hat " it would afford mo much pleasure to
have proposed the publication of your book to some
one [other] respectable Bookseller of this city. But
the truth is, there is only one other who publishes any-
thing but School Books, religious works, and the like,


n THE
DIAL [Aug. l,
and with him I am not on terms that would make it
agreeable to me to make any proposition of this nature,
either in my own behalf or that of another." I presume
the other firm referred to was that of Messrs. Wiley &
Putnam. The Poe correspondence is illustrated with
selected drawings by Mr. Sterner, made for the forth-
coming complete edition of Poe's works to be published
by Messrs. Stone & Kimball.
Another notable feature of the August " Century"
is an article on "Conversation in France" by Mine.
Blanc Bentzon. In the September number there will
be an interesting study of " School Excursions in Ger-
many," by Dr. J. M. Rice, author of several important
studies of schools in American cities, recently published
in the " Forum." Dr. Rice visited Germany for the
purpose of taking part in a typical excursion which is
here described. It consisted of a tour of two weeks,
on foot or by rail, through the country of the Reforma-
tion, which had been the particular study of this party
of school children for the preceding term. Students of
pedagogy accompany these excursions and observe their
effect upon the children. The thorough identification
of localities is indicated by the fact that Luther's hymn
was sung by them in the room in which it was written.
A new novel by " Maarten Maartens " will be printed
serially in "Harper's Bazar" during the first part of
1895. The author, Mr. J. M. W. van der Poorten
Schwarz, has removed his residence from "Kasteel
Lunenburgh," Neerlangbrock, to the Chateau de Zuy-
lestein, near Leersum, also in Holland. In a recent let-
ter to an American friend, he expressed himself as much
gratified by the tender of honorary membership in the
Authors Club of New York lately made to him. He
considered it "a delicate and kindly compliment" which
gave him much encouragement. Mr. van der Poorten
Schwarz is just thirty-five years old, and not thirty-
eight, as stated in various biographical articles.
Mr. James Ford Rhodes is spending the summer at
Rye Beach, N. H., busily engaged on the third volume
of his " History of the United States, from the Com-
promise of 1850," which the Messrs. Harper now expect
to publish during the coming season.
"George Mandeville's Husband," a novel just about
to be published by Messrs. D. Appleton & Co., is de-
cidedly reactionary in character in so far as it touches
upon the woman question, and indeed it touches upon
little else. Its author apparently has become disgusted
with advanced views on this subject. The downtrodden
husband of a "woman of mind " expresses himself in
advice to their daughter as follows:
'" Never breakfast in bed, Rosina, unless you're actually
ill,' he would often say; 'it's the first step on the downward
path.'
"' No, father.'
'"Of course your mother is an exceptional woman. She
may do things that would n't look well in an ordinary mor-
tal.'
"' Yes, father.'
"'And never wear a dressing-gown out of your own room.
Put on decent clothes as soon as you step out of your bath.'
"' Yes, father.'"
The author is a well-known English writer who has as-
sumed a pseudonym.
Preparations for holiday books go on apace. Messrs.
Lovell, Coryell, & Co. will issue this fall a handsome
edition of " The Last Days of Pompeii" with views of
the excavations, landscapes, and reproductions of fa-
mous paintings. The same firm will also publish an
edition de luxe of Mrs. Oliphant's " Victorian Age of
English Literature," with portraits of the principal
writers considered. Mrs. Oliphant's articles now ap-
pearing in the " Century Magazine," which deal with
"The Reign of Queen Anne," will be published as a
holiday book with this title. The publishers have ex-
erted themselves to insure a beautiful piece of book-
making. The work in the wood engravings is not likely
to be exceeded this year, if at all, as it seems as nearly
perfect as possible. Arthur Stedman.
TjIterary Notes and Miscellany.
Mr. Gladstone's translation of the Odes and "Car-
men Sreculare " of Horace will be published in Septem-
ber or October next.
Mr. T. Wemyss Reid, editor of the " Speaker," and
author of " Charlotte Bronte, a Monograph," and other
good books, has been knighted by the Queen.
The last work on which the late Sir Henry Layard
was engaged was the condensation of his "Early Ad-
ventures" into one volume, of which he had just finished
the revision.
Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. have in press for imme-
diate publication a complete edition of the poetical works
of Sir Walter Scott, in two volumes, illustrated, with
introduction by Professor Charles Eliot Norton.
The literary historian Herr Heinrich Diintzer, who
celebrated last week his eighty-first birthday, has com-
pleted an exhaustive monograph on J. H. Merck, who
exercised stich a remarkable influence on the develop-
ment of Goethe's genius.
Professor Fiske is lecturing at Oxford this summer
on "Virginia and Her Neighbors," and will repeat the
course before the Lowell Institute next year. Eventu-
ally, the lectures will make a new volume in the author's
history of America.
In "The Bookman's " lists of books most in demand
at the chief bookselling centres of the United Kingdom,
Professor Drummond's " The Ascent of Man " and Mrs.
Caffyn's " A Yellow Aster" run almost neck-and-neck.
Out of the thirteen lists, seven are headed by the for-
mer and five by the latter work.
The Fe'libres are going to indulge in more elaborate
fetes this year. They are to begin at Lyons on the 9th
of August, and to finish at the fountain of Vaucluse on
the 15th of August. On Saturday, the 11th, the Com-
e'die Francaise will act "(Edipe Roi," and on Sunday,
the 12th, " Antigone," at the Roman theatre at Orange.
Professor Maspe'ro's great work on " Les Origines,"
treating of Egypt and Chaldsea, will appear some time
in the autumn, simultaneously in Paris, London, and
New York. It will consist of over eight hundred pages,
copiously illustrated with drawings and maps made ex-
pressly for the work. The English translation, edited
by Professor Sayce, will be published by the S. P. C. K.
It is interesting to learn that Lionardo da Vinci's
"Codice Atlantico," which contains 1,750 writings and
drawings by this celebrated man, is at last to be pub-
lished, presumably by private subscription, in 35 parts,
each containing 40 heliotype plates of reproduction, to-
gether with a double transcription of the text and notes.
The entire work will be printed on special handmade
paper. U. Hoepli is the publisher who has been en-
trusted with this great Italian work.
Italy will have a Tasso celebration April 25 of next


1894.]
73
THE
DIAL
year, the tercentenary of the poet's death. A new life
of Tasso is being written for this occasion by Professor
Angelo Solerti, of Bologna. This book will embody
the valuable matter contained in some 500 documents
hitherto unpublished, and will be illustrated with pho-
togravures of all the portraits of which copies can be
obtained, besides other interesting memorials. Profes-
sor Solerti is also preparing a new and critical edition
of the minor poems of Tasso, of which two volumes
have been already published.
'The Toronto " Week " has the following screed from
an enraged correspondent: "Sir — Can you or any of
your numerous readers inform me how it is that Amer-
ican daily and weekly papers are allowed to be carried
and called in our streets by newsboys? It is most of-
fensive to my ideas of the fitness of things to have the
low-class papers of Detroit, Buffalo, and Chicago flouted
in the streets of Toronto. It is bad enough to have our
second-class booksellers' shops sloppiug over with the
trash that proceeds from the low American daily and
weekly press, without having it stuck under our noses
at every corner of the street."
The "Athenseum" furnishes the following note:
"That 'Hamlet' has been more variously treated and
ill treated than any other Shakespearean play we all
know, but it will be news to our readers that the Ham-
let^Problem as the Germans call it, is shortly to figure
in the courts of law. The bone of contention is the pri-
ority of a certain ingenious analysis of Hamlet's char-
acter. Herr H. Tiirck, a well-known Shakespearean
scholar, maintains that he propounded it first, whilst
Professor Kuno Fischer claims the priority of its excog-
itation. In consequence of this literary squabble, Herr
Tiirck has placed the 'Hamlet-Problem' in the hands
of a lawyer. It will occupy the law courts at Munich,
Professor Kuno Fischer's remarks having appeared in a
Bavarian paper."
The George William Curtis Memorial Committee
publish the following statement: "The committee has
unanimously voted to raise a fund of $25,000, to be de-
voted in part to the procurement and erection of an appro-
priate artistic monument in the city of New York, as a
permanent record of the outward presence of Mr. Cur-
tis, and in part to the foundation and endowment of an
annual course of lectures upon the duties of American
citizenship and kindred subjects, under the title of the
'Curtis Lectureship,' or some similar designation, the
lectures delivered in such course to be annually pub-
lished for distribution. The details of these two fea-
tures of the memorial will be determined and announced
by the committee hereafter. The committee is now
ready to receive subscriptions to the fund required,
which subscriptions should be addressed to Mr. William
L. Trenholm, treasurer, No. 160 Broadway, New York."
WHY FICTION ALONE A8 SERIALS?
Mr. Walter Besant, in a recent number of "The Au-
thor," raises an interesting question as to why matter
for serial publication in periodicals should be limited to
fiction, and suggests that "editors do not as yet recog-
nize the fact that an extremely attractive serial may be
made of a subject not belonging to fiction at all. For
instance, many volumes of poetry are run through va-
rious magazines first. I would run them through one
magazine only. 'Mr. Austin Dobson's new volume of
verse will be commenced in the January number of the
"New Year"; it will run through twelve months and will
be published in volume form in November.' Would not
such an announcement be attractive? Or this: 'Pro-
fessor Dowden's new work on Shakespeare is nearly
completed. It consists of twelve chapters, and is to run
through twelve numbers of the " Cheapside " magazine;
it will then be published in the autumn books of Messrs.
Bungay.' Does anyone pretend that the comparatively
wide circulation of the magazine would not assist the
author in disseminating his teaching and the publisher
in afterwards distributing the book?"
TO A SLEEPER AT ROME.
(For the unveiling, by Edmund Goaae, of the American memorial bust
to the poet Keats in Hampatead Pariah Church, July lfi,
Thy gardens bright with limbs of gods at play —
Those bowers whose flowers are fruits, Hesperian sweets
That light with heaven the soul of him who eats,
And lend his veins Olympian blood of day —
Were only lent, and, since thou couldst not stay.
Better to die than wake in sorrow, Keats,
Where even the Siren's song no longer cheats —
Where Love's long " Street of Tombs" still lengthens grey.
Better to nestle there in arms of Flora,
Ere Youth, the king of Earth and Beauty's heir,
Drinking such breath in meadows of Aurora
As bards of morning drank, .<Egean air,
Woke in Kid's lonely caverns of Ellora,
Carven with visions dead and sights that were!
— Theodore Watts, in The Athemcum.
A BALLADE OF BOOKS WELL BOUND.
From tattered volumes, old and sere,
Some friends I have evolve delight;
The shabbiest the most prized appear
By antiquarians erudite.
These think me a Philistine wight
For ohoosing bindings of the best;
Yet to my taste I have a right,—
I like to see my friends well drest.
I love the antique and the queer,
The curious, quaint, and recondite;
I own the spell of Elzevir,
The charm of pages Aldine hight;
Yet why should age and dirt invite?
Their beanty is not manifest;
Let modern art put them to flight,—
I like to see my friends well drest.
Eve and Le Gascon are too dear;
I cannot have them — would I might!
But Bedford, Michel, and Riviere
Have wrought me leathern marvels bright.
The armor of the bravest knight
Should shine the brightest on his breast.
No moth, no rust, my books shall blight,—
I like to see my friends well drest.
ENVOY.
Friend, wouldst thou fain in sorry plight
Behold a loved and honored guest?
In goodly garb I'd have him dight,—
I like to see my friends well drest.
—From " Bookish Ballads," by Harry B. Smith.
PROTECTION OF AUTIIORS FROM GARBLED REPRINTS.
Judge Dallas, of the United States Circuit Court, sit-
ting in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, recently
made a decision of much importance to authors. It was
occasioned by a garbled and incomplete report of Pro-
fessor Drummond's lecture on "The Ascent of Man,"
published in Philadelphia. The question involved was
not copyright, but the right of an English author to pro-
tection against reprints that misrepresent the character
of his works. We print the significant parts of Judge


74 THE
DIAL [Aug. l,
Dallas's decision: "It appears that the defendant lias
published, and to a considerable extent has sold, a book
purporting to contain certain Lectures delivered by the
plaintiff, which in fact does not present those Lectures
correctly, but with additions and omissions which essen-
tially alter the productions of the author. This is sought
to be justified by the averment that the lectures in ques-
tion had not been copyrighted, and that their author
had dedicated them to the public.
"The subject of copyright is not directly involved.
The complainant does not base his claim to relief upon
the statute, but upon his right, quite distinct from any
conferred by copyright, to protection against having any
literary matter published as his work which is not ac-
tually his creation, and, incidentally, to prevent fraud
upon purchasers. That such right exists is too well set-
tled, upon reason and authority, to require demonstra-
tion, and, although it is equally well established that an
author may, by dedication of any product of his pen to
the public, irrevocably abandon his title, yet in this case
the fact relied on by the defendant to support his asser-
tion of dedication wholly fails to vindicate the publica-
tion complained of.
"The defendant's book is founded on the matter which
has appeared in the ' British Weekly,' and if that mat-
ter had been literally copied, and so as not to misrep-
resent its character and extent, the plaintiff would be
without remedy; but the fatal weakness in the defend-
ant's position is, that, under color of editing the author's
work, he has represented a part of it as the whole, and
even as to the portion published has materially departed
from the reports which he sets up in justification."
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
August, 1894 (First List).
Anarchists, Punishment of. Henry Holt. Forum.
Birds, Nocturnal Migration of. Popular Science.
Church Communion Tokens. Alice M. Earle. Atlantic.
Carnot. Sadi. M. Henry Minaud. Chautauquan.
Cats, Un-cared for. Charles H. Webb. Lipptncott.
Chinese Shops. Will Clemens. Lippincott.
College Graduates and Public Life. T.Roosevelt. Atlantic.
Consular Service, Evils of Our. A. H. Washburn. Atlantic.
Continental Literature, A Year of. Dial.
Crime, Increase, and Positivist Criminology. H.C.Lea. Forum.
Dutch Influence upon America. F. W. Shepardson. Dial.
Egypt, Ancient, The Poetry of. Chautauquan.
English at Amherst. J. F. Genung. Dial.
English Mines and Miners. S. P. Cadman. Chautauquan.
Feminine Phases. Thomas S. Jarvis. Lippincott.
Form and Life. M. Georges Pouchet. Popular Science.
Government Publications, Distribution of. Pop. Science.
Hand-Writing and Character. W. Prayer. Chautauquan.
Harrison, Mrs. Burton. Caroline W. Martin. Southern Mag.
Horsemen, Professional. H. C. Merwin. Atlantic.
Journalism, Chapters in. G. W. Smalley. Harper.
Karakoram Himalayas, In the. Dial.
Laboratory Mind-Study. G.S.Hall and E.W.Scripture. Forum.
Lowell's Letters to Poe. Scribner.
Monmouth. Illus. Julian Ralph. Harper.
Moral Training. John Dewey. Popular Science.
New|x>rt. Illus. W. C. Brownell. Scribner.
Norway Coast, The. Illus. G. C. Pease. Harper.
Photography of Colors. M. Lazare Weiller. Pop. Science.
Poetry, Recent. William Morton Payne. Dial.
Preachers, Pay of. H. K. Carroll. Forum.
Rain-Making. Fernando Sanford. Popular Science.
Stonewall Jackson. Illus. W. W. Scott. Southern Mag.
Toadstools and Mushrooms, Edible. Illus. Harper.
L.IST ok New Books.
[The. following list, embracing BO titles, includes all books
received by The Dial since last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Memoirs Illustrating- the History of Napoleon I. from
1802 to 1815. By Baron Claude-Francois de Meneval;
edited by his grandson. Baron Napoleon Joseph de Men-
eval. Vols. I. and II.; illus., 12mo, gilt tope, uncut. D.
Apple ton & Co. Per vol., $2.
HISTORY.
History of Modern Times: From the Fall of Constantinople
to the French Revolution. By Victor Duruy; trans.,
with notes, etc., by Edwin A. Grosvenor. 12mo, pp. 540.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.60.
Judas Maccabeeus and the Jewish War of Independence.
By Claude Reignier Conder, LL.D. New edition, illus.,
12mo, uncut, pp. 218. MacmiUan & Co. $1.25.
Christianity and the Roman Government: A Study in
Imperial Administration. By E. G. Hardy, M.A. 12nio,
uncut, pp. 208. Longmans, Green, & Co. 81.50.
Recollections of Old Country Life: Social, Political. Sport-
ing, and Agricultural. By J. K. Fowler ('* Rusticus" I,
author of "Echoes of Old Country Life." Illus., 8vo,
uncut, pp. 235. Longmans, Green, & Co. $3.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Cock Lane and Common-Sense. By Andrew Lang. 12mo,
uncut, pp. 357. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2.25.
An English Anthology from Chaucer to Tennyson. Se-
lected and Edited by John Bradshaw, M.A. Fourth edi-
tion; 12mo, pp. 501). Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.50.
Essays and Letters Selected from the Writings of John
Ruskin; with introductory interpretations and annota-
tions. Edited by Mrs. Lois G. Hufford. With portrait,
12mo, pp. 441. Ginn & Co. $1.10.
Grimm's Fairy Tales and Household Stories. Trans, by
Mrs. H. B. Paull and L. A. Wheatley. 12mo, gilt top,
pp. 623. Warne's " Chandos Classics." $1.
Scenes from the Persee of .aSschylus. By the Rev. F. S.
Ramsbotham, M. A. 16mo. Longmans, Green, & Co.
50 eta.
Stories from Plato and Other Classic Writers. By Mary E.
Burt, author of "Literary Landmarks." Illus., 12mo,
pp. 262. Ginn & Co. 50 cts.
POETRY.
Lincoln's Grave. By Maurice Thompson. 16rao, uncut.
Stone & Kimball. $1.
Quaker Idyls. By Sarah M. H. Gardner. With frontis-
piece, I6mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 223. Henry Holt & Co.
75 cts.
FICTION.
The Ebb Tide: A Trio and Quartette. By Robert Louis
Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne. 16mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 204. Stone & Kimball. $1.25.
Outlaw and Lawmaker. By Mrs. Campbell-Praed, author
of " Christina Chard." 12mo, pp. 359. D. Appleton &
Co. $1.
Major Joshua. By Francis Forster. 12mo, pp. 326. Long-
mans, Green, & Co. $1.
Poor Folk. By F. Dostoievsky; trans, by Lena Milnian.
12mo, pp. 187. Roberts Bros. $1.
Between Two Forces: A Record of a Theory and a Pas-
sion. By Flora Helm. 12mo, pp. 238. Arena Pub'g Co.
$1.25.
David and Abigail. By B. F. Sawyer, author of " Lucile."
12mo, pp. 360. Arena Pub'g Co. $1.50.
A Modern Magdalene. By Verna Woods, author of " The
Amazons." 12rao, pp. 346. Lee & Shepard. $1.25.
The Hon. Stanbury and Others. By Two. 16mo, uncut,
pp. 191. Putnam's " Incognito Library." 50 cts.
NEW NUMBERS IN THE PArKR LIBRARIES.
Harper's Franklin Square Library: Sarah — A Survival,
by Sydney Christian; 12mo, pp. 278. 50 cts.
Rand, McNally's Rialto Series: His Will and Hers, by
Dora Russell; 12mo, pp. 314. 50 cts.


1894.]
75
THE
DIAL
Bonner's Choice Series: Yet She Loved Him, by Mrs.
Kate Vaughn, and Jephtha's Daughter, by Julia Ma-
gruder; illus., 12rao, pp. 330.—The Mask of Beauty, by
Fanny Sewald, trans, by Mary M. Pleasants ; illus., 12mo,
pp. 340. Each, 50 cU.
Neely's Library of Choice Literature: The Disappear-
ance of Mr. Derwent: A Mystery, by Thomas Cobb;
12mo, pp. 263. 50 cts.
Hagemann's Traveller's Library: The Queen of Ecuador,
by R. M. Manley; illus., 12mo, pp. 331. 50 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
The Fairest of the Fair. By Hildegarde Hawthorne. Illus.,
16mo, gilt top, pp. 203. Philadelphia: Henry Altemus.
$1.25.
On and Off the Saddle: Characteristic Sights and Scenes
from the Great Northwest to the Antilles. By Lispe-
nard Rutgers. Illus., ltimo, pp. 201. O. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.
SCIENCE.
The International Congress of Anthropology. Edited
by C. Staniland Wake, on behalf of the Publication Com-
mittee. 8vo, gilt top, pp. 375. Chicago: The Sehulte
Publishing Co. $(>.
Studies In Forestry: Being a Short Course of Lectures on
the Principles of Sylviculture. By John Nisbet, D. Oec,
author of 'British Forest Trees." 12mo, uncut, pp. 335.
Macmillau & Co. 82.50.
Human Physiology. By John Thornton, M.A., author of
"Elementary Physiology." Illus., 12mo, pp. 436. Long-
mans, Green, & Co. 81.50.
On Double Consciousness. By Alfred Binet. 12mo, pp.
03. Open Court Co. 15 cts.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES.
The Sphere of the State; or. The People as a Body-Politic,
With Special Consideration of Certain Present Problems.
By Frank Sargent Hoffmann, A.M. 12mo, pp. 275. G.
P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
The Nature of the State. By Dr. Paul Cams. 12mo, pp.
56. Open Court Co. 15 cts.
"Common Sense" Applied to Woman Suffrage. By
Mary Putnam-Jacobi, M.D. 12mo, pp. 236. Putnam's
"Questions of the Day." (1.
The Joint Standard: A Plain Exposition of Monetary Prin-
ciples and of the Monetary Controversy. By Elijah Helm.
12mo, uncut, pp. 221. Macmillan & Co. $1.10.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions with the Alien
Act, etc. 16mo, pp. 26. Lovell's "American History
Leaflets." 10 cts.
RELIGION.
The Claims of Christianity. By William Samuel Lilly.
8vo, uncut, pp. 258. D. Appleton & Co. $3.50.
EDUCATION.
The Philosophy of Teaching. By Arnold Tompkins, au-
thor of " The Science of Discourse." 12mo, pp. 280. Ginn
& Co. 80 cts.
Practical Lessons In Fractions by the Inductive Method,
Accompanied by Fraction Cards. By Florence N. Sloane.
12mo, pp. 02. D. C. Heath & Co. 40 cts.
The Elements of Music. With Exercises. By T. H. Berten-
shaw, B.A. 12mo, pp. 92. Longmans' "Music Course."
35 cts.
JUVENILE.
Children's Singing Games, with the Tunes to Which They
are Sung. Collected and edited by Alice B. Gomme.
Illus., oblong 8vo, pp. 70. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
Up and Down the Nile; or, Young Adventurers in Africa.
By Oliver Optic, author of "The Young Navigators."
Illus., 12mo, pp. 352. Lee & Shepard. $1.25.
Narcissa; or, The Road to Rome. By Laura E. Richards,
author of " Captain January." 12mo, pp. 80. Estes &
Lauriat. 50 cts.
Fairy Tales for Little Readers. By Sarah J. Burke. Kimo,
pp. 133. A. Lovell & Co. 30 cts.
GUIDE-BOOKS.
Pocket Maps and Shippers' Guldes to Colorado, Idaho,
Arizona. Pennsylvania, and New York. Each, 1 vol.,
16mo. Rand, McNally & Co. Each, 25 cts.
THE BOOK SHOP, CHICAdO.
Scarce Books. Back-itombjer magazines. For any book on any sub-
ject write to The Book Shop. Catalogues free.
Rare Books. Prints. Autographs.
WILLIAM EVARTS BENJAMIN,
No. 22 East Sixteenth Street, . . New York.
Catalogue! Issued Continually.
GEORGE P. HUMPHREY,
ANTIQUARIAN BOOKSELLER,
25 Exchange Street,
Rochester, N. Y.
Catalogues of Rare Books are frequently issued, and will be
mailed to any address.
Type-Writing for (Authors,
Professional Men, and others, done by a competent copyist,
in the neatest and most artistic manner. Estimates on appli-
cation. Address
W. R., care The Dial.
EDUCATIONAL.
Bingham School for Boys, A<hpvillr> N C
Established in 1793. rtOUCVIWC, 11. V>.
1793. Major R. BINGHAM, Superintendent. 1894.
MISS aiBBONS' SCHOOL FOR O.IRLS, New York City.
1T1 No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. Sarah H. Emerson, Prin-
cipal. Will reopen October 4. A few boarding pupils taken.
'TODD SEMINARY FOR BOYS, Woodstock, III. An id<
1 school near Chicago. Forty-seventh year.
NOBLE HILL, Principal.
yOUNG LADIES' SEMINARY, Freehold, N. J.
1 Prepares pupils for College. Broader Seminary Course.
Room for twenty-five boarders. Individual care of pupils.
Pleasant family life. Fall terra opens Sept. 12, 1804.
Miss Ecnice D. Sew all, Principal.
TO AUTHORS.
THE DIAL PRESS, Chicago,
Is prepared to undertake the publication of Authors'
Editions or Private Editions of meritorious works
in any department of literature. The services ren-
dered will include the critical revision of MSS. to
prepare them for publication, the editorial super-
vision of works passing through the press, tasteful
and correct typography, and the competent over-
sight of all details necessary to the production of a
complete and well-made book; also, the distribution
of copies to the press and elsewhere as desired. An
extended experience in all the practical details of
book-production, both on the literary and the me-
chanical sides, justifies the guarantee of satisfactory
results to all in need of such services.
Estimates given on application. Address
The Dial Press,
315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.


THE DIAL
[Aug. 1, 1894.
GOULD'S
Illustrated Dictionary
or
Medicine, Biology, and Allied Sciences.
A REFERENCE BOOK
For Editors, General Scientists, Libraries, Newspaper
Offices, Biologists, Chemists, Physicians, Dent-
ists, Druggists, and Lawyers.
Dmni Quarto, OTer 1000 pages. Half Morocco . . net, $10.00
Half Russia. Thumb Index net, 12.00
J y Samples of pages and illustration* free.
P. BLAKISTON, SON & COMPANY,
1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.
THE T{OUND %OBIN
RE/ID/NG CLUB.
Designed for the Promotion of Systematic
Study of Literature.
The object of this organization is to direct the reading of
indiTidoau and small classes through correspondence. The
Courses, prepared by Specialists, are carefully adapted to the
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78
[Aug. 16, 1894.
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THE DIAL
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THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. 196. AUGUST 16, 1894. Vol. XVII.
Contents.
A YEAR OF CONTINENTAL LITERATURE. II. 79
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.
Fred N. Scott
82
WALTER PATER 84
FRANCIS H. UNDERWOOD 85
Frederick Ive:
COMMUNICATIONS
The Teaching of Literature, Again.
Carpenter.
A GREAT PUBLIC SERVANT. Melville B. Anderson 86
THE STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS OF SOCIAL-
ISM. Edward W. Bemis
A BRITISH DIPLOMAT IN THE ORIENT. Ernest
W. Clement
!»1
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 94
Town Life in the Fifteenth Century.—Pleasing Pic-
tures of a Mormon Village.—Literary and Social Sil-
houettes.—Jewish Influence in American Discovery.
—Recollections of English Country Life.
BRIEFER MENTION 96
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman ..... 96
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY
!»7
A YEAR OF CONTINENTAL
LITERATURE.
XL
Resuming the survey begun in our last is-
sue of the year's literary production upon the
European continent, we will first turn to the
Comraendatore Bonghi's report of Italian let-
ters. The death of Adolfo Bartoli, the liter-
ary historian, appears to have been the most
important event of the year. He " was largely
instrumental in introducing a method of crit-
icism which, in more respects than one, was
new to Italy." He found many followers in his
work, and the way is gradually being prepared,
in the author's view, " for a full and elaborate
history of Italian literature conceived upon a
more comprehensive scale than anything that
is yet in existence." Signor d'Annunzio's last
novel, "II Trionfo della Morte," is the most
important work of fiction mentioned. "The
triumph of death in this case is due to a lover
who ends his career by killing his mistress and
himself." Final judgment upon the work is
thus rendered:
"The whole book seems to me false and exaggerated,
aud I must confess that I found the perusal of its five
hundred pages an irksome task. Nevertheless there
are fine passages in it, for Signor d'Annunzio possesses
a real talent for description, and he occasionally strikes
the note of passion with a ring of sincerity. The mor-
ality of the book is anything but wholesome; it shows
the influence of Zola on every page."
ora Serao, who is the favorite authoress
the novel-reading public, has published
volumes of tales and sketches. In poetry,
Signor Carducci has published nothing, but
his "evolution " has " been made the subject
of a discreetly successful book by a young man
named Panzini." We are further told that
"bad poets, as usual, abound, although the
newspapers tell a different tale. But news-
papers, whether political or literary, as a rule
merely reproduce in their criticisms the pub-
lisher's advertisements, which are, of course,
extravagantly laudatory." None of the poets
of the year " is quite equal to a journey across
the Alps, except perhaps Alfredo Baccelli.
. . . His style is refined, his language well
chosen, and his subjects interesting. His book
is called ' Vittime e Rebelli,' and I should be
inclined to rank it above any other contribution
to the poetry of the year." In history, the
writer calls for more art and less matter, com-
plaining that we get nothing but documents
and special researches. "In this department of
literature the book of the year was undoubt-
edly the collected edition of the letters of Col-
uccio Salutati, a celebrated philologist and
statesman of the fourteenth century, brought
out by the historical Institute." Finally, men-
tion is made of the newly organized Society of
French Studies in Italy, which, by encourag-
ing a wider acquaintance with French litera-
ture, will make things uncomfortable for the
too obvious plagiarist and imitator.


80
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
Don Juan F. Riano gives much interest to
the story of the literary year in Spain. That
country is fortunate in the possession of acad-
emies that are willing «»to undertake the pub-
lication of costly works not likely to have a
large circulation." The Academy of History,
for example, has superintended the issue of
several important works, and the Academia
Espanola has published " La Filologia Castel-
lana," by Count de la Vinaza, and the " Teatro
Complete de Juan de la Encino," besides con-
tinuing its monumental edition of Lope de
Vega, and its "Antologia de Poetas Hispano-
Americanos." Columbus and the Melilla af-
fair have been the most "actual" subjects of
historical writing during the year. The most
important contribution to the former is SeSor
Castelar's "Colon," while the latter has called
forth many books and pamphlets. A work
upon "La Toma de Granada," by Senor Da-
valos y Lerchundi, calls for the following in-
teresting note:
"Ever since the capture of Granada on the 2d of
January, 1492, the Royal Maestranza has celebA^fl
that event by meeting in the Bibarambla, and H
squares in Granada, for the purpose of celebrat^pa
mock tournament, jousting and tilting with canas. On
the 2d of January last, which happened to be the quar-
ter-centenary of the conquest of that city as well as that
of the discovery of the New World, the master riders
of Granada decided that, instead of holding the anti-
quated tournament, a prize should be offered to the best
composition in prose or verse recording the taking of
Granada. This the above-mentioned writer has accom-
plished in a creditable manner, at the same time giving
the names and particulars of the titled nobility, prelates,
and knights who appended their signatures to the ca-
pitulation."
Among works of a belletristic character, men-
tion is made of "Margaritas," a volume of
poems by SeHor Limeres; "Torquemada en
la Cruz," a novel by Sefior Perez Galdos ; and
"Origin del Pensamiento" and "El Maes-
trante," novels by Senor Palacio Valde's. Two
important dramas, the "Mariana" of Senor
Echegaray and the " Dolores" of Senor Felin
y Codina, have been performed during the year,
and have disputed for the dramatic prize of a
thousand dollars.
"At last the Academy by a majority of votes de-
cided in favour of Echegaray, a decision which the dis-
appointed party resented, a somewhat fierce polemic in
the newspapers of Madrid being the consequence."
The author concludes with these remarks upon
the general literary situation:
"The demand for books is great and constant, and
authors and publishers are making efforts to supply it,
no matter how: the consequence is that all is in con-
fusion, and anarchy prevails in every branch of litera-
ture, some few still holding tenaciously to the old school
with slight modifications, whilst others (and they are
unluckily the greater number) follow no school and
recognize no rule whatever. No wonder then if Zola's
novels and Count Tolstoy's lucubrations are the fashion
of the day."
Professor S. O. Lambros writes of literary
Greece, and tells as long a story as was to be
expected of so small a country. He begins
with a summary of " Mycenae and the Mycen-
aean Culture," by Christos Tsuntas, the most
important publication of the year. The mem-
oirs of Spyridon Pilikas and Alexander Rhan-
gabe are of much historical value. Kleon
Rhangabe*, a son of the diplomatist just men-
tioned, is the author of "Poems of Sorrow,"
the most important verse of the year. Fiction
is represented by " Our Athens," a social novel
by Nicolas Spandonis ; "The Prime Minister,"
a political romance by G. Vokos ; and volumes
of tales by Constantine Passajiannis, Deme-
trius Hatzopulos, and the late Constantine
Kry stall is.
"Tobacco Juliet," a novel by Zsigmond
Justh, is the best Hungarian novel of the year,
According to Herr Leopold Katscher:
T^I" this book Justh, who is at the head of the more
dl^piguished Hungarian realists of our day, presents a
picture, equally ideal and natural, of plain, simple coun-
try life. Truth is here turned into fiction in a manner
strongly resembling Tolstoy's, and it is not too much to
say that the author has, by this latest work of bis,
reached the front rank of Hungarian fiction."
A long list of other novels is given, but their
authors are practically unknown outside of
Hungary. The same remark may be made of
the poets, of whom Gyozo Dolmady, with his
patriotic songs, Erno Erodi, with his monody
on Kossuth, and Jeno Heltai, with his Kipling-
like lyrics, are singled out for honorable men-
tion. The following remarks are of general
interest:
"Of the many lives of Kossuth which have appeared
the best is the one written by Lajos Hentaller. Of
course, Jokai's jubilee (his seventieth birthday, which,
by the way, was celebrated iu the most enthusiastic
manner throughout the country) has also called forth
various biographical publications. The first ten vol-
umes of the hundred-volume edition of this master's
novels (about two thousand copies of which at 20/. have
been subscribed for) have just been issued."
Gebauer's " Historical Grammar of the Bo-
hemian Language" is described by Mr. V.
Tille as " the most important [Bohemian] pub-
lication of the past twelve months." The first
part only has appeared, but others will soon
follow. Mr. Tille gives most of his attention
to belles-lettres, which
"are from year to year becoming more subject to the
new ideas which have for some time stirred all European


1894.]
81
THE DIAL
literature, and are symptoms of a deep intellectual rev-
olution. Their influence is most conspicuous in the pro-
ductions of the younger generation."
In poetry, there are volumes by Vrchlicky,
Machar, Dvorak, and others; in fiction, many
interesting things. Two novels are thus char-
acterized:
"V. Mristfk strives to describe in his novel ' Santa
Lucia' the struggle for existence and the impressions
of a poor student in Prague. But the leading ideas
grow misty, and the want of a skilful hand, which could
bring order into the multitude of scenes and characters,
is sorely felt. Much the same thing may be said with
regard to F. A. Simacek's ' Two Loves.' Life amongst
the superior and inferior employes on country estates
and in sugar manufactories is minutely and ably de-
scribed; still the leading idea of the whole, the new at-
tachment of an official who had been engaged for many
years to another girl, and the conflicts of his conscience,
is touched upon only in its outward phases, reminding
the reader of many old similar romantic types, and
forming merely a frame for details of life well worked
ont."
The following bit of information is particularly
welcome:
"At last a few competent writers are beginning to
bestow some pains upon literature for children. A fofl
eigner can hardly conceive with what trash Boheniuf
children used to be supplied by writers, male and fe-
male, and how hopeless the search for a good chil-
dren's book was. Only quite lately an improvement
has been noticeable, and last year two particularly nice
books appeared — an illustrated Bohemian history by
Dolensky, under the supervision of Professor Rezek,
of Prague University, and 1 Old Bohemian Historical
Tales,' by Jirasek."
Two or three noteworthy historical works,
one play, one book of poems, several novels,
and a considerable quantity of Kosciuszko lit-
erature, are the leading features of Dr. Adam
Belcikowski's report of Polish letters. The
poems are by A. Asnyk, "the most remarka-
ble Polish poet of the day, at once a finished
artist and a deep thinker." The play is K.
Zalewski's " What Mean You by It?" having
"for its subject an ethical question, which the
author answers in somewhat pessimistic fashion,
viz., whether an honorable deed completed in
obedience to the dictates of conscience is ap-
preciated by the world or not." Of the works
of fiction mentioned, five seem to be of excep-
tional interest. "Emancipation," by B. Prus,
deals with the " woman question." "Naphtha,"
by Maciejowski, "describes with uncommon
energy and much spirit the life of the great
contractors and the poor workmen in a Gali-
cian petroleum bed." "The Two Poles," by
£. Orzeszko, is a psychological romance of two
young people who love one another, but who
"separate because they perceive that the dif-
ference between their ideas and their views of
the world is so great that they could find no
happiness in living together." "There Am I,"
by A. Krechowiecki, is upon the theme "that
an artist cannot attain to intellectual ripeness
so long as he has not through suffering and
higher feelings reached a moral equilibrium."
Finally, the " Mechesy " of Gawalewicz, which
has made "a great stir," is thus described:
"The plot turns upon the marriage of a young lady
belonging to the nobility with the son of a banker of
Jewish extraction. The bride finds herself so strange
and uncomfortable in her novel surroundings that she
separates from her husband, although she sees and ac-
knowledges his many merits. The deserted husband
seeks in his turn to get rid of the stamp of his origin
by developing a great activity as a patriot."
The absence of Sienkiewicz from the list of the
year's novelists is conspicuous.
The latest of the nations to enter into the
literary comity of Europe shall be the subject
of the last of these summaries. M. Paul Mil-
«writes of Russian literature in the phil-
al spirit, and his account is of much in-
ilthough few important works are men-
tioned. The most important, perhaps, is " The
Turning Point," by Boborikin, a novel not yet
completed, which reflects the successive phases
of Russian thought during the past half-cen-
tury. The great social discussion of the pres-
ent in Russia is between the " peasantists " and
the "Marxists."
"While' peasantism' puts its faith exclusively in the
character and ' spirit' of the people, ' Marxism ' rests all
its hopes on < institutions'; while the former is inclined
to regard the fundamental principles of national life as
primordial and immutable, the latter believes in the
necessity of social evolution; and, lastly, while the for-
mer limits its practical programme to social reforms by
the people, the latter is ready to join in the bourgeois
demand for political reforms for the people."
This discussion is voiced in many current pub-
lications. Among the many books named by
the writer, only two others appear of sufficient
interest to be mentioned here. One is Alex-
ander Veselovsky's study of Boccaccio, and the
other is Count Tolstoy's "The Kingdom of
God is Within You." Veselovsky, we are told,
"is at once the greatest authority on the liter-
ature of the Middle Ages and one of the most
brilliant representatives of the comparative his-
torical method in literature." Of Count Tol-
stoy's work, already put into English, a sum-
mary is given, ending with the following sug-
gestive statement:
"It is scarcely necessary on this occasion to add that
the sphere of influence of Tolstoy's ideas grows nar-
rower every year."


82
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF MICHIGAN*
aaition to w,
:ourses in Plit
For the collegiate year 1894-95, the University
of Michigan announces twenty-one courses in En-
glish and rhetoric. Ten are courses in literature,
historical or critical; five are in linguistics; and
six are in rhetoric and composition. There is the
usual division into courses which may and courses
which must be taken by those who intend to grad-
uate, but with us the requirements differ for the
different degrees. Candidates for the engineering
degrees, and for the degree of Bachelor of Science
in chemistry or biology, are let off with a single
course in composition. Candidates for the degree
of Bachelor of Letters must take two courses in
composition, besides one in literature and one in
linguistics. All others are required to elect two
courses in composition. The work is in charge of
four men: a professor of English and rhetoric, who
is head of the department; a junior professor of
English, an assistant professor of rheWfifr, -*nd an
instructor in English composition. In addition to
this, the regular force, there are two gradi
dents who devote a part of their time to
composition or reading essays.
The number of students who elected courses
English the past year, not allowing for names counted
twice, was 1198. To this number should perhaps
be added 110 applicants for work in composition
for whom provision could not be made. The dis-
tribution of the elections was as follows: In mod-
ern literature, 225; in Old and Middle English
literature, and linguistics, 252; in rhetoric and com-
position, 721.
In considering the various courses in English, it
will be convenient to follow the division I have
used above; that is, into modern literature, Old and
Middle English, and linguistics, rhetoric, and com-
position. The first is the province of Professor
Demmon, who is head of the department; Profes-
sor Hempl is in charge of the second; and the bur-
den of the rhetoric and composition work falls upon
* This article is the fourteenth of an extended series on the
Teaching of English at American Colleges and Universities,
of which the following have already appeared in The Dial:
English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook
(Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran-
der Matthews (Feb. 16); English at Harvard University, by
Professor Barrett Wendell I March 1); English at Stanford
University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson (March 16);
English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Corson
(April 1); English at the University of Virginia, by Professor
Charles W. Kent (April 16); English at the University of
Illinois, by Professor D. K. Dodge I May 1); English at La-
fayette College, by Professor F. A. March (May 16); English
at the State University of Iowa, by Professor E. E. Hale, Jr.
(June 1); English at the University of Chicago, by Professor
Albert H. Tolman (June 16) ; English at Indiana University,
by Professor Martin W. Sampson (July 1); English at the
University of California, by Professor Charles Mills Gayley
(July 16); and English at Amherst College, by Professor John
F. Qenung (Aug. 1).— [Eob. Dial.]
the shoulders of the instructor (Mr. Dawson), the
two assistants, and myself.
In modern literature, the department offers a be-
ginning course and three seminary courses, asso-
ciating with the latter ancillary lectures in criticism
and the history of the drama. The beginning course,
in charge of Professor Hempl, is a general intro-
duction to the subject. It is a three-hour course,
running through one semester. In this, a text-book
is used to furnish a historical outline, and very brief
quizzes are given upon it. Most of the time in
class is taken up by the presentation of reports by
some half-dozen members of the class to whom the
lesson of the day had previously been assigned for
special study in the University library. The object
of these reports is to bring the student into direct
contact with the literature and to familiarize him
somewhat with critical methods and the leading
books on the subject.
The seminary courses are conducted by Professor
Demmon, and aim to give the student an intimate
first-hand acquaintance with representative mas-
terpieces. To secure admission to this advanced
work is somewhat difficult, since at least five pre-
scribed courses must precede, and there is some sift-
ing even of those who are technically qualified,
rofessor Demmon offers a seminary in English
terature, another in American literature, and a
Shakespeare seminary. The programme of work
is as follows: At the beginning of the semester, each
member of the class is assigned a masterpiece and
asked to prepare upon it a comprehensive biograph-
ical and critical essay. He is also expected to present
at some time during the semester a critique of an essay
by a fellow-member. As soon as his task is assigned,
he begins reading upon it in the seminary rooms con-
nected with the library, with the assistance of refer-
ences prepared by Professor Demmon. If he is a
member of the Shakespeare course, he has the oppor-
tunity of using the McMillan Shakespeare collection
of 3500 volumes. When the work is under way, each
section of the seminary (a section containing about
twelve students) meets every week in a two-hour ses-
sion. The first hour is spent in listening to the essay
and the critique, and the second hour in an extempor-
aneous discussion of the work in hand. Each mem-
ber is called upon in turn, and says what the spirit
moves him to say. He makes report upon what he
has read, or agrees or disagrees with the judgments
of the essayist or the critic, or advances individual
appreciations of the work. When all opinions have
been aired—and generally some little fencing takes
place over nice points of criticism—there is usually
time for a summing-up of the arguments and a dis-
cussion of a special question or two by the conduc-
tor of the seminary. Both in the selection of master-
pieces and the conduct of the classes, the aim is to
supply the necessities rather than the luxuries of
literature. For literary fads and vagaries there is
neither time nor inclination. The student finds in
the seminary courses the best that English and


1894.]
83
THE
DIAL
American literature have to offer. If he goes no
further, he has already travelled far; if he con-
tinues his studies after leaving the University, he
will know at least the chief landmarks of the coun-
try he is to traverse.
With reference to the work in Old and Middle
English, Professor Hempl has kindly written out for
me the following statement:
''My work may generally be designated as lin-
guistic ; but some of the undergraduate courses are
necessarily only linguistic in a simple and practical
way, and consider also the literary side of what is
read. This is particularly true of the two courses in
Middle English—each twice a week for half a year,
the second devoted mostly to Chaucer. There is
also an elementary course in Old English, which,
M well as the course in Early Middle English, is
required of candidates for the degree of B.L.
"Advanced study of Old English is provided for
in three courses, each half a year: Old English
poetry twice a week; phonology and morphology,
three times a week; syntax, twice a week.
"In historical English Grammar a general sur-
vey is made of the subject, and the students are
given some practice in methods of investigation by
being required to trace in English literature the de-
velopment of various idioms, especially such as are
often impugned.
"In alternate years a course is offered in pres-
ent-spoken English. The students have been set
to study their own speech and that of those about
them, and have gathered numerous facts of interest
as to American English. But the course has been
more fruitful in opening their eyes to the real state
of so-called 'standard English,' and in removing
prejudice and establishing a more reasonable basis
of judgment in dealing with matters of speech-usage.
It also appears that a quicker and clearer insight
into general linguistic facts and principles may be
obtained by such a study of one's native speech (pro-
vided various forms and stages of it be represented
by members of the class) than can be had from a
study of foreign languages. Alternating with this
course from year to year is a course in general
phonetics."
Of the six courses which fall under the division
"Rhetoric and Composition," four, each for one
semester, have for their main object the cultivation
of good writing; though one of the four, known as
the Science of Rhetoric, combines with a large
amount of practice a small amount of instruction in
theory. In addition to these, there are two, one
for graduates and one for undergraduates, which
deal with rhetoric in its scientific aspects. For the
required Freshman work, there is provided this year
a two-hour course in paragraph-writing under Mr.
Dawson and an assistant. As in other large uni-
versities, this part of the work presents peculiar
difficulties. The big classes are about as hetero-
geneous as they well can be, most of the students
writing crudely, some execrably, and only a few as
well as could be wished. These differences call for
differences of treatment,, yet it is impossible with
our present teaching force to give adequate atten-
tion to individuals or to distinguish grades of pro-
ficiency. The most that can be done is to put in
a section by themselves the Engineering students,
whose performances in prose are often at the out-
set of a quite distressing character.
The course in paragraph-writing is followed by
a two-hour elective course in theme-writing under
Mr. Dawson; and this by a three-hour course, con-
ducted by myself. The latter is required of all ex-
cept the engineers and candidates for the degree
of B.S. in chemistry and biology. It must be pre-
ceded by a course in psychology or logic, and hence
is usually taken in the second semester of the Soph-
omore year or the first semester of the Junior year.
An advanced course in composition completes the
list of practical courses. For those who wish to sup-
plement practice by theory, there is a course in the-
principles of prose style, and a graduate seminary
course in which the evolution of rhetoric is traced!
from Aristotle to the present time.
It will appear, I hope, from this outline, that the
work in composition is intended, first and foremost,
to be practical. The aim is not to inspire students
to produce pure literature, if there be any such
thing, or even to help them to acquire a beautiful
style. If we can get them first to think straight-
forwardly about subjects in which they are genu-
inely interested, and then, after such fashion as na-
ture has fitted them for, to express themselves
clearly and connectedly, we have done about all we
can hope to do. Perhaps the other things will then
come of themselves. In trying to accomplish these
ends, I have been accustomed in my own work to
aim at three essentials: first, continuity and regu-
larity of written exercises; second, much writing,
much criticism, and much consultation; third, adapt-
ation of method to the needs of the individual stu-
dent. To secure the first, the student is made to
write frequently and at regularly recurring periods,
and is encouraged to write at set hours regardless
of mood or inspiration. The second point I may
be permitted to illustrate by saying that I have
read and re-read this year something over 3000
essays, most of them written by a class of 216
students. The third essential seems to me the most
important of the three. That the instructor should
somehow lay hold of the student as an individual
is, for successful composition work, simply indis-
pensable. This was the secret of the older method
of instruction, such as that of Edward Channing,
described by the Rev. E. E. Hale in "My College
Days":
"You sat down in the recitation-room, and were called
man by man, or boy by boy, in the order in which you
came into the room; you therefore heard his criticism
on each of your predecessors. 'Why do you write with
blue ink on blue paper? When I was young, we wrote
with black ink on white paper; now you write with blue
ink on blue paper.' 'Hale, you do not mean to say


84
[Aug. 16,
THE
DIAL
that you think a Grub Street hack is the superior of
John Milton ?'"
I think all teachers of composition will feel that
Ned Channing's method was good, and will under-
stand very well how it happened that Hale and his
seatmates " came out with at least some mechanical
knowledge of the mechanical method of handling
the English language." But it must be borne in
mind that in the larger universities the day of small
and cosy classes is long past. Now the hungry gener-
ations tread us down. We hardly learn the names
and faces of our hundreds of students before they
break ranks and go their ways, and then we must
resume our Sisyphssan labors. Is there no way in
which we can return to the Arcadian methods of
those early days? For my part, I think there is
a way, and a very simple one: Increase the teach-
ing force and the equipment to the point where the
instructor can again meet his students as individ-
uals, and can again have leisure for deliberate con-
sultation and personal criticism. As Professor Ge-
nung has well said, the teaching of composition is
properly laboratory work. If that is true, why
should it not be placed on the same footing as other
laboratory work as regards manning and equip-
ment? I confess that I now and then cast envious
eyes upon our Laboratory of Chemistry, with its
ten instructors and its annual expenditure of ten
thousand dollars, and try to imagine what might be
done in a rhetorical laboratory with an equal force
and a fraction of the expenditure. Nor is the com-
parison absurd. The amount of business which
needs to be done in order to secure dexterity in the
use of language is not less than that which is needed
to secure dexterity in the manipulation of chemicals.
The student in composition needs as much personal
attention as the student in chemistry. The teacher
of composition, if he is to do his work without loss
of time and energy, and if he is to secure the ben-
efit which comes from constant variation in meth-
ods of instruction, needs all the mechanical helps
which he can devise. He needs, for example, con-
veniences for the collection, the distribution, and the
preservation of the written work. He needs a set
of "Poole's Index," not in a far-off library, but at
his elbow. He needs a card-catalogue, revised daily,
with thousands of subjects of current interest espe-
cially adapted to the uses of his class. He needs a
mimeograph and a typewriter; possibly he needs a
compositor and a printing-press. Above all (and I
do not mean to include these among the mechan-
ical aids) he needs, not one or two, but a score, of
bright, active, enthusiastic young assistants to share
his arduous labors with him.. Under these Utopian
conditions—perhaps not wholly Utopian after all—
the teacher of composition could no longer pose as a
martyr, and so might miss the sympathy he has
been so long accustomed to; but I believe that on
the whole he would be a happier man, and I am cer-
tain that in the end he would do a vast deal more
of good in the world.
In running over the list of courses offered, it will
doubtless be noticed that the department does not
announce many which are exclusively for graduate
students. This must not be taken to imply, how-
ever, that provision for such students is not made.
As a fact, there is always a considerable body who
are pursuing advanced work in English. Many go
into undergraduate courses and there find what is
suited to them. But for a large proportion special
advanced courses are arranged, as they are needed,
after consultation with the student. These are ob-
viously too variable in character to be enumerated
here. Fred N. Scott.
Assistant Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Michigan.
WALTER PATER.
English prose could have suffered no heavier loss
than that of Walter Pater, who died suddenly at
Oxford on the thirtieth of July. He was born in
London on the fourth of August, 1839, and was
thus within a few days of completing his fifty-fifth
year. His life was that of the typical scholar, out-
wardly uneventful. Educated at Canterbury and
Oxford, he took his degree in 1862, and was elected
to a fellowship at Brasenose. Since then he has
occupied various offices in that college. His works
are as follows: "The Renaissance" (1873), "Ma-
rius the Epicurean" (1885)," Imaginary Portraits"
(1887), "Appreciations" (1890), and " Plato and
Platonism" (1893). A series of articles on the
French cathedrals, in course of publication in one
of the English reviews, will probably add a sixth
volume to the definitive edition of his works. "Ma-
rius the Epicurean" was reviewed by the late H.
N. Powers in The Dial for August, 1885; "Im-
aginary Portraits " in September, 1887; "Appre-
ciations" by the Rev. C. A. L. Richards in June,
1890; and "Plato and Platonism " by Professor
Paul Shorey in April, 1893. The five volumes of
Pater's works constitute one of the choicest treasures
of English prose. Great as is their value considered
merely as so much criticism of art, literature, and
life, they have a still greater value as masterpieces
of literary expression. It would hardly be too much
to claim that since the deaths of Matthew Arnold
and Cardinal Newman, at least, Pater has been the
greatest i f English prose-writers, just as Tennyson
was for so many years the greatest of English poets.
"Marius the Epicurean" is a classic if there ever
was one, and, what is more, it bore so manifestly
the sign and seal of artistic excellence that it won
instant recognition as a classic from all competent
critics. The four "Imaginary Portraits" of the
volume that soon followed are akin to " Marius"
in their method and aim. In the two volumes of
essays, art and literature receive attention about
equally, and both of these great subjects are han-
dled with equal mastery. The grace, the insight,
the subtle discrimination, and the delicate art dis-


1894.]
85
THE
DIAL
played in these collections are almost beyond praise.
As for the "Plato and Platonism," we cannot do
better than quote from our own pages the dictum
of the foremost American Platonist, that "it has
the rare distinction of being right and just through-
out," that "it is the first true and correctly pro-
portioned presentation of Platonism that has been
given to the general reader."
FRANCIS H. UNDERWOOD.
Francis H. Underwood, born in Enfield, Mass.,
on the twelfth of January, 1825, died at Leith,
Scotland, on the seventh of August. He was edu-
cated at Amherst, taught school for a while, and
then practised law. He became literary adviser for
the house of Phillips and Sampson, and was one of
the founders of " The Atlantic Monthly," being as-
sociated with Lowell in its editorship. From 1859
to 1870 he served as Clerk of the Superior Court
at Boston. He was also a member of the Boston
school board for thirteen years. He was one of the
founders of the St. Botolph's and Papyrus Clubs.
Since 1885 he has lived in Europe, with the ex-
ception of the year 1892-93. He succeeded Mr.
Harte at Glasgow as United States Consul, and was
appointed to a similar post at Edinburgh (Leith)
only last year. He wrote biographies of Long-
fellow, Whittier, and Lowell, and expected to com-
plete this quartette of famous New Englanders by
a biography of Dr. Holmes. These biographies are
reminiscential rather than critical, and in this char-
acter are of great value. His latest writings were
"The Poet and the Man" (a second and still more
intimate study of Lowell), and the first volume of
a projected series on "The Builders of American
Literature." During the period of his Scottish con-
sulate, he lectured frequently upon subjects con-
nected with American literature, and also contrib-
uted to the English reviews. Other publications
were a " Handbook of English Literature," a " Hand-
book of American Literature," a series of musical
stories called "Cloud Pictures," and a novel called
"Lord of Himself." His most important book, pub-
lished in 1892, and reviewed in The Dial for Feb-
ruary 1, 1893, was "Quabbin, the Story of a Small
Town, with Outlooks upon Puritan Life." It would
be difficult to set too high the interest (as well as
the historical value) of this picture of a Massachu-
setts town early in the century. We said of it upon
its appearance: "So careful and detailed an ex-
hibit of a community, of its outer and inner life,
has seldom been attempted, and never more suc-
cessfully made. To the descendants of Pilgrims
and Puritans the work is dedicated, and they, at
least, cannot read it without being thrilled to the
inmost fibre by its sympathetic delineation of their
ancestral past, for New England is Quabbin very
much as Freiligrath declared Germany to be Ham-
let."
COMMUNICA TIONS.
THE TEACHING OF LITERATURE, AGAIN.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
A certain amount taken for granted goes to the un-
derstanding of any utterance; and in the discussion of
current topics in public prints a certain point of view,
once assumed, is usually understood and respected. Mr.
W. H. Johnson of Denison University, who objects to
my distinctions and strictures directed to certain phases
of the current discussion in Thk Dial on the teaching of
literature, seems to me to disregard these obvious rules.
The question under discussion is concerned with the
organization of the teaching of literature in English in
the higher institutions of learning in America. The dif-
ficulties suggested by me occur to the mind, I think,
solely in considering this particular question. In sec-
ondary institutions, or for the independent and excep-
tional teacher, they obviously have little weight. Now
my intention was to state the difficulty somewhat para-
doxically, and not without a feeling for the lurking irony
of the logic of the argument. Mr. Johnson writes ad-
mirably of the essential inseparableness of subject-mat-
ter and form in matters of art, and we all applaud. But
this is also elementary, while at the same time the gist
of the real difficulty resides precisely in this point. How
far, from the psychological or pedagogical point of view,
does the teacher of literature need to go in the exposi-
tion of the subject-matter of his text? The extreme
in one way, the extreme of license, is well exemplified
in the condition of things a few years ago at the Uni-
versity of Indiana, as revealed by Professor Sampson's
moving account in a recent number of Thk Dial. The
reaction from the other extreme is voiced in the modern
appeal for the teaching of " mere literature " again. It
is perhaps well to understand the dangers on either side,
as it is also well to attempt to define, to really define,
what the teaching of literature in English from estab-
lished chairs actually comprehends. Is it literary folk-
lore and rudimentary monuments of speech in gen-
eral? is it the theory and history of criticism and the
various sciences and tentative laws of literary aesthetics?
is it the old-fashioned literary history? is it psychology
and sociology studied in the documents which record the
long imagination of the race? is it a miscellaneous and
emotional "ethics "? is it solidly philology in the Ger-
man sense? What is it? After all, perhaps it would
not be a bad thing frankly to retain in every university
one professorship at least of Things in General as In-
terpreted in the Emotional and Imaginative Records of
the Race. I for one believe it would not be a bad
thing, if the right occupant for the chair could always
be found. Only, of course, there are other dangers, and
the thing should be understood.
The pupil, as pupil, I take it, has really no concern
with these distinctions. Mr. Johnson's metaphor from
explosives is pretty, and one enjoys the sarcasm of it;
but has it anything to do with the case?
If our universities insist on specializing in every direc-
tion, let it be done orderly and with understanding; and
if there is to be a department of Omniana let it be rec-
ognized as such. But from organizers and theorists, at
one extreme or the other, let us save the real study of'
literature, namely, the actual and enthusiastic reading,
after whatever method, of the great masterpieces, by the
college student. Frederic Ives Carpenter.
Chicago, August 8, 1894.


86
[Aug. 16,
THE
DIAL
€\}t Ncto Books.
a Great Public Servant.*
The editor of these welcome volumes, much
as he merits our gratitude for opening to us so
much good literature, is hardly to be ranked
among those who practice that eternal vigil-
ance which is the price of accuracy. I have
prepared a rather formidable list of misprints,
wrong dates, misquotations, and other editorial
oversights, and my list is not exhaustive. There
is no room for these things here ; but my notes
are at the service of the editor or the publisher.
These beautiful volumes are uniform with the
edition of Lowell's Letters recently issued by
the same publishers, beside which, both as to
form and as to contents, they are in every way
worthy to find a place on the bookshelf.
There is something impressive in the very
titles of the several papers and addresses here
collected; they inspire confidence in the Re-
public by suggesting the moral foundations
upon which alone free institutions can rest
down, and by reminding us of the worth, the
beauty, the dignity of the American character
at its best. Curtis is gone, and we are sure
of him. While he lived we seemed to discern
in him, through the dust of party conflict and
the fog of prejudice, the outlines of a singu-
larly high and symmetrical manhood. Now
that the fog is lifted and the dust laid, we per-
ceive him to be of loftier height and more ideal
proportions than we had thought. Himself the
eulogist of so many approved American wor-
thies — of Sumner and Phillips, of Sedgwick
and Garfield, of Bryant and Lowell, and of
Washington, — he can afford to await the fu-
ture eulogist who shall inscribe his name upon
the same "eternal bead-roll." His fame as a
great public character at length is safe,—
"Safe from the wolf's black jaw, and the dull ass's hoof."
George William Curtis was, in the words
applied by Edmund Burke to his son, "born
to be a public creature." His training for public
affairs was, however, entirely different from that
of most American politicians. For the first
thirty-two years of his life his road led him
through the most flowery and inviting fields of
literature. He had ample time for study and for
* Okations and Addresses of Gkoboe William Curtis.
Edited by Charles Eliot Norton. In three volumes. Volume
I., On the Principles and Character of American Institutions
and the Duties of American Citizens, 1850-1891. Volume II.,
Addresses and Reports on the Reform of the Civil Service of
the United States. Volume III., Historical and Memorial
Addresses. New York: Harper & Brothers.
wide and select reading; he enjoyed opportu-
nities unequalled, at least in America, for inti-
macy with literary people; and he knew how
to profit by the advantages of leisurely travel.
He received also a somewhat careful business
training. He became known as the author of
some dainty, almost euphuistic, novels, notes
of travel, and satirical sketches of society. In
all this there was no prophecy of the future
politician and reformer.
In 1853 Mr. Curtis associated himself with
C. F. Briggs and Parke Godwin in the editor-
ship of " Putnam's Magazine," the most prom-
ising literary periodical in America before the
founding of " The Atlantic Monthly"; and in
October, 1853, he first took his seat in the
"Easy Chair" of "Harper's Monthly," the
original occupant of which was Donald G.
Mitchell. Curtis was preeminently a man of
poetic tastes, artistic temperament, and literary
aptitudes; and if any man of his times might
reasonably have devoted himself exclusively to
a career of letters, he was the man. But those
were the darkest hours of the conflict against
the extension of slavery, and Curtis had in him
something of the strain of Milton and of Roger
Williams. He could not soar "in the high
reason of his fancies, with his garland and sing-
ing-robes about him," so long as that " troubled
sea of noises and hoarse disputes " resounded
in his ears. One of the most deeply-felt and
touching passages in all Curtis's orations is
that in which he describes the coming of Wen-
dell Phillip's first and only client, on the mem-
orable October afternoon in 1835.
"As the jail-doors closed upon Garrison to save his
life, Garrison and his cause had won their most power-
ful and renowned ally. With the setting of that Octo-
ber sun vanished forever the career of prosperous ease,
the gratification of ordinary ambition, which the genius
and the accomplishment of Wendell Phillips had seemed
to foretell. Yes, the long-awaited client had come at
last. Scarred, scorned, and forsaken, that cowering and
friendless client was wronged and degraded humanity.
The great soul saw and understood" (III., 277).
Twenty years later the same client interrupted
Curtis's fine dream of a career like that of Irv-
ing. He also understood and obeyed. From
that moment, politics—by which I understand
the application of morality and reason to public
affairs—became the chief business of his life.
He became a public creature. In the last of
his memorial addresses, that upon Lowell, he
applauds the fine insight of his old friend, C.
F. Briggs, in remarking " that Lowell was nat-
urally a politician, and a politician like Milton
— a man, that is to say, with an instinctive


1894.]
87
THE
DIAL
grasp of the higher politics, of the duties and
relations of the citizen to his country, and of
those moral principles which are as essential
to the welfare of states as oxygen to the breath
of human life" (III., 374). It can hardly be
disputed that Briggs would have shown still
finer insight in saying this of Curtis. For while
the remark is eminently true of Lowell as a
thinker and as a writer, he was of too impa-
tient a temper to illustrate the duties of the
citizen in his daily life, as did Curtis. In say-
ing this I would not be understood as dispar-
aging Lowell, whose political service was equal
to his great political sagacity. But Curtis's
sense of his own political duty prompted him
to carry the knowledge of the higher politics
into that lower politics which is called " prac-
tical." He became a political editor; he at-
tended the primary; he was regularly a dele-
gate to political conventions, state and national;
he was for many years Chairman of the Repub-
lican Committee of his county; he accepted
the labors of the chairmanship of the first
Civil Service Commission, in which capacity
he determined the lines along which that re-
form has since proceeded; and he was, from
its inception in 1881 until his death in 1892,
the laborious President of the National Civil-
Service Reform League. This may faintly
suggest the enormous scope of his self-sacrific-
ing political services. His public spirit led
him to accept other offices, — none of them, I
think, offices of emolument, all of them offices
of trust and honor,—such as that of Regent of
the University of the State of New York, which
he held for many years; and that of President
of the Metropolitan Museum. All these mul-
tifarious duties he performed with pains and
punctuality. It is scarcely necessary to add
that he was never in the ordinary sense either
an office-seeker or an office-holder.
The contents of these three volumes group
themselves readily into several great classes,
which indicate the chief preoccupations of the
author's mind. The first class consists of those
addresses delivered before, during, and after
the war, the object of which was the awaken-
ing of the conscience of the nation touching the
monstrous injustice of slavery, and, later, the
assurance of fair treatment, civilly and educa-
tionally, to the freedman. The second class is
made up of the addresses advocating woman
suffrage, and defending the right of women to
the same education as men. The third class
is well characterized by the title of one of the
addresses: "The Spirit and Influence of the
Higher Education." The fourth class com-
prises all the reports and addresses relating to
the Reform of the Civil Service. The fifth
class consists of the historical and memorial
addresses. The first three classes of addresses
are contained in Volume I., the fourth fills Vol-
ume II., and the fifth Volume HI. The ora-
tions upon Sumner and Phillips, in the last
volume, should be read in connection with the
first six addresses of Volume I.
The first address in Volume I. is Curtis's
answer to the appeal which the client of Wen-
dell Phillips had made in turn to him. It is
an oration before the literary societies of Wes-
leyan University, delivered in August, 1856,
in the heat of the great Presidential campaign
and of the struggle for the rescue of bleeding
Kansas, and only ten weeks after the dastardly
assault upon Sumner. In that hour there could
be but one subject for Curtis: "The Duty of the
American Scholar to Politics and the Times."
How severe the inward struggle had been be-
tween the promptings of genius and the claims
of duty, we do not yet know,— probably we
shall never know. But this oration shows de-
cisively that genius had wheeled into line with
duty. Speaking as a young man to young men,
as a scholar to scholars, he throws all the noble
ardor of his nature into this powerful appeal,
and compels them to face squarely the grave
question of the hour, rehearses the shameful
history of American slavery, points out the
momentous issues of the present struggle, and
calls upon generous youth to obey the call of
duty in the spirit of John Milton and Joseph
Warren.
"Gentlemen, the scholar is the representative of
thought among men, and his duty to society is the ef-
fort to introduce thought and the sense of justice into
human affairs. He was not made a scholar to satisfy
the newspapers or the parish beadles, but to serve God
and man. While other men pursue what is expedient
and watch with alarm the flickering of the funds, he is
to pursue the truth and watch the eternal law of jus-
tice" (I., 14).
Reprinted in the " Weekly Tribune," this speech
went to every farm-house in the Northland, and
it had further circulation as a pamphlet. Later
orations of Curtis are chaster in style, more
classic in form, riper in political wisdom, more
quotable, more what you will; but none prob-
ably was more effective in its time, none more
historically noteworthy. Mr. Norton does not
go beyond the mark in saying: "It helped to
define the political ideals, and to confirm the
political principles, of the educated youth of
the land" (I., 2).


88 THE DIAL [Aug. 16,
The next oration, entitled " Patriotism," was
delivered in the following year at several col-
leges, and was likewise widely circulated. Dur-
ing the year which had intervened, Buchanan
had become President and the Dred Scott de-
cision had been rendered. Patriotism, he ar-
gued, is simply fidelity to the American idea
— the sentiment of human liberty. In reply
to the specious charge that the harborers of
fugitive slaves were law-breakers, he had no
difficulty in showing that laws are of two kinds,
—"Those which concern us as citizens, and
those which affect us as men." The former
we obey, even when they are unjust, for " in
themselves they have no moral character or im-
portance." The latter, when unjust, "God
and man require of you to disobey." As times
were, such words as these were deeds. For
such words Sumner had been struck down; by
deeds which were the logical outcome of such
words, John Brown was soon to become the
immortal Winkelreid of the anti-slavery cause.
On the very day on which John Brown was
taken at Harper's Ferry, Curtis delivered at
Plymouth Church his address on "The Pres-
ent Aspect of the Slavery Question." Two
months later, when John Brown's soul had just
begun its eternal march, Curtis repeated the
address in Philadelphia. The whole power of
the police force of Philadelphia, aided by the
armed friends of Curtis, was scarcely sufficient
to prevent him from being mobbed. As it was,
paving stones and vitriol were hurled through
the windows. Even in December, 1860, after
the election of Lincoln, an engagement with
Curtis to deliver a lecture on Thackeray in
Philadelphia had to be cancelled, on account
of fear of mob violence. Such was the temper
of the people of the City of Brotherly Love at
the very time of the investment of Fort Sum-
ter! Small wonder that the Slave Power was
arrogantly confident.
During those years the constant habit of pub-
lic speaking, conversance with public affairs,
and no doubt also the stress and excitement of
those trying times, had rapidly matured the
mind and strengthened the style of Curtis. His
logic becomes more cogent, his tone more states-
manlike, his phrase more trenchant. There are
terse, curt dicta that remind one of Burke:
"A wrong does not become a right by being
vested " (I., 85). There is something of Burke,
too, in comparisons like the following: "In
great emergencies men always rise to cardinal
principles, as, in sailing out of sight of land,
the mariner looks up and steers by the sun and
stars" (I., 103). But he takes care to make
no sacrifice of matter for decorative effect. The
soft light of his poetic genius, which shines in
the memorial addresses, is converted, in the
argumentative ones, into a lantern to light the
road. No man is happier in showing up the
specious arts by which the people are made to
believe a lie. His kindly eye is keen to de-
tect the weak points in the enemy's armor, and
his gentle hand is sure at the rapier-thrust.
With what consummate art he expresses, as
early as 1862, the judgment of history upon
Stephen A. Douglas: "The parties were in
earnest. Yet he could not be in earnest, for
he was only playing for the presidency. '" The
mills of God!" — there are no mills of God,'
he smiled and said; and instantly he was caught
up and politically ground to powder between
the whirring millstones of liberty and slavery"
(I., 117). There is a shrewd characterization
thrown off with the quiet elegance native to the
author of the "Easy Chair."
It would be easy to multiply indefinitely these
illustrations, as it would be delightful to follow
him through all the addresses of that time.
They are "thoughts that breathe and words
that burn." But to go into such details would
be far beyond the scope of this article. I have
spoken particularly of the earlier addresses,
because of their double interest in illustrating
the great choice of Curtis's life and in recall-
ing a heroic period of our history. Some of
the later addresses are doubtless intrinsically
more valuable: they are more moderate in tone,
chaster in style, solider in substance, fruitier
in flavor, more weighted with experience,— in
short, they have the qualities that assure per-
manence.
Of the Memorial Addresses I will not speak,
further than to say that they exhibit the sure-
ness of touch, the intimacy of knowledge, the
selection of matter, and selectness of phrase,
which mark the classic. The addresses upon
Sumner, Phillips, Bryant, and Lowell would
live, even were their quality less fine, because
they are sketches of eminent men from the
hand of an intimate friend. But they will be
read for themselves and for Curtis. To Gen-
eral Sedgwick he did not stand so near. There
is no evidence that they had met; but the ad-
dress commemorative of him, though slighter,
is of fascinating interest. The centennial ora-
tions upon Concord fight and Burgoyne's defeat
will continue to have for Americans something
more than the charm of Macaulay's essays upon
Clive and Frederick. No writer has given us


1894.]
89
THE
DIAL
more vivid and inspiring battle-pictures; and
in Curtis the motive and end of it all are always
present,—the human heart-beat is heard above
the roar of the guns, the human hope shines
through the battle-smoke.
There are two addresses which are more
creditable to his courage in avowing and de-
fending his convictions and to his chivalry in
the advocacy of unpopular causes, than to his
reputation as a statesmanlike leader of opinion.
I refer to the pleas for woman suffrage. He
makes very plain, indeed, the justice of admit-
ting woman to "the same position with men
so far as property rights and remedies are con-
cerned," and this necessarily includes the right
to vote upon local concerns. It is unfortunate
for this great and inevitable reform that so dis-
tinguished and eloquent an advocate should
have mixed it up with a larger question, and
that he should have defended both with argu-
ments that seem to be borrowed from the wo
men. What the cause really needed was a
man's logic and a statesman's moderation ; and
here Curtis missed a great opportunity. To
begin with, he all along assumes, and even
roundly asserts, that the fact that a thing is a
novelty is " a presumption in its favor " (I.,
182). That does not remind one of Burke!
To compel women to do military service would
be a novelty; but would Curtis have admitted
the presumption to be in its favor? Then he
constantly speaks of men and women as sep-
arate social classes; indeed, this grotesque use
of the word class will be found, I believe, to
carry nearly the whole weight of the argument.
This would be delightfully feminine if it were
not so misleading. A sense of the danger of
class legislation prompted men to restore the
ballot to the late rebel leaders. But the very
men who performed this act of justice refuse
the ballot to women. If, then, one class of
men with the ballot is likely to be unjust to
another class without it, "how much truer is
it that one sex as a class will be unjust to the
other." "Woman" is some far-off object of
oppression, like the negro or the Hindoo, to
whom "man " will be more unjust than to his
political enemies or to an alien race. But when
we leave off speculating about the class " wo-
man " and the class " man," and look at men
and women, we perceive that in actual life men
and women, outside of Amazonia, are never
separate classes, but that every social class in-
cludes both sexes.
"The woman's cause is man's: they rise or sink
Together, dwarf d or godlike, hond or free."
Had Curtis read his Burke to better purpose
he would never have beclouded a political and
social discussion by the introduction of meta-
physical considerations, concerning which Burke
cried: "I hate the very sound of them!" He
would not have accused men, as he does by
implication (I., 219), of constant audacity,
tyranny, and inhumanity toward women, —
i. e., toward their mothers, sisters, sweethearts,
wives, and daughters. He would hardly have
imagined that he had conclusively refuted the
theory of the virtual representation of women,
by adverting to the illusory nature of that the-
ory in the case of the British Colonies. Nor
would he have asserted in the New York Con-
stitutional Convention that the action of that
Convention in withholding the ballot from
women was an injustice as monstrous, an incon-
sistency as gross, as would be the disfranchise-
ment of the county of Richmond, from which
Mr. Curtis was a delegate. Finally, he would
certainly have been more guarded in assuming,
as he repeatedly does, that the ballot is one of
the natural political rights of women, not see-
ing that by such an assumption he begs the
whole question. The most ardent follower of
Rousseau would scarcely deny that a natural
political right, if such a thing there be, must be
something good both for the individual and for
the community. I do not say that the partici-
pation of shop-girls in the quadrennial scramble
tor office, and the voting of ballet-dancers " in
blocks of five," would not be a good thing: I
merely point out that Curtis begs the question.
In the discussion of this grave question Cur-
tis loses his usual sense and balance. This is
very likely not his fault; there seems to be a
certain fallacious glamour, a something more
than natural, in the atmosphere of this agita-
tion,—" aire from heaven or blasts from hell,"
that bereave people of their senses, and impel
them to indulge in " wild and whirling words."
Under the platform of the woman-suffrage con-
vention, as under the platform at Elsinore,
there lurks a ghost that cries " Swear!" to him
who shrinks from complicity with the over-
strained declarations of the place.
The contents of the second volume, consist-
ing entirely of addresses and reports on the re-
form of the Civil Service, are of a far more
serious and statesmanlike character. This vol-
ume is at present most timely. One hazards
little in asserting that there is no other book
comparable to it for doctrine and discipline in
right political action at the present time. In
the anti-slavery addresses we are dealing with


90
[Aug. 16,
THE
DIAL
one who is in the formative stage of early man-
hood. Working under the guidance of great
and inspiring leaders, — Garrison, Phillips,
Sumner, Lowell, Beecher,— he plants himself
impregnably upon the rock of fundamental
morality. It was really a simple question, as
questions of duty always are; he clearly saw
the solution ; and he could bring to bear upon
his hearers all his mental equipment, all his
spiritual elevation, all the force of ardent con-
viction. In the woman-suffrage addresses he
is doing what he believes to be his duty ; he is
honestly taking his oath in obedience to the
mandate of the ghost. In the commemorative
addresses he is more purely reminiscential, de-
scriptive, and decorative. He is following his
genius in pronouncing the fitting word upon
a great public occasion, in recounting the life
and services of some one of the great men he
had known, in celebrating the Puritan char-
acter, or, what is almost equivalent, in recall-
ing the great words and deeds of the founders
of American liberty. But after the settlement
of the issues of the Civil War, Curtis finds
himself suddenly confronted by a public evil
scarcely less insidious and gigantic than negro
slavery. His old masters have fallen away:
he himself is no longer distinctively a young
man; he is surrounded by generous youth,
awake to the danger, eager for the struggle,
and needing only a leader. Almost from the
first the chief advotate of Civil-Service Reform,
he lived to be its chief agent; and, in order to
be both, he had to become the political philos-
opher of the Reform. It is in the last capac-
ity that this volume presents him to us.
The first of these addresses was delivered as
long ago as 1869; the last, entitled " Party and
Patronage," was read (but not by the author)
at the meeting of the National Civil-Service
Reform League in 1892, only four months be-
fore his death. He had been occupied with
the subject for a quarter of a century. When
his name first became identified with the Re-
form, it had been advocated in Congress by
one member, Mr. Jenckes, and before the pub-
lic by two weekly papers, "The Nation," ed-
ited by Mr. Godkin, and " Harper's Weekly,"
edited by Mr. Curtis. "To the general pub-
lic it was necessary to explain what the Civil
Service was, how it was recruited, what the
abuses were, and why and how they were to
be remedied" (II., 173). Our politics had
reached a stage when, in his own vigorous
phrase, "Servility to party takes the place of
individual independence of action " (II., 492).
Curtis was in every way admirably fitted for
the leadership that fell to him. The breadth
of his historical reading, and especially his ac-
curate studies in American history, enabled
him to see the reform of the enormous evils re-
sulting from the spoils system,—a system grow-
ing out of the unconstitutional diversion of
patronage from the President to the members
of Congress,— to be "but another successive
step in the development of liberty under law"
(II., 488). The great oratorical and persuasive
powers of Curtis,—his skill in winning the good-
will of his audience before introducing the moral
consideration,—made him the Wendell Phillips
of this movement. His patience, his firmness,
his humor, his urbanity, his knowledge of pol-
itics, were all brought into play. But what
gave his advocacy of the cause most weight was
the well-known loftiness of his character. For
example, in the address at the unveiling of the
statue of Washington, Curtis, referring to the
air of American patriotism about the hallowed
spot, says: "To breathe it, charged with such
memories, is to be inspired with the loftiest
human purpose, to be strengthened for the no-
blest endeavor" (III., 183). When Curtis
speaks thus, those acquainted with his life know
that this is not mere sentiment with him ; but
that he is himself fired with this inspiration
and energized with this strength. Like the
anti-slavery movement, this reform is essen-
tially a moral one, and it was indispensable
that it should find a leader without fear and
without reproach. Curtis's chief effective-
ness and value as a public teacher are due to
the high ground he takes, to his magnanim-
ity to opponents, to the fairness of his argu-
ments, to the public confidence in his absolute
truthfulness, and to the fact that he never
makes appeal to the selfishness of men. Per-
haps young Americans will owe more, in the
long run, to his steady opposition to the blind
partisanship against which Washington warned
us, than to any of his specific public services.
Himself a party man, he was strong enough to
make himself (to borrow his own words con-
cerning the true function of the press) preem-
inently " the voice of the patriotic intelligence
and public spirit which, even while accepting
a party name, rejects a party collar" (I., 311).
From the year 1880 until the year of his
death, Curtis prepared thirteen addresses upon
Civil-Service Reform, all but the first two of
which were given as Presidential addresses at
the successive aunual meetings of the National
Civil-Service Reform League. These, in their


1894.]
91
THE
DIAL
way, are of unequalled interest, embodying as
they do a history of the progress of the Re-
form from year to year, sober criticisms of the
conduct of presidents and public officials, and
a whole arsenal of arguments and illustrations
making for the reform. Literary style and
finish are here, of course, distinctly subordin-
ated to substance and matter; and yet there
are perhaps no more signal illustrations than
some of these addresses of the strength and
chastity of Curtis's later style. Among his
other titles to honorable remembrance is the
respect he always exhibited for the English
language. In a time when the relaxation of
moral standards seemed to mirror itself in the
vulgarity of newspaper diction, Curtis kept his
tongue, like his heart and conduct, pure and
undefiled. The example of taste and high
breeding he sets in this particular should not
be without its influence.
Curtis will have a place in our literature on
the one hand with the elegant essayists, on the
other with those orators who have been great
public characters. Kant is said to have des-
pised oratory as too rhetorical, too much af-
fected by feeling, too much the art of making
the worse appear the better reason. But what
would he have said of the orator who employed
his gracious gift always in the service of jus-
tice and humanity; who, in a time of bitter
partisanship, never flattered an unworthy pre-
judice; and who never flinched, for clamor
and calumny, from championing an unpopular
cause? Such a man has his function no less
than the philosopher who coldly analyzes the
final principles of things. Such a man has his
place beside the statesman and the hero; and
when we enumerate the men who have rendered
eminent public service, the noble leader in the
Civil-Service Reform will be named along with
Alexander Hamilton, with Samuel Adams, with
Wendell Phillips, and with Charles Sumner.
Melville B. Anderson.
The Strength and Weakness of
Socialism.*
The distinctive feature of Dr. Ely's new work
on Socialism lies in bringing together for the
first time within the same covers both the fair-
est and most appreciative treatment of the
strength of socialism and of its weaknesses. In
the emphasis laid upon practicable and much-
* Socialism. An Examination of its Nature, its Strength,
and its Weakness; with Suggestions for Social Reform. By
Richard T. Ely. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
needed social reforms, and the discrimination
between the sphere of state and of private, of
monopolistic and of competitive business, this
work is likely to prove the most useful of all
works on the subject.
Professor Ely most clearly shows how he and
other social reformers can stand side by side
with the socialists in the treatment of monop-
olies of situation, such as gas, street and steam
railways, the electric light, telephone and tele-
graph, and in factory legislation in its widest
meaning, without holding at all with the social-
ists as to the desirability or practicability of
collective management of most manufacturing
and commercial enterprises. Never before has
so strong a sympathizer with most of the truly
noble socialist ideals criticised so keenly the
methods proposed for their realization or the
over-confidence in human nature revealed by
their authors. Recognizing the value of social-
ism in its arousing of the social conscience and
the exposure of existing abuses, Professor Ely
admits that if the present tendency to the forma-
tion of trusts shall continue until each industry
is monopolized, then public management may
have to come ; but he wisely holds that we can-
not yet be sure that the trust idea will go so far.
A fuller treatment of this subject, however,
might well have been given ; and the classifica-
tion of such industrial types as artificial mon-
opolies, instead of as monopolies of large capi-
tal, which, so far as they go, are as natural as
any other, might be criticised.
Our author speaks of the "hesitation and
timidity" which is apt to attend collective ac-
tion, though elsewhere he holds that this is less
important in monopolies of situation than the
advantages in such of public operation. The
most serious objections to socialism he finds in
"the tendencies to revolutionary dissatisfaction which
it would be likely to carry with it; the difficulties in
the way of the organization of several important fac-
tors of production under socialism, notably agriculture;
difficulties in the way of determining any standard of
distributive justice that would be generally acceptable,
and at the same time would enlist the whole-hearted
services of the most gifted and talented members of
the community; and, finally, the danger that the re-
quirements of these persons engaged in higher pur-
suits would be underestimated, and the importance of
those occupations which contribute most to the advance-
ment of civilization should fail to secure adequate ap-
preciation."
His dissent from the tenets of socialism is also
shown in his belief that the wastes which he
fully admits in the true competitive field of in-
dustry are " counterbalanced by the gains aris-
ing from competition, such as alertness and the


the
[Aug. 16,
DIAL
tree (EBHVtse of one's powers by active efforts
3> meet wants as they arise."
CVeapyiaj so conservative a position, it is
ik>cewonhv bow vigorously our author cham-
pions soezai reforms in the line of factory and
sanitary Vgwhlimi public ownership of what
I call monopolies of situation, and the recogni-
tion of oar duty to serve the humanity about
as and our state and city with our wealth and
talents. He truly holds that the longer we
delay these moderate and really conservative
reforms, the farther will we have to go along
untried and uncertain paths in order to meet
the fast rising discontent of the masses.
A few years ago, when the reviewer enjoyed
the privilege of listening to Professor Ely's first
courses of lectures in America, many, as now,
called him a radical and a socialist; but he
then said, what this book confirms, that the
time would come when, if his suggestions for
social reform in the interest of true conserva-
tism were not heeded, the mass of men would
be driven past him into such radical views as
would make his seem conservative. Such a
result has already come; for although the au-
thor now holds substantially the economic posi-
tion he did then, many, on reading the second
and third parts of the present noteworthy book,
will be surprised to find how conservative Pro-
fessor Ely now appears, beside the rising tide
of socialistic thought about us. To those who,
like the reviewer, are agnostics as to our remote
social future, but prefer steady and peaceful
evolution toward a greater equality of oppor-
tunity for all for the development of individ-
uality and manhood, rather than a damming of
the current until destruction must attend its
ultimate and inevitable sweep onward, the les-
sons of Professor Ely's chapters on social re-
form seem well worth heeding.
Edward W. Bemis.
A British Diplomat in the Orient.*
Sir Harry Parkes was a household name in
China and Japan, both to foreigners and na-
tives. To most Europeans the man was best
and familiarly known as "Sir Harry"; by
Chinese he was called "Pa Hia-li" and "Pa
Tajin "— names which might well have been
as awe-inspiring and perhaps even as terrify-
* The Lifk of Sir Hakrt Parkes, K.C.B., sometime Her
Majesty's Minister to China and Japan. By Stanley Lane-
Poole, author of " Life of Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe."
In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: Macmillan & Co.
ing as was that of Richard Cceur de Leon
among the Saracens. The story of the life of
Sir Harry Parkes has been interestingly told
by Stanley Lane-Poole, who treats of his ca-
reer in China and Siam, and Frederick V.
Dickins, who treats of that in Japan and Ko-
rea. This composite biography reads like a
novel; but on disputed points of policy it is
a work of special pleading, the conclusions of
which must not be too freely accepted.
Though the schooling of Harry Parkes, on
account of the straitened circumstances of the
family, was limited, "his education really
opened on the decks of men-of-war, in the
council-chambers of plenipotentiaries, and on
the field of battle," where he gained a wide
knowledge of men and of affairs. His first ap-
pearance on the stage of action in the Orient
was in 1842 at Nanking. To this place Im-
perial Commissioners of China " had at last
condescended to come," impelled by fear of a
British army and men-of-war, "with full
powers from the Son of Heaven to treat for
peace " with those "outer barbarians."
"In the midst of this pomp and pageantry of court
and war, a slim fair-haired boy with eager young face
and vivid blue eyes was formally presented to the Im-
perial Commissioners. It was thus that Harry Parkes
at the age of fourteen took his place in a great histor-
ical scene. From this day for more than forty years
there were few events in the history of British rela-
tions with the Far East in which he did not play a con-
spicuous part; till the lad who carried 'chops' and dis-
patches for Sir Henry Pottinger at Nanking in 1842
ended his busy and eventful life in 1885, in the high sta-
tion of Her Majesty's Minister to the Court of Peking."
As Interpreter at Amoy, Foochow, Shanghai,
and Canton, Parkes showed " ability, tact, and
ready fluency in the language." He early be-
came convinced that "all mandarins are like
eels," and that the only way of dealing with
these delusive officials was by means of "firm
persistence." In 1855, as Secretary to Sir John
Bowring, who was sent to Bangkok to nego-
tiate a treaty with the King of Siam, he was
entrusted with the duty of carrying home the
documents for the Queen's ratification. When
he returned to China, he was made Acting
Consul at Canton; and afterwards, when that
city was captured by the British, he, facile
princeps of a commission of three, was " prac-
tically Governor" of the place. In 1860, as
an interpreter for Lord Elgin, he accompanied
that commander on the march to Peking. In
this duty—whether in dealing with the Chinese
coolies, or in capturing "almost single-handed"
the Peh-tang fort, or in negotiating with the


1894.]
93
THE DIAL
wily and slippery officials,— he displayed his
characteristic energy, courage, and cleverness.
But even Harry Parkes was once duped by
horrible treachery. In a pretended negotiation
for peace, he and a few companions, though
under the protection of a flag of truce, were
seized and conducted in triumph to Peking.
Cruel treatment in prison for twenty-one days
seemed only the prelude of certain death. The
order for their execution was actually issued by
the Chinese Emperor; but a friendly manda-
rin •* succeeded in getting the captives out of
Peking by order of the Prince of Kung [Peace
Commissioner] barely a quarter of an hour
before the Emperor's messenger arrived." Six-
teen days after the release, a British Embassy
for the first time took up its quarters in the
city of Peking.
In 1862 Parkes attained the unique distinc-
tion of being made a K.C.B. at the early age
of thirty-four; and in 1865 he was appointed
Minister to Japan. His career in Japan ex-
tended over eighteen years (1865-1883), and
covered the "Restoration," or " Revolution,"
of 1868, with its subsequent marvellous trans-
formations in social and political affairs. One
writer has said that " the history of Sir Harry's
career in Japan was the history of Japan."
His policy in this country, as well as in China,
has been the cause of much criticism, both fav-
orable and unfavorable, which, to a great ex-
tent, has been tinged by national predilections
and rivalries. His biographer speaks of the
Yedo Court as "terrorized by the American
envoy, Townsend Harris, into compliance with
his demands," and adds: "It is not too much
to say that to Harris's ill-advised and selfish
policy were due many of the troubles that at-
tended the emergence of Japan from her long
isolation." Americans, on the other hand, de-
fending with spirit their own representatives,
have been unsparing in their denunciations of
the " British, brutish," domineering policy self-
ishly employed against Japan, China, and other
Asiatic nations. An Englishman, Professor
Basil Hall Chamberlain, writes:
"Sir Harry was always a stanch supporter of his
country's commercial interests, and a believer in the
'gun-boat policy ' of his master, Lord Palmerston. His
outspoken threats and occasional fits of passion earned
for him the dread and dislike of the Japanese during
his sojourn in Japan. But no sooner had he quitted
Tokyo than they began to acknowledge that his high-
handed policy had been founded in reason."
A high Japanese official once remarked: "Sir
Harry Parkes was the only foreigner in Japan
whom we could not twist round our little finger."
And the Rev. William Elliot Griffis, D.D., in
"The Mikado's Empire," gives this apprecia-
tive American judgment:
"It was the English Minister, Sir Harry Parkes, who
first risked his life to find the truth; stripped the Sho-
gun of his fictitious title of ' Majesty'; asked for at
home, obtained, and presented credentials to the Mi-
kado, the Sovereign of Japan; recognized the new Na-
tional Government, and thus laid the foundation of true
diplomacy in Japan."
But it is at least certain that, however much
Sir Harry may have accomplished in obtaining
the imperial signature to the treaties, and in
assisting indirectly and recognizing the unifi-
cation of the government, he and subsequent
British Ministers to Japan have doggedly pre-
vented the revision of those same treaties,
which still hold Japan, in spite of her forty
years of wonderful progress, in an unreasona-
ble thraldom.
In 1883 "the great British Minister in Ja-
pan" received promotion to the position of
Minister to China, and returned to the scene
of his early achievements. In Peking, into
which he had once been carried prisoner in a
cart, and where he had languished in the com-
mon jail, he was received with honor at the
Imperial Court. The principal event of his
term in this office was the negotiation of a
treaty with Korea, to which country also he
became Minister. The new positions entailed
unceasing routine labor, not only for the sub-
ordinates, but also for the chief, who, though
he had often accused himself of " indolence"
and "apathy," was a hard worker, always
"opera inter taliajirimus." Early in 1885 a
fever seized him; and in April of that year
death came, less from fever than from over-
work, to the distinguished diplomat whose en-
tire service had been in the Orient. He has
since been honored with a marble bust in St.
Paul's Cathedral, London, and in Shanghai
with a marble statue, "the first public statue
in the metropolis of European China."
Apart from the biographical interest, the
great value of these two volumes, and espe-
cially of that part relating to Japan, is in the
search-lights thrown upon contemporaneous his-
tory in the Orient. In fact, the private cor-
respondence of Sir Harry during his life in
Japan was so scanty that Mr. Dickins was
compelled to be less biographical than histor-
ical, and to give the results of his own obser-
vations and studies. We may not yet be ready
to accept all his inferences; but we are forced,
by the vigor of his arguments, to give careful


94
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
consideration to the disputed points. It rather
startles us, for instance, to read this icono-
clastic statement:
"The so-called Restoration of 1868 has been com-
pletely misunderstood by most recent writers on Japan;
it was no Restoration, but a Revolution, that gave the
Mikado a power he had never previously possessed."
And, in connection with the ante-Revolution
outbreaks, or "Revolutionary Preludes," as
Dr. Murray aptly calls them in " The Story of
Japan," Mr. Dickins upholds a theory which
investigation tends more and more to establish:
that " there never was any intelligent opposi-
tion to foreign intercourse on the part of the
Japanese"; and that the joi, or anti-foreign,
spirit of Satsuma, Choshiu, Tosa, and even
Mito, was only a popular slogan with which to
stir up the clans in hostility against the Sho-
gun. It is a curious coincidence that at the
present time a similar spirit of hostility to for-
eigners is revived by the radical opposition to
the Government. Thus "history repeats it-
self," even in Japan. And while the present
seems a critical period in the history of that
country, and constitutional government and
representative institutions are there undergoing
a severe test, there is occasion not merely for
anxiety, but also for hope. As Mr. Dickins has
well expressed it, "There is a silent strength
underlying the sound and fury of Japanese pol-
itics which will enable the country to weather
much worse storms than any that threaten it."
It may be confidently predicted that during
the coming years Japan will continue in a rapid
course of progress, and that the twentieth cen-
tury will see yet more wonderful transforma-
tions and developments in civilization than
those watched with great interest by Sir Harry
Parkes. Ernest Wilson Clement.
Briefs on New Books.
Town Life in The attempt of a brave woman to
theFi/uenth carry on worthily any great work
Century. entrusted to her by her husband when
he lays it down at death's inexorable summons can
hardly fail to command our respectful sympathy
and interest. Still more should this be the case
when the woman is the widow of such a man as
the late John Richard Green, and the great work
is a study of life in the English towns of the fif-
teenth century. When the possibility of such a
thing as American cities was not so much as dreamt
of, and while the English royalty and nobility were
exterminating each other in the Wars of the Roses,
the commoners of the English towns were learn-
ing lessons of self-government, and engaging for
the sake of commercial and municipal liberties in
obscure and tedious struggles, which, though hith-
erto overlooked by historians, are far more impor-
tant factors in the growth of the nation than the
tragic fate of the houses of York and Lancaster.
In the first volume of "Town Life in the Fifteenth
Century" (Macmillan), Mrs. Green treats of the
industrial and commercial revolutions of the fif-
teenth century, of the townspeople and their com-
mon life, and of their struggles with the king, the
feudal lord, or the church, for enfranchisement and
for independent government. In her second vol-
ume, the author treats of subjects more abstruse and
more open to discussion, such as the relation of in-
ternal traffic to free trade and protection, the gen-
eral organization of labor, the position of the guild
towards the hired worker, the attitude of the mu-
nicipality to the industrial system, and of the cap-
italist to the town councillor. Mrs. Green thinks
she has found an explanation for the position of the
"communitas " side by side with the "cives," and
rejects the theory of an early triumph and rapid
decay of democratic government, while she attrib-
utes great importance to the growth of the common
council. Even if one does not agree with the au-
thor's conclusions, or even accept all of her data as
unimpeachable, one must acknowledge that her ar-
duous labors in a comparatively new field have not
been in vain, and that her book will incite the se-
rious student of municipal history to new efforts in
the search for truth. Perhaps there never was a
time when it was so important for Americans to
make a thorough study of all the problems of mu-
nicipal government and of all the various solutions
that have been proposed.
Pleating The perusal of Florence A. Merriam's
picturet 0/a "My Summer in a Mormon Village"
Mormm village. (Houghton) leads to the conclusion
that the advantages of Utah as a summer resort
(and not in a matrimonial way only) are yet unap-
preciated. Miss Merriam assures us that the cli-
mate, which is that of the dry elevated region be-
tween the Rockies and the Sierra Nevada known
as " The Great Basin," is unsurpassed. Utah and
Arizona, having this basin climate, are, she thinks,
the natural sanitariums of the continent, far excel-
ling the Adirondack*. Florida, and California, in
elevation, dryness, and recuperative effect. Cer-
tainly it would be hard to picture anything pleas-
anter than Miss Merriam's particular "Mormon
village," a typical one, it seems, belonging to a line
of closely connected settlements in the valley be-
tween the Wasatch and the Great Lake. Hilly
streets bordered with fragrant locusts under which
run mountain brooks (in lieu of prosaic gutters),
cool low stone houses set well back in shrubby yards,
vine-clad piazzas, delightful old overgrown orchards
with their shady lanes and slow-ripening fruit, form
an ensemble charming to the fancy these sweltering
days. One is not surprised to learn that " children


1894.]
95
THE DIAL
were everywhere," and that each house, the hum-
blest, had its baby. One local patriarch,— an ex-
bishop -— boasted no less than sixty-three of these
little olive branches. The author was gratified one
day by a sight of this notable anti-Malthusian as he
stood in the garden, gravely wagging his gray beard
in the shrubbery, and looking, we should fancy, un-
commonly like an elderly Satyr. Altogether Miss
Merriam's picture of the Latter-Day Saints is more
favorable than that usually drawn ; and she seems to
have seen nothing of the woe-begone men, listless
bedraggled women, and squalid children, described
by most pilgrims to Mormondom. The book is
brightly written, with plenty of local color and char-
acter sketching, and with some discussion of the
doctrine and present practice of the "Saints."
There is a pretty frontispiece illustration.
Literary H. H. Boyesen's "Literary and
and Social Social Silhouettes" (Harper) are
suhowtut. brief essays, which, to the number
of a dozen or more, fill a most companionable pocket
volume. The social element of the book is found
mainly in. the studies of German and American
women, and the capital paper on "Philistinism." Lit-
erature gets more attention than society, however,
and is illustrated by such sketches as " The Hero
in Fiction," "America in European Literature,"
and " Some Stray Notes on Alphonse Daudet." In
"My Lost Self" we have an account of the im-
pressions of a long-exiled Norwegian upon a visit to
his native land. Mr. Boyesen records the curious
fact that he found himself taken for a foreigner
by his fellow-countrymen, and that his Norwegian
had taken upon itself an English accent. We
are bound to speak well of the essay on "Amer-
ican Literary Criticism," for does it not describe
The Dial as "distinguished for its broad-minded
impartiality and scholarship"? The gentle satirical
vein that streaks many of these papers gives them
flavor and zest, even when it verges upon cynicism.
The author makes mild sport of himself no less than
of others, as appears in a few sentences devoted
to his own novels: "I marvel, in retrospect, that
a humane, kind-hearted man (as I believe I am)
could have heaped up so much gratuitous misery.
... A fiendish ingenuity assisted me in inventing
distressing situations, from which there seemed no
issue possible except death by frost or fire, or a long
self-imposed martyrdom of sorrow and suffering."
JcaUh influence There Beems to be n0 end of the
in American changes to be rung upon the theme
ducovery. of Christopher Columbus. We had
thought that the flood of "Columbian literature"
had fairly subsided at last; but it seems not. In a
compact volume of some 200 pages, entitled " Chris-
topher Columbus" (Longmans), Dr. M. Kayser-
ling re-tells the story from a novel and not uninter-
esting standpoint. The question of Jewish partici-
pation in Columbus's discoveries has already been
propounded, but it has never before been fully dis-
cussed. It is to this question, primarily, that Dr.
Kayserling devotes the present volume, basing his
narrative upon recent exploration of Spanish ar-
chives and libraries. He tells the story of the serv-
ices rendered to Columbus by wealthy Jews, sketches
the dramatic history of the Marranos or "secret
Jews," and makes it pretty clear throughout that
the race had a good deal to do with things maritime
in the palmy days of the Spanish and the Portu-
guese navies. We own that (despite the Phoenicians)
a Jewish sailor has hitherto appeared to us in the
light of a roc or a hippogriff—the rarest kind of a
vara avis, in fact, and almost contra naturam.
Imagination balks at the notion of a son of Abra-
ham bestriding a yard-arm, or having anything
whatever to do with a ship—except, indeed, in the
way of a bottomry bond. But now comes Dr. Kay-
serling and shows that with Columbus's armada there
were "several men of Jewish stock," including the
fleet-physician; and he even offers some evidence
that the man who first shouted " Land ho!" (or its
Spanish equivalent) from the deck of the "Pinta"
was an "'Ebrew Jew." The Doctor's narrative is
readable, and, in its way, informing; and it is
smoothly translated by Professor Charles Gross of
Harvard College. The documents embodied in the
text are printed in extenso in the Appendix, and
form an element of considerable interest.
Recollection, Mr- J- K- Fowler's " Recollections
ofEngiuh of Old Country Life" (Longmans)
country life. reminds one not a little of that cap-
ital book " The Memories of Dean Hole." The laugh
is not quite so merry or the manner so taking as
that of the incomparable Dean; but the book is
full of good stories and curious odds and ends from
the memory of a typical English country gentleman
—" one of the olden time," we fancy. Of course
the " sporting parson " figures pretty largely in Mr.
Fowler's jottings. There is a good story of one
notable shoot of this variety—a rector in the north,
whose horsemanship justly made him the dulce de-
cus of his rough-riding Yorkshire parishioners. "His
rectory-house," says the author, " was on a hill about
a mile distant from the church, which was also on
a hill, with a valley between them. The rector often
rode to church, sometimes across country, putting
his horse up at one of the farmers' stables near the
church, and the parishioners assembled in the church-
yard, waiting for his advent, would watch his pro-
gress from the rectory with keen relish, expressing
themselves enthusiastically as one fence after the
other was safely negotiated. One of them would
say, 'He's safely over the single'; another, 'Now
he's at the double'; 'Yes, he's all right'; 'What '11
he do at the rails?" 'He's well over '; — and the
last thing he jumped was the churchyard wall, sav-
ing his time by three minutes." Mr. Fowler ranges
at random over topics social, political, sporting, and
agricultural, and his book is informing as well as
amusing. There are several illustrations, including
a portrait.


96
[Aug. 16,
THE
DIAL
BRIEFER MENTION.
The welcome series of pamphlets issued by the Open
Court Publishing Co., aud known as the "Religion of
Science" library, appear bi-monthly. The issue for
July is divided into two "half-numbers," one of which
is a new edition of M. Alfred Binet's important studies
"On Double Consciousness," and the other a reprint of
sundry articles from "The Open Court," upon the gen-
eral subject of " The Nature of the State," all by Dr.
Paul Cams, the learned editor of " The Open Court"
and " The Monist."
Mr. Andrew Lang touches nothing that he does not
adorn, and his historical monograph upon " St. Andrews"
(Longmans) gives an unexpected charm to the dusty an-
nals of the old Scotch university town. "Very many per-
sons yearly visit St. Andrews," the author observes, and
some of these, he adds, " may care to know more of
that venerable town than can be learned from assiduous
application to golf." Mr. Lang himself shows unex-
pected and praiseworthy restraint in putting next to
nothing about golf into these pages. The town of Wal-
lace and Bruce and the Black Douglas is certainly not
devoid of picturesque and romantic interest, and Mr.
Lang's account, enforced by Mr. T. Hodge's tasteful
pictures, is likely to make the future annual influx of
summer visitors larger than ever.
Mr. Herbert Spencer has just published "A System
of Lucid Shorthand " (Appleton), devised fifty years ago
by his father, William George Spencer, and left in man-
uscript up to the present time. The present publica-
tion results, Mr. Spencer tells us, " from the conviction,
long since formed and still unshaken, that the Lucid
Shorthand ought to replace ordinary writing." He
claims for it great brevity, and greater legibility than
belongs to ordinary longhand. The book is a very thin
one, and the system correspondingly simple. It ought
not to take long for anyone to master the system suf-
ficiently to determine whether he is likely to find it
practically useful.
"The Study of the Biology of Ferns by the Collodion
Method" (Macmillan), by Mr. George F. Atkinson, is
a text-book for advanced students of biology, beauti-
fully printed, and illustrated from original drawings.
Mr. F. O. Bowers's " Practical Botany for Beginners"
(Macmillan) is also a laboratory manual for students, de-
scribing a variety of typical plant-forms, and packed with
practical instructions. The " Introduction to Elementary
Practical Biology" (Harper) of Mr. Charles Wright
Dodge is designed for high-school and college students,
is a larger book than either of the preceding, and in-
cludes both plant and animal types. We ought also to
mention in this connection Mr. Charles H. Clark's ad-
mirable treatise on " Practical Methods in Microscopy"
(Heath). The multiplication of such text-books as these
marks a highly significant advance in our methods of
science teaching.
Two more volumes (making seven in all) of the
"Temple" Shakespeare have been published ( Mac-
millan). "Love's Labour's Lost" has for its frontispiece
a pretty etching of Anne Hathaway's cottage, while
"Much Ado about Nothing " gives us a similar view of
Trinity Church at Stratford. Mr. Israel Gollancz sup-
plies the critical apparatus, as usual, and takes good
heed not to make it in the slightest degree formidable.
For a play-a-volume edition, this one comes very close
to perfection.
New York Topics.
New York, August IS, 1894.
Messrs. Macmillan & Co. will publish in about three
weeks " A New and Complete Concordance, or Verbal
Index, to Words, Phrases, and Passages in the Dra-
matic Works of Shakespeare, with a Supplementary
Concordance to the Poems," by John Bartlett, A.M.,
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
It is difficult to express the imposing character of this
work in a few words, more especially in view of its hav-
ing been accomplished by one person. The Concord-
ance is a large quarto volume, containing almost two
thousand pages, closely though plainly set in small type.
As an exhibition of patient industry and scholarship it
probably has not been exceeded in this country. Mr.
John Bartlett is of course known the world over by his
"Familiar Quotations," of which the ninth revised edi-
tion, representing many thousands of copies sold, was
published in 1891. There has been no figure more fa-
miliar than his in Cambridge, Mass., for half a century.
He was born in Plymouth hi 1820, removing to Cam-
bridge and entering the publishing business about 1836.
He succeeded to the management of his firm in 1849,
and held this position for ten years. Mr. Bartlett
served in the U. S. Navy during the Civil War, and
afterwards became connected with the firm of Messrs.
Little, Brown, & Co., reaching the senior partnership
in 1878. He took up his work on the Concordance
shortly after the publication of the "Globe " edition of
Shakespeare in 1875, the first cheap complete edition
of the dramatist. He has steadily worked on it during
most of the daylight hours ever since. The appearance
of the revised edition of the "Globe " Shakespeare, still
published by Messrs. Macmillan, in 1891, necessitated
a certain amount of additional work. This was finished,
and the Concordance is now ready to be placed upon
the market. It will be sold regularly through the book-
sellers, these publishers not being engaged in the sub-
scription business, and not, I understand, believing in
that method of sale. Mr. Bartlett says in his Introduc-
tion: "Apart from the merit of presenting the latest
and most approved text, now the standard with scholars
and critics, the plan of this Concordance to the Dra-
matic Works of Shakespeare is more comprehensive than
that of any which has preceded it, in that it aims to
give passages of some length for the most part inde-
pendent of the context." The work, he adds, is made
more nearly complete by the inclusion of select exam-
ples of certain auxiliary verbs, of various adjectives in
common use, and of pronouns, prepositions, interjections,
and conjunctions.
The first volume of Mr. John Codman Ropes's " Story
of the Civil War " is now passing through the Knicker-
bocker Press, and will be published at the end of Sep-
tember by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. This work
will deal less with accounts of battles and sensational
episodes generally than has been the case with some of
its predecessors, and will treat of the conflict in a more
critical and judicial spirit than has been usual. "The
Story of the Civil War" has been in preparation for
Messrs. Putnam's Sous for several years, and the author
has supplied his publishers with a regularly printed vol-
ume instead of the usual manuscript, it being his custom
to put his work in type and have it printed, before hand-
ing it over for publication, in order that he may see it
in print and that absolute accuracy may be secured.
Mr. Moncure D. Conway is making a brief visit to


1894.]
97
THE DIAL
the States, during the intermission of his duties at the
South Place Chapel, London. He is passing a month or
two on the Massachusetts coast, and after a brief rest
will complete his editorial labors on "The Writings of
Thomas Paine," the third and fourth volumes of which
will be published by Messrs. Putnam's Sons during the
coming season. Mr. Conway will continue his discourses
at South Place Chapel next winter, it now being twenty-
one years since he first became connected with the or-
ganization which meets there.
That band of young Arcadians, the Rhymers' Club
of London, to whom several references have been made
in this correspondence, has just published through Messrs.
Elkins & Lane, of London, and Messrs. Dodd, Mead &
Co. of New York, "The Second Book of the Rhymers'
Club." I have never seen the first book of the Rhymers'
Club, if such there be. The present volume is composed
of poems presumably written for the meetings of the
Club. They are signed by Messrs. Ernest Dowson, Ed-
win J. Ellis, G. A. Greene, Arthur Cecil Hillier, Lionel
Johnson, Richard LeGallienne, Victor Plarr, Ernest
Radford, Ernest Rhys, T. W. Rolleston, Arthur Sy-
mons, John Todhunter, and W. B. Yeats, who make up
this company of troubadors. Tbe names of Richard
LeGallienne, W. B. Yeats, and Ernest Rhys, "Rhys
the Rhymer," as his friends playfully call him, are best
known to American ears, but doubtless we shall know
more of all of them ere long.
Mr. Gilbert Parker has been contributing some inter-
esting comments on life in the United States to the " In-
dependent," of this city. He will revisit this country
in the fall, being now hard at work on a new novel at
his Harpenden home. I remember that we were dis-
cussing present tendencies of fiction lost winter, and
that I referred to various expeditions to different parts
of the world on the part of novelists in search of fresh
material. The question arose as to whether the liter-
ary results of these tours had been commensurate with
the expectations of those who made them. Mr. Parker
replied by saying that if a novelist goes forth for re-
portorial purposes and writes immediately after he has
visited a country, it seemed to him that he would write
pretty largely as a tourist. Mr. Parker believed that
a man could not write as well of a thing when he was
very close to it, as when he has obtained distance and
perspective of memory. He himself had travelled a
great deal, but he had never kept a diary regularly, and
he always believed that the things which were really
worth remembering printed themselves upon the mem-
ory and upon the eye, and that in due time they would
come up and fall into their proper places in one's work.
Mr. Parker did think that the most unfortunate thing
for any author to undertake is to go "fiction-stalking."
Now that the "Athenteum" has declared that the
last volume of stories by our most promising young
writer has the " common defects in American stories of
feebleness in motive and unsatisfactoriness in the con-
clusion," it would seem to be a good time to consider a
few of the reasons for the overshadowing of our home
novelists by the rising school of British romancers, and
this I shall try to do in another letter.
Arthur Strdman.
A volume of selections from Mr. John Burroughs,
edited by Miss M. E. Burt,and entitled "Little Nature
Studies for Little People," is announced by Messrs.
Ginn & Co.
LiTERABY Notes and Miscellany.
"The Religion of India," by Professor Hopkins, is in
the press of Messrs. Ginn & Co.
Mr. Marion Crawford's "Saracinesca " novels have
been translated into German under the title of "Eine
Riimische Fiirotenfamilie."
Dr. E. E. Hale is reported as saying that he once
gave throughout the West "a lecture on sleep, with
illustrations by the audience."
The first volume of M. Jusserand's " Histoire Litte>-
aire du Peuple Anglais" has just appeared in Paris.
Three volumes will complete the work.
Professor F. N. Scott, of Ann Arbor, has prepared a
circular of questions upon disputed points of English
usage, which he will send to anyone interested in the
subject who will take the trouble to answer the questions.
Mr. George Meredith's new novel, "Lord Ormont
and his Aminto," will be published in America by the
Scribners about the middle of August. Another new
story by Mr. Meredith, entitled " The Amazing Mar-
riage," will be published serially in "Soribner's Maga-
zine," beginning in an early number.
Professor Edward Dowden is preparing two volumes
of selections from Wordsworth for the "Athenaeum
Press " series. A similar selection from Tennyson will
be edited by the Rev. Henry Van Dyke. Other vol-
umes soon to appear in this series are Carlyle's " Sartor
Resartus," edited by Professor McMechan, and selections
from Herrick, edited by Professor Edward E. Hale, Jr.
New editions of standard authors seem likely to be
a notable feature of the Fall book trade. Messrs.
Frederick Warne & Co. will have a new edition of
Scott's novels, the " Edinburgh " Waverley in twelve and
twenty-five volumes 12mo; of Shakespeare, the "Lans-
downe Handy Volume " edition, in six pocket volumes;
and of Pope's Homer, with Flaxman's outline illustra-
tions.
We have received the first two issues, dated May and
June, of a new sixteen-page monthly entitled "Shake-
speare," and stated to be "The Journal of the Edwin
Booth Shakespeare League." The periodical presents
an interesting Shakespearian miscellany, and these num-
bers give excellent portraits of Mr. Irving and Dr. Fur-
ness. It is very attractively printed, and decidedly de-
serving of success.
We have received the first fourteen numbers of " Le
Module," a semi-monthly publication of M. H. Laurens,
6 Rue de Tournon, Paris. Each issue of this work con-
sists of four plates of original designs or sketches suit-
able for working up by artists, professional or amateur.
There is a great variety of subjects, landscapes, figure-
pieces, monograms, subjects for china-painting, etc. The
only text is that printed upon the covers.
Owners and collectors of book-plates in America will
be interested in the announcement of an exhibition of
these plates, to be held at tbe rooms of the Grolier
Club, New York, October 4-20, to which they are in-
vited to contribute specimens. Particulars may be had
by addressing the Secretary, Mr. Charles Dexter Allen,
P. O. Box 925, Hartford, Conn. A work on American
Book-plates, by Mr. Allen, with many illustrations, is
to be published this fall by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.
"Euphorion " is the title of a new "Zeitschrift fur
Literaturgeschichte," published at Bamberg. It is in-
tended to embrace the whole field of literary research


98
[Aug. 16,
THE DIAL
from the close of the middle ages to the present time,
and will comprise essays of a general character, special
studies, important contributions in the form of letters,
diaries, archival documents, texts, criticisms, and biblio-
graphical communications. Although chiefly German,
the periodical will be somewhat international in char-
acter, and will include brief reports on American, En-
glish, Russian, Hungarian, and other foreigh literatures.
LECONTE DE LISLE.
Mr. Arthur Symons writes of the late Leconte de
Lisle in these terms: "Never was a poet more actually
or more fundamentally a scholar; and his poetry both
gains and loses, but certainly becomes what it is, through
this scholarship, which was not merely concerned with
Greece and Rome, but with the East as well—a scholar-
ship not only of texts, but of the very spirit of antiquity.
That tragic calmness which was his favorite attitude
towards life and fate; that haughty dissatisfaction with
the ugliness and triviality of the present, the pettiness
and unreason of humanity; that exclusive worship of
immoral beauty; that single longing after the annihilat-
ing repose of Nirvana, — was it not the all-embracing
pessimism (if we like to call it, for convenience, by
such a name) which is the wisdom of the East, modi-
fied, certainly, by a temperament which had none of the
true Eastern serenity? In spite of his theory of im-
passibility, Leconte de Lisle has expressed only himself,
whether through the mouth of Cain or of Hypatia; and
in the man, as I just knew him, I seemed to see all the
qualities of his work; in the rigid, impressive head, the
tenacity of the cold eyes, the ideality of the forehead,
the singularly unsensuous lips, a certain primness, even,
in the severity, the sarcasm, of the mouth. Passion in
Leconte de Lisle is only an intellectual passion; emo-
tion is never less than epical; the self which he expresses
through so many immobile masks is almost never a
realizable human being, who has lived and loved. Thus
it is, not merely that all this splendid writing, so fine
as literature in the abstract, can never touch the multi-
tude, but that for the critic of literature also there is
a sense of something lacking. Never was fine work in
verse so absolutely the negation of Milton's three re-
quirements, that poetry should be simple, sensuous, and
passionate."
A PROPHET OF UNIVERSITY EXTENSION.
We make the following extract from one of the let-
ters of Sidney Lanier in the August issue of " The At-
lantic Monthly." Among the many " prophetic voices"
concerning University Extension, we know of none quite
so clear and sure as this.
"During my studies for the last six or eight months
a thought which was at first vague has slowly crystal-
lized into a purpose, of quite decisive aim. The lec-
tures which I was invited to deliver last winter before
a private class met with such an enthusiastic reception
as to set me thinking very seriously of the evident de-
light with which grown people found themselves receiv-
ing systematic instruction in a definite study. This
again put me upon reviewing the whole business of Lec-
turing, which has risen to such proportions in our country,
but which, every one must feel, has now reached its
climax and must soon give way — like all things — to
something better. The fault of the lecture system as
at present conducted—a fault which must finally prove
fatal to it — is that it is too fragmentary, and presents
too fragmentary a mass—indigesta moles — of facts be-
fore the hearers. Now if, instead of such a series as that
of the popular Star Course (for instance) in Philadelphia,
a scheme of lectures should be arranged which would
amount to the systematic presentation of a given subject,
then the audience would receive a substantial benefit,
and would carry away some genuine possession at the
end of the course. The subject thus systematically
presented might be either scientific (as Botany, for ex-
ample, or Biology popularized, and the like), or domes-
tic (as detailed in the accompanying printed extract
under the < Household ' School), or artistic, or literary.
"This stage of the investigation put me to thinking
of schools for grown people. Men and women leave
college nowadays just at the time when they are really
prepared to study with effect. There is indeed a vague
notion of this abroad; but it remains vague. Any in-
telligent grown man or woman readily admits that it
would be well—indeed, many whom I have met sin-
cerely desire—to pursue some regular course of thought;
but there is no guidance, no organized means of any
sort, by which people engaged in ordinary avocations
can accomplish such an aim.
"Here, then, seems to be, first, a universal admission
of the usefulness of organized intellectual pursuit for
business people; secondly, an underlying desire for it
by many of the people themselves; and thirdly, an ex-
isting institution (the lecture system) which, if the idea
were once started, would quickly adapt itself to the new
conditions.
"In short, the present miscellaneous lecture courses
ought to die and be borne again as Schools for Grown
People."
MRS. PEARY.
DAY ARCTIC
JOURNAL.
"We do not know which to admire the most, Mrs. Peary's
delightfully entertaining story or the wonderful pictures which
are reproduced from her camera."—Boston Herald.
Price $2.00.
CONTEMPORARY PUB. CO., 5 Beekman St., New York.
Rare Books. Prints. Autographs.
WILLIAM EVART8 BENJAMIN,
No. 22 East Sixteenth Street, . . New York.
Catalogues Issued Continually.
GEORGE P. HUMPHREY,
ANTIQUARIAN BOOKSELLER,
25 Exchange Street, . . . Rochester, N. Y.
Catalogues of Rare Books are frequently issued, and will be
mailed to any address.
EDUCATIONAL.
Bingham School for Boys, Achpvillp N C
Established In 1793. rullCYUIC, M. V-..
1894.
1793.
Established In 1793.
Huob R, BINGHAM, Superintendent.
MISS GIBBONS' SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, New York City.
"* No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. Sarah H. Emerson, Prin-
cipal. Will reopen October 4. A few boarding pupils taken.
T°J
DD SEMINARY FOR BOYS, Woodstock, III. An ideal
school near Chicago. Forty-seventh year.
NOBLE HILL, Principal.
yOUNO LADIES' SEMINARY, Freehold, N. J.
Prepares pupils for College. Broader Seminary Course.
Room for twenty-five boarders. Individual care of pupils.
Pleasant family life. Fall term opens Sept. 12,1894.
Miss Eunice D. Sewall, Principal.


1894.J
99
THE
DIAL
European Architecture.
. monthly publication of Photogravure Illustrations, taken
from the best monuments of European Art
and Architecture.
Subscription price: (1.00 per month — f 10.00 per year.
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SMITH & PACKARD, Publishers,
801 Medinah Building, CHICAGO.
O1
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ject write to The Book Shop. Catalogues tree.
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ad v ice ; the compilation and editing of standard works. Send your MS.
to the N. T. Bureau of Revision, the only thoroughly-equipped literary
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cess. Terms by agreement. Circulars. Address
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FRENCH BOOKS.
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William R. Jenkins,
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EYLLER & COMPANY,
Importers of GERMAN and Other Foreign Books.
Scarce and out-of-print books furnished promptly at lowest
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Catalogue* of new and second-hand books free on application.
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FREDERICK WARNE & CO.'S
NEW AND SELECTED PUBLICATIONS.
Realistic Stories by Henry Herman, author of " One Trav-
eller Returns," etc.
A Dead Man's Secret. l2mo, paper, 50 cents.
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A New Volume in the Continental Novel Library.
In Love with the Czarina and Other Stories.
Historical Romances by Maurice Jokai, carefully translated.
12mo, paper cover, 50 cents.
Uniform with the above in size and price. Carefully translated.
Cousin Pons. By Honore de Balzac.
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Helens. By Leon de Tinsean.
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The Ironmaster. Le Maitre de Forges. By Georges
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THE DOCTOR'S IDOL. By Christiah Lvis.
"Fresh, vigorous, and dramatic.*'—Boston Daily Traveller.
MISS HONORIA: A Talc of a Remote Corner of Ireland. By
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A CONQUERED SELF. By 8. Moore Cariw.
14 A good, wholesome tale."— The Churchman, New York.
A LIBERAL EDUCATION: A Tale of the Army. By Mrs.
Geo roe Marttk.
"A very fascinating little story."—New Orleans Picayune.
Charades for Acting in Town and Country.
By Capt. E. C. Nugent. In all styles of acting; Operatic,
Farcial, Burlesque, etc., with directions and hints on cos-
tumes. 12mo, paper, 50 cents.
Heraldry: Ancient and Modern.
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ditions, by S. T. Aveling. With 488 illustrations. Crown
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An excellent elementary work on a very fascinating historical study.
John Ruskin, His Life and Teaching.
By J. Marshall Mather. Fourth edition. 12mo, cloth, $1.
A simple outline of Ruskin's life and teaching, intended for those
who purpose a detailed study of his writings.
Popular Studies of Nineteenth Century Poets.
By Jf. Marshall Mather. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
A series of talks, or studies, on the style and characteristics of the
modern British poets.
Just Ready. In square Svo, cloth, price, (1.50.
Puzzles—Old and New.
Containing over 400 puzzles: Mechanical. Arithmetical, and
y. Puzzles
Curious, of every conceivable variety. Puzzles with cubes,
wire, matches, and ingenious ideas of all sorts fully ex-
plained. Illustrated with over 500 diagrams, etc., a Key
and an Index. By Professor Hoffman (The Conjurer).
J ust Ready. A new and cheaper edition of
Warne's Model Cookery and Housekeeping Book.
With complete instructions in household management and
3,000 practical and economical receipts, with copious infor-
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Warne's Model Cookery has been diatribut«d as a prise at the
South Kensington 8chooI of Cookery.
May be obtained from any bookseller, or will be sent free by mail, on
receipt of price by the publishers,
F. WARNE & CO., 3 Cooper Union, New York.


100
[Aug. 16, 1894.
THE DIAL
LEE AND SHEPARD'S SCHOOL BOOKS.
JU8T READT:
The Ticluresque Geographical Reader Series.
By Charles F. King, Master Dearborn School.
Fiflh Book: The Rocky Mountains and Pacific
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First Book: Home and School. 240 pages. Over 125
illustrations. 50 eta. net.
Second Book: This Continent of Ours. 320 pages. Fully
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Third Book: The New England and Middle States.
240 pages. 153 Illustrations. 56 eta. net.
Fourth Book: The Southern, Middle, and Central
States. 240 pages. 1S3 illustrations. 5b' cts. net.
Methods and Aids in Geography. For the Use of
Teachers. By Charles F. King. New and revised edition. Illus-
trated. tl.20 net.
The Special Kinesiology of Educational Gym-
nastics. By Baron Nils Posse, M.G., Graduate Royal
Gymnastic Central Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Director Poase
Gymnasium, Boston. With 2G7 illustrations and an analytical chart.
$2.40 net.
Handbook of School Gymnastics of the Swedish
System. By Baron Nils Posse, M.G. Cloth. Illustrated.
50 eta. net.
A Script Primer. Easy Reading Lessons for the Young-
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William Penn Charter School, Philadelphia. 25 eta. net.
A General Outline of Civil Government. Instates,
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Froebel Letters. With explanatory notes and additional
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A Pathfinder in American History. ByW.F.Gordy
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Builders of American Literature. First Series.
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102
[Sept. 1, 1894.
THE DIAL
D. Appleton & Co.'s New Books.
THE MANXMAN.
By Hall Caine, author of "The Deemster," "Capt'n Davy's Honeymoon,"etc. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
After a comparatively long period of silence the author of " The Deemster " and "The Scapegoat" reappears before the
public with a romance which is pronounced by critics his strongest work. In "The Manxman " Mr. Caine returns to the
field in which he won his first success. To this novel he has devoted the best powers of his active brain, and it embodies
the most vivid pictures which his splendid imagination had drawn. It is a romance which seizes upon and enthralls the
reader by its tremendous power, intense vitality, and succession of dramatic effects. In a time when so much fiction is written
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regard "The Manxman " as his strongest work, and the great success of his other books promises a remarkable oareer for this.
MRS. LIMBER'S RAFFLE;
Or, A Church Fair and its Victims. By William Allen Butler. New edition. 12mo. Cloth, 75 cents.
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Literature in the Stanford University. 12mo. Cloth, 81.25.
"My object Is a very unambitious one. I do not propose to trace over the arguments or summarize the conclusions of the Bpencerian phil-
osophy. Still less do I feel called upon to enter into any discussion of its more debatable aspects. Nor, beyond all things, is it my intention to
offer a substitute for the Synthetic System itself. Those who would really understand Mr. Spencer's ideas must themselves go to his writings.
But experience on the platform and in private conversation has shown me that something may be done to smooth the way for untrained feet. . . .
If the Introduction serves to bring others under the more immediate influence of a teacher to whom my own personal debt is so great, its exist-
ence will be amply justified.From the Preface.
ESSAYS, BIOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL.
By Thomas H. Huxley. The eighth volume of the author's Collected Essays. 12mo. Cloth, $1.25.
Contents: A Piece of Chalk.—The Problems of the Deep Sea.—Some Results of the Expedition of H. M. S. " Challenger."
—Yeast.—The Formation of Coal.—The Border Territory between the Animal and the Vegetable Kingdoms.—A Lobster, or
the Study of Zoology. — Biogenesis and Abiogenesis.—Geological Contemporaneity and Persistent Types of Life.—Geological
Reform.—Palaeontology and the Doctrine of Evolution.
GENERAL LEE.
By General Fitzhuoh Lee. A new volume in the Great Commanders Series, edited by General James Grant
Wilson. With Portrait and Maps. 12mo. Cloth, gilt top, $1.50.
Here is a popular biography of the great soldier which offers an intimate picture of every side of his life. It is written
by his nephew and cavalry commander, a member of his family, who therefore knew him as no outsider could, and a soldier
who served under him, understood his strategical conduct of his army, and aided in executing many of his plans. As a mili-
tary and personal biography nothing equal to this has been written. These peculiar qualifications and the convenient size of
the book give it, as the publishers believe, an unexcelled rank among the biographies of this class.
RAGNAROK: The Age of Fire and Gravel.
By Ignatius Donnelly, author of "Atlantis: The Antediluvian World,"etc.
12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
Illustrated. Thirteenth edition.
"This stupendous speculator in cosmogony begins and ends with 4 Drift,' on the summit of which temporary pile of successive superincumbent
ruins of worlds destroyed by convulsions or by comet, at vast intervals of time, the human race breathes out its moment of life,
which, with all its deliberate eccentricities, is often eloquent and suggestive. "—London Daily Newt.
A book
Recent Issues in Appletons' "Town and Country Library.
Each, ISmo. Price, paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.00.
Timar's Two Worlds. By Maubub Jokai.
George Mandevllle's Husband. By C. E. Raimond.
Vashti and Esther. A Story of Society To-day.
Dr. Janet of Harley Street. By Arabella Kenealy,
author of "Molly and her Man-o'-War," etc.
Outlaw and Lawmaker. By Mrs. Campbell-Praed,
author of " Christina Chard," " December Roses," etc.
A Daughter of Music. By G. Colmore, author of
"Concerning Oliver Knox," etc.
Red Diamonds. By Justin McCarthy, author of "A
History of Our Own Times," " Dear Lady Disdain," eto.
For tale by all Booksellers; or mil be sent by mail on receipt of price by the Publishers,
D. APPLETON & COMPANY 72 Fifth Avenue, New York.


THE DIAL
21 Semt'=ptontijIg Journal of ILitrrarjj Criticism, Discussion, ano Information.
TEE DIAL (founded in 18S0) it published on lite let and 16th of
each month. Teems or Sdbsceiptiok, 82.00 a year in advance, pottage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage mutt
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, tubscriptiont will begin with the
current number. Remittances thould be by check, or by exprett or
postal order, payable to TUB DIAL. Special Rates to Clues and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and Sample Copt on receipt of 10 cents. Advxetisinq Rates /urnuhtd
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. 197. SEPTEMBER 1, 1894. Vol. XVII.
Contents.
PACE
THE FREEDOM OF TEACHING 103
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA.
L. A. Sherman 105
THE BRYANT CENTENARY. Arthur Stedman . . 107
THE TRIAL OF PROFESSOR ELY. R. W. Conant 110
COMMUNICATIONS Ill
The Proposed Society of Comparative Literature.
Albert S. Cook.
The New York " Nation" and Its "College Anarch-
ist." C.E.S.
MORE NAPOLEONIC PICTURES. E.G.J.. . . Ill
PROBLEMS OF AMERICAN LAW REFORM.
Merrill Starr 115
THE MENTAL GROWTH OF MANKIND. Fred-
erick Starr 117
ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES NEWLY STATED. O.L.
Elliott 118
Nicholson's Principles of Political Economy.— Com-
mons's Distribution of Wealth.—Osborne's Principles
of Economics.
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ... 121
Dunn's Red Cap and Blue Jacket.— Forster's Major
Joshua.— Miss Peard's The Interloper.— Miss Dick-
ens's A Valiant Ignorance.—Miss Steel's The Potter's
Thumb.—Stevenson's and Osbourne's The Ebb-Tide.
—Mrs. Cotes's A Daughter of To-day.— Miss Crad-
dock's His Vanished Star.— Miss Baylor's Claudie
Hyde.—Turgenev's Rudin.—Poughkin's Prose Tales.
— Dostoievsky's Poor Folk.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 124
Howells and James as comedy writers.—John David-
son, Scotch Dramatist.— A commendable discussion
of the "Jewish Question."— Mr. Andrew Lang as a
ghost-hunter.—History of the South Place Society of
London.— Dumas's Napoleon Romances.—Early let-
ters of Mr. Ruskin.
BRIEFER MENTION 127
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 128
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 130
LIST OF NEW BOOKS "130
THE FREEDOM OF TEACHING.
The trial for heresy has become of late years
so common an incident in theological circles
that a new case, unless marked by distinctive
features of a sensational character, would now
attract little or no attention outside of the
church organization directly concerned. We
have also been provided with the amusing spec-
tacle, particularly in the South, of professors
in sectarian institutions of learning brought to
book for their failure to teach an astronomy
or a geology or a biology in accordance with
certain theological tenets based upon a strictly
literal interpretation of the Scriptures. But it
has been reserved for the University of Wis-
consin to offer the first example, to our knowl-
edge, of a trial for heresy in which theology
has no part. To hale a public teacher of science
before an investigating committee, for the pur-
pose of examining his opinions and pronounc-
ing upon their orthodoxy from a purely scien-
tific standpoint, is a procedure so novel, and,
we may add, so startling, that one may well
pause to consider its significance, and the pos-
sible consequences of an extension of the prin-
ciple thus involved.
Before discussing the subject, it may be well
to recapitulate the facts. Some weeks ago, the
Wisconsin State Superintendent of Public In-
struction, Mr. Wells, published in a New York
journal a communication upon the subject of
Professor Ely, Director of the School of Eco-
nomics at the University of Wisconsin. This
communication, which was headed "The Col-
lege Anarchist," charged Professor Ely with
the justification of strikes and the practice of
boycotts. He was reported to have entertained
and consulted with a walking-delegate, abetted
a strike in a printing-office at Madison, threat-
ened to withdraw his custom unless it were
made a union office, and to have said in con-
versation that union men should be employed
in preference to non-union men, that only cranks
had conscientious scruples against joining un-
ions. His books, assumed to represent his teach-
ings, were described as containing " Utopian,
impracticable, [and] pernicious doctrines," and
as furnishing " a seeming moral justification of
attacks upon life and property."


104
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
Allowing for the obvious animus of this com-
munication, the charges made do not seem to
have been very formidable. To entertain a
walking-delegate may be questionable as a mat-
ter of taste, but hardly comes in the category
of heinous social offences. And we do not
know that a man is to be condemned outright
for wishing to have his printing done in a union
office. As for the other charges, it may be said
that there are strikes and strikes, that second-
hand reports of conversation are vague and
readily colorable, and that the perniciousness
of Professor Ely's doctrines, which, as Mr.
Wells himself admits, "only the careful stu-
dent will discover," is obviously not to be made
the subject of an off-hand pronouncement. But
Professor Ely's accuser, by virtue of his posi-
tion at the head of the State Department of
Public Instruction, making him ex officio a mem-
ber of the Board of Regents of the State Uni-
versity, could not well be ignored; and, in
consequence of his charges, a committee of in-
vestigation was appointed, before which Pro-
fessor Ely and his accuser were summoned.
The "trial" was set for the twentieth of Au-
gust. As a preliminary, the committee had
laid down the general principle that the inves-
tigation should not go outside the personal
charges made against Professor Ely, and his
actual teachings as an instructor in the Uni-
versity. When the committee met for its in-
vestigation, Superintendent Wells failed to
appear, but was represented by a lengthy com-
munication, of which the substance was that
his opinion of Professor Ely's teachings was
based mainly upon Professor Ely's books, and
that to rule those books out of the investiga-
tion was to deprive the accuser of the only
available means of substantiating his charges,
as far as these related to the university teach-
ing of the Professor of Economics. In the
meanwhile, Professor Ely had made public de-
nial of the personal charges, accompanying the
denial with this stinging comment: "The man
who makes these charges against me is well
known to his neighbors as a politician of the
meaner sort, who, too small to appreciate the
most important trust ever committed to him,
betrayed it in his insensate love of notoriety."
This denial Professor Ely repeated before the
committee; and Superintendent Wells, in an-
other communication, admitted that he was
unable to produce evidence in support of the
charges reflecting upon Professor Ely's char-
acter as a citizen. With this episode, and some
further elaboration of the controversial amen-
ities already illustrated, the proceedings prac-
tically collapsed; and at last accounts Super-
intendent Wells was studying Professor Ely's
books for the purpose of making out his case
on the score of economic heterodoxy.
Since trials for heresy are almost the order
of the day, it was perhaps hardly natural to
expect that they would remain confined to the
domain of theology. If they are to seek other
territories and other victims, there is no doubt
that political science offers a promising field
for the heresy-hunter. The irritant quality of
political discussion is well known, and its ca-
pacity for inflaming the passions is hardly ex-
ceeded by that of theological controversy itself.
Political or economic principles are often at-
tacked and defended in a spirit of partisan bit-
terness which might prove instructive to the
polemics of Catholicism and Protestantism, and
from which Arians and Athanasians might have
taken useful hints. Hence we are not surprised
that a professor of political science should at
last have been brought to book in the good old
theological fashion, although it is of course
deeply to be regretted that any field of science
should suffer invasion from the spirit of intol-
erance, that any attempt should be made to im-
pose opinions upon men whose only aim in life
is to form rational opinions of their own and
to help others in the hard struggle for truth.
We are not particularly concerned to defend
Professor Ely's economic views. There is not
a little justice in the charge that his books are
"innocent of clear-cut thought." He is a fa-
cile writer, and an exceptionally diffuse one.
His phraseology is often vague and bewilder-
ing, if not actually misleading. In reading
his books, one gets the impression that the most
permanent facts of political science have some-
how gone into solution, and that there is little
prospect of a new crystallization. These char-
acteristics are shared with many other writers
of the so-called "new school" of economics,
but they are unusually prominent in Professor
Ely's writings. Nor do we doubt that his doc-
trines have a general socialistic trend, however
ingeniously he may narrow the definition of
socialism for the purpose of escaping its stigma,
or urge that there are far more radical socialists
than himself. We do not believe that true so-
cial progress is always to be sought along the
lines that he suggests, or that the principles
of "orthodox" economic science are by any
means as badly discredited as he insinuates.
But all this is beside the real question at is-
sue. That question is nothing less than whether


1894.]
105
THE
DIAL
university teaching shall be fettered or free.
The great principle of Lehrfreiheit is involved
in this episode of the trial of Professor Ely,
and no one who has a realizing sense of the vast
importance of defending that principle from
attack can take long in judging of this partic-
ular case. We do not hesitate to characterize
as an outrage the arraignment of Professor
Ely before a committee charged with investi-
gating the soundness of his scientific teaching.
It is an indignity which he is justified in resent-
ing, and which every teacher in the United
States should resent with him. He was ap-
pointed to his present position on account of
his scholarly reputation. That reputation has
not sensibly altered in quality during his pres-
ent incumbency, while it has noticeably grown
with his widened opportunities. Those respon-
sible for his appointment presumably had their
eyes open, and knew what his reputation was.
The position of a teacher of Professor Ely's
experience should be practically unassailable,
and he should be absolutely free to do his own
work in his own way. The time for examina-
tion and investigation is before appointments
are made, or during what may be called the
years of apprenticeship, the first two or three
years of work, in which a man and those re-
sponsible for him find out whether he has hit
his vocation or missed it. That the beginner
should be appointed from year to year, and upon
probation, is both natural and necessary; that
the man who has once won his professional
spurs should be subject to any such chances is
monstrous. Only for some offence of the gross-
est sort, only for something far more serious
than the worst that has ever been alleged
against Professor Ely, would any board of ed-
ucational trustees be justified in questioning
the tenure of a duly appointed teacher of expe-
rience and reputation.
For what is the alternative,— the fatal ad-
mission once made that teaching is to be con-
trolled by boards of regents and superintend-
ents of education? There is but one possible
answer to this question. Official history, offi-
cial science, and official philosophy will take
the place of a teaching based upon untram-
melled research and the unbiased pursuit of
truth. Such a course can only spell inefficiency,
hypocrisy, stagnation. "Der Wahrheit ist die
Atmosphiire der Freiheit unentbehrlich," says
Schopenhauer in his vigorous onslaught upon
the official philosophy prevalent among the Ger-
man universities in his time. Peculiarly in our
own country, with a democracy that has not
yet learned the natural limitations of all de-
mocracies, that still childishly assumes the
voice of the people to be the voice of God even
in matters only to be judged of by the trained
intellect, is such a warning needed. The au-
thorities of the University of Wisconsin, how-
ever excellent their intentions, and however
worthy their official zeal, have set, in this trial
of a public teacher of science, an example of
the most unfortunate character, an example
only too likely to be followed elsewhere, and
which, in assailing the principle of Lehrfrei-
heit, assails intellectual advancement itself in
one of its most fundamental conditions.
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF NEBRASKA.*
The study of English as rhetoric and composition,
and as English literature and philology, is com-
pletely differentiated in the University of Nebraska.
Writing is taught on the theory that constant tech-
nical practice is necessary, but practice in the de-
velopment and adjustment of meaning in the mind
as well as in appropriate and effective statement.
In other words, not facility with the media of ex-
pression, not automatism in phrasing merely, bat
organic, completed communication, in both matter
and manner, is the aim of the study. As contribu-
tive to this end, work in oral composition or public
speaking—not required, but elected very generally
by the students at some period in their course — is
arranged for and emphasized by the department
head. Of thirteen hundred students in attendance
last year, almost the entire number, excepting spe-
cials, and including nearly eight hundred young men
and women in college courses, were under rhetorical
instruction of some kind. One professor, two instruct-
ors, and one assistant are exclusively responsible for
this work. As a division of the general subject and
of university instruction, this department is known
* This artiole is the fifteenth of an extended series on the
Teaching of English at American Colleges and Universities,
of which the following have already appeared in The Dial:
English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook
(Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bren-
der Matthews (Feb. 16); English at Harvard University, by
Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); English at Stanford
University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson (March 16);
English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Corson
(April 1); English at the University of Virginia, by Professor
Charles W. Kent (April 16); English at the University of
Illinois, by Professor D. K. Dodge (May 1); English at La-
fayette College, by Professor F. A. March (May 16); English
at the State University of Iowa, by Professor E. E. Hale, Jr.
(June 1); English at the University of Chicago, by Professor
Albert H. Tolman I June 16) English at Indiana University,
by Professor Martin W. Sampson (July 1); English at the
University of California, by Professor Charles Mills Oayley
(July 16); English at Amherst College, by Professor John F.
Gennng (Aug. 1); and English at the University of Michigan,
by Professor Fred N. Scott (Aug. 16).—[Ede. Dial.]


10G
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
as the Department of English. The Department of
English Literature, on the other hand, confines itself
to instruction in literature proper, including both the
earlier as well as the latest forms of development,
with recognition of linguistic relations and differ-
ences between. The work begins in the second year
of residence, with Anglo-Saxon and Early English.
In this study there are four exercises a week through-
out the year. The class is drilled daily from the
start in writing forms, until, after reading fifteen
or twenty pages of prose, and practically mastering
the verb-groups and inflections, it is ready to begin
poetry. The most imaginative parts of the " Genesis"
and the " Exodus " are then used as an introduction,
and by the middle of December " Beowulf " is begun.
This poem is studied almost wholly as literature, and
by the end of March has been read to the extent of
2000 lines or over. By making the study literary
and not philologic, there is no difficulty in keeping
up the enthusiasm of the class, and for three years
only one student has been dropped from the roll on
account of inability to carry the work. From April
to the end of the year the class reads Middle En-
glish, — generally in Morris's "Specimens," with
such illustration and appropriation of historical prin-
ciples as can be gained by two months' companion
study of Lounsbury's " History." By this year's work
the student gets a general idea of the development
of the literature and language to Chaucer, as also
a clear appreciation of the fundamental forms and
modes of sentiment in Teutonic poetry.
The study of Anglo-Saxon and Early English is
prescribed in but two of the eight groups of under-
graduate work. It is followed by a general survey
of English literary development from Chaucer to
Tennyson, three exercises a week through two sem-
esters. This subject is taken by nearly all the stu-
dents at some point in the course, being required in
six out of the eight groups. Here students from
the Anglo-Saxon studies of the year preceding, as
also from the classical and the philosophical courses,
are put at work along with men from the industrial
sections, from the scientific, the agricultural, and
the electrical engineering groups of study. Of the
hundred and twenty members of a given class thus
made up, more than two-thirds are without literary
traditions or taste or training, or interest in pure
literature of any sort. The theory of the work done
with this class is simply that students in college
have generally not yet taste for the best literature,
or prepared capacity to appropriate its aesthetic
meaning, but must have both aroused or enabled
in them at the outset. To do this a month is de-
voted to inductive exercises in discriminating poetic
or emotional terms and phrases from prosaic, and
in interpreting metres, figures, and force. It is
steadfastly believed that the study of literature as
literature is impossible to minds insensible to the
inner differences between prose and poetry, and
blank to aesthetic challenge or suggestion. More-
over, experience with the work has not proved the
existence of minds so blank or insensible as not
to yield, along with others of better traditions or
training, to the influence of such first culture, or
less completely and readily than they. Students
from the so-called classical or literary groups do
not prove superior, either in aptness or preparation,
after the opening and quickening of the sensibili-
ties, to those from the technical courses of study.
Last year a University Browning Club, conceived
and planned wholly from among pupils under in-
struction, was organized and put in operation upon
a permanent basis. But the young men and wo-
men projecting it and having it in charge were from
the scientific rather than the literary side of the class
in question. Indeed, the success of all later courses in
the department is found to be largely dependent upon
the interest aroused in the first month's study. The
attention of teachers yet troubled about getting their
classes interested in literature is invited to the re-
sults from this manner of opening the year. It must
not be imagined that the work here done has been
in any way the result of expert teaching, for the
tutor in charge is but a recent graduate, not yet
strong in handling college classes. It is demon-
strated that, with perfected instruction, out of a
hundred average students fit to carry work above
secondary grades, practically and positively a full
hundred appreciative and even enthusiastic readers
of best literature may be made. When a class has
learned to read literature as literature, with true
aesthetic discernment of its spiritual quality, it will
go forward of its own momentum. When it is all
agog, even to the last member, over " Lycidas " or the
"Adonais," teaching becomes merely guidance, sug-
gestion, is no longer dogmatic exposition or author-
ity. It is neither just nor necessary to allow col-
lege credit for reading vernacular masterpieces, just
as for Sophocles or Terence, even should consider-
able attention be given to the notes. The mere
reading should be taken for granted, as also, —
when enabled and attained,—the higher experiences
from the reading. Credit should not be entered
upon the books of a college for such higher expe-
riences, but only for knowledge gained or culture
won at first hand. But on the strength of interest
amused beforehand the college pupil may be led to
do work that will make him a life-long interpreter
of aesthetic literature, or at least save him from
skepticism concerning its pretensions.
The work of this general survey, when fairly
begun, consists in class study of Chaucer, Spenser,
Milton, Shelley, Wordsworth, and Browning. There
is accompanying study of biographies and general
literary history, including evolution of new princi-
ples, with systematic library readings, and prepara-
tion of notes, in a hundred representative authors.
No further work in this department is prescribed.
There are elective courses in advanced Anglo-Saxon
and philology, Browning, Tennyson,— in conjunc-
tion with systematic criticism,— American Litera-
ture, Old Testament poetry, and theory of literary
teaching. Shakespeare is made a subject by itself,
being given in a first-year course on simple princi-


1894.]
107
THE DIAL
pies of everyday interpretation, in second-year work
of a more advanced and systematic character, and
finally in third-year seminary interpretation and re-
search. There is also seminary work through two
semesters in the development of literature, given last
year in the evolution and history of character hints
in poetry and fiction, and of certain other fundamen-
tal modes of imagination. In all there are twenty-
two semester courses offered by the department,
with an enrollment last year of something over
three hundred and fifty names. The work is car-
ried by one professor, one tutor, and an assistant.
The energy of the department has been largely de-
voted for some years to the effort of securing the
same definiteness and sureness of results in litera-
ture for all minds as have been reached in other
subjects. Such success as has been attained has
been emulated among the high schools of our State,
and to a degree worthy at least of mention here.
Several of the accredited schools have begun, at
their own instance, to do the preliminary work of
the survey class, and so well as to establish their
ability to fit for college work in literature just as
in Greek, mathematics, and the sciences. In fact,
they have demonstrated that the proper place to
open the mind to the inspiration of literature is in
the secondary schools, and not the college. Some
fifteen teachers of English in our fifty-five accredited
academies and high schools will do the preliminary
work of our survey course this year, and will do it
essentially as well as we. It is our intention to recog-
nize the quality of the work by admitting their pu-
pils to immediate instruction in literature, by the de-
vice of an advanced division, upon entrance. Withal,
the benefit of such training to those students who
never go up to college is hardly to be estimated.
L. A. Sherman.
Professor of English Literature, University of Nebraska.
THE BRYANT CENTENARY.
(Special Correspondence of The Dial.)
"0 Master of imperial lays!
Crowned in the fulness of thy days;
One heart that owned thy gracious spell
Thy reverend mien remembers well;
"For mine it was, ere fell the snow
Upon this head of long ago,
My modest wreath to intertwine
With richer offerings at thy shrine.
"A guest upon that day of days,
How leapt my heart to hymn thy praise!
Yea, from that hour my spirit wore
A high content unknown before."
So read Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, with clear musical
voice, from the low platform in the Bryant maple grove
at Cummington, while the many invited guests beside
her, and the assembled thousands in front, hung breath-
lessly upon her words. Of all that vast company, per-
haps five thousand in number, I do not think that more
than one (Mr. Parke Godwin) was present on the occa-
sion, thirty years before, to which she made this allu-
sion iu her poem. It was the Bryant Festival at the
Century Club of New York to which she referred, held
in honor of the poet's seventieth birthday, and at which
George Bancroft presided as president of the club, and
Emerson and Mrs. Howe were the principal invited
guests. That distinguished company also included Bay-
ard Taylor, George H. Boker, Oliver Wendell Holmes,
Thomas Buchanan Read, Christopher P. Cranch, Rich-
ard H. Dana, Jr., William M. Evarts, and Richard
Henry Stoddard, all of whom read poems or made
speeches, besides the brilliant galaxy of artists for which
the Century Club has always been noted, among them
Huntington, Durand, La Farge, Bierstadt, Gifford, Ken-
sett, J. Q. A. Ward, Whittredge, Hennessy, and Brown.
The volume containing the exercises of that occasion is
before me as I write, and among the numerous por-
traits shown is a photograph of Mrs. Howe in 1864.
Time has indeed whitened her hair and deepened the
lines of her face, but the firm, thoughtful brow and
poetic mouth are unchanged.
Mrs. Howe's first appearance in the morning at Cum-
mington, and the singing of her " Battle Hymn of the
Republic " by the company, had been the occasion of a
spontaneous burst of applause not equalled during the
day; but her reading of her poem in the afternoon was
marked by a quieter, if more intense, demonstration.
It was somewhat by accident that the writer found
himself among the invited guests of the Bryant Cen-
tenary at Cummington, Mass., on August 16, held in
honor of the one hundredth anniversary of the poet's
birth at that place. How to describe the many events
of the journey there and of the day itself, in one short
letter, is somewhat puzzling. While the programme of
exercises was carried out with complete success, and
while the speakers were distinguished and their re-
marks worthy of the occasion, yet it was what might
be called the accessories of the celebration which most
impressed one visitor.
When I saw an announcement last spring that the
centenary of Bryant's birth (November 3, 1794) was
to be celebrated next November at Great Barrington,
Berkshire county, Mass., I was somewhat surprised, for
Bryant was born in Cummington, in Hampshire county,
and only practiced law for a few years at Great Bar-
rington, soon giving up the profession and leaving the
place through disgust at being non-suited because of
some technical neglect of a case on his part. Then last
month the announcement was made that the day of birth
would be anticipated for the better convenience of those
who were to be present, and that the celebration would
be held at Cummington. I then realized, what was
probably the fact, that the Cummington people did not
intend to be robbed of their town's distinction as the
birthplace of the poet. Their committee, under the
leadership of Wesley Guruey, Lorenzo H. Tower, and
Mrs. Henrietta S. Nahmer, the secretary, took active
steps to ensure a successful affair. Mr. Parke Godwin
presided. He was introduced by Mr. Tower, who is
librarian of the library founded by Mr. Bryant at Cum-
mington, and who made an address to which I shall
again refer. Mr. Godwin spoke, and was followed by
Edwin R. Brown, of Elmwood, 111., a native of Cum-
mington, selected for this reason and because of his per-
sonal friendship with John Howard Bryant, only sur-
viving brother of William Cullen, and himself a poet,
also a resident of Elmwood. Mr. Brown delivered the
memorial address, a scholarly production, which held
the close attention of the audience for over an hour.
Mr. John Howard Bryant, who carries his eighty-seven


108 THE
DIAL, [Sept. 1,
years with a nervous yet delicate vigor, read "A Mon-
ody " on the death of his brother. Then came the sing-
ing of Mrs. Howe's "Battle Hymn," and an intermis-
sion for refreshments.
In the afternoon, besides Mrs. Howe's poem, there
were addresses by John Bigelow, Charles Dudley War-
ner, Charles Eliot Norton, Rev. John W. Chadwick, and
President G. Stanley Hall of Clark University. Con-
troller James H. Eckels was also called on for a speech,
and Mr. John Howard Bryant recited another poem,
"At Eighty-Seven."
Cummington lies on the crest and at the foot of a hill
in western Hampshire county, which is itself surrounded
by an amphitheatre of similar hills. The nearest rail-
way station on the east is distant some thirteen miles,
and stations on the west and north are distant twenty
miles. It is the centre of what are called the " hill
towns" of Hampshire county, a region quite distinct
from the Berkshire district made famous by the mem-
ory of Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Miss Sedg-
wick. To reach Cummington from any direction, you
must go over a hill,— Goshen hill on the east, from
Northampton, where Cable lives, or Lightning Bug hill
on the north, from Ashfield, where Curtis spent his sum-
mers for so many years, and where Charles Eliot Nor-
ton now has his summer abode. The Bryant houses are
near the top of Cummington hill, the old homestead
where the poet was brought up being two or three hun-
dred feet below the other house, and it was near the
homestead that the exercises were held.
A relative of the Bryant family and myself took an
early start on the *' electric " from Northampton to the
stage terminus, the afternoon before the celebration,—
and it was well for us that we did so. We established
ourselves in the stage a full half-hour before the horses
were attached, and found, to our surprise, that more
than twice the people it would carry were waiting to
take it as it was driven out. Most of these people were
obliged to seek private conveyances or wait over until
the next morning. Then followed a dreary three hours'
pull up Goshen hill, two horses having to do the work
of four. We arrived at Cummington in time to take
supper and to attend a children's concert at the village
church. There was a local orchestra of four or five
pieces, and a chorus, both of which also took part in
the exercises next day; and there were recitations from
Bryant's poems and compositions by the children, all
under the management of a tireless young lady resident.
Looking at the children, as they were grouped in the
front pews, I was struck by the preponderance of pure
New England types, such a collection of which I had
not seen in twenty years, or before familiar districts in
New England were invaded by foreign immigration.
So I was not surprised next day to learn from Mr.
Tower's admirable address that "the town is still one
of pure New England stock, and out of two hundred
voters only three are not of American birth. ... It
is still a farming community, as it was a hundred years
ago, and the farmers win a scanty living from rebellious
soil." To me, this children's concert, with its manifes-
tation of the pure native stock, was the most interest-
ing feature of the Bryant Centenary.
Something of the same showing was evident next day,
at the exercises. Many driving parties came over from
the now fashionable towns of Berkshire, but the society
people were practically lost in the mass of village peo-
ple, numbers of whom had driven thirty or forty miles
and camped out over night on the way. And such " old,
old, old, old ladies," and men, too, as there were among
them, with deep lines of toil and narrow living cut into
their faces. There were fashions a great deal older
than those of the revived 1830 type, and there were
hats worn by some old men which no words of mine
could describe. Squalling babies were occasionally in
evidence, and people on the outskirts of the crowd could
have heard but little of the speakers' remarks, although
they .stood through the proceedings with eyes glued on
the more distinguished, and even on the less distin-
guished, occupants of the platform. Among the former,
in addition to the speakers, were Miss Julia S. Bryant,
the daughter of William Cullen Bryant, and many mem-
bers of the Bryant family, Miss Sarah Orne Jewett, and
Mrs. Kate Upson Clark. A feature of the celebration
was the singing of the bard-like John W. Hutchinson,
the last of the Hutchinson family, who stirred the au-
dience with his rendering of Mrs. Howe's hymn and
with some of his old-time songs.
The residents of Cummington covered themselves
with credit in all their arrangements for the Centenary.
The disposition of the platform and seats rising up the
slope of a small elevation in the grove, the plain but
bountiful collation for the two hundred guests of the
committee, and the convenience for stabling probably
five times the number of horses ever collected in the
town before, were perfect in every respect. All but the
special guests of the committee brought their provisions
with them, and the sight of several thousand people
picnicking in the grove was something to be remem-
bered. After the exercises I walked along "the rivu-
let" (the subject of Bryant's poem of that name) which
runs by the old homestead, and down the hill to the
monument which marks the sight of his birthplace.
Looking about the wide amphitheatre of hills which
stretch away on every side, in the evening glow of a
perfect summer's day, it was not difficult to guess the
inspiration of « Thanatopsis." Arthuk Stedmak.
MRS. CELIA THAXTER.
Mrs. Celia Thaxter died at her home at Appledore,
Isles of Shoals, the evening of August 26, at the age
of fifty-eight. A daughter of Thomas B. Laighton, of
Portsmouth, she was born June 29,1836, in that town.
When an infant, her father became a lighthouse-keeper
upon White Island, and there the child spent ber first
eleven years. Her family then moved to Appledore,
where she lived for the remainder of her life. At the
age of sixteen she married Levi Thaxter, who is de-
scribed as "a cultivated man who preferred this quiet
spot to the noisy world." Mrs. Thaxter's first vol-
ume of poems appeared in 1872. It was followed
by" Driftwood " (1879),« Poems for Children " (1883),
"The Cruise of the Mystery and Other Poems " (1886),
and "Idyls and Pastorals" (1887). Mr. Stedman fit-
tingly says of her verse that it gives us "the dip of the
sea-bird's wing, the foam and tangle of ocean, varied
interpretations of clambering sunrise mists and evening's
fiery cloud above the main." She was peculiarly happy
as a writer of verse for children. In prose, a pretty
volume called " Among the Isles of Shoals " was widely
read; and her latest work, "An Island Garden" (re-
viewed in The Dial a few months ago), has been re-
ceived with an exceptional degree of cordiality, bestowed
upon the text quite as much as upon Mr. Cliilde Has-
sam's exquisite illustrations.


1894.]
109
THE DIAL
THE TRIAL OF PROFESSOR ELY.
(Special Correspondence of The Dial.)
Madison, Wis., August 25, iSH.
The Wisconsin State Superintendent of Public In-
struction, Mr. O. E. Wells, has done for Professor R.
T. Ely, of the State University, a like service to that
which Professor Pattern rendered Professor Swing.
Whatever Mr. Wells's intention may have been, the
only result can be to intrench more strongly than ever
the man he has attacked, while at the same time giving
him an instant national prominence which could in the
usual course of things come only as the long result of
time and labor. Professor Ely has the great advantage
of being the first sociological heretic to be brought to
book; the first of a long line to come—if we are to be-
lieve the charges and insinuations which have been lately
going the rounds, that the increasing boldness of radi-
cal socialism, and even of anarchy itself, is in a large
measure due to encouragement in high places. He will
have the further satisfaction of not being obliged to
pose as a sociological martyr also; for to be a religious
martyr is not half bad in these latter days, while to be
suspected of favoring strikes and anarchy butters no
professor's parsnips.
Professor Ely has very likely felt that his affliction,
though it endure but for a moment, is more chastening
than providential; yet he may well congratulate him-
self that Providence chose such a very feeble rod of
chastisement as Mr. Wells. No man could teach and
write so much as Professor Ely without laying himself
open to skilful attack at some unguarded point; but Mr.
Wells has succeeded simply in furnishing in his own per-
son another brilliant illustration of the madness which
goes before the destruction of the gods.
In « The Nation " of New York, of July 12, when the
public excitement over the railroad strike was at its
height, there appeared a letter signed O. E. Wells, and
bearing the somewhat startling heading " The College
Anarchist." The letter was a column in length, but
the gist of it is as follows: First, "that there is a sort
of moral justification for the attack on life and prop-
erty based on a theory which comes from the colleges,
lecture-rooms, and latterly from the churches, and is
supported by the teaching and practice of the Univer-
sity of Wisconsin." Secondly, Professor Ely entertained,
and was in frequent consultation with, a certain " walk-
ing-delegate " during a strike which occurred in Madi-
son in the beginning of the present year. Third, Pro-
fessor Ely threatened to take his printing from a certain
firm unless they employed union men. Fourth, Pro-
fessor Ely declared that " a dirty, dissipated, unmar-
ried, unreliable, and unskilled tramp, if a union man,
should be employed in preference to an industrious, skil-
ful, trustworthy, non-union man who is the head of a
family." Fifth, "Only a careful student will discover
the Utopian, impracticable, or pernicious doctrines [of
Professor Ely's books], but their general acceptance will
furnish a seeming moral justification for attacks on life
and property such as the country is already becoming
so familiar with."
To the Regents of the Wisconsin State University
all this was " mighty interesting reading," especially as
the newspapers all over the country were soon in full
ery. It was " important if true," and it did not take
the Honorable Board long to appoint a committee of
three, which should summon accuser and accused to ap-
pear in their august presence and elucidate things. After
two postponements, all parties concerned were finally
gotten together in the Law Building of the University
on the evening of August 21, each of the opposing par-
ties being represented by a lawyer. After considerable
preliminary sparring between the lawyers, it became
evident that the policy of the plaintiff was one of delay
and of readiness to back out on any decent pretext. Mr.
Wells, having accomplished his object in spreading his
accusations broadcast, seemed not to be greatly inter-
ested in the investigation. The defence filed an em-
phatic denial of each and every charge contained in the
accusations, in order. Then appeared the weakness of
the plaintiff's case. Although the letter begins by first
attacking Professor Ely's teachings, then his personal
acts, and finally his writings, the lawyer for Mr. Wells
made every possible effort to ignore all the first part
and confine the inquiry to the last count only; namely,
the writings. At last they were forced to confess that
Mr. Wells could not possibly testify anything about the
teaching, because he had never heard a single lecture
by Professor Ely, and had not even read the only one
of the Professor's books which is prescribed as part of
the university course. Thus the first and most impor-
tant part of the attack fell flat.
Much against the wish of the plaintiff, the charges
referring to Professor Ely's personal acts was next
taken up; and the reason of the reluctance became man-
ifest as soon as the testimony of witnesses was taken.
Every charge under the third and fourth counts was
flatly contradicted, and showed conclusively that Mr.
Wells had either carelessly or maliciously taken mere
street gossip as a basis of his very serious public accusa-
tions, without taking the trouble to ascertain the truth.
The proceedings were enlivened by several sharp ver-
bal scrimmages between the two lawyers and the com-
mittee, to the great delight of the audience.
At this point, and at the desire of the plaintiff, an ad-
journment of three days was interposed to give him time
to recover breath, and to collect all the damning ex-
tracts which he could find in Professor Ely's works.
Thus far the investigation had beeu a farce; but now
we were promised something very serious. The second
hearing was attended by a still larger audience, includ-
ing many ladies; but Mr. Wells was not in it. He had
had enough.
Under such circumstances it would probably have oc-
curred to a fair-minded man that a great wrong had
been done Professor Ely, and that the least reparation
possible was a full retraction and ample apology. But
Mr. Wells thought otherwise. He regarded it as a fit-
ting opportunity to send another long letter to the com-
mittee, in which he refused to be present at the inves-
tigation any further, on the plea of having been so
advised by friends because of some applause that had
occurred at the opening of the trial, and because of
"restrictions " imposed by the committee. He reiterated
several of his exploded charges, in the face of the fact
that they had been disproved, and then proceeded to
consider the main point, viz., the socialistic character of
Professor Ely's writings. The latter part of the letter
was therefore the total residuum of this formidable at-
tack which bad called forth so much comment from the
press. It was chiefly an exposition of the impression
produced by their perusal upon the mind of the reader;
t. «., Mr. Wells's mind. He found this to be very bad.
He endeavored to support his impressions by a few quo-
tations, which, isolated from their connection, might
easily assume to a willing eye the outlines of a cloven


110
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
foot. It is hardly necessary to say that almost any-
thing could be deduced from any author by this ex-
tremely naive method of exegesis; but when the quota-
tions were afterward read by the defence in their proper
connection, the disingenuousness of the method became
apparent.
That was the end of Wells. The defence now had
the easy and pleasant task of repelling his last feeble
attacks, by quotations from Professor Ely's works, by
the oral testimony of his former students now teachers
in other institutions, and by many written assurances of
high regard which had been received from prominent
men. Against the "impressions" which Mr. Wells's
mind received from a perusal of Professor Ely's works
were opposed the scholarly criticisms and endorsements
of President Adams of Wisconsin University, President
Andrews of Brown, Professor Small of the University
of Chicago, Dr. Shaw, editor of " Review of Reviews,"
Mr. Carroll D. Wright, Federal Commissioner, and
others. All this cloud of witnesses, while admitting
differences of opinion in matters of detail, united in em-
phatically endorsing Professor Ely, and in repelling all
insinuations that there was in his teachings, writings,
or personal influence anything leaning toward or pro-
vocative of anarchy in the slightest degree. On the con-
trary, he has always deprecated strikes and boycotts as
resulting in more harm than good to the cause of Labor.
Finally, Professor Ely, being sworn, testified that to
his knowledge he had never even seen the walking-dele-
gate whom he was accused of entertaining, nor had he
consulted with any walking-delegate whatsoever.
The committee is to make its formal report to the
Board of Regents, whose next meeting comes on the
eighteenth of September; but there can be little doubt
what that report will be. Dogberry complained, "O,
that I had been written down an ass." Poor old Dog-
berry! If he only could have been State Superintend-
ent of Wisconsin! R w Con ant.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
THE PROPOSED SOCIETY OF COMPARATIVE
LITERATURE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
I confess I have less confidence than Professor Gay-
ley seems to have in the study of the literature of sav-
age tribes as affecting present canons of criticism.
Literature, as we know it and are interested in it, is es-
sentially a product of culture. What primarily concerns
us is the literature of the Aryan peoples, and among
them the literature which has been tinctured by, if it is
not a product of, the civilizations of Greece and Rome.
Among the latter I include the Scandinavian, and of
course the oldest English. Among non-Aryan peoples,
the Hebrews have profoundly influenced all modern Oc-
cidental literature; and among non-European civiliza-
tions belonging to the Aryan branch, we may fairly in-
clude the Hindoos, as represented by Sanskrit, and to
some extent by more modern literature. If to these we
add the Finnish Kalevala, and a few folk-songs which
may lie beyond the Aryan pale, we have a corpus which,
in my opinion, it would be well to master first, before
prosecuting too far our researches into the drama of
the Papuans, or the epic of Dahomey. There may well
be societies of comparative literature, I grant; but I
conceive that our most pressing need in this country at
present is to understand the English literature, and
those most nearly allied to it, and that this object may
be more directly subserved than by devoting too large
a portion of our leisure to the literature of the South
Sea islands. Albkbt S. Cook.
Yale University, New Haven, Conn., August 16, 1894.
THE NEW YORK "NATION" AND ITS
"COLLEGE ANARCHIST."
(To the Editor of Tra Dial.)
Now that the charge against Professor Ely has been
exploded and proved to have come from a breechless
cannon, hurting most the meddlesome one who foolishly
or recklessly touched it off, one beholding the vanishing
smoke-cloud may well ask how it is that so much smudge
and racket should have come about so needlessly. The
responsibility for the accusation and trial of Dr. Ely
must be divided, it seems, between Mr. Wells, the Su-
perintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin, and
"The Nation" of New York; the one having written
the letter containing the charges, and the other having
printed it with the title of "The College Anarchist"
and endorsed and followed it up editorially. Surely
such charges and such an epithet could be justified,
if at all, only by the most ample and unequivocal evi-
dence of their truthfulness. The word "anarchist,"
as applied to a college professor, is about the most in-
jurious that could be chosen; hardly less damaging, at
the present time, than the term ex-murderer or horse-
thief. It is worse, really, than to call a lawyer a shys-
ter, a physician a quack, or a clergyman a mountebank.
These have the world before them; if a public stigma
is placed upon their name in one place, they can go to
another region and begin anew. But a college profes-
sor has at best but few openings, and a reproach or
doubt clinging to him in one quarter is pretty certain
to follow him elsewhere and effectually check his career.
These considerations show how serious was the moral,
and presumably the legal, responsibility assumed in call-
ing Professor Ely "The College Anarchist," and will
cause the public, particularly members of Dr. Ely's
profession, to look with interest for whatever of repara-
tion may be accorded him. Even though he may have
gained rather than lost by the unjust attack upon him,
the principle involved is the same as in the case of those
who might be equally innocent yet not so strong or able
to defend themselves so successfully. Words are dan-
gerous things, and the injury they may do is often irre-
parable. The word "anarchist" is coming to be used
a little too freely in modern economic discussion, re-
minding one unpleasantly of the religious "heretic " or
the political "suspect" of not so very long ago. We
have had, perhaps, almost too much of the "College
Anarchist," the " Anarchist Governor," the "Anarchist
Preacher," etc. Sinister epithets are no better argu-
ments than brickbats are. They ill become a dignified
and influential journal, least of all one whose mission in
part is to raise the standard of journalistic ethics. Such
are not the examples of amenity and justice by which
the manners and morals of journalism are to be im-
proved. C. E. S.
Chicago, August 28, 1894.
Mr. Theodore Stanton has been engaged in Paris
during the last year in preparing a series of lectures on
the Third French Republic, which he will deliver before
the Wisconsin State University.


1894.]
ill
THE DIAL
Wyt Ncto Books.
More Napoleonic Pictures.*
Neither the flight of time nor the growing
urgency of current questions seems to abate
public curiosity concerning Napoleon. In view
of the multiplicity of books on the Emperor
and of the temptations held out for the last
half century to write them, it is rather remark-
able that one of the fullest, freshest, and, in
point of narrative, most trustworthy accounts,
the "Memoirs of the Baron de Meneval," should
appear at this late day. Few readers, certainly,
are likely to accept the writer's exaggerated
estimate of his hero; none, on the other hand,
will question the exceptional worth of his evi-
dence as to facts. "An honorable and a truth-
ful man whose lips were never stained with a
lie "—as M. Thiers testified in the French Par-
liament— Meneval was for years (1802-15)
Napoleon's private secretary, his close friend,
and a member of his household. He knew the
Emperor as few were privileged to know him;
and it is a fact to be weighed that although
custom accorded Meneval the valet's prover-
bially fatal degree of intimacy, Napoleon re-
mained in his eyes a hero to the end. "Faith-
ful to his master till the grave," observes his
editor, " he sought always and everywhere, with
a complete conviction and the most absolute
good faith, to defend the memory of this great
man." Unhappily for the defender, the changed
standards of a later day have wrought disas-
trously with the Emperor's title to greatness.
The Alexanders and Tamerlanes, men whose
genius for destruction filled the rude ideal of
their contemporaries and made the soil they
touched a Golgotha, no longer engross history;
and the glory of the victor of Marengo and
Austerlitz is happily paling before that of the
Colberts and Turgots, real patriots whose goal
was the solid prosperity of their countrymen.
In view of the actual verdict of time, there is
a strain of pathos in Meneval's prediction that
this "common arbitrator '•' would justify his
estimate of his master. He says:
"The revelations which time will bring will show
Napoleon raised on the summit of greatness by means
of which morality approves; they will show him free
from all baseness, straightforward, magnanimous, ex-
* Memoirs Illustrating the Histort of Napoleon I.
From 1802 to 1815. By Baron Cladde-Francois de Mene-
val, Private Secretary to Napoleon. Edited by his Grand-
son, Baron Napoleon Joseph de Meneval. With Portraits
and Autograph Letters. In three volumes. New York: D.
Appleton & Co.
empt from low passions, endowed with every kind of
courage, constantly occupied with the care of ameliorat-
ing the condition of humanity, and finally moved by the
noble ambition to have desired to make of France the
most glorious and the most prosperous of nations; am-
bition too great, perhaps, in a worn-out society, for the
rejuvenation of which time as well as the constancy of
fortune were lacking to him."
Meneval might well have given his memoir
Chancellor Pasquier's sub-title, "A History of
My Time," the book being really a continuous
historical narrative, interspersed with pen pic-
tures and anecdotes of Napoleon and his en-
tourage. The stories of the Emperor serve
mostly to illustrate his private character, rather
than to depict him as the soldier and the ruler;
and here nothing is related of which the writer
was not " an eye-witness or the direct deposi-
tary." Familiar historical facts are passed
over or but briefly touched upon, save when the
writer is able to furnish fresh light, or where
his version differs materially from the one ac-
cepted. The tragic story, for instance, of the
Due d'Enghien is graphically re-told with some
considerable additions as to Napoleon's per-
sonal share and degree of culpability iu the
matter. Meneval was a fairly good hand at a
portrait. His characterizations of leading per-
sonages—Talleyrand, Fouche, Murat, Moreau,
the members of the Bonaparte family, Mme.
de Stael, Mme. de Recamier, and many others
—are clear and pithy; and a proj>08 of these
portraits we may cite in passing blunt Marshall
Lannes's summary, approvingly quoted by the
author, of the wily Bishop of Autun:
"He used to say of Talleyrand's impassiveness that
if he were to receive a kick in his seat of honor his face
would not betray the event, and summed him up in this
saying, which is perhaps strictly true, if expressed in
somewhat too military language: < It's a lot of mud
in a silk stocking.'"
Opening with a brief retrospect of his early
life, Meneval passes on to the date of his en-
trance (April, 1802) into Napoleon's Cabinet,
as the actual, though at first not the titular, suc-
cessor of Bourrienne, who was already in dis-
favor. Meneval was present at the latter's final
dismissal—which was certainly abrupt enough:
"The Consul said to him in a severe tone of voice:
'Give any papers and keys which you have of mine to
Meneval, and withdraw. And never let me see you
again.' After these few words he went back to the
council, slamming the door violently behind him."
Meneval's opinion of his predecessor's cele-
brated memoirs deserves attention:
"I do not think that Bourrienne was the author of the
memoirs published under his name. I met him, in 1825,
in Paris, and he told me that he had been asked to write
against the Emperor: 'In spite of all the wrong he did


112
[Sept. 1,
THE
DIAL
me,' he added, ' I could never make up my mind to do
so. My hand would wither rather.' . . . His entire
cooperation in this book consisted in some stray incom-
plete notes which were worked out by certain profes-
sional writers. These writers, whose names are men-
tioned, had to make up for the insufficiency of these
notes by their own researches, and with the help of ma-
terials supplied by the publisher."
Meneval ascribes Bourrienne's consent to the
use of his name to the enfeeblement of his fac-
ulties, and to the financial straits which made
him at the time accessible to the temptations
of the publisher. Allowing, however, all pos-
sible weight to the writer's candor and oppor-
tunities, his limitation of Bourrienne's collab-
oration to " some stray incomplete notes " seems
too patent an understatement to need disproof.
Meneval's first impressions of Napoleon were
most favorable:
"He spoke of my studies and of Palissot [the satir-
ist and in the writer's youth the doyen of Freuch litter-
ateurs] with a kindness and a simplicity which put me
entirely at my ease, aud showed me how gentle and
simple this man, who bore on his forehead and in his
eyes the mark of such imposing superiority, was in his
private life."
The portrait of the First Consul as the writer
then saw him is thus traced:
"Napoleon was at that time moderately stout.* He
was of middle height (about five feet two inches), and
well built, though the bust was rather long. His head
was big and the skull largely developed. His neck was
short and his shoulders broad. The size of his chest
bespoke a robust constitution, less robust, however, than
his mind. His legs were well shaped, his foot was small
and well formed. His hand, and he was rather proud
of it, was delicate and plump, with tapering fingers. His
forehead was high and broad, his eyes grey, penetrating,
and wonderfully mobile; his nose was straight and well
shaped. His teeth were fairly good, the mouth perfectly
modelled, the upper lip slightly drawn down toward the
corner of the mouth, and the chin slightly prominent. His
skin was smooth and his complexion pale, but of a pal-
lor which denoted a good circulation of the blood. His
very fine chestnut hair, which, until the time of the ex-
pedition to Egypt, he had worn long, cut square and
covering his ears, was clipped short. The shape of his
face and the ensemble of his features were remarkably
regular. In one word, his head and his bust were in no
way inferior in nobility and dignity to the most beauti-
ful bust which antiquity has bequeathed to us. . . .
When in a good humor, or when anxious to please, his
expression was sweet and caressing, and his face was
lighted up by a most beautiful smile. Amongst famil-
iars bis laugh was loud and mocking. . . . My portrait
of Napoleon would be incomplete did I not mention the
bat, without trimming or lace, which was ornamented
by a little tri-color cockade, fastened with a black silk
cord, and the grey surtout which covered the simple
uniform of colonel of his guard. This hat and this
surtout, which became historical with him, shone in the
* A lady who saw him in 1795, speaks of Napoleon as "the
thinnest and queerest being I ever met ... so thin that he
inspired pity." (Stendhal.)
midst of the coats covered with gold and silver embroid-
ery which were worn by his generals and the officers of
his household."
This simplicity of dress was really a matter of
choice and not of affectation—as is sometimes
charged. Meneval relates that, pending the
arrival of Marie Louise in France, the Emperor
yielded to the entreaties of the princess Pauline,
an acknowledged authority in matters of taste,
and ordered a magnificent suit, loaded with lace
and embroidery, to grace the coming event.
The finery, however, was worn but once, and
was then laid aside for the plain habit of or-
dinary days.
Readers fond of the minuter espials of biog-
raphy will not find Meneval's narrative want-
ing. There are many curious details as to the
Emperor's domestic life and his personal hab-
its. Of that virtue which is "next to godli-
ness" we learn that he had his full share:
"He took frequeut baths. He used to brush his arms
and his broad chest himself. His valet finished by rub-
bing him very vigorously on the back and shoulders. He
formerly used to be shaved, but for a long time, that is
to say since 1803, he had shaved himself—after he had
changed his valet. A small mirror was held before him,
and turned as required. He then used to wash himself
with a great quantity of water in a silver basin, which
from its size might have been takeu for a vat. A sponge
dipped in eau de cologne was passed over his hair, and
the rest of the bottle was poured over his shoulders.
. . . His allowance for dress had at first been fixed at
60,000 francs; he reduced this amount to 20,000 francs,
all included. He was fond of saying that with an in-
come of 12,000 francs, and a horse, he should have all
he wanted." ,
Like M. Levy, Meneval is at some pains to
show that Napoleon possessed—as he probably
did — a fair share of the domestic virtues, be-
ing an affectionate husband and father, and
the best of sons and brothers. Among his many
engaging pictures of the Emperor's home life
there is one that seems especially attractive
and characteristic. Ever bent on the game or
the reality of war, Napoleon had some little
manoeuvre-pieces made — bits of wood of dif-
ferent lengths and colors, representing regi-
ments and divisions—with which he would try
new military evolutions and combinations, set-
ting them up on the floor to gain a larger field
for the mimic campaign. Sometimes his son,
the little King of Rome, would surprise him
occupied with these pieces and working out be-
forehand one of those brilliant coups which so
often turned the scale in favor of the French
arms.
"The child, lying on the floor at his side, pleased with
the color and the form of these manoeuvre pieces —
which reminded him of his toys—would at each instant


1894.]
113
THE DIAL
touch them with his hand and disturb the order of bat-
tle at a decisive moment just when the enemy was about
to be beaten. But so great was Napoleon's presence of
mind, and his affection for his son, that he did not allow
himself to be disturbed by the disorder into which the
child had thrown his strategical combinations, and con-
tented himself, without manifesting any impatience, with
putting the pieces back into their right order. His pa-
tience and kindness for his child were inexhaustible."
In this connection Meneval tells a touching
story of the Empress Josephine. She had
begged as a favor to have the King of Rome
taken to her, and Napoleon yielded, despite
the jealous opposition of Marie Louise, who
feared the ascendancy which a woman who had
once been so loved by her husband might still
retain over him. Describing the meeting, Me'n-
eval says:
"The excellent Princess could not restrain her tears at the
sight of a child who recalled such painful memories and
the privation of a happiness which Heaven had refused to
her. She embraced him with transports. She seemed to
take pleasure in the illusion produced by the thought that
she was lavishing her caresses on her own child. She
never wearied of admiring his strength and beauty, and
could not detach herself from him."
For this wronged woman Meneval has nothing
but kindness, though he faintly approves, on
political grounds, of Napoleon's resolution to
put her aside. He was an eye-witness of the
painful scene immediately following the cere-
mony that, as he says, "unloosened the bonds
of a union which, had Josephine been fruitful,
would have lasted as long as their lives":
"The Emperor re-entered his study, sad and silent,
and let himself fall on the sofa where he usually sat, in
complete depression. He remained there some mo-
ments, his head leaning on his hand, and when he rose
his face was distorted. Orders for the departure to
Trianon had been given in advance. When it was an-
nounced that the carriages were ready, Napoleon took
his hat and said,1 Meneval, come with me!' I followed
him up the little winding staircase which communicated
between his study and the Empress's apartment. Jose-
phine was alone, and seemed wrapped in the most pain-
ful reflection. The noise we made in entering attracted
her attention, and springing up she threw herself on the
Emperor's neck, sobbing and crying. He pressed her
to his breast, kissing her over and over again, but in the
excess of her emotion she had fainted. I ran to the
bell and summoned help. The Emperor, wishing to
avoid the sight of a grief which he was unable to as-
suage, placed the Empress in my arms as soon as he saw
she was coming back to consciousness, ordered me not
to leave her, and withdrew rapidly by the drawing-
rooms of the ground floor, at the door of which his car-
riage was waiting. After the Emperor's disappearance,
women who entered laid her on a couch and did what
was necessary for her recovery. In her confusion she
took my hands and earnestly prayed me to tell the Em-
peror not to forget her, and to assure him of an affec-
tion which would survive any and every event. It
seemed to be difficult for her to allow me to depart, as
if my departure would break the last tie by which she
was connected with Napoleon."
Josephine, says Meneval, "had an irresist-
ible attraction."
"She was not a woman of regular beauty (she had
that grace which is more beautiful than beauty's self,
as our good La Fontaine used to say); she had the
soft abandon, the supple and elegant movements, the
graceful negligence, of Creole women. Her temper was
always even. Good and kind, she was affable and in-
dulgent to everybody without exception of persons. She
was not a woman of superior intellect, but her exquisite
politeness, her great familiarity with society and court
life and their innocent artifices, always taught her at a
moment's notice what to say and do."
Lacking the subtler charms of the wife she
supplanted, Marie Louise had in full measure
the attractions inseparable from youth and
health. The author sketches her as she ap-
peared to him on her arrival in France:
"Marie Louise, then in the splendor of her youth,
had a bust of perfect regularity. The bodice of her
dress was longer than used to be worn at the time,
which added to her natural dignity, and contrasted very
well with the ugly, short bodices of our ladies. Her
face was flushed with the journey and by her nervous-
ness. Pale chestnut hair, silky and abundant, framed
a fresh full face, over which eyes, full of sweetness
spread a charming expression. Her lips, which were
rather thick, recalled the type of the Austrian ruling
family, just as a slight convexity of the nose is the char-
acteristic of the House of Bourbon."
Meneval's post was no sinecure. The Em-
peror's prodigious activity grew with the ob-
stacles put in his way, and taxed the strength
of his secretary to the utmost. Night and day
he was bound to the wheel of that restless, ever-
scheming, and, in its final conceptions, vaguely-
defined ambition. Says Meneval:
"It often happened that I would hand him some doc-
ument to sign in the evening. 'I will not sign it now,'
he would say,' be here to-night at one o'clock, or at four
in the morning; we will work together.' On these oc-
casions I would have myself waked some minutes before
the appointed hour. As, in coming down stairs, I used
to pass in front of the door of his apartment, I used to
enter to ask if he had been waked. The invariable
answer was,' He has just rung for Constant,' and at the
same moment he used to make his appearance, dressed
in his white dressing-gown, with a Madras handkerchief
round his head. When, by chance, he had got to the
study before me, I used to find him walking up and
down with his bands behind his back, or helping him-
self from his snuff-box, less from taste than from pre-
occupation, for he only used to smell at his pinches, and
his handkerchiefs were never soiled with the snuff.
His ideas developed as he dictated, with an abundance
and a clearness which showed that his attention was
firmly riveted to the subject with which he was dealing;
they sprang from his head as Minerva sprang, fully
armed, from the head of Jupiter. . . . Napoleon used
to explain the clearness of his mind, and his faculty of
being able at will to prolong his work to extreme limits,
by saying that the various subjects were arranged in


114
[Sept. 1,
THE
DIAL
his head, as though in a cupboard. 'When I want to
interrupt one piece of work,' he said,' I close the drawer
in which it is, and open another. The two pieces of
business never get mixed up together, and never trouble
or tire me. When I want to rest, I close up all the
drawers, and then I am ready to go off to sleep.'"
We should be sorry if the foregoing extracts,
selected chiefly for their graphic quality and
separableness from the context, should convey
the impression that the book before us is a
mosaic of chit-chat and haphazard portraiture.
We recall no memoir of the Napoleonic period
which is less open to the charge of "scrappi-
ness" and triviality. Meneval was a serious,
retiring,* even a melancholy man — many de-
grees removed from the mere court quidnunc.
His bias in Napoleon's favor was pronounced;
but, allowing for this, his political and personal
reflections are calm and penetrating, and they
are the ripened fruit of his later years. We
have alluded to his version of the d'Enghien
tragedy — one of the darkest stains on Napo-
leon's career. The pith of the matter, as com-
monly understood, and the defense offered by
Meneval, can be briefly stated. In 1803-4,
Bonaparte, justly alarmed and enraged by the
royalist plots against his life, resolved to deal
his enemies a blow that should effectually check
such enterprises for the future. The blow de-
cided on was the execution of one of the royal-
ist princes, and the victim selected was the Due
d'Enghein, the last of the Condes, a known
leader of the emigres, and a supposed sharer
in the murderous attempt of Cadoudal and
Pichegru. That the arrest of d'Enghien, then
living at Ettenheim, in Baden, would involve
a flagrant breach of the law of nations, gave
no pause to the imperious will of the First Con-
sul. On the night of March 15, 1804, d'En-
ghien was seized at Ettenheim by French gen-
darmes, haled over the frontier to Strasburg
and thence to the castle of Vincennes, where
he was tried by court martial, found guilty,
sentenced, and put to death, all during the
night of March 20, and the early morning of
March 21. His request to see the First Con-
sul might possibly have been granted by his
judges; but Savary, a devoted tool of Napo-
leon, who had been put in charge of the platoon
detailed for the execution, roughly interposed
in the debate, and led his prisoner away to the
castle-moat, where he was shot, with a summary
barbarity worthy of the days of the Terror.
* In a note on Fleury de Chabonlon's Memoirs, Napoleon
says: "Meneval and Fain lived in such a retired way that
there were chamberlains who, after four years' service in the
palace, had never seen them."
Broadly viewed, the murder (or, to use the
common euphemism, the execution) of d'En-
ghien seems the only logical outcome of the
affair from the beginning. The extraordinary
preliminary step; the trial before a tribunal
certain—as Meneval admits—to convict; the
selection of Savary and his obvious conviction
of his duty; the swiftness and secrecy of the
entire proceedings — all point to the fact that
the unfortunate Prince was doomed from the
first, and that Napoleon was his judge. It is
admitted that had d'Enghien been taken on
French soil, or in battle, his sentence, while
severe, would have been legal. Taken as he
was on the soil of a country with which France
was on the friendliest terms, it was murder.
Meneval's chief defense of his master is that,
expecting a final request from his prisoner for
an audience, he meant to exercise clemency.
He knew that conviction was certain; but he
took measures — not, as is generally held, to
prevent — but to assure the Prince's request
for an interview reaching him. These meas-
ures, according to Meneval, were thwarted by
the following singular (we are inclined to add,
suspicious) incident, the facts of which, how-
ever, whatever our interpretation of them may
be, the relator's character for veracity does not
permit us to doubt. Pending d'Enghien's trial,
Napoleon ordered his Secretary of State, Maret,
to write in his name to the Councillor of State,
Real, directing the latter "to go to Vincennes,
and to personally examine the Due d'Enghien,
and then to come and report the result of this
examination to him, Napoleon." The fateful
letter reached Real's house at ten o'clock on
the evening of the trial: but Real, suffering
from unusual fatigue, had gone to bed, after
having peremptorily "forbidden his valet to
wake him before five in the morning, no matter
what message might be sent to him." The next
morning M. Real received the letter, dressed
with all speed, and hastened to Vincennes —
too late. "On the way he met Col. Savary,
who informed him that the Due d'Enghien's
execution had taken place."
Meneval, with other panegyrists of Napo-
leon, failed to see or was loth to admit that his
hero, like Bacon and Marlborough, strongly ex-
emplified the truth that great mental gifts by no
means imply corresponding moral ones. Napo-
leon's character was strangely inconsistent, and
even intellectually it presents contradictions.
His marvellous genius for appreciating and
shaping special facts and situations was coupled
with the feeblest incoherence of general policy;


1894.]
115
THE DIAL
and his dreams of the future, where we can di-
vine them, were so vague, fantastic, and gran-
diose as almost to warrant the doubt sometimes
cast upon his sanity during his later years.
What was Napoleon's final goal—the consum-
mation he had in view and toward which he
strove and planned? Has anyone yet answered
the question explicitly? Could Napoleon him-
self have answered it? The good Meneval's
response, touching the "ameliorating the con-
dition of humanity," and other benign Napo-
leonic aims, seems, in the light of recorded
deeds, scarcely satisfactory. Nor can we ad-
mit that the crimes of a man who sacrificed to
his own ends, with appalling indifference, the
lives, liberties, and happiness of scores of thou-
sands, are in the faintest degree redeemed by
his half-dozen putative bourgeois virtues.
It remains to add that the publishers of this
important work have given it the setting it de-
serves; and we venture to say the edition will
bear comparison with the concurring French
and English ones. The good work of the trans-
lator, Mr. Robt. H. Sherard, calls for a word
of praise. E_ G- j.
Problems of American IjAW Reform.*
Judge Dillon's entertaining and suggestive
book on " The Laws and Jurisprudence of En-
gland and America" has many great excel-
lences, though it is not without some striking
defects of style. It is a revision of a series
of lectures to the law students of Yale Uni-
versity on " Our Law in its old and in its new
home—England and America." It deals with
the sources and development of our law, and
with its qualities and tendencies as now admin-
istered. Although the form of cursory oral lec-
tures is preserved, yet Judge Dillon evidently
kept in his eye several other sorts of men, among
whom, plainly, were the lawyers, the guild of
professors and learned men, the court-room
audience to whom he for many years talked as
judge, and the greater audience of the plain
people to whom he was wont to speak on the
Fourth of July. The book is technical without
being obscure, learned in a somewhat general
way, concrete and practical; and throughout it
is inflated by a florid eloquence and an ampli-
tude of quotation and literary allusion in which
the author delights, and from which he cannot
always restrain himself. Judge Dillon has evi-
•The Laws and Jurisprudence of England and
America. By John F. Dillon. Boston : Little, Brown & Co.
dently modelled his style after Dr. Johnson;
and his learning is of the stucco and decorative
order, rather than of the solid and structural.
In the early part of the work he seeks to in-
terest his students by excursions into the an-
tiquities of the law, the ancient degrees and
ceremonies of the English lawyers, descriptions
of Westminster Hall and of the Inns of Court,
and the like. He then didactically explains
the development of the judicial system of the
United States, the adoption of our written con-
stitutions, with their rationale, limitations, and
guarantees.
In the last five lectures he takes up his real
theme, the development of our law by the au-
thority of judicial precedent; or, in other
words, the rule that a decision by a court of
competent jurisdiction, in a question of law
directly involved in the case before it, is (until
overruled by the same or a superior court)
binding, not only in that case, but in all sub-
sequent cases in which that question is involved.
To this doctrine we owe the accumulation of
some eight thousand volumes of the best law
in the world. And Judge Dillon concedes that
if these eight thousand volumes (together with
sundry other thousand volumes of statutes and
text-books) were only all studied by our lawyers
and legislators, they would scarcely need to
take a step in the dark. But our author rec-
ognizes that the legislatures have never done
this to any great extent; that even the judges
are now beginning to lose something of the stu-
dious habits which aimed to keep these books
in mind ; and that as the courts and report-fac-
tories go on turning out precedents at the rate
of upwards of a hundred volumes a year, even
the lawyers—most patient of men—are likely to
be overwhelmed, and lose their studious habits
ere long. Judge Dillon therefore maintains that
the time has corner/or a systematic restatement
of the body of our statutory and case law.
Judge Dillon is by nature a progressive man
and a reformer ; he is at the same time a lover
of learning and a diplomat. Even forty years
of experience in the legal profession, twenty
of which have been passed at the bar and
twenty upon the bench, have not sufficed to
extinguish his native tendencies. They have,
however, developed in him to an unusual degree
the conviction that the reformation of the law is
best to be accomplished by conserving the fruits
of our legal development, and by securing, first
of all, an adequate re-statement of the law as
it exists to-day, omitting all that has been re-
pealed or overruled, and all that has become
■


116
[Sept. 1,
THE
DIAL
obsolete. He is therefore among the most prac-
tical of law reformers. Many years ago Tocque-
ville pointed out that the effect of a lawyer's
experience is to render him conservative, and
that in America the legal profession constitutes
both the real aristocracy and the bulwark of
the state. These ideas are strikingly illustrated
in the conservative and patriotic tone of Judge
Dillon's addresses, and the moderate and care-
ful limits within which he advocates legal re-
forms. In his argument for a re-statement
of the law, he avoids the breakers upon which
most schemes of law reform have already gone
down. He sums up his views in the following
words:
"There inevitably comes a stage in the legal history
of every people when its laws become 'so voluminous
and vast' that an authoritative and systematic re-com-
pilation or re-statement of them is necessary, to the end
that they may be accessible, and of (to use, in default
of a better, Bentham's uncouth but expressive word)
cognoscible bulk, if not to those who are governed by
them, at least to those whose business it is to advise con-
cerning them, and to those whose duty it is to administer
and apply them." (P. 269.) .
This, indeed, is the real lesson of Judge Dil-
lon's book. At the same time he does not fall
into the common error of the advocates of a
code, that of recommending the remodelling of
our law after the Roman or civil code. He in-
sists that his purpose is
"To delineate the characteristics and to exhibit the ex-
cellences of our legal system as it now exists, with a view
to show that for the people subject to its rule it is, with
all its faults, better than any Roman or any other alien
system. It is an argument, intended to be so earnestly
and strongly put as to amount to a protest, against the
Continentalization of our law. I have a profound con-
viction of the superiority of our system of law, at least
for our people; but I know that this estimate is not so
fully and firmly held by the body of lawyers and law
teachers as I think it ought to be. I have therefore
thought it a fitting, if not needful, aim to inspire on the
part of the profession a more thorough appreciation
of it."
What Judge Dillon favors is the re-statement
and gradual codification of our law, in a code
which should be the natural outgrowth and ex-
pression of our law as it is; i. e., it should be
truly an American code, and not an imitation
of any Continental code.
The special points of superiority of the com-
mon law over the civil law,—namely, the decis-
ion and settlement of the law only upon ques-
tions actually arising and duly argued and de-
liberated, the jury system, the careful develop-
ment of the law of evidence, the supreme value
of the American system of written constitutions
setting definite limits to the departments of
Government, and the independence of the ju-
diciary in maintaining the limits set by the Con-
stitution, — are set forth in a way to re-con-
vince both the practical man and the student
of institutions. Students of the latter class
are apt to find their most abundant materials
and the most learned and scholarly treatment
of them in the Continental systems, and are apt
to overlook the substantial and permanent ad-
vances made at home. Judge Dillon thinks,
and shows, that this is simply another case of
the far-away field which looks green, compared
with the brown and rusty look of the field at
our feet. Yet none the less does he perceive
the defects in our laws, both of system and of
administration. Indicating some of these de-
fects, he says:
"Most of our appellate courts are crowded with causes,
and the effect upon the judges is that they too often
feel it to be an ever-pressing, paramount, all-absorbing
duty to clear the docket. This mistakenly becomes the
chief object to be attained, — the primary instead of a
quite subordinate consideration. In the accomplishment
of this end, the judges are as impatient of delay as was
the wedding-guest in the Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
Added to this, a majority of the appellate judges gen-
erally reside elsewhere than at the capital or place
where the courts are held, and the desire is constantly
felt to bring a laborious session to an end as speedily as
possible, in order that they may rejoin their families
and do their work in the fatigue-dress of their libraries,
rather than under the necessary restraints of the term.
They begrudge the time necessary for full argument at
the bar. They dislike to hear counsel at length. They pre-
fer to receive briefs. As a result, two practices have
grown up too generally throughout the country, which
have, as I think, done more to impair the value of judicial
judgments and opinions than perhaps all other causes
combined. The first is that the submission of causes
upon printed briefs is favored, and oral arguments at the
bar are discouraged, and the time allowed therefore is
usually inadequate. On this subject I hold very strong
opinions; but also hold that no opinion can be too strong.
As a means of enabling the court to understand the
exact case brought thither for its judgment, as a means
of eliciting the very truth of the matter both of law
and fact, there is no substitute for oral argument.
None!
"The other practice among some, I fear many, of our
appellate courts which injuriously affects our case-law
is the practice of assigning the record of causes submitted
on printed arguments to one of the judges to look into and
write an opinion, without a previous examination of the
record and arguments by the judges in consultation. This
course ought to be forbidden, peremptorily forbidden, by
statute. What is the most difficult function of an ap-
pellate court? It is, as I think, after the record is fully
opened and the argument understood, to determine pre-
cisely upon what point or points the judgment of the
case ought to rest. This most delicate and important
of all judicial duties ought always to be performed by
the judges in full conference before the record is deliv-
ered to one of their number to write the opinion of the
court; which, when written, should be confined to the


1894.]
117
THE
DIAL
precise grounds thus pre-determined. In respect to
oral arguments, the time allowed therefore, the willing-
ness to hear counsel, and full conferences among the
judges in the presence of each other prior to decision or
assigning the record to a judge to write the opinion, the
Supreme Court of the United States is a model for
every appellate tribunal in the country."
A stronger argument for the consolidation of
our Supreme Court could not be desired. We
wish that this book might be in the hands of
all our judges, and especially in the hands and
hearts of the present Commissioners for the
Revision of the Illinois Statutes.
Merkitt Stark.
The Mental Growth of Mankind.*
Mr. John S. Hittell has presented in four
handsome and impressive volumes his " His-
tory of the Mental Growth of Mankind in An-
cient Times." The idea underlying this work
is excellent. To successfully develop it would
be the achievement of genius. To say that the
author fails is not severe criticism, for most
men would fail. The scope of the work is out-
lined in a series of introductory questions oc-
cupying several pages. These questions are
suggestive, and the final ones are: "Has the
Celt any natural fitness for free government?
Is he superior to the Teuton in delicacy of sen-
timent? Are the nations of Southern Europe
superior to those of the North in artistic genius?
Are those of the North superior in mental and
physical energy?" Having propounded these
and many other queries, our author says: "To
these questions, which have never been an-
swered satisfactorily, I shall offer replies, which,
however weak they may be in many points, will
yet, I hope, contribute a little to the stock of
historical truth." One naturally feels some
surprise when he fails to find any of these final
questions answered.
The author coins words when he needs them.
To this we have no objection, but we do wish
he would not give new meanings to old words.
He discusses the three culture stages, Savag-
ism, Barbarism, Civilization; but he uses the
terms in his own way.
The four volumes treat of Savagism, Heathen
Barbarism, Judea and Greece, Rome and Early
Christianity. The volume on Savagism is in-
teresting,—but does not Tylor cover the same
ground as well, or better? Some chapters are
•A History of the Mental Growth of Mankind in
Ancient Times. By John S. Hittell. In four volumes.
New York: Henry Holt & Co.
weak. The discussion regarding the Primi-
tive Family is particularly unsatisfactory. Has
Hittell really read Bachofen? In his appen-
dix we read: "Bachofen, who was the first to
call attention to the subject, has but little to
interest readers who are familiar with later
writers, such as Lubbock and Lippert." If our
author has read Bachofen, he deserves notice
for having performed a feat which few have
done. But he certainly has not read Starcke.
Nowhere has he made a citation from the great
Dane's work, certainly the most important of
the many discussions in this subject. In this
connection it is curious to read : "Other works
worthy of attention are Lubbock's 'Origin of
Civilization,' which gives a good summary of
Morgan's ideas, Starcke's 'Primitive Family,*
and Lippert's 'Kulturgesehichte' and 'Ges-
chichte der Familie.'" There is no apparent
realization on our author's part of the fact that
Starcke is the exponent of ideas somewhat un-
like his own or of the authors cited.
The Aztecs are discussed in Volume IL,
upon "Heathen Barbarism." Morgan's " An-
cient Society " is quoted, but his other writings
are apparently unknown, and the romantic views
of past and unscientific writers are usually pre-
sented. Bandelier, unquestionably the most
cautious and critical authority upon the Aztecs,
is neither cited nor mentioned. The value of
the discussion is at once evident.
Were we to spend time in picking out here
and there the small slips and careless argu-
ments of the four volumes, we should justly be
accused of trifling. The author intends to be
judicial and fair, butis dogmatic both in thought
and expression. His partiality for the Greeks
is marked ; his dislike of the Romans is equally
plain. The very word Christianity is a chal-
lenge to him. Committed to evolution, filled
with admiration for Kulturgesehichte, optim-
istic in all human affairs, Hittell is delightedly
conscious that the present is better than any
past, that our race is better than all other races,
that life is improving, and that the future is a
time for still higher achievement.
We have criticised: we might criticise still
more; but we admire the earnestness shown,
the extensive reading displayed, and the sug-
gestiveness of the work. To find out what con-
tribution each culture stage and each great
nation has made to the sum total of human
progress, is surpassingly important. This work
is an honest effort, fairly successful, to do this.
As such we welcome it.
Frederick Starr.


118
[Sept. 1,
THE
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Economic Principles Newly Stated.*
Professor Nicholson's "Principles of Political
Economy," his preface tells us, has grown up out of
the class-room use of Mill, and from the need of
recasting Mill's statements in the light of modern
conditions and established modifications of the clas-
sical theory. This fact has determined the order
and general content, and, in a highly complimentary
sense, the work is an annotated Mill. Professor
Nioholson, however, is by no means a mere editor.
The point of view and the essential positions are
those of Adam Smith; and of the economy of Adam
Smith, Mill is justly taken as the classic expounder.
But Professor Nicholson is himself a trained and
vigorous thinker, and his treatment is fresh and dis-
passionate. Although frankly conservative, he has
restated the English economy in full view of the
criticisms of the "younger generation of economists,"
to whom he is inclined to concede not a little. Com-
pared with Marshall, the book is avowedly reaction-
ary; but it is also less original and less vital.
Professor Nicholson's excellent judgment is shown,
to cite examples, in his brief exposition of methods
(pp. 18-20), in his analysis of labor (pp. 75-86,
the treatment of moral activities excepted), in his
criticisms of Mill's propositions regarding capital
(pp. 98 si]'/.), and in his exposition of the law of
population and criticism upon Mill's deductions from
Malthus (pp. 164, 169, 175 sqq.). His conserva-
tism on minor points is exemplified by his attitude
toward the attempt to establish small farms in
England (146, 149), and by his condemnation of
judicial rents as applied to Ireland (316,317). Pro-
fessor Nicholson's exposition of Value is reserved
for the second volume; but the discussion is antici-
pated by a heated criticism of the notion that util-
ity can be measured by price. For the Austrian
nomenclature the author has bare tolerance, although
he intimates that the "extreme limits of popular
phraseology and comprehension" have long been
passed (7).
In the matter of definition, Professor Nicholson
reaffirms, with some asperity, the rigid boundaries
of the classical school. He acknowledges, indeed,
the influence of religion, art, morality, and other
forces, upon the nature and causes of the wealth
of nations, concedes that wealth must be considered
with reference to human wants, and admits that
there can be no complete isolation of economic phe-
nomena; but—
"The economist regards man as a being who pro-
duces, distributes, exchanges, and consumes wealth, and
• Principles of Political Economy. By J. Shield Nich-
olson, M.A., J).Sc., Professor of Political Economy in the
University of Edinburgh. Volume I. New York: Macmil-
lan & Co.
The Distribution of Wealth. By John R. Commons,
Professor of Economics and Social Science in Indiana Univer-
sity. New York: Macmillan & Co.
Principles of Economics. By Grover Pease Osborne.
Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co.
considers him as a member of society, one of the ob-
jects of which is to deal with wealth " (13). "The econ-
omist fixes his attention on wealth, and only considers
other social factors as far as they appreciably affect
wealth; as in every other science minor causes are neg-
lected. . . . Political economy classifies and explains
certain social facts, and discovers their laws and re-
lations, just as the natural sciences deal with phenom-
ena of a different order. Thus, starting with private
property and freedom of competition as existing facts,
we may discover certain laws of rent, profit, and wages;
but whether this distribution of the nation's wealth is
morally just or unjust, is relegated, together with the
question wherein justice consists, to ethics" (14).
Political economy may consider the influence and
powers of governments, trades unions, and other
groups and authorities, in altering this hypothetical
distribution; it may point out the objects govern-
ments have had in mind in this regard and the dif-
ficulties in the way of attainment; it may consider
possible reforms, etc. "Discussions on Socialism
and similar topics have a didactic value in that they
make clear by way of contrast the meaning of pres-
ent institutions and methods."
So far as mere definition is concerned, there seems
to be little difference among economists. Even
the most wayward of the "younger generation"
recognize the value of isolation and separation for
purposes of analysis. But Professor Nicholson's
cautions against passing from the economic to the
ethical must be taken in view of his definition of
sociology as an " aspiration," and his evident sat-
isfaction (ethically speaking) with the existing or-
der of things. Obviously, if ethics are to be rig-
orously excluded from economics, there can be no
pertinence in the question, "What scheme of dis-
tribution is economically best?" Yet Professor
Nicholson would create a sort of economic ethic,
and answer, as Adam Smith did, That which en-
forces the greatest possible production of wealth.
And, in general, if the author will not discuss the
ought, he contrives to let us know what he thinks
of other people's oughts. He may not say whether
the "greatest happiness" theory is ethically correct
or not, but if he were to doff the economic and put
on the ethical ermine he would point out that "max-
imum freedom " is at least as attractive as "great-
est happiness."
"For my own part I should not care to regard equal-
ity of distribution, even if it could be shown to be both
practical and also productive of maximum happiness,
as the ultimate goal of human progress. Human ener-
gies, activities, and ambitions are not to be satisfied with
a dead level of placid content. . . . Even on the ver-
bal question, I submit that the distribution which ad-
mits of the greatest liberty may be more properly de-
scribed as economic than that which aims at greatest
utility" (233).
But political economy is a positive science, and has
to try to discover the real causes which have been
and still are at work, as regards the distribution of
wealth, and deduce the consequences.
"We have to explain the nature and effects of the


1894.]
119
THE
DIAL
institution of private property, and describe and account
for various species of income. Rents, wages, and profits
are as definite facts as any treated of in the physical
sciences."
Professor Nicholson's analysis of private property,
and of freedom of competition and contract, is not
-especially profound or luminous, but it explains
how, in his view, ethical, biological, and other con-
siderations, are so foreign to economic discussion.
The possibility of change in the methods of pro-
duction, distribution, consumption, the possibility of
doing away with poverty, for example, is what
makes economics so fascinating to the "younger
generation." To Professor Nicholson things are
practically unalterable, or at least change so slowly
and imperceptibly as not to interfere with the pos-
itive nature of the science. He does not merely
start with private property and free competition.
The permanence of competition and private prop-
erty, the persistence of the virtue of selfishness, the
adequacy of existing methods of distribution—these
are the facts which make an appeal to ethics so fu-
tile. Mill had held to a sharp distinction between
the laws of Production and those of Distribution,
the former partaking of the character of physical
laws, the latter being a matter of human institution
only, and subject to radical change even. This dis-
tinction Professor Nicholson vigorously combats.
As to the progressive betterment of society through
the gradual evolution of the altruistic motives, he
announces his disagreement with Professor Mar-
shall, and holds with Stuart that "were public
spirit, instead of private utility, to become the spring
of action in the individuals of a well-governed state,
I apprehend it would spoil all" (86).
"For my own part, in the main, I follow the older
writers in thinking that the great majority of people
will do most good to the public by minding their own
business " (85).
"Common-sense morality, altogether apart from the
sanctions of positive law, suffices with the great mass
of a nation to enforce the fulfilment of what are pro-
nounced to be the ordinary obligations of social life;
but from the point of view of common sense, a man who
does any work for a less price than his services will
-command is considered either an enthusiast, or a fool, and
if he has others dependent upon him, the condemnation
is more severe. The minister of religion and the min-
ister of politics, the teacher, the physician, the lawyer, the
author, and the artist, one and all—if we take the average
type—need the spur of self-interest to surmount the or-
dinary drudgery of their calling. Being ordinary men
and not brutes, they are on various occasions moved by
other impulses, just as a few of their extraordinary fel-
lows are constantly so moved. When, however, Chris-
tianity itself, dispassionately regarded by the economist,
finds its earthly support in earthly rewards and honors,
how can it be expected or maintained that a substitute
for self-interest can be found for the ordinary business
of life? The appeal to history is still more decisive,
as showing that the main-spring of economic progress
has been economic interest" (81, 82).
Even the abolition of slavery has been due, not to
philanthropy and Christian (altruistic) principles,
but to economic interest: "It was the discovery,
not that Christ had proclaimed the equality of men,
but that freedom and rewards were more efficient
than slavery and punishments in calling forth the
energies of labor." So profit-sharing and other
forms of cooperation are justified by the increased
efficiency of labor.
In the concluding chapter, on Economic Utopias,
the aims of modern socialism are condemned, and
its success heralded as the death-blow to individual
liberty, self-reliance, independence, and enterprise.
And this condemnation, in due measure, is visited
upon all efforts which tend to break down the prin-
ciple of competition or to substitute the altruistic
for the economic motive. It is only fair, however,
to note Professor Nicholson's conservatism:
"I do not mean to assert that governments and so-
cieties have no industrial functions, nor did Adam Smith
nor any of the great economists who have lauded the
benefits of freedom aud exposed the weakness of gov-
ernments. But it is desirable to emphasize most that
which is most apt to be forgotten, and in these days no
one is likely to forget that the state and trades-unions
and cooperative societies have power for good" (432).
Professor Commons's treatise on " The Distribu-
tion of Wealth" is not easy reading. It bristles
with the new nomenclature, and its analysis is in-
tricate and exhaustive, and not always helped out
by the mathematical figures and formulas. Thus,
the diagram on page 147, where one side of a paral-
lelogram represents one dose of capital and labor,
the opposite side the quantity of product produced
by the marginal dose, and the base the total num-
ber of doses, seems to strain geometry quite to the
breaking point. These, however, are accidental
features, partly due to the difficulty of the subject
and partly to the unsettled condition of economic
terminology. For the work itself is one of the best re-
sults of the American renaissance in pure economics.
It is thorough in investigation and modest but straight-
forward in deduction. It nowhere departs from
the rigid character of a scientific treatise, yet it has
none of the painful exclusiveness with which Pro-
fessor Nicholson finds it necessary to hedge about
the term economic. Professor Commons does not
seem to be aware that ethical considerations are
uneconomic. There is no appeal to sentiment, no
squinting Utopia-ward, but a profounder analysis
of the nature of social and legal rights, and a clearer
interpretation of the tendencies of modern civiliza-
tion.
After a preliminary discussion of Value, setting
forth the Austrian theory, and a brief analysis of
Cost and Price, the subjects taken up in detail are,
The Factors in Distribution, Diminishing Returns
and Rent, and Diminishing Returns and Distribu-
tion. Land is defined as that which furnishes room
and situation, the Ricardian conception of the "orig-
inal and indestructible powers of the soil" being re-
jected.
"Not land, but capital, embodies the forces, energies,
and material of nature" (29). "Soil is capital, and its


120
[Sept. 1,
THE
DIAL
returns are governed by the same law as that which
governs returns from machinery" (137).
Personal abilities and business privileges are not to
be classed as capital.
"Capital, strictly defined, apart from individual abil-
ities, has become the dominating instrument in the pro-
duction of wealth. ... It is the ownership of capital
rather than the possession of abilities that has impor-
tant bearings on the social problems of wages, interest,
and profits" (44).
The law of diminishing returns is shown to be uni-
versal, applying to manufactures not less than to
agriculture. The law of rent is extended to in-
clude the monopoly privileges of patents, copyrights,
trade-marks, franchises, and good-will, but not cap-
ital (157,161). The familiar no-rent agricultural
land of the " older generation of economists" dis-
appears, and with Adam Smith we again include
rent in expenses of production (221). President
Walker's theory of the laborer as the "residual
claimant" is effectually disposed of, and monopoly
privileges fall heir to the coveted position. One of
the clearest pieces of analysis in the book is that
of the law of wages, and of the relative influence
of the standard of living and of the laborer's con-
trol over the supply of labor in determining wages
(174-181).
The most interesting discussion, because most
closely touching current social problems, is that which
deals with Law and Rights. The discussion is based
on the theory of the sovereignty of the government:
"the all-powerful factor in the distribution of wealth
is the sovereignty of the government"—a theory
which Professor Nicholson virtually denies. All
rights considered by political economy—of persons
and of property—are legal rights. "Government
creates, defines, and enforces these rights."
"The place of law in political economy is a subject
which has received from English economists no atten-
tion at all commensurate with its far-reaching impor-
tance. . . . The English economists have taken the
laws of private property for granted, assuming that
they are fixed and immutable in the nature of things,
and therefore needed no investigation. But such laws
are changeable — they differ for different peoples and
places, and they have profound influence upon the pro-
duction and distribution of wealth" (59). "There are
in society two lines of economic activity, the voluntary
activity of individuals and associations, and the com-
pulsory activity of governments. The first is the field
of free competition and self interest; the one hitherto
solely treated by the English economists. The second
is the field of coercion, — of force" (61).
"Private self-interest is too powerful, or too ignorant,
or too immoral to promote the common good without
compulsion. The common wants of society — justice,
roads, military defence, etc can be supplied only by
compulsory contributions from individuals, and compul-
sory administration of government" (61).
Personal rights are life, liberty, employment, and
marriage. The right to life is primary and funda-
mental, and this means not merely the right to
protection against violence but to a share of the so-
cial product equal to the minimum of subsistence.
"And this is what the State has done in two ways,
through slavery and poor relief; the first for the
slave and serf, the second for the freeman" (66).
It is rather startling to have the right to employ-
ment defined not merely as a legal right, but as one
in effect already recognized by the State. But it
is only a more intelligent and higher application of
the right to live. Professor Commons insists upon
the personal rights of freedom of movement and
freedom of industry. And "freedom of contract
is the essential right of freedom in industry." But
"The skilled, the intelligent, the educated, the gifted, i
laborers, those in whom intellectual and moral qualities
predominate, are benefited by the freedom of contract;
for the unskilled, the unorganized, the redundant labor-
ers, those whose marginal utility is low, freedom of
contract offers no help " (75). "Though the slave was
compelled to work, he never suffered from that terrible
evil of the modern laborer, lack of work. With the
coming of freedom, the laborer was divorced from his-
means of livelihood, and now that all available land has-
become private property, and all capital is private prop-
erty, the propertyless man is a dependeut when work,
is plenty, and a vagaljond when work is slack" (79).
"The right to work, for every man that is willing, is
the next great human right to be defined and enforced
by law" (80).
"The right to employment is simply a new applica-
tion, under modern conditions, of the old right to free-
dom of industry. Free industry meant essentially the
right to free access to nature for the production and ac-
quisition of wealth. . . . But to-day freedom of indus-
try is no boon except to the wealthy capitalist. . . -
The great mass of the people must remain wage-and-
salary-receivers. Consequently, the only way in which
these people can get access to nature for production is
through the recognition of the right to employment
(80, 81).
The first recognition of this right is that "wages,
hours of labor, conditions of work, are to be adju-
dicated by the courts." But this solves only the
easier half of the problem. "The most difficult
part for solution is that involuntary idleness which
attacks both employer and employee, and closes fac-
tories as a result of industrial crises and depres-
sions." Professor Commons does not flinch from
the legitimate conclusion — the right of the unem-
ployed to have work furnished by the government.
A thousand hands will be held up in horror, but
when the heavens have fallen it will be found that
Professor Commons has advanced the whole ques-
tion to a higher plane of discussion than it has hith-
erto occupied. He has no cheap and ready expe-
dients for working out so difficult a problem; but
he has forecast, as Mr. Kidd has so brilliantly done,
the line of social and economic evolution for the
coming century.
Mr. Grover Pease Osborne's book, "Principles
of Economics," is strictly unacademic. The author
is widely read, he is an intelligent and acute ob-
server, and his maxims and deductions are mainly
sound and wholesome. Yet he professes to be ad-
dressing an audience nine out of ten of whom re-


1894.]
121
THE
DIAL
gard political economy as the " science of free-trade
or protection"! Such an audience could not be
supposed to be familiar with modern economic rea-
soning, nor capable of much sustained economic anal-
ysis, and the author has strictly humored his audi-
ence. He has departed somewhat from the ordin-
ary terms of political economy, which enables him,
among other things, to escape from the rigid limit-
ations of accurate definition. The difficult question
of Value is reduced to simplicity by making a new
term of utility, which is straightway confused with
value-in-use. '-Capital" is the most misleading
term in political economy, and so we have a discus-
sion of the " Economical. Use of Produced Wealth."
The necessity of the constant employment of labor
is enforced, but labor-unions and strikes are classed
together as causes of idleness, and cooperation is
mildly recommended. If we can regard Mr. Os-
borne's book, not as an independent exposition of
economic principles, but as a commentary on some
standard treatise, we shall do most justice to the
wealth of fresh illustration and the suggestiveness
of many of the positions advanced.
O. L. Elliott.
Recent Fiction.*
The author of "Red Cap and Blue Jacket" is
unknown to us, but he is one of those who will clearly
have to be reckoned with. By the publication of this
book he at once takes a place in the front rank of our
recent tellers of tales. At first sight, his affinities
seem to be with such writers as Mr. Stanley Wey-
man and Dr. Conan Doyle, and his mastery of the
romance of adventure is quite equal to theirs. But
there is another element, lacking in them, to which
much of Mr. Dunn's success must be attributed. It
is the element, if we may so express it, that comes
• Red Cap and Blue Jacket. A Story of the Time of
the French Revolution. By George Dunn. New York: G.
P. Putnam's Sons.
Major Joshua. A Novel. By Francis Forster. New
York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
The Interloper. A Novel. By Frances Mary Peard.
New York: Harper & Brothers.
A Valiant Ionorance. By Mary Angela Dickens. New
York: Macmillan & Co.
The Potter's Thumr. A Novel. By Flora Annie Steel.
New York: Harper & Brothers.
The Erb-Tide. By Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd
Osbourne. Chicago: Stone & Kimball.
A Daughter of To-day. By Mrs. Everard Cotes (Sara
Jeannette Duncan ). New York: D. Appleton & Co.
His Vanished Stab. By Charles Egbert Craddock. Bos-
ton: Honghton, Mifflin & Co.
Claudia Hyde. By Frances Conrtenay Baylor. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Rudin. By Ivan Turgenev. Translated from the Russian
by Constance Garnett. New York: Macmillan & Co.
The Pbose Talks op Alexander Poushkin. Trans-
lated from the Russian by T. Keane. New York: Macmillan
&Co.
Poor Folk. Translated from the Russian of F. Dostoiev-
sky by Lena Milman. Boston: Roberts Brothers.
from humanistic culture, and adds to the universal
appeal of romantic charm a special appeal to those
who can appreciate the subtle qualities that elevate
mere fiction into literature. Mr. Blackmore, at his
best, illustrates this happy combination of attributes;
as does also Mr. Stevenson, in a certain degree.
Even the slight discursive element in Mr. Dunn's
book adds to its attractiveness, for it derives from
the best literary tradition. We do not seriously
object to the irrelevant pages of Fielding or the
rambling method of Thackeray, because we feel
ourselves in the presence of a master, and the rich-
ness of the mind excuses the waywardness of its out-
pourings. It is something of this feeling that makes
us unwilling to miss the least significant of Mr.
Dunn's pages, for, if they do not always contribute
to advance the story, they always provide something
good in itself. It must not be imagined from the
above that our author's digressions are very numer-
ous, very long, or very far-fetched. They clearly
do not produce the effect of padding, and that is
enough to justify them. We quote one <-f them as
a good specimen of the author's easy style.
"In the present refined and philanthropic age pugil-
istic encounters are justly reprobated, and a minute de-
scription of one would not be tolerated except in the
pure pages of a Transatlantic newspaper. And, as a
former Mayor of Dublin used to put out the gas when
members of the Council began to exhibit the usual
symptoms of Home Rule, so a prudent and scrupulous
author will wrap in obscurity the degrading details of
such a scene. Nowadays, personal hostilities being out
of vogue — a cheering indication of social progress —
people blacken each others' characters instead of each
others' eyes, — an easy process, involving no bleeding
except that of the pockets; and we may hopefully look
forward to the time when parliamentary language, in
the present revised signification of the term, will de-
mand neither pistolary nor epistolary amends. The as-
certained fact that hard names break no bones is one
of the most brilliant discoveries of this enlightened age."
The following pretty conceit is one of the many pas-
sages that remind us of Mr. Blackmore's manner:
"Bell then accompanied Sibylla to her carriage, and
the two young ladies exchanged kisses—a part of fem-
inine ritual rarely omitted, however tepid may be the
affection lodged within feminine bosoms. For a kiss is
a species of counterpart, ranging over the diapason of
feeling, from the insipidity of the octave and the coun-
terfeit harmony of the fourth to the melting sweetness
of the third, which only the mating of male and female
lips may compass."
The scene of "Red Cap and Blue Jacket" is first
laid (for a brief prologue only) in one of the South
Sea Islands, and the time is late in the eighteenth
century. The scene then shifts to a village in Scot-
land, whence sundry of the characters are trans-
ported to Paris. They reach the French capital in
the midst of the Terror, and the Revolutionary
episodes that follow make the most exciting part
of the book. The character of Andrew Prosser,
the Scotch pedagogue, who finds that revolution in
practice is very different from what it has appeared


122
[Sept. 1,
THE
DIAL
in theory, and who discovers that even the tyranny
of the Hanoverians may have its good points, is one
of the best things that have been done in fiction for
many a day. The faults of the book are slight—a
touch of the melodramatic here and there, and a
reticence in the prologue that seems to have been
designed for the express purpose of perplexing the
reader (which is always bad art), and which mis-
leads him completely until he is well along in the
story.
Mr. Forster's "Major Joshua" is essentially a
study of two types of character — that of the su-
premely selfish man for whom the book is named,
and that of the woman who has never been taught
the meaning of love, and whose awakening to its
power may be likened to the freeing of a spring
freshet in some mountain valley. Both types are
considerably exaggerated, and no abnormal condi-
tions of training or environment would make them
quite probable ; but the author has made them seem
as real as possible, and has carried out his design
consistently and forcibly. Aside from these two
studies, the interest of the story is slight; but a far
duller book would be redeemed by two or three
such episodes as that, for example, in which the
Major finds consolation for his rejection in an un-
usually good dinner, and in which the satisfied gour-
met comes to think unregretfully of the disappoint-
ment of the suitor.
Mrs. Peard is too experienced a writer of novels
to produce a poor story, and one may take up " The
Interloper " confident of entertainment and a mod-
erate degree of excitement. Besides these qualities,
he will find much nice discrimination of character,
and a pleasant equable manner of narration. The
story is French, and a criminal trial furnishes it
with a climax. The closing chapters, however, are
the least satisfactory, and the real charm of the
book is to be sought in its picture of the intimate
life of a Tourangian chateau.
Heredity is the main theme of "A Valiant Ig-
norance," the latest work of the talented grand-
daughter of Charles Dickens. Although this hobby
has been ridden nearly to death of late, particularly
by the women, it cannot be denied that the conse-
quences of an inherited predisposition to criminal-
ity are powerfully presented in the book before us.
Incidentally, we may remark that the grotesquely
inaccurate attribution of " nastiness" to the writings
of Dr. Ibsen does not come with the best of grace
from a writer whose strength is, after all, but a re-
flection from that master of dramatic analysis. Aside
from its treatment of the central idea, which is so
relentlessly worked out as to be rather impressive,
the book is neither interesting nor exactly whole-
some. Most of the characters are fairly repulsive,
and those that are not, with a single exception, must
be described as unsympathetic. The writer has
tipped her pen with wormwood, and her work is not
a fair transcript of life, not even of the artificial
and empty life of London society. It is pieced out
to conventional dimensions by the trivial episodes
and the drawing-room chatter to which too many
of our novelists have recourse.
We all remember the thrill of gratitude with
which Mr. Rudyard Kipling's first stories of India
were received, and the eagerness with which we
awaited further transcripts of that mysterious life
which he alone seemed to have the power to inter-
pret in terms at once intelligible to the heart and
the intellect. For it was not merely a sensation
that they supplied; it was rather the revelation of
a hitherto dumb civilization. No one before him
had made us so vividly to realize the almost unfath-
omable gulf between oriental and occidental modes
of thought, or the fact that life in the far East is
in some respects more complex than that which is
our own inheritance. The facts have been so hope-
lessly distorted by missionaries and other biased or
superficial observers that the Hindoo, in our popu-
lar consciousness, is roughly lumped with idolatrous
barbarians in general, with bushmen and South Sea
islanders. Mr. Kipling did not a little to adjust
our ethnological perspective, and richly deserved
our thanks for the instruction. We are inclined to
think that the instruction is bettered by the work
of a newer writer, the woman who gave us first
"Miss Stuart's Legacy," then a volume of tales
"From the Five Rivers," and who now gives us a
stronger book than either of those. Mrs. Steel has
an eye for the picturesqueness of Indian life and a
sense of its psychological differentiations. She knows
also the Anglo-Indian and his ways, and never for-
gets that in spite of his imperious grasp and firm
guidance he remains a purely extraneous element
in the civilization of British India. "The Potter's
Thumb" is a very remarkable book. The narra-
tive is not as lucid or as symmetrically put together
as it ought to be (although in this respect it offers
a marked improvement upon "Miss Stuart's Leg-
acy "), but it displays an insight unsurpassed by the
best of Mr. Kipling's work, and a rich careful color-
ing that makes that writer's brilliant impressionism
seem relatively ineffective. Artistically, the best
feature of the work is to be found in its use of the
symbolism suggested by the title. It is one of the
oldest figures in literature—this similitude between
the shaping of the potter's clay and the making of
man from the dust of the earth — and one of the
most beautiful. We are constantly reminded, in
reading the story, of such well-remembered lines as
the Tentmaker's
"What! did the Hand then of the Potter shake?"
or of Rossetti's
"Of the same lamp (as it is said)
For honour and dishonour made,
Two sister vessels,"
and haunted by other suggestions of the sort, more
vaguely evoked. Yet this symbolism is not ob-
truded, or made too much of in any literal way.
In writing " The Ebb-Tide," Mr. Stevenson, with
the collaboration of Mr. Osbourne, has once more


1894.]
123
THE
DIAL
proved the possibility of getting along without the
feminine element, of making a story so interesting
that the reader forgets, until he rubs his eyes in
amazement after perusal, that love has not appeared
or even been suggested as a motive. Instead of a
hankering after some person of the opposite sex,"
to borrow a phrase of which Mr. Robert Buchanan
once made unhappy use, "The Ebb-Tide " gives us
hankerings after gold and revenge. It is a South
Sea story, like "The Wrecker," and its characters
are a precious' trio of disreputables, driven, as a
last resort, to piracy and the attempted murder of
the fourth character, an eccentric fanatic who fishes
for pearls upon an isolated atoll. This fourth char-
acter does not seem to us well realized, but the three
others are admirably delineated with their respect-
ive and skilfully differentiated weaknesses and in-
iquities. One does not often find in the pages of a
book men as thoroughly alive as the vicious and
vulgar cockney, the passionate and besotted sea-
captain, and the decayed gentleman whose better
impulses usually turn out to be nothing more than
velleities—all three united in the vagrant estate of
the beach-comber, for the purposes of this ingenious
and highly entertaining fiction.
Miss Elfrida Bell is a young woman with aspi-
rations, born to the uncongenial conditions that ob-
tain in rural Illinois. She breaks her birth's invi-
dious bar, and goes to Paris, where she becomes an
art student in a famous atelier, and acquires eman-
cipated views and a lofty scorn of plodding Philis-
tine humanity. Art does not smile upon her, and
so she turns to literature, removing her abode to
London. She develops an enormous capacity for
pose, gleefully rejects a number of devoted admirers,
alienates her best friends, and finally, in a fit of
pique, puts an end to her useless existence. The
delineator of her career, Mrs. Everard Cotes, calls
her "A Daughter of To-day," an ascription not to
be admitted as truthful in any general or typical
sense. Such characters are doubtless to be found
among the by-products of so unsettled and feverish
a civilization as just now happens to be ours, but
they are in no sense characteristic of its deeper aims
and energies. The author does violence, too, in
more than one instance, to the probabilities of even
such a study of morbid development. But she has
told the story with a certain crisp animation, re-
lieved by humorous touches; and these qualities
make it interesting in episodes, if not attractive as
a whole.
Miss Murfree is a novelist wise enough to limit
production in the interests of patient and careful
workmanship; and she has her reward. While
there is nothing new in " His Vanished Star," there
is complete mastery of the old material, and a suffi-
cient differentiation of incident to nullify any pos-
sible charge of mere self-repetition. Here, as in
earlier books, she succeeds in so charging with poetic
energy the description of natural phenomena as to
maintain the high position won by her ten or twelve
years ago. Nothing better of the sort is to be found
in contemporary American literature. Nor does her
sympathy with the rough Tennessee mountaineers
whom she knows so well fail in any respect; the
picturesqueness of their primitive society and the
rude pathos of their sequestered lives appeal to us
as powerfully as they did when "In the Tennessee
Mountains" was published. The almost impass-
able gulf between such people and those produced
by our bookish and sophisticated civilization is made
startlingly clear, and at the same time a sort of
sympathetic bridge is provided by means of which
we may after a fashion mingle in feeling and thought
with these untaught dwellers in the mountain fast-
nesses. We have noticed a few false notes in the
style of this novel — such, for example, as the fre-
quent use of the word "stellular " where '"stellar"
would have done as well, or better; or the conceit
embodied in the description of dynamite as a "co-
gent compound,"—-and the propriety of the inci-
dent that gives the book its name may be questioned,
since no new star or nova brilliant enough to attract
general attention has been recorded for many years;
but these are trifling matters to set against the posi-
tive achievement of the book in characterization, con-
struction, and literary form.
"Claudia Hyde" is a love story of the sweet,
wholesome, old-fashioned type, refreshing as an
ozone-laden sea-breeze that purifies the air from
malarious exhalations. Such a book, welcome at
any time, is doubly so in an age when the art of fic-
tion has fallen so largely into the hands of sensa-
tionalists, when morbid tales of the " Dodo " and
"Yellow Aster" and " Heavenly Twins " sort "have
the cry," and when popular success seems to await
the most slovenly compositions, provided only they
overstep the modesty of nature, scoff at the conven-
tionalities, and ignore the fine reticence which is
the last and best achievement of literary art. "Clau-
dia Hyde " tells of the wooing of a Virginian gentle-
woman by an English gentleman, makes of the tale
a sweetness long drawn out, sustains the interest by
many a subtle touch, and leaves the reader with a
sense that somehow love has been once more set upon
her rightful pedestal, after having been temporarily
cast down by lewd fellows of the baser sort. The
book has no ambitious aim, it struggles with no
problem, it has no moral except the everlasting one
of the purifying and exalting influence of a noble
passion; it is simply a piece of satisfactory work-
manship, embodying a lofty ideal of character, ap-
pealing to, and calculated to strengthen, the deeper
and better parts of our nature.
A group of translations from the Russian claims
some attention, and will be made the subject of our
closing remarks. It is with peculiar satisfaction
that we greet the promise of a new translation of
Tourgue'nieff, undertaken by Mrs. Constance Gar-
nett. It is to be made directly from the Russian,
and will include the six longer novels, with intro-
ductions by "Stepniak." "Rudin," which has just


124
[Sept. 1,
THE
DIAL
appeared, reads well in the new version, and the
author of the Introduction calls it "as near an ap-
proach to the elegance and poetry of the original as
I have ever come across." We have compared it
with the anonymous English translation that ap-
peared in "Every Saturday" more than twenty
years ago, and the comparison is to the advantage
of the newer version. Still, there are phrases in
the earlier that do not appear in the later transla-
tion, which is a suspicious circumstance. The eth-
ics of translation demand scrupulous accuracy in
nearly all cases, and certainly in the case of the su-
preme masterpieces of literary art. It is an offence
beyond forgiveness to omit a phrase or even a word
of Tourgue'nieff without some note explanatory of
the circumstances. The Introduction does not over-
state the' case of Tourgu^nieff in saying that " as an
artist, as master of the combination of details into
a harmonious whole, as an architect of imaginative
work, he surpasses all the prose writers of his coun-
try, and has but few equals among the great novel-
ists of other lands." We are sorry to find the ab-
surd spelling "Turgenev" given new currency by
this edition. It is also unsatisfactory to learn that
only translations of the longer novels are contem-
plated. What we need in English, even more than
those, is an absolutely complete translation of the
shorter tales and sketches. At present, those who
want to read " Assja," "Spring Floods," "Punin
and Baburin," "First Love," "The Song of Tri-
umphant Love," "A Lear of the Steppe," and all
the others, must pick them up here and there. Even
"Faust," that marvellous example of psychological
insight, that piece of art absolutely without flaw, is
only to be found in English in the magazines — a
poor translation appearing in " The Galaxy " many
years ago, a better one in "The Fortnightly Re-
view," for last July.
The work whose performance, in the case of
Tourgue'nieff, seems so desirable, has just been done
for Pou8hkin by Mr. T. Keane, whose translation
of the " Prose tales " of that writer fills a stout and
handsomely-printed volume. The longest and most
important of these tales, "The Captain's Daughter,"
has often been translated; the others are less fa-
miliar. Of these others there are eight, some of
them mere sketches, but one, " Doubrovsky," almost
equal in length and interest to "The Captain's
Daughter." One cannot help contrasting the purely
romantic art of Poushkin with the finished realism
of Tourgue'nieff, and it is not easy to realize that
the two men were hardly more than one generation
apart.
Dostoieffski is in some respects closely akin to
Tourgue'nieff, a relation made particularly apparent
by " Poor Folk," which Miss Lena Milman has now
for the first time put into English. In this delicate
piece of work, with its simple story and its poignant
pathos, we hardly recognize the Dostoieffski of
"Crime and Punishment." It was the author's first
tale, written at the age of twenty-three. When the
critic Bielinski had read the manuscript of this
story, he is reported to have exclaimed to the trem-
bling author: "Do you comprehend, young man,
all the truth that you have described? No! at your
age, that is quite impossible. This is a revelation
of art, an inspiration, a gift from on high." The
enthusiasm was fairly justified by the work. Mr.
George Moore, who writes an introduction for the
present translation, makes this interesting comment:
"'Poor Folk' challenges comparison with Tour-
gue'nieff. I mean that we ask ourselves if it is as
perfect as Tourgue'nieff; that it is not goes without
saying. For is not Tourgue'nieff the greatest artist
that has existed since antiquity? The form is not
so pure, the divination is not so subtle, the touch is
heavier. When we turn to Balzac we see that it has
not the eagle flight of his genius. The subject is
not grasped and torn with such fierce talons. Bal-
zac is to Tourgue'nieff what Michel Angelo is to a
great Greek sculptor, more complete and less per-
fect. Dostoieffski, in this story, may be not in-
aptly compared to one of the Florentine sculptors,
—Delia Robbia, for instance. A certain coarseness
of texture alone seems to me to separate it from
work of the very highest class." The Vicomte de
Vogue" says of " Poor Folk": "Into this tender pro-
duction Dostoieffski has poured his own nature, all
his sensibility, his longing for sympathy and devo-
tion, his bitter conception of life, his savage, piti-
able pride." We do not need to further commend
a work that has elicited, from critics so widely sep-
arated in time and place, such substantially unani-
mous tributes of praise.
William Mokton Payne.
Briefs on New Books.
After having brought to a successful
HowOUmdJamet market the more kindly flowers of
(U Comedy writers. . . . _ J -
his proper imagining, the man-of-let-
ters of to-day is very apt to turn some little atten-
tion to the cultivation of blue roses. They grew
well in England once, these wonders, though 'twas
a good while ago. In the fifty years from Lilly to
Shirley the Drama seemed a most natural product
But nowadays the case is very different: everyone
tries his hand, although, unfortunately, no one suc-
ceeds any too well. Tennyson, Browning, Swin-
burne, Longfellow, and who not, have produced inter-
esting specimens ; but while each new plant has gen-
erally a certain charm, none of them are very hardy.
There are not a few varieties,—the modern classic,
the strictly closet drama, the historical play, the
society comedy. Some are pretty for a season;
some can be pressed, and so keep a pale beauty for
a longer time; but none show signs of any great
vitality. Among other workers in these flowery
fields are Mr. Ho wells and Mr. James. As for the
former, without attempting any very great things,
he has certainly made a delightful success in a little


1894.]
125
THE DIAL
species peculiarly his own. His farces, which have
been appearing in " Harper's Magazine " during the
last ten years, are now coming out in the Harper's
"Black and White Series." "Five O'Clock Tea"
and " The Mousetrap " are hardly the best of these
fantasies, but still they are characteristically good,
and it will doubtless be a pleasure to many to see
them. Whatever else may be said, it will be allowed
that the action is usually amusing and ingenious,
that the characters are remarkably consistent and
natural, and that the farces read as well as they act
and vice versa. Somewhat more ambitious than
these charming miniatures is the recent departure
of Mr. James. "Theatricals" (Harper) contains
two of four comedies which, as we learn from a note,
were written for representation under peculiar cir-
cumstances which never came to fulfilment. Not
unnaturally, then, the reader starts at a great dis-
advantage; and to begin anything by Mr. James
with a handicap gives one but a sorry chance. One
must be content, however, as the author cheerfully
remarks, to get such comfort as one can,—namely,
in this case, a good deal of amusement from the
dialogue, joined with a wonder if, supposing the
comedies had been presented, one could have fol-
lowed the action and got any idea of the characters.
It is not hard to give a notion of these plays of Mr.
James. Imagine any of his stories with everything
but the conversation cut out, and you will have
something not unlike. To read them is rather more
like an exacting game than one relishes at this
time of the year; indeed, it may almost be won-
dered if the game will be worth the candle at any
season. The dialogue has the usual ultra-delicate
flavor, the action (where one discovers it from the
enigmatic utterances) is usually preposterous, and
as to the characters, so far as one ventures to infer,
they are extraordinarily conventional and colorless.
In a word, the plays have an interest, of course;
but Mr. James's other work has so much more that
one can hardly fancy that they will ever be great
favorites.
"An Unhistorical Pastoral; A Ro-
mantic Fa^ce i B™»: A Chronicle
Play; Smith, A .Tragic Farce; and
Scaramouch in Naxos,"—this on the title-page, with
a frontispiece by Aubrey Beardsley, is but an om-
inous welcome to the reader of Mr. John David-
son's "Plays" (Stone & Kimball). And yet when
one turns beyond it is not as bad as one might fear.
Our author, it is true, would seem to be one of the
modeAi band of younger poets, and his work has
many marks of end o' the century affectation. But
still, here and there, and in some of the plays not
infrequently, come snatches of very lovely verse —
notes of that same fresh and pure quality that, it
often seems, was last heard in England in the plays
and poems of the Elizabethans. That strange de-
licious atmosphere that one knows so well, one feels
again at times in Mr. Davidson's plays; and it is a
pleasure to find the strain in work that is done to-
day. It is a curious minglement, the preciosities
of our own time and the natural birdlike utterance
of three hundred years ago. One is tempted to ask
which is the natural Davidson—a decadent who has
caught the trick of Elizabethan utterance, or an
Elizabethan who has come too late. Whichever he
be, he has written some exquisite poetry, which may
to great advantage be looked to, although in some
cases the poetry is in hiding, like a bunch of violets
growing behind a lumber-pile. For, unfortunately,
this happy figured speech of our older poets degen-
erates with fearful ease into the most tedious and
prolix verbiage; and Mr. Davidson has not always
been able to distinguish in his own work between
one and the other. It must be confessed that there
are many arid tracts in his kingdom. And another
point worth mentioning is that, as one reader might
say, our author has a strange sense of humor; or,
as another might say, no sense of humor at all. In
a writer of farces (among other things) this is
hardly to the advantage of the reader. Some of
Mr. Davidson's humors are not merely stupid,—
they are simply marvellous, and remind us again, but
by no means so pleasantly, of the Elizabethans, of
interpolated comic scenes. One must certainly pick
and choose with Mr. Davidson: if one pick rightly,
one has an excellent reward ; if wrongly, one is much
bored. "An Unhistorical Pastoral " and "Scara-
mouch in Naxos " contain most frequently passages
of fine quality, and the reader will do well to take
them first. The volume is one of those nice speci-
mens of book-making produced by Elkin Matthews
and John Lane of London, and in Chicago by Stone
& Kimball. It is pleasant to see such pretty books,
and to handle them, even if the inside be not the
finest thing in the world.
A commendable While. the author of. "The Jewi8h
dUaurion of the Question" (Harper) is very much in
JeicUh Quetium. earnest, his pages are commendably
free from the acrimony usually imported into the
discussion. The tone of the book throughout is so-
ber and liberal, and the author takes up the cudgels
for the Chosen People with a breadth of view and
a candor as to the flaws in his own case worthy the
imitation of those who disagree with him. Oddly
enough, he opens with a denial that there is a Jew-
ish Question at all — that is, a definite one capable
of exact statement. Now it seems to us that there
is and has been from time immemorial a Jewish
Question, and that the Jew himself, with his extra-
ordinary fealty to the spirit of archaic tribal law
and tradition, is primarily responsible for it. The
observation of Tacitus, who speaks of the Jews as
hostile to all races but their own (adversus omnes
alios hostile odium), measurably holds good to-day;
as does that of Spinoza, who says that the racial
solidarity of the Jews, despite their disorganized or
dispersed condition, " is not to be wondered at when
we consider how they separate themselves from all
other nationalities in a way to bring upon them-
selves the hatred of all." Racial exclusiveness, an
arrogated racial superiority, lies at the root of the


126
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
Jewish Question and keeps it alive. So long as the
Jew, broadly speaking, maintains in his daily deal-
ings one code for the Gentile and another for his
brethren; so long as he refuses to blend socially
with the people about him, making it a point of
duty to remain essentially a stranger within the gates
that shelter him, so long will there be a Jewish
Question. It is easily shown that the Question loses
definiteness precisely in proportion as the Jew, shak-
ing off the superstition of his fathers, fuses with the
people around him and becomes something more
than a quasi-citizen with a quasi-patriotism. In the
United States there is no Jewish Question—or there
is at most only an inchoate one. To impute anti-
Semitism to Gentile jealousy is sheer nonsense. It is
not the finer superiorities of the Jew that rouse the ire
of the Gentile, nor is it the Spinozas, the Mendels-
sohns, the Heines, or even the Rothschilds, that are
responsible for the existence of the Jew-baiter. The
true glory of Israel, the inspired thoughts and winged
words of her poets and sages, is a part of the com-
mon glory of humanity; and humanity does not
grudge the splendor of the flame that makes its
own light the brighter. In the volume before us
the writer discusses severally the "Mission of the
Jews," their status during and influence upon the
Middle Ages, " Hebraic Societies," " Money and the
Jews," and he closes with a review of M. Leroy-
Beaulieu's notable work, "Israel chez les Nations."
The book shows learning and acumen, and should
not be neglected.
Mr. Andrew Lang seems to have a
JijlS* penchant for strange titles. In a re-
cent issue of The Dial was reviewed
his "Ban and Arriere Ban," a sheaf of fugitive
rhymes; and now comes a volume of prose quaintly
entitled " Cock Lane and Common Sense" (Long-
mans). The book is not, what the reader may guess
it to be, a belated version of Dr. Johnson's ghost-
hunt—though some space is given to that venerable
tale. It is largely a compilation of the (to some
minds) fascinating order of narratives known as
"ghost stories "— though to secure a place in Mr.
Lang's anthology the story must be, not a piece of
acknowledged fiction, but an attested "occurrence,"
and a matter of actual belief on the part of the wit-
nesses. Besides the stories proper, spirit rappings,
hypnotic phenomena, magic, demoniac affections, sec-
ond sight, and other pleasantly " creepy" matters,
are discussed, with learning and acumen, and, we
need scarcely add, with some humor. Humor, how-
ever, this time by no means supplies the dominant
note. Mr. Lang is, or seems to be, thoroughly in
earnest — the scientific, slightly skeptical, curious
investigator. Struck by the constant, wide-spread,
and well-attested recurrence of the abnormal phe-
nomena in question, and believing that the explana-
tions hitherto offered are often absurd, seldom plaus-
ible, and never scientifically conclusive, he urges
that here is a subject worthy—not of the cheap ridi-
cule often bestowed on it—but of serious and impar-
tial investigation. While " Common Sense " figures
in Mr. Lang's title, he freely disclaims in his pre-
face any bias in favor of that boastful and overrated
quality. "Common sense," he sharply observes,
"bullied several generations till they were positively
afraid to attest their own unusual experiences."
He might have added that common sense, having
discredited itself often enough by deriding Coper-
nicus, spurning Columbus, scouting "Watt, Steven-
son, and Fulton, refuting Berkeley by grinning and
kicking posts, etc., ought now to be convinced of its
fallibility in matters out of its range; in short, that
it ought by this time to have gained common sense
enough to confine itself to common speculations.
As to the objectivity (to risk a contradiction in
terms) of the phenomena he cites, Mr. Lang re-
mains a sturdy skeptic up to his closing pages, where
he faintly admits that while "the undesigned co-
incidences of testimony represent a great deal of
smoke," "proverbial wisdom suggests a presump-
tion in favor of a few sparks of fire." We suspect
that the "fire" will always, on investigation, turn
out to be of a subjective and hallucinatory nature,
and that the spectral noumena will continue, as
heretofore, to elude the clutches of the keenest
spook-hunter. The essays, thirteen in number, are
reprinted from leading English reviews, and they
contain a great deal of curious and suggestive matter.
Hutoryqfthe ^n a nea* volume of 180 odd pages,
South Place Society entitled "The Centenary History of
o/London. the gouth safety » (London:
Williams & Norgate), Mr. Moncure D. Conway
sketches the story of a small but distinguished fra-
ternity honorably known for its zeal in the cause of
civil, religious, and intellectual liberty. Booted in
no fixed theological creed, and adopting as a body
no set of opinions that could fetter its members, the
society has endeavored throughout its career " to
study carefully, and keep abreast of, the growing
knowledge of the world, at whatever cost to tradi-
tional opinions or prejudices; to do this in a spirit
of tolerance no less than of sincerity." The organi-
zation was founded in London by an American, El-
hanan Winchester—" a true forerunner," Mr. Con-
way thinks, " of Channing, Emerson, and Theodore
Parker." Winchester, who was by a touching in-
cident led to give up his early Calvinism for Uni-
tarianism, sailed for England in 1797, where he
was well received by Priestley, Price, John Wesley,
and others. His doctrines were still under the En-
glish penal laws; but he at once began preaching,
and his congregations rapidly outgrew their chapels.
It was a time of spiritual ferment, and the dissent-
ers and the Anythingarians of all shades and de-
grees of nonconformity who flocked to the fold of
the liberal American shepherd soon had to build for
him the Parliament Court Chapel, in Artillery Lane;
and there the South Place Society was organized,
February 14, 1793. Mr. Conway gives a rather
full account of Winchester and of his more impor-
tant successors — notably William Johnson Fox, a


1894.]
127
THE
DIAL
really eminent man. Fox was a member of Par-
liament, a fearless though a distinguishing radical,
a noted Anti-Corn-Law leader, the founder, with
Mill and Dr. Brabant, of "The Westminster Re-
view," and the close friend of the chief English
literati of the day. "He gave," says the author,
"the first welcome to the Martineaus; and he first
recognized the genius of Tennyson, and over Rob-
ert Browning's youthful work cried Eureka!"
Carlyle said of him that " his eloquence was like
opening a window through London fog into the blue
sky "—adding, however, " I went away feeling that
Fox had been summoning these people to sit in
judgment on matters of which they were no judges
at all." Mr. Conway was himself for twenty-one
years the incumbent at South Place Chapel; and
his account of the Society, based on four discourses
given by him in 1893, may be taken to be as accu-
rate as it is lively and sympathetic. There are a
number of portraits, together with an interesting
■copy in facsimile of the first draft of Sarah Flower
Adams's fine hymn, " Nearer, my God, to Thee."
Ihnmafs
Napoleon
Under the general title of "The Na-
poleon Romances," Messrs. Little,
Brown & Co. have added six vol-
umes to their neat library edition of the romances
of Alexandre Dumas. The works translated for
this set of volumes are "Les Blancs et les Bleus,"
"Les Compagnons de JeTiu," "Les Louves de
Machecoul," and " Les Freres Corses." These works
make a tolerably connected series, and there is no
doubt that a reader may get from them an exceed-
ingly vivid, as well as a fairly accurate, impression
of the Napoleonic period of French history. In
saying this, we do not need to take the author as
seriously as he took himself, in these words, for ex-
ample: "We shall soon have covered an immense
period with our stories: between the 'Countess of
Salisbury ' and the ' Count of Monte Cristo' lie five
centuries and a half; and we are bold enough to
think that concerning those five centuries and a
half we have taught France more history than any
historian." The present translation is in most re-
spects satisfactory. We note, however, that in many
instances proper geographical names appear in their
French spelling, as Sagonte for Saguntum, Cannes
for Cannae, Perouse for Perugia, and Genes for
Genoa. These are curious lapses for anyone suf-
ficiently familiar with French to translate at all.
Early Ulter*
The "Letters Addressed to a Col-
rf vr <t,n *eSe Friend during the Years 1840-
1845," by Mr. John Ruskin, are pub-
lished in this country by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.,
although the imprint of the book is that of Mr. George
Allen, the author's own (we might almost say pri-
vate) English publisher. As a contribution to our
knowledge of Mr. Ruskin's intellectual development,
these letters are of course interesting, for they show
us at how early a stage certain principles of criticism
had become a fixed part of his creed. They are
also interesting as showing that Mr. Ruskin's ac-
tivities when just out of college were quite as mul-
tifarious as they were in later years. Absolutely,
the letters have slight value, for they merely give
crude expression to some of the ideas that later
found much more adequate presentation. They in-
clude an essay on the question "Was there death
before Adam fell, in other parts of creation?"
which recalls the disputations of the schoolmen.
That sort of thing, at least, Mr. Ruskin outgrew,
and definitely, before he was much older. His en-
thusiasm for Turner appears more than once, as
when, speaking of a book concerning which his
opinion had been asked, he says: "I have not seen
the book you speak of, but if it praises Turner un-
qualifiedly you may trust to it." The whole of Mr.
Ruskin's Turnerian creed is in the following pas-
sage: "He is the epitome of all art, the concentra-
tion of all power; there is nothing that ever artist
was celebrated for that he cannot do better than
the most celebrated. He seems to have seen every-
thing, remembered everything, spiritualized every-
thing in the visible world; there is nothing he has
not done, nothing he dares not do; when he dies,
there will be more of nature and her mysteries for-
gotten in one sob, than will be learned again by the
eyes of a generation."
BRIEFER MENTION.
Three reading-books for primary schools attest the
growing desire to provide children with a better sort of
pabulum than they have been accustomed to. "Fairy
Tales for Little Readers" (Lovell), by Miss Sarah D.
Burke, gives simple paraphrases of five familiar nursery
classics. Miss Sarah E. Wiltse's selection of " Grimm's
Fairy Tales" (Ginn) includes "stories illustrating kind-
ness to animals and the unity of life in a variety of con-
ditions." A more ambitious undertaking is that of Miss
Mary E. Burt, whose "Stories from Plato and Other
Classic Writers " (Ginn) are taken from Hesiod, Homer,
Ovid, Pliny, and others, and retold in the simplest of
language. These stories have stood the test of repeated
use by the author, and are particularly to be commended
to kindergarten aud primary school teachers.
The " Elementary Algebra " written by Mr. Charles
Smith and revised by Mr. Irving Stringham (Mac-
millan) is designed to render less abrupt " the transi-
tion from the traditional algebra of many of our sec-
ondary schools to the reconstructed algebra of the best
American colleges." The book constitutes "a rounded
course in what may be called the newer elementary al-
gebra, and includes the subject-matter specified by
nearly all American colleges as the requirement for ad-
mission." A book of far more elementary mathemat-
ics is Miss Florence N. Sloane's "Practical Lessons in
Fractions" (Heath), following the inductive method,
and accompanied by "fraction cards," a device of the
writer, used with marked success in her own teaching.
The first volume of Mr. James Hamilton Wylie's
"History of England under Henry the Fourth " (Long-
mans) was published ten years ago. It has just been
reissued, in connection with a second volume, which now


128
[Sept. 1,
THE
DIAL
first sees the light. A third volume, completing; the
work, is promised for next year. The volumes already
published show that the labor involved in the work has
been of great magnitude, and the result is in accord-
ance with the methods of the best modern scholarship.
The chronicle is too thickly crammed with notes to be
easily readable, but the author's style, when it takes the
form of plain narrative, has an honest directness that
is at least engaging.
Mrs. Lois 6. Hufford's " Essays and Letters Selected
from the Writings of John Raskin " (Ginn) is intended
for use as a reading-book in secondary schools. It in-
cludes the two "Sesame and Lilies " lectures, "Unto
this Last," six letters from "Fors Clavigera," and a
part of "The Queen of the Air." It is supplied with
notes and introductory matter, the latter appreciative
and judicious in the main. While we know of no liv-
ing writing of prose better fitted for school reading
than Mr. Ruskin, and while we are in hearty sympathy
with the general purpose of this book, we cannot regard
as wise the inclusion of such matter as the chapters on
what Mr. Ruskin (but no one else) fancies to be polit-
ical economy. High school students are too young to
discriminate between the ethical wheat and chaff of
"Unto this Last," and loose thinking upon economic
questions is about the List thing that should find encour-
agement in these days.
One of the most substantial contributions to knowl-
edge that have resulted from the Chicago Congresses
of 1893 is the handsome volume (Schulte) which con-
tains the "Memoirs of the International Congress of
Anthropology," edited by Mr. C. Staniland Wake. The
papers are classified under physical anthropology, ar-
chaeology, ethnology, folk-lore, religions, and linguistics.
Two supplementary papers are printed in the German
language. Among the authors are Messrs. Franz Boas,
Carl Lumholtz, W. H. Holmes, D. G. Brinton, Alice C.
Fletcher, J. C. Fillmore, Stephen D. Peet, Cyrus Adler,
and M. Jastrow, Jr. Mrs. Nuttall's paper on "The
Mexican Calendar System " is to appear as a separate
monograph, and is consequently not here included.
"A Gauntlet" (Longmans) is the title given by Mr.
Osman Edwards to his translation of Herr Bjdrnson's
"En Hanske." It is curious that the social dramas of this
great writer should have remained so long untranslated,
in view of the vogue of the similar productions of Dr.
Ibsen. Both writers are at their best in their earlier
and more poetical works, but the pictures of society to
which their later years have been devoted constitute
the most striking dramatic manifestation of the present
day. Between the two it is bard to choose, but in this
newer field Herr Bjornson is at least the equal of his
famous contemporary, while a comparison of their ear-
lier work shows him to be distinctly the greater artist.
The subject of " En Hanske " has become somewhat in-
sistent in recent literature, and it is well to remember
that the discussion was practically started by the pub-
lication of this drama.
Mr. R. D. Cortina publishes a series of paper-cov-
ered texts for students of the Spanish language. This
"Serie de Cortina" now includes "Despues de la Llu-
via el Sol," a prose comedy in one act by an unnamed
writter; "El Indiano," a prose comedy in three acts
adopted from Garcia de la Vega; and " Amparo," a story
from Seiior Enrigue Pe'rez Escrich. The latter two
publications give the Spanish text with the English
translation, a page of the one facing a page of the other.
Mr. Cortina has supplied all these texts with notes.
TjIterary Notes and Miscellany.
Mr. Thomas J. Wise has just begun publication, in
the pages of " The Athenaeum," of his " Bibliography
of the Works of Robert Browning." It will afterwards
be extended, and issued in parts to subscribers.
Mr. Shadwell, of Oriel College, will select from Wal-
ter Pater's papers such matter as he thinks it advisable
to publish. It is also proposed that several of Pater's
friends prepare a memorial volume from their remin-
iscences.
The Prussian Academy of Sciences has granted to
Professors Zeller and Diels 82,000 for continuing the
publication of the writings of the commentators of Aris-
totle. Professor Zeller took leave of his classes at the
University of Berlin on August 2 with a speech in which
he said that his health had always been so good that in
his 110 semesters he had never missed his lectures for
a single week.
Messrs. Charles L. Webster & Co. will at once pub-
lish "Max O'ReU's" new book, "John Bull & Co.,"
which deals with "the great colonial branches of the
firm, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Af-
rica." If we may judge of the whole book from the
Australian chapter, which we read the other day in " La
Revue de Paris," the author has abated nothing of the
wit, the shrewdness, and the lively intelligence charac-
teristic of his earlier writings.
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons will publish early this
month a collection of the poems of Mr. Francis How-
ard Williams, of Philadelphia, author of the novel " At-
man, or Documents in a Strange Case," several lyric
dramas, and of a remarkable story entitled " Boscosel,"
published in "The Septameron" in 1888. Mr. Will-
iams's volume of verse will be called "The Flute-
Player, and Other Poems," and while containing a few
pieces which have already appeared in the magazines,
will be chiefly composed of unpublished poems from
this poet's portfolio.
The public library at Los Angeles, Cal., recently pur-
chased a number of French books, including the works
of M. Jean Richepin. A local clergyman of the Meth-
odist persuasion got wind of the affair, and deUvered a
sermon attacking the librarian (a woman, by the way),
and containing this fervent supplication: "O Lord,
vouchsafe Thy saving grace to the librarian of the Los
Angeles City Library and cleanse her of all sin and
make her a woman worthy of her office." The librarian
has promptly brought suit for damages against the of-
fending preacher.
SCOTT AT THE CLOSE OF HIS CENTURY.
Professor Charles Eliot Norton thus writes of Scott
in his preface to the new edition of the latter's poems:
"In looking back over this century, which is now so
near its close, there is none among its conspicuous fig-
ures of pleasanter aspect than that of Scott; and of all
the men who have lived during its course there is not
one who has contributed more largely to the pleasure
of its successive generations. This is a great eulogy;
no man could desire a better. To amuse men ration-
ally, to give them wholesome entertainment, is to do
them a great service; and to do this through a lifetime
more successfully than any one else, is to be worthy of
lasting gratitude. This is what Scott did for our fath-
ers, and has done for many of us, and will continue to
do for many of our children. At this moment, more
than sixty years after the last of his novels was written,


1894.]
129
THE DIAL
two popular editions of them are in course of publica-
tion; while his poems, ninety years after the 1 Lay of
the Last Minstrel' was first published, are still the de-
light of youthful readers, and still charm readers of all
ages b}' the interest of their animated narrative, the
ease of the versification, and the manliness of their
spirit. . . . Let us be grateful for such a gift. There
is space even on the narrow shelves of the immortals
for books such as his. Shakespeare, Milton, Words-
worth may rest on a higher shelf, but Scott will be
nearer at hand for the multitude of readers, and his vol-
umes will require more frequent re-bindiug."
WALTER PATER.
(July 30,1894.)
The freshness of the light, its secrecy,
Spices, or honey from sweet-smelling bower,
The harmony of time, love's trembling hour
Struck on thee with a new felicity.
Standing, a child, by a red hawthorn-tree,
Its perishing, small petals' flame had power
To fill with masses of soft, ruddy flower
A certain roadside in thy memory:
And haply when the tragic clouds of night
Were slowly wrapping round thee, in the cold
Of which men always die, a sense renewed
Of the things sweet to touch and breath and sight,
That thou didst touch and breathe and see of old,
Stole on thee with the warmth of gratitude.
—Michael Field in " The Academy."
A MODERN BIBLIOPHILE'S LIBRARY.
Mr. Edmund Gosse tells us in one of his books that
if fortune made him the possessor of one volume of ex-
cessive value, he should hasten to part with it. And
yet in Mr. Geese's library are many books of " exces-
sive value," which, in "their redolent crushed Levant,"
no "Bonanza King, with millions in his bank," could
restore if lost or destroyed. . From a list originally
started for insurance purposes, Mr. Gosse was encour-
aged by the solicitation of friends to make a catalogue
of his collection which should serve a double purpose.
"The silliest people who collect books might be consid-
ered benefactors to their species if they only would cat-
alogue their collections," said Mr. Falconer Madan to
Mr. Gosse; and his catalogue is really a benefaction for
all book-lovers. Mr. Austin Dobson provides it with
this cheerful Epilogue:
"I doubt your painful Pedants who
Can read a Dictionary through;
But he must be a dismal dog
Who can't enjoy this Catalogue!"
It is not given to many collectors of books to number
so many poets and men of letters among his friends as
does Mr. Gosse; hence few collections embrace so many
volumes calculated to excite the greed of the biblio-
maniac. There is a matchless set of Edward FitzGer-
ald's books, those privately-printed Dramas of Calderon,
"freely translated," the first " Rubaiyat," and the rest,
nearly all of which are presentation copies, and some
of which are enriched with the translator's notes in au-
tograph. There is also a notable collection of " Restora-
tion Dramatists," in which department Mr. Gosse's li-
brary has "no rival, public or private"; and another
special department, rich in such books as Mr. William
Morris's "The Defence of Guenevere " (1858)—" rub-
bishy minor verse," Mr. Gosse pere called it — the
mere enumeration of a few items of which might make
a bibliomaniac green with envy. If "an affecting and
chronic want of pounds " has precluded Mr. Gosse from
purchasing " the white elephants of bibliography," the
same distressful condition has not stood in the way of
his forming valuable friendships.
"' Book against book.' 'Agreed,' I said:
But't was the trick of Diomed!
— And yet, in Fairy-land, I'm told,
Dead leaves — as these — will turn to gold.
Take them, Sir Alchemist, and see!
Nothing transmutes like sympathy."
Thus does Mr. Dobson inscribe a copy of his " At the
Sign of the Lyre," " To E. W. G." And many another
tome in Mr. Gosse's library bears poetical inscriptions
from his " Neighbor of the near domain," and from many
another friend,—inscriptions that are destined never to
see the light outside the pages of this catalogue. Many
of these inscriptions are reproduced in facsimile. A
facsimile of a letter from Matthew Arnold, acknowl-
edging the authorship of his Rugby prize poem, " Alaric
at Rome"; and another of Tennyson's poem, "The
Throstle," possess a melancholy interest. And so does
the volume of Rossetti " Relics,"— which comprehends
among other items a set of pages from "The Germ,"
containing the story of " Hand and Soul," with frequent
corrections in Rossetti's handwriting; a corrected proof
of the Sonnet on the Mulberry Tree planted by Shake-
speare and felled by the Rev. E. Gastrell,
"deaf drudge, to whom no length of ears
Sufficed to catch the musio of the spheres!"
and the first draft of the "Czar Alexander II." sonnet,
the text of which differs in almost every line from that
first published in "Ballads and Sonnets," and which
may therefore be quoted here:
"From him did forty thousand Serfs, endow'd
Each with six feet of death-claim'd soil, receive
Rich lifelong free born land, whereon to sheave
Their country's harvest. Who to-day aloud
Demand of Heaven their Father's blood,—sore bow'd
With tears and thrilled with wrath; and burn to achieve
On every guilty head without reprieve
All torment by his edicts disallow'd.
He stayed the knout's red-ntvening fangs; and first
Of Russian traitors his own murderers go
White to the tomb. While he,— laid foully low
With limbs red-lopp'd, with blood-clogg'd brain which nursed
The Nation's charter,— from fell Nihil flown
No Nought finds now,— a witness at God's Throne."
Nearly all the introuvables of Mr. Andrew Lang are
in this precious collection, many with brief inscriptions
by their author; also a complete set of those by Mr.
Robert Louis Stevenson,.—booklets that are almost un-
known beyond the circle of his literary friends, and
would bring their weight in five-pound notes if offered
for sale. These were printed by the author's stepson,
Mr. S. L. Osbourne, and are as limited in the number
of their pages as in the number of copies printed. One
of the booklets is entitled " Not I, and Other Poems"
(1881), and the last poem, reprinted from the catalogue,
with apologies to Mr. Gosse, states that
"The pamphlet here presented
Was planned and printed by
A printer unindented,
A bard whom all decry.
"The author and the printer.
With various kinds of skill,
Concocted it in Winter
At Davos on the Hill.
"They burned the nightly taper;
But now the work is ripe.
Observe the costly paper.
Remark the perfect type."
W. Irving Way.


130
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
September, 1894 (First List).
Acting. Richard Mansfield. North American.
Administrative Law, American. Ernst Freund. Political Sci.
Africa, The Study of. C. C. Adams. Chautauquan.
Aerial Navigation. H. S. Maxim. North American.
Bar Harbor. Illus. F. Marion Crawford. Scribner.
Battle-Songs. Laura A. Smith. Lippincott.
Bells, Foreign. W. Shaw-Sparrow. Magazine of Art.
Cane Sugar Industry, The. Bins. Southern Magazine.
Catholicism and Apaism. Bishop Spalding. No. American.
Church Choir and Organ. C. A. Richmond. Chautauquan.
Economic Principles Newly Stated. O. L. Elliott. Dial.
English at the University of Nebraska. L.A.Sherman. Dial.
Fiction, Recent. William Morton Payne. Dial.
Greek Vase Paintings. Dins. Magazine of Art.
Head-Lines. W. T. Larned. Lippincott.
Heroine, Evolution of the. H. H. Boyesen. Lippincott.
Home-Life in India: Child Marriages and Widows. Forum.
Human Horses. W. R. Furness. Lippincott.
Hunting in England. Illus. C.W.Whitney. Harper.
Ice Age in New York. T. M. Prudden. Harper.
Income Tax, The. Charles W. Buck. Southern Magazine.
Law Reform, Am., Problems of. Merritt Starr. Dial.
Monopolies, Capitalistic. J. W. Jenks. Political Science.
Napoleonic Pictures. E. G. J. Dial.
New York, The City and State of. Political Science.
Parliament of Religions, Echoes of the. Forum.
Physicians, Pay of. George F. Shrady. Forum.
Poverty, Modern. W. H. Mallock. North American.
Scotland, Peasantry of. W. G. Blaikie. North American.
Scotland Yard, New. Illus. Magazine of Art.
Southern Art. Illus. Wm. Sartain. Southern Magazine.
Tapestry of the New World. Illus. Scribner.
Tarahumari Life. Illus. Carl Lumholtz. Scribner.
Teaching, The Freedom of. Dial.
"Thanatopsis," The Origin of. J. W. Chadwick. Harper.
Universities in France. Ch. V. Langlois. Political Science.
Venetian Fetes. Illus. F. Cooley. Chautauquan.
West Virginia. Illus. Julian Ralph. Harper.
List of New Books.
[The following list, embracing 50 titles, includes all books
received by The Dial since last issue.}
HISTORY.
London and the Kingdom: A History Derived Mainly
from the Archives at Guild-Hall. By Reginald R. Sharpe,
D.C.L. In 3 vols. Vol. I., with frontispiece, 8vo, pp.
506. Longmans, Green, & Co. $3.50.
A History of Germany in the Middle Agres. By Ernest
F. Henderson, A.B. 12mo, uncut, pp. 437. Macmillan
& Co. $2.60.
Centenary History of the South Place Society: Based
on Four Discourses Given in the Chapel in May and June,
1893. By Moncure D. Conway, M.A. Illus., 12mo, un-
cut, pp. 180. London: Williams & Norgate. $2.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
The Life and Letters of James MacPherson. By Bailey
Saunders. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 327. Macmillan &
Co. $2.50.
Masters of German Music By J. A. Fuller Maitland.
Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 289. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.75.
Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Sidney
Lee. Vol. XXXIX., Morehead-Myles; 8vo, gilt top, pp.
452. Macmillan & Co. $3.75.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Literary Associations of the English Lakes. By Rev.
H. D. Rawnsley. In 2 vols., 12mo, uncut. Macmillan
&Co. $4.
Letters Addressed to a College Friend During the Years
1840-1845. By John Ruskin. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 210.
Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
An Introduction to the Philosophy of Herbert Spencer.
With a Biographical Sketch. By William Henry Hud-
son. 12mo, pp. 234. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25.
The Yellow Book: An Illustrated Quarterly. Vol. H.,
July, 1894 ; 8vo, uncut, pp. 363. Copeland & Day. $1.50.
The Great Indian Epics, the Stories of the Ramayana and
the Mahabharata. By John Campbell Oman, author of
"Indian Life, Religious and Social." Illus., 12mo, uncut,
pp. 231. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
Libraries in the Mediaeval and Renaissance Periods:
Being the Rede Lecture, delivered June 13,1894. By J.
W. Clark, M.A. Ulus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 62. Macmillan
&Co. $1.
The Temple Shakespeare: Much Ado about Nothing, and
Love's Labour's Lost. With Prefaces, etc. By lsrael Gol-
lancz, M.A. Each with frontispiece, 16mo, gilt top, un-
cut. Macmillan & Co. Each, 45 cts.
Grimm's Fairy Tales. Edited by Sara E. Wiltse, author
of "Stories for Kindergartens." Part I., illus., 12mo,
pp. 237. Ginn & Co. 45 cts.
POETRY.
A Book of Song. By Julian Sturgia. Sq. 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 73. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.75.
Songs from Dreamland. By May Kendall, author of " From
a Garret." 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 136. Longmans,
Green, & Co. $1.75.
The Universal Name; or. One Hundred Songs to Mary.
Selected and arranged by Mrs. E. Vale Blake. 12mo, pp.
149. C. W. Moulton. $1.
FICTION.
The Napoleon Romances. By Alexander Dumas. In C
vols., comprising The Companions of Jehu, The Whites
and the Blues, The She-Wolves of Macheooul, and The
Corsican Brothers. Each vol. illus., 12mo, gilt top. Little,
Brown, & Co. Boxed, $7.50.
Music Hath Charms. By V. Munro-Ferguson, author of
"Betsy." 12mo, pp. 300. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Out of Step. By Maria Louise Pool, author of "Dally."
12mo, pp. 300. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Dr. Janet of Harley Street. By Arabella Kenealy. 12mo,
pp. 340. D. Appleton & Co. SI.
Vashti and Esther: A Story of Society To-day. 12mo, pp.
271. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
Her Fair Fame. By Edgar Fawcett, author of "Solarion."
12mo, pp. 220. New York: Merrill & Baker. $1.
A Change of Air. By Anthony Hope, author of " The Pris-
oner of Zenda." With portrait, 16mo, uncut, gilt top,
pp. 248. Henry Holt & Co. 75 cts.
The Purple Light of Love. By Henry Goelet McVickar,
author of "A Precious Trio.' 16mo, pp. 176. D. Ap-
pleton & Co. 75 cts.
The Maiden's Progress: A Novel in Dialogue. By Violet
Hunt. 12mo, pp. 252. Harper & Bros. $1.
The Garroters. By W. D. Howells. Illus., 18mo, pp. 90.
Harper's "Black and White Series." 50 cts.
NEW NUMBERS IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Lippincott's Select Novels: Peter's Wife, by The Duchess;
12mo, pp. 364. 50 cts.
Rand, McNally's Rial to Series: The Red Sultan, by J.
MacLaren Cobban; 12mo, pp. 313. 75 cts.
Rand, McNally's Globe Library: The House of the Wolf,
by Stanley J. Weyman; 12mo, pp. 250. 50 cts.
Putnam's Hudson Library: Love and Shawl-Straps, by
Annette L. Noble, author of " Uncle Jack's Executors' j
12mo, pp. 291. 50 cts.
Bonner's Choice Series: Two Gentlemen of Hawaii, by
Seward W. Hopkins; illus., 12mo, pp. 303. 50 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Climbing in the British Isles. By W. P. Hasket Smith,
M.A. Vol. I., England; illus., 16mo, pp. 162. Long-
mans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
The Book of the Fair. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. Parts
12, 13, and 14. Each, illus., imp. 4to. Chicago: The
Bancroft Co. Per part, $1.


1894.]
131
THE DIAL
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES.
The Ills of the South; or. Related Causes Hostile to the
General Prosperity of the Southern People. By Charles
H. Otken, LL.D. 12mo, pp. 277. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50.
The Evolution of Modern Capitalism: A Study of Ma-
chine Production. By John A. Hobson, M.A., author of
"Problems of Poverty." 12mo, pp. 383. Chas. Scrib-
ner's Sons. $1.25.
Representation and Suffrage in Massachusetts, 1620-
1691. By George H. Haynes, Ph.D. 8vo, uncut, pp. 00.
Johns Hopkins University Studies. 50 cts.
BCIENCE.
Discourses, Biological and Geological: Essays, by
Thomas H. Huxley. 12mo, pp. 388. D. Appleton it Co.
$1.25.
The Evolution of Worlds from Nebulae. By Lee Parker
Dean. 12mo, pp. 84. Bridgeport, Conn.: Marigold Print-
ing Co.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
The Footprints of the Jesuits. By R. W. Thompson, au-
thor of "The Papacy and the Civil Power." With por-
trait, 12mo, pp. 509. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.75.
Bible, Science, and Faith. By the Rev. J. A. Zahm, C.S.C.,
author of " Sound and Music." 12mo, pp. 316. Balti-
more: John Murphy & Co. $1.25.
The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ: From a Recently Dis-
covered Manuscript. By Nicholas Notovitch; trans, by
Virchand R. Gandhi, B.A. Illus., 12rao, pp. 128. Chi-
cago: V. R. Gandhi. $1.
EDUCATION—BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND
COLLEGE.
Aspects of Modern Study: Being University Extension
Addresses. By Ix>rd Playfair, Canon Browne, and others.
12mo, uncut, pp. 187. Macmillan & Co. $1.
Annual Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction
for Tennessee, for the year ending June 30, 1893. By
Frank M. Smith, Supt. 8vo, pp. 207. Nashville: F. M.
Paul.
Short Comparative Grammar of English and German,
as Traced back to Their Common Origin. By Victor
Henry, author of "A Comparative Grammar of Greek
and Latin." 12mo, pp. 394. Macmillan & Co. $1.90.
Elementary Algebra for the Use of Preparatory Schools.
By Charles Smith, M.A.; revised and adapted to Amer-
ican Schools, by Irving Stringham, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 408.
Macmillan & Co. $1.10.
An Introduction to French Authors: Being a Reader for
Beginners. By Alphonse N. Van Daell. 12mo, pp. 251.
Ginn & Co. 90 cts.
The Gate to the Anabasis. With Notes, etc., by Clarence
W. Gleason, A.M. 16mo, pp. 47. Ginn's " School Clas-
sics." 45 cts.
EDUCATIONAL.
A Graduate of Smith College will be glad to receive
pupils for private instruction in college preparatory work. For
terms, address A. B., care of The Dial.
Bingh""tiLhX^rBoy8' Asheville, N. Q
1793. Majob R. BINGHAM, Superintendent. 1894.
M ISS GIBBONS' SCHOOL FOR QIRLS, New York City.
1,1 No. 55 West 47th st. Mrs. Sarah H. Emerson, Prin-
cipal. Will reopen October 4. A few boarding pupils taken.
'TODD SEMINARY FOR BOYS, Woodstock, III. An Ideal borne
1 school near Chicago. Forty-seventh year.
NOBLE HILL, Principal.
yOUNQ LADIES' SEMINARY, Freehold, N. J.
1 Prepares pupils for College. Broader Seminary Course.
Room for twenty-five boarders. Individual care of pupils.
Pleasant family life. Fall term opens Sept. 12, 1894.
Miss Eunice D. Sewaix, Principal.
Rare Books
Autographs
Portraits
(N^ew Lists Now Ready.
Picking Up Scarce 'Books a
SPECIALTY.
Literary Curios Bought and Sold.
AMERICAN PRESS CO., Baltimore, Md.
(\F INTEREST TO AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS: The
^ skilled revision and correction of novels, biographies, short stories,
plays, histories, monographs, poems; letters of unbiased criticism and
advice; the compilation and editing of standard works. Bend your MS.
to the N. Y. Bureau of Revision, the only thoroughly-equipped literary
bureau in the country. Established 1880: unique in position and suc-
cess. Terms by agreement. Circulars. Address
Dr. TITUS M. COAN, 70 Fifth Ave., New York.
EYLLER & COMPANY,
Importers of GERMAN and Other Foreign Books.
Scarce and out-of-print books furnished promptly at lowest
prices. Literary information furnished free.
Catalogues o/netc and second-hand books free on application.
Eyller & Company, 86 Fifth Ave., Chicago, III.
THE BOOK SHOP, CHICAGO.
Scarce Books. Bacx-humbeb magazines. For any book on any sub-
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1894.]
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1894.]
141
THE DIAL
Macmillan & Co.'s List of Forthcoming Books
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142
[Sept. 16, 1894.
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BARTLETT.—A New and Complete Concordance, or
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Sketch of the Political History of England.
VIOLLET LE DUC Construction. Translated by
Georoe Martin Huss. With numerous Illustrations.
WHITCOMB Chronological Outlines of American
Literature. By Seldbn L. Whitcomb. With a Preface
by Brander Matthews. Uniform with " Chronological
Outlines of English Literature," by Frederick Ryland.
Crown 8vo.
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William Winter. New cheaper Edition, with New
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THE DIAL
3 Stim=jfflonttjhj Jotrrnal of ILtterarg Ctfttcfem, ©t'scusBton, ant) Information.
THJT Z>/^£ (founded in 78«0) <* pu&KiAad m the lit and 18th of
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and Buiu Copt on receipt of 10 cents. Advkrtisihg Ratm furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. 198. SEPTEMBER 16, 1894. Vol. XVII.
Contents.
PASI
BOOKS OF THE COMING SEASON 143
"TELL US A STORY!" Jessie Macmillan Anderson 145
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYL-
VANIA. Felix E. Schilling 146
AUTUMN l Poem). John Vance Cheney 147
COMMUNICATIONS 148
The Study of English Literature from the Standpoint
of the Student. Charles W. Hodell.
A Word Unfitly Spoken. W. R. K.
"The Freedom of Teaching." Duane Mowry.
A SUNBEAM FROM THE THIRTEENTH CEN-
TURY. C. A. L. Richards 150
A LIBRARY OF HISTORY. A. H. Noll .... 151
RECENT STUDIES IN SOCIOLOGY. C. R. Hen-
derson 153
Small and Vincent's Introduction to the Study of So-
ciety.—Howells's A Traveler from Altruria.—Kidd's
Social Evolution.— Booth's The Aged Poor in En-
gland and Wales.—Giddings's Theory of Sociology.—
Jenopp's Random Roaraings.—Heath's The English
Peasant.— Drupe's The Unemployed.— Commons's
Social Reform and the Church.—Tolman and Hull's
Handbook of Sociological Information.
EXTREMES OF FAITH. John Bascom 156
Little's Sacerdotalism.— Gould's The Meaning and
Method of Life.—Bradford's ThelQuestion of Unity.
—Allen's Historical Sketch of the Unitarian Move-
ment.— Weirsacker's The Apostolic Age of the Chris-
tian Church.— Mackintosh's Natural History of the
Christian Religion.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 158
Macpherson and the Ossianic Poetry.—A Help to the
student of Herbert Spencer.— The Savoy operas and
their authors.— More numbers of the Book of the
Fair.— Books about Nature.— New French reading-
books.
BRIEFER MENTION 160
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS 160
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman 167
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 168
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS . . . . 169
BOOKS OF THE COMING SEASON.
Several pages of the present issue of The
Dial are devoted to a classified list of publish-
ers' announcements for the coining fall. In com-
menting upon the similar lists of six months and
a year ago, we expressed our surprise and grati-
fication at the fact that the publishing trade
should have been so little affected by the de-
pression so general during the past year in
commercial circles. The list of announcements
published by us last spring was even longer than
any previous showing made at that season of
the year. It is of course true, as we then re-
marked, that the publishing trade, as far as its
announcements are concerned, is slow to exhibit
the effects of a diminished demand. The pub-
lications of any given season are well under way
six months before the public hears of them, and
many of them are arranged for a year or more
in advance. Some shrinkage might therefore
reasonably have been expected in the list for
the coming season, and it is a matter of peculiar
gratification to us to note the fact that not only
is there no such falling-off, but that the list
shows a marked increase over any published in
a previous year. A close examination, more-
over, discloses more than the usual number
of very important and expensive works, with
at least the usual number of books of unques-
tionable and serious interest. If the effect of
a period of commercial depression is to thus
stimulate to unwonted exertions the trade of
the publisher, it cannot be regarded as an evil
wholly unmixed. That such is to a certain ex-
tent the case, appears quite clear when the
mind's eye scans the shelves that a bookish
imagination will at once fill with the volumes
now promised for early issue.
Of all the books now announced, the great-
est interest probably attaches to the long prom-
ised and impatiently awaited letters of Mat-
thew Arnold, which have been edited by Mr.
G. W. E. Russell. This book will occupy a
place in the literature of the year similar to
that occupied last year by the letters of James
Russell Lowell. As next in interest, we may
mention Mr. Samuel T. Pickard's authorized
biography of Whittier, which will also include
many of the poet's letters. Several other
"lives and letters " are promised, among them


144
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
Edwin Booth; by his daughter; Lucy Larcom,
by the Rev. D. D. Addison; Erasmus, by Mr.
J. A. Froude; and the late Dean of St. Paul's,
by an editor unnamed. Biographies whose
titles make no special mention of letters are
Mr. Edward Cary's George William Curtis,
Mr. William Winter's Joseph Jefferson, and
Mr. E. S. Purcell's Cardinal Manning, prom-
ised for last year, but unavoidably delayed.
On the other hand, letters without biographies
are promised for Thoreau by Mr. F. B. San-
born, for Emily Dickinson by Mrs. Mabel
Looniis Todd, and for General Sherman and
his brother, Senator John Sherman. Literary
history and criticism are to be enriched by Mr.
Barrett Wendell's "William Shakespeare,"
Mr. J. Churton Collins's " Essays and Stud-
ies," Mr. O. F. Emerson's "History of the
English Language," Mr. Horace E. Scudder's
"Childhood in Literature and Art," Miss Vida
E. Scudder's " The Life of the Spirit in Mod-
ern English Poets," Mr. W. E. Simonds's "An
Introduction to the Study of English Fiction,"
Mr. George Saintsbury's "Corrected Impres-
sions," and a translation of M. Jusserand's
new study of English life and literature in the
times of Langland. Mr. Selden L. Whitcomb's
"Chronological Outlines of American Litera-
ture" we expect to find a very useful work.
In poetry and fiction, it has been our expe-
rience that announcements are fragmentary,
and that many of the best books of every sea-
son come almost unheralded. The poetry
already promised includes new volumes by Mr.
Aldrich and Miss Thomas; Mr. Lee-Hamil-
ton's "Sonnets of the Wingless Hours "; a reis-
sue, with additions, of Mr. Gilder's poems; and
Mr. Stedman's "Victorian Anthology," which
is sure to take place immediately among the
standard works of its class. The most im-
portant books of fiction in sight are " Trilby,"
by Mr. Du Maurier; "The Ralstons," by
Mr. Crawford; "Highland Cousins," by Mr.
Black; "The Vagabonds," by Mrs. Margaret
L. Woods; "The Chase of St. Castin, and
Other Tales," by Mrs. M. H. Catherwood;
"Philip and His Wife," by Mrs. Margaret
Deland; "Coeur d'Alene," by Mrs. M. H.
Foote; "Tales of the Punjaub," by Mrs. F.
A. Steel; "A Bachelor Maid," by Mrs. Bur-
ton Harrison; "When All the Woods are
Green," by Dr. S. Wier Mitchell; "Round
the Red Lamp," by Dr. Conan Doyle; "A
Flash of Summer," by Mrs. W. K. Clifford;
and a new volume of short stories from the
Polish of Henryk Sienkiewicz.
A few important historical works must find
mention. We are to have a history of the
United States by President E. Benjamin An-
drews, and a history of the Civil War by Mr.
John C. Ropes. Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, in
his "The Founding of the Trans-Alleghany
Commonwealths," will make another excursion
into his favorite field of investigation. A vol-
ume of historical essays by Mr. Frederic Har-
rison will be awaited with interest, as will
also Professor von Hoist's lectures on "The
French Revolution tested by the Career of Mira-
beau," and two posthumous volumes by Profes-
sor Freeman, one upon "Western Europe in the
Fifth Century," the other a last instalment
of the colossal but fragmentary history of
Sicily. A translation, in six volumes, of Herr
Duncker's "Geschichte des Alterthums," is
one of the most ambitious of enterprises in the
department of historical publication. Even
more ambitious is the promised facsimile re-
print, in no less than fifty-four volumes, of
"Les Relations des Jesuites," that important
source of the raw material of American history.
The most attractive announcement in class-
ical study is the volume of lectures on Latin
poetry, delivered upon the Turnbull founda-
tion by Professor R. Y. Tyrrell. A certain •
adventitious interest of course attaches to Mr.
Gladstone's new translation of Horace, also
promised for early publication. Mr. Thomas
Davidson will have a book on "The Educa-
tion of the Greek People." Since we are
upon the subject of education, we may men-
tion Professor Paulsen's history of the Ger-
man universities, and call attention to the
unusual activity of the producers of educa-
tional treatises, manuals, and texts. These
are so numerous, and of so high a character,
that selection would be invidious. But our
readers will be interested to learn that The
Dial's papers upon the teaching of English in
the American universities are to be edited for
publication in book form.
Of the hundreds of announcements in other
departments, our space forbids the selection
of more than a very few titles. Two great
works of reference, Mr. John Bartlett's Shake-
spearian Concordance and "The Century
Cyclopaedia of Names," cannot go unnoticed.
Among illustrated holiday books, Mr. Karoly's
"Raphael's Madonnas and Other Great Pic-
tures," and Walpole's "Memoirs of the Reign
of George III.," assume special prominence.
Two new editions of Omar Khayyam are also
promised. "The Art of the American Wood-


1894.]
145
THE DIAL
Engraver," by Mr. P. G. Hamerton, with forty
signed artists' proofs on India paper, is a
sumptuous work that will be eagerly awaited.
The new edition of Poe, in ten volumes, to be
edited by Mr. Stedman and Professor Wood-
berry, will supply a long-felt want. Among
books of travel, Messrs. Allen and Sachtleben's
"Across Asia on a Bicycle," Mr. Lafcadio
Hearn's " Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan," and
Mrs. Bishop's "The Hawaiian Archipelago"
promise rich entertainment for those who like
to visit foreign parts without leaving home.
Finally, we will mention "The Religions of Ja-
pan," by the Rev. W. E. Griffis; and a new
translation, with many plates, of the Egyptian
"Book of the Dead," for which we are to thank
the industrious scholarship of Dr. Charles H.
S. Davis. And with these random selections
we think we have sustained our preliminary con-
tention that the list of announcements for the
season is even richer than the list of its prede-
cessors in its promise of entertainment, instruc-
tion, and helpfulness.
"TELL US A STORY!"
Kant was not the first to mark out Time and Space
as categorical imperatives in man's sense-perception of
the external world. Carlyle was not the first to see that
Time and Space are for our eyes the garments of spir-
itual mysteries. Lessing was not the first to write a
sharp division between the Arts of these two lords of
our imagination, shutting up Sculpture to the Beauty of
Color and Form, which Space can give us without Time;
allowing to Poetry the Beauty of Movement and Suc-
cessive Moments.
These masters of analysis we anticipated when we
were infants. We found out that our cradle stood in
a nursery, and the nursery in a house, and the house in
a yard; that things happened and were over, and to-days
rolled into yesterdays. We felt the mystery of Time
and Space, when we so loved the little girl in Grandma's
stories, who lived over in England, and was really
"Mamma, when she was a little girl." We saw that there
was one Beauty of Rest and another of Motion, when
the horse in the park statuary did not quite satisfy us,
because he never put his other two feet down, like that
other most fascinating horse that "brought the good
news from Ghent to Aix ":
"I sprang to the stirrup, and Joris, and he;
I galloped, Dirck galloped, we galloped all three;
'Good speed!' cried the watch, as the gate bolts withdrew;
'Speed!' echoed the wall, to us galloping through;
Behind shut the postern, the lights sank to rest,
And into the midnight we galloped abreast."
That was the start. And the finish ! —
"Then I cast loose my buff coat, each holster let fall,
Shook off both my jackboots, let go belt and all,
Stood up in the stirrups, leaned, patted his ear.
Called ray Roland his pet-name, my horse without peer;
Clapped my hands, laughed and sang, any noise, bad or good,
Till at length into Aix Roland galloped and stood!"
But clear as is this distinction between the statue and
the poem — felt by a child, analyzed by a Lessing, —
must it be absolute t Must a picture be all repose, and a
story all movement? Must a picture never suggest a
story, and a story never stay for a picture? These are
the burning questions that divide Mr. Whistler from
Mr. J. G. Brown, Mr. Howells from Mr. Stevenson.
Mr. John C. Van Dyke, in a paper in a recent num-
ber of " The Century " on Painting at the World's Fair,
says that the wish for narrative even in a picture makes
the difference between the Teutonic and the Latin races.
The Italians and French, he claims, can observe directly.
The Germans and English must get at Form and Color
by the medium of Thought. Pictures, to please them,
must tell a story. If among them comes a man that
can paint a " field of waving grain with a blue sky over
it," " he is afraid to let it stand as a harmony of blue
and gold. He puts it to the title of
1 the happy autumn fields,
And thinking of the days that are no more.'"
Isn't it just the reverse of this that people are com-
plaining of, in Mr. Howells? If the "harmony in blue
and gold" was really a picture, but was made to sug-
gest a story to please people that prefer poetry to paint-
ing, Mr. Howells's " Rise of Silas Lapham," though given
out as a story, is really a series of sketches of certain
types in the city of Boston, made to please people that
prefer analysis, which is literary sketching, to a narra-
tive of events.
There are plenty of artists that lose faith in the pub-
lic ever seeing the picture they saw from the day they
chose the subject to the day of the finished painting.
There are plenty of delicious jokes about the artists'wives
selling these pictures to romantic old gentlemen by nam-
ing them *' His Mistake" or " It Might Have Been."
But has the story-teller a like temptation to pass off
his wares as belonging to another art? If most people
prefer narrative to picturesqueness, has he not a clear
path to a fairly gained audience?
Right here conies in the difference that tells. The
number of men and women that have had a little train-
ing in the technique of story-writing is to the number
of those that have had similar training in painting as a
hundred to one. Almost all our schools, in their liter-
ary departments, give the more advanced students hints
of the methods by which this or that "touch" may be
given. It is much easier to teach how to describe than
bow to narrate; for description is a critical, artificial
process, compared with narration, which must be spon-
taneous, the knack of it not easily to be imparted.
So it is that in an advanced civilization, there are
enough writers and readers trained to methods of liter-
ary picturesqueness to keep our best magazines full of
"stories" which are really pictures; while the masses
of the people, secretly or openly, flee to second-rate
periodicals with stories that have no " style " at all, but
that have the action that belongs to a story. And the
few far-sighted and honest critics, revolting against the
cheap dialect-and-other methods of word-painting, are
lamenting the days of good Sir Walter, and are loud in
praise of the rare stories like "Trilby."
Well! In a year or two, according to the Persian
proverb, "this, too, shall pass." And when the maga-
zines shall have published their present supply of genre
sketches, they will be found responding to the growing
clamor of the children at bedtime, and the children of
a larger growth,—" Tell us a STORY!"
Jessie Macmillan Anderson.


146
[Sept. 16,
THE DIAL
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
PENNSYLVANIA *
There is a well-known story in the " Autobiogra-
phy of Benjamin Franklin," in which the author
informs us how he anticipated the advice of Dr.
Johnson for the acquisition of "an English style,
familiar, but not coarse, and elegant, but not osten-
tatious," by giving "his days and nights to the
study of Addison." With so sagacious a recogni-
tion of the value of English as a part of practical
education from the founder of the University of
Pennsylvania, it is not surprising that English has
from colonial times held a position of recognized
importance at the University; although it is only
within the last decade and a half that that position
has been defined, with its relations to the other
courses of the curriculum.
The Department of English at the University of
Pennsylvania, as at present constituted, is concerned
with four subjects: (1) Composition, (2 ) English
Literature, (3) English Language and Philology,
and (4) Forensics. Of these, (1) and (4) are con-
fined to undergraduates, the others extend to grad-
uate courses. Whether for good or bad, we make
comparatively little of Forensics, beyond care exer-
cised incidentally in reading aloud and in opportu-
nities offered for declamation by students of the
lower classes. Elective and voluntary courses in
speaking and debate follow in junior year; but the
chief practice of our students in these subjects is
derived from the exercises of their literary socie-
ties. There is an opinion prevalent at the Univer-
sity that it is perhaps well that "elocution" be not
too professionally taught; but that the character
of the individual should be developed in his utter-
ance rather than overwhelmed with the oratorical
mannerisms to which special teaching sometimes
leads.
In composition work we set before the student
one simple aim—the plain and unaffected use of
his mother tongue; and we believe that the short-
* This article is the sixteenth of an extended series on the
Teaching of English at American Colleges and Universities,
of which the following have already appeared in The Dial:
English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook
(Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran-
der Matthews (Feb. 16); English at Harvard University, by
Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); English at Stanford
University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson (March 16);
English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Corson
(April 1); English at the University of Virginia, b}' Professor
Charles W. Kent (April 16); English at the University of
Illinois, by Professor D. K. Dodge (May 1); English at La-
fayette College, by Professor F. A. March (May 16) j English
at the State University of Iowa, by Professor E. E. Hale, Jr.
(June 1); English at the University of Chicago, by Professor
Albert H. Tolruan (June 16) ; English at Indiana University,
by Professor Martin W. Sampson (July 1); English at the
University of California, by Professor Charles Mills Gayley
(July 16); English at Amherst College, by Professor John F.
Qenung (Aug. 1); English at the University of Michigan, by
Professor Fred N. Scott (Aug. 16) j and English at the Uni-
versity of Nebraska, by Professor L. A. Sherman (Sept. 1).
— [Edb. Dial.]
est way to facility of expression in writing is con-
stant practice, and a practice unaffected and free
from false conceptions of the purpose of such prac-
tice. With this in view, every Freshman in the
University writes two or three themes a week;
Sophomores and Juniors, except those hopelessly
given over to technology, at least one a week;
whilst in Senior year the subject—except as indi-
rectly represented in the papers of the "semina-
ries" or study-classes in literature—remains op-
tional. All of this work is carefully superintended
by the instructors in charge; every composition is
read—occasionally before the class or a section of
it,—corrected, annotated, if need be handed back
to be rewritten, the faults explained with the prin-
ciples involved, the personality of the writer stud-
ied as far as possible, his abilities trained and
directed. In the assignment of themes there is an
endeavor to avoid subjects which can be read up
and crammed for the occasion, although the stu-
dent is kept in continual touch with good English
style by required collateral reading. The study of
Rhetoric is developed out of the reading and com-
position work; and, although systematized by ref-
erence to a text-book, is not studied as a thing
apart from daily practice.
And now as to the study of English literature,
which we confine, except for a brief estimate of the
historical values of other products, entirely to the
range of what is known as "the literature of pow-
er." English literature forms a part of the require-
ment for entrance to college, and is involved in the
reading and instruction of Freshman year, although
there subsidiary to the more immediate claims of
the drill in composition. In Sophomore year the
special study of literature begins, continuing until
graduation in periods from two to five and six
hours a week according to the course elected. I
omit any enumeration of courses, as this may be
readily gleaned by the curious from the catalogues
and bulletins of the University.
In our method of work we endeavor to follow
some such course as this: Our first task is to teach
the student to observe literary phenomena; to have
him read, never more, however, than he can ab-
sorb; to let him prove by written and oral exercise
that he has read, and also to demand from the first
that he formulate in words his impressions of his
reading. These impressions are crude to a degree,
and bear to his mature work precisely the relation
which the antics he performs in the gymnasium
bear to applied physical activity. But we esteem
it no small thing to have trained a boy to think on
something for himself. The authors chosen for
these earlier exercises are those least distantly re-
moved from the student's modes of daily thought.
They are modern, and writers in prose; as the
problem is greatly simplified by the elimination of
a strange or unusual medium, and the allowances
which must be made for historic environment.
When the student has begun to note literary


1894.]
147
THE DIAL
phenomena with gome degree of ease, we direct his
attention to the relation subsisting between the va-
rious phenomena noted, still demanding that he
increase his data by constant reading of literature
and frequent exercises such as those noted above.
We are now prepared for that orderly exposition
of the relation of literary phenomena which we
call the history of Literature. This history should
proceed, as far as possible, from the more familiar
to the less familiar; and for this reason we arrange
the courses in the history of more recent periods to
precede such periods as that of Chaucer or of Shake-
speare. We aim to have such courses deepen the
impression of the student by a minuter attention to
the relations of things, by seeking out the begin-
nings of various modes of literary thought and
tracing their development in the light of contempo-
rary conditions. Nor is this all. We require the
student to keep himself in daily touch with the
writings of those authors that form the subject-
matter of the lectures, and to submit the results of
his reading in frequent "seminary meetings" for
correction and general discussion among his fel-
lows. Thus we arrive at the beginning of Senior
year with that training in the perception of the
qualities and relations of literary products, and
that general knowledge of the course of their de-
velopment, which alone can render the study of
organic and aesthetic detail practicable. In Senior
year the whole subject is approached again from
these points of view in the study of poetics, the his-
tory of criticism and aesthetics, the "seminary" or
literary workshop, continuing as in previous years.
We insist that all talk about theories, aesthetic,
philosophical, or other, which the student may not
investigate for himself by actual reference to the
authors in question, be banished from our work.
In conclusion of the undergraduate work in En-
glish literature, we feel that the study holds a pe-
culiar position from its capabilities in developing
the taste and artistic discernment, its liberalizing
influence in broadening the student's views of life
and man, its enormous weight against utilitarian-
ism, and its power in giving us, when properly
taught, the very essence of the now all but de-
throned humanities.
The Philology of English holds a recognized and
important place in the undergraduate courses of
the University of Pennsylvania, although we have
not seen the necessity of making the sight reading
of "Beowulf" a requirement for entrance to col-
lege, as some of our radical friends would have it.
The reading and philological study of Old and
Middle English, especially Chaucer, is offered to
undergraduates in the form of elective courses ex-
tending through Junior and Senior year, whilst a
brief practical course in the history of the English
language is a required study for all Freshmen.
Neither in Literature nor in Philology do we set
undergraduates to what is sometimes called in the
English of catalogues "original research," prefer-
ring to devote these years to the laying of such
foundation stones as we may, rather than to the
amateurish collection of unimportant literary data
or the perfunctory compilation of unnecessary in-
dices.
The graduate courses in English of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania are confined to Literature and
Philology. Under the latter is included not only
the Philology of English but the intensive study of
literary products of Old and Middle English, con-
ducted by means of lecture and seminary, with
carefully superintended original investigation on
the part of the student. In literature too, while
the subject is treated in lectures and by discussion
from the historical as well as the organic and aes-
thetic point of view, it is the duty of each student
pursuing English as his major subject to determine
upon some definite literary period, movement, or
writer, for special study and investigation, and later
to choose some theme within the range of this
special field for his thesis. The graduate theses in
English, as in all other departments of the Univer-
sity, must be submitted to the Faculty of Philoso-
phy, and upon acceptance published.
Felix E. Schelliko.
Professor of English Literature, University of Pennsylvania.
AUTUMN.
Through scarlet arches and dusk corridors
She moves, faint perfumes at her queenly feet,
And plaintive voices calling at her side.
Her grandeur blanches, passes. Autumn, she
With colors of the cloud, the rose, the bird,
Woven in her leaves, sweet-flushed as Love herself,
She too shall fade away; and where she was
Shall be low fluttering pulses, vanishings,
And solemn shadow, weight of frost and rain.
Already do the trees, those giant flowers,
The blossoms of the gods, from their bright tops
Begin to shed the splendor, and look down
In silent wonder on the wealth they wore,
Gleaming below. The maple that doth wake
His own glad sunshine, make his own fair day,
Begins to darken; wailing haunts the wind,
Strange wailing from the lowlands; on the hill
Slow spreads the fatal gray. Yea, Autumn, all
Of loveliness, for whom strong Beauty wrought
Till she could do no more,— she too must go.
She passes; and to listening hearts she sings,
She and her maids, their tresses backward blown,
Shining under the wind: —
These colors, memories are they,
The past this beauty wore;
These splendors wove the charm of May,
They all were in the summer's golden store.
They dwelt, they shone, and passed away;
All, all have been before:
'Tis but the glamour of the day,
The glory of the day, that is no more.
John Vance Cheney.


148
[Sept. 16,
THE
DIAL
COMMUNICA TIONS.
THE STUDY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE FROM
THE STANDPOINT OF THE STUDENT.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The readers of The Dial have been interested dur-
ing the past few months in the series of articles on the
Teaching of English in our large Universities. These
have given the standpoint of the teacher. But that of
the student may be of no less interest. And as I am just
completing my student life in that department, after
the regular preparatory, college, and graduate work,
I wish to present a few thoughts from this other side.
The favored methods, scientific or other, of secondary
schools do not invariably bear fruit in a thorough cul-
ture. But wide reading in good books, not necessarily
classics, is absolutely indispensable in forming a good
taste for reading, and for exciting an interest in the
study of literature; it is a sub-conscious preparation for
the conscious activity of the matured mind. I say sub-
conscious advisedly; for the young student has a direct
interest in the good and beautiful in what he is reading,
and is influenced, whether he knows it or not, by his in-
terest; but once urge him to give conscious articulation to
his opinions, and to dissect his sentiments,