with reference to the forms of the lan- guage, (2) as examples of literature, and (3) in their relation to the history and thought of the period to which they belong." The study of Anglo-Saxon, and of the relation of English to " the languages with which it is etymologically connected," and of the history of English literature, is made the centre of the whole school, and a board of at least twenty examiners is provided for. Their duty shall be "to see that, as far as possi- ble, equal weight is given to language and literature" iu the conduct of the examination, "provided always that candidates who offer special subjects shall be at liberty to choose subjects connected either with lan- guage or with literature or with both." Topics in Leading Periodicals. July, 1894 {First List). America, Australian Impressions. Miss C. H. Spence. Harper. American Boy's Ideal Training. Thomas Davidson. Forum. American Protective Association. F. R. Coudert. Forum. Baltimore Social Life. Amy Wetmore. Southern Magazine. Billroth, Death of Professor. Popular Science. Bluestone Industry, The. Ulus. H. B. Ingram. Pop. Set. Boston and Philadelphia, Health of. J.S.Billings. Forum. Carlyle's Place in Literature. Frederio Harrison. Forum. Co-Educated, The. Martha F. Crow. Forum. Coinage, A New System of. M. D. Harter. Forum. Colonial Weather-Service, A. Illus. A. McAdie. Pop. Sci. "Conscience Fund " of the Treasury. F. L. Chrisman. Lipp. Corporations and Trusts. L. G. McPherson. Popular Science. Education, Secondary. Dial. English at Indiana University. M. W. Sampson. Dial. Facial Expressions, Acquired. Louis Robinson. Pop. Science. Government's Failure as a Builder. M. Schuyler. Forum. Harvard and Yale Boat-Race. Illus. W. A. Brooks. Harper. Hertz, Heinrich. H. Bonfort. Popular Science. Kentucky Whisky. Ulus. W. E. Bradley. Southern Mag. Kiln-Drying Hard Wood. O. S. Whitmore. Popular Science. Know-Nothinga, Career of the. J. B. McMaster. Forum. Latitude and Vertebrae. D. S. Jordan. Popular Science. Literature, Signs of Life in. E. E. Hale, Jr. Dial. Manly Virtues and Politics. Theodore Roosevelt. Forum. Mill-Girls. Elizabeth Morris. Lippincott. Mitla, Ruins of. Illus. Evelyn Steger. Southern Magazine. Montague, Lady, and Bacteriology. Popular Science. Musicians, Letters of Two. Dial. New England, My First Visit. Illus. W. D. Howells. Harper. Nova Scotian Indian Folk-Tales. Frederick Starr. Dial. Panama, Up the Coast from. Illus. W. S. Hale. So. Mag. President at Home, The. Illus. H. L. Nelson. Harper. Rambles of a Nature-Lover. Anna B. McMahan. Dial. Research the Spirit of Teaching. G. S. Hall. Forum. Savagery and Survivals. J. W. Black. Popular Science. Social Insects' Homes. Illus. L. N. Badenoch. Pop. Sci. Stage as a Career. R. De Cordova. Forum. Storage Battery of the Air. Alexander McAdie. Harper. Sunshine in the Woods. Illus. B. D. Halsted. Pop. Science. U. S. Naval Gun Faotory. Illus. T. F. Jewell. Harper. List of New Books. [Hie following list, embracing 50 titles, includes all books received by The Dial since last issue.] TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. Climbing and Exploration In the Karakoram-Hima- layae. By William Martin Conway, M.A. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 70!). D. Appleton & Co. $10. BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. Oliver Cromwell: A History, Comprising a Narrative of his Life, with Extracts from his Letters and Speeches, and an Account of the Affairs of England during his Time. By Samuel Harden Church. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 524. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3. 22 [July 1, THE DIAL Life of St. Francis of Assisi. By Paul Sabatier. Trans- NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES. lated by Louise Seymour Houghton. 8vo, pp. 448, gilt Harper's Franklin Square Library: The Husband of One top. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $2.50. Wife, by Mrs. Venn; 8vo, pp. 310. 50 cts. The Life of John Paterson, Major-General in the Revolu- Bonner's Choice Series: Invisible Hands, by F. Von Zo- tionary Army. By his great-grandson, Thomas Egleston, beltitz, trans. by S. E. Boggs ; illus., 12mo, pp. 372. LL.D. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 293. G. P. Put- 50 cts. nam's Sons. $2.50. Newton Booth of California: His Speeches and Addresses. Rand, McNally's Globe Library: The Unknown Life of Edited with Introduction and Notes by Lauren E. Crane. Jesus Christ, by Nicolas Notovitch ; 12mo, pp. 191. 25 cts. With portrait, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 521. G. P. Put- Lovell, Coryell's Series of American Novels: Struthers, and The Comedy of the Masked Musicians, by Anna nam's Sons. $2.50. Arthur Lee, LL.D., as seen in History, 1770-1781. By Bowman Dodd; 12mo, pp. 312. 50 cts. Charles Henry Lee. 8vo, pp. 60. Richmond, Va.: J. W. Neely's Library of Choice Literature: “In the Quarter," Randolph & Co. 50 cts. by Robert W. Chambers ; 12mo, pp. 314. — The Princess of Alaska, by Richard Henry Savage ; 12mo, pp. 420. HISTORY. Each, 50 cts. Neely's Popular Library: The Major in Washington City, The Protected Princes of India. By William Lee War- Second Series ; illus., 12mo, pp. 251. 25 cts. ner, C.S.I. 8vo, uncut, pp. 389. Macmillan & Co. $3. The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians. By Anatole SCIENCE STUDIES. Leroy-Beaulieu ; trans, by Zenaide A. Ragozin. Part II., Man's Place in Nature, and Other Anthropological Essays. The Institutions ; 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 566. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3. By Thomas H. Huxley. 12mo, pp. 328. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25. The Carolina Pirates and Colonial Commerce, 1670-1740. By Shirley Carter Hughson. 8vo, uncut, pp. 134. Johns Scarabs: The History, Manufacture, and Religious Symbol- Hopkins University Studies. $1. ism of the Scarabæus. By Isaac Myer, LL.B., author of "The Qabbalah.” 12mo, pp. 177. New York (641 Mad- GENERAL LITERATURE. ison ave.): Edwin W. Dayton. $1.50. Theatricals: Two Comedies–Tenants, and Disengaged. By THEOLOGY AND RELIGION. Henry James. 12mo, uncut, pp. 320. Harper & Bros. $1.75. The Lowell Lectures on the Ascent of Man. By Henry The Operas of Gilbert and Sullivan. Described by Percy Drummond, LL.D. 12mo, pp. 346. James Pott & Co. $2. Fitzgerald, M.A. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 248. The J. Descipleship: The Scheme of Christianity. By the author B. Lippincott Co. $1.25. of "The King and the Kingdom." 12mo, pp. 232. G. Acting and Actors, Elocution and Elocutionists: A P. Putnam's Sons. $1. Book about Theatre Folk and Theatre Art. By Alfred Ayres, author of “The Orthoëpist." Illus., 16mo, gilt BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE. edges, pp. 287. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25. The First Four Books of Xenophon's Anabasis. Edited, History of German Literature. By R. W. Moore. Illus., with notes, etc., by William W. Goodwin, LL.D., and 8vo, pp. 87. Hamilton, N. Y.: Colgate University Press. John Williams White, Ph.D. Illus., 12mo, pp. 290. Ginn 75 cts. & Co. $1.65. Literary and Social Silhouettes. By Hjalmar Hjorth Law and Theory in Chemistry: A Companion Book for Boyesen. With portrait, 18mo, pp. 218. Harper & Bros. Students. By Douglas Carnegie, M.A. 12mo, uncut, pp. 50 cts. 222. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.50. POETRY. Practical Botany for Beginners. By F. O. Bower, D.Sc. 16mo, pp. 275. Macmillan & Co. 90 cts. Balder the Poet, and Other Verses. By George Herbert Primary Geography. By Alex Everett Frye, author of Stockbridge. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 98. G. P. Put "Child and Nature." 4to, illustrated, pp. 127. Ginn & nam's Sons. $1. Co. 75 cts. Old English Ballads. Selected and Edited by Francis B. La Petite Fadette. Par George Sand; abbreviated and Gummere. 12mo, pp. 380. Ginn & Co. $1.35. edited by F. Aston-Binns, M.A. 16mo, pp. 136. Heath's From Milton to Tennyson: Masterpieces of English Po “Modern Language Series." 30 cts. etry. Edited, with Notes, etc., by L. DuPont Syle, M.A. 12mo, pp. 467. Allyn & Bacon. $1. JUVENILE. My Garden Walk. By William Preston Johnson. 12mo, Oscar in Africa. By Harry Castlemon, author of "Rocky pp. 183. New Orleans : F. F. Hansell & Bro. Mountain Series.' Illus., 12mo, pp. 347. Porter & Coates. $1.50. FICTION. MISCELLANEOUS. Cleopatra: A Romance. By Georg Ebers, author of *Uarda"; trans. by Mary J. Safford. In two vols., The Care and Feeding of Children: A catechism for the U of Mothers and Children's Nurses. By L. Emmett 16mo. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50. The Potter's Thumb. By Flora Annie Steel. 12mo, pp. Holt, M.D. 12mo, pp. 66. D. Appleton & Co. 50 cts. 351. Harper & Bros. $1.50. Bricks for Street Pavements. By M. D, Burke, C.E. Maximilian and Carlotta: A Story of Imperialism. By New edition, with a paper on Country Roads; 8vo, pp. John M. Taylor. 108. Robt. Clarke & Co. 50 cts. Illus., gilt top, uncut, pp. 209. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50. A Prodigal in Love. By Emma Wolf, author of “ Other EDUCATIONAL. Things Being Equal." 12mo, pp. 258. Harper & Bros. $1.25. Red Diamonds. By Justin McCarthy, author of “Dear Bingham School for Boys, Asheville, N. C. Lady Disdain," i2mo, pp. 409. D. Appleton & Co. $1. Established in 1793. The Dancing Faun. By Florence Fair. 16mo, pp. 169. 1793. MAJOR R. BINGHAM, Superintendent. 1894. Roberts Bros. $1. MISS GIBBONS' SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, New York City. The Wedding Garment: A Tale of the Life to Come. By M1 No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. SARAH H. EMERSON, Prin- Louis Pendleton, author of “In the Wire-Grass." 16mo, cipal. Will reopen October 4. A few boarding pupils taken. pp. 246. Roberts Bros. $1. An Unofficial Patriot. By Helen H. Gardener, author of TODD SEMINARY FOR BOYS, Woodstock, III. An ideal home “Pushed by Unseen Hands." With portrait, 12mo, pp. school near Chicago. Forty-seventh year. 349. Arena Pub'g Co. $1. NOBLE HILL, Principal. A Moral Blot. By Sigmund B. Alexander, author of "Who VOUNG LADIES' SEMINARY, Freehold, N. J. Lies?” 12mo, pp. 233. Arena Pub'g Co. $1. Prepares pupils for College. Broader Seminary Course. 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THE DIAL Jt SEMI-MONTHLY JOURNAL OF $itfrarg Criticism, §isatssum, artb Information. 1 Volume XVII. FRANCIS F. BROWNE. No. 194. CHICAGO, JULY 16, 1894. 10 ctt. a copy. 315 Wabash Avk. 32. a year. Opposite Auditorium. J. B. LlPPINCOTT COMPANY'S New Books for Summer Reading. MY PARIS NOTE BOOK. By the Author of "An Englishman in Paris." 12mo, cloth. Price, $1.25. Were it possible to surpass in sensational interest the author's earlier volume, we should say that these startling revela- tions of the opinions, ambitions, and secrets of the Emperor Louis Napoleon have accomplished it. The book is compact throughout of alluring matter, and will win a world-wide audience. BARABBAS. A Dream of the World's Tragedy. By Marie Cobellx. 12mo, cloth, $1.00. "A book which aroused in some quarters more violent hostility than any book of recent years. 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Three other Stories by Mrs. Stannard: ONLY HUMAN; or. Justice. AUNT JOHNNIE. THE OTHER MAN'S WIFE. John Strange Winter, the nam de guerre of Mrs. Arthur Stannard, was adopted by the advice of the publishers of her first books, and it was only when " Bootle's Baby " appeared that it became known who the author really was. Since that time a number of excellent novels have issued from her pen; they deal with garrison life, and show an excellent under- standing of the surroundings of the British officer and the social conditions of the army. THE MYSTERY OF THE PATRICIAN CLUB. 12mo, cloth, $1.00. 11 The man who could write 'An Englishman in Paris' must be enter- taining, no matter under what guise he appeared. Albert D. Vandain has a rare gift of making himself interesting. In his last work, ' The Mystery of the Patrician Club,' he reaches the perfection of his art." —Detroit Free Prest. THE GILBERT AND SULLIVAN OPERAS. Described by Percy Fitzgerald, M.A., F.S. 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An account of the every-day life of the Chinese people — social, political, and religious. This volume gives a compre- hensive and almost exhaustive account of the Chinese Em- pire by one who thoroughly understands it. Beyond the Knowledge he acquired during a residence of several years, Mr. Douglas's materials are drawn from the writings of the Chinese themselves, and also from their romances and novels. '«• New Illustrated Catalogue of Books for Summer Beading mailed free to any address on application to the Publishers, J. B. LlPPINCOTT COMPANY, 715 & 717 Market St., Philadelphia. 2G [July 16, 1894. THE DIAL Macmillan and Co.'s New Books. Now Ready, Volume III. THE HOUSE OF FAME. THE LEGEND OF GOOD WOMEN, Etc. THE OXFORD CHAUCER. THE COMPLETE WORKS OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER. Edited, from Numerous Manuscripts, by the Rev. Walter W. Skeat, Litt.D., LL.D., M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. In six volumes, demy 8vo, with Portrait and Facsimiles. Already Published. Vol. I., ROMAUNT OF THE ROSE. MINOR POEMS. Vol. II., BOETHIUS. TROl- LUS AND CRISEYDE. 8vo, buckram. Price, 84.00 each, net. »** Tli is edition of Chaucer, by one of the greatest authorities on Early English Literature, represents the unremitting labor of a quarter of a century. It is a complete edition of all the genuine works of Chaucer, whether in prose or poetry. The remaining volumes will be published at short intervals during the present year. The complete set of six volumes is offered to subscribers at $17.50 net, payable strictly in advance. Payment in full must accompany each subscription. Sub- scriptions may be sent in through booksellers if the above conditions are strictly complied with. His notes, philological, biographical, and other, which frame the text completely in illuminating lines, are a triumph of scholarship that must make inseparable from the fame of Chaucer the name of Walter W. Skeat."—Kew York Time*. 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By John Ruskin, D.C.L., LL.D. Illustrated with frontispiece in color and 11 photogravure plates from drawings by the author. Hyo, cloth. $2.50 net. JUST PUBLISHED. CHILDREN'S SINGING GAMES. With the Tunes to which they are Sung. Collected and Edited by Alice B. Gomme. Pictured in black and white by Winifred Smith. Oblong 8vo, ornamental. Price, $1.50. Also, two Editions de Lure, limited; one printed on Kelmscott paper, by permission of Mr. William Morris, bound in linen. Price, $9.00 net. The other, printed on Japanese vellum, bound in vellum. Price, $11.00 net. Children's Siuging Games appeal to every child who loves dance and song and play, and to every elder who is glad to revive the pleasantest memories of childhood. Mrs. Uouime has carefully picked out of the innumerable variants the best and brightest versions of both words and music. NOW READY. Vol. I. New Translation. THE NOVELS OF IVAN TURGENEV. Translated from the Russian by Constance Garnett. 10mo, cloth, extra, gilt top. Price, §1.25 each. Now Heady. Vol. I., RUDIN. Further volumes in preparation. MACMILLAN & CO., No. 66 Fifth Avenue, New York. THE DIAL & &rnu'=fHonthIn Journal of Etterarg {Tritt'ctssm, BigruBBt'on, ano information. No. m. JULY 16, 1894. Vol. XVII. Contents. MM ENGLISH IN A FRENCH UNIVERSITY .... 27 ENGLISH IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOR- NIA. Charles Mills Gayley 29 COMMUNICATIONS 32 An Historian's " Literary Style." John J. llalsey. ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S COMPLETE WORKS. li. A. Hinsdale 33 SAVE ME FROM MY FRIENDS. Alexander C. McClurg 36 SOME RECENT BOOKS OF TRAVEL. Alice Morse Earle 39 I Sou-era's Across Tibet. — Montbard's Among the Moors. — Boothby's On the Wallaby. — Cole's The Gypsy Road. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 41 Studies in mediteval life and literature. — Literary use of the Arthurian story in four centuries.—A new biography of Dante RossettrJ— An Illustrated Dic- tionary of medicine, biology, and allied sciences.— Mr. Goldwin Smith on " Questions of the Day."— Anthropological essays of Professor Huxley. BRIEFER MENTION 44 NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman 44 LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 45 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 46 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 46 ENGLISH IN A FRENCH UNIVERSITY. The proceedings of the International Con- gress of Education, held in Chicago last sum- mer, have just been published in a carefully- edited volume of a thousand pages. The work is an almost inexhaustible storehouse of inform- ation and comment upon most subjects of cur- rent educational interest, and ought to prove helpful and stimulating in the highest degree to the thousands of teachers into whose hands it will come. One department in particular, that devoted to the subject of Higher Educa- tion, is noteworthy for the breadth and schol- arly character of the papers and discussions included. There are addresses by Presidents Gilman, Kellogg, Raymond, Low, Angell, Jor- dan, and Keane, by Professors Hale, Shorey, West, Wilson, and Sproull. Upon some of these addresses we commented at the time of the Congress, and are glad to see that perma- nent form has now been given them. But our special purpose just now is to direct attention to the paper on " The Study of English Liter- ature in French Universities," prepared for the Congress by M. Chevrillon of the Lille Fac- ulte des Lettres, but, owing to some misunder- standing, not read, and now made public for the first time. Few who have not made a special investiga- tion of the subject have any idea of the im- mense achievement of the Third French Repub- lic in the reorganization of public instruction. To the thinking mind, the work done in this direction is greater and more significant than the work of political or of military or of social reorganization. But it is not of a nature to attract public attention, and is practically un- known outside of France. M. Chevrillon gives us an amusing illustration of the attitude of the foreigner in this matter: "I remember, a few years ago, reading an article in the great English Philistine paper—'The Daily Tele- graph ' — in wl ich it was said that the great majority of French people thought that Shakespeare was a lieu- tenant of Wellington, who had helped him to win the battle of Waterloo. Now, this was unfortunate, as not less than four plays of Shakespeare had just been per- formed in Paris. But the prejudice under which the writer in 1 The Daily Telegraph' was laboring is per- fectly natural, when we notice that a nation never knows what its neighbor is, but what it was twenty years ago." This closing statement is only too true when applied to knowledge of any other than the spectacular aspect of life in a neighboring coun- try, and it is peculiarly true of so unobtrusive a thing as education. A quarter of a century ago, when the French nation had sunk to its lowest level in the degration of a sham impe- rialism, when the frenzied populace was shout- ing "a Berlin!" and thought the Prussian capital really lay just across the Rhine, the stricture of the English journalist might have been taken as approximately true; to-day, how- ever seriously meant, it becomes the merest jest. Turning now to the specific subject of M. Chevrillon's article, we will first reproduce his account of the educational position of English in the sixties. "Twenty or thirty years ago, French boys and stu- dents wrote better Latin verse than they do now, but of English literature they knew nothing, except the 28 [July 16, THE DIAL names of Shakespeare, Milton, and Byron. Our great arch-critic, M. Sarccy, says that they made fun of Taine at the Ecole Normale because he was reading English. Foreign literatures were, indeed, supposed to be taught; but any man who had graduated in classics, whether he knew English or not, was supposed to be good enough for that kind of work. When he left the Ecole Nor- male, after a course of studies in Plato and Aristotle, he would receive notice that he was appointed professor of foreign literatures, and had to begin work at once. One of these, I believe, it was who was complaining of the difficulties of his task. 'What a language,' he said, 'English is to pronounce! They write Boz and they pronounce Dickens.' M. Ernest Lavisse, who has seen this generation of professors of English literature, was telling me, the other day, the following authentic and typical fact: When he was a student at Nancy, at the faculty of letters he heard a lecture on the literature of England in the sixteenth century. After three-quarters of an hour the professor had exhausted his subject, but his time was not up. 'Gentlemen,' he said, pulling out his watch,' we have a quarter of an hour yet. We have time to do Shakespeare.'" Let us contrast the state of affairs thus hinted at with the present requirements for a student of English. After leaving the lycee, he regis- ters with one of the faculties, and begins to specialize. The licence and the agregation are the two stages of the work now before him. The lycee has given him the baccalaureate de- gree ; the licence (which means two years' work) may be taken as fairly equivalent to the degree of master; and the agregation ("which means two years or more of further work) as stand- ing for the German or American doctorate. The work of the licence candidate is thus de- scribed: "Side by side with the classics, he may take up En- glish or German literature, philosophy, history, or clas- sical philology. Every candidate for the licence has to write a French essay on French literature, a Latin es- say on Latin literature. Then, according to the spe- cialty he has selected, he writes papers on historical or philosophical subjects, or translations from French into English or German, or from English or German into French. The viva voce examination consists, for all can- didates, in questions on French, J^atin, and Greek liter- ature, and extempore translations from the classics; and for those of the candidates who make English a special subject, in questions on English literature, and transla- tions into English and French of the French and En- glish authors on the programme." The first of the two years required for the licence, the student works at the university. "During this first year, the chief purpose of the En- glish professor is not so much to acquaint him with the whole field of English literature as to give him an insight into the spirit, the genius, of English literature, and to make him feel the artistic element in the great writers. A French youth, fresh from his Tacitus, his Racine, and his Voltaire, cannot, unless he has great natural talent, understand, or rather, feel at once Carlyle or Tennyson, whis is done through minute translations, the aim of Thich is not to acquaint the student with new words or new constructions, but to teach him bow to find those French forms that will best express something of the beauty peculiar to the original English text. The ten- dency is thus to develop the artistic sense in the stu- dent, and to give him a mastery of his own language. At the last examination for the licence, at Lille, the En- glish translation being Milton's < II Penscroso,' several candidates were dropped who had understood every word and the literal meaning of the text, but it was clear from their translations that they had not felt the spirit of Milton's poem, or had failed to express it." The second year of preparation for the li- cence is spent in absentia, the students being sent to England for twelve months. "They remain correspondents of the university; that is to say, they have to send papers to the professors of French, Greek, and Latin, thus preparing themselves for those general parts of the licence which are demanded of all candidates to the degree. With the English pro- fessor they of course correspond also, and the main thing that he requires them to do is to steep themselves in English life — to go to the theatres, sermons, public meetings, to see English university life, to make English friends, to think in English, to assume English forms of habit and prejudices—in short, for one year to throw off the Frenchman, to make themselves Englishmen, and to step out of the natural limits of the national mind and sensibility. After this experience, when they come back to France and settle into the old man again, they have become able to look at English writers from the English point of view." The work of this Wanderjahr is perhaps the most admirable feature of the French system. The force with which such men as Montes- quieu and Voltaire brought English ideals to bear upon French thought was the consequence of the protracted visits of these men to En- gland, and much may be expected, in the way of a sympathetic comprehension of English thought, from this yearly sending of picked men from the French faculties to England, for the purpose of studying English life and liter- ature upon their own soil. The work of the agregation is essentially the work of preparation for a professorship iu a government lycee. Since the number of candi- dates is much greater than the number of places to be filled, competition becomes keen and the teste applied are very severe. A new list of authors and works is prepared each year, and every candidate for the agregation has fitted himself for examination on two or more of these lists. A specimen programme offered by M. Chevrillon begins with " Piers Plowman " and ends with "Richard Feverel." It includes works of Spenser, Greene, Shakespeare, Sir Thomas Browne, Pope, Cowper, Burke, Byron, Lan- dor, and Tennyson. "By their fruits ye shall know them." The fruits of this system are found in such works, 1894.] 29 THE DIAL now rapidly multiplying, as M. Angelier's vol- ume of twelve hundred pages on the work, life, and surroundings of Robert Burns, M. Bel- jame's work on English men of letters and their public in the eighteenth century, and M. Jus- serand's book on English wayfaring life in the eighteenth century. M. Chevrillon claims for the study of English that it opens for French students — "a vast field of interesting, often passionating, artistic literature, instinct with the loftiest ideals, with the deep- est human sympathy; full of pathos, of feeling, of life; full of the sense of the good, of the righteous, of reli- gious earnestness, as ours is full with the sense of the true and of the beautiful — one of the most powerful to instill into a young mind the germs that will develop upwards. . . The modern novels of England, the pure, idealistic utterances of a Carlyle, of a Tennyson, of an Emerson, are among the greatest means of education of the present time. Of course, the first thing for a Frenchman — for every man — is to remain in contact with his own race; to read those writers of the past that have moulded the soul and mind of his own nation, and those writers of the present that discuss the pro- blems which the people of his own blood have to solve in order to live on and to transmit to their posterity the national inheritance. But when he has done that, let him turn to those foreign hooks in which he finds an ideal, a philosophy, an .'esthetics — views of life widely different from those which prevail in the French books of his own time. The national ideal will then eease to appear to him as a central one toward which the whole universe ought to be moved. On that day when he becomes able to enjoy a novel of Eliot as well as a novel of Flaubert — nay, on that day when he en- joys the very difference between the two types of novel —let him be a business man or a bourgeois, be is a man of broader culture, in the true sense of the word, than the scholar who devotes his life to the study of the da- tive case." It is the spirit of M. Chevrillon's paper, even more than the matter, that makes it note- worthy, and it may not be amiss to wish that a little more of this spirit were infused into the English instruction given at our own univer- sities. ENGLISH IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA* The teaching force in English in the University of California consists of six men: three instructors, Messrs. Armes, Syle, and Sanford; an assistant professor, Dr. A. F. Lange, in charge of the courses in linguistics; a professor of Rhetoric, Mr. C. B. Bradley; and a pro- * This article is the twelfth of an extended series on the Teaching of English at American Colleges and Universities, of which the following have already appeared in The Dial: English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook (Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran- der Matthews I Feb. lti); English at Harvard University, by Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); English at Stanford University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson (March 10); English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Corson fessor of the English Language and Literature, who is head of the department. For the year 1894-5 the de- partment offers thirty-one courses. Of these, twenty- four, covering seventy-five hours of work (slightly more than three hours a week each for half the year), are designed for undergraduates, and seven (of two hours a week each) for graduates. There are in the univer- sity 1369 students, of whom 820, attending the Acad- emic and Technical Colleges in Berkeley, fall to a greater or less extent within the jurisdiction of the English department. Last year, including the class of 317 Freshmen, there were, during the first term, sixty per cent of the students in Berkeley in the En- glish classes; during the year there were about seventy per cent. The total enrollment of students in English* courses during the first term was 873, of whom 397, or forty-eight per cent of the students in Berkeley, were taking more than one course in English. In the consideration of University work in any line, four things must be taken into account: the specific pre- paration with which students enter, the equipment and administration of the department in question, the organ- ization of studies, and the methods of instruction and investigation. In the matter of entrance requirements in English the University has adopted an increasingly high stand- ard. It calls for a High School course of at least three years, at the rate of five hours a week; and it ad- vocates, and from some schools secures, a four years' course. These requirements can scarcely be described, as in the fourth article of this series, as similar to those of the New England Association. The requirements of that Association, so far as they go, are similar to those of California; but they do not go more than two-thirds of the way in extent or in stringency. There is noth- ing, to my knowledge, in the English requirements of other universities that is equivalent to our course in Greek, Norse, and German mythology as illustrated by English literature (required of all applicants for admis- sion), or to the course in Arguments and Orations (hitherto, three of Burke's) or to the course in English poetry which covers some twenty-five of the longer mas- terpieces. These are additional to the usual requirements in essay, drama, and narrative. While this preparatory work in literature is generally well done, the work in rhetoric and composition is not yet up to the mark. Our system of examining and accrediting schools is, however, so strict, and the supervision of English teach- ing in the schools so minute, that we look for decided improvement, within a reasonable period, in the matter of composition. The department does not content itself with requiring a satisfactory test-composition of stu- dents at matriculation; for, although that would be an easy way of shifting the burden from the University to the schools, it is but a poor substitute for the pedagog- ical assistance due to the schools. With the annual ap- plication for accrediting in English, each school is re- quired to send for inspection samples of compositions and other exercises written by pupils of all classes. If these samples are satisfactory, the school is visited by one of (April 1); English at the University of Virginia, by Professor Charles W. Kent (April 161; English at the University of Illinois, by Professor D. K. Dodge I May 1); English at La- fayette College, by Professor F. A. March I May lii I; English at the State University of Iowa, by Professor E. E. Hale, Jr. (June 1); English at the University of Chicago, by Professor Albert H. Tolman (Jane 16) ; and English at Indiana Uni- versity, by Professor Martin W. Sampson 'July It.— [Edk. I Dial.] 30 [July 16, THE DIAL the professors of English, who carefully scrutinizes the work of teachers and pupils. The department is con- servative in accrediting; and English is generally con- sidered to be the most difficult study in the curriculum of the schools of California. Non-accredited pupils are, of course, subjected to the usual entrance examination in literature, rhetoric, and composition. In addition to this labor of supervision, the professors of English have recently published for the guidance of teachers a pam- phlet entitled " English in the Secondary Schools," out- lining the preparatory course, indicating the proper se- quence of studies, and suggesting methods of instruc- tion.* With regard to the equipment and administration of the department, while the divisions of rhetoric, lin- guistics, and literature and criticism are severally rep- resented by Professor Bradley, Professor Lange, and myself, and while each of the instructors is held re- sponsible for a certain subject and certain sections of students, it is the policy of the department to observe a reasonable Lehrfreiheit. This it accomplishes, first, by maintaining a conservative rotation (say, once in three years) of the teachers in charge of courses in- volving drill and routine; and, secondly, by encourag- ing each teacher of preliminary courses, when once he has his prescribed work well in hand, to offer at least one elective higher course. Accordingly, of our instruc- tors, Mr. Armes offers the courses in the History of the Drama, and in Nineteenth Century Poets; Mr. Syle in Literature of the Eighteenth Century, and Mr. San- ford in Spenser, and in the Romantic movement. That the same man should teach the elements of style, or of literary history, or should correct themes, year in and year out, is, even though texts and methods be varied, pedagogical suicide. The plan here described does much to counteract the insensibility, or disgust, that frequently attends prolonged indulgence in the habit of theme-correcting. We find also that the occasional conduct of preliminary courses acts as a tonic upon teachers habituated to higher, and graduate, courses. While in all cases the specialty is still pursued, the field of information is widened, methods are liberalized, and the zest of teaching is enhanced by the adoption of the principle of Lehrfreiheit. The administration of the department is republican. Each instructor is independent within his sphere of ac- tivity. When, as in the matter of texts or methods, concerted action is necessary, the decision is made by the instructors concerned, subject to the approval of the head of the department. The advisability of new courses, the scope and form of the annual announcement, and matters of general departmental policy, are discussed at the appropriate monthly meeting of the English fac- ulty. Ordinarily, and primarily, however, the depart- ment meets as a Critical Thought Club. The purpose of the club is to keep abreast of recent contributions to comparative literature, philology, aesthetics, and educa- tional theory. The field of reading is apportioned among the members, and informal reports are had on books and articles bearing in any way upon the study of English. The organization of studies in a department is per- haps a surer index of the purpose of instruction than any carefully formulated statement of aims. The En- * Since the policy of issuing departmental monographs on methods of secondary instruction is perhaps novel, it may be w«ll to uy that teachers in the public schools may obtain copies of this pamphlet from the Recorder of the University, B«rk«l«jr, Cal. Postage, two cents. glish courses are classified as Preliminary and Higher. The Preliminary Courses, whether prescribed or elect- ive, are prerequisite to all advanced work. They at- tempt to furnish (1) the principles of style and the prac- tice of written and oral composition; (2) the common- places of literary tradition; and (3) a synoptic view of English literature by the study of the principal authors. The Higher Courses are subdivided in the usual way, as primarily for juniors and seniors, and primarily for graduates. The Preliminary Courses are announced as Types of English Prose Style, Supplementary Reading, Practical Rhetoric, English Masterpieces, General History of En- glish Literature, and Argumentation. The first is re- quired, at the rate of four hours a week through the year, of all freshmen in the academic colleges; the sec- ond (one hour any two consecutive terms) of non-clas- sical students in these colleges. The third and the fourth are prescribed in the Colleges of Chemistry and Agri- culture. All other English courses are elective; and in the Engineering Colleges English is altogether elective. Of prescribed preliminary courses, that in English Prose Style aims to acquaint the student, at first hand, with the features and elements of effective workmanship in prose-writing, and to train him to discern the salient qualities of any well-marked prose style presented for his consideration. The course is based upon the direct study of selected groups of authors. The course entitled Supplementary Reading extends, as far as time will per- mit, the acquaintance of the student with the Hellenic, Teutonic, or Romance Epics, or other classics in trans- lation. It serves as an introduction to the common and traditional store of literary reference, allusion, and im- agery, and as a basis for paragraph-writing. This year translations of the Iliad, the Odyssey, aud the Beowulf, and Morris's Sigurd the Volsung, have been studied. These courses, and the course in Practical Rhetoric for scientific students, in general serve to stimulate con- structive effort and practical skill in writing pari passu with analytical effort and the acquisition of information. They accordingly include first the weekly exercise in paragraph-writing, written in the class-room upon some topic not previously announced but involving acquaint- ance with the Supplementary Reading assigned for the week; and, secondly, a carefully supervised series of com- positions. Three themes have been required each term. The supervision, which is personal, extends to methods of using the Library, of securing material and of taking notes in scholarly fashion, to limitation and definition of subject; to construction of a scheme of presentation in advance of the writing, as well as to careful criticism of the finished work. The organization and develop- ment of these courses is in large measure due to the exertions of Professor Bradley, to whom I am indebted for the details of this description. It should be added that essays are required iu connection with all work in the English department. The course in English Mas- terpieces for scientific students, given by Mr. Armes, involves the careful reading iu class of representative poems and essays of the foremost writers, and supple- mentary reading out of class. Of elective preliminary courses, that in the General History of Euglish Litera- ture is the sine qua non for all higher work. It presents a synoptical view of English literature as the outcome of, and the index to, English thought in the course of its development. It is accordingly based upon a text- book of English history, and the copious reading of au- thors illustrative of social and literary movements. It 1894.] 31 THE DIAL runs as a three-hour course throughout the Sophomore year, and involves the reading by each student, and the discussion in class, of some thirty masterpieces. The course entitled Argumentation comprises the analysis of masterpieces, the preparation of briefs, and the de- livery of arguments exemplifying the use of the syllo- gism and the exposure of fallacies. It must be preceded by a course in formal logic, and is introductory to a course in Forensics. The Higher Courses for undergraduates are grouped as (1) Rhetoric and the Theory of Criticism: four courses; (2) Linguistics: four courses, including, be- side grammar, history, and criticism, the comparative study of the Germanic sources of English culture, and Germanic philology; (3) The Historical and Critical Study of Literature: eleven courses in chronological sequence, by (a) periods, (b) authors, (c) literary move- ments, (d) the evolution of types., The first of these groups is essential to the other two. It involves the differentiation, for advanced work, of rhetoric into its species (Exposition, including methods of literary re- search and interpretation; Forensics, Narration, etc.), and an introduction to the comparative and (esthetic methods. A course in Poetics outlines the theory of art, the theory and development of literature, the rela- tions of poetry and prose, the principles of versification, and the canons, inductive and deductive, of dramatic criticism. It is usually accompanied by lectures on the -Esthetics of Literature. This course is followed by the Problems of Literary Criticism: a comparative inquiry into the growth, technique, and function of literary types other than the drama. The attempt is made to arrive by induction at the characteristics common to the na- tional varieties of a type, and to formulate these in the light of aesthetic theory. The resulting laws are ap- plied as canons of criticism to English masterpieces of that type. The method has been described by a former student in the "Century Magazine," Jan., 1891. The reading and discussions are guided by questions, sug- gestions, and reference lists — part of a manual of Lit- erary Theories now in press. For lack of space the courses in Linguistics and Literature cannot be enum- erated. Students making English their principal study must include in their elections Exposition or Linguistics, Poetics, Criticism, and the intensive study of at least oue literary master or one literary type. For the teach- er's certificate Linguistics is indispensable. The courses primarily for Graduates have a two-fold aim: First, to impart information; secondly, and prin- cipally, to encourage original research. This differen- tiation by purpose is necessarily relative. Under the former beading, however, falls one of the philological courses, Old Icelandic (Lange). Under the latter falls another philological course, First Modern English (an investigation into the orthographic, phonetic, and syn- tactical changes of Sixteenth Century English (Lange), and various literary courses which may be classified as .esthetic, comparative, and critical. The course in the History of -32sthetic Theory, which, by the courtesy of the professor of philosophy, is at present in my hands, is a study at first hand of the principal authorities in aesthetics, and of the literary art that chiefly influenced them. The course may be said to deal with fundamen- tal literary forces. It is given both terms and extends through three years. This year Plato and Aristotle were studied and Plotinus begun. Next year we shall at- tempt to come down to Winckelmann. The year after we shall begin with Kant. The courses which I have called comparative deal with literary movements. They are two in number: The Mediaeval Spirit as related to Art, its chief exponents in English literature and its modern revivals (Bradley); and The Influence of Ger- many on English literature of the eighteenth and nine- teenth centuries (Lange). A purely critical course, deal- ing with literary methods, is offered by Professor Brad- ley, in the study of the entire production of some author of limited scope. To graduate courses of information and of research might legitimately be added courses having a third pur- pose: the encouragement of literary creation. We have as yet none such in the University of California, unless one denominated Special Study, under which we an- nounce ourselves ready to assist and advise compe- tent graduates in approved plans of work, may be con- strued as sufficient for the emergency. Academic schol- arship does not look with favor upon the attempt to stimulate or foster creative production. But, if char- ily advised, sagaciously circumscribed, and conducted under the personal supervision of a competent critic, constructive literary effort may surely find a place in the curriculum of an exceptional graduate,— never, of course, unattended by other study with informative or disciplinary purpose in view. There is, nowadays, no reason why genius should be untutored or its early pro- ductions unkempt. With regard to methods of instruction no stereotyped habit obtains. In our lower classes the text-book is not always used. When used it is treated as a guide, not as a bible. In both lower and higher classes, recitations, reports on reading, discussion of topics, informal or for- mal lectures, interpretative reading, and personal con- ference prevail, in such combination or with such pref- erence as the instructor may deem wise. Students, however, are always put to work on the masterpieces themselves. With regard to methods of investigation, we believe that a certain catholicity of attitude — not inconsistent with alertness—-should be observed. The present an- archy, sometimes tyranny, of method is due generally to a deficient organization of studies; and that, in turn, to an incomprehensive view of the field. Hence, the uncertainty of aim with which instruction in English is frequently reproached. This lack of system is, how- ever, indicative only of the fact that literary science is in a transitional stage: no longer static, not yet organic, but dynamic. The study of literature in the sentimen- tal, the formally stylistic, or the second-hand-historical fashion, is out of date. Scholars in philology—narrowed to linguistics — have set the new pace by making of their branch a dynamic study: a study of sources, causes, relations, movements, and effects. Professors of liter- ature and criticism are now, as rapidly as may be, adapt- ing dynamic methods, whether historical or Aesthetic, to their lines of research. But each is naturally liable to urge the method that he favors or thinks that he has invented. One, therefore, advocates ethical and reli- gious exegesis, another aesthetic interpretation, another comparative inquiry, another the historical study of style. This is to be expected; and the dynamic, or spo- radic, stage of literary science cannot be terminated until, by elimination, attrition, and adjustment of results, we are read}' to substitute something organic. Hospitality to ideas and conservative liberality of method will hasten the advent of systematic investigation. Even now there are those who study the masterpiece, not only in genetic relation to author and type, but also in organic relation 32 [July 16 THE DIAL to the social and artistic movements of which author and type are integral factors. The sum of the methods of any literary inquiry in any college course should be exhaustive so far as circumstances permit. The exi- gencies of time, training, and material are, however, such that due regard, in turn, for Historical Criticism (linguistic, textual, genetic), Technical Criticism (dis- tinctive of the type: its evolution, characteristic, and function), and Literary Criticism (ethical, psychological, aesthetic) can rarely be observed in the study of one spec- imen with one class. The method, moreover, adapted to one author, masterpiece, or type, is not necessarily of universal applicability. But the duty of the English department in the teaching of literature is fulfilled if the student, after mastering the prime courses, with their appropriate means and ends, has acquired a syn- optic view of literary art and science, an organic method of study, and a critical sensitiveness to good literature — no matter in what intensive spirit it be approached. To this end, it is essential that the synthesis of the courses and the methods of a department furnish a sys- tem. With these considerations in mind it is evident that the attempt to limit the teaching of English literature to "literary history, literary aesthetics, the theory and analysis of style, versification, and rhetoric, and the nec- essary philological apparatus " would, though attract- ive in its apparent simplicity, end in formalism: that is, remand the science to its static stage. But the limita- tion would be impossible. For form and thought are as inseparable in literature as in life: the expression is inherent in the idea. To appreciate the art of Dis A li- ter Visum is to understand the ethics of Browning: that is, to be a philosopher. Sociological, metaphysical, and ethical themes are within the function of the belles- lettrist as soon as, emotionalized and clad in aesthetic form, they enter the field of letters. Nay, further, the methods of the laboratory, chemical or biological, are within his function as soon as their adaptation may as- sist him to weigh aesthetic values or to trace the devel- opment of literary organisms. It is, consequently, un- wise to contemn scientific methods, even though in the hands of enthusiasts they appear to countervail aesthetic interpretation and discipline. Monomaniacs are forces in periods of transition. It is for those of far gaze and patient temper to compute results and perforin the syn- thesis. One thing is certain: that, for the determination of critical principles and methods, organized effort is nec- essary. To this end I propose the formation of a So- ciety of Comparative Literature, the general scope of which will be indicated hereafter.* Charles Mills Gayley. Professor of the English Language and Literature, University of California. The "Critic" Lounger has the following: "' Three years ago, in London, at dinner,' said Chauneey M. De- pew in 1890, 'I sat beside Robert Browning, the poet. He said to me, "Of all the places in the world, the one which from its literary societies sends me the most in- telligent and thoughtful criticisms upon my poetry, is Chicago."' And this was six years before the Fair had come to quicken the intelligence and refine the taste of our neighbors beyond the Lake." * Professor Gayley's communication on the subject referred to will appear in our next issue.—[Edr. Dial.] COMMUNICA TIONS. AN HISTORIAN'S "LITERARY STYLE." (To the Editor of Thb Dial. ) In an article in "The Yale Review " for May, enti- tled " Historical Industries," the historian Scbouler dis- cusses methods of writing history, and, with a glow of pride, illustrates from his own experience. Em- phasizing bis contention that a writer should do his work in absolute independence of the help of anyone, he says: "In fine, every real research, where I have published, and every page of composition, has been my own; and having regularly contracted with my publishers to create a book, in- stead of hawking about its manuscript when completed, and having always been permitted, when ready, to hand my copy to the printers, without submitting it to any mortal's inspec- tion, I have pursued my own bent, in shaping out the task as I had projected it. I have shown my manuscript to no one at all for criticism or approval; nor have I received suggestions, even as to literary style and expression, except upon printed sheets from the casual proof-reader, as the book went finally through the press." In view of the above paragraph, one wonders if Mr. Schouler has not forgotten his earlier efforts, before he could say " my publishers." As one turns back through the five volumes of that very useful work, "Schouler's History of the United States," he finds such illustra- tions of "literary style and expression " as the follow- ing: "The high horse the ruling party bestrode for the internal discipline of the Union at length threatened to cast it. Of the approaching catastrophe the first warning came from the middle section of the country, where the daring exam- ple of Virginia and Kentucky bore ripening fruit." (Vol. I., p. 444.) "In the fall elections of these New England States, over which political excitement ran breakers, Federalism made more tangible profit by opposing the new national policy." (II., p. 184.) "Less submissive was the strain of Boston. The old cradle rocked in town meeting with an assemblage of tax-payers which adjourned over one night to complete its work. Thomas H. Perkins serving as moderator." (II., p. 191.) "In 1835 that institution [slavery] was growing and swell- ing, though not as yet so large as to rock to and fro and agi- tate the chamber of the Constitution, upon whose imprisoning walls it finally broke." (IV., p. 203.) "A man whose clear intellect and sense of justice needed no swathe of citations to pierce a legal principle to the bot- tom." (IV., p. 232.) "A second time had the curtailed monster of a National Bank suspended payment, crushing by its fall a whole heca- tomb of minion institutions which were staggering behind; its drafts dishonored abroad and scandals spreading of its ballooning exploits which all at last seriously believed." (IV., p. 324.) "A man whose name in twenty years was to echo down the grooves of time." (V., p. 112.) As one reads these and similar passages from the pages of this useful historian — who may be characterized by his own words concerning Jacob Crowninshield as " a man of . . . vivacity bubbling over with a copiousuess of expression which irrigated in all directions"— he is led to regret that the rule of not submitting man- uscript to any mortal's inspection has been so rigidly maintained. John J. Halsey. Lake Forest University, July .5, 1S9.}. 1894.] 33 THE DIAL Abraham Lincoln's Complete Works.' The editors of Abraham Lincoln's Complete Works have prepared them on the same grand scale as their Life of Lincoln. They had ap- parently sought to collect and publish every- thing extant that claims Lincoln for its author, at least in the period after he reached man- hood; and if anything has escaped their vigi- lant search it must be something minute and obscure indeed. No other great American has received such faithful attention from an editor, —neither Washington, nor Franklin, nor Jef- ferson. The result is 1414 solid octavo pages of the most diverse material,—personal letters, business notes, orders on shopkeepers, frag- mentary memoranda, party resolutions and cir- culars, outlines of speeches and law arguments, lectures, love letters, remarks, formal addresses, telegrams, state papers, etc., thousands in num- ber, all presented in the order of their produc- tion. Much of this matter has no more im- portance or interest in itself than bushels of similar material that never see the light; and the only reason for publishing it that can be assigned is its authorship. The same may be said, however, of the complete works of every other great man. And with all reasonable de- ductions there remains in Lincoln's Works a great mass of matter that, for the illustration of American history, is second to none in ex- istence. For Lincoln's own life and times, and particularly for the years 1860-1865, the vol- umes are of course invaluable. On that point, words can add no emphasis. It must be said, too, that many of the documents which at first seem unimportant, at least in such a place, have a decided personal interest and value. For instance, here are scores of pages filled with telegrams of the war period, many of them only a line or two in length, that, one might at first think, should have been left to sleep in the ponderous volumes called "The War of the Rebellion." But even these are often characteristic, and, as a collection, they exemplify the sleepless vigilance with which the President and Commander-in-Chief of the Army followed the events of the war, both po- litical and military. Here are the orders re- prieving or pardoning soldiers condemned to * Abraham Lincoln's Complete Wokks. Comprising his Speeches, Letters, State Papers, and Miscellaneous Writings. Edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay. In two volumes. New York: The Century Co. (McDonnell Brothers, Chicago.) death for breach of military duty, that were generally so unwelcome to the officers com- manding, but that, as we now see, detracted nothing in the long run from the strength of the Republic. Three sentences from a brief letter written to Secretary Chase, May 13, 1863, will show that Lincoln knew, not merely the operations in General Rosecrans's com- mand at that time, but also whose was the per- sonal initiative of operations. "I return," he says, "the letters of General Garfield and Mr. Flanders. I am sorry to know that the Gen- eral's pet expedition under Colonel Streight has already been captured. Whether it had paid for itself, as he hoped, I do not know." We remember a story that at the time of its currency was attributed to Secretary Seward. It was to the effect that, at the opening of his administration, Lincoln, when presented with documents for his signature, would require the Secretary to read them to him in full; as time wore on and burdens multiplied, Lincoln would say, " Seward, give me the substance of this paper"; while at a still later date his only request was, " Where do you want my name?" These volumes are hardly in accord with the spirit of this story. There is no better place than these volumes in which to study the slow but steady growth of opinion and conviction in the Northern mind on the subject of slavery for the period that they cover,—opinion and conviction, we mean, that followed the lines of real politics. The first utterance found on the subject is the fol- lowing protest, which was presented to the Illi- nois House of Representatives, March 3,1837, and signed "Dan Stone and A. Lincoln, Rep- resentatives from the County of Sangamon." "Resolutions upon the subject of domestic slavery having passed both branches of the General Assembly at its present session, the undersigned hereby protest against the passage of the same. "They believe that the institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but that the promul- gation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils. "They believe that the Congress of the United States has no power under the Constitution to interfere with the institution of slavery in the different States. "They believe that the Congress of the United States has the power, under the Constitution, to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, but that the power ought not to be exercised, unless at the request of the people of the District. "The difference between these opinions and those contained in the said resolutions is their reason for en- tering this protest." This was the high-water mark of what would be called practical anti-slavery opinion at that 34 [July 16, THE DIAL time. To remark upon the interval between March 3, 1837, and January 1, 1863,—only twenty-six years, as measured by dates,— is quite superfluous. At the opening of his public career Lincoln appears to have been a believer in woman's suf- frage. In an "announcement of political views" published in a newspaper in 1836, when a can- didate for the General Assembly, he said over his signature: "I go for all sharing the privileges of the Govern- ment who assist in bearing its burdens. Consequently, I go for admitting all whites to the right of suffrage who pay taxes or bear arms (by no means excluding fe- males)." The index does not point to any later expres- sion of opinion on the subject. The value of these Works does not consist alone in their subject-matter. Lincoln has not contributed many lessons to the school "read- ers," or declamations to the "speakers." Yet his style, when at the best, will bear the most careful study. His diction lacked the majesty of Webster, the learning of Sumner, the finish of Seward; but he excelled them all on occa- sions in depth, in ability to find the way to the thought and feeling of unconventional human nature, and in the insight which fits the word to the time and place. In his popular ad- dresses his strength lay in the clear and direct statement of his thought, in the iteration of his main ideas, in the avoidance of all superfluities of meaning and expression, in the homely yet apt illustration,— all vitalized by the depth of his convictions. For the peculiar work that he was called to do, and particularly in the West, it is hard to imagine a happier combination of qualities. His good humor and his downright moral seriousness sprung from the same root. The Cooper Institute address, made in 1860, shows him at his very best as a popular ora- tor. Taking as a text some words that Judge Douglas had uttered at Columbus, Ohio, the previous autumn,— "Our fathers, when they framed the Government under which we live, understood this question just as well, and even better than we do now,"—he proceeded to build up an argument to show that those fathers had occupied the very ground in respect to the extension of slavery on which he then stood, which it was surely difficult for intelligent sin- cerity to resist. A popular orator who desires permanently to impress the public mind could hardly find a better model to study than this masterly address. Perhaps it is not going be- yond the proper limits of a review like this to suggest that there are scores of politicians prom- inent in public life to-day who might profitably make that choice. Lincoln's best qualities appear also in the joint debates with Judge Douglas, held in 1858, which debates are here reproduced in full on both sides. Douglas was a man of vigorous faculties, a practiced stump speaker, popular in Illinois, the politics of which State he, more than any other, had long controlled; but in an evil hour for his reputation he accepted Lin- coln's challenge to discuss the political ques- tions of the day before the people of the State. We now see Lincoln's great superiority to his long-time antagonist even more clearly than the hearers of those debates saw it at the time. On his nomination for Senator by the Spring- field Convention, June 16 of that year, Lin- coln had opened his address with the following deliberate and weighty declaration: "Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: If we could first know where we are, and whither we are tending, we could better judge what to do, and how to do it. We are now far into the fifth year since a policy was initiated with the avowed object and confident prom- ise of putting an end to slavery agitation. Under the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only not ceased, but has constantly augmented. In my opinion, it will not cease until a crisis shall have been reached and passed. 'A house divided against itself cannot stand.' I believe this Government cannot endure per- manently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South." This speech was made four full months be- fore Mr. Seward delivered his celebrated " irre- pressible conflict" speech (Rochester, October 25, 1858) in which he declared: "It is an irrepressible conflict between opposing and en- during forces, and it means that the United States must and will, sooner or later, become either entirely a slaveholding nation or entirely a free-labor nation. Either the cotton and rice fields of South Carolina and the sugar planta- tions of Louisiana will ultimately be tilled by free labor, and Charleston and New Orleans become marts for legitimate merchandise alone, or else the rye fields and wheat fields of Massa- chusetts and New York must again be surren- dered by their farmers to slave culture and to the production of slaves, and Boston and New York become once more markets for trade in 1894.] 86 THE DIAL the bodies and souls of men." Lincoln's words are no less weighty than Seward's, and they attracted less attention at the time only because Lincoln then occupied an obscure station as compared with Seward. Naturally, Douglas strove to make the most of Lincoln's frank avowal on the slavery ques- tion. In the joint debates he demanded to know why the country could not continue half free and half slave, as in the days of Washington and the other fathers. Lincoln repeated what he had said, and put to his antagonist a tu quoque which he never answered. "He has read from my speech in Springfield in which I say that' a house divided against itself cannot stand.' Does the J udge say it can stand? I do n't know whether he does or not. The Judge does not seem to be at- tending to me just now, but I would like to know if it is his opinion that a house divided against itself can stand. If he does, then there is a question of veracity, not between him and me, but between the Judge and an authority of a somewhat higher character." At this distance it seems amazing that men of perspicacity could fail to see the truth of what Lincoln and Seward asserted; but we must remember the dulling effect that the pe- culiar institution had on the insight of those who were subject to its bondage. In an un- fortunate hour, Douglas, to show his inde- pendence of the jarring discord about slavery, flaunted the declaration on the floor of the Sen- ate that he " did not care whether it was voted up or voted down"; and he never wearied of repeating the utterance. Here, too, we must remember the environment of Democratic poli- ticians of national reputation and national am- bition in the decade 1850 -1860. Judge Douglas was also fond of making another dec- laration that is due to the same causes. This one involved a fallacious assumption, not to speak of moral obtuseness, that Lincoln ex- posed in his speech made at Cincinnati Sep- tember 17, 1859. He is addressing for the moment a real or imaginary audience of Ken- tuckians. "At this same meeting at Memphis, he [Douglas] declared that in all contests between the negro and the white man, he was for the white man; but that in all questions between the negro and the crocodile, he was for the negro. He did not make that declaration acci- dentally at Memphis. He made it a great many times in the canvass in Illinois last year (though I do n't know that it was reported in any of his speeches there; but he frequently made it). I believe he repeated it at Columbus, and I should not wonder if he repeated it here. It is, then, a deliberate way of expressing him- self upon that subject. It is a matter of mature delib- eration with him thus to express himself upon that point of his case. It therefore requires some deliberate attention. "The first inference seems to be that if you do not enslave the negro you are wronging the white man in some way or other; and that whoever is opposed to the negro being enslaved is, in some way or other, against the white man. Is not that a falsehood? If there was a necessary conflict between the white man and the ne- gro, I should be for the white man as much as Judge Douglas; but I say there is no such necessary conflict. I say that there is room enongh for us all to be free, and that it not only does not wrong the white man that the negro should be free, but it positively wrongs the mass of the white men that the negro should be en- slaved; that the mass of white men are really injured by the effects of slave-labor in the vicinity of the fields of their own labor. "But I do not desire to dwell upon this branch of the question, more than to say that this assumption of his is false, and I do hope that that fallacy will not long prevail in the minds of intelligent white men. At all events, you ought to thank Judge Douglas for it. It is for your benefit it is made. "The other branch of it is, that in a struggle be- tween the negro and the crocodile, he is for the negro. Well, I do n't know that there is any struggle between the negro and the crocodile, either. I suppose that if a crocodile (or, as we old Ohio River boatmen used to call them, alligators) should come across a white man, he would kill him if he could, and so he would a negro. But what, at last, is this proposition? I believe that it is a sort of proposition in proportion, which may be stated thus: 'As the negro is to the white man, so is the crocodile to the negro; and as the negro may right- fully treat the crocodile as a beast or reptile, so the white man may rightfully treat the negro as a beast or reptile.' That is really the point of all that argument of his. "Now, my brother Kentuekians who believe in this, you ought to thank Judge Douglas for having put that in a much more taking way than any of yourselves have done." At this distance of time these paragraphs may not seem very uplifting to the mind; but considered with reference to their object, it is hard to see how they could have been improved. However, Lincoln did say many things that are uplifting which it is not necessary here for- mally to point out. We have sometimes won- dered at the extreme frigidity of style that marked the Emancipation Proclamations. It would be hard to compose documents more pragmatical or less marked by felicity of phrase. How unlike they are to the pronunciamentos that a liberator of a Latin race would have put forth under similar circumstances. The only words in either document that are impressive in themselves form the last paragraph of the second Proclamation: "And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice war- ranted by the Constitution under military ne- cessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God." And these words, or at least the more impressive of them, were contributed by Sec- retary Chase. 36 [July 16, THE DIAL These Works will be sure to find their way into all libraries, public and private, the own- ers or managers of which make any pretension to keeping abreast of the political history of the country. It remains only to speak of the admirable manner in which their publishers have brought them out, and of the excellent index with which they are furnished. B. A. Hinsdale. Save Me from My Friends.* If the errors and uncertainty of history are proverbial, it is equally certain that few biog- raphies, however conscientiously written, pre- sent a truthful and complete likeness of the man whom they attempt to portray. The reader sees the man through the bias, be it admiration and love, or indifference and prejudice, of the writer. No writer's mind is an entirely trans- parent medium, clear and unspecked; but the nearer the biographer's mind comes to this con- dition (full information and narrative skill be- ing assumed), the better should be the biog- raphy. At first we naturally think that the subject of the biography will fare best at the hands of a friend and admirer; but we soon find that the admirer and friend, unless con- trolled by a peculiarly clear judgment, may really injure the reputation of his hero more than the recognized prejudice of auother writer. It is a pity to be compelled to say that Colonel Donn Piatt's Life of General George H. Thomas is an example of the injury that can be done by the indiscreet friend and admirer. It is certain that up to the time of the ap- pearance of this Life no adequate biography had been published of this patriot and soldier who had achieved so much for his country and had impressed himself so strongly upon the minds and hearts of thousands who came in contact with him. The field was comparatively unoccupied, the opportunity a fine one; and many, especially among the soldiers who served under General Thomas, will turn eagerly to this book, hoping it may at last make known the true stature of the hero whom they love, but whom their countrymen are still sadly ignorant of. They will be disappointed. The book will not spread a favorable knowledge of General Thomas. To those who knew hiin it will not bring increased respect; to those who did not * General George H. Thomas: A Critical Biography. By Donn Piatt, with concluding chapters by Henry V. Boyn- ton. With portrait. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co. know him it cannot bring a pleasant impres- sion. Its main faults can be summed up in a sentence. It is too bitterly partisan, too argu- mentative, too discursive, too full of vitupera- tion of others. It seems as if written quite as much to discredit others as to exalt Thomas. The plan of knocking down all who stand around your hero in order that his stature may more fully appear does not attract the sym- pathy of the reader, and does not meet his sense of justice; on the contrary, it alienates and offends him. A simple and graphic nar- rative of General Thomas's career and of his great achievements, which shall at the same time fitly describe the charm of his personality and the loftiness and purity of his character, is all that is needed to establish his fame as one of the greatest men our country has produced. Such a book still remains to be written. Were Colonel Piatt's book not utterly ruined by its constant and unjustifiable partisanship, it still would be far from satisfactory. It is weak and faulty in almost every way, and te- dious by reason of its interminable digressions upon all sorts of subjects not connected with its subject. It has a preface of ten pages, and an introduction of twenty-three pages, the sub- ject or object of either of which it is not easy to determine. They seem to have absolutely no connection with the life of Thomas, but weary the reader with disquisitions, not very lucid, upon all sorts of irrelevant subjects. Throughout the biography this tendency to drop the narrative and indulge in philosophical and argumentative digressions appears to an exasperating extent. Indeed, the reader very soon finds to his regret that the author is not a narrator, not fitted to tell the simple straight- forward story of a life, but a fighter, a contro- versialist, and an acrimonious disputant. He goes out of his way to discuss every man, be he statesman or soldier, who rose to high dis- tinction during the war. Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan are all evil, and have no redeeming qualities; indeed, in one place they are summed up as "That trinity of incompetents." Lin- coln, Stanton, and Chase are sometimes right, but more often wrong; and yet on the whole they seem to have the author's approval. There may be many bad institutions in the country, but the worst of all, in the opinion of Colonel Piatt, is "that little school upon the Hudson," West Point, which is "popularly supposed not only to give instruction in the so-called art of war, but to supply through such process the lack of brains found in many of its 1894.] 87 THE DIAL graduates." He contends that it is impossible to teach the art of war, and adds, "The Al- mighty has not seen fit to endow its [West Point's] graduates with military qualities, to say nothing of his refusal to give that little school the monopoly of military talent." He asserts, "The fact is, President Lincoln knew so little how to conduct the war that he feebly left the entire business to West Point, when he could as well have given it to an orphan asylum or a medical college." What a singu- lar power of reasoning there must be in a man who can write so sneeringly of West Point, when every man, including his hero, whom through the book he praises as a soldier on the Union or the Confederate side was a graduate of West Point! He is, however, in despair about this " little school " to the end, and thinks "were war to be declared to-day, our govern- ment would again call upon the cotton-breasted, full-stomached young men of West Point to leave their drill-rooms and be great generals by the grace of God and the magic of a com- mission." To the angry man, any good round epithet is as useful as an argument, or cer- tainly Colonel Piatt would not have fallen into the absurd error of giving the epithet "full- stomached" to the young men of that school, where constant and severe physical training has eliminated every superfluous pound of flesh, and rendered their stomachs as flat as their backs. West Point is a constant irritation to the gallant Colonel; and whenever it or its graduates appear throughout his book—which means, of course, nearly everywhere,—he must go out of the way to have a tilt at it or them. And yet, after all, strange to say, he never once hints who were the great and heaven-born soldiers, uncontaminated by West Point train- ing, who could and should have relieved the West Pointers of the burden of commanding the great armies and ending the war. It must seem strange to any reader, and almost incredible, that in this ponderous octavo volume of 600 pages, excluding the preface and introduction, the story of the life of General Thomas, after being only fairly started, is at page 214 absolutely dropped, and not resumed again until page 452. The first fifteen pages of this digression are devoted to the ill-doing of the army of the Potomac, and the next ninety- five to a very severe review of Grant's cam- paign against Vicksburg. Here the author encounters another officer (strange to say, also a West Pointer), for whom he has a great ad- miration, in the person of William S. Rose- crans; and although he is writing, or profess- ing to write, the life of General Thomas, 126 successive pages are devoted to the glorification of Rosecrans. The whole Chickamauga cam- paign, with Rosecrans as the hero, is narrated and analyzed with the utmost minuteness, and is styled "the most brilliant achievement of the war," and to the end it is made to reflect only glory upon Rosecrans. This is a curious dictum, in view of the final ending, where an- other had to step in and by his own unsup- ported efforts save Rosecrans's army, and his objective point, Chattanooga. Undoubtedly there is much to admire in the planning and in the earlier conduct of this campaign; but while our author sees everything that is good and brilliant, he has little or no comment to be- stow on the later, but no less noticeable, errors and mistakes. It would be difficult for Col- onel Piatt to explain or defend the sending of McCook's corps to Alpine, where he was not only many miles away from any supports, but was directly exposed to overwhelming masses of the enemy, while his back was against an almost impassable mountain range. If we grant that his appearance there was an effective men- ace to the enemy, it cannot be granted that the orders to remain there, and even to attack the enemy, could have come from anyone but a commander who was utterly deceived as to the position and movements of the enemy. Had not General McCook very promptly disobeyed those orders and moved his trains, artillery, and troops up the mountain range to the rear, a disaster would probably have happened which our author would have found it difficult to ex- plain. Fortune favored Rosecrans in the ulti- mate concentration of his scattered forces ; but the mistakes on the field were numerous,—and what shall we say of a commander who abso- lutely becomes panic-stricken, and deserts the battle-field early in the morning of the decisive day, because one portion of his army has been routed by overwhelming numbers and driven back while the remainder is stubbornly main- taining its position? Whatever else is expected of a commander, it is expected that he shall stay by his army while there is a possibility of success. There can be little doubt that Rose- crans's sudden flight to the rear caused the dis- astrous panic which carried the right wing off the field. The fact that he was gone and had left no orders was speedily known all along the line. In the face of this knowledge, who can blame his troops and his commanders for fol- lowing him? Had McCook not known that 38 [July 16, THE DIAL Rosecrans had gone he certainly would not have left the field. Deserted by his commander-in- chief and the right wing, which he had demor- alized, Thomas alone never thought of retreat, but, without orders, stemmed the tide of utter defeat, controlled his troops, inspired them with invincible courage, won the field, and saved the point for which the campaign was fought — Chattanooga. As the faithful biographer of General Thomas, Colonel Piatt surely ought to have shown all this, and thus have done jus- tice to one of his hero's most glorious achieve- ments. But at the time he is too much en- grossed with the eulogy and defence of his sec- ond hero, Rosecrans, and so fails to show in bright colors one of the greatest acts of the man whose life he has undertaken to write. But the great facts of history cannot easily be changed, and Thomas is and always will be the hero of that field, " the Rock of Chickamauga." He alone was the rock which stayed the course of the already triumphant enemy, saved the Union army, and prevented Braggs's recap- ture of Chattanooga. Colonel Piatt died before completing the book, and from this point on the story is con- tinued by General Boynton. He too has a sec- ond hero, and devotes sixty-six pages of the biography of Thomas to the gallant leader of the Western cavalry, General James H. Wil- son. This story is an interesting one, and well worth telling at even greater length than is here given to it; but it does not properly be- long in a biography of General Thomas. This story could well justify another volume, and should some day be so told, and much more in detail. We have pointed out only some of the de- fects of Colonel Piatt's work; but there are many more. He gives no authorities, but al- ways leaves the reader, in a volume in which he constantly opposes the statements of other writers, to take his word for his statement of controverted points. This is not satisfactory in either history or biography. Again, one cannot too much condemn the absurd lengths to which he carries his constant arguments and controversies. Narrative and statements of facts are well-nigh lost sight of in the innum- erable discussions. The proverbial "if's " of the many battle-fields and the many command- ers are almost interminably dilated upon. Still worse, the work is evidently very hastily and inconsiderately thrown together, and is filled with bad writing. We take to illustrate this four sentences from four successive pages: "William S. Rosecrans prided himself in deeds that will live in history to be a man of eminent military genius." [Page 196.] "McClellau, having got no word from his gallant subordinate, naturally believed, for McClellan, that he was being defeated, and idly rested in his tent until late in the day, when a portion of Kosecrans's command came into camp through Pegram's works." [Page 197.] "We have no access to the response that Mr. Stan- ton did not make of record other than in a nature that was strangely bitter, vindictive, and tenacious in its memory of insults." [Page 198.] "To those who have been busy in egotistical memoirs, letters, and addresses, damning General Thomas in faint praise by saying that he was a good officer, but too slow for a subordinate and too cautious for an independent command, and that he shrunk from all responsibility, had better read the letter he addressed General Halleck on that occasion." [Page 199.] When four such unformed sentences appear on four successive pages, the reader can imagine what an amount of atrociously bad writing the 600 pages contain. It is singular that the pub- lishers have not had such a manuscript care- fully revised for the correction of such faults. If our article were not already too long it would be easy to point out many misstatements in the book, and evident contradictions on suc- cessive pages, all of which ought to have been eliminated. The book nowhere does justice to the splendid personal qualities of General Tho- mas. Among the leading generals of the war, none was so striking in personal appearance. He was tall, broad-shouldered and heroic in stature, extremely dignified in bearing, and with a countenance unsurpassed in impressive manly beauty. The expression of his face was at once commanding and kindly; and everyone who came in contact with him was filled with confidence iu him, and with admiration and affection as well. No commander in history ever impressed his officers and men more uni- versally with confidence and esteem ; most am- ple evidence of this is to be found in the papers on military subjects published since the war by the various commanderies of the Loyal Legion throughout the country. It was said of him by a well-known writer just at the close of the war: "General Thomas is the purest man I met in the army. He was the Bayard of our army — 'sans peur, sans reproche,'—and I have endeavored in vain to find a flaw in his character. His character is free from every stain, and he stands forth in the army as above suspi- cion. He has gone through the war without apparently exciting the jealousy of a single officer. He has so reg- ulated his advancement — so retarded, in fact, his pro- motion, that when, as the climax to two years' hard ser- vice, he fought a great battle and saved a great army, and was hailed and recognized by the whole country as a hero, not one jealous or defeated officer was found to utter dissent to this popular verdict." 1894.] 39 THE DIAL Just after General Thomas's death, in an address delivered in New York, W. C. Bryant said of him: "When I contemplate his character, and compare it with that of the generality of public men, it seems to me as if I were transported to some other age of the world, in which greater and better men were produced than are brought forth by the mothers of to-day. Gen- eral Thomas was one of that class, of whom Goethe speaks somewhere as antique-minded men — characters cast in that noble mould which those who are fond of dwelling upon modern degeneracy place among the years that are n>-ver more to return." No one who reads this querulous book would get an idea that the subject of the biography was a man who could elicit such eulogiums as these. Alexander C. McClurg. Some Recent Books of Travel.* The "Diary of a Journey across Tibet" is, the author declares, "the plain unvarnished diary kept during a journey across Tibet and China, written often with half-frozen fingers in a tent on the Chang, or by a flickering light in Chi- nese rest-houses." He assures his readers that the book lays no claim to literary merit or style ; but his readers can reply that it has the best of literary merit, and the greatest desid- erata of style — lucidity, simplicity, and force of expression. If the manner of telling is good, the matter is still better, being novel and in- teresting. Much discrimination and good taste are also shown in the information given. Cap- tain Bower thus writes of the Tibetans: "The Kushok rather astonished me one day by ex- pressing admiration of our beards, and asking if we had any medicine that would make his grow. As anything like a decent beard is almost unknown in Tibet, I should have thought a hairless face would have been more admired. The Lama was very curious to know if we had any English poisons. Poisoning is very prevalent in Tibet. If one offers a man tea he generally refuses it unless someone first drinks some in his presence; and when offering anything to eat or drink, a Tibetan in- variably ostentatiously takes some in order to show there is nothing to be afraid of. We were asked if gold, pearls, and rubies found a place iu the European pharmacopoeia, and much surprise was expressed when Dr. Thorold assured them that they had no medicinal * Diary of a Journey Across Tibet. By Captain Ham- ilton Bower. With Illustrations. New York: Macmillan 4 Co. Among the Moors. Sketches of Oriental Life. By Georges Montbard. New York: Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons. On the Wallaby ; or, Through the East and Across Aus- tralia. By Guy Boothby. DJustrated by Ben Boothby. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. Tbte Gypsy Road. By Grenrille A. J. Cole, M.R.I.A.. F.G.S. Illustrated by Edmund H. New. New York: Mac- millan & Co. value. The Talai Lama is regularly dosed with medi- cines composed of those ingredients, so there is little marvel that all Talai Lamas die young." The Tibetans are not so very many years be- hind the English in medical knowledge. I have seen many medical prescriptions in use in En- gland and America a century ago, of which pearls, coral, and rubies formed a part; and we know that in Chaucer's day " Gold in phis- ike was a cordial." It is a curious fact, how- ever, that, as our author states, every Talai Lama, the head of the Tibetan government, dies young. A Talai Lama would come of age at eighteen, and until then the power is in the hands of a regent. With the universal preva- lence of poisoning, and the fact that the power remains with the regent while another young Lama is growing up, it is not difficult to see the reason of their deaths. The priests find for a new Lama a child in whom the spirit of the old one has of course become incarnate; and to prove this, when he becomes four years old he identifies his royal property, and then is removed to a monastery — where he remains till his convenient and timely death. The Tibetans are very religious. Every man has a praying-wheel in his hand, which he con- tinually turns, even when on horseback. Piles of stones, manes, fiags, and inscriptions, all of religious meaning or mystic significance, are met with in the loneliest spots. The differ- ences in religion form a great drawback to the success of the Tibetan traveller's caravan. No Oriental will work or travel unless his stomach is full, and the follower of one religion will not eat meat killed by the believer of another faith. And none will eat aught slain, or hallaled, by a heretic European. That is, they will not pub- licly violate their vows; but Captain Bower adopted the expedient of sending a single Mus- sulman out to bring in the game which had been shot, when the pious man always returned with the animal's throat cut in the orthodox manner, swearing he found the game still living. A very interesting map shows the traveller's profile route, much of it above the level of the top of Mont Blanc, and at times reaching 18,- 760 feet above the sea level. This map gives a good notion of the Chang or great Tibetan pla- teau, the highest on the face of the earth, com- pared with which the Pamirs, called the Roof of the World, sink into insignificance. One of the most interesting features of the country explored was the vast salt lakes which lie on elevations much greater than that of the sum- mit of Mont Blauc. The observations on so- 40 [July 16, THE DIAL ciological questions —especially on polyandry, which prevails in Tibet, and, the author asserts, wisely prevails,—the illustrations and descrip- tions of the game and fowl of the country, are most interesting. The journey through Morocco of a group of artists and newspaper correspondents and well- to-do Englishmen evolved the handsome book "Among the Moors." The author, Georges Montbard, is both writer and illustrator; and through a phenomenal use of descriptive ad- jectives he has managed to endow his narrative of this much-travelled region with a certain amount of new interest. But the book is es- sentially from an artist's standpoint; and its sub-title, "Sketches of Oriental Life," might better read "Sketches of Oriental Still Life" — as action there is little, and dialogue there is none. Its chapters consist of a series of vivid and often voluptuous descriptions of Moorish scenes, such as Constant and Regnault paint, and are rich in color-terms. There is not the slightest attempt at any sociological or ethno- logical research or information. The sense of sight is the only one appealed to—except that of smell; for the various Oriental scents and fumes and stenches—especially the latter—are dwelt upon with much minuteness, plainness of speech, and a reeking opulence of adjectives which dims that of the color-terms. The sen- suousne8s, even sensuality, shown in the Pref- ace, in the rhapsodic description of the vicious traits and alluring persons of the Semitic wo- men, finds but rare outlet throughout the book, which does, however, in one or two instances, sink into repelling coarseness. Still, nothing odious or repulsive seems to have escaped the author's sight and note-book, and much of the cruelty, filth, disease, and degradation are dis- closed to us. But many of the descriptions are also exceedingly beautiful word-pictures, though somewhat cloying in their continued richness, and sometimes too smoothly unctuous. The presentments in words of the architecture of the country far excel its representations by the author's pencil. The portraiture of Oriental race-types, which form the tail-pieces of all the chapters, are the most interesting and pictur- esque illustrations ; and in spite of the author's violent invectives against the camera, these are suspiciously suggestive of dry plates and posing, and differ wholly in method from his other drawings. The frontispiece is a portrait, from a drawing by Godefroy Durand, of the hand- some author—of whom it may be said that he looks precisely as one would expect the author of such a book to look. He is a Burgundian, and his use of the English language is won- derful, showing a large vocabulary, great fit- ness of expression, and at times much ingen- uity and inventiveness. I quote at random these passages: "Here is a file of camels, the first we have met as yet, slouching along with that intolerable jerking of the body, that pitching insipid movement so characteristic of them. Their large feet make no sound when touch- ing the ground; they glide on with big strides,stretch- ing their long necks, with the undulating motion of rep- tiles; their hideous heads, with big flat lips, hover over yours before you begin to suspect their presence, and they leave behind them strong, acrid, persistent smells." Of the women of Fez he writes: "Most of the women are handsome, with a proud, savage, attractive beauty. Their attitudes are marked with a strange suppleness mixed with a surprising abrupt- ness, and in the feline movements of their pose, aston- ishingly graceful, unconsciously provocating, there is a suggestion of voluptuous fatigue. Some of them, their foreheads entwined with sequins, their eyes enlarged with antimony, their eyelashes and eyebrows darkened, their brows tattooed with blue, stand erect, motionless, with folded arms, fixed eyes, the look lost in space . . . One would think, to see them thus rigid in their straight pose, magnificently attired, they were mysterious idols who had been exposed out of their venerated temples. Slim young girls with big dark eyes, and a simple silk kerchief around their heads, move about with adder- like flexibility, and their long loosened tresses flow over their shoulders. Slaves — negresses with hard profiles and sombre faces, with heavy metal rings in their ears, clad in checked garments of red or blue squares on a white ground, their waists encircled by red belts — are standing by." It always seems ungracious, and sometimes unjust and malignant, to say that one book constantly suggests another, or seems modelled upon a predecessor; but certainly no one who has read Pierre Loti's "Into Morocco" can fail to be impressed by the strong reflection shown in this book, "Among the Moors," of the fascinating pages on Moorish life by the new Academician. The topics and descriptions, even the expressions and phrases, are astonish- ingly similar in both books. Sometimes the Burgundian artist excels the Frenchman, but more often the former's pages are void of that nameless intangible charm that pervades every- thing written by Pierre Loti. The recent books on Morocco by De Amicis and Stephen Bon- sal give us many facts and phases of Mogreb life on which both Loti and Montbard are silent; and a new work by a thoughtful American trav- eller, Dr. Field—" The Barbary Coast "—well supplies all that Montbard's artist-regard failed to see. "On the Wallaby " is all that " Among the Moors " is not. The story of Australian travel 1894.] 41 THE DIAL is told in a rollicking, familiar way, with no at- tempt at fine writing. The comfortable methods of the Moorish travellers were unknown by the two Englishmen who made their journey by steerage, or before the mast, with many amus- ing adventures and ingenious makeshifts. It is to be hoped the general reader is not so ig- norant of Australian geography, and also of Australian slang, as was one reader who noted and crossed patiently with the author the Dar- ling, Barron, Newcastle, Flinders, Spear, and other Australian rivers, and awaited the advent of the Wallaby, only to discover, after finish- ing the book, that a small and carefully con- cealed note revealed " On the Wallaby " to be an Australianism for " on the march "—a term applied to persons tramping the bush in search of work. The book is certainly a most valuable addition to our knowledge of Australia of to- day, and gives us wonderfully vivid though sim- ply expressed pictures of Australian life. Oc- casionally such a clear description as this of Barron Falls occurs: "Imagine yourself standing on a mass of rocks, with jungle-covered hills rising, on either hand, a thousand feet above your head. Imagine yourself overlooking a river, in low water, perhaps a hundred and fifty yards in width, rushing headlong, tearing, racing in wildest confusion to hurl itself over one of the most gigantic precipices the mind of mortal roan can conceive, a pre- cipice of solid rock a thousand feet or more in height. Then fancy that fall of water crashing with the roar of a mighty ocean — a roar that can be heard many miles away — deep down into a seething, boiling cauldron of whitest foam, lying small as a half-crown in the great abyss below, out of which rises continually a dense mist holding all the colors of a king opal. Imagine all that, and you have grasped but a hundredth part of its beauty. Everything resounds with the force and majesty of the fall. Its thunder is awful; its grandeur is terrific. It is five hundred feet higher than Niagara. It is more than that — it is surely without its equal on the face of the known globe." On the Wallaby, these Englishmen saw much that was beautiful, much that was pathetic. More than once they were in great danger. In Windorah — " bounded on three sides by de- spair and on the fourth by the Day of Judg- ment "— they were in very sore straits. But in that wild country they found as a fellow- traveller a young and comely woman, a widow, with her baby strapped to her saddle, camping in the lonely bush, and hunting for work as a bushman, searching a contract to set poles. "Poor little kinchin," she said of her baby, " it aint every kiddie, I reckon, as has to have the front of a saddle for a cradle." "The Gypsy Road" is the story of a jour- ney over a thousand miles, made by two bicy- clers on their wheels, from Krakow to Coblenz, through part of Galicia, Hungary, Moravia, and Bohemia. Though told in a vivacious and intelligent style, and though seen from the un- usual standpoint of the roadway instead of the railway, and on two wheels instead of four, the account contains little that is novel or startling. All the world is now close at hand, and Bohe- mia and Hungary have recently been much written about — for instance, in the sparkling pages of Menie Muriel Dowie. Pliny says, Nullus est liber tarn mains, ut non aliqua parte prosit. This book is not at all bad, and would certainly prove most useful to intending trav- ellers on the wheel in those gypsy lands. The illustrations, by Edmund H. New, are suggest- ive, though sketchy. His drawings of the ini- tial letters of the chapters, of the cover, and especially of the title-page, are exceedingly clever and ingenious. Alice Morse Earle. Briefs ox New Books. siudiuin T^e ^ate Edward Tompkins Mc- Mcdiwvai Life Laughlin, of Yale University, was a and Literature. man of unusual promise, and his early death removed from the educational ranks a teacher of literature having no touch of pedantry, and singularly endowed with the power of impart- ing to students his own intense sympathy with the beautiful in literary art. At the time of his death, little of his work had been published—only a school text of " Edward II.," and a volume of selections from the English critical writers,—and it has been left to the pious care of a colleague to prepare for publication the first volume of McLaughlin's own work. This volume includes half a dozen " Studies in Medieval Life and Literature" (Putnam), not altogether finished in form, yet distinctly deserving of preservation. Professor Lounsbury's editorial introduction to the volume gives the chief facts of interest concerning these papers and concerning the brief life of their author. It also includes some sensible reflections upon the subject of instruction in English. These reflections deal with " the easy process " of " turning the study into one of a purely linguistic character, in which the discussion of words will take the place of the discussion of literature." The following is Professor Lounsbury's opinion of such methods, and we need hardly say that it has our emphatic approval: "This is a cheap though convenient method for the teacher to evade the real work he is called upon to perform, and while it may be followed by some incidental advantages, it is almost in the nature of a crime against letters to associate in the minds of young men, at the most impressionable period of their lives, the writings of 42 [July 16, THE DIAL a great author with a drill that is mainly verbal or philological." The first of the six studies in this volume is devoted to "The Mediaeval Feeling for Nature," the author taking the common view that such feeling, as far as it existed at all, was rudi- mentary and chiefly associated with those aspects of nature which directly affect the comfort or well- being of the individual. We must confess that we have never been quite willing to accept this proposi- tion, supported, as it must be, by negative evidence only. It takes a great deal of negative evidence to prove that human nature undergoes sensible altera- tions from age to age. Even the author seems to have had his doubts, for he inserted into his essay these significant sentences: "The point, however, should be observed in any inquiry into the reasons for the inadequateness of these ages' feeling for na- ture; that many latent sympathies may never have found a voice. Many through the centuries before our later ease of publication may have felt the modern sensations, without ever thinking of putting them into words." The remaining studies in this volume are devoted to "Childhood in Mediaeval Literature," the story of Abelard and Heloise, the poems of Neidhardt von Reuenthal, the " Frauen- dienst" of Ulrich von Liechtenstein, and the " Meier Helmbrecht" of Wernher the Gardener. They are all interesting, and help to an acquaintance with a literary period almost absolutely unknown to the general reader of our day. Literary ma 0/ "Tennyson's Idylls of the King and the Arthurian story Arthurian Story from the XVlth in/ourcenturiu. Century" (Macmillan) is the title of a literary study by Professor M. W. Maccallum, of the University of Sydney. The title is not exactly descriptive, for an introduction of more than a hun- dred pages discusses the beginnings and the earlier fortunes of the Arthurian tale; its Celtic proven- ance, its treatment by the chroniclers and romancers, its transformations when touched by the spirit of chivalry, and the forms which it took in the Ger- man epics, the English ballads, and the compilation of Malory. This preliminary matter is an integral part of the work, and in many respects the most interesting, since the author has availed himself of the results of recent research, such as that under- taken by Mr. Nutt and Professor Rhys. Having thus cleared the way, Mr. Maccallum proceeds to comment upon the literary uses to which the Ar- thurian material was put during the sixteenth, seven- teenth, and eighteenth centuries. The Elizabethan dramatists, Hans Sachs, Spenser, Milton, and Black- more, are among the writers discussed in this sec- tion of the work. We then come to "The Romantic Revival," and consider the impression made by the Arthurian legends upon minds so diverse as those of Scott, Heber, Peacock, Southey, and Words- worth. "Tennyson's Contemporaries Abroad " and Tennyson's Contemporaries at Home " are the sub- jects of the following two chapters; the first of them deals with such men as Quinet, Immermann, and Wagner, to mention only the most familiar names; the second discusses Matthew Arnold, Mr. William Morris, Mr. Swinburne, and many others. Finally, there are four chapters upon the Tenny- sonian "Idylls." Our enumeration of the books and authors discussed has been very incomplete, and no one not a specialist in the subject can read Mr. Maccallum's work without being impressed to the point of surprise at the extent to which the Round Table story with its associated legends has furnished poetical material for the writers of many centuries. It is fortunate that the facts should have been thus collected, and the author must be highly praised for the attractive and scholarly character of his work.—In this connection we will make belated mention of the new and beautiful edition of Malory that came to us some months ago. It has the im- print of Messrs. J. M. Dent & Co., and is the most ambitious publication yet attempted by that house. There are to be two thick volumes, of almost quarto dimensions, only the first having yet appeared (Mac- millan). The text is that of Caxton, as published in 1817 by Southey. Spelling and punctuation alone have been modernized. Professor Rhys contributes a critical and historical preface, and Mr. Aubrey Beardsley a series of fantastic illustrations in which his imagination runs riot more unrestrainedly, if pos- sible, than usual. When Rossetti, in 1845, went up to a »,w biography the Academy schools, he, with the of Dante Rouetti. J '* other candidates, was required to give his name to the keeper, Mr. Jones. "When it came his turn, Rossetti, who was rather proud of his mel- lifluous designation, greatly amused his companions and impressed the venerable official by slowly roll- ing out, in his rich, sonorous tones, 'Gabriel — Charles—Dante—Rossetti!' 'Dear me, sir,' stam- mered Mr. Jones, in confused amazement, 'dear me, sir, you have a fine name!"' A fine name Rossetti undoubtedly has, and in a sense far beyond any implied by the surprised expression of the Acad- emy official, a name now and forevermore associated with all that is most ardent in artistic aspiration, all that is most beautiful in graphic and poetic achieve- ment. The above anecdote is taken from Mrs. J. W. Wood's book entitled " Dante Rossetti, and the Pre-Raphaelite Movement" (Scribner), one of the best books, if not the very best, yet devoted to the life and work of the great painter-poet. Until Mr. Theodore Watts shall be moved to write the defini- tive biography of his friend, Mrs. Wood's book will serve admirably, although it is an account of the painter rather than of the poet and the man, and although it has some slight defects of discursiveness and turgidity, and such an occasional inaccuracy as the quotation, "0 Night, Night, Night! art thou not known to me?" instead of "0 lonely night, art thou not known to me?" The following characterization of Rossetti's work with the brush may be taken to illustrate Mrs. 1894.] 48 THE DIAL Wood's manner, sympathy, and insight: "Here for the first time in English art is colour supreme, triumphant, as in Titian; form ethereal and chas- tened, like the visions of a Fra Angelieo; subjects, rather than objects, set forth in so direct and often crude an imagery ; not figures merely, but symbols; fragments of human history, actual and urgent, full of problems and wonders, weighty with meanings and desires." The illustrations of this beautiful book are deserving of particular mention, for they include the first engravings thus far made of a num- ber of subjects. Among them are "The Boat of Love " and '* Our Lady of Pity," belonging to the Corporation of Birmingham; "The Day-dream" and " Pandora," belonging to Mr. Watts; and the study for a "Head of Christ," belonging to Mr. Moncure D. Conway. We are sorry to say that the chapter on "Rossetti's Poetry," excellent as far as it goes, is much too brief to be adequate. An illustrated Die- Dr. George M. Gould is the author ,BM%y°!*ZiMn''of a number of elementary medical Allied Sciences, hand-books that have found popular favor. Encouraged by his success in this direction, he undertook, some years ago, the preparation of a much larger and more ambitious work of reference for physicians, and the result of his labor now ap- pears in a quarto volume of about the size of Web- ster's or Worcester's Dictionary. The work is entitled '■ An Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology, and Allied Sciences" (Blakiston). There are over 1600 double-column pages and a great many cuts. Dr. Gould and his assistants have gone through an enormous mass of recent scientific lit- erature for the purpose of collecting new words and definitions, and the fact that the work is thus brought strictly to date is not the least of its many claims to consideration. The term "allied sciences" of the title has been construed liberally, and the book is almost as much a dictionary of biology, chemistry, electricity, or microscopy as it is of sur- gery, therapeutics, materia medica, or toxicology. Hence we think it particularly important to say that Dr. Gould's dictionary belongs with the standard reference works that should be found in every well- appointed library. It is far more than a manual for the specialist in medical science. The work is distinctly encyclopaedic in character, a statement which may be illustrated in many ways, but by none better than calling attention to the many tables that have been introduced. A few of the most note- worthy of these are Bacteria (30 pages), Eponymic Diseases (12 pages), Eponymic Operations (30 pages), Parasites (40 pages), Stains and Tests (40 pages each). The pronunciation of terms is indi- cated by a simple but adequate phonetic method. In the matter of spelling, a fairly conservative course has been taken. The typography of the book is very attractive, and the binding plain but sub- stantial. Altogether, the work is one of which Amer- ican scholarship has reason to be proud. Mr. GM,nn Smith Mr- Goldwin Smith is nothing if not m " Questions at the same time interesting, conser- o/the Day." vative, and partisan; and in all three ways his reputation is well maintained by his vol- ume of "Essays on Questions of the Day" (Mac- millan). It should also be added that even though unable to accept many of Mr. Smith's versions of history and economics, the reader will almost always ! be stimulated by the author's forcible style. In the face of the fall in the value of silver in June, 1893, consequent upon the action of the Indian govern- ment, it is quite amusing to read his statement that "Gold and silver are two commodities, each of which lias its value settled by qualities and circumstances ; over which legislatures have no control." His liking for sweeping and misleading generalizations is illus- trated in his claim that all our communistic societies "have failed utterly, except in the cases where the rule of celibacy has been enforced." Yet in an- other essay he quotes from Noyes several cases where this is not true. He might add the famous and prosperous Amana communities of Iowa, where complete family life prevails. In the first essay Mr. Smith pays his respects to socialists, single taxers, greenbackers, strikers, and coOperators. In his second essay he favors disestablishment in Great Britain. In his third, he makes a wry face over the increasing democracy of England, and longs for our constitutional restrictions on the power of the people. In other essays he opposes prohibitory legis- lation, woman suffrage, imperial federation, and home rule, and accounts for Russian opposition to the Jews. The rich historical reviews which intro- duce each essay seem often one-sided, yet they ably correct certain tendencies to an opposite bias that sometimes appears in the popular thought of the day. The book undoubtedly expresses the conserva- tive thoughts and fears of a very influential portion of every community. Anihropoiogieal The seventh volume of Professor Essays o/ Huxley's collected essays is entitled Prof. Huxley. „ Man-g place in Nature, and Other Anthropological Essays" (Appleton). The contents include the three essays on "Man's Place in Nature," first published in 1863, two ethnological papers of later date, and the discussion of " The Aryan Ques- tion" that was published in 1890 in "The Nine- teenth Century." The preface to this volume is brief but interesting. The author admits that the first three essays have little more than a historical interest, since their main conclusions have now be- come almost the commonplaces of accepted scien- tific truth. Referring to the reception given them thirty years ago, he says: "The Boreas of criticism blew his hardest blasts of misrepresentation and rid- icule for some years; and I was even as one of the wicked. Indeed, it surprises me, at times, to think how anyone who had sunk so low could have since emerged into, at any rate, relative respectability." Although the essays in question represent what is now 44 [July 16, THE DIAL an ilberwundener Standpunkt, they are still valuable as masterly examples of scientific exposition, and the moral to be drawn from their history will always be useful. Professor Huxley draws this moral in the following eloquent terms: "To my observation, human nature has not sensibly changed during the last thirty years. I doubt not that there are truths as plainly obvious and as generally denied as those contained in ' Man's Place in Nature' now awaiting enunciation. If there is a young man of the present generation who has taken as much trouble as I did to assure himself that they are truths, let him come out with them, without troubling his head about the barking of the dogs of St. Ernulphus. Veritas pra:- valebit—some day; and, even if she does not pre- vail in his time, he himself will be all the better and the wiser for having tried to help her. And let him recollect that such great reward is full pay- ment for all his labor and pains." BRIEFER MENTION. The extension department of the University of the State of New York has published another syllabus on American history, by Professor W. H. Mace of Syra- cuse University. This forms a supplement to the two prepared by him last year, the first on the American revolution and the second on the American constitution. Besides the careful thought shown in the outline of events during the periods of study, the value of the three syllabuses is greatly increased by adding reprints of original documents referred to in the lecture notes. These are used as the basis of further study and re- search and are specially appreciated by home students or in small villages where historic papers are difficult or impossible to find. As in all the syllabuses issued by this department, a carefully selected bibliography- is given at the end, with publishers' names and prices of books. Some years ago, Mr. Brander Matthews, we think it was, published a very clever and amusing story en- titled "The Documents in the Case." The story was told by printing, without comment, a series of letters, telegrams, advertisements, bills, etc. Mr. Henry M. Blossom, Jr. has taken up the idea and carried it a step farther, for the story told by "The Documents in Evi- dence" (St Louis: Buxton & Skinner) must be read from photographic facsimiles of the letters exchanged by the principal characters. We cannot say that it is much of a story, but the form of publication is calcu- lated to attract attention, being both neat and novel. Mr. Langdon S. Thompson is the author of an " Ed- ucational and Industrial System of Drawing" (Heath) embodied in no less than thirty drawing-books and man- uals, and accompanied by models, colored tablets, and other apparatus. The books and manuals are thus div- ided: manual training, two; free hand (primary and ad- vanced), ten; model and object, four; [esthetic and me- chanical series, seven each. The entire system provides for a very complete course of instruction. "An Ideal Course in Elementary Art Education" is the title of an explanatory pamphlet accompanying the books. In this pamphlet Mr. Thompson discusses not only his own sys- tem, but also the philosophical relations of art to the gen- eral scheme of education. New York Topics. New York, July 10, 1894. The committee in charge of the commemoration ex- ercises in honor of the hundredth anniversary of Will- iam Cullen Bryant's birth have announced that they will take place on August 16, instead of the actual date of his birth, November 3, for the better convenience of those who are to be present. The house at Cuinming- ton, Mass., near which the celebration is to take place, is known as the Bryant Homestead. It is not, however, the house in which Bryant was born, but was the resi- dence of his maternal grandfather, to whose home the Bryant family removed when the poet was a small child. Bryant's father settled in Cummington in 1789, ten years after the town's incorporation, and the birth- place of the poet was the log cabin built by the first settler in the place. It was composed of square-hewn logs, and it disappeared many years before Bryant's death. The latter purchased the present Bryant home- stead and farm in 1866, and built the house now occu- pied by his son-in-law, Mr. Parke Godwin, at that time. The homestead itself is the property of his daughter, Miss Bryant. Mr. Godwin is now as venerable and striking in appearance as was Bryant himself, and will make an ideal presiding officer for this important occa- sion. His noteworthy discourses at the commemorative meetings in honor of the deaths of George William Curtis and Edwin Booth, held by the Century and Play- ers Clubs, are fresh in the memory of all New Yorkers. He is perhaps the last of the orators of the old school left in this city. Mr. John Howard Bryant, the younger brother of Mr. Bryant, and himself a poet of some note, now residing at Princeton, 111., will attend and partici- pate in the Bryant centennial. "A London Rose, and Other Rhymes," by Mr. Ernest Rhys, already mentioned in this correspondence, will shortly be published by Messrs. Matthews & Lane, of London, and by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., of New York. Mr. Rhys's experiments with Kymric measures in English verse seem to be quite successful. Among these poems and ballads of Wales is an old favorite, "The Wedding of Pale Bronwen," which first appeared in the New York " Independent." The volume also in- cludes Mr. Rhys's fine poem," Chatterton in Holborn," which makes one of a section of " London Rhymes." "Pembroke," by Miss Wilkins, continues to receive most flattering notices in the English reviews, some of which declare this novel to be the author's most impor- tant effort thus far. It is curious to observe that in a list of the seventeen most popidar books, according to June sales in England, given by the London " Book- man," only two are by American authors—" Pembroke," and " Tom Sawyer Abroad," by Mark Twain. Messrs. Harper & Brothers announce two new novels by authors comparatively unknown to this country, "Music Hath Charms," by V. Munro Ferguson, and "The Maiden's Progress" by Violet Hunt. The first of these deals with some interesting points in the rela- tions of the young men and women of to-day; the sec- ond is evidently reactionary in character, as it is in- tended to show the dangers which may be encountered through ignoring the conventions and conformities of society. Both will be suitable for summer reading. The new building of the "Cosmopolitan Magazine" at Irvington-on-the-Hudson is progressing rapidly, Mr. John Brisben Walker devoting much personal attention to its construction. It will be a handsome affair, de- 45 signed in the popular Italian Renaissance style. It will be nearly 300 feet long and 75 feet wide, occupy- ing a conspicuous site on the shore of the Hudson. The central dome of three will be surmounted by a repro- duction of one of the World's Fair groups. A special siding has been laid down from the railroad which runs below the building, and a chute or tunnel has been constructed from the basement of the building to this siding for the receipt of paper and ink and the delivery of magazines, some ten carloads of which go out each month. The saving in carting and transfers made in this way will be enormous. The building is situated on the old Barney estate, Mr. Walker himself having taken up his residence in the Barney house. He now expects to remove the publishing plant from New York to Irv- ington before September 15. Prof. Arthur Sherburne Hardy will remain in charge of the New York editorial office. I notice, by the way, that four Smith College girls have dramatized Professor Hardy's " Passe Rose," and that a performance was given last month by some of the students. The dramatization of this novel for the professional theatre has often been talked of here, and may yet be attempted. Arthur Stedman. Literary Notes and Miscellany. The historian Gibbon, who died in 1794, will be the subject of a celebration in the autumn, under the care of the Royal Historical Society. Mr. J. G. Cupples, the Boston publisher, has associ- ated with himself as partner Mr. fl. W. Patterson, the style of the new firm being Cupples and Patterson. The Walt Whitman Fellowship has elected Mr. Dan- iel G. Brinton president, Mr. Horace L. Traubel secre- tary and treasurer, Messrs. R. G. Ingersoll, John Bur- roughs and others vice-presidents. "Le Monde Moderne," an illustrated monthly of the American type, will begin publication next November. Each number will have 160 pages, and circa 100 illus- trations, and will be sold for thirty sous. The "Letters of Franz Liszt," reviewed in our last issue, was credited by mistake to Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co. The work is published in this country by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons, to whom we make our apologies. The unpublished letters of Lowell written to Edgar Poe during the years 1842-4, to appear in "Scribner's Magazine " for August, will prove more interesting than most of such correspondence, not only on account of the information they give concerning the early literary in- terests and ambitions of the two authors, but especially for their perfect frankness and revelation of the cordial personal relations that marked Lowell's young admira- tion for Poe, before the days of " The Fable for Critics." Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. are about to publish by subscription a two-volume work on "The United States of America," edited by Professor N. S. Shaler. We quote the titles of a few specimen chapters. "What Nature Has Done for the West," by Professor Shaler; "The North American Indians," by Major J. W. Pow- ell; "The Pacific Coast," by Mr. H. H. Bancroft; "Our Military Resources," by Colonel T. A. Dodge; "Pro- ductive Industry," by Mr. Edward Atkinson ; " Educa- tion in the United States," by Dr. W. T. Harris ; "Sci- ence in America," by President D. C. Gilman; and "American Literature," by Mr. C. D. Warner. The Columbian Exposition has given rise, first and last, to a good amount of poetry. Just a year ago Thk Dial published (July 16, '93) Mr. Gilder's lines entitled "The Tower of Flame," written on the occasion of the burning of the Cold Storage Warehouse, with its tragic accompaniment of the loss of the lives of nearly two- score firemen. Another poet, Miss Florence Wilkinson, now commemorates the recent more spectacular though happily less tragic event by which all the great build- ings bordering the Court of Honor were obliterated almost in an hour, leaving alone the colossal gilded fig- ure of Columbia standing unscathed amid the ruins. TRANSFIGURATION. {Jackson Park, July 5, 1804.) I. In glimmering solitude she lay, a melancholy dream; The golden Goddess gazed no more On curious crowds, the surge and roar Of human stream. About her vacant palaces the lazy lake-gull flew; Her carven eagles high upraised, An empty vaunt, where no one gazed, Against the blue. Untrodden, sloped her marble steps down to the dim lagoon; Where myriad brilliances had quavered, Now in its quiet waters wavered The sickle moon. A buried bourg she might have been, forgotten long ago. Where, 'neath deep strata of the soil, Still, fluted columns wreathe and coil, Still, statues glow. II. But one midsummer's night she woke from marble dreams of Greece, And saw the ruin men had done, Spoiling her temples, one by one. . . . Better to cease! Once more to draw the slavish crowd! One last illumination! To let the elements defend her, And snatch her palaces, in splendor. From degradation! A Bacchanalian reveller she, with death intoxicated! Red-flushed with triumph over shame, She wreathed her sculptured halls in flame. . . . The people waited. They watched the wild transfiguration, standing in awe, aloof; They saw her lurid towers crumble, They heard the doom, the din, the rumble Of ruining roof. Her soul exhaled in fire and smoke, fled as a comet flashes. . . . But still the golden Goddess stands. Outstretching calm Olympian hands O'er heaps of ashes. Florence Wilkinson. THE PArERS AND MAGAZINES OK BULGARIA. A correspondent of " Book News," writing from Ber- lin, has the following upon the recent intellectual devel- opment of Bulgaria: " Within this little territory, until recently almost as Oriental in character as any of the provinces of Asia Minor, are now published seventy- three newspapers and magazines, not including two in Constantinople, and one in Salonica, devoted to Bulga- rian interests. Of these, twenty-one are political, and eight are official organs, either of the central or provin- cial government. Among the rest, twelve are literary or scientific reviews, three are judicial, three military, one is a 1 Home Journal,' and one is a ' .Journal of Fash- 46 [July 16, THE DIAL ion,' published, strange to say, not in Sofia, the capital, but in the little town of Sevljevo, deep in the innermost fastnesses of the Balkan Mountains. Of the political papers, four are socialistic. The chief organ of the gov- ernment is the 'Swoboda' (Freedom); its most active opponent is the 'Swobodno Slovo' (Free Speech), both published in Sofia. The Bulgarians are a branch of the great Slavic race, to which we are apt to attribute a degree of intellectual inactivity amounting almost to torpor; there can be no better evidence to the contrary than this sudden awakening of popular interest in af- fairs, under the happy influence of a few years of com- parative freedom." Topics in Leading Periodicals. July, 1S94 (Second Litt). Allen, William V. Albert Shaw. Beview ofReviews. Antarctica. IUus. A. W. Greely. Cosmopolitan. "A. P. A.," The. VV. J. H. Traynor. North American. Battle-ship, Evolution of a. Bins. Century. British Politics. Goldwin Smith. North American. "Coxeyisni." Blus. William T. Stead. iJet>. of Reviews. Egypt, France and England in. Madame Adam. No. Am. "Fliegende Blatter," The. Blus. Century. Gold Export and Bs Dangers. Social Economist. "Gresham" Law, The. Social Economist. High Buildings in England and America. Chautauquan. Holy Sepulchre, Life at the. North American. Japan, Justice for. B. O. Flower. Arena. Kantian Theism, The. C. W. Hodge, Jr. Presbyterian Rev. Kossuth, Louis. Blus. Madame Adam. Cosmopolitan. Lucretius. R. Y. Tyrrell. Atlantic. Mayor and the City, The. H. N. Shepard. Atlantic. Monetary Reform in Santo Domingo. Atlantic. Monism in Arithmetic. Hermann Schubert. Monist. Monometallism and Protection. C. S. Thomas. Arena. Mosea of the Critics. W. H. Green. Presbyterian Review. Napoleonic Medals, Rare. Blus. Cosmopolitan. Occult Science in Thibet. Heinrich Hensoldt. Arena. Outdoor Sports. Blus. J. H. Mandigo. Chautauquan. Painting at the Fair. J. C. Van Dyke. Century. Philosophy and Industrial Life. J. Clark Murray. Monist. Romanes, George John. Paul Cams. Monist. Schubert, Franz. Antonin Dvorak. Century. Senate, Attack on the. C. D. Warner. Century. Socialism vs. Protection. Social Economist. South Carolina Liquor Law, The. North American. "Star Spangled Banner," The. Blus. Century. Universities of Italy. F. Martini. Chautauquan. Whittier's Religion. W. H. Savage. Arena. Woman's Enfranchisement. J. L. Hughes. Arena. List of New Books. [The following list, embracing 44 titles, includes all books received by The Dial since last issue.] 1SIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow, Lieutenant-General of the Horse in the Army of the Commonwealth of England, 1625-1072. Edited, with appendices, by C. H. Firth, M.A. 2 vols., with portrait, 8vo, uncut. Macniillan & Co. $9. General Washington. By General Bradley T. Johnson. Blus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 338. Appletons' " Great Commanders." $1.50. REFERENCE. Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, Biology, and Allied Sciences. Including the pronunciation, accentuation, etc., of the terms used. By George M. Gould, A.M., M.D. ( Based upon recent scientific literature.) Large 8vo, pp. 1033. P. Blakiston, Son & Co. $10. GENERAL LITERATURE. Classical Studies in Honour of Henry Drisler. Bins., 8vo, pp. 310. Macniillan & Co. $4. Verona, and Other Lectures. By John Ruskin. Blus. from drawings by the author, 8vo, pp. 204. Macniillan & Co. $2.50. Prose Fancies. By Richard Le Gallienne. With portrait, 12mo, uncut, pp. 204. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1. The Temple Shakespeare: The Comedy of Errors, and Measure for Measure. With prefaces, etc., by Israel Gol- Iancz, M.A. 18mo, gilt top, uncut. Macniillan & Co. Each, 1 vol., 45 cts. POETRY. The Tragedies of Euripides in English Verse. By Arthur S. Way, M.A., author of " The Iliad Done into English Verse." In 3 vols. Vol. I., I2mo, uncut, pp. 424. Macniil- lan & Co. $2. Selections from the Poems of Arthur Hugh Clough. With portrait, 16mo, uncut, pp. 208. Macmillan's " Golden Treasury Series." $1. Sketches in Rhyme. By Jeaf Sherman, author of "The Gyralune." 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 107. Chicago: The Mouat Co. FICTION. Carlotta's Intended, and Other Tales. By Ruth McEnery Stuart, author of "A Golden Wedding." Blus., 12mo pp. 277. Harper & Bros. $1.50. An Interloper. By Frances Mary Peard, author of " Cath- erine." 12mo, pp. 315. Harper & Bros. $1.25. A Pound of Cure: A Story of Monte Carlo. By William Henry Bishop. 16mo, pp. 200. Chas. Soribner's Sons. $1. Tales of the Maine Coast. By Noah Brooks. 16rao, pp. 271. Chas. Soribner's Sons. $1. Rudln. By Ivan Turgenev; trans, by Constance Garnett. With portrait, 16mo, gilt top, pp. 260. Macniillan & Co. $1.25. After the Manner of Men: A Novel of To-day. By Robert Appleton, author of " Viera." 12mo, pp. 406. Boston: Franklin Pub'g Co. $ 1. Between Two Forces: A Record of a Theory and a Pas- sion. By Flora Helm. 12mo, pp. 238. Arena Pub'g Co. $1.50. A Bume-Jones Head, and Other Sketches. By Clara Sher- wood Rollins. With frontispiece, lUnio, pp. 164, gilt top. Lovell, Coryell & Co. $1. Three Weeks in Politics. By John Kendrick Bangs, au- thor of "Coffee and Repartee." Blus., 24mo, pp. 82. Harper's "Black and White Series." 50 cts. Five o'clock Tea. By W. D. Howells. Blus., 24mo, pp. 46. Harper's " Black and White Series." 50 cts. NEW NUMBERS IN TEE PAPER LIBRARIES. Appletons' Town and Country Library: A Daughter of Music, by G. Colmore; 16mo, pp. 371. 50 cts. Rand, McNally's Rialto Series: A Modern Rosalind, by Edith Carpenter; 12mo, pp. 251.—The Red House, by "The Duchess"; 12mo, pp. 259. Each, 50cts. Lippincott's Select Novels: Every Lich a Soldier, by John Strange Winter; 12mo, pp. 282. 50 cts. Longmans' Paper Library: A Moral Dilemma, by Annie Thompson; 12mo, pp. 312. 50 cts. Harper's Franklin Square Library: Van Bibber and Others, by Richard Harding Davis: illus., 12mo, pp. 24!), 60 cts.—The Women's Conquest of New York, by a Mem- ber of the Committee of Safety of 1908; 12mo, pp. 84,25c. The Mascot Library: The Sorrows of Werther, by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe; 12mo, pp. 249. 50 cts. NATURE. Our Home Pets: How to Keep Them Well and Happy. By- Olive Thome Miller. Blus., lOmo, pp. 273. Harper & Bros. $1.25. PSYCHOLOGY AND METAPHYSICS. The Psychic Factor: An Outline of Psychology. By Charles Van Norden, D.D. 12mo, uncut, pp. 223. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25. The Elements of Metaphysics: Being a Guide for Lectures and Private Use. By Dr. Paul Deussen; trans, by C. M. Duff. 12mo, pp. 337. Macmillan & Co. $1.50. Matter, Ether, and Motion: The Factors and Relations of I'hvsical Science. By A. E. Dolbear, Ph.D., author of "The Telephone." 12mo,pp.407. Lee & Shepard. $2. 1894.] 47 THE DIAL ETHNOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY. Primitive Civilizations; or, Outlines of the History of Own- ership in Archaic Communities. By £. J. Simcox, author of " Natural Law." In 2 vols., 8vo, uncut. Macmillan & Co. S10. Journal of American Ethnology and Aroheeology, Vol. IV. Edited by J. Walter Fewkes. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 126. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $2. The Maya Year. By Cyrus Thomas. 12mo, uncut, pp. 64. Government Printing Office. The Pamunky Indians of Virginia. By John Garland Pollard. 12mo, uncut, pp. 19. Government Printing Office. Bibliography of the Wakasham Languages. By James Constantine Pilling, l-'mo, uncut, pp. 70. Government Printing Office. EDUCATION-BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE. The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gymnastics. By Baron Nils Posse, M.G. Illus., 8vo, pp. 380. Lee & Shepard. $3. Dialogus De Oratoribus P. Comelii Taciti. Edited with Prolegomena, Notes, etc., by Alfred Gudeman. 8vo, pp. 447. Ginn&Co. $3. A Laboratory Manual of Physics and Applied Elec- tricity. Arranged and edited by Edward L. Nichols. In 2 vols. Vol. I., Junior Course in General Physics, by Ernest Merritt and Frederick J. Rogers. 12mo, pp. 294. Macmillan & Co. $3. The Cult of Askleplos. By Alice Walton, Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 136. "Cornell Studies in Classical Philology." Ginn & Co. $1.25. An Educational and Industrial System of Drawing: Comprising Manuals and Drawing Books for a complete course in Drawing. By Langdon S. Thompson, A.M. D. C. Heath & Co. Rare Books. Prints. Autographs. WILLIAM EVABTS BENJAMIN, No. 22 East Sixteenth Street, . . New York. Catalogue! Issued Continually. THE BOOK SHOP, CHICAGO. Scarce Books. Bacx-humber magazines. For any book on any sub- ject write to The Book Shop. Catalogues free. GEORGE P. HUMPHREY, ANTIQUARIAN BOOKSELLER, 2") Exchange Street, . . . Rochester, N. Y. Catalogues of Rare Books are frequently issued, and will be mailed to any address. 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Subscription price: $1.00 per month — $10.00 per year. Seud for sample plate and circulars. SMITH & PACKARD, Publishers, 801 Medlnah Building, CHICAGO. FRENCH BOOKS. Readers of French desiring good literature will take pleas- ure in reading our ROMANS CHOISIS SERIES, 60 cts. per vol. in paper and 85 cts. in cloth; and CONTES CHOISIS SERIES, 25 cts. per vol. Each a masterpiece and by a well- known author. List sent on application. Also complete cat- alogue of all French and other Foreign books when desired. William R. Jenkins, Nos. 851 and 853 Sixth Ave. (48th St.), New York. THE LIBRARY OF AMERICAN LITERATURE Presents a perfect picture of the literature of your country from the earliest settlement until the present time. 1,207 Authors are represented by 2,671 Selections. BIOGRAPHY OF EACH AUTHOR. 160 FINK PORTRAITS. 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EYLLER & COMPANY, Importers of GERMAN and Other Foreign Books. Scarce and out-of-print books furnished promptly at lowest prices. Literary information furnished free. Catalogues of new and second-hand books free on application. Eyller & Company, 86 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III. WILLIAM R. HILL, BOOKSELLER. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS, OLD AND %ARE 'BOOKS. e/7 Large Colleclion of Rare Prints for Extra Illustrating. Nos. 5 & 7 East Monroe St CHICAGO. 48 [July 16, 1894. THE DIAL THE WARWICK. IVeigbt, .... 25 Lbs. Price, $125. The Leader in Bicycle Construction. Light, rigid, handsome, and liberally guaranteed. Made for hard service and fast riding. Every rider wants it wben mice be sees it. It embodies his ideas. LA Y ASIDE your shyness of looking at what you think you don't want, and see the '94 models. Study them by de- liberate, careful examination. WARW1CKS are built to last. They are guaranteed accordingly. Catalogue free. WARWICK CYCLE MFG. CO., SPRINGFIELD, (MASS. GOULD'S Illustrated Dictionary OF Medicine, Biology, and Allied Sciences. A REFERENCE BOOK For Editors, General Scientists, Libraries, Newspaper Offices, Biologists, Chemists, Physicians, Dent- ists, Druggists, and Lawyers. Demi Qnarto, over 1G00 pages, Half Morocco . . net, $10.00 Half Russia, Thumb Index net, 12.00 S^p^* Samples of pages and illustrations free. P. BLAKISTON, SON & COMPANY, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. THE %OUND %OBlN READING CLUB. Designed for the Promotion of Systematic Study of Literature. The object of this organization is to direct the reading of individuals and small classes through correspondence. The Courses, prepared by Specialists, are carefully adapted to the wishes of members, who select their own subjects, being free to read for special purposes, general improvement, or pleasure. The best literature only is used; suggestions are made for pa- pers, and no effort spared to make the Club of permanent value to its members. 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EDITED BY FRANCIS F. BROWNE Volume XVII. Ao. 195. CHICAGO, AUGUST 1, 1894. 10 cts. a copy. 82. a year. 315 Wabash Ave. Opposite Auditorium. Harper's Magazine FOR AUGUST. 166 PAGES; 78 ILLUSTRATIONS. Old Monmouth. By Julian Ralph. With 10 Illustrations by W. T. Smed- let and Victor Bernstrom. The Editor's Story. By Richard Harding Davis. Up the Norway Coast. By George Card Pease. With 7 Illustrations by T. de Thulstbup, and a Map. The Serenade at Siskiyou. A Story. By Owen Wister. A Few Edible Toadstools and Mushrooms. By W. Hamilton Gibson. 17 Illustrations by the Author. The Golden House. A Story. By Charles Dudley Warner. Part II. With 5 Illustrations by W. T. Smedley. Helm well. A Story. By Elsie S. Nordhoff. Chapters in Journalism. By George W. Smalley. Step-Brothers to Dives—A Horal without a Story By Louise Betts Edwards. My First Visit to New England. By William Dean How ells. Fourth Part. (Conclusion.) With 8 Illustrations. Stubble and Slough in Dakota. By Frederic Remington. 8 Illustrations by the Author. Vignettes of Manhattan. VIII. A Vista in Central Park. By Brander Matthews. With 3 Mustrations by W. T. Smedley. The Inn of San Jacinto. A Story. By Zoe Dana Underhill. Trilby. A Novel. By George du Maurier. Part VIII. (Conclu- sion. I With 16 Illustrations by the Author. Poems by Alfred Perceval Graves, Marrion Wilcox, and Charles G. D. Roberts. Editorial Departments as usual. SUBSCRIPTION, S4.00 A YEAR. Booksellers and Postmasters usually receive Subscriptions. Subscriptions sent direct to the publishers should be accompanied by Post-office Money Order or Draft. When no time is speci- fied, subscriptions will begin with the current number. Postage free to all subscribers in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Harper & Brothers' Midsummer Books. Perlycross. A Novel. By R. D. Blackmore, Author of "Lorna Doone," » Springhaven," etc. 12mo, Cloth, Orna- mental, $1.75. (Fourth Edition now ready.) Carlotta's Intended, and Other Tales. By Ruth McEnery Stuart, Author of « A Golden Wedding," etc. Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, Orna- mental, $1.50. Our Home Pets: How to Keep them Well and Happy. By Olive Thorne Miller. Illustrated. 16mo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.25 The Potter's Thumb. A Novel. By Flora Annie Steel. Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.50. A Prodigal in Love. A Novel. By Emma Wolf, Author of "Other Things Being Equal." Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.25. Theatricals. Two Comedies: "Tenants"—"Disengaged." By Henry James, Author of " Essays in London and Elsewhere," « Daisy Miller," etc. Post 8vo, Cloth, Uncut Edges, $1.75. Literary and Social Silhouettes. By Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen. With Portrait. 16mo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.00. (Harper's American Es- sayists.) An Interloper. A Novel. By Frances Mary Peard, Author of " Cath- erine," " The Swing of the Pendulum," etc. Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.25. A Traveler from Altruria. Romance. By W. D. Howells, Author of " The Coast of Bohemia," " The World of Chance," etc. Post 8vo, Cloth, $1.50. Pastime Stories. By Thomas Nelson Page. Illustrated by A. B. Frost. 16mo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.25. The above works are for sale by all Booksellers, or will be sent by Harper & Brothers, postage prepaid, to any part of the United States, Canada, or Mexico, on receipt of price. Harper's Catalogue will be sent to any address on receii t of Ten Cents. Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York. 50 [Aug. 1, 1894. THE DIAL D. Appleton & Co.'S New Books. Memoirs Illustrating the History of Napoleon I. From 1802 to 1815. By Baron Claude-Francois de Meneval, Private Secretary to Napoleon. Edited by his Grandson, Baron Napoleon Joseph de Meneval. With Portraits and Autograph Letters. In three volumes. 8vo. Cloth, $2.00 per volume. Vols. I. and II. now ready. These memoirs, by the private secretary of Napoleon, are a valuable and important contribution to the history of the Napoleonic period, and necessarily they throw new and interesting light on the personality and real sentiments of the Emperor. If Napoleon anywhere took off the mask, it was in the seclusion of his private cabinet. The memoirs have been republished almost as they were written, by Baron de Mdneval's grandson, with the addition of some supplementary documents." — Lon- don Times. "The Baron de Meneval knew Napoleon as few knew him. He was his confidential secretary and intimate friend. . . . Students and historians who wish to form a trustworthy estimate of Napoleon cannot afford to neglect this testimony by one of his most intimate associates." — London Daily News. "The work will take rank with the most important of memoirs relating to the period. Its great value arises largely from its author's transparent veracity. Me'neval was one of those men who could not consciously tell anything but the truth. He was constitutionally unfitted for lying. . . . The book is extremely interesting, and it is as important as it is interesting."— New York Times. Climbing the Himalayas. By William Martin Conway, M.A., F.R.G.S., Vice- President of the Alpine Club; formerly Professor of Art in University College, Liverpool. With 300 Il- lustrations, by A. D. McCormick, and a map. 8vo. Cloth, $10.00. "It would be hard to say too much in praise of this superb work. As a record of mountaineering it is almost, if not quite, unique. Among records of Himalayan exploration it certainly stands alone. . . . The farther Himalayas . . . have never been so faithfully — in other words, so poetically —presented as in the masterly sketches with which Mr. Mc- Cormick has adorned this book." — London Daily News. The Claims of Christianity. By William Samuel Lilly, Honorary Fellow of Peter- house, Cambridge; author of "The Great Enigma," etc. 8vo. Cloth, $3.50. The author takes what might be termed the public- ist's point of view, and deals with Christianity as a fact in the world's history. He discusses the claims of Buddhism and Islam, and after a masterly analysis of the development of Christianity and the Church, he maintains the necessity of organized spiritual power to vindicate the rights of conscience, especially in our age, when the tendency is to strengthen the state against the individual. Mr. Lilly's historical analysis and incisive discussion of the vital questions of the day form a most timely and suggestive volume. The Purple Light of Love. By Henry Goelet McVickar, author of " A Precious Trio," etc. 12mo. Cloth, 75 cts. A story of New York and Newport Social life, most adroitly and cleverly told. Appletons' Guide Books. (Revised Annually.) Appletons' General Guide to the United States. With numerous Maps and Illustrations. 12mo. Flexible morocco, with tuck, 82.50. (Part I., separately, New En- gland and Middle States and Canada. Cloth, $1.25. Part II., Southern and Western States. Cloth, $1.25.) Appletons' Canadian Guide-Book. By Prof. Charles O. D. Roberts. With Maps and Illustrations. 12mo, flex- ible cloth, $1.26. Appletons' Guide-Book to Alaska. By Miss E. R. Scidmore. With Maps and Illustrations. 12mo, flexible cloth, $1.25. Appletons' Hand - Book of American Summer Resorts. With Maps, Illustrations, Table of Railroad Fares, etc. 12mo, paper, 50 cents. Appletons' Dictionary of New York. l6mo, paper, 30 cents; cloth, 00 cents. RECENT ISSUES IN APPLETONS' Town and Country Library. Each. 12mo. Paper, 50 cts.; cloth, $1.00. Dr. Janet of Harley Street. By Arabella Kenealy, author of "Molly and her Man-o'-War," etc. Outlaw and Lawmaker. By Mrs. Cahpbell-Praed, author of " Christina Chard," " December Roses," etc. A Daughter of Music. By G. Colmore, author of "Concerning Oliver Knox," etc. The Trespasser. By Gilbert Parker, author of "The Translation of a Savage," etc. For sale by all Booksellers, or will be sent by the Publishers, post-paid, on receipt of price. D. APPLETON & COMPANY No. 72 Fifth Avenue, New York. THE DIAL a &rmt'=JHlont{)l2 3ournaI of iLttrrarg Utatt'riam, Ih'sciusston, anb Information. No. 195. AUGUST 1, 1894. Vol. XVII. Contents. A YEAR OF CONTINENTAL LITERATURE. I. . 51 DEATHS OF A MONTH 53 ENGLISH AT AMHERST COLLEGE. John F. Genung 54 THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. J.R.S 5(i COMMUNICATIONS 56 The Teaching of Literature. W. II. Johnson. A Society of Comparative Literature. Charles Mills Gayley. The Shakespeare Society of New York and Its "Bankgide " Shakespeare. Appleton Morgan. To the Memory of Tennyson. Annie Fields. IN THE KARAKORAM HIMALAYAS. E. G. J. . 58 DUTCH INFLUENCE UPON AMERICA. Francit W. Shepardson CI UNCONSTITUTIONAL LEGISLATION. Uarry Pratt Judson 62 RECENT POETRY. William Morion Payne .... 03 Lang's Ban and Arriere Ban.—LeGallienne's English Poems.—Mrs. Hinkson's Cuckoo Songs.—Cochrane's The Kestrel's Nest. — Mitchell's Poems. — Smith's Lyrics and Sonnets. — Parker's A Lover's Diary. — McCulloch's The Quest of Heracles. — Hall's When Hearts Are Trumps. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 69 A favorite book about Venice.—A new volume of es- says by Mr. Ruskin.—West Irish Folk-tales.—Lights and shadows of a Celtic Twilight.—The historiau of the Council of Trent.— Life and works of Richard Steele.—Value and growth of the British empire. BRIEFER MENTION 70 NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman 71 LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 72 TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 74 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 74 A YEAR OF CONTINENTAL LITERATURE. i. In " The Athenaeum " for July 7 is published the annual summary of literary production upon the Continent that has of late years been so important a feature of that valuable journal. There are twelve articles altogether, devoted respectively to Belgium, Bohemia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Holland, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Russia, and Spain. For some unexplained reason, Norway, Sweden, and Por- tugal are unrepresented in this survey,— an unfortunate omission, since the literary import- ance of those countries is considerable, and since their inclusion would have made the review practically complete. Following the precedent of last year, we have thought it desirable to summarize these summaries for the readers of The Dial, reproducing the most salient of their comments, and enumerating the more im- portant of the works discussed. M. Joseph Reinach, who makes the French contribution to this symposium, opens the dis- cussion by presenting a classified abstract of a year's output, representing a total of more than eleven thousand publications of one or more volumes each. Medical science is credited with over a thousand titles, and Catholic theology with nearly that number. Education, law, his- tory, biography, and fiction are responsible for something like half a thousand each. Russian grammar foots the list with three works. It is obviously no easy task to single out from this enormous number of publications the few that may be mentioned in a brief article. M. Rein- ach gives first place to "the altogether excep- tional abundance of books dealing with Na- poleon and his times." Among these he men- tions M. Levy's "Napol6on Intime," M. F. Masson's " Napoleon et les Femmes " and "Na- poleon chez Lui," and the memoirs of General Thiebault and Chancellor Pasquier. Among other historical works, the highest rank must of course be given to the two posthumous vol- umes that complete Renan's " Histoire du Peu- ple d'Israel." "They exhibit the same decisive handling, the same lucid historical instinct, as ever; more than ever do they display the same wonderfully luminous style, with the brilliant parallels and unexpected collocations which were so characteristic of Renan's imaginative and fas- tidious literary sense." Mention is also made of M. Lavisse's "Le Grand Frederic avant l'Avenement," M. Hano- teaux's " Histoire du Cardinal de Richelieu," and M. de Mazade's " L'Europe et les Neu- trality's." Among literary studies there are volumes on Hugo by MM. Birc and Mabilleau, a biography of Alfred de Musset by Arvede Barine, and a collection of posthumous essays on English literature and philosophy by M. J. Milsand. In fiction, M. Zola leads off with "Le Docteur Pascal," the very last of the ■v: [Aug. 1, THE DIAL seemingly interminable Kougon-Macquart se- ries, ending a task entered upon a quarter-cen- tury ago, and pursued with unflagging energy ever since. M. Reinach finds nothing else that is particularly noteworthy in the year's fiction, although he gives a long list of novels, and com- ments briefly upon a number of them. In poetry, the two most important publications have been Hugo's " Toute la Lyre " and M. de Heredia's "Les Trophees." Of the former work we read: "This collection of separate poems, which is the fit- ting sequel to the former series issued under the same title, exhibits every side of Victor Hugo's genius. He is now the visionary who, in spite of perpetual struggle, believes in a better time to come and in the ultimate triumph of justice; now the poet whose exquisite sen- sibility comprehends the voice of nature and interprets it unerringly, singing of love in idyls which have an old- world grace; now the ironical cynic who turns all to ridicule; now the sympathetic painter of scenes of every- day life; now' the mouthpiece of the people's conscience,' as he called himself, the singer whose stirring and ter- rible tones pursue with fiery impetuosity all who had to do with the Coup d'Etat, represented in this volume by several poems whose vengeful spirit might well have fitted them for a place in the magnificent pages of ' Les Chatiments.' It is surprising that these verses were not collected by the poet in his lifetime, for in vigor of in- spiration and beauty of form they are equal to any he published; but what is far more amazing is the wealth of genius that could hold such poems in reserve, the gigantic and almost appalling productive power which has made it possible for us, even after we had grown familiar with so many immortal masterpieces, to hear anew the splendid sounds of the poet's lyre." The German article, by Hofrath Robert Zini- mermann, tells at relatively great length a story of no great importance. "The combat between 'ancients' and' moderns,'' idealists' and ' real- ists,' still continues," he tells us. One-fourth of his article is given up to an account of Herr Hauptmann's new play, " Hannele Mattern's Himmelfahrt," which we should judge to be an exceptionally dreary composition. It "describes the death-struggle of an ill-treated child of the proletariate," and, we are further informed, "has no action whatever." Herr Halbe's " Ju- gend " and Herr David's " Hagar's Sohn " are two other plays discussed at some length. Poetry in Germany seems to be mostly submerged be- neath floods of verse. The figure is the au- thor's, who connects poetry with fiction by an- other figure equally suggestive. "If lyric poetry resembles a flooded plain, from which rise but a few peaks on which perch real singing-birds, we might not inaptly compare prose literature of an imaginative sort to a sandy plain of moderate elevation, on the almost endless surface of which, overspread with vegetation, are scattered here and there a few erratic blocks of the ancient formation." The " Kleopatra " of Dr. Ebers appears to have been the most striking novel of the year. "It deals with the romantic life of the last queen of the Ptolemies, so full of changing fate and advent- ures of love; but it is not the rosy morning and bright noonday that he depicts, but instead its blood-red sun- set and tragic end in the gloom of a mausoleum built by the heroine herself. It is strange that the author should have refrained from the world-famous duet be- tween Antony and the Armida of antiquity, in order to begin with the gloomy concluding scene of the fifth act of the tragedy." Other works of fiction are Herr Hopfen's "Gliinzendes Elend," Herr Sudermann's " Es War," and Herr Heyse's short story, "Melu- sine." The most noteworthy feature of the year's production seems to be found in the numerous memoirs of men of letters that have appeared. The period of literature which be- gan with the foundation of the Empire is near- ing its close, and many of its authors are tell- ing the story of their lives. Among these nar- ratives are those of Dr. Ebers and Herr Felix Dahn, Herr Hanslick's "Erinnerungen aus Meinem Leben," and Herr Fontane's " Meine Knabenjahre." A few other books of interest are Herr Baechthold's life of Gottfried Keller, a volume of five lectures by the late Beruhard ten Brink, two additional volumes of Prince Bismarck's speeches, and a work upon Dr. Ib- sen's plays, by Herr Emil Reich. Dr. Alfred Ipsen, writing of Danish litera- ture, is "strictly careful not to mingle it with the Norwegian," which is something of a pity, since Norwegian literature, as well as Swedish, does not appear in the " Athenaeum " series of articles. The number of books produced dur- ing the year in Denmark, Dr. Ipsen writes, "Has been very great—much too great, indeed, for so small a nation, as, although I do not doubt that we are one of the nations of Europe which read most, still there is a limit to what even we can consume. And be- sides what our own authors can produce, we import and translate numbers of foreign works from all parts of Europe, from France, Russia, Germany, and England— even some from Italy and Spain. I am inclined to be- lieve that with our small market we introduce more from foreign languages than the English people." A movement is on foot to check this general onslaught upon foreign preserves by bringing Denmark into the Convention of Berne. This movement has not yet been successful, but the Danish literary guild has organized an authors' union, similar to those established last year in Sweden and Norway. The writer of this ar- ticle gives most of his attention to historical works, including Librarian Jorgensen's book on Chancellor Griffenfeld and Librarian Frid- ericia's book on the revolution of 1660, which 1894.] 53 THE DIAL largely transferred the Danish power from the nobility to the king. Another work of great value is that of Herr Troels Lund, who has told the history of sixteenth century daily life in Denmark at great length. "In vivid, picturesque language he depicts the cus- toms and manners of the nation. He follows the citizen of that half-civilized century through all the changes of his life—from the cradle and nursery to the school, from the school to the shop or the battle-field, through all the civil and ecclesiastical ceremonies through which he had to pass, to the grave. It is only natural that such a work, which fills the empty frames of political history with lifelike pictures of people as they were, has found warm admirers not merely in Denmark, but also in Ger- many, where it seems to have caused a revolution in the conventional treatment of history as Staatsgeschichte." There has been nothing very noticeable in Dan- ish belles-lettres, unless we except " Solblom- ster," a volume of poems by Herr Michaelis. But it is interesting to be told that " dry, descript- ive realism is passing out of favor," and that "there is a search for ideals of a higher order." The Belgian literature of the year, in both French and Flemish, is described by Professor Fredericq. "La Jeune Belgique" is to the fore, represented by M. Georges Rodenbach, whose "Le Voile" has been performed at the Theatre Francais, and M. Georges Eekhoud, whose "La Nouvelle Carthage," a study of modern Ant- werpian life, has been awarded the quinquen- nial prize of five thousand francs for French literature in Belgium. M. Rodenbach has also published "Le Musee de Bcguines," a vivid account of the life led by the inmates of the famous institution of Bruges. Three "mari- onette plays," by M. Maeterlinck, are entitled "Alladine et Palomides," "Interieur," and "La Mort de Tintagiles." As becomes a country that has done so much for the produc- tion of the Wagnerian music-dramas, Belgium offers us " L'Esthetique de Richard Wagner," in two volumes, by M. J. G. Freson, and a further instalment of M. Kufferath's analytical studies. A few other works are the conclud- ing volume of " Belgique Illustree," an anony- mous book about Emile de Laveleye, a volume of essays by that writer, and Librarian van der Haeghen's bibliography, preliminary to his forthcoming essay upon the works, of the great Erasmus. In Flemish Belgium, the greatest sensation of the year has been M. Cyriel Buysse's " Het Recht van der Sterkste," which "furnishes a painful and repulsive picture of the conditions under which the lives of beggars, thieves, and poachers are passed on the Flem- ish countryside." The most important poet- ical publications of the year have been "Clar- ibella," by M. Pol de Mont, and " Verzen," by Mile. Helene Swarth. A succession of mono- graphs upon the towns and villages of Flem- ish Belgium have also appeared. The event of the year in Holland, according to M. Taco de Beer, has been the publication of " Majesteit," by Heer Couperus. The book seems to be " modern " in the morbid sense, as was to be expected, but "the decorative scen- ery is done in so good a style, and there is so much aristocracy introduced, that the tale is making a deep impression." Other notable novels are Heer Lapidoth's " Goetia," a nihil- ist story, Heer Adema's "Thea," a tale of oc- cultism, Heer Slothouwer's "In een Groote Stad," "a picture of pessimism and melan- choly," and Heer Kops's "Op Leven en Dood," a story of the French Revolution. In poetry, the writer claims for Holland the two volumes already named under Flemish Belgium, and Dr. Koster's "Niobe," said to be finished in the Tennysonian manner. Five plays are chron- icled, all of which " tend to glorify the nervous youngster who claims the right to leave labor to others, and do any mischief he likes." Sev- eral works of serious aim are enumerated, such as Professor Pierson's " Geestelijke Vooroud- ers," or studies in the history of civilization. "Literary criticism and the study of the his- tory of literature are extinct" in Holland, ac- cording to the present writer, and this pessim- istic observation is in keeping with the tone of his entire article. We reserve for our next issue a summary of the year's literature in Southern and Eastern Europe. DEATHS OF A MONTH. August Dillmann, the great Semitic scholar, died at Berlin on the fourth of July, at the age of seventy-one. Professor Cheyne writes of him in "The Academy " as follows: "Dillmann and Schrader were both pupils of Ewald, and carried on that tradition of a philological treatment of theological documents which Ewald him- self joined with Gesenius to initiate. But if it was at Giit- tingen that Dillmann caught his enthusiasm for the study of languages and of the Bible, to Tiibingen and Berlin he owed a full scope for learned labor. Like Schrader, he was induced by Ewald to take up Ethiopic; his Ethi- opic Grammar and Dictionary, and his edition of part of the Ethiopic Old Testament, and of the Book of Enoch, have won for him the abiding gratitude of stu- dents of that interesting language. Quite lately Dill- mann expressed his hope of revising his text and trans- lation of Enoch. Dillmann's Old Testament commen- taries are well known. His restless energy in bringing out new editions of them, in some respects thoroughly up to date, was a perpetual surprise to younger scholars. The study of Hexateuch-criticism owes much to him; 54 [Aug. 1, THE DIAL and if it was provoking to some of his opponents that one so clear-sighted could not join them in their revo- lutionary theories, it surprised and touched them when they saw him, from sheer love of truth, making con- cessions which seemed to them next door to complete surrender. As a theologian, he held the cautiously pro- gressive views which might be expected from a disciple of Ewald. His dissertation on prophecy may still be read with instruction. But it is as an historical scholar and a philologist that he will be remembered." •From " The Academy" we also take these remarks upon Sir Austen Henry Layard, who died on the fifth of July, at the age of seventy-seven: "He was born in Paris, and educated in Italy, which country he always regarded as a second home. When little more than twenty years of age he set off on his travels to the East, the account of which is contained in his latest book — 'Early Adventures in Persia, ^usiana, and Babylonia,' including a residence among the Bakhtiyari and other wild tribes before the discovery of Nineveh (1887). It was from Lord Stratford de Redcliffe that he received both encouragement and pecuniary means to excavate the site of Birs Nimrud, near Mosul, in 1845. His dis- covery of the famous Winged Bulls arrested public at- tention to an extent that has been granted to no subse- quent archaeologist. A second expedition, under the auspices of the Trustees of the British Museum, re- vealed the library of Sardanapalus. The results were published in two portfolios of 171 plates (1848-53), under the title of ' Monuments of Nineveh,' and also in a succession of popular volumes. Oxford was the first to recognize his services to learning by conferring upon him the degree of D.C.L. at the Commemoration of 1848; and seven years later he was elected Lord Rector of the University of Aberdeen. Layard now en- tered upon a fresh career as Radical politician and Tur- cophile diplomatist, which it is not necessary to follow here. But we must not pass over his devotion to Italian art, which occupied the later years of his life. Since 1868 he has been one of the most active trustees of the National Gallery; and he had formed, in his palazzo at Venice, a choice collection of pictures of the schools of Northern Italy, under the guidance of his friend, the late Signor Morelli. In 1868, he wrote, for the Arun- del Society, an account of the Brancacci Chapel at Flor- ence, and of the painters Masolino, Masaccio, and Filip- pino Lippi. In 1887, when he was already seventy years of age, he undertook single-handed a revision of Kugler's ' Handbook of Painting,' in the light of the most recent discoveries; and yet more recently he wrote a preface to the English translation of Morelli's 'Ital- ian Painters.'" Charles-Marie Leconte de Lisle, the leader of the Parnassiens from the death of Gautier, was born on the Island of Reunion October 23, 1818, and died at Paris on the seventeenth of July, at the age of seventy-five. After much travel in his early years, in 1846 he took up permanent residence in Paris. His " Poemes Antiques," published in 1852, was the first of many volumes of verse. He also made numerous translations from the Greek, including Theocritus, Anacreon, the "Iliad," Hesiod, JEschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. In 1886 he succeeded to Hugo's chair in the Academy. His original verse is characterized by perfection of form and rich coloring, and reflects a pantheistic mode of thought. He was at the time of his death the greatest of the remaining French poets, with the possible excep- tion of M. Sully-Prudhomrae. ENGLISH AT AMHERST COLLEGE* No study in our American colleges is so directly and practically important as the study of English; yet none is so beset with problems of administra- tion and method. To detail all of these would take up too much space here; I will merely indicate some of the leading ones, to the solution of which the teachers of English at Amherst have been de- voting their attention during the last dozen years. There is, first of all, the question what to do with it as a required study. For the old idea seems a sound one, that whatever the predominance of elect- ive studies, English, at least English composition, should be required of all; that is, that no possibil- ity should be opened for any student to gain his de- gree without some training in the practical use of his mother-tongue. Yet as a required study in the midst of electives, English is at a disadvantage; the very fact that it is compulsory weights it with an odium which in many colleges makes it the bug- bear of the course. This ill repute was increased in the old-fashioned college course by the makeshift way in which time was grudged out to it in the cur- riculum. Under the name of "rhetoricals," En- glish declamations, orations, and essays used to be sandwiched in where some little crevice opened be- tween other studies, once a week perhaps, or at some irregular hour supposably unavailable for anything else. Now every teacher knows that a once-a-week study cannot be carried on with much profit or in- terest; it cannot but be a weariness to student and instructor alike. It finds its way into the hands of incompetent and inexperienced teachers; it has to rank as the Ishmael among the studies. It was the conviction of the teachers of English at Amherst that such ill repute was by no means a necessary accompaniment of their department. They believe that English, if granted a fair chance, could trust to its own intrinsic value and interest for sur- vival, as confidently as could any other study. I need not here recount the history of their quiet and steady work, first to gain a fair meed of time for the various branches of their department, then to obtain recognition for it as an elective study by the side of other electives, finally to retain the proper * Tliis article is the thirteenth of an extended series on the Teaching of English at American Colleges and Universities, of which the following have already appeared in The Dial: English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook (Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Blan- der Matthews (Feb. 10); English at Harvard University, by Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); English at Stanford University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson ( March 10); English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Corson (April 1); English at the University of Virginia, by Professor Charles W. Kent (April 16); English at the University of Illinois, by Professor D. K. Dodge (May 1); English at La- fayette College, by Professor F. A. March (May 10); English at the State University of Iowa, by Professor E. E. Hale, Jr. (June 1); English at the University of Chicago, by Professor Albert H. Tolman (June 10) ; English at Indiana University, by Professor Martin W. Sampson (July 1); and English at the University of California, by Professor Charles Mills Gay- ley (July 10).— [Eon. Dial.] 1894.] 55 THE DIAL relation and balance of elective and required study. All this came about so naturally as to seem a spon- taneous evolution rather than what it actually was, a strenuous and determined working out of a plan. The best name by which to characterize the work in English as now conducted at Amherst is labora- tory work. Whatever the diversities of aim and method between the teachers, in this respect they are at one: each of their courses is a veritable work- shop, wherein, by systematized daily drill, details are mastered one by one, and that unity of result is ob- tained which is more for practical use than for show. The required work in English, which is all under the charge of Professor Henry A. Frink, has to do with the English of oral expression. It consists of two terms of elocutionary drill, or declamation, in Freshman year, and one in Sophomore year; two terms of rhetoric, carried on by means of essays, exercises, and lectures, in Freshman year; and three terms of debates, both extemporaneous and prepared, in Senior year. This comprises in itself a body of work fully as large as obtained in the old days of "rhetoricals"; and when we consider the careful emphasis given to individual drill and crit- icism, in which work the services of five assistants are employed, we may well regard it as far beyond the average of the old courses in efficiency. In the elective study of English, each college year has its course characteristic of the year. These courses, in the way in which they supplement each other, form a natural sequence; yet they are inde- pendent of each other, each professor being supreme in his sphere, to plan, carry out, and complete, ac- cording to his own ideas. A trio in which the mem- bers work side by side, in cooperation rather than in subordination. The elective English of the Sophomore year, un- der the charge of the writer, centres in written ex- pression, the study and practice of rhetoric. The rhetoric thus pursued — as the many users of the writer's text-books throughout the country need not be reminded — is not the mere broadened study of grammar; it is a study of the organizing of dis- course, from the choice of words up, as a real au- thor must seek to effect it: a determinate study, in however humble way, of literature in the making. Two terms of work, based on the text-book and on the " Handbook of Rhetorical Analysis," are carried on by daily recitations and written exercises; these latter, invented to illustrate in succession the rhe- torical principles under consideration, being progres- sive in character and requiring as they advance more originative work on the part of the student. The course has too many interesting and novel fea- tures to detail here; one of these, which has proved very profitable and interesting, is the setting up in type of many of the students' written productions and the reading and criticism of them in proof. The third term is devoted to the writing of essays and careful individual criticism of each one in per- sonal interviews. Each man in the class presents an essay about once a fortnight. By the side of this work there is carried on, as time and numbers permit, a course of reading and discussion of the lead- ing prose writers; also a voluntary English semin- ary, after the manner of the German universities. In the Junior year begin the elective classes of Prof essor Frink. Two hours a week in the first term are devoted to the study of logic, and two hours to a progressive and systematic course of Public Speak- ing. The work of this foundation term takes the form of debates, study and analysis of American and British orations, and Shakespearean readings. In a similar manner, public speaking is continued through the second term; the debates, discussions, and speeches of various kinds having to do with the rhetoric of oral expression. Much stimulus to these studies under Professor Frink is supplied by the numerous prizes offered for proficiency in the work of each term. Nor, though the number of men concerned and the extent and variety of the work would seem to necessitate much that is merely perfunctory, is this work anything like a mere rou- tine. The industry and genius of Professor Frink in adapting his labors and interests to the personal peculiarities of each individual precludes that; and in the sunshine of such friendly relations many a man finds powers awakened that he had not sus- pected in himself, or powers that were running wild ordered and steadied. With the third term of the Junior year begins, under Professor H. Humphrey Neill, the study of English literature. Here the aim is to do with a good degree of thoroughness whatever is done; hence familiarity with a limited number of the great writers is sought, rather than a smattering inform- ation about many. The method of work, as in the other English studies, is eminently the laboratory method; and this, while based in just proportion on facts and details, is so aimed as to get at the spirit of the literature. The opening term of the course is devoted, in part through text-books and in part through lectures and discussion of the prin- ciples of literary criticism, to the course of the litera- ture down to the end of the sixteenth century; spe- cial attention being given to Chaucer, Spenser, Bacon, Milton, and Dryden. Shakespeare is reserved for a special term. In the study of these, dependence is placed not so much on reading about the author as on familiarity with the author himself. With the beginning of the Senior year the stu- dents work more independently. The first term is devoted to the prose writers of the eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century; the sec- ond to the poets of the same period. Two weeks are given to the study of each author; and on each author certain members of the class read extended and carefully studied essays. These essays, in con- nection with the readings and topics prescribed, are made the basis of the class discussions and exam- inations. In this way the men are taught to form and test their own opinions. In the third term of Senior year (the fourth of the course) the study is Shakespeare. A minute exegesis of one or two of 56 [Aug. 1, THE DIAL the greatest plays is given by means of lectures and topics for reading. In addition to this, four other plays are studied as a collateral course by the class, and made the subject of written examinations. This Shakespearean course is open to all, whether they have elected the three preceding terms or not. A special course is also given to a few who in every class, having pursued the course of the three prescribed terms, wish to carry their literary studies further. It consists of special investigation under the direction of the professor, but with no stated recitations. Such, in a very meagre outline, is the course of English study at Amherst. To pass judgment on it is for others, rather than for us who conduct it. John F. Genung. Professor of Rhetoric, Amherst College. THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. This well-known body of American scholars has com- pleted the twenty-fifth year of its organization; an event which in Germany would probably be called a Jubilaum, and celebrated accordingly. The Association, however, remained content with the usual annual meeting, which was held at Williamstown, Mass., beginning on July 10. An unusually large number of members were in attend- ance, and the papers read, to the number of two dozen, were well received, and generally worthy of the occa- sion. Perhaps as interesting, from their novelty, as any, were the paper of Professor Wright, of Harvard University, on the votive tablet to Artemis Anaitis and Men Tiamou, recently picked up in a Boston curiosity shop, and now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts; and that of Professor Allen, of Harvard, on the music of the hymn to Apollo recently discovered by the French savans at Delphi, and transcribed by M. Reinach in modern musical notation. The hymn as thus modern- ized was sung by Professor Sihler, to piano accompani- ment, in the parlor of the hotel next morning, much to the entertainment of the assembled scholars. The Association was handsomely treated by the Trus- tees and Faculty of Williams College. President and Mrs. Carter gave a noon reception and luncheon to the members on Wednesday; after which the majestic sum- mit of Greylock was reached by an excursion, which ab- sorbed the entire afternoon, but well repaid all fatigue incurred by affording one of the most superb mountain panoramas in New England. At one of the sessions a resolution was adopted ex- pressive of the Association's sorrow for the death of Professor W. D. Whitney, and its sense of the loss thus sustained by American scholarship. Professor Whitney was one of the founders of the Association, and its first President, and has always remained deeply interested in its welfare. It was also resolved to hold a joint meeting with the American Oriental Society and other similar bodies, at Philadelphia, in the Christmas holi- days, to unite in memorial exercises in honor of Profes- sor Whitney. This, of course, will not supersede the next regular annual meeting, which will be held at Cleve- land, Ohio, July 9,1895. As some objection was made to coming so far " West," on the ground that the East- ern members are the most numerous and active, it seems especially incumbent on members, and those who ought to be members, living in the Central and Western States, to rally in large numbers at Cleveland next summer. Readers of The Dial will, it is hoped, aid in further- ing this desirable end. j_ r_ g COMMUNICA TIONS. THE TEACHING OF LITERATURE. (To the Editor of Ths Dial.) Your correspondent who asks, in The Dial of June 1, "How Shall English Literature Be Taught?" sug- gests difficulties which meet the teacher of any other literature, as well as of English. Those difficulties are less serious with the classical teacher, for instance, only because his pupils are compelled, even to the end of the college course, to devote so large a portion of their time to purely linguistic study. The college teacher of En- glish, however, begins with pupils who can read their texts at sight, as far as merely linguistic difficulties are concerned, li any material portion of the time be given to linguistics, it is from choice, not absolute necessity. If the teacher wishes to devote the time to "litera- ture," he may do so. But what is " literature " 1 "The teacher of English who concerns himself with the sub- ject-matter of his text soon wanders into forbidden fields—and lo! the dilettante," says your correspondent. Has the subject-matter, then, so little to do with litera- ture that it can be ignored, and " literature," not simply some one or more aspects of the same, still be taught? It would be interesting to see a detailed argument for such a position. In fact, some of the single phases of literary study cannot be adequately treated apart from the subject-matter. Take the rhetorical, for instance,— what is responsible for the wide rhetorical difference be- tween Lowell's " Present Crisis," " Fountain of Youth," and "Commemoration Ode " ? between the Twenty-third Psalm and Whittier's scathing review of Carlyle's " Oc- casional Discourse on the Negro Question "? Simply the subject-matter. Will any teacher attempt to con- sider these specimens of literature from the rhetorical standpoint, and leave subject-matter out of the account? But the subject-matter leads into " forbidden fields," we are told. Why forbidden? Because they "im- pinge more or less" upon the territory of other chairs "concerned with the humanities "? Has specialization gone so far, then, that there must be a sort of " Devil's lane " between my field and that of each of my col- leagues? Is it not well, on the contrary, that the dif- ferent departments should impinge upon one another here and there? Let us not give the pupil an impres- sion that he is storing various' compartments of his brain with materials which are in danger of explosion in case of accidental contact. Given the point of view which your correspondent seems to take, and the question should be, not how shall English, or any other, literature be taught, but, can it be taught at all? In the fulness of its meaning, ninety-nine in every hundred of those of us who are trying must humbly answer No! But many of us will prefer to work toward such an ideal, even at the risk of " poaching " on the territory of our colleagues, or sub- jecting ourselves to that dread term of reproach, "di- lettante." w H j0HN80N. Denison University, Granville, Ohio, July 12, 1894. 1894.] 57 THE DIAL A SOCIETY OF COMPARATIVE LITERATURE. (To the Editor of The Dial.) Since trustworthy principles of literary criticism de- pend upon the substantiation of (esthetic theory by scien- tific inquiry, and since for lack of systematic effort the comparative investigation of literary types, species, movements, and themes is not yet adequately prosecuted, I should like to call the attention of my fellow-workers to the need of collaboration. No individual can, unaided, gather from various literatures the materials necessary for an induction to the characteristic of even one literary type. The time has come for organization of effort. An association should be formed, as proposed by me in the last issue of The Dial, for the comparative investiga- tion of literary growths. In this Society of Compara- tive Literature (or of Literary Evolution) each mem- ber should devote himself to the study of a given type or movement in a literature with which he is specially, and at first hand, familiar. Thus, gradually, wherever the type or movement has existed its evolution and characteristics may be observed and registered. In time, by systematization of results, an induction to the common and therefore essential characteristics of the phenomenon, to the laws governing its origin, growth, and differentiation, may be made. The history of na- tional criticism, and the aesthetics of sporadic critical theory, are, of course, interesting subjects of study; but to adopt canons of criticism from Boileau, or Vida, or Puttenham, or Sidney, or Corneille, or even Lessing and Aristotle, and apply them to types or varieties of type with which these critics were unacquainted, is to sit in the well in your backyard and study the stars through a smoked glass. To come at the laws which govern the drama, for instance, it is not sufficient that we mod- ify by generally accepted aesthetic principles the canons of a school of dramatic critics, and then revise the re- sults in the light of our inductions from the drama of the charmed Grteco - Roman-Celto-Teutonic circle in which we contentedly expatiate. The specific principles of technical (or typical) criticism must be based upon the characteristics of the type not only in well-known but in less-known literatures, among aboriginal as well as civilized peoples, and in all stages of its evolution. Arrangements should be made for the preparation and publication of scientific monographs on national de- velopments of the drama. The comparative formula- tion of results would assist us to corroborate or to reno- vate current aesthetic canons of dramatic criticism. So, also, with other types — lyric, epic, etc and with the evolution of literary movements and themes. Of course the labor is arduous, and the limit undefined. But the work is not yet undertaken by any English or American organization, or by any periodical or series of publica- tions in the English language. The members of this So- ciety of Comparative Literature must be hewers of wood and drawers of water. Even though they cannot hope to see the completion of a temple of criticism, they may have the joy of construction: the reward of the phil- ologist. For several years I have hoped that some one else would set this ball a-rolling. If the idea be re- ceived with favor, I intend to issue a detailed statement of the purposes and plans of such an organization. As- sistance and criticism from those whom the suggestion may interest are respectfully solicited. Charles Mills Gayley. University of California, Berkeley, Cal., July SO, 1894. THE SHAKESPEARE SOCIETY OF NEW YORK AND ITS "BANKSIDE" SHAKESPEARE. (To the Editor of The Dial.) My attention is called to a letter addressed to Dr. W. J. Rolfe, which, though personal and not literary in character, is printed in the department of "Shakes- peariana" in "The Critic " of this date. This letter is signed by four persons, who attach to their names the titles of offices which they suppose them- selves to hold in The Shakespeare Society of New York. Neither of these four persons is at present a Trustee of that Society. Only one of them has even a colorable claim to membership in good standing therein, and one of them is not a member at all. Not one of them has been present at a meeting or council of that Society for two years last past; and not one of them has ever con- tributed one cent to, nor has an interest to the amount of one cent in, the twenty-nine volumes which that So- ciety has published, nor in the eighteen which are now leaving its press. There is no such officer as "Chair- man of the Executive Committee " of that Society. Its charter provides for a Recording, and for an Assistant- Recording, Secretary, and for a Corresponding Secre- tary (whose duties are literary only). But there is no officer entitled to describe himself as " Secretary of the New York Shakespeare Society." No attention need, therefore, be paid to the perform- ances of these persons, nor to any statements which they may see fit to make concerning the Shakespeare Society of New York, especially to their statement that that Society has not "authorized " the Supplementary Vol- umes to "The Bankside Shakespeare," or that L. L. Lawrence, Clerk of the Publication Committee of that Society, is taking subscriptions for those volumes with- out authority. Appleton Morgan, President of the Shakespeare Society of New York. 21 Park Row, New York, July 14, 1894. TO THE MEMORY OF TENNYSON. (To the Editor of The Dial. ) As I believe there are among The Dial's readers men and women willing to contribute to the proposed Tennyson memorial, I trust you will kindly print the following: Funds are being received for the erection of a lofty granite monolith, in the form of an Iona cross, to the memory of Alfred Tennyson. It has been decided to erect the memorial on the highest point of the famous down which overlooks the western end of the Isle of Wight, and the spot chosen is the "edge of the noble down," which Tennyson loved so well, and where he al- most daily walked. The permission of the masters of Trinity House has been granted for the removal of the present wooden pile known to mariners as the Nodes Beacon, and the erection in its place of the Tennyson Beacon. As a land and sea mark visible from every point for many miles, the beacon cross should form a conspicuous and fitting memorial to the poet. The amounts contributed by subscribers to the fund will not be published, but as a tribute to the great poet it is hoped to send to England the names of every man and woman "whose life has been touched 'to finer is- sues' by the poetry of Tennyson." Subscriptions may be sent to Miss Fay Davis, Secretary, in care of the un- dersigned. Annie Fields. Manchester, Mass., July SS, 1894- 58 [Aug. 1, THE DIAL Efje Xrfn Books. IX THE KAIUKORAM HIMALAYAS.* Mr. William Martin Conway's "Climbing in the Himalayas " is decidedly a notable book, and at all points a worthy shelf-companion to Mr. Whymper's fine work on the Andes issued two years ago. Apart from its scientific in- terest as the record of an important geograph- ical enterprise, it presents a vivid picture of the perils and, to the Anglo-Saxon apprehen- sion, the pleasures of mountaineering—a form of "sport" not yet seriously affected by ath- letic faddists on this side the water. In point of illustration the volume rather surpasses, to our thinking, even the best of the many beau- tiful books of travel heretofore issued. The artist is Mr. A. D. McCormick, and he has throughout treated the motives furnished him by the magnificent scenery of the Himalayas with a breadth and feeling that lift his work far above the average level of book illustra- tion. As these plates are an important factor in the work, forming as they do a pictorial narrative ancillary to the text, we may quote Mr. Conway's testimony in the " Alpine Jour- nal" as to their descriptive value: "I was careful to impress on McCormick at the start that I wanted no topographical accuracy in his sketches — only the rendering of the impression a scene made upon him in light and color, a transfer of his vision of it to paper, so that, if possible, I might learn better bow to see the hills by finding out how he saw them. As a matter of fact, his eye was so true to form that truth- fulness of form was a part of his normal vision, and whoever looks at his works may be assured that they are accurate in outline and mass to a remarkable de- gree. His excellence and rapidity as a draughtsman are points that it is only fair that I should emphasize, for I reaped from them the most valuable fruit." The expedition of which the volume is the record was made in 1892, under the auspices of the Royal Geographical Society, the Royal Society, the British Association, and the In- dian Government. The party consisted of Mr. Conway, Lieutenant Bruce (5th Gurkhas), Mr. McCormick, Lieut.-Col. Dickin, Mr. Roude- bush, Mr. Eckenstein, and the Swiss guide, M. Zurbriggen. Starting from Abbottabad, they went to Srinagar, the capital of Kashmir, and thence crossed the main Himalaya chain by the Burzil Pass to Astor and Bunji to the Indus Valley. They followed the road to Gilgit, an • Climbing and Exploration in the Karakoram Him- alayas. By William M. Conway, M.A. Profusely illus- trated. New York: D. Apple ton & Co. important British frontier station. A month was spent in exploring the glaciers at the head of the Bagrot Valley and the great peaks near Rakipushi (25,500 feet). Returning to Gil- git, they went up the recently-annexed Hunza- Nagyr Valley and visited the towns of Hunza and Nagyr. From Nagyr two long expeditions were made into the snowy region to the south and southeast, before advancing to Hispar, at the foot of the longest glacier in the world out- side the polar regions. Here dividing into two parties, they made the first passage by Euro- peans of the Mushik Pass, and the first defin- itely-recorded passage of the Hispar Pass, the longest known pass in the world. Uniting again at Askole, in Baltistan, they marched eastward up the Braldo Valley to the foot of the great Baltoro Glacier, which drains what is probably the greatest mountain group in the world. From this glacier valley tower K. 2 (28,250 feet), Gusherbrum (26,378), the Hidden Peak (26,- 480), the Golden Throne (23,600), the Bride (25,119), and Masherbrum (25,676). Forcing their way to the glacier head, where they camped for two nights at an altitude of 20,000 feet, they climbed Pioneer Peak (about 23,000 feet), the highest ascent yet authentically made. Return- ing to Askole, they crossed the Skoro Pass to Shigar and Skardo, whence they rode up the Indus Valley to Leh, the capital of Ladak. They went thence over the Zoji Pass to Kash- mir and returned home from Srinagar to En- gland, after an absence of about a year, 84 days of which were spent on snow or glacier. It is impossible to give here anything like a fair epitome of the story of this tremendous journey, and we must content ourselves with a few extracts serving to indicate its general drift and style. Mr. Conway reached Srin- agar on April 3, duly prepared to enjoy and to celebrate in his turn the oft-sung beauties of this "Venice of Kashmir." These beauties seem to have been considerably overpainted. Mr. Conway says, unfeelingly: "It is the shabbiest and filthiest Venice imaginable, picturesque no doubt, but with the picturesqueness of a dirty Alpine village — a mere Zennath extended for miles along the banks of a big sewer. There is no ar- chitecture visible from the water highway, if one ex- cepts the fine mosque of Shah Hamadan, a second-rate Hindu temple or two, and a ruined tomb-mosque. The rest is a mere patchwork of crazy wooden houses and ugly palaces. There is plenteous interest about the life on the river, the boats and barges, the cries of the rowers, the people washing by the dirty shore, the glimpses up foul alleys and what not; but there is no art in all this, only materials from which the artist can rend forth beauty by educated skill." 1894.] 59 THE DIAL Describing the New Bazar, one of the stock sights of Srinagar, Mr. Conway continues: "Craftsmen were working in the open rooms on the ground floor; most of the shops were upstairs. We were at once surrounded by a crowd, crying,' I sell you this!' 'I make you this!' 'Come and see my worrk!' 'You not buy from me; you buy from other man; see my things; I do good worrk; this is my shop!' and so on. We climbed crazy stairs and entered a small room wherein were tables covered with silver, copper, and brass inlaid with gay enamel. The dealer and his friends stood or squatted round; no one in particular seemed to own the shop. . . . We visited the papier-machie man, and noticed that English purchasers were steadily ruining his art by preferring his worst designs. He thought to capture us with one in particular. 'Last year I sold great many of these, every gentleman one pair, two pairs, mostly devil pattern—I sold great many devil pattern—devil pattern very much admired.' Thus do the English befoul the toorld's art." As the writer was formerly Professor of Art at Liverpool University, his testimony as to the art phase of the spreading " Anglo-Saxon con- tagion " carries some weight. John Ball, in fact, holding the power of the purse, would seem to have stimulated the once slow and scrupulous artificers of the Orient into a " pot- boiling " or Birmingham celerity, with not the happiest results — as in Japan, where art is largely sinking into a trade regulated by the demand of the western market. Leaving Gilgit on May 10, the party reached the Hunza river on the day following, and crossed it by means of &jhula—a sort of prim- itive suspension bridge, cleverly enough con- structed and curiously analogous in the main to the complex structures at Niagara and Brook- lyn. As the natives let these bridges get into a rotten state before they mend them, it will be seen that, as the author feelingly testifies, &j?iula out of repair is " about as nasty a thing for a landsman to cross as may well be imag- ined." Mr. McCormick gives a view of the one at Dainyor, a giddy affair spun like a cob- web over a gorge that might shake the nerves of a Blondin. Says Mr. Conway: "Jhulas are formed of cables of twisted birch or other suitable twigs, each cable having a diameter of from two to three inches. Three of these cables, hanging in close contact side by side, and here and there tied to- gether, formed the floor of the bridge. There is a hand-rope at a suitable level on each side, hanging in a similar curve to that of the floor cable. Each of the hand-ropes is formed of a couple of cables twisted round one another. They are uncomfortable things to hold, being too thick to grasp, and spiked all along with the sharp projecting ends of the birch-twigs, whose points keep catching the sleeve at awkward moments. The gaping void between the hand-ropes and the floor- rope is interrupted every couple of yards by a weak tie, or V, of twisted withe, fastened to the hand-ropes, and passing under and partly supporting the floor-rope. At intervals of twelve yards or so there is a horizontal cross-piece of wood, firmly tied to the two hand-ropes, to keep them apart and to prevent them from spread- ing too wide. The cross-pieces are about at the level of the waist of a man standing on the bridge. These have to be climbed over as they occur. . . . One bridge, however, was new and strong, and the novelty, of the thing was exciting; so that I crossed without discom- fort, and in a merely inquisitive frame of mind, such as one might have on a first occasion of dying. To be quite truthful it should be added that, when I reached the swiftest part of the current, the situation was none of the pleasantest; for the deceived eye deluded the imagination, and made believe that the water was stand- ing still, and the bridge itself swinging furiously up- stream." Mr. Conway has duly brightened his pages with descriptions of the people of the remote regions visited. Very interesting were the vil- lagers about Hopar in northern Kashmir, a race carrying on a primitive and fairly pros- perous agriculture, though still living in a state of chronic inter-tribal or inter-communal war- fare. At Hopar, he says,— "We wandered leisurely by a winding path, through fields of green corn and blossoming beans, amongst which there was a quantity of mint in flower. Here, or else- where, whenever we approached women or children, they bolted away from us or tried to hide themselves. If their houses were near at hand, they ran for them like rabbits into their holes. If a familiar shelter was too far away, they hurried into the cornfields and cast them- selves down amongst the corn, by which they were com- pletely concealed. These people have the habit of war deeply ingrained. A stranger in their fields, who is not a prisoner, is a conqueror. Their attitude towards one who travels freely amongst them is thus an attitude of fear, which, however, is easily dispelled, and then they become the friendliest folk in the world, and will do anything for you." During his stay Mr. Conway witnessed an overt act of tribal hostility which, offering a fair casus belli, nearly led to a general conflict. "As we were returning through the fields to camp, a man rushed frantically amongst the growing corn and seized two kids. He broke their backs, one after an- other, and cast the carcasses on to the path. His act was seen by the owner of the kids, a peasant belonging to the next village, who cried aloud and summoned his friends. In a few minutes the population of both vil- lages came together and drew up opposite each other, gesticulating and shouting in great anger. A peasant war seemed on the point of breaking out. We thus had experience of the moods to which the villagers of these parts owe their strongly battlemented walls." Before leaving Hopar accounts had to be set- tled with the natives; and the author gives an amusing description of his dealings with the Baja's Munshi—a sort of local expert account- ant, the ex officio representative of the villagers in the arithmetical battle which ensued. As the Munshi — a transparent humbug in point 60 [Aug. 1, THE DIAL of his supposed attainments — did his addition on his fingers and was totally incapable of mul- tiplication and division, there was much " hig- gling of the market"— as Adam Smith says. "Well, what have I to pay for ?"—began Mr. Conway. "' There is dud, atar, ghi—yes, and there is wood too.' 'How much atar 1' The Munshi, looking hopeless — 'Oh I you have had atar • let us say for ten rupees.' 'Nonsense! How much? How many seers?' 'Why, hazor, these are poor people, and have little atar; let us say eight rupees!' Habiba and the Gurkhas are called, and inform me of the exact number of seers each has had. 'Yes, that is quite right,' says the Mun- shi. 'But that is not worth eight rupees.' 'Well, how much does it come to, hazor t Tell me, for I do not know.' And so on. * Now how many seers of milk?' 'Well, the Khansama knows; how much would you say?' 'Fifteen.' 'All right; fifteen is right.'" In point of understanding the Hunshi's clients seem to have been worthy of their deputy, lo- cal information having to be screwed out of them piecemeal. "What do you call that val- ley?" Mr. Conway would ask. "' I have no tongue.' 'That valley—is it Bualtar?' «Ah! Bualtar.' 'And that hill—is it Shaltar ? * 'Ah! Shaltar—Shaltar i Chish.' 'Good! now that village—• what's its name?' 'Ah! village.' 'No. Begin again. The name of that is Bualtar?' 'Ah! Bualtar.' < And that is Shaltar?' 'Ah! Shaltar.' 'And that village — what is it?' 'Ah! village.'" Of the record of the party's mountaineering experiences, which takes up most of the vol- ume, the following extracts from the chapter on the "Ascent of Pioneer Peak" may serve as a sample. The ascent of the Peak proper was begun on August 25 from " Upper Pla- teau Camp," a point at which an altitude of 20,000 feet had already been gained. The preceding night, says Mr. Conway, was bit- terly cold, and by five o'clock Zurbriggen, the Alpine guide, was stirring, and began prepara- tions for the journey. "His was the laborious duty of preparing a warm drink of chocolate, with indifferent spirit to burn, and no space to manoeuvre the apparatus in. The Russian lamp began to roar like a falling avalanche; and, while the chocolate was cooking, we struggled out of our sleep- ing bags and into our boots, and wound the pattis round our legs, first greasing our feet with marmot fat, for protection against the cold. Every movement was a toil. After lacing a boot, one had to lie down and take breath before one could lace the next." Shortly before six all was ready, and the trav- ellers faced the long snow slope stretching be- tween them and the ridge along which the rest of the way was to lie. "For an hour we plodded steadily upwards in the bit- ter cold. The risen sun left us still in the shadow, and moment by moment our limbs grew colder and our strength seemed to be evaporating. Gradually the se- vere exercise warmed our bodies, but our feet lost all sensation. We crunched our toes inside our boots with every step, and stamped our feet upon the ground; but nothing gave the smallest relief. At last it became necessary to halt and pull off our boots, to bring life back to our feet by rubbing. We were all on the point of being frost-bitten, and only saved ourselves by the most vigorous measures. During our halt the sun came upon us; and though our feet were numbed for the rest of the day, our bodies were soon far too hot to be com- fortable. These variations between biting cold and grilling heat are one of the great impediments to moun- taineering at high altitudes in these parts." After a quarter of an hour's walk along the ridge, the first peak (20,700 feet) was reached, and the second peak (21,350 feet) after a rough scramble through rocks and over hard ice—in which "every step taken" had to be cut with the axe — in an hour and ten minutes. This labor of step-cutting Zurbriggen found infin- itely more fatiguing than at the ordinary Swiss levels. The rest of the ascent was altogether monotonous—a dogged struggle of nearly three hours, with axe, rope, and alpenstock, up an arete heavily corniced on the left, so that the view on that side was completely shut out. "Our advance was necessarily slow, and the terrible heat which the burning rays of the sun poured upon our heads did not add to its rapidity. There was plenty of air upon the actual ridge, and now and again a puff would come down upon us and quicken us into a little life; but for the most part we were in the midst of utter aerial stagnation which made life intolerable. I heard the click! click! of Zurbriggen's axe, making the long striding steps, and I mechanically struggled from one to another. I was dimly conscious of a vast depth down below on the right, filled with tortured glacier and gap- ing crevasses of monstrous size. Sometimes I would picture the frail ice-steps giving way, and the whole party falling down the precipitous slope. I asked my- self upon which of the rocks projecting below should we meet with our final smash; and I inspected the schrunds for the one that might be our last not unwel- come resting-place. Then there would come a reaction, and for a moment the grandeur of the scenery would make itself felt. ... At length the slope we were climbing became less steep. To avoid a larger mass of cornice than usual we kept away horizontally to the right, and presently discovered that the cornice was the actual summit of the third peak on the ridge. We held the rope tight with all imaginable precautions whilst Zurbriggen climbed to the top. He found a firm place where all could cut out seats for themselves, and there at 2.45 P. M. we entered upon well-earned repose." The victory was won, for the halting-place was the top of Pioneer Peak, the highest point yet authentically reached by man. "The moment we looked round we saw that the peak we were on was the highest point of our ridge. Beyond it was a deep depression, on the other side of which a long face of snow led up to the south ridge of the Golden Throne. From the Throne, therefore, we were utterly cut off. Ours was a separate mountain, a satellite of 1894.] 61 THE DIAL its greater neighbor, whose summit still looked down upon us from a height of 1,000 feet, and whose broad extended arms shut out the view to the north-east which I so ardently desired to behold. Framed in the passes I have mentioned there were glorious mountain pictures; that to the south, looking straight down the great Kon- dus valley and away over the bewildering intricacy of the lower Ladak ranges being especially fine, and ren- dered all the more solemn by the still roof of cloud poised over it at a height of 25,000 feet. When one beholds a small portion of Nature near at hand, the ac- tion of avalanches, rivers, and winds seems tremendous, but in a deep-extending view over range after range of mountains, and valley beyond valley, Nature's forces are reduced to a mere trembling insignificance, and the effect of the whole is majestic repose. The clouds seemed stationary above the mountain kingdom; not a sound broke the utter stillness of the air. We ceased to pant for breath the moment the need for exertion was withdrawn, and a delicious lassitude and forgetfulness of past labor supervened upon our over-wrought frames." The barometer, standing at 13.30 inches, gave an altitude of 22,600 feet. The summit of the Golden Throne, towering high above the Peak, was about 800 yards away horizontally, and elevated at an angle of 25°. "We were there- fore," says Mr. Conway," approximately, 1,100 feet below it. . . . If the G. T. S. value for the height of K.2 is correct, the Golden Throne must be 24,100 feet high, and the height of Pioneer Peak is over 23,000 feet." Tracings taken with the sphygmograph of the author's and M. Zurbriggen's pulse showed the damag- ing effect of the altitude. "Our breathing ap- paratus," says Mr. Conway," was working well enough, but our hearts were being sorely tried, and mine was in a parlous state." Further climb- ing was out of the question—even for the hardy Swiss, who owned that " another step he could not cut. All recognized that the greatest we were going to accomplish was done, and that thenceforward nothing remained for us but downwards and homewards." The total result of the expedition can be es- timated from the present volume, and from the reports and scientific memoranda to be pub- lished separately, with maps, in the coming autumn. It is hardly necessary to say of Mr. Conway that no better man could have been chosen either as leader or chronicler of the ex- pedition. A copious author, a Fellow of the Society of Arts and of the Royal Geographical Society, the Vice-President of the Alpine Club and editor of "The Alpine Journal,"his name is familiar to the scientist and the general reader. We can point to no more readable, solidly in- forming, and outwardly attractive book of trav- els than " Climbing in the Himalayas." E. G. 3. Dutch Influence upon America.* The making of history is a gradual process. There are occasional wars, or political or social commotions ; but the every-day life of the peo- ple occupies by far the greater part of the years of a nation's life. Little things are apt to pass unnoticed; local customs change; the charac- ter of a community is altered; old landmarks are swept away, and in the busy rush of our American life a new generation forgets the old, and the familiar customs of the fathers become strange to the children. The writers of our history have too often been content with a recital of the leading events of military and political life, or have confined their attention to constitutional discussions, neglecting to note the fact that the develop- ment of the people, in their social, economic, and industrial conditions, gives the substantial basis to the nation's strength, and that much of history is made in quiet ways, without the scenic effects of the thunder-and-lightning of warfare. But when once the writers turned their thought to the people, manifest differences ap- peared, strange and surprising difficulties ; and various methods were adopted to harmonize these with the old theory that the American peo- ple are but transplanted Englishmen. Douglas Campbell stirred up a great deal of interest when he published his "Puritan in England, Holland, and America," two years ago. It led to the examination of the origin of certain features of American institutions, by a gentle- man who has but recently published the results of his study in "Sources of the Constitution of the United States"; and it no doubt stim- ulated Dr. Griffis to reexamine the facts of Dutch history, which had already appealed to him, and which he had collected into readable form in a pamphlet of his own. His volume on "Brave Little Holland, and What She Taught Us" is valuable for two reasons, cer- tainly: it puts in a very attractive form the story of the growth of Holland, and, more espe- cially, it presents many new and important con- siderations affecting the question, Just what influence did New Netherlands have upon American life, and how large an increment of population was thus added to the cosmopolitan colonies? The claim is set forth that the foundations of the Empire State were laid by the Dutch, * Brave Little Holland, and What She Tauoht Us. By William Elliott Griffis. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 62 [Aug. 1, THE DIAL and that, notwithstanding the short life of the colony before the occupation by the English in 1664, impressions had been made which were lasting, so that when New York, as a State of the American Union, formed its con- stitution and developed its institutions, the pre- cedents from the monarchical form of govern- ment of England were disregarded for the principles of the republic across the sea. De- tails are given in illustration, and the array of claims is quite imposing. The list is somewhat familiar to students, but it goes without saying that there is a vast deal of importance in the sentence: "From the Dutch system they [our fathers] borrowed the idea of a written constitution, a Senate, or States- General, the Hague, or District of Columbia, the Su- preme Court (with vast improvements), the land laws, registration of deeds and mortgages, local self-govern- ment from the town and county to the government of governments at Washington, the common-school sys- tem, freedom of religion and of the press, and many of the details of the Dutch state and national systems." But the interest of the volume does not come from this grouping of claims for Dutch influ- ence, so much as from the many chance sug- gestions and references found all through the chapters, accounting for names and symbols, and throwing light upon peculiar customs or characteristics, noticed by others, but not so fully explained. No one can read the little book without feeling the truth of what is said about the relations existing between the Dutch Republic and that of the United States of America. Following the story of the one, the impression grows that when Benjamin Frank- lin declared, "In love of liberty and bravery in the defense of it, she has been our great ex- ample," he told but part of the truth. There must have been the influence of the example of a republic struggling for the improvement of constitutional government, and there must have been untold and hardly described influ- ences which permeated the society of the mid- dle colonies, where the seven thousand Dutch made their homes, weaving into the life of the people the web of Dutch character and Dutch ideas. Even if the reader be one of those who con- tend that there was no influence but the En- glish affecting American life and character be- fore the great tides of immigration began to set in, there will be positive enjoyment in read- ing again the accounts of the various ways in which the people of Holland showed their sym- pathy for the American cause during the Rev- olution. Friends were scarce enough in those times, and "Brave Little Holland" should have a warm place in our hearts for her ex- pressions of friendship then. There is a lack of footnotes and references to support the statements of the text, but the book was not written for students and histo- rians. The story is put in simple language for the young folks of America, and the author expresses his trust that by the book a deeper interest may be awakened in the little country of which John Adams wrote: "The originals of the two Republicks are so much alike, that the History of One seems but a Transcript from that of the other." Francis W. Shepardson. Unconstitutional, Legislation.* Mr. Coxe's work on "Judicial Power and Unconstitutional Legislation" is incomplete. He planned two volumes, the first to contain a history of the relation of judicial power to a superior binding rule of right, the second to be a commentary on the text of our Constitu- tion and devoted to establishing the thesis that the power to declare acts unconstitutional and void is expressly granted. The author died leaving the second volume so incomplete that his executors did not feel warranted in sending it to the press. The first volume, therefore, is the one before us. It is a very elaborate dis- cussion of cases in Roman Law, Canon Law, English Law, and Modern Law, on the conti- nent of Europe, as well as in the American colonies before the Revolution and in the United States under the Articles of Confeder- ation. Cases are found in each division in which a court held a specific legislative enact- ment void because repugnant to what was held to be a superior rule. These scattered cases, however, would hardly have sufficed to set up a distinct legal prece- dent. What doubtless weighed most with the Constitutional Convention of 1787 was not precedent at all, but the absolute necessity of the situation and the impracticability of any other plan. Under the Articles of Confedera- tion the Congress was impotent because there was no means of bringing its will to bear on any individual citizen. The legislation of the sep- arate States might, and not infrequently did, directly nullify acts of Congress or treaties of * An Essay on Judicial Power and Unconstitutional Legislation. By Brinton Coxe, of the Philadelphia Bar. Philadelphia: Kay & Brothers. 1894.] 63 THE DIAL the United States. This must be remedied or the Union was doomed. Two ways were sug- gested. One was for a Federal veto on State legislation; the other relegated the matter to the courts, and merely provided that the or- ganic law of the nation should be the supreme law of the land. The first was preventive; the second was remedial. The latter was adopted, doubtless as being less objectionable in the view of those who would be opposed to great cen- tralization. And no other way of dealing with the difficulty than these two can easily be im- agined. So the action of the Conveution is easily accounted for. The power in question is by no means inher- ent in a written constitution. Switzerland has such a constitution, in large part formed after the pattern of our own. But by that instru- ment the Swiss judiciary is expressly forbid- den to pass on the constitutionality of statutes. Nearly every nation on the European continent has now a written constitution. But in none is the judicial power allowed to extend to con- stitutional questions. The reasons for this jeal- ousy of the courts are partly historical; the judges have always been in a more or less de- pendent position. At the same time the Eu- ropean conception of the nature of government is radically different from that which prevails here. We regard court, executive, and legis- lature, as alike merely the agents of sover- eignty, and each as strictly limited by specific- ally delegated powers. The European view is substantially that of England—and that is, the omnipotence of the legislature. Such varia- tions in detail as exist may tend to the inde- pendence of the executive, as is the case in the German Empire. But the historic causes which have left the monarch strong have not acted to add power to the courts. They still hold a subordinate place. The whole question has a new interest to the American student of political science in the light of the extraordinary position of the Su- preme Court in the memorable case of Juil- liard'vs. Greenman. That ground is substan- tially this: that Congress has all the powers which the national legislatures of foreign sov- ereign and civilized governments have and use, as incidental to powers identical with the ex- press powers given to our Congress—provided only that such powers are not prohibited to Congress by the constitution. It is difficult to see how this doctrine does not come very near to confounding the radical difference between the European and American views of government. It certainly stops little short of vesting in Congress the English par- liamentary omnipotence. And if, as Mr. Coxe suggests, Congress were to enact that the Su- preme Court should under no circumstances declare a Federal statute unconstitutional, so long as the decision in Juilliard vs. Greenman remains law the court would certainly be bound to accept such supposed enactment as valid. And that at one blow would destroy the coor- dinate independence of the judiciary. Is not the decision in Juilliard vs. Greenman, then, in effect a grave menace to the very power of the court which we have come to regard as one of the strongest bulwarks of constitutional free- dom? In the light of these considerations, the ques- tion of judicial power as related to unconstitu- tional laws is worthy of careful and renewed attention. It lies at the very heart of the vital distinction which we have been accustomed to make between the State and the government of the State. XT „ T Harry Pratt Judson. Hecext Poetry.* Mr. Lang's recent 'I rally of fugitive rhymes" consists mostly of trifles, but trifles of the exquisite sort that he almost alone knows how to throw off. Of the small number of wholly serious poems in- cluded, the place of honor must be given — as in- deed it is in the volume — to " A Scot to Jeanne d'Arc." Happily, it is not too long to quote. "Dark Lily without blame, Not upon ns the shame. Whose sires were to the Auld Alliance true. They, by the Maiden's side, Victorious fought and died, One stood by thee that fiery torment through, Till the White Dove from thy pure lips had passed, And thou wert with thine own St. Catherine at the last. * Bam and Arriere Ban. A Rally of Fugitive Rhymes. By Andrew Lang. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. English Poems. By Richard LeGallienne. Boston: Cope- land & Day. Cuckoo Songs. By Katharine Tynan Hinkson. Boston: Copeland & Day. The Kestrel's Nest, and Other Verses. By Alfred Cochrane. New York: Longmans, Green. & Co. Poems. By Langdon Elwyn Mitchell. Boston: Hough- ton, Mifflin & Co. Lyrics and Sonnets. By Harry B. Smith. Chicago: The Dial Press. A Lover's Diary. Songs in Sequence. By Gilbert Parker. Chicago: Stone & Kimball. The Quest or Heracles, and Other Poems. By Hugh McCulloch, Junior. Chicago: Stone & Kimball. When Hearts Are Trumps. By Tom Hall. Chicago: Stone & Kimball. 64 [Aug. 1, THE DIAL "Once only didst thou see In artists* imagery. Thine own face painted, and that precious thing Was in an Archer's hand From the leal Northern land. Alas, what price would not thy people bring To win that portrait of the ruinous Gulf of devouring years that hide the Maid from us! "Born of a lowly line, Noteless as once was thine. One of that name I would were kin to me, Who, in the Scottish Guard, Won this for his reward. To fight for France, and memory of thee Not upon us, dark Lily, without blame, Not on the North may fall the shadow of that shame. "On France and England both The shame of broken troth, Of coward hate and treason black must be; If England slew thee, France Sent not one word, one lance. One coin to rescue or to ransom thee. And still thy Church unto the Maid denies The halo and the palms, the Beatific prize. "But yet thy people calls Within the rescued walls Of Orleans; and makes its prayer to thee; What though the Church have chidden These orisons forbidden. Yet art thou with this earth's immortal Three, With him in Athens that of hemlock died. And with thy Master dear whom the world crucified." It seems, according to Mr. Lang's notes, that Jeanne d'Arc led a Scottish force at Lagny, that she her- self declared her portrait to have been made by a Scottish archer, and that two Langs (or Lains) were in the French service about 1507. All of which afford excellent reasons, if any were needed, why a fin de dix-neuvieme siecle Scot should have paid this beautiful tribute to the Maid of Orleans. Be- fore turning to Mr. Lang's lighter verse, we must find room for this characteristic erratum concern- ing the sonnet "Britannia": "Reader, a blot hath escaped the watchfulness of the set- ter-forth: if thou wilt thou raayst amend it. The sonnet on the forty-fourth page, against all right Italianate laws, hath but thirteen lines withal: add another to thy liking, if thou art a Maker; or, if thou art none, even be content with what is set before thee. If it be scant measure, be sure it is choicely good." But how could a man who is a Maker let such a thing escape him? The sonnet called " Gallia," at least, is correct in scheme, and is worth reproducing because of the abbreviated verse so rarely employed by English sonneteers. "Lady, lady neat Of the roguish eye, Wherefore dost thou hie, Stealthy, down the street, On well-booted feet? From French novels I Gather that you fly Guy or Jules to meet. "Furtive dost thou range Oft thy cab to change; So; at least,'t is said: Oh, the sad old tale Passionately stale, We 've so often read!" This is something of a tour de force, although less so than the Frenchman's sonnet-epitaph for a young "Fort Belle, FJIe Dort. Sort Frele, Quelle Mortl "Rose Close, La Brise L'a Prise." In " The Restoration of Romance" and "The Tour- ney of the Heroes " we have two poems in celebra- tion of the Haggard - Stevenson -Doyle -Weyman school of fiction. Mr. Lang, as he has often let us know before, does not like novels that lead to soul- searching, and Mrs. Humphry Ward is his bite noire. The second of these poems is a spirited bal- lad in which Ivanhoe, Hereward, Gotz, Porthos, and others, do battle with a motley crowd of such mod- erns as Felix Holt and Silas Lapham and David Grieve. The fight is soon narrowed down, until, "At length but two are left on ground, and David Grieve is one. Ma foy, what deeds of derring-do that bookseller hath done! The other, mark the giant frame, the great portentous fist I 'T is Porthos I David Grieve may call on Kuenen an he list." But why should David call on Kuenen? That might have been Robert Elsmere's refuge, but Friar Tuck settled him before he had time to call upon any sort of patron saint. It is needless to say that Porthos remains in possession of the field. There are a number of personal tributes in Mr. Lang's volume, and from that written " For Mark Twain's Jubilee" we make one inimitable extract. "How many and many a weary day. When sad enough were we, 'Mark's way' (Unlike the Laureate's Mark's) Has made us laugh until we cried, And, sinking back exhausted, sighed, LikeGargery, Wotlarx!" One looks askance at a group of poems described as "written under the influence of Wordsworth," but the following example will show that it is only Mr. Lang's f-f-fun: "Mist, though I love thee not, who puttest down Trout in the Lochs (they feed not, as a rule, At least on fly, in mere or river-pool When fogs have fallen, and the air is lown. And on each Ben, a pillow not a crown, The fat folds rest), thou. Mist, hast power to cool The blatant declamations of the fool Who raves reciting through the heather brown. "Much do I bar the matron, man, or lass Who cries ' How lovely!' and who does not spare, When light and shadow on the mountain pass,— Shadow and light, and gleams exceeding fair, O'er rock, and glade, and glen,— to shout, the Ass, To me, to me the Poet, 'Oh, look there 1'" But we must leave something for readers of the 1894.] 65 THE DIAL book itself, and will close with a few lines inscribed *° "The Unknown Correspondent, who, With undefatigable pen, And nothing in the world to do, Perplexes literary men," and to whom is addressed this solemn adjuration: "O friends with time upon your hands, O friends with postage stamps in plenty, 0 poets out of many lands, 0 youths and maidens under twenty, Seek out some other wretch to bore. Or wreak yourselves upon your neighbours, And leave me to my dusty lore. And my unprofitable labours!" Mr. Richard LeGallienne's volume of "English Poems " opens with some lines "to the reader," from which we make this quotation: 44 0 shall we hear an English song again! ■ Still English larks mount in the merry morn, And English May still brings an English thorn, Still English daisies up and down the grass, Still English love for English lad and lass — Yet youngsters blush to sing an English song!" "We should not call attention to these verses if they were not obviously intended to provide the collec- tion with a keynote, and if the poems that follow seemed to bear out the suggested claim. But the quality of Mr. LeGallienne's work seems to us any- thing but distinctively English. If it reminds us of one poet more than of another, Rossetti is the man; and we can never think of Rossetti as other than an exotic in the English garden of song. The fol- lowing lines on "The House of Venus" will illus- trate our meaning: 44 Not that Queen Venus of adulterous fame. Whose love was lust's insatiable flame — Not hers the house I would be singer in Whose loose-lipped servants seek a weary sin: Bnt mine the Venus of that morning flood With all the dawn's young passion in her blood, With great blue eyes and impressed bosom sweet. Her would I sing and of the shy retreat Where Love first kissed her wondering maidenhood, And He and She first stood, with eyes afraid. In the most golden house that God has made." This is charming verse, but its inspiration is not ex- actly English. The first half of Mr. LeGallienne's book is given up to " Paolo and Francesca," a poem in Spenserian stanza; "Love Platonic," a group of poems having the common motive suggested by their title; and 44Cor Cordium," another group similarly linked together. These three divisions of the book are apparently intended (we quote from a recent English critic) "to contrast three phases of sexual affection: passion overleaping social law, passion re- strained by social law, and passion sanctioned by social law." The idea is a good one, and the parts of the trilogy are well contrasted. Our own selec- tion shall be taken, not from these groups, but from the miscellaneous portion of the book, and is enti- tled 41 Sunset in the City." 44 Above the town a monstrous wheel is turning, With glowing spokes of red, Low in the west its fiery axle burning; And, lost amid the spaces overhead, A vague white moth, the moon, is fluttering. 44 Above the town an azure sea is flowing, 'Mid long peninsulas of shining sand, From opal unto pearl the moon is growing, Dropped like a shell upon the changing strand. 44 Within the town the streets grow strange and haunted, And, dark against the western lakes of green, The buildings change to temples, and unwonted Shadows and sounds creep in where day has been. 44 Within the town, the lamps of sin are flaring, Poor foolish men that know not what ye are! Tired traffic still upon his feet is faring — Two lovers meet and kiss and watch a star." Mr. LeGallienne's work is very uneven, but is prom- ising at its best. He is still a minor poet, but is pos- sibly in the chrysalis stage of development into some- thing better. Mrs. Hinkson's "Cuckoo Songs" are mostly sim- ple lyrics and ballads, versified Irish legends, and mediaeval aspects of religious emotion. 44 A small monotonous song I sing, My notes are faint and few, Like his whose coming wakes the Spring, Cuckoo! Cuckoo!" "The Resurrection: a Miracle Play," is the most pretentious and perhaps the best of these pieces. 44 God's Bird " is a pretty conceit, and may be taken for our illustration. 41 Nay, not Thine eagle. Lord,— No golden eagle I, That creep half-fainting on the sward, And have not wings to fly. 14 Nor yet Thy swallow dear, That, faring home to Thee, Looks on the storm and hath no fear, And broods above the sea. 44 Nor yet Thy tender dove, Meek as Thyself, Thon Lamb! I would I were the dove, Thy love. And not that thing I am! 44 But take me in Thy hand. To be Thy sparrow, then; Were two sparrows in Holy Land, One farthing bought the twain. 44 Make me Thy sparrow, then, That trembles in Thy hold; And who shall pluck me out again, And cast me in the cold? 44 But if I fall at last, A thing of little price. If Thou one thought on me hast cast, Lo, then my Paradise!" A defective sense of rhythm is manifest in most of these "Cuckoo Songs," marring what would often otherwise have been an effective bit of lyric. In the season which is, at least theoretically, one of rest, relaxation, and recuperation, one might do worse than heed the voice of the summer philoso- pher who persuades us to join him in his rustic re- treat with such arguments as these: 44 Here the sleek shorthorns in the shade Crop clover by the gate, Without (thank heav'n) a dairymaid Who, tossed by savage Fate, Comes onr weak intellect to vex, Like D'Urbervilian Tess, With sombre riddles of the sex. Far too abstruse to guess. 66 [Aug. 1, THE DIAL "When the spruce chaffinch twitters clear, Amid the apple bloom. No social problems bore ray ear. No prophecies of gloom; And when the sparrows in the eaves Salute the morning haze, I catch among the ivy leaves No word of Ibsen's plays." These stanzas are extracted from "The Kestrel's Nest, and Other Verses," by Mr. Alfred Cochrane, a volume of vers de societS which we do not hesitate to place among the best of its class—with the work of Mr. Dobson, Mr. Locker, and Mr. Lang. Which position we proceed to defend by these lines from "Omnia Vincit": "Love, I said in my wisdom, Love is dead. For all his fabled triumphs — and instead We find a calm affectionate respect Doled forth by Intellect to Intellect. "Yet when Love, taking vengeance, smote me sore, My Siren called me from no classic shore; It was no Girton trumpet that laid low The walls of this Platonic Jericho. "For when my peace of mind at length was stole, I thought no whit of Intellect or Soul; Nay! I was cast in pitiful distress By brown eyes wide with truth and tenderness." Another example may be taken from the stanzas "To Anthea," which illustrate a form of self-abase- ment not uncommon among lovers. "My taste in Art she hailed with groans, And I, once charmed with bolder tones, Now love the yellows of Burne-Jones: But then, She likes them. My tunefnl soul no longer hoards Stray jewels from the Empire boards; I revel now in Dvorak's chords: But then, She strikes them. "Our age distinctly cramps a knight; Yet, though debarred from tilt and fight, I can admit that black is white, If she asserts it. Heroes of old were luckier men Than I — I venture now and then To hint — retracting meekly when She controverts it." What could be more delicious in its humor than "The Ballade of Classical Music "— "What time the string quintette is long. And concert chairs grow hard, may be, While strange-named fiddlers, going strong, Have not yet finished ' Movement 3,' "Think not our Baddened air ennui, Others have this dejection had; We do but with the poet agree. And still sweet music makes us sad " — with its " Envoy "— "Be merciful, fair devotee, The Leit motiv, which makes you glad, Sometimes the novice fails to see, And still sweet music makes us sad." One complete poem—" Upon Lesbia, Arguing "— must end our extracts. "My Lesbia, I will not deny, Bewitches me completely; She has the usual beaming eye, And smiles upon me sweetly: But she has an unseemly way Of contradicting what I say. "And, though I am her closest friend, And find her fascinating, I cannot cordially commend Her method of debating: Her logic, though she is divine, Is singularly feminine. "Her reasoning is full of tricks, And butterfly suggestions; I know no point to which she sticks, She begs the simplest questions; And, when her premises are strong, She always draws her inference wrong. "Broad, liberal views on men and things She will not hear a word of; To prove herself correct she brings Some instance she has heard of; The argument ad hominem Appears her favorite stratagem. "Old Socrates, with sage replies To questions put to suit him, Would not, I think, have looked so wise With Lesbia to confute him; He would more probably have bade Xantippe hasten to his aid. "Ah! well, ray fair philosopher, With clear brown eyes that glisten So sweetly, that I much prefer To look at them than listen, Preach me your sermon: have your way. The voice is yours, whate'er you say." We commend this masterly study to those inter- ested in the comparative psychology of the sexes. The "Poems " of Mr. Langdon Elwyn Mitchell are grave, thoughtful, and refined. While never rising to great altitudes, they exhibit mastery of material, and the restraint of one who recognizes his limitations. They have, for the most part, a healthy objectivity that removes them as far as pos- sible from the mere Hirngespinnst of most amateur writers of verse. Mr. Mitchell can paint a quiet picture or give expression to a passing mood with much command of subtle verbal effect. For a pic- ture, let us take these lines: "There is an old town by the sea, That lies alone and quietly. Behind, the sand-dunes bleak and gray Stretch to the low hills away j Before, the ripple laps and calls. Running along the weedy walls; Like crescents pale, on either side The silver sands receive the tide; And from the winding streets you see The great green waters of the sea." And for a mood, these verses, that follow upon the highly poetical description of an autumn day: "And my deep heart within, Like a calm lake, reflects the golden scene, Distinct in all its glory, e'en to where The distant hills loom up in the warm air. Melting in silvery haze. "How sweet, how good It is to be reborn into this mood Of natural ending: to be satisfied With the world's age, and ebb of its great tide. Too often do we fall from such content; 1894.] 67 THE DIAL Estranged from our own nature, wryed and bent, As saplings in the forest by the snow, Heavily fallen, and which never grow Erect again; — Life falls on us e'en so! And, wrenched at heart too rudely, we become Like those whose spirits, fading on the gloom And bitterness of things, see naught to please Where others find a blessedness or ease; Whom nothing satisfies: nor love, nor mirth j Not clouds, and not the sun's bright looking forth; Not Life! — forever sliding into change; Not Death! — for death's unnatural and strange. Not with the stillness, and not with the stream, Are snch content: — they feed upon a Dream, And waking from it hunger ceaselessly; Their heaven a desire, eternity Of vain desire." The list of poets that, by virtue of birth or long residence, may be claimed by Chicago is not a lengthy one, but it at least claims respectful consid- eration. It includes the names of B. F. Taylor and H. N. Powers, of Mr. Block, Mr. Horton, Mr. Field, and Mr. McGaffey, of Miss Harriet Monroe, Miss Amanda Jones, and Miss Blanche Fearing. To this list the name of Mr. Harry B. Smith must now be added, and his privately-printed collection of " Lyrics and Sonnets " takes a high place among the works of his fellow-singers. The first impres- sion made by this volume is of unusual range. The serious tone is dominant—so much so that it would seem to preclude exercises in lighter vein—yet when we near the end of the collection we come upon some vers de sociSte and a group of semi-humorous songs of a bibliophile. Perhaps the best of these "bookish ballads" is the "Editio Princeps," of which one stanza may be given. "The contents of this work are found In new editions lately dated. Uncut, gilt tops, good type, well bound, And admirably illustrated. But connoisseurs give these no heed; To own such things they've no ambition; For though they 're good enough to read. They are not like a first edition." We must find room, also, before turning to Mr. Smith's more thoughtful verse, for one of the stanzas addressed "To My Old Pipe (if I had one)." "Old pipe, 't is true thou hast seen better days, Thou 'rt shabby and much worn; Thou art malodorous. My lady says Thou art not to be borne. And yet't is true that thou hast served me well Despite thy gruesome mien. No one, save I, thy master, e'er can tell Bow faithful thou hast been. (One little thing this sentiment debars I only smoke cigars.)" The author, when serious, is very serious indeed, often falling into a vein of religious sentiment that recalls the accent of Clough. That poet might easily have penned the following quatrain: "'T was Donbt that solved the riddles of the past, Slew Error's faiths, red-handed and uncouth. This will perfect the souls of men at last: Men must be doubters ere they see the truth." The note is still graver in such a poem as " The Fortunate Ones ": "Are not the dead God's favorites after all? Is death the goal? At least they are at rest Whom the great mother lulls upon her breast To sleep in silence. Not for them the brawl And tumult that are life's when life is best; For where iB living one, however blest, Into whose chalice bitter drops ne'er fall? If the sad echo of an anguished cry That ever haunts the minds that darkly grope Speaks truth,— if man clings to a shadowy hope, His Maker's likeness only born to die,— Still are the dead God's favorites, mocked no more By a poor faith we cling to and adore Like helpless slaves of chance. At rest they lie." Among Mr. Smith's sonnets, the most noteworthy are the group upon Egyptian themes and the "Shake- speare." The latter has already done duty as a pre- face to the author's comedy of the player-poet, and we reproduce it here as an example of his best work. "0 soul of mine, thou farest in strange ways On thy mind-journey; meadows sunlit bright Thou traversest where variant flowers delight And lure aside; in grey mysterious haze Thou wand'rest phantom-led thro' many a maze; Thou bravest rivers rolling with swift might, Lingerest on little hills of graceful height; In stately woods thou dreamest happy days. Until a lonely mountain-top is won. Font of the streams and mother of the vales, Whose verdant slope all Elfland plays upon, On whose fair brow Truth's star faints not nor pales, Whence in the noontide eagles seek the snn, Where in the moonlight sob the nightingales." The sestet of this sonnet, while not absolutely fault- less, is deserving of very high praise. "A Lover's Diary " is a sequence of over a hun- dred sonnets, recording the various modulations of the lover's mood. Such a work naturally challenges comparison with " The House of Life" and "Son- nets from the Portuguese," and these works have but to be named to make it clear how far Mr. Parker has fallen short from such achievement as they denote. In spite of the true and tender sen- timent that runs like a golden thread through the fabric of his weaving, and in spite of the happy phrases and exquisite single verses that occasionally reward the reader, the general level of this series of poems is bardly above the commonplace. In this case, as in so many others, facility seems to have been the successful foe of that concentration of feel- ing demanded by the sonnet form. We quote one of the best of the pieces: "It is enough that in this burdened time The soul sees all its purposes aright. The rest — what does it matter? Soon the night Will come to whelm us, then the morning chime. What does it matter, if but in the way One hand clasps ours, one heart believes us true; One understands the work we try to do, And strives through Love to teaoh us what to say? Between me and the chilly outer air Which blows in from the world, there standeth one Who draws Love's curtains closely everywhere, As God folds down the banners of the snn. Warm is the place about me, and above Where was the raven, I behold the dove." We have called these poems sonnets, although they depart (as the above example shows) from the or- 68 [Aug. 1, THE DIAL thodox form. But as long as Shakespeare's sonnets go by that name, there will be warrant for the lib- erty we have taken. Mr. McCulloch's "The Quest of Heracles, and Other Poems," includes classical idyls, sonnets, and a few miscellaneous pieces. The rhymed couplet and the terza rima are the forms chiefly favored in the longer poems, and are used with graceful pre- cision, although hardly with display of poetic en- ergy. The following sonnet is a fair sample of this writer's work: "Fain would I journey from these barren lands Where I was born, unto the magic isles Of tropic seas, where Winter kindlier smiles Than doth the Summer of our northern strands. And I would wander on the golden sands Of tropic rivers, reaching miles on miles Thro' orchid-bowers, where the sun beguiles Our hearts with scattered gifts from lavish hands. Then Homer to the Old World carries me In hollow ships across the crested main; And Chaucer shows each April-haunted lane Of England. Spenser gives enchanted sea, His summer woods, and purple pageantry. While Dante guides me through the world of pain." "When Hearts Are Trumps" is a collection of trifles, by turn sentimental and jocose. They are lamentably lacking in finish, and not always in good taste. Why was it always my fate to endure? will not do for the closing verse of a sonnet, and "She's accustomed to sitting on rocks in the glen; She is also accustomed to sitting on men," will not do for the closing couplet of any kind of a jingle that is expected to be taken seriously. We are not sure that "When You Are Rejected " will do, either; but we leave that question for our read- ers to decide. Don't say, 1 Good day,' Then grab the door and slam it. Be quite Polite: Go oat, and then say,' it!"' The neatest thing we have found in the volume is "A Drop Too Much": "I praised her hair, I praised her lips, She looked up with surprise; I bowed to kiss her finger-tips, And then she dropped her eyes. "I said love ruled the world, that 1 Adored her; called her ' Nan.' She merely looked a little shy. And then she dropped her fan. "I took the hint, and at her feet I knelt — yes, quite absurd; Bnt oh, ray fond heart wildly beat To hear her drop a word. "I told her all: my talents few, My direful lack of pelf. (We all have erred.) She said 'Ahem,' And then dropped me myself." A word of praise should be given to the dainty dress given by the publishers to this and the two preceding volumes. William Morton Payne. Briefs on New Books. Amid the multitude of books about Venice' "fife on the Woons," by Mr. Horatio F. Brown, well deserves the new and fuller edition just given it by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. It represents minute investiga- tion and a well-nigh complete acquaintance with the history and customs of that city of many vicissitudes. Every fact is verified by painstaking research, in museum and library, from architect and gondolier. Here is no mere "afterglow" of European travel, but all that long residence and daily familiarity with picturesque scenes can give to the scholar. The author's faults are all on the side of diffuseness and breadth. We feel that with a threefold point of view-—the historical, the archaeological, and the artistic — he is wittingly attempting the work of a Lanciani, a Symonds, and a Howells or Hopkinson Smith, all in one volume. We are even slightly an- noyed to find so able and conscientious a writer go- ing so widely afield. While he nobly proves his own versatility, he leaves the reader uncertain as to his real object. The title, "Life on the Lagoons," is itself misleading. One recalls, at so poetic a title, the roseate hues and warmth of the "pink" city, and scarcely forgives the writer for the matter-of- fact and prosaic method of treatment apparent in the opening chapters especially. The two points open to criticism are alike due to the book's com- prehensiveness. It is scarcely to be expected that a couple of dozen topics, ranging from banks and ferros to villottes, should be woven together iDto a consistent whole. And if such a collection of odd sketches is necessarily fragmentary, it is likely also to be deficient in that indefinable and peculiarly Venetian quality, atmosphere. The first paper — we will not say chapter, the sketches are so evi- dently written with no aim at continuity—is a pre- cise condensation of all Venetian history, which the author " trusts may prove useful" to visitors. The papers following, "The Gondola," "The Traghetti," "A Gondolier's Bank," "Sails and Sail-making," reveal an almost technical accuracy, and from the very novelty of their separate treatment are inter- esting as well as "useful." Perhaps the nearest approach to color is in the pages descriptive of All Souls' Day and popular superstitions. Information, pressed down and running over, is occasionally en- livened by a gleam of quaint humor; as when the author drolly says, "Dreams are so important in the conduct of life, and it is so dangerous to lose one, that this belief may in part account for the univer- sal custom of Bleeping with the outer shutters closed." The illustrations of the book are either too few or too many, according as it is viewed as a descriptive sketch-book or a collection of information. In the latter case, they do not illustrate as well as the dia- grams, though it would doubtless be considered a manifest absurdity to print a book about Venice, however learned or scholarly, without pictures of a gondola, San Giorgio, and the bathers at Lido. 1894.] 69 THE DIAL The two earlier volumes of “The of this volume with the volumes in which Professor West Irich Huxley's “ Collected Essays” are now issuing from Folk-Tales. don) dealt with the Antiquities and the American press. The contents of this volume Curiosities of the Exchequer, and the Sculptured (which Mr. Collingwood edits) are five lectures Signs of London. The third number contains a very dating from 1870 to 1885. The first and most gen- good collection of “West Irish Folk-Tales,” by Will erally interesting is a talk about “ Verona and Its iam Larminie. The field of Irish folk-lore is but Rivers.” It touches not only upon the history and little worked, and a large part of the work already art of the beautiful city of the Adige, but also upon done lacks definiteness and scientific value. Mr. the importance of properly controlling the rivers Larminie's work appears to be accurate and pains- of Italy, in avoidance of the havoc wrought by taking. His stories at times approach those of Ger freshets and for increase of the fruitfulness of the many, at other times those of the Highland Scotch. soil. Of the other lectures, one is a sort of supple- He believes that they show influence of two or more ment to “ Aratra Pentelici," and two were intended ethnic streams — presenting a curious mixture of for a new volume of “Our Fathers Have Told Us.” the domesticity of the Teutonic and the wildness of The editor explains just how these latter two were the Gaelic races. This peculiarly wild character to fit into the scheme of the work as originally emotional, variable, explosive,-is shown repeatedly planned. The remaining lecture, “ The Story of in the stories. Very conspicuous in the style is that Arachne,” is a brief address to students at Wool- remarkable involution where subordinate and sub- wich, made in 1870. If we are to have an extract, subordinate matter is introduced into the narrative it may as well conie from this lecture, and the clos- until one is almost in despair of ever again finding ing passage is now not without a certain timeliness. the “thread of the story.” Certain set passages re “I have some workmen myself, and have had, for cur in story after story, and certain stock incidents many years, under me. Heaven knows I am not appear again and again. Thus, “she smothered independent of them ; and I do not think they either him with kisses and drowned him with tears : she are, or wish to be, independent of me. We depend dried him with the finest cloths and with silk,” is heartily, and always, — they upon my word, and a favorite passage. These “runs" are frequently upon my desire for their welfare ; — I, upon their in mysterious language, incomprehensible now and work, and their pride in doing it well, and, I think, perhaps always meaningless. Besides comparisons also, their desire to do it well for me. Believe me, pointed out by the author, others might be men my friends, there is no such thing as independence tioned. Thus, the incident of the hunter who kills till we die. In the grave we shall be independent a raven, whose red blood staining the white snow to purpose,—not till then. While we live, the de- leads him to vow that he will never marry a woman fence and prosperity of our country depends less “whose head was not as black as the bird's wing, even on hearts of oak than on hearts of flesh; on and her skin as white as the snow and her cheeks the patience which seeks improvement with hope as red as the blood,” recurs in American Indian but not with haste; on the science which discerns folk-lore. The decision of the girl-wife as to whether what is lovely in character and honorable in act; a foal belongs to the mare or the horse suggests that and on the Fine Art and tact of happy submission in Chatelain's Angola Tale of “The Lawsuit of Leop to the guidance of good men, and the laws of na- ard and Antelope.” Mr. Larminie urges the im ture, and of heaven." portance of writing down folk-lore in the Gaelic language, and gives specimens in Gaelic phonetically Mr. J. B. Yeats's “ A Celtic Twi- Lights and shadows of a light” (Macmillan) is a pretty book spelt. Celtic Twilight of some two hundred pages, contain- The new volume by Mr. Ruskin, en ing twenty brief tales and sketches written mostly A nere volume of Essays by titled “ Verona and Other Lectures,” for “The National Observer.” Most of the stories Mr. Ruskin. is published in this country by Messrs. were told Mr. Yeats by one Paddy Flynn, a " little Macmillan & Co. In order to secure copyright bright-eyed old man who lived in a leaky and one- under the American law, the type has been reset ; roomed cabin in the village of Ballisadore ” — the and we mention this fact mainly for the purpose of most “gentle,” that is the most faery, place in calling attention to the remarkable way in which County Sligo. So full was Paddy's head of the lore the mechanical features of Mr. Ruskin's own edi of dhouls and fairies, water-horses, kelpies, house- tions have been imitated. Typography, paper, and ghosts, and the like local hobgoblins, that he was binding all follow so closely the books issuing from more than suspected of being a little uncanny him- Mr. George Allen's establishment that one has to self. It was whispered about that he had “strange look twice before realizing that he has to do with sights to keep him cheerful or to make him sad”; an American imitation. As long as the objection and he owned that he had once seen the banshee- able clause of our copyright law remains, we shall “ down there,” as he said, “ by the water, batting have to put up with imitations; and thanks are due the river with its hands." That Paddy's vision on to any publisher who will copy so well a good En this occasion was artificially quickened seems prob- glish edition. The difference between a good copy able. Like many of the “finest pisanthry in the and a poor one is well illustrated by a comparison | world,” he had a liking for potheen; and, indeed, 70 [Aug. 1, THE DIAL his death was brought about by the gift of a large bottle of it. The sight of so much liquor, says the author quaintly, " filled him with a great enthusiasm, and he lived upon it for some days, and then died." Death kindly closed his eyes to the fact when the potheen was nearly exhausted. Mr. Yeats filled his note-book with Paddy's tales and sayings, and re- produces them with good effect in the present vol- ume. Besides the folk-lore, there are some amus- ing character sketches — notably "The Last Glee- man," being the account of one Michael Moran, a blind beggar and ballad-singer, and the admitted rector of his class in Dublin. "He was not much to look at, with his coarse frieze coat with its cape and scalloped edge, his old corduroy trousers and great brogues, and his stout stick made fast to his wrist by a thong of leather; and he would have been a woeful shock to the gleeman Maclonglinne could that friend of kings have beheld him in pro- phetic vision from the pillar stone at Cork." Tet Michael was a true gleeman, being poet, jester, and newsman of the people. In the morning his wife or a neighbor would read the newspaper to him until interrupted with, "That'll do—I have me medita- tions "; and he would sally forth duly inspired for the day's store of jest and rhyme. We subjoin a specimen of his lighter improvisation: "In Egypt's land contagions to the Nile, King Pharaoh's daughter went to bathe in style. She tuk her dip. then walked unto the land; To dry her royal pelt she ran along the strand. A bulrush tripped her, whereupon she saw A smiling babby in a wad o' straw. She tuk it up, and said, with accents mild, 'Tare-an'-agerg, girls, which av yei owns the child ?'" The book is fresh and amusing, and it is beautifully made and printed. The hutorian The R-ev- Alexander Robertson's Life 0/the Council of Fra Paolo Sarpi, the heroic and of Trent. learned Venetian friar (1552-1623), is interesting and timely. The long-decreed monu- ment to Fra Paolo has recently been unveiled in Venice, and his body, after two centuries of con- cealment, has found an honored resting-place in the church of the Campo Santo on the island of San Michele. There are many tributes from eminent pens to the worth and learning of Fra Paolo. Gib- bon calls him "the incomparable historian of the Council of Trent," and Galileo owned him "My father and my master." As a metaphysician, says Macaulay, "he anticipated Locke"; and, he adds, "what he did, he did better than anybody." In Walton's " Life of Sanderson" we find the Bishop quoted as lamenting a lost opportunity of seeing "one of the late miracles of general learning, pru- dence, and modesty, Sir Henry Wotton's dear friend Padre Paolo ... a man whose fame must never die till virtue and learning shall become so useless as not to be regarded." Dr. Robertson's Life of Fra Paola Sarpi (published by Thomas Whittaker) is compact and readable, and it contains portraits and a fac-simile of a letter of Fra Paolo's. A new volume of the "Mermaid" 8eri<* (^Ported by Scribner) is de- voted to Richard Steele, and edited by Mr. G. A. Aitken, of all persons the most com- petent for such a task. In this case we have, not the "best plays," but all the plays of our author— that is, the four comedies, and the fragments of two others, first printed by Nichols in 1809. We have also a surprise in the shape of two plates instead of the one that has been the rule in this series, Colley Cibber being the subject of the second. Mr. Ait- ken's introduction is lengthy, and is here and there indebted to his exhaustive biography for such phrases and sentences as were found convenient for use. Value and ^n "'^ne Empire, Its Value and gnath of the Growth" (Longmans), an inaugural British Empire. address delivered last year at the Imperial Institute, Mr. W. E. H. Lecky briefly dis- cusses the vexed question of the utility to England of her dependencies. The issue is clearly presented, and the broader reasons pro and con are fairly stated. Mr. Lecky is plainly no friend to the plan of gradu- ally paring down British domain to the sweet simpli- city of two islands; and he combats the views of Cobden and Mill and the Manchester School gener- ally with his usual force. The little book may be read through at a sitting, and it will repay the reading. BRIEFER MENTION. Two recent classical texts are a revised edition (Ginu) of Professors Goodwin and White's "Anabasis" (the first four books), and Cicero's " Laelius," edited by Mr. E. S. Shuckburgh, and revised for American use by Mr. Henry Clark Johnson (Macmillan). Among modern lan- guage texts we have " A Preparatory German Reader" (Ginn), by Mr. C. L. Van Daell; George Sand's "La Petite Fadette" (Heath), edited by Mr. F. Aston- Binns; and the whole of Schiller's " Wallenstein " (Holt) in a very attractive volume edited by Professor W. H. Can nth. The notes, illustrations, and other apparatus of this latter text indicate careful and judicious selec- tion from the vast amount of material upon which an editor of " Wallenstein" must draw. We note the receipt of two excellent grammar-school text-books. Mr. G. A. Wentworth's "The First Steps in Algebra " (Ginn) is opportune at a time when it really looks as though the much-needed educational reform of the lower grades were impending. One of the first steps of that reform will be to put elementary algebra and geometry into the seventh and eighth grades, and Mr. Wentworth's book is just the sort of help that is needed. Mr. John Fiske's "The War of Independ- ence" (Houghton) appears in the "Riverside Litera- ture " series, and makes the best kind of supplementary reading for boys and girls struggling with United States history. "From Milton to Tennyson" (Allyn & Bacon), by Mr. L. DuPont Syle, is a volume of selected master- pieces followed liy an almost equal volume of notes. It is intended for high-school and possibly for college use. The selection of texts is good, and the notes are help- ful, although an occasional exhibition of irrational pre- 1894.] 71 THE DIAL judice on the part of the writer does not conduce to con- fidence in his judgment. Shelley, in particular, is made the subject of his spleen, and Mr. Swinburne, for stat- ing the perfectly obvious fact that Shelley was the first of English lyrists, is promptly classed with humorists of the Hosea Bigelow type. Even innuendo is not wanting, as in the reference to Shelley's "religious (?) philosophy." Mr. Lauren E. Crane has edited the speeches and ad- dresses of Newton Booth of California (1825-1892), and they are now published in a handsome volume, with introduction, notes, and a portrait. Their author was Governor of California from 1871 to 187tt, and after- wards represented that State in the United States Sen- ate. His political speeches are patriotic in tone, and discuss a great variety of local and national questions. Two of his lectures are entitled "Charles James Fox," and " Morals and Politics." Some newspaper and mag- azine articles are also published. The book is issued by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Baron Nils Posse's "The Swedish System of Educa- tional Gymnastics" was first published four years ago, and has now leached a third edition. For its present issue the book has been rewritten and otherwise elabor- ated, besides being provided with a new and formidable title, "The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gym- nastics" (Lee & Shepard). The general aim of this system is to secure a harmonious and symmetrical de- velopment of the entire body. The text is very fully illustrated, and the book is thus adapted for the work of self-instruction. Mr. A. E. Dolbear's book on "Matter, Ether, and Motion" (Lee & Shepard) has reached a second edi- tion, and the author has taken occasion, not only to re- vise the original text, but to add some new chapters. As a popular exposition of fundamental physical prin- ciples, the work will do well enough, but confidence in the author's judgment is a little shaken by the way in which he toys with the vagaries of spiritualism and telepathy, and suggests that the ingenious speculations of the non-Euclidean geometers may be subject to ex- perimental confirmation. Mr. Samuel Harden Church's "Oliver Cromwell" (Putnam) is an octavo of more than five hundred pages. The author claims to have taken a middle course be- tween Hume's severe treatment of the subject and Car- lyle's somewhat extravagant hero-worship. He has de- voted six years to the work, and has collected a large library of Cromwellian literature. "I have written my book not as a biographical sketch," he says, "but as a narrative or study which aims to present, with sufficient detail, the formation of the commonwealth and its strange paradox of the permanent establishment of civil and religious liberty through a Dictator who respected no law, in working out England's salvation, but the law of necessity; and this for a nation whose fortunes are happily and inseparably linked with the forms of pop- ular monarchy." The work is thoughtful and pains- taking, readable rather than brilliant. Mr. Isaac Meyer is the author of a monograph on "Scarabs" (New York: E. W. Dayton), or to repro- duce in full the sub-title of the work, " the history, man- ufacture, and religious symbolism of the Scarabseus in ancient Egypt, Phoenicia, Sardinia, Etruria, etc.: also, remarks on the learning, philosophy, arts, ethics, psy- chology, ideas as to the immortality of the soul, etc., of the ancient Egyptians, Phujnieians," etc. Mr. Meyer's work seems to be a very thorough and scholarly study of the subject. His remarks upon the modern forgeries of scarabs are particularly interesting, as well as profitable to the would-be amateur Egyptologist. In " The Sacred City of the Ethiopians " (Longmans), Mr. Theodore Bent records the results of an expedition into Abyssinia undertaken last year, and extending over a period of four months. Mrs. Bent accompanied and acted as photographer for the expedition, which proved highly fruitful of archaeological results. The objective point of the expedition was Aksum, the ancient capital of Ethiopia. Mr. Bent predicts that the work of inves- tigation thus begun will eventually "place before our view a vast, powerful, and commercial empire—an em- pire which extended its discoveries to parts of the world which are only now being rediscovered, and possessing a commerce which supplied the ancient world with its most valued luxuries." The book is of great interest. The booklet on " English in the Secondary Schools," mentioned in our last number, is a quasi-official publi- cation of the University of California. It is interest- ing both for the practical and wholesome character of the suggestions made by Professors Gayley and Brad- ley, its authors, and because it illustrates a new method of bringing the university influence to bear upon the lower schools. Other departments of the University are about to follow the lead thus taken, and issue simi- lar special monographs. The English pamphlet may be had from the Recorder of the Faculties at Berkeley. New York Topics. New York, July 20, 1S04. The chief event of the month in the literary world is of course the publication in the "Century Magazine" of the first instalment of the Poe-Griswold correspond- ence. The existence of these papers has been known to a number of people for many years, but all efforts to persuade the late Dr. George H. Moore, their custodian, to allow them to be inspected, failed utterly. It was understood that Dr. Moore, who was Griswold's literary executor, iutended to publish selections from them him- self, but if this were his intention, it was never fulfilled. Dr. Moore having died, Griswold's son, Mr. William M. Griswold, of Cambridge, Mass., was appointed ad- ministrator of his father's estate, and in this way was able to recover the papers. Nearly everybody who has written about Poe since Griswold's death has applied in vain to Dr. Moore for their use. The instalment in the August number of the " Century " comprises a num- ber of Poe's own letters, and letters to him from John P. Kennedy, T. W. White, proprietor of the " Southern Literary Messenger," Nathaniel Beverly Tucker, au- thor of " The Partisan Leader," J. K. Paulding, Charles Anthon, and James E. Heath. The correspondence chiefly relates to the period of Poe's connection with the " Messenger." An interest- ing feature is the picture given of publishing conditions in New York at that time. A New York firm having declined a volume of Poe's " Messenger " tales in 183G, Paulding, who acted as his agent, was constrained to write him t