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182
(Oct. 1, 1894.
THE DIAL
D. APPLETON & CO.'S NEW BOOKS.
By Hall Caderfully the are
THE SECOND EDITION OF
The Manxman.
By HALL CAINE, author of "The Deemster,” “Capt'n Davy's Honeymoon,” “The Scapegoat," etc. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
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of real style, the characters firmly drawn and striking, a distinct motive to the story and yet with hardly a page in it all where
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this recalls the days of the immortals. There have been other phenomena of the same kind in recent years, to be sure, but
not a great many."'- Buffalo Express
A SECOND VOLUME OF
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By Edgar Stanton MACLAY, A.M. With Technical Revision by Lieut. Roy C. SMITH, U.S.N. In two volumes.
Vol. II. With numerous Maps, Diagrams, and Illustrations. 8vo, cloth, $3.50 per vol.
In this volume Mr. Maclay depicts the closing scenes of the War of 1812, and recounts the events of consequence in the
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author's exhaustive researches and the collaboration of many officers who were actors in this great drama, the publishers
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City Government in the United States.
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ives and springs of action revealed to him in a field of which he is the
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGB
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
THE ART OF THE SHORT STORY.
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Merico; in other countries
Although the arts of design, color, and tone
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
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have long been reduced to something like a
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or scientific system of underlying principles and
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
methods of procedure, and while schools for
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and Sara COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
the inculcation of these principles and methods
on application. All communications should be addressed to
have long held a secure place among educa-
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
tional institutions of the higher sort, the va-
rious forms of the literary art have hitherto
No. 199. OCTOBER 1, 1894. Vol. XVII. | kept out of the hands of the schoolmaster, and
their pursuit has been left to such eager and
confident aspirants as have had the courage to
CONTENTS.
clear paths for themselves. Literary art is, of
course, made a subject of study in every school
THE ART OF THE SHORT STORY . .... . 183 and college of the land, but rather as provid-
THE RISE AND THE FALL OF THE “THREE
ing a means of æsthetic gratification than as
DECKER." Walter Besant . ....... 185
opening the way to a professional career in lit-
erature. It is admitted that exercises in verse
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN.
and prose composition are common enough in
David B. Frankenburger .. ...... . 187
educational programmes ; but this is a very
THE CHANGELESS BARD (Poem). W. P. Trent . 188 different thing from the deliberate attempt to
master some form of the literary art for the
COMMUNICATION ............. 188
purpose of finding in its pursuit the work of
A Working Shakespeare Library. A. J. H.
a lifetime. Even the French, who might nat-
JAPAN – KOREA -- CHINA. E. G.J. .... . 189 urally be expected to take the lead in such a
BARTLETT'S CONCORDANCE TO SHAKE
matter, and who have their special schools and
SPEARE. Hiram Corson . . . . . . . . . 193
their Prix de Rome in painting and sculpture,
in architecture and music, have never thought
SOME RECENT STUDIES IN ETHICS. Frank
of stimulating poets and novelists except by
Chapman Sharp ............ 196
approving of them, by the bestowal of a meta-
Bosanquet's Civilization of Christendom.--Vaughan's
Questions of the Day.-Sterrett's The Ethics of He-
phorical crown, when they are already arrivés.
gel. - Bryant's A Syllabus of Ethics. - Bryant's The reason why literary art is thus left to
Ethics and the New Education.
shift for itself — the Cinderella of the sister-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS .......... 198
hood — is not far to seek. The conviction is
An admirable school history of the United States.-
very widespread that literature is too elusive
A year of reading for Chautauquans.-Centennial of to be made the subject of instruction, that the
Bowdoin College.-- Additional Napoleonic Memoirs. most successful of poets or novelists could by
-Poultry-killing as a fine art. - Second number of
no possibility impart to anyone else his secret,
“The Yellow Book.” - Popular Science by Profes-
or even a respectable share of it. Possibly
sor Huxley.
there may be added to this the other convic-
BRIEFER MENTION ............ 200 tion that there is far too much scribbling in
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman .....
the world as things are, and that he would be
no friend of mankind who should seek to en-
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY.... 202
courage still greater numbers to a reckless ex-
FALL ANNOUNCEMENTS OF BOOKS FOR THE penditure of ink and a wanton defacement of
YOUNG , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
good white paper.
There are some people, however, so consti-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS . . . . . 205
tuted as to be uninfluenced by the fact that a
LIST OF NEW BOOKS ........... 205 | thing is generally accounted impracticable, pro-


184
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
vided they themselves see the way to its accom “ Meisterschaft " system that he offers us, no
plishment. Of such is the anonymous author level path to the height that he points out.
of a treatise upon “ The Art of Short Story « The writer must understand the life he writes
Writing," now modestly put forth through about to the very roots. He must have a deep
the Riverside Literary Bureau, not published and vivid knowledge of the principles of psy-
in any regular form, but issued in facsimile of chology, of the actions and reactions of human
the type-written manuscript, and limited to a feeling-in short he must know practically all
very small number of copies. This curious pro- there is to know about the life in which the inci- !
duction professes to be “ a practical course of dent occurs.” “If one does not know something
instruction after the French method of Mau worth knowing about life, something of value
passant.” The author clearly believes that the or suggestiveness, something new and meaning-
art of this particular form of literature with ful, he has no material out of which to create
which he is concerned, at least, is capable of a soul.” Such are the statements made over
being imparted to persons of fair talent and and over again, until, whatever other ideas the
education, and he sets about his task with a novice may get from these pages, he is sure to
confidence that proves fairly contagious while get a deepened sense of the old truth that art
one is reading his pages, although doubts may | is long. Possibly the principle is carried to an
afterwards intrude.
unnecessary, as it certainly is to a discourag-
After some introductory remarks about the ing, extent, in such a passage as the following:
scientific method in fiction, the author begins “Every writer ought to formulate for himself
the systematic treatment of his subject by a more or less completely a philosophy of life.
classification of short stories. There are five He should arrange his thought about the uni-
species : the tale, the fable, the study, the dra verse into a system, so that he will feel clear as
matic artifice, and the complete drama. The to what God is, what love is, what the mean-
tale deals with adventure or incident, and is ing of life is, what is to be looked into and
illustrated by Mr. Stevenson. The fable is a known and what is to be left untouched by the
tale with a direct moral, and Hawthorne was human mind.” Doubtless the great story tell-
preëminent in its composition. The study is ers have done all this, but it can hardly be
illustrated admirably by Miss Wilkins, and claimed for many others who have yet had a
the dramatic artifice by Mr. Richard Harding large measure of success. But such precepts
Davis. The complete drama “combines all are wholesome, even if they are forbidding, for
the elements found in the other kinds of stories they apprise the writer that he cannot set his
into a single effective story. It tells a tale, it ideals too high. Of the greatest importance,
has a moral, although one usually more remote also, is the closing reminder that the most dil-
than the allegory, it has a study of character, igent study of rules and principles must have
and it usually suggests some problem of life, for its ultimate aim the relegation of those very
or has some clever turn, or unexpected episode, rules and principles to the domain of the sub-
or climax.” This, the most consummate type conscious. “While one is actually writing a
of the art of the short story, is illustrated by story, rules are the most fatal thing to have in
Maupassant. After setting forth this acute mind. Self-consciousness during the actual
and reasonably exhaustive classification, the feat of writing a story is the most dangerous
author gives some sensible general directions thing in the world ; but there is no surer way
about methods and materials, and then pro of escaping it than by submitting first to a rig-
ceeds to an analysis of the thirteen stories by orous course of self-conscious preparation.”
Maupassant accessible to English readers in The strictures we are inclined to make upon
the volume entitled “The Odd Number.” From the system set forth in this book are few in
this time on, these stories are used by the au- | number and of no great importance. We think
thor to point his morals, and to illustrate the the writer goes too far when he says that “ the
rules which he lays down for the guidance of subject of literature is almost solely the emo-
those to whom the book makes a practical ap tional side of life.” It is doubtless true that
peal.
to be successful, “ you must coin your heart's
We should be as far as possible from doing blood into the universal coin of the realm of
justice to the writer of this book if we gave the heart," but why not also coin your ripest
impression that he represented the art of story thought (with its proper emotional associa-
writing as one easy of attainment. It is no tions) into the mintage of the intellectual prov-
course of “ Novel-Writing in Six Lessons,” no I ince? The suggestion that a good story should
the Wok the gree that the must have


(1894.
185
THE DIAL
have an unexpected end is not a principle of
THE RISE AND THE FALL OF THE
the highest art, even in the short story. Rather
“THREE DECKER.”
should the inevitableness of the end be fore-
shadowed from the beginning. This is, to our
There are three institutions in this country which
mind, one of the ultimate differences between
pass the understanding of the American. Since
we are able to understand them very well, some of
art and artifice. We must also question the de-
our insular conceit is accounted for. If you think
sirability of advising “ all young writers to be-
of it, indeed, that level of intelligence which enables
gin by being humorists,” and must regard as
us to understand anything which your people can-
anything but a counsel of perfection the recom not understand is something to be proud of. These
mendation of journalism as a collateral pursuit three institutions are the House of Lords, the Es-
helpful to literary achievement. There is even tablished Church, and the Three Volume Novel —
something ludicrous in one device of the writer the “ Three Decker.” The first two of these, in
—the use of diagrams to illustrate the charac-
spite of long continued and determined attacks, are
ter-relations of the Maupassant stories taken
stronger than ever. The last of these, with which
for texts throughout. We fancy, also, that the
I have been intimately connected for five and twenty
years, has just received a blow which threatens to
principles so neatly deduced from the practice
be mortal. Often assailed, long derided, much
of the French story-teller would require con-
abused, the Three Volume Novel has been stabbed
siderable modification if a systematic attempt at last in a vital part and by the hand of its oldest
were made to test them by the practice of two friend. It is not dead : it will, perhaps, partly re-
or three others, say of Hawthorne and Poe, or cover ; but it is doomed to carry on a languishing,
of Tourguénieff, the greatest of all artists in lame, and limp existence for the future. The his-
this kind.
tory of the Three Decker and the curiously artifi-
But we have no doubt that a young writer
cial character of its publication and price forms a
may get a good deal of real help from this hand-
little chapter in our branch of English literature that
may not be without interest to American readers.
book of the art of fiction, provided, of course,
he is the kind of person who can be helped by
At least, one may explain the genesis and the mean-
ing of an institution which is full of absurdity;
anything. His attention will be called to many
which exists in no other country; which will shortly
things which he ought to avoid, and he will
be numbered among the things of the past.
find many hints about the right way to set The English novel in its popular form, as an ar-
about his tasks. Fiction has its technique al ticle of daily or constant consumption, was born
most as fully as has the drama, and our writer and grew up in the last century. It appeared in
has evidently tested his methods by practice,
one, two, or more volumes, as the author chose ;
although he modestly avers that “ he is not the there was no rule or practice as to length. “The
author of very many great short stories.” And
History of Tom Jones” took three or four times
we could forgive greater inadequacies than any
as much space and time in the telling as that of
“ The Vicar of Wakefield.” The woes of Clar-
we have pointed out for the sake of his un-
issa could not be contracted in the narrow limits
equivocal repudiation of the sort of realism that
which contained the adventures of Rasselas. But
has played such havoc with latter-day fiction.
the volumes themselves were generally of equal
He never forgets that story-writing must be length, forming a small octavo containing from
the work of creative imagination, and the issue twenty to thirty thousand words. And between the
is not often so well put as in the following years 1750 and 1800 these volumes were priced at
words : “ It would seem preposterous to let any
three shillings each, so that a novel in three volumes
outside circumstance determine for a writer of
was sold for nine shillings and one in four volumes
music the selection of chords, much less the ad-
for twelve shillings. The reading (and purchasing)
mission of discords ; but that is exactly what
public of that time was mostly found in the towns:
in every large town, in every cathedral town, and
a writer of fiction does when he tells a story
in many smaller towns, there were literary coteries,
just as it happened in real life. His object
clubs, and societies, a few of which were important
should have been to play upon the heart of the enough to occupy a place in the history of literature.
reader a beautiful tune of life ; instead, he pro The literary circles of Norwich, Lichfield, Exeter, for
duces a jangle of discords.”
instance, cannot be neglected by the historian of the
last century. London, of course, provided the greatest
demand for new books; and there were the two Uni-
A CORRESPONDENT asks the pertinent question why
Professor Drummond has been allowed to appropriate,
versities of Oxford and Cambridge. In the country,
without a protest, the title of Miss Mathilde Blind's
in the quiet houses of squire and parson, there was
book called “The Ascent of Man." It is one of those | as yet very little reading and very little demand for
peculiar « coincidences " which certainly seem worth ex-
books. But the circle of readers went on widening
plaining
| year after year, steadily, though as yet slowly. And


186
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
the habit of reading, as the most delightful form of literature extensively, we keep everybody waiting
recreation, went on growing. People read faster as for our best works of fiction until this lucky quar-
well as more; they devoured books. No purse was ter of a million has had a nine months' run among
long enough to buy all the books that one could them. Of late, there have been revolts here and
read; therefore they lent to each other; therefore there. Two or three of our best and most popular
they combined their resources and formed book writers have refused to recognize the Three Vol-
clubs; therefore the circulating libraries came into ume rule. Mr. Louis Stevenson is one; Mr. Rudyard
existence. It was not that we ceased to buy books: Kipling is another. And now the two libraries them-
it was that we could no longer afford to buy a tenth selves—supposed to be the props and pillars of the
part of the books we wanted to read, and that we | old system — have announced to the trade that in
clubbed together and passed on the books from future they will only give eleven shillings a copy
hand to hand.
instead of fifteen shillings for the Three Volume
All this took place in the latter half of the last novel, and they will make it a condition that they
century. Then followed a long war—a war of three shall have the exclusive use of it—i.e., that there is
and twenty years, nearly a quarter of a century — to be no cheap edition—for twelve months after first
when Great Britain stood in arms for a time against publication. I dare say American readers have heard
the whole of Western Europe, the one undefeated of the storm which during the whole summer has
enemy of military despotism. I fear we are forget raged about this question. The Society of Authors,
ting, as a nation, that long conflict: what it meant taking counsel of its novelist members, have de-
for the liberties of the world; the sacrifices which clared against the Three Volume system altogether.
we made to maintain it. These sacrifices fell with Some of the publishers have advertised that they
the greatest weight upon the professional classes, will issue no more novels in that form. Those of
those in which were found the reading public. They our novelists who are already engaged ahead for
could no longer afford to buy books at all; the book the old form — I am myself one of these — will
clubs increased in number: so did circulating libra- | break away from it as soon as they can. And
ries. The booksellers, finding that their buyers were although the old form will linger on for some time,
growing fewer, had to raise the price of their books. its tyranny is now past. Henceforth, in this coun-
And from 1790 to 1850 the price of novels (not to try as in the States, we shall appeal to the whole
mention other branches) ran up from three shillings reading public at the very outset; and we shall ask
a volume to ten shillings and sixpence a volume. At them, for the present, to buy our stories in one vol-
the same time the number of volumes gradually ume at the price of six shillings. And here again
became limited to three at the most, and was sel. –because we really are a most illogical race—the
dom under three. For forty years or so this arbi. six shillings means four shillings and sixpence, for
trary rule has prevailed. The novel has had to the retail bookseller has to take off twenty-five per
be in three volumes; the price has been, nominally, cent from the nominal price.
thirty-one shillings and sixpence; the only pur It is often advanced in newspapers that this re-
chasers have been the circulating libraries.
volt means a demand for shorter stories. The state-
Other changes have occurred: the book clubs, ment is made in ignorance. The Three Volume
with very few exceptions, have been dissolved ; the
novel ranges from one hundred thousand words to
circulating libraries, for practical purposes, have three hundred thousand words in length. The one
been reduced to two—Mudie's and Smith's: these volume novel has exactly the same range. For in-
two have long since refused to pay the nominal price
stance, Mr. Louis Stevenson will be found, as a
of thirty-one shillings and sixpence, and have ob rule, somewhat under one hundred thousand words.
tained the novels at fifteen shillings a copy, and in “Marcella," on the other hand, now in one volume, is
some cases at very much less.
nearly three hundred thousand words. The only de-
Again, forty years ago the reprint of a novel in
mand, in fact, for a shorter story - I do not mean
a cheap form was a rare event; only the most pop-
the “short story,” which is another thing—is raised,
ular novelists were so honored, and then after a
so far as I can see, by those who write reviews for
long interval. It is now the custom to bring out
London papers. Readers, when they get hold of a
a new and cheap edition of every novel the least
good novel, care not how long it is. Who would
above the average. This edition appears about nine
wish “ Vanity Fair” to be reduced by a single page?
months after the first; the price varies from three
When we are in good company we are loth to leave
shillings and sixpence to six shillings.
them : there are even characters with whom one
We have, therefore, this remarkable custom in
would like to live for years. A long novel which
the publishing of novels. We bring out the first
is also tedious is, indeed--but then I, for one, never
edition exclusively for the readers of Mudie's and
allow myself to be bored by a tedious novel.
Smith's libraries. These number about 250,000,
And this—if you have had patience to read so far
reckoning about four to each subscribing family.
- is the history of the rise, the growth, the great-
That is to say, in a home population of 37,000,000,
ness, and the fall, of that mysterious institution, the
and a colonial population of 15,000,000, without
Three Volume Novel. WALTER BESANT.
counting India, whose educated natives read our Devonshire, England, Sept. 8, 1894.


1894.]
187
THE DIAL
general inexperience, while some are due to lack of cul-
ENGLISH AT THE UNIVERSITY ture and of mental training. Persistent criticism may
OF WISCONSIN. *
profitably be applied to the former group of faults,
while a kindly patience may often note the disappear-
The work in English in the University of Wisconsinance of the latter group. The division may not be ex-
is done in the two departments, Rhetoric and Oratory, act, yet it holds true that something may be left to the
and English Language and Literature. The combined general development of the student. Over-criticism is
instructional force is two professors, two assistant pro as bad as under-criticism or no criticism. Facility in
fessors, and three instructors,- seven in all.
expression may, at times in the student's course, count
For many years the required work in rhetoric and
for more than mere conformity to rhetorical principle.
composition consisted of one term's work in formal Criticism that freezes the currents of invention is always
rhetoric, and of weekly rhetorical exercises throughout of doubtful utility. It is apt to lead to mere perfunctory
the course. The growth of the University has led to work, just as no criticism leads to such work; and per-
concentration. Rhetoric is now required twice a week functory work is the bane of the rhetorical class-room.
through the Freshman and Sophomore years. There In the Sophomore year the essay-writing is continued.
are eleven courses in the department, nearly all running The application of the principles of the paragraph are
longer than one term. In the Freshman year the aim more strongly insisted upon; the great problems in ex-
is thoroughly to ground the students, by precept and pression are pushed to the front. The writing of essays
by steady practice, in the fundamentals of composition; in description, narration, argumentation, and exposition
the emphasis is constantly thrown on rhetoric as an art. proceed with the study of brief extracts of literary
Analysis of themes, paragraph formation, the study of masterpieces. Milton and Macaulay, Addison and De
the fundamental qualities of style and of great literary Quincy, Ruskin and Huxley, are critically studied for
types, with much practice in writing both within and diction, adaptation, and mastery of materials. The
without the class-room,— such, briefly stated, are the | great webs are pulled just enough apart that the stu-
aim and method of the Freshman's rhetorical training. dent may see with what pains and skill the weaving bas
Much attention is paid to the mechanics of composition. been done. We aim not at the production of literature,
The unevenness of the entrance preparation in English but in some little degree to arouse and cultivate the lit-
compels this.
erary spirit; not that spirit that simply enjoys litera-
Although rhetoric is now required in our accredited ture, feeling what is good, but the artist spirit that re-
high schools, still the preparation is very inadequate. joices in creation, in the perfect embodiment of an idea,
In some of the schools the study is merely formal, not —the critical spirit as Matthew Arnold understood the
looking to the production of anything; usually too much term. At this stage of the work, the criticism of essays
work is required of the instructor, and not seldom the is largely personal. Many of the essays are read be-
work is assigned to those teachers who have little or no
fore the class. The other influences in the University
special preparation for it; helpful criticism is therefore that help the Freshmen and Sophomores to the attain-
rare. The course in English composition as laid down ment of some degree of proficiency in English composi-
in the catalogue of the schools is seldom carried out even tion I shall speak of later.
in the letter.
The required work in rhetoric ends with the Sopho-
With our Freshmen, all written work is inspected;
more year. The advanced courses in rhetoric, as well
most of it is carefully criticised, and much of it is re as the courses in elocution, are optional. The principal
written. We try to lighten the burden of criticism
advanced course in rhetoric is given three times a week
somewhat by massing the faults, and then treating
throughout the year, and is open to those students who
them before the class. Typically defective essays are have completed the required work. The method of in-
type-written, reproduced on the mimeograph, and crit struction is by text-book and lectures, and by wide aux-
icised in the class-room. Some of the faults common iliary reading. The aim is to cultivate the literary taste.
to beginners arise from ignorance, or carelessness, or Minto's - Manual” and Lessing's “ Essays on Criticism"
* This article is the seventeenth of an extended series on the
are read by the class. The text-book furnishes mate-
Teaching of English at American Colleges and Universities,
rial for lectures or talks by the students. Orations,
of which the following have already appeared in THE DIAL:
speeches, and debates are delivered before the class,
English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook
then carefully written out and criticised. Essays of the
(Feb. 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran Freshmen or of the Sophomores are corrected by mem-
der Matthews (Feb. 16); English at Harvard University, by bers of this advanced class, who then look over the cor-
Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); English at Stanford rected work with the instructor.
University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson (March 16);
The above work in English is done in the academical
English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Corson
courses. In the College of Engineering, the Freshmen
(April 1); English at the University of Virginia, by Professor
Charles W. Kent (April 16); English at the University of
are required to take Rhetoric and Composition three
Illinois, by Professor D. K. Dodge (May 1); English at La-
times a week during the year. The work is similar to
fayette College, by Professor F. A. March (May 16); English that required of the Freshmen in the literary courses,
at the State University of Iowa, by Professor E. E. Hale, Jr. except that special stress is laid upon scientific and tech-
(June 1); English at the University of Chicago, by Professor nical description and exposition. This is further carried
Albert H. Tolman (June 16); English at Indiana University, out in an elective course in the same departments, open
by Professor Martin W. Sampson (July 1); English at the
only to Engineering students, where the training is purely
University of California, by Professor Charles Mills Gayley
practical, intended to aid the student clearly to express
(July 16); English at Amherst College, by Professor John F.
Genung (Aug. 1); English at the University of Michigan, by
himself on scientific and professional subjects.
Professor Fred N. Scott (Aug. 16); English at the University
An article on English at the University of Wisconsin
of Nebraska, by Professor L. A. Sherman (Sept. 1); and would be incomplete that did not give some account of
English at the University of Pennsylvania, by Professor Felix the work of the literary societies. They form a great
E. Schelling (Sept. 16.) - [EDR. DIAL.]
| practice department in English composition and elocu-


188
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
tion. The work is so certain, and so uniform in quality, lowed by the English and American prose masterpieces,
that it may be looked upon as part, and not an unim and those by the English Literary Seminary on the his-
portant part either, of the students' training. Freshmen tory and theory of literary criticism; the subject for
and Sophomores, while carrying on the work in English study in the seminary for the present year is Robert
composition in the class-room, are listening to or en- | Browning. The courses in English literature are, I
gaging in weekly debates in the society halls. There | think, the most popular courses in the University.
are in all eight general literary societies; and in all of
DAVID B. FRANKENBURGER.
them, I believe, essay writing and oration writing is sub Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory, University of Wisconsin.
sidiary to debating. The competition runs high even
within the societies. The Sophomores of each society
hold annually a public exbibition; those who appear are
chosen for the excellence of their work in the society.
THE CHANGELESS BARD.
The most important literary event of the college year, (Written on a fly-leaf of Mr. Andrew Lang's "Homer and the Epic."')
not excepting commencement, is the joint debate be-
It is an age that knows thee not, I fear,
tween two of the several literary societies that consti-
Child of the Dawn, which, kissing, smit thee blind;
tute the Joint Debate League. The joint debaters are
Or else could any lover cease to find
usually chosen from those who have made a good record
Thy presence in thy works? Doth not the year
in the Sophomore public debate. No labor or expense
That rolls, show Nature's face? Yea, full as clear
is spared in preparation.
Thine rises still before the adoring mind,
The relation of the department of Rhetoric and Ora-
O Bard serene with love of human kind
tory to the other departments of a college or university
And favor of the gods. What I could the sheer
is peculiar. It should be in close alliance with them; a
Blank fall of Time engulf thee, eldest born
sharp insistence by all departments upon correctness in
Of the Elect? Nay, sooner had wide space
the composition of themes and topics, and upon correct
Swallowed the pristine stars that sang the birth
pronunciation and correct speech in the recitation room,
Of this new world, what time the first glad morn
would add greatly to the efficiency of the English de-
Showed o'er the eastern hills her gracious face,
partment. A graduate's English should be the result
And made for men a habitable earth.
of all university work; and by English I mean both
W. P. TRENT.
spoken and written English.
The department of English Language and Literature
offers twenty-one courses; a few of these are given only
every second year. Anglo-Saxon and Middle English
COMMUNICATIONS.
as an introduction to the historical study of English are
required of students in the English course. This is fol-
A WORKING SHAKESPEARE LIBRARY.
lowed by an elective course in Anglo-Saxon poetry and
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
a survey of Anglo-Saxon literature, and this by a course
The appearance of that monumental work, Bartlett's
in Beowulf as an introduction to the study of Old Ger- Shakespeare Concordance, suggests the question of what
manic life. A general course in the history of the En-
constitutes a good working Shakespeare Library. The
glish language is given every second year. A general
veterau Shakespeare teacher, Professor Corson, believes
survey of English literature is a prerequisite to all other that the absolutely needful apparatus for Shakespearean
courses in English literature, and is required of the study may be supplied by a very few works, and re-
Sophomores in the English course. All other courses
commends, as constituting an excellent working Shake-
in the department are elective.
speare Library, the following: The Cambridge Shake-
The method of instruction is scientific. Little atten speare, edited by W. Aldis Wright, nine volumes. (The
tion is paid to text-books; the works under consideration
student is presented, at the foot of the page, with a col-
are studied, commented upon, interpreted. Long lines
lective view of all the various reading of the Quartos
of reading are assigned, and the results are embodied and Folios, 16th and 17th centuries, Octavos, 18th cen-
in a paper which is read and discussed before the class. tury, and all subsequent editions, together with all the
In the Literature Seminary meeting, once a week for more important conjectural emendations that have been
two hours, the general principles of literary criticism
proposed but not adopted into any text. In the case of
are expounded and applied.
Plays of which there are Quarto editions differing from
The scope of instruction in the department is suffi the received text to such an extent that the variations
ciently broad. After the general survey required for en-
cannot be shown in foot-notes, the texts of the Quartos
trance upon the elective courses, the students may study
are printed literatim in a smaller type after the received
the history of literature of the fourteenth century, the text.) The Globe Shakespeare, for line numbering;
literature of the Elizabethan period, the literature of
Abbott's Shakespearean Grammar; Dowden's Shake-
the eighteenth century with special reference to the so speare Primer ; Dr. Schmidt's Shakespeare Lexicon ;
eial and intellectual life of the period, the English Ro Charles and Mary Cowden-Clarke's Shakespeare Key;
mantic movement, and the Victorian era. There is a
and Bartlett's Concordance. The student who has all
group of courses on the Drama, beginning with the an-
these works at hand, Professor Corson thinks, is not
cient classical drama in translation, going to the history
badly off for aids to his study of Shakespeare; he is
of the English drama, and the interpretative readings of
better off, perhaps, than if he had a great Shakespearean
selected plays of Shakespeare, with themes and discus- library at his command, which would tempt him to
sion. Epic poetry is studied in translations of Virgil, browse around and thus have his mind distracted with
Homer, and Dante, leading to the great English lyric
an excess of material. It would be interesting to have
poets. The development of the novel and the develop-
expressions on the subject from other Shakespeare stu-
ment of English prose are each given a place. The En dents.
A. J. H.
glish essayists, from Dryden to the present day, are fol- | Ithaca, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1894.


1894.]
189
THE DIAL
JAPA
The New Books.
they are now playing, or are capable of play-
ing, on the international stage? What is the
political future that may, without foolhardiness
JAPAN – KOREA – CHINA.*
of prediction, be anticipated for them? These
Mr. Curzon's book on “ Problems of the are the leading questions Mr. Curzon attempts
Far East " comes in the nick of time, and has to answer. His treatment of Japan is purely
scarcely a rival in the field it covers. The eyes political, and his picture of Japanese home pol-
of the Western world are intently fixed on the itics is not, on the whole, a bright one. After
international drama now enacting in Korea,
a twenty years' travail, Japan has given birth
in which Japan and China are the protagon-
to a Parliamentary Constitution, and the two
ists; and there is an eager demand for precisely
chambers created under it are rapidly intro-
the sort of information that Mr. Curzon gives. ducing the people to the amenities of parlia-
Of the Oriental “ impressions” of the globe mentary methods — obstruction within doors
trotter we have had enough and to spare—save and demagogism without — to the phenomena
in the case of Korea, which floats in the minds of Radical and Conservative parties, and to
of most of us chiefly as a land of white clothes the familiar palæstra of begging and refusing
and miraculous hats. Japan we know (or fan.
supplies. The Diet approximates to the Prus-
cied we knew) pretty thoroughly. Pilgrims in-
sian model. There is a House of Peers (270
numerable, from sugary Sir Edwin Arnold † to members) which is partly hereditary, partly
“ breezy” Miss Duncan, have journeyed thither nominated, and partly elected. The members
as to a traveller's paradise, bent on seeing a of the first two classes sit for life, those of the
fairy-land of tea-gardens and bric-à-brac, pa-
third class for seven years. The Lower House,
per lanterns and tea-tray landscapes, with in which contains 300 members, and sits for four
habitants to match ; and, naturally, they saw years, being bound to meet at least once a year
what they were predisposed to see. But of for a three months' session, is wholly elective,
Japan, the land of aspiring statesmen and de-
and is composed of the representatives of the
finite ambitions ; the potent factor in the loom-
principal prefectures and towns, returned in
ing Pacific Question ; the scheming, far-seeing the proportion of one to every 128,000 of the
rival of China and Russia for the tongue of people, upon a tax-paying, residential, and age
land the mastery of which will go far in deter-
franchise. The Japanese have acquired the
mining the maritime supremacy of the Pacific;
routine of parliamentary conduct with their
the country that is bridging with such mar usual facility, and the new régime has had its
vellous celerity the gulf between feudalism and natural effect upon the people at large. There
democracy, and between Oriental stagnation is a prodigious growth of mushroom journals
and Western progress,—of this, the actual and
of the “organ " variety ; and we read of polit-
all-important Japan, travellers heretofore have ical clubs, of agitations for an extension of
told us relatively little. Painting pictures is
the franchise, of mass-meetings, of “ silver-
no part of Mr. Curzon's main design, though tongued” orators and "scathing speeches ;
he shows on occasion that he can wield the and we realize that in far Japan, Demos, hav-
brush with brilliancy and effect. His stand ing found belated utterance, is being flattered,
point is that of the political student, and his
cheated, and cajoled by his natural mentors in
view throughout is broad and statesmanlike.
the good old way. Happily, with a limited
The volume is the outcome of two journeys
franchise, the Japanese « boss” is still below
round the world, in 1887–8 and in 1892-3,
the political horizon. The Lower House, says
and it is essentially a comparative study of the
Mr. Curzon, is by its constitution afflicted with
political, social, and economic conditions of
| the vices of an irresponsible opposition ; and
Japan, China, and Korea. What is the part so far it has combated successive governments,
impeding their measures and defeating their
* PROBLEMS OF THE FAR East: Japan - Korea - China.
By the Hon. George N. Curzon, M.P. With Maps and Fifty
budgets, with a persistency worthy of Irish ob-
Illustrations. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. structionists. Of the many “rocks ahead”
7“I conceive that no worse service could have been ren pointed out by our author which threaten con-
dered to Japan than the publication of the last work in En-
glish which has been dedicated to her charms by a well-
stitutional rule in Japan, the most menacing
known writer and poet. These overloaded encomiums not by far is the question of the relations of the
merely clog the palate ; they foster a growing vanity against Chamber with the Government, which repro-
which the Japanese require to be on their guard, and which
may, unless abated, both provoke and deserve the chastise-
duce, though in different form, the controver-
ment of some smart rebuff."-Author.
sial impasse presented from time to time in


190
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
England between a Radical majority in the
England betweenna hadica nung
House of Commons and a Conservative one in
the House of Lords. Japan has parties, but
no party government. The Ministers are re.
sponsible, not to the Diet, but to the Emperor,
retaining office during his pleasure. There is
no à priori reason why the dangerous situation
presented by a majority hostile to the Exec-
utive, in both Houses, should not exist and be
indefinitely prolonged.
“The theory of the Japanese Constitution, therefore,
being the rule of a Government legislating through two
Chambers, but not responsible to either, and treating
their representatives with comparative indifference, it
may be readily understood that the popular Chamber,
at any rate, which rests solely upon election, though on
a narrow franchise, becomes an almost automatic ma-
chine of opposition.”
Frequent dissolutions are obviously a dan-
gerous expedient; and should the present at-
tempt of Count Ito's Ministry to tide over do-
mestic dissensions by means of foreign war
prove disastrous (and Mr. Curzon seems to
think it must, eventually) Japanese politicians
may look for interesting times in the near fu-
ture. Broadly stated, the main questions in
the three-fold problem with which Japanese
statesmen have to deal are these : the ances-
tral conflict between democratic and oligarchi-
cal theories of government; the role of the
sovereign in a so-called constitutional polity;
and the relation of ministerial responsibility
to a parliamentary system. They are essen-
tially the issues over which European states
have been battling for centuries; and it is to
be hoped that here again Japan may profit by
the experience of the Occident.
Of especial interest at present is a con-
sideration of the military and naval forces of
the Mikado's Empire. Born sailors, and con-
scious of an extensive and vulnerable seaboard,
the Japanese are peculiarly sensitive to criti.
cism of their navy; and while the administra-
tion of the department excites acrimonious
party strife, there is no dispute as to the crown-
ing need of a policy of liberal naval outlay.
When in 1893 the government placed the stan-
dard of national requirement at 120,000 tons,
extreme radicals proposed an increase to 150,-
000. An order amounting to £2,000,000 is
now undergoing execution in Europe ; and re-
cent events more than justify Count Ito's boast
to our author, that “the Japanese fleet is the
next strongest to that of China in the North-
ern Pacific, and is far more serviceable for ac-
tion.” Not less satisfactory is the condition of
the army.
and on ances.
“With a mobilized peace-footing of between 50,000
and 60,000 men, with a reserve of 113,000, and a Land-
wehr of 80,000, armed, equipped, and drilled according
to the highest standard of nineteenth-century require.
ment, and, moreover, honestly and economically admin-
istered, the Japanese army need not shrink from the
test of comparison, in point of efficiency, with the forces
of European states.”
The Japanese soldier has, unquestionably, dis-
cipline, perseverance, and endurance. “Has
he valor also ?” is the question recently put
by an English military authority. The annals
of the nation, teeming with the records of per-
sonal valor and patriotic devotion, certainly re-
turn an affirmative answer. The high ideal of
Japanese feudal and national loyalty is fitly
expressed in the old verses current for a thou-
sand years among the people :
“Is my path upon the ocean yonder ?
Let the waves my shipwrecked body hide!
Must I over plain and mountain wander?"
Let my slain corse 'neath the grass abide!
Where'er I cease,
For me no peace
Of last release,
I shall perish by my liege-lord's side !”
We gather from Mr. Curzon's reports that,
despite the heavy draughts on the national
capital implied by her war establishments, the
trade and manufactures of Japan are exceed-
ingly prosperous—to the British apprehension
rather alarmingly so. Surprising advances
have been made, notably in the manufacture
of cotton clothing, Japan's export of the pro-
duct of her own looms having quadrupled in
the last five years. With the great increase
in the import of raw material, there has been
a corresponding decrease in that of manufac-
tured goods. Especially, thinks Mr. Curzon,
will she profit in her export of manufactured
cottons to China.
“ Both are silver-standard countries, and in both
wages are paid in silver; and when her superior prox-
imity, her low rate of wages, and the cheapness of coal,
are taken into account, Manchester and Bombay alike
should find in her a most formidable competitor."
What will be the effect of the present war upon
this promising industrial outlook, remains to
be seen.
Having glanced at Mr. Curzon's account of
Japan's army, it may be interesting to learn
his opinion of her rival's. While China has
made some improvements in her military or-
ganization, especially since the French war of
1884–5, it is, as a whole, little less antique and
no less rigid than its civil counterpart. Its
first main division is the Army of the Eight
Banners, a close corps forming a sort of hered.
itary body or caste maintained at the expense
à so-cainment.
respon Polity; / rather Prospero
have been issues ove, system.


1894.]
191
THE DIAL
of the Crown, and, like the Roman legionaries handicap of the native officer. In China, the
of the outlying provinces, holding military pedant's paradise, where distinction is identi-
lands. The nominal strength of the Eight fied with proficiency in the classics, the mili-
Banners varies from 230,000 to 330,000 men; tary profession is regarded with contempt, and
but of these, not more than 80,000 are on a attracts only inferior men.
respectable war footing. The Imperial Guard “In the bulk of the army an officer still only requires
at Peking, drawn from the Banner Army, con. to qualify by passing a standard in archery, in fencing
sists of eight regiments; and side by side with
with swords, and in certain gymnastic exercises.”
them is the National Army, a sort of militia, Oddly enough, even for China, where every-
nominally 540,000 to 660,000 strong, about thing seems to go, as it were, stern-foremost,
one-third of whom are usually called out, “ and and where a sense of practical fitness, like the
the whole of whom are never organized, and verb in a German sentence, usually comes last,
are probably incapable of being organized, for the study of the theory of war is relegated to
war.” The only really formidable contingent civilians, as a branch of polite learning. When
of the National Army is the Tientsin army we learn, however, that the standard military
corps (mobilized strength 35,000), a compact works are some three thousand years old, and
troop armed with modern rifles and Krupp that the chief authority (one Sun-tse) recom-
guns, and drilled and organized on the Prus mends such manœuvres as — Spread in the
sian model. The total land army of China, camp of the enemy voluptuous musical airs, so
called on to garrison an Empire whose area is
as to soften his heart” — the practical loss to
half as large again as Europe, and whose popu-
the profession seems inconsiderable. Summar-
lation is equivalent to that of all Europe, is,
izing his impressions of the Chinese officers,
on a war footing, about 1,000,000 men. When
Mr. Curzon concludes:
we approach the question of discipline, train-
“It cannot be considered surprising that, so recruited
ing, and personnel, the true value of the Chi-
and taught, destitute of the slenderest elements, either of
military knowledge or scientific training, they should earn
nese army appears. The men have many ex-
the contempt of their followers. Their posts are usually
cellent qualities — good physique, wonderful acquired either by favoritism or purchase. When it is
endurance, natural docility and sobriety, and added that they are also, as a rule, both corrupt and
considerable intelligence; of discipline, in the
cowardly; that they stint the men's rations and pilfer
their pay; and that when an engagement takes place
proper sense, they have none.
they commonly misdirect it from a sedan chair in the
“No arms in the world, shuffled out from the arsenal rear, we have the best of reasons for expecting uniform
upon the declaration of war, like cards from a pack, and and systematic disaster.”
placed in untrained hands, can make them follow lead-
ers who are nincompoops, or resist an enemy whose tac-
As to the employment by China of European
tics, except when it comes to getting behind a mud ram officers, Mr. Curzon observes that she is ready
part themselves, they do not understand.”
enough to enlist them and to pay them liber.
Their ordinary weapons are lances, spears, bat ally, in the initial stages of a policy of recon-
tle axes, tridents, ancient rifles bought second struction—and to cast them aside, unrewarded
hand or third-hand in Europe, with a plentiful with gift or preferment, as soon as she has
accompaniment of banners and gongs. The sucked them dry.
arm of the majority, however, is an archaic and "She kowtows to the foreigner as long as she has
(to the bearer) formidable matchlock, which something to gain from him; but her inordinate conceit
requires two men to fire it. Bows and arrows
presently reasserts itself, and a Chinaman is appointed
to continue, one might rather say to take to pieces, the
are common; and European Dugald Dalgettys laborious efforts of his predecessors.”
in Peking are every day scandalized by seeing
the garrison at archery practice, shooting “at
In the light of Mr. Curzon's account it is
a straw doll stuck up in a ditch.” In fighting
manifest that, despite its great numerical supe-
the French at Tonking, men of the same regi-
riority, the ill-armed, ill-disciplined, and worse-
ment had different rifles, and there was even
led horde, by courtesy called the Chinese Army,
a larger confusion of cartridges.
must go down in the field before Japan's thor-
“To a Chinaman all cartridges are alike; and what
oughly modern and efficient fighting-machine.
with those that were too large and those that were too
It is a corps of regulars against a rabble of
small, and those that jammed and could not be extracted,
tramps ; and the issue of the first onset is not
it may be judged what amount of success attended the doubtful. But what of the issue of a long sus-
firing."
tained struggle ?-or of a conflict renewed after
All military drawbacks, however, sink into China, profiting by her disasters and eager to
insignificance compared with the final and fatal l avenge them, shall have taken the field with an


192
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
army numerically far beyond the resources of submission. Up to the end of the fourteenth
the Island Empire, and equipped, drilled, and century Korea remained tributary; and there
officered in some conformity with modern stand thus grew up in most Japanese minds the abid-
ards ? A defeat by Japan seems not unlikely ing conviction that to give up this suzerainty
to prove the rude jog needed to startle China meant an indelible stain on the national honor.
from her sleep of centuries, and to bring about The substantial results of the feudal relation
that real “ awakening” predicted by Marquis | dwindled away, however, in time, into a barren
Tseng.
exchange of compliment; and in 1876 Japan,
Mr. Curzon's graphic and comprehensive ac- exhausted by her civil wars, prudently closed
count of Korea can only be touched upon here. a treaty with Korea, in which was embodied
Korea's new-born prominence in international the pregnant statement that “Chosen, being
politics is largely due to the bearing of her an independent State, enjoys the same sover-
geographical position upon the maritime and eign rights as does Japan ”—-an admission fool-
commercial ambitions of China, Russia, and ishly winked at by China “ from the mistaken
Japan. The opening of the Canadian Pacific notion that by disavowing her connection with
Railway and Trans-Pacific route on the east Korea she could escape the unpleasantness of
ern side; the probable completion of the Nic- being called to account for the delinquencies
aragua or some other inter-oceanic canal to the | of her vassal.” By the Convention of Tient-
south ; the Siberian Railway, and the ominous sin (1885), following the revolution in Söul,
meddling of foreign states in the affairs of the the rival nations agreed for the future not to
isles of Oceania,—all foreshadow a future Pa- send an armed force to Korea to suppress do-
cific Question to the vital importance of which mestic disorder, without giving previous notice
the three Powers named are fully alive. Rus- to each other. Says our author:
sia, already dissatisfied with her base at ice “This document was a second diplomatic triumph
bound Vladivostock and thirsting for a Pacific for Japan; for, whilst it was safe to aver that neither
commerce and a Pacific armament, is quietly
Power would ever be seriously deterred thereby from
hostile action, it yet involved the very admission of sub-
pushing her outposts into the coveted penin-
stantial equality of rights as regards Korea, which Japan
sula ; and, as against her, the interests of China | had all along been laboring to reassert, and which China,
and Japan would seem to coincide. Says Mr. except in the moments when she had been caught nap-
Curzon:
ping, had as consistently repudiated.”
“ That the true policy for Japan, ignoring tradition It should be noted that while Japan, in 1876,
and history and burying national antipathies, is a friendly
formally relinquished her shadowy feudal claim
understanding with China, interesting herself in keeping
(born of aggression and weakened by time)
at a distance the common peril-namely, the advance of
the Muscovite from the north—appears to me self-evi.
upon Korea, she has since pursued with unflag-
dent, and is, I believe appreciated by her own statesmen.” ging energy the more substantial goal of com-
Every Japanese minister has, however, in
mercial and fiscal control in the peninsula. Her
shaping his course now, to reckon with a large
colonists and merchants, possessed of capital
and aggressive body of his countrymen, who,
and understanding the use of it, have fastened
when their “patriotic” instincts are touched,
a grip upon the unwary and indolent Koreans
“ are apt to respond by going stark mad.” To
that will be hard to shake off. The mint and
the latter phenomenon Mr. Curzon ascribes the
the banks are in their hands, and the Govern-
present conflict in Korea ; and he adds :
ment is in their debt; and (leaving the pos-
“In the event of open war Japan cannot, in my judg-
sible fruits of the war out of the count) every-
ment, escape the blame of provocation, and will, in the thing seems to indicate that in a few years'
long run, be the sufferer by the issue.”
time the Japanese will have obtained a mastery
Touching the merits of the Korean dispute, of the resources of Korea that will render, as
it may be said, broadly, that while Japan's Mr. Curzon thinks, “her political dependence
claims, technically surrendered but popularly upon China a constitutional fiction which the
held to, to ascendancy in the peninsula are wisdom born of accomplished facts may ulti-
supported by priority in time, China's rest on mately allow to expire.” Japan has definite
the firmer ground of community of language, ambitions; and it may be that the recent ad-
of manners, and of religion, as well as on ter vance on Korea is as much a bold move in the
ritorial connection. Japan's claim dates back line of her general policy as a mere piece of
to the third century A. D., when an Amazonian ministerial finesse calculated for home effect.
Empress-Regent (appropriately named Jingo) | The rôle she aspires to play in the Far East is
led an expedition into Korea, and received its determined by her geographical situation.


1894.]
193
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“Placed at a maritime coign of vantage upon the column, and line, of Stockdale's Shakespeare.
flank of Asia, precisely analogous to that occupied by The passages given in connection with the
Great Britain on the flank of Europe, exercising a pow-
erful influence over the adjoining continent, but not nec-
index-word generally make oomplete sense in
essarily involved in its responsibilities, she sets before
themselves. There are in all somewhere be-
herself the supreme ambition of becoming, on a smaller tween forty and fifty thousand references. Ays-
scale, the Britain of the Far East. ... If she can cough was a skilled and experienced index-
but intimidate any would-be enemy from attempting a
maker; and this Shakespeare Index is a very
landing on her shores, and can fly an unchallenged flag
over the surrounding waters, while from her own re-
creditable piece of pioneer work. It was, at
sources she provides occupation, sustenance, clothing, the time, up to the demands of Shakespearean
and wages for her people, she will fulfil her rôle in the study.
international politics of the future.”
In 1805 – 7 was published, in two octavo
To readers interested in the more serious side volumes, in London, “ A Complete Verbal In-
of Eastern life, and in its political problems, dex to the Plays of Shakespeare: adapted to
Mr. Curzon's book is indispensable. His treat- all editions. Comprehending every substan-
ment of Japan is, as said, purely political. | tive, adjective, verb, participle, and adverb,
The excellent chapters on Korea and on China used by Shakespeare; with a distinct refer-
are more pictorial ; but here also, as the author ence to every individual passage in which each
says, “ the trail of politics is over all.” Mr. word occurs. By Francis Twiss.” This is now
Curzon's vaticinations as to the destinies of the a scarce work, as, according to Thimm's Shake-
Far East, and the probable share of Great speariana, 542 copies of an impression of 750
Britain therein, are full of interest, and they | were destroyed by the fire at Bensley's, the
have the decided advantage over Mr. Pearson's printer, in 1807. A curious fact in connection
melancholy " Forecast " of being founded on with it, especially curious to Shakespeareans of
direct observation. The volume is a handsome the present day, is the ill-natured opinion ex-
one externally, and it is liberally illustrated. pressed in “ The Eclectic Review” for Jan-
E. G. J. uary, 1807, in regard to the homage to Shake-
speare implied in such an Index. The compiler
is reprehended for “ the misapplication of his
BARTLETT'S CONCORDANCE TO
time and talents to that blind devotion which
SHAKESPEARE.*
fashion requires to be paid at the shrine of
The Works of Shakespeare have been, per Shakespeare by everyone who makes the slight-
haps, more completely laid open, in respect to est pretensions to refinement of taste.” I have
his vocabulary, his phraseology, every feature never seen a copy of this work, and cannot
of his language-shaping, his every thought and speak of its merits. But it probably does not
sentiment, than those of any other modern au even approach a realization of what is set forth
thor; it may, indeed, be quite safe to say, than | in the title.
those of any ancient classic, Greek or Roman. 1 In 1845, Mrs. Mary Cowden-Clarke pub-
Before noticing the work whose title heads this | lished her “ Complete Concordance to Shake
article, a cursory glance at previous works of speare: being a verbal index to all the passages
the same class seems to be called for.
in the dramatic works of the poet.” This Con-
More than a hundred years ago_namely, in cordance was the result of “ sixteen years' as-
1790—was published, as a companion volume siduous labour," as stated by the author in the
to an edition of Shakespeare's Dramatic Works preface, “the twelve years' writing, and the
in two volumes royal octavo, published by John | four more bestowed on collating with recent
Stockdale, London, “ An Index to the remark editions and correcting the press.” This was
able Passages and Words made use of by Shake- regarded at the time of its publication, and
speare. . . . By the Rev. Samuel Ayscough, long after, as a final work. It was not sup-
F.S.A. and assistant librarian of the British posed that Shakespearian study would ever de-
Museum." (There was a Dublin edition in
(There was a Dublin edition in mand anything more complete. If there had
1791, and there were London editions in 1807, been, when Mrs. Cowden-Clarke entered upon
1827, and 1842.) The references in this Index her long labor, a standard numbering of the
are to the play, act, and scene, and to page, lines of scenes, as has since been established
* A NEW AND COMPLETE CONCORDANCE, or Verbal Index, | by the “ Globe” Shakespeare, and had she
to Words, Phrases, and Passages in the Dramatic Works of given the latter in connection with act and
Shakespeare. With a Supplementary Concordance to the
Poems. By John Bartlett, A.M., Fellow of the Academy of
scene, very little more could ever have been
Arts and Sciences. New York: Macmillan & Co.
| desired in a concordance. The omission of
hap vocabuguage-shause of abite safek or Roll this


194
(Oct. 1,
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lied, out (she comprehensive print, by illnesseosed
certain particles, which the progress of English In 1879 was published “The Shakespeare
philology has brought into importance, might Key: unlocking the treasures of his style, elu-
have been supplied ; but it would hardly have cidating the peculiarities of his construction,
been necessary to do the whole work over. and displaying the beauties of his expression ;
In 1874 was published by J. B. Lippincott forming a companion to • The Complete Con-
& Co., of Philadelphia, “ A Concordance to cordance to Shakespeare.' By Charles and
Shakespeare's Poems : an Index to every word Mary Cowden - Clarke.”* This work aptly
therein contained. By Mrs. Horace Howard closed the long and indefatigable Shakespear-
Furness." This is the completest concordance ean labors of Charles and Mary Cowden-
ever prepared to any work. Every word, with Clarke. It forms, as they state in their pre-
out a single exception, and every passage in face, the condensed result of these loving
which it occurs in the several poems, is given. labors, “ Wherewith, affectionately and grate-
Even the prepositive to of infinitives is re fully, we take our leave." Charles Cowden-
corded as a separate word. That nothing Clarke died, at a very advanced age, before
may be wanted to the convenience of the stu the work was committed to the press; and in
dent, the Poems themselves are reprinted at an " Added Preface,” by the survivor of the
the end. As a justification of her recording author-pair, dated Villa Novello, Genoa, 1879,
every word, and every passage in which it oc she states that during the suspension imposed
curs, the author says in her preface : “ As it upon its production in print, by illness and
is impossible to limit the purposes for which | death, a comprehensive Lexicon was brought
the language of Shakespeare may be studied, | out (she alludes to Dr. Schmidt's “Shake-
or to say that the time will not come, if it has speare Lexicon ”), which included many ver-
not already, when his use of every part of bal points discussed in their work ; and she re-
speech, down to the humblest conjunction, will solved to sacrifice these points, amounting to
be criticised with as much nicety as has been no fewer than 630 pages of the manuscript,
bestowed upon Greek and Latin authors, it and to make the Key a work of reference
seems to me that, in the selection of words to strictly to Shakespeare's style. But a hasty
be recorded, no discretionary powers should be glance over the book will show that, while it
granted to the harmless drudge' compiling a presents all the wondrously magnified features
concordance.”
of Shakespeare's diction, with quite exhaust-
In 1874–75 appeared in Berlin, in two vol-
ive illustrations of each, drawn from the en-
umes royal octavo, what was at the time, and
tire body of his dramas and poems,-a diction
continues to be, the most valuable contribution this completeness deserves any praise, and why it is not
of German scholarship to Shakespearean study: enough, for the purposes of criticism, to know only what is
namely, Dr. Alexander Schmidt's “ Shake-
Shakespearean, without knowing what is un-Shakespearean.
Indeed, completeness, absolute completeness, is the highest
speare Lexicon ; a complete dictionary of all praise that such a work can possibly earn, and if mine should
the English words, phrases, and constructions really deserve it, I should confidently hope that it would be
in the works of the poet." No student could
*ære perennius' in spite of never so many deficiencies of de-
tail which have been pointed out and complacently dwelled
use this work long without an ever-increasing on by some critics.
wonder at its thoroughness, at the sagacity of
"A complete and thorough knowledge of all the peculiar-
the author, at his susceptibility, as a foreigner,
ities of an author's language will always afford the best se-
curity against that spirit of innovation, that practice of 'cut-
to the varied forces and colorings of words, the ting and slashing,' in which the editors of Shakespeare have
definitions of which are as exact as definitions
hitherto indulged, and which is contrary to all true principles
of criticism. If I am not wholly mistaken, there begin to ap-
can well be; and the passages cited from the
pear some signs indicating that a better state is at hand."
Plays, and those simply referred to, abundantly *The MS. of this work is now in the library of Cornell Uni-
illustrate all the varied forces and colorings versity, having been presented to the University by Mrs.
defined.*
Cowden-Clarke, when I was on a visit to her, at the Villa
Novello, in 1889. The presentation inscription reads:
* A letter written me by Dr. Schmidt, nearly eighteen years "This fair copy of our 'Shakespeare Key' (including the
ago (5th October, 1876), so admirably sets forth one impor numerous pages that were cancelled when the Work was
tant aim of such a work as his, that a passage from the letter printed), written by the loved hand of Charles Cowden-Clarke,
may well be quoted here:
is presented to the Cornell University (through my kind and
“Your kind letter gave me the greatest pleasure, . . . as
valued friend, Professor Hiram Corson) by Mary Cowden-
it was the first proof of a full and clear perception and appre-
Clarke.
ciation of what my Shakespeare - Lexicon was intended to
"Villa Novello: Genoa, October, 1889."
be, namely, 'an approach toward a science of interpretation The MS. consists of several thousand large pages, in the
and emendation. All the reviews of the book that I have | beautiful "round hand” of Charles Cowden-Clarke, which
seen in English and German periodicals praise it, to be sure, | Lamb described as "the clear, firm, impossible-to-be-mis-
for its completeness, but apparently without being aware why | taken schoolmaster text-hand."


1894.]
195
THE DIAL
which, in the contriving spirit of its eloquence, may, and their tenses, and the auxiliary verb
is without a parallel in the world's literatures, to let ; of the adjectives, much, many, more,
-it does far more than this; and the student most, and many adverbs; and of pronouns,
may consult the work and find answers to num prepositions, interjections, and conjunctions."
berless questions that may arise in his study But (and these omissions are somewhat to be
of the plays, outside of its professed scope. regretted) “ the definite and indefinite articles,
In 1881 was published, in 1034 octavo pages, the, a, an ; the words, a', ah, an [if], and, ...
“ The Shakespeare Phrase Book,” by John are not included among the index-words.” A
Bartlett, author of the new Concordance, an reference to these words in Dr. Schmidt's
admirable piece of work of its kind. As stated “Shakespeare Lexicon” will show uses in many
in the prefair, “ this book is intended to be an instances more or less distinct from the present.
index of the phraseology of Shakespeare ; a It would have been well, also, to give, as a sep-
concordance of phrases rather than of words.” arate index-word, the prepositive to of infini-
We now come, at last, to the magnum opus tives, with all the passages wherein its force in
which is destined to supersede all other pre Shakespeare's English differs from that of the
vious works of the kind, and to maintain its present; e. g., “ To fright you thus methinks
preëminence in the remote future: Bartlett's I am too savage” (Macbeth, IV., 2, 70), To
Concordance. As stated in the prefatory Note, being the exponent of the direction of sav.
“this Concordance, begun in 1876, was pre age. (See its various forces as presented by
pared from the text of the Globe' edition of | Abbott.)
Shakespeare (1875); but as new readings have There are several uses of as in Shakespeare,
since been introduced into the text of the later and in Elizabethan English generally, of which
issues, the manuscript has been revised and col. it would have been well to give all the exam.
lated with the latest edition (1891).” As a ples which occur in the Plays and Poems ; to
monument of labor, of “ patient continuance in note one only, its use before adverbs, and ad-
well doing,” it equals, if it does not surpass, the | verbial phrases, of time, as it is still used be-
great folio “Concordantiæ Bibliorvm vtrivs. fore yet. Bartlett gives two examples, under
qve Testamenti, Veteris et Novi, . .. Editio the word, of this use: “one Lucio as then the
Novissima. Lvgdvni, M.DC.XVI.” No ac. messenger” (Meas. for Meas., V., 1, 74); “I
knowledgment of help is made in Mr. Bart writ to Romeo, that he should hither come as
lett's prefatory Note, in which he states that this dire night” (R. and J., V., 3, 247). But
“the work has been prepared chiefly in the there are numerous others. There is one in
leisure taken from active duties, and from - The Tempest," where some editors put a
time to time has been delayed by other avoca comma after as, and thus make a non sequitur
tions.” But the dedicatory inscription reveals of the expression : “as at that time through
a kind of help which every literary man who all the signories it was the first.” This use is
has been blessed with it knows to be the most represented as redundant. But it is not re-
encouraging and sustaining : “ Affectionately dundant. It imparts a precision to the idea
inscribed to my wife, whose ever-ready assists of time which it qualifies, and is about equiv-
ance in the preparation of this book has made alent to “just”; e. g., “as now "=" just now”;
my labour a pastime.”
" as then "=" just then.” There are many
This Concordance is superior to all previous such-like as'es of great charge” which it would
works of the kind, in that it gives: (1) Pas- have been well to include. (See Schmidt's
sages in which the head-words occur, of such “ Shakespeare Lexicon,” s. v.) Again, there
length, for the most part, as make them inde- are numerous instances, in Shakespeare, of the
pendent of the context. The narrower columns | use of the article a or an, to express definite
of Mrs. Cowden-Clarke's Concordance (they unity, as opposed to the indefinite unity which
being but one-fourth the width of a royal oc- it usually expresses, and all these it would have
tavo page), and the passages being always con been well to include in such a Concordance;
fined to one line, do not generally admit of this. e. g., “ An two men ride of a horse one must
The passages given in Bartlett often run over ride behind” (Much Ado, III., 5, 40); “ For
into the following line of a column almost dou in a night the best part of my power, ...
ble the width. (2) Along with act and scene, | Were in the Washes all unwarily Devoured
the number of the line in the scene, according by the unexpected flood” (K. John, V., 7, 61);
to that of the “Globe” edition. (3) “Select you, or any living man, may be drunk at a
examples of the verbs to be, to do, to have, I time, man” (Othello, II., 3, 310); “ Hear me


196
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
one word : Beseech you, tribunes, hear me but endom,” is conceived ; and both those who sympa-
a word” (Coriolanus, III., 1, 266).
thize with his general attitude towards Christianity
Sed hæc hactenus. To call attention to any
and those who do not will be alike interested in
deficiencies in a work of such magnificent ful-
hearing what he has to say. The keynote of the
book is struck in the answer to the question, Are
ness may be regarded as captious, as demand-
we Agnostics ? No, is the emphatic reply. Man
ing better bread than what is made of wheat.”
must be fed upon affirmations, not negations.
Mrs. Cowden-Clarke's Concordance consists
Whatever knowledge may be otherwise denied us,
of 2,578 columns, containing 309,000 lines and this is certain : the difference between right and
the same number of references, one line and wrong is fundamental, and the service of society
no more being invariably devoted to each pas is the highest form of human life. For himself,
sage and a designation of the play, the act, and therefore, the author rejects the name Agnostic,
scene to which it belongs. Bartlett's Concord- which calls attention to what we do not know, and
ance consists of 3.820 columns, of 110 lines | if he must wear a label, prefers the use of the ad-
each, with the exception of those of the first
jective ethical, which indicates the nature of his
practical ideals. These latter are summed up in
and the last page which have 77 and 82 lines
the words which he twice quotes from Tourguénieff :
respectively, the whole number of lines being
“My faith is in civilization, and I require no other
420,078. But the number of references does
creed.” This civilization may properly be called
not, as in Mrs. Cowden-Clarke's Concordance, Christian, because the essence of Christianity, he
correspond with the number of lines, for the tells us, is the belief in a divine (i. e., supersensuous)
passages given often run over into the follow element in man, and in the establishment of the fu-
ing line. The references in Bartlett's Con- | ture golden age on earth. And these are truths
cordance may safely be said to exceed those in that can never perish. Our author holds, with not
Mrs. Cowden-Clarke's by a hundred thousand.
a few good churchmen, that Humanity is sufficient
unto itself ; that is to say, man has the seeds of
HIRAM CORSON.
virtue as well as of vice within himself. For the
process which the Church calls regeneration, set the
intelligent and patient culture of the emotions and
the will; in place of the prayer for grace, “open-
SOME RECENT STUDIES IN ETHICS. *
ness to all influences which help the spiritual frame
It is now many years since Carlyle wrote his of mind." Above all, never doubt that what is best
well-known words :
in life can be other than a permanent element in
“ Cease, my much-respected Herr von Voltaire. Suf human nature, let creeds and systems crumble as
ficiently hast thou demonstrated this proposition, consid they will. Evil there undoubtedly is in the world,
erable or otherwise: That the mythus of the Christian enough of it and to spare ; and more particularly in
religion looks not in the Eighteenth Century as it did
the presence of suffering the “mere moralist” often
in the Eighth. But what next? Wilt thou help us to em-
finds himself at a loss for words of comfort which
body the divine spirit of that Religion in a new mythus,
that our souls, otherwise too like perishing, may live ?
would flow readily from Christian lips. But while
Thou hast no faculty in that kind ? Take our thanks
this cannot but be depressing, he looks forward to
then — and thyself away.”
the possibilities of the prevention of most forms of
evil with a faith unknown to the past. “We look
This appeal has not passed unheeded. Direct at-
to moral prevention rather than to moral cure.”
tacks upon existing religious views, after the man-
Man, then, is thrown back upon himself for the
ner of “ The Age of Reason,” are becoming less
and less frequent, while an increasingly large amount
realization of his ideals. And yet he does not work
all unaided. Through and under all the phenomena
of energy is being devoted to the study of the posi-
of human life Mr. Bosanquet finds traces of the
tive problem, how to make life richer, nobler, bet-
workings of “the power, not ourselves, that makes
ter worth living. It is in such a spirit that Mr.
for righteousness.” “The world is friendly and
Bosanquet's latest work, “ The Civilization of Christ-
kindred to ourselves ... and whatever fate may
* THE CIVILIZATION OF CHRISTENDOM, and Other Studies. be in store for the race, we can yet do, in spite of
By Bernard Bosanquet, M.A. (Oxon.), Hon. LL.D. (Glas- it, something worth doing." In no part of the book
gow). New York: Macmillan & Co.
will be found a set presentation of the author's creed
QUESTIONS OF THE DAY. By David James Vaughan, M.A.,
Honorary Canon of Peterborough Cathedral. New York:
as a whole. The very meagre outline just given is
Macmillan & Co.
put together from remarks for the most part dropped
THE ETHICS OF HEGEL. Translated Selections from his by the way, in his discussion of various concrete
“Rechtsphilosophie," with an Introduction. By J. Mac problems of practical life. Some of these discus-
bride Sterrett, D.D., Professor of Philosophy in the Colum-
sions are devoted to problems which concern more
bian University, Washington, D.C. Boston: Ginn & Co.
A SYLLABUS OF ETHICs. By William M. Bryant. Chi-
particularly the Ethical Society which he himself
cago : S. C. Griggs & Co.
represents. Other discussions deal with subjects
ETHICS AND THE NEW EDUCATION. By William M. Bry we all have to think upon, ranging from the rela-
ant. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co.
| tion between liberty and legislation to training in


1894.]
197
THE DIAL
the art of enjoyment. Whatever the attitude to regret that what for the beginner is the most valu-
ward the author's confession of faith, no reader can able part of the entire Philosophie des Rechts,
fail to carry away with him a profound impression namely, the Introduction, should have been com-
of the intensity of Mr. Bosanquet's moral earnesto pressed into so small a space. Very great difficul-
ness and the depth of his moral insight. Earnest ties have of course been experienced in the work of
ness and enthusiasm, in fact, form the dominant translation. The result is worthy of all commenda-
note throughout, and the written word owes much tion. The number of Germanisms is surprisingly
of its power to the character it all unconsciously small, considering the nature of the original; and
reveals.
while a few sentences come out obscure in the trans-
The volume entitled “Questions of the Day,” by lation which are clear in the German, the general
the Rev. David James Vaughan, consists of twenty tendency is decidedly the other way. To such a
four sermons delivered in Leicester, England. The degree is this the case that even the student well-
subjects discussed are mainly the old social prob- trained in reading German will find it advantageous
lems which seem to cling to the back of the age to have a copy of this book by his side when work-
with the tenacity of Sinbad's Old Man of the Sea. | ing through the Philosophie des Rechts for the first
The church is gradually losing its “otherworldliness," time. One slight change would have made the book
and is learning that the kingdom of God is some- | far more valuable to the student who does not hap-
thing to be established here on this earth of ours, pen to be able to refer to the original. The ex-
and that the Christian is called upon to work for | pressions an sich, für sich, and an und für sich,
its coming. This view we find clearly enunciated representing as they do successive phases in the de-
by the author in his chapter on the City of God. velopment of the concept, have for Hegel a very
But that is about all that can be said for the book. definite signification. But in translating it has been
No use is made of this conception in the solution of found impossible to find for them any single equiv-
concrete present-day problems. And the reader alent, so that they are translated now by one word,
who is only moderately acquainted with the litera- | now by another. The consequence is that some one
ture of social reform will not merely find nothing | of these phases is frequently referred to without
new in this volume, he will even fail to discover there being any mark by which it could possibly be
any traces of the thought and the observation of recognized as such. Objectionable as the practice
others. For instance, in his discussion of the rela- ordinarily is, and much as it disfigures the page,
tions of labor and capital, the author does not be the student would have been saved a great deal of
tray the slightest acquaintance with the profound | labor if in these cases the German equivalents had
principle which was enunciated by Comte and might been placed in brackets in the text. The Introduc-
be so impressively urged by the representative of tion, which occupies almost a third of the book, is
him who taught “Love thy neighbor as thyself,”—| not as satisfactory as the other parts. It must be re-
the principle, namely, that every person who lives | membered that the volume under review announces
by useful labor should be habituated to regard him- | itself as especially intended for college students,
self as a public servant, working not merely for and the Introduction, we are told, “ has been made
himself but for the benefit of society. The only sufficiently popular for all persons interested in
light our author seems to be able to shed upon these ethical thought." And yet, after this noble declara-
vexed problems is that wealth does not necessarily tion of principles, little care seems to have been
imply happiness and honor, nor does work imply | taken to avoid technical terms and formulæ. For
misery and degradation. Unimpeachable truths instance, the constantly recurring phrase "universal-
these. But one does not pay a dollar and a half ization of the will ” is unintelligible to anyone but
for a book merely to have this sort of information a student of Kant or of his successors. Consider
ladled out to him.
the state of mind of an average youth of twenty-
“ The Ethics of Hegel” is not a new work on the one, who, on making his first bow to the Kantian
famous German philosopher, but a translation into system, should be informed, in order to remove his
English of his most important contributions to the natural feeling of shyness, that “Kant considers the
theory of morals, accompanied by the necessary in- will of subjective man in unattainable identity with
troductory and expository matter. The body of the the universal will of the transcendent intelligible
book consists of an abridgment of the “ Philosophy world.” The entire introductory portion seems to
of Rights,” comprising about one-half of the orig us to show the most extraordinary ignorance of what
inal work, together with a few scattered selections | the college student-or, for that matter, the begin-
from other writings. This work of abridgment has ner in ethics, whatever his age—is prepared to un-
been done with excellent judgment. Sometimes derstand. It is therefore in large part useless ; for
several successive paragraphs are summarized in a whoever is capable of understanding it does not re-
few brief sentences, while details which are not quire it, and he who is not-well, he can read and
necessary to an understanding of the general move- wonder. There is, however, one oasis in the desert.
ment of thought have simply been omitted. The A list is given of the Hegelian key-words that will
former expedient, however, has been resorted to appear in the text, together with the translation
with great caution, and for the most part the reader adopted and an explanation of their significance.
bas Hegel's own words before him. We can only | The student will find this of a great deal of value.


198
[Oct. 1,
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An admirable
To have been complete, the list should have con pathetic régime of the past, the present is in danger
tained an exposition of the meaning of the term of rushing to the other extreme. The vast majority
freedom as used by Hegel. As here found, it is of people are so situated that they cannot be " car-
sure to mislead the student who is familiar with it ried to the skies on flowery beds of ease," and if
only as he has met with it in the writings of English the school-boy and school-girl are to be prepared
moralists.
for life, their power to endure must not be left wholly
What has been said in criticism of the introduc undeveloped. FRANK CHAPMAN SHARP.
tory portion of the “Ethics of Hegel" applies —
only “more so" - to Mr. Bryant's “Syllabus of
Ethics.” We have here presented us a brief out-
line of the Hegelian theory of morals, written ap-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
parently for young people, certainly for beginners.
Mr. John Fiske has deserved well of
The book represents, we are told in the Preface,
School History his fellow-countrymen for his contri-
the outgrowth of work done during several years in of the United States. butions to scientific investigation in
the St. Louis High School. For our part, we should
several fields, historical and philosophical. His sev-
say the book represents the period in educational
eral volumes upon American history have both
practice when the pupil was introduced to the mys-
scholarly breadth and charm, and fairly entitle him
teries of the English language under the gentle
to be ranked with the four or five great American
guidance of Gould Brown, and when the study of
historians. But we are inclined to think that he
geography was begun by an examination of the
has done a still greater service to knowledge, al-
principal political divisions of the Eastern Conti-
though a more unobtrusive one, in the preparation
nent. We do not mean that it is impossible to com-
of two text-books for the common schools — the
municate to young students the fundamental con-
“ Civil Government” of two or three years ago, and
ceptions of the Hegelian ethics. But in so doing it
the “ History of the United States for Schools” now
is absolutely necessary to begin with those elements
published (Houghton). Of the former work we
of their moral experience which are, so to speak,
may say that it has been everywhere recognized as
most familiar to them, and which lend themselves
so much the best treatment of its subject for the
most easily to analysis. These must be dealt with
purposes of elementary instruction that it stands
at such length and in such simple language that at
without a rival in helpfulness. Much the same sort
the conclusion every abstract term stands with the
of praise must be given to the present “ History."
student for one or more concrete facts. And where
It is such easy reading that it may seem at first to
space is limited, completeness in treatment must be
have been equally easy writing, and only a trained
ruthlessly sacrificed to this principle. How much
eye will realize the amount of nice discrimination,
is expected from the hapless American youth may
of careful selection, and of sound generalization
be gathered from the fact that he is earnestly ad-
compressed into its pages. The general reader will
vised to begin by making a careful study of Schweg-
find it fascinating, and the practiced teacher will
ler's “ History of Philosophy,” in order that he may
recognize in it a tool of the finest temper and the
become acquainted with the various philosophical
most perfect adjustment. Aside from this general
positions. As well expect a schoolboy just grad-
praise, which we cannot make too ungrudging, we
uated in algebra to get an understanding of qua-
must give special commendation to some of the spe-
ternions by the perusal of a history of mathematics.
cial features of the book. The illustrations are of
The “Syllabus of Ethics" is chiefly valuable as
such a nature as really to illustrate the text; adven-
supplying one more proof of the undeniable supe-
titious adornment of the page has been as far as pos-
riority of the primary school of to-day, in all that
sible from the aim of the author in their selection.
concerns methods, over the average department of
The selection and execution of the maps is such as
philosophy.
to entitle them to a share of this praise. The ap-
“Ethics and the New Education,” another pam paratus of “ Topics and Questions,” contributed by
phlet by the same author, is a rather more satisfac Dr. Frank A. Hill, at least doubles the value of
tory production. It is the reproduction of an ad the work to a teacher who has any business to be
dress originally delivered before the St. Louis teaching the subject at all. The suggestions for
Society of Pedagogy. It may be taken as a state collateral reading are judicious, and draw upon a
ment of such portions of his creed as the writer collection of books not beyond the reach of any
himself a teacher — feels will be of most interest modestly-equipped school. Finally, the appendix
and value to those engaged in the work of educa- | contains just the documents and tables most useful
tion. The most important point made is that since in such a book. The list of novels and poems re-
man is “made perfect through suffering"and through lating to American history, for example, supplies
suffering alone, it is a great mistake on the part of an adjunct for which students and teachers will
the leaders of the new education” to suppose that alike be thankful. Our praise of the book in all its
all school-work can or should be made wholly pleas main features is so cordially intended that we hes-
urable. This idea seems well worthy of considera itate to mar it by pointing out a few minor defects.
tion. In its reaction from the harsh and unsym- | The following points, however, have occurred to us


1894.]
199
THE DIAL
Centennial of
as deserving momentary attention. We read (p. 60) Nineteenth Century.” It covers much the same
that “slaves were brought here from Africa until ground as Mr. Mackenzie's admirable book upon
the year 1808.” This misleading statement is sup the same subject, but the new treatment is more up
plemented later (p. 347), but should not have been to date, and has classifications and differentia of
allowed to stand in the first instance. To say that its own that quite justify its existence. We might
the Pocahontas story is “doubted by some people” question a few minor points, such as the misleading
(p. 68) is hardly adequate, after Dr. Poole's con statements as to the meaning of Irish Home Rule,
vincing exposure of the mendacity of the narrator. the tendency to Gladstone-worship, and the assump-
We regret to see that Mr. Fiske gives countenance | tion that the sensational view of Russian despotism
to the San Francisco Vigilants by saying: “Honest is in all respects valid. We miss also the note of
citizens were obliged to organize vigilance commit- | indignation which should not be spared in such a
tees to deal quickly and sharply with criminals" matter as the Napoleonic usurpation of 1851, or the
(p. 329). The statement (p. 399) that the Fif- German spoliation of the French provinces twenty
teenth Amendment “guaranteed to all adult male years later. But for a book which raises nearly all
negroes the right of voting” is of course inaccurate, the great European “ questions of the day” it ex-
and the statement (p. 406) that in 1884 the Inde hibits a more than usual degree of judiciousness.
pendent Republicans supported Mr. Cleveland “be-
lieving that the cause of civil service reform would
On the 24th of June, 1794, Bowdoin
not prosper with Blaine" is at least inadequate.
· College received its charter, signed
Boudoin College.
Last of all, we note the inaccuracy of saying (p. 409)
by Governor Samuel Adams, from
that the Sherman Act of 1890 made “the coinage the General Court of Massachusetts. The present
of not less than $4,000,000 in silver each month year is consequently the centennial of the institu-
compulsory.” These matters are trifling, but they tion, and the event is commemorated by expansion
should be corrected in the next edition.
of the catalogue into a portly volume, containing a
history, full lists of faculties and alumni, and other
The reading required for the coming
A year of reading
matter of interest to those connected with the insti.
2 year of the Chautauqua Literary and
for Chautauquans.
tution. Librarian George T. Little is the writer of
Scientific Circle has just been issued
the history, and the editor of the volume as a whole.
from the Chautauqua-Century Press (Flood & Vin-
Mr. Little's historical sketch makes very interest-
cent), in a series of five neat volumes. Professor
ing reading. It is curious, in this age of magnifi-
W. H. Goodyear is the author of a treatise on “ Ren.
cent educational foundations, to read of a profes-
aissance and Modern Art,” in which a rapid survey
sorship of modern languages being endowed with the
is taken of schools and tendencies from the early
modest sum of one thousand dollars, and of a mathe-
fifteenth century to the present time. This volume
matical chair endowed with only three thousand. But
is printed on smooth paper, and the illustrations are
it was the day of small beginnings, and few colleges
many, although their reproduction leaves much to
have shown as clearly as Bowdoin how fruitful small
be desired. The history is certainly up to date, for
endowments may become. The honorable record
it includes the art of the Columbian Exposition.
of Bowdoin, together with the many distinguished
Science is represented in this series of manuals by
of manuals by names found in its class and faculty lists, afford elo-
a new edition, revised by Professor Frederick Starr,
quent testimony to the usefulness of the small col.
of Alexander Winchell's “ Walks and Talks in the
lege in American life. Of Bowdoin professors may
Geological Field.” Dr. Winchell wrote this book
be named Alpheus S. Packard, Henry W. Longfel-
for Chautauquans, and their demand for a new edi.
low, and Mark Hopkins, among the dead; Profes-
tion shows that it found an appreciative circle of
sors E. S. Morse, G. T. Ladd, and C. C. Everett,
readers. “ From Chaucer to Tennyson,” by Pro-
among the living.
fessor Henry A. Beers, affords a basis for the strictly
literary study of the year. One can hardly be other
In our issue of September 1 was re-
Additional
than conventional within the narrow limits of such
viewed at length the opening instal-
a volume, made even narrower by devoting a third
Memoirs.
ment of “The Memoirs of the Baron
of the space to selections. The author has made a de Méneval” (Appleton). Volume III., now ready,
compact but readable little book. A history of bears out our characterization of the work as “one
“The Growth of the English Nation” has been un of the fullest, freshest, and, in point of narrative,
dertaken by Miss Katharine Coman and Miss Eliz most trustworthy” records of Napoleonic times.
abeth Kendall, both of Wellesley College. The re Opening with an account of the Emperor's visit to
sult is a good compilation, based upon good author Dresden, in 1812, and of the Russian campaign, the
ities, although the closing pages are marred by a | author sketches broadly yet suggestively such lead-
too pronounced radicalism. As for the cuts, we are ing events as the battles of Lutzen, Dresden, Leip-
inclined to think the book would have done better sic, and Waterloo, the return from Elba, and the
with no illustrations than with such abortive sketches attendant diplomatic transactions; and he closes
as disfigure its text. The best of these five books, with a touching retrospect of the closing days at St.
on the whole, and the most needed by the general Helena. Summarizing, Méneval finds two primary
reader, is Professor H. P. Judson's “ Europe in the causes which prevented the consolidation of Napo-
Napoleonic


200
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
leon's empire: first, the hatred of the old dynasties | three birds at one shot, and three times I killed two
for the French Revolution, after they once clearly at one shot, each time intentionally.” At Mr. Rim-
discerned its propagandist tendencies; and, second, ington Wilson's place, near Sheffield, we have a rec-
England's victories on the sea. Auxiliary to these ord of 4,251 birds killed in two days; while on the
main causes were: the execution of d'Enghien ; the moor of High Force the record of 1872 shows a
reverses in Spain ; the campaign in Russia ; and, total of 15,484 birds for nineteen days' shooting.
finally, treachery at home - treachery, timid and The book is acceptably illustrated.
underground at first, but hardy in the end, and
stalking abroad with uplifted head.” In the front
The bits of genre which largely serve
rank of the traitors were Talleyrand and Fouché
Second number of... for fiction in “ The Yellow Book”
" The Yellow Book.”
— the former, the last representative of the grand
(Copeland & Day) are not, as a rule,
seigneurs, supple, insinuating, circumspect, always
very attractive or stimulating. They are often ama-
master of himself, grown gray in political perfidies; teurish in their impressionism, and have too marked
the latter, the once fiery demagogue who had ex-
a flavor of preciosity. But we must make an ex-
changed the Jacobin red cap for a coronet, “a fool ception (in the case of this second number of the
hardy marplot who needed intrigue as he needed book-magazine) of Mr. Kenneth Grahame's alto-
air to breathe.” It is especially against these men, gether subtle and exquisite sketch entitled “The
concludes Méneval, that Napoleon launched his Roman Road.” So charming a bit of writing is not
anathema, when, on leaving for the last time the often met with in a periodical. The seventy-page
shores of France, he cried out: “Farewell thou novelette which Mr. Henry James contributes to
land of heroes . . . farewell thou dear France; a this number is of course the pièce de résistance.
few traitors the less and thou wouldst still be the The other prose contents include an essay by Mr.
great nation, the mistress of the world.” The vol Frederick Greenwood on “ The Gospel of Content,"
ume contains a portrait of Marie Louise, and sev a study of Bizet, by Mr. Charles Willeby, and a de-
eral interesting letters, in facsimile, are appended. tailed criticism of the first“ Yellow Book,” requested
of Mr. Philip Gilbert Hamerton for insertion as a
The second volume in the pretty
Poultry-killing
special feature of the second. The editors are out
«Fur and Feather” series (Long-
as a fine art.
for novelty, and they are getting it. The poetry of
mans) is devoted to that patrician
the number is quite insignificant, but the art in-
game-bird, “ The Grouse.” The Rev. H. A. Mac-
cludes many striking things, of which we may men-
pherson treats of its “ Natural History,” and the
tion Mr. Crane's “Renaissance of Venus," Mr.
chapters on “Shooting” and “Cookery” are done
Hartrick's “ Lamplighter,” Mr. Beardsley's “Gar-
by Messrs. A. J. Stuart - Wortley and George
çons de Café," and Mr. MacDougall's “ Idyll."
Saintsbury, respectively. While Mr. Stuart-Wort-
Altogether, this issue seems a distinct advance upon
ley's quota is well written (notably a graphic de-
its predecessor.
scription of a night's trip on the “ Scotch Mail”),
it does not strike us as at all likely to add to the
The “Discourses Biological and Geo-
Popular Science logical” that are included in the
repute of the British sportsman — who appears by Prof. Huxley.
therein in the light of an arrant pot-hunter, without
de eighth volume of Professor Huxley's
the pot-hunter's excuse for his atrocities. Much of
collected essays (Appleton) are dated all the way
the space is given to a peculiarly aggravated form
from 1861 to 1876. Among them are such models
of bird-butchery known as “ driving.” We cannot
of popular scientific exposition as the lectures “On a
follow the writer into the details of this organized
Piece of Chalk,” “ Yeast,” and “ A Lobster.” It is
mode of slaughtering the innocents, but its essen-
not easy to be a popular lecturer and remain strictly
tials are simple enough: a line or so of “butts”
scientific, but there can be no question of Professor
(ramparts of stone and turf, breast-high, to conceal
Huxley's accomplishment of the two-fold task. But
the shooters), and a gang of “drivers," provided
success in this field has its perils, as our essayist,
with flags, to drive the game, or rather the poultry,
with a touch of humor, suggests. “ The people who
the birds being preserved and presumably half-tame,
fail take their revenge, as we have recently had oc-
up to the muzzles of the guns. Snugly ensconced
casion to observe, by ignoring all the rest of a man's
in his coign of vantage, and provided with a small
work and glibly labelling him a mere popularizer.
arsenal of breech-loaders and a lackey to load them,
If the falsehood were not too glaring, they would
our British “sportsman” bangs away ingloriously
say the same of Faraday and Helmholtz and Kelvin.”
at successive clouds of grouse, “from morn till
dewy eve," until the heath about him is a shambles
and the wagon-train arrives to cart away the slain.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The slaughter of a successful “ drive” is something
“ The Life and Times of James the First, the Con-
tremendous. We learn, for instance, in the chapter
queror, King of Aragon, Valencia, and Majorca, Count
on Records, that, on Lord Walsingham's “great
of Barcelona, and Urgel Lord of Montpellier” (Mac-
day,"1,056 grouse were killed in 449 minutes. His
millan) is the somewhat formidable title of a historical
lordship, who seems to be actually proud of the monograph by Mr. F. Darwin Swift, an Oxonian. The
bloody performance, certifies that “once I killed work is a prize essay, enlarged from its original dimen-


1894.]
201
THE DIAL
sions by the results of two years' labor spent in the ar ture of last June by Professor J. W. Clark. Although
chives of Aragon at Barcelona and other Spanish libra a small book of only sixty-one pages, it contains a con-
ries. The book is a piece of unusually thorough and siderable amount of explanation in detail of old library
painstaking workmanship, copiously annotated, and pro- methods and appliances, and, aided by a number of
vided with many extracts from unpublished Spanish and copies from old prints, conveys quite a satisfactory idea
Latin documents. There is a map, a bibliography, al of the surroundings in which our forefathers read and
chronological conspectus, and all other needful appa wrote, thereby giving us fresh reason to congratulate
ratus.
ourselves on our improved facilities and conditions for
A new edition of “Grimms' Fairy Tales” (Warne) literary labors in these modern days.
--and there cannot be too many-is translated by Mrs. Mrs. Alice B. Gomme has collected, and Miss Win-
H. B. Paull and Mr. L. A. Wheatley for the popular ifred Smith has charmingly illustrated, a series of
and inexpensive collection of good literature known as “Children's Singing Games ” (Macmillan), giving also
“ The Chandos Classics.” The translation is close and the traditional tunes to which they are sung. The col-
acceptable, and the collection is, as far as we are aware, lection is interesting as a contribution to folk-lore, and
complete. A brief introduction provides youthful read | may be turned to helpful account by the kindergartner.
ers with a few of the elementary facts and principles In fact, these traditional games would be a desirable
of the science of folk-lore.
substitute for the artificial games devised by teachers
It will probably surprise most readers to learn that | of the kindergarten system. The publishers promise
British India includes, besides the territory of a million a second series for next Christmas.
square miles under the rule of the Queen-Empress, no
less than 688 native states, with an area of about two-
thirds of a million square miles, still under the rule of
their own princes. These states are not strictly auton-
NEW YORK TOPICS.
omous, but they enjoy a large measure of independence.
In « The Protected Princes of India" (Macmillan) Mr.
New York, September 25, 1894.
William Lee-Warner discusses this complex subject, and
Many New Yorkers retain pleasant recollections of
gives a fairly clear idea of the status of these Indian the two visits to this country of the English poet, nov-
dependencies. The discussion is philosophical in spirit,
elist, and critic, William Sharp, whose collected poems,
avoids tiresome details, and is clearly the work of a man
under the title “ Flower o' the Vine," were published
thoroughly familiar with his theme.
by an American firm not long after his second trip to
Volume XXXIX. of the “Dictionary of National
America. He is also remembered as the collaborator
Biography” (Macmillan) extends from Morehead to
of Blanche Willis Howard in the novel “ A Fellow and
Myles, completing the letter M. The Morgans, the Mor-
His Wife," as the author of fine working biographies of
rises, the Mortons, and the Murrays share the honors, get-
Rossetti, Shelley, and Browning, and as the editor of
ting among them nearly a third of the total contents.
the popular “Canterbury Poets" series. For some time
Roger de Mortimer, first Earl of March, is the subject
Mr. Sharp's friends have been observing with interest
of the longest article found in this volume. Few names
a succession of dramatic sketches in the decadent man-
of literary interest occur, and none of any considerable
rter, which have appeared in one or another esoteric pe-
riodicals here and in England. Indeed, if I am not
importance.
mistaken, Mr. Sharp was the first writer of English to
Mr. R. W. Moore, of Colgate University, publishes in
take up this field. It was something of a surprise, there-
pamphlet form a “History of German Literature"
fore, to read a paragraph in a New York literary jour-
(Hamilton: Grant), consisting of eight lectures given at
nal to the effect that the announcement of an American
the Bay View summer school, and first printed in the
edition of William Sharp's “ Vistas " was the first inti-
“Bay View Magazine.” The accuracy and critical abil.
mation that journal had ever had that Mr. Sharp be-
ity of the author may be illustrated by his character-
longs to the decadent movement. “Vistas” was regu-
ization of Herr Heyse's “ Im Paradiese," the title given
larly published last Spring, and was placed on the mar-
to a collection of short stories, the chief “one of which
ket in England at that time, receiving a brief notice in
is little more than the justification and glorification of
this correspondence. Its sale in America was reserved
adultery." In his treatment of recent German novel-
for the fall season, and this delay has enabled the au-
ists, the author claims to indicate by an asterisk the
thor to add to its contents. I hear also that this Amer-
works that have been translated into English. On a
ican edition will contain a four-page Dedicatory Intro-
single page we notice the titles of half a dozen works,
duction to Mr. Henry M. Alden, the editor of “ Har.
unstarred, of which English translations have to our
per's Magazine " and author of “God in His World,"
knowledge been published.
whose fine analysis of “ l'Intruse" I quoted a few months
Captain Conder has just published (Macmillan) a ago. Probably there are not many authors in this coun-
new edition of “Maccabæus and the Jewish War
try or England who have “arrived,” who do not owe
of Independence," which first appeared in 1879. Dur something to Mr. Alden's helpful sympathy, thorough
ing the past fifteen years, he tells us, “ I have revisited sifter of literary chaff that he may be.
many of the scenes described; have lived in Moab, and Mr. Paul Bourget's impressions of American life are
have ridden through the oak woods of Gilead.” In spite receiving general commendation here. I am reminded by
of these outings, however, and of later Palestinian dis them that there is talk of collecting and publishing in an
coveries, he has found little to correct in the earlier edi | English translation the letters which M. Georges Clemen-
tions of the work. The chief authorities remain what ceau, the former leader of the Extreme Left in the
they were in 1879, Josephus and the first Book of Mac French Chamber of Deputies, sent to the Paris Temps
cabees.
during his residence bere shortly after our Civil War.
“Libraries in the Mediæval and Renaissance Periods” | He sent regular letters on American affairs to the lead-
(Macmillan & Bowes) was delivered as the Rede Lec- ing French daily, and they are said to contain many


202
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
curious appreciations of the politics and public men of The twenty-sixth of September was a gala day for
the stormy times succeeding the War. Coming from a the Northwestern University of Evanston, that being
man of M. Clemenceau's position and parts, they would the date for the formal dedication of the Orrington
be sure to command attention, aside from the interest in Lunt Library Building, recently built at a cost of over
comparing them with M. Bourget's impressions.
one hundred thousand dollars. The exercises, which
Much local interest is felt in regard to Mr. Edward | filled both afternoon and evening, were largely attended,
Cary's forthcoming biography of George William Cur and included the usual variety of speeches. The spe-
tis in the “ American Men of Letters " series. As one cial feature of the exercises was an address by Dr. Jus-
of the editorial staff of the New York “Times,” Mr. tin Winsor, who was invited from Cambridge for the
Cary has, in addition to his signed articles, for a long purpose. The University Library contains 25,000 vol-
time performed a large amount of scholarly work, the umes, and the new building provides space for five times
knowledge of whose authorship has been confined to the that number, besides rooms set aside for seminary work.
journalistic profession. He was the intimate friend and
All lovers of Tennyson will be delighted to see—and
associate of Mr. Curtis, and understood, perhaps better
such of them as can, to own the splendid etched por-
than anyone else, the latter's motives and ambitions.
trait of him made by the great French etcher Paul Ra-
A striking piece of impudence is about to be carried
jon, whose companion portrait of Darwin is already fa-
into execution by the publication of what purports to
mous. The Tennyson portrait was made from life, and
be a sequel to Mr. Edward Bellamy's “ Looking Back-
represents the poet apparently at his best, although at
ward" by another hand. The son of the hero of that
the age of seventy. The hair and beard are but partly
romance is to be carried into the twenty-second cen-
gray, and the expression is one of great force and dig-
tury, and a study of its social order is to be made. I
nity. The likeness is said, by those who knew Tenny-
do not know whether this is to be another "answer" to
son, to be one of wonderful fidelity. The head is about
“ Looking Backward,” or a romance on the same theme;
half life-size. Impressions from this magnificent plate,
but such literary charlatanism is justly detested by all
in several styles and degrees of expensiveness, are pub-
right-minded men.
lished by Messrs. Frederick Keppel & Co., at No. 1
There is interest in the announcement that Miss Kath-
Van Buren street, Chicago. The establishment here of
arine Prescott Wormeley, the translator of Balzac, is
| a permanent branch of this house, so long known and
engaged in translating the works of Molière for Messrs. highly esteemed in art circles in Paris and New York,
Roberts Brothers. She has, I believe, translated more is a matter for congratulation to lovers and patrons of
than twenty of Balzac's books alone, and perhaps may
art.
now be looked upon as the leading translator of this
Thousands who attended the Parliament of Religions
country. Miss Wormeley's father was a British ad-
last year will recall, as perhaps the most impressive
miral, but he was a Virginian by birth, and she has re-
figure among the assembled prelates, the venerable
sided in this country since before the Civil War, so
that we may fairly claim her as our own.
Dionysios Latas, Archbishop of the Greek Church, which
he represented at the Parliament. The Archbishop's
ARTHUR STEDMAN.
death, at Zante, occurred early in September. Aside
from his high position in his church, of which he was
regarded as one of the brightest ornaments, and from
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY. his well known philanthropic work such as that in con-
“Old European Jewries,” by Dr. David Philipson, is
nection with the earthquake disaster at Zante in 1892,
he was eminent for his learning and for his contribu-
announced by the Jewish Publication Society of America.
tions to theological literature. A writer in the London
M. Alexandre Dumas has spent the suminer upon his
“ Academy” says of him: “ A greater breadth of thought
comedy, “ La Route de Thèbes,” which is to be brought
-acquired probably from his long studies in Germany
out at the Français in November.
--- brought him closer to the intellectual classes in mod-
The London “ Author,” beginning with November or ern Greece than most of his brethren. Whenever he
December, is to have a monthly letter from New York
preached in the Metropolitan Church of Athens, the
on “ American literature and literary folk.”
building was closely packed. When it was my privilege
Professor H. Morse Stephens, of Cambridge, En to hear him, his restrained yet burning eloquence and
gland, the historian of the French Revolution, has been the but half suppressed applause of his hearers bronght
chosen to succeed the late Professor Tuttle at Cornell
to my remembrance the accounts that are extant of the
University.
effect of the preaching of the Golden-mouthed at Con-
Herr Björnstjerne Björnson, who is at present staying stantinople, fifteen centuries ago."
in Tyrol with his family, intends to winter in Rome. The difference between an “author's edition” and a
There he hopes to finish “a great social drama" upon
“privately printed” book is one not always recognized,
which he has been for some time at work.
although the distinction seems clear enough-the “au-
According to “The Athenæum," a new volume of let thor's book” being understood in the trade as one pub-
ters by James Russell Lowell will shortly appear under lished at the cost and risk of its author, while the « pri-
the title of “Mr. Lowell in England : a series of Famil vately printed” volume is really not "published" (made
iar Letters." The book will be edited by Mr. George public) at all, but is issued by an author or his friends
Washburn Smalley, who will write an introduction. for his and their gratification. Mr. James T. Fields,
Mr. Walter Besant is said to have three books in himself a veteran publisher, made the distinction very
course of preparation: a three-volume novel called “Be- neatly by putting on the title-page of his modest vol-
yond the Dreams of Avarice"; some essays on social ume of poems the legend “Printed, not published.”
subjects entitled “ As We Are : As We May Be "; and | Not every poet, it is needless to say, can afford this lux-
“ In Deacon's Orders." The last is a collection of short | ury of private printing, or the greater luxury of reject-
stories.
ing the offers of publishing houses to bring out his works.


1894.]
203
THE DIAL
Yet there are such fortunate ones. Mr. Harry B. Smith,
for instance, whose privately printed volumes, “ Lyrics
and Sonnets" and " Will Shakspeare, a Comedy," have
attracted attention much beyond the circle of friends
for whom they were issued, has had several offers of
publication from Eastern firms; but he prefers to grat-
ify his taste for privacy in the printing of his more
meritorious writings, and this he is lucky enough to be
able to do through the substantial income derived from
his very successful comic opera books.
WALTER PATER'S MESSAGE.
A very interesting article in the London “Bookman,"
devoted to Walter Pater, ends in this fashion:
“And what, after all, was Walter Pater's message to
his age? He had given it to the world in the early chapters
of. Marius the Epicurean '; he uttered it again but a few
weeks before he died. Someone in his company, with rem-
nants of ill-digested Positivism yet strong upon him, had
asserted that men lived by the memory of the great names
du temps jadis, such names as Cæsar and Leonardo, and
that it was by the study of their deeds and sayings that
one required strength of character. But Walter Pater
struck it strongly: No, that should not be your ideal.
Men who lived in times past, however great, cannot be
to you what those around you can be. You should learn
to live in the men and women of your own immediate
surroundings; their words, their looks, their very dress
should be to you the very thing that really absorbs your
interest. Learn to live in and with your entourage, so
that it may become to you vivid and real. To be alive
to every influence around you is better far than the ex-
ample of anyone in the past, however great.' This was
only another way of expressing the ideal that Marius
set before himself, . to be perfect with regard to what is
here and now,' only a re-statement of the conclusion of
his · Renaissance.' If Walter Pater possessed anything
so bourgeois as a mission or a message, assuredly this is
what it was — philosophy interpreted by one's fellow
men. • Philosophy without effeminacy,' was the boast
of Pericles concerning his native city. Philosophy by
and through a love of youth,' was the reply and corollary
of Plato, and this, or something very near thereto, was
the conclusion of his loving interpreter of our own day,
Walter Pater."
AUGUSTA WEBSTER.
(In Memoriam, September 7, 1894.)
Calm after storm, and after pain comes peace :
By pain, full-purchased peace is now with thee,
And surely sense of high serenity,
That in Death's kindly arms thou hast release.
Sweet singer, woman true, who ne'er didst cease,
In midst of lofty thinking, still to be
Helpmate of those in suffering, poverty,
Nor soughtest honors and ignoble ease.
We were the poorer that thou richer art,
Did we not know that spirits do not die;
But thro' their high aspirings still have part
In all the world's aspirings, chaste and high.
Thy genius quick and loving, must impart
High impulse till all song can be put by.
-Alexander H. Japp in “ The Academy."
THE PROSPECT FOR MINOR POETS.
Mr. Theodore Watts contributes to “ The Athenæum"
some interesting reflections concerning the present pros-
pects of minor poets in general, from which we quote
the following:
“I confess to being one of those cheery pessimists'
who believe that the time has gone by when English
poets, save a very few, need hope to write for any other
generation than their own. But surely that is enough:
there are a good many English-speaking people about,
and they do not all write verses. An audience scat-
tered over Great Britain and all the new worlds of the
entire temperate zone ought to be quite enough for the
ambitious bard, who must needs, I fear, leave posterity
to take care of itself. Our English poetic growths, from
Chaucer downwards, are so rich that even the specialist
-the poetical student—is overwhelmed by them. To
be read for a few years by one's contemporaries is a
great compliment to any poet at a time when two-thirds
of the letters of the world are written in English.
What room will there be when the best literary ener-
gies of the English-speaking race in North America, the
Australias, and South Africa shall exercise themselves
in the production of poetry, as the best literary ener-
gies of England were exercised in the time of Elizabeth
and James I.? For, of course, the poetry of the United
States, good as some of it is, does not in any way rep-
resent, as yet, the literary endowment of that great peo-
ple as English poetry represents our own. From the
latest romantic revival of Rossetti, Mr. W. Morris, and
Mr. Swinburne, down to the present moment, a mass of
true poetry has been produced which in quality far sur-
passes all the poetry that the eighteenth century pro-
duced between the time of Pope and the time of Words-
worth and Coleridge; but where is the room for it ?
A poet like Sydney Dobell or Alexander Smith, or a
poet like Arthur O'Shaughnessy, rises, niakes a consid-
erable reputation, and seems likely to pass into litera-
ture; he dies, and in a few weeks his very name is for-
gotten. The infirmity of our contemporary criticism is
not lack of intelligence--far from it—but lack of knowl-
edge of the literature that has gone before. They who
have to write have no time to read. Nothing is more
common than to see half a column of generous praise
given to verses which are taken, both as to substance
and as to form, from some dead bard over whose grave
the daisies have scarcely begun to grow. I wonder how
many of our contemporary critics bave read a line of
that poem of the age's hope'-tbat marvellous drama,
of which Tennyson expressed his unbounded admiration,
• Festus' - or that greatest poem of the age,' The
Roman,'-or that greater than the greatest poem of the
age A Life Drama.' In order to be forgotten, indeed,
it is not necessary for a poet to die; let him cease to
write for five years, and he will pass out of memory,
while a dozen greatest poets of the age' will have been
boomed in succession, and in succession forgotten, over
his head. The names of most of the poets who were
the contemporaries of Mr. Philip James Bailey, and the
names of most of the poets who were the contempo-
raries of Mr. John Payne, so familiar at those two dif.
ferent periods, are now as entirely forgotten as though
their songs were sung in Nineveh or Babylon. But it
cannot be helped. Art is short and life is long. The
astronomers tell us that a good many years—a million ?
—will run before heaven's candles are all out'- be-
fore the sun loses his power of keeping the earth hab-
itable by the British poet, and there's husbandry in
heaven.' In that time sonnets may have gone out of
fashion, as ballades and rondeaus have gone; nay, even
Shakespeare and Milton may be used at the Board
schools as specimens of the latest form of intelligible
English.' Poetical immortality is, therefore, a relative
term.”


204
(Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
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1894.]
205
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206
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1894.]
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212
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S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY'S
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No. 200. OCTOBER 16, 1894. Vol. XVII. meant so much to Americans as that now ended,
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CONTENTS.
the gentle Autocrat went to their own places
PAGE one by one, the affection in which they were
OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES (with Biography and held seemed to be transferred to the ever-les-
Bibliography) .... ....... .. 215 sening group of those who yet remained, until,
DAVID SWING .............. 217
in concentration of grateful recollection, it was
all heaped upon one beloved head. Now, there
INADEQUACY (Poem). Edith M. Thomas . . . . 217 remain but memories to which we may cling;
ONE STEP SHORT. S. R. Elliolt....... 217
the last leaf has fallen from the old forsaken
bough,” and we smile, as he bade us do, but
ENGLISH AT WELLESLEY COLLEGE. Katharine
through our tears.
Lee Bates . .............. 219
The love which Americans have felt, and
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 always will feel, for the group Of Our distINC-
The Public Appreciation of Books. W. R. K.
tively national poets, including Bryant and
The Hebrew as a Sailor. Adolphe Cohn.
Longfellow, Whittier and Lowell, besides the
The Teaching of English in Preparatory Schools. one whose loss we now mourn, has had few par-
John M. Clapp.
allels in other nations for either depth or sin-
THE “EMINENT SCOUNDREL” IN LITERA cerity. We knew that they were not great
TURE. E. G. J.. ..... ...... 223 poets, as the world measures poetic greatness ;
we knew that their voices were not of those
THE SHERMAN LETTERS. B. A. Hinsdale . . . 226
that for all ages speak to all mankind ; but
THOREAU'S LETTERS. Louis J. Block .... 228 they have had for us so many endearing asso-
WEALTH AGAINST COMMONWEALTH. William
ciations, their names have been so indissolubly
linked with whatever was best and noblest in
Henry Smith. ............. 230
our history and our aspirations, that we could
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . ......... 233
not wholly measure them by the cold standards
The Ethics of Citizenship. — Domestic life in the
of objective criticism. The indigenous nature-
Army.-A surprising collection of American authors.
- University Extension addresses. — Outlines of
lyrics of Bryant, Longfellow's delicate treat-
American literature.- Early New York history.- A ment of the romantic aspects of American his-
students' Anglo-Saxon dictionary. - More of Pas tory, the passion that fired Whittier's songs of
quier's Memoirs.
freedom, and the ethical fervor and downright
BRIEFER MENTION ............ 236
manliness to which Lowell gave such varied
utterance, — all these things meant something
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman ..... 237
to us, something very precious, very personal,
LITERARY NOTES ............ 238
and altogether incommunicable to the alien. So
we did not mind it very much when the amia-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS . . . . . 239
ble foreign critic told us that most of our poets
LIST OF NEW BOOKS ........... 240 were either mocking-birds or corn-crakes. We
Voiceres poetic not great


216
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
d his tests wes, besides ban the specias
knew that it would be useless to explain or to was a survival rather than a revival. It is
remonstrate; we knew, in fact, that his lan curious, indeed, as the same acute critic re-
guage and his tests were not ours, nor ours his. | marks, to note how persistently he remained
The work of Holmes, besides having qualities an artificer upon the old-fashioned lines, al-
peculiarly its own, shares also in the special though ever alert to seize the new occasion and
appeals indicated above. There is no lack of the new theme. We have had no other so ex-
lyrical or romantic effect, of patriotic or ethical pert in personal and occasional verse, no other
passion, in the long series of volumes that be. | who could so distil the very quintessence of
gan with the “ Poems" of 1836 and ended with Yankee humor, or of the other and finer qual.
- Before the Curfew” in 1888. And how much ities of the New England intellect, into the
there is that falls without the categories thus most limpid of song. And when he was en-
summarily designated !
tirely serious, how exquisite was his touch, how
" What shapes and fancies, grave or gay,
pure his pathos, how clear his ethical sense!
Before us at his bidding come!
Let “ The Voiceless,” • Under the Violets,”
The Treadmill tramp, the One-Horse Shay,
The dumb despair of Elsie's doom!
and “The Chambered Nautilus " bear witness.
“The tale of Avis and the Maid,
And, since no one knew so well as he the word
The plea for lips that cannot speak,
most fit to be spoken upon any solemn occa-
The holy kiss that Iris laid
sion, let us write in his own words his epitaph:
On little Boston's pallid cheek!”
“Say not the Poet dies !
And then Holmes was so much more than a
Though in the dust he lies,
mere singer. The very fact that we most fre He cannot forfeit his melodious breath,
quently call him the Autocrat rather than the
Unsphered by envious death!
Life drops the voiceless myriads from its roll ;
poet suggests something of his versatile ability.
Their fate he cannot share,
With one aspect of his life-work we are not
Who, in the enchanted air
Sweet with the lingering strains that Echo stole,
here concerned. As a medical practitioner, as
Has left his dearer self, the music of his soul !
a teacher of anatomy, and as a writer in the
“He sleeps ; he cannot die !
special field of his profession, he had a full
As evening's long-drawn sigh,
and honorable career, and we may fancy that Lifting the rose-leaves on his peaceful mound,
he more than once said to the physician Holmes,
Spreads all their sweets around,
So, laden with his song, the breezes blow
This is what I really am, the rest is trifling ; just
From where the rustling sedge
as Lamb said of his India House folios, “ These
Frets our rude ocean's edge
are my real works.”
To the smooth sea beyond the peaks of snow.
His soul the air enshrines and leaves but dust below!"
But we may put all this aside, and the man
of letters remains, not sensibly diminished in
BIOGRAPHY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
stature. For to his credit stand many entries.
Oliver Wendell Holmes was born August 29,
There are the three novels, and of them we 1809, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in a house just
must say that they have few equals in our across the street from the buildings of Harvard Col-
American fiction. “A Mortal Antipathy" we lege. He entered Harvard in 1825, and was grad-
might perhaps spare, but we would not will uated in 1829. He studied law for a year, then
ingly lose “Elsie Venner,” even if science frown
medicine, the latter both at home and abroad. In
upon its thesis, or “ The Guardian Angel,” even
1836, after his return to America, he took his de-
if it do not in all respects fulfil the require-
gree in medicine, and published his first volume of
« Poems.” Some of these pieces had been published
ments of the fictive art. We should say that
long before in newspapers and elsewhere, “Old Iron-
no reservations need be made when it is a ques-
sides" dating from 1830. In 1839 he accepted a
tion of praising the four volumes of Table-Talk,
chair at Dartmouth, remaining two years. He was
which begin with the breakfast-table and end married to Amelia Lee Jackson in 1840. Return-
with the tea-cups. And besides these gifts, he ing to Boston, he settled down to the practice of
gave us the sympathetic and beautiful memoirs medicine until 1847, when he accepted the Harvard
of Motley and Emerson, and the many prose professorship of anatomy, then offered him, a chair
miscellanies that are only less charming than
which he held actively until 1882, and as professor
his more famous works.
emeritus until his death. In 1842 he published
As a poet — and in the final settlement the
“Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions," and vol-
umes of " Poems" in 1846, 1849, and 1850. “The
poet will outweigh the writer of prose-Holmes
Atlantic Monthly” was started in 1857, and “ The
preserved for us the spirit of the classical age Autocrat of the Breakfast Table" began with it,
at a time when romanticism was in full cry. |
making the new magazine famous at once. This
But, as Mr. Stedman happily suggests, his work work appeared as a volume in 1858, and was fol.


1894.]
217
THE DIAL
lowed by the “Professor" in 1860, and the “ Poet”. abandoned them. But his friends claimed that he
in 1872. Meanwhile the following volumes were could not have continued in the church without in-
published : “ Currents and Counter - Currents in justice to himself, and that his sphere of usefulness
Medical Science" (1861), “ Elsie Venner" (1861), was much widened by the separation. Readers of
“Songs in Many Keys" (1861), “ Soundings from THE DIAL, especially in its earlier years, will re-
the Atlantic” (1863), “ Humorous Poems” (1865), | member him as an occasional contributor to its pages.
“ The Guardian Angel ” (1867), and “ Mechanism
in Thought and Morals” (1871). “Songs of Many
Seasons" (1874), a “ Memoir of Motley” (1878),
“ The Iron Gate" (1880), “ Pages from an Old
INADEQUACY.
Volume of Life” (1883), “ Medical Essays” Thy palace walls were founded well,
(1883), “Ralph Waldo Emerson ” (1884), “A
And well its courses thou didst lay;
Mortal Antipathy” (1885), “Our Hundred Days One tower defied the genie's spell,
in Europe” (1887), “ Before the Curfew " (1888), And stands a ruin to this day.
and “Over the Tea-Cups" (1890), complete the
The Land of Flowers thou didst attain,
list of his works, excepting a few ephemeral or
And see the spring's immortal jet;
technical publications. The visit to Europe de Thy staff-worn hand was reached in vain
scribed in one of these later volumes was made in
Thy lips that crystal never wet !
1886. In 1893, he acted as chairman of the East-
With pains the altar thou didst dress,
ern Committee of Arrangements for the Chicago
And the burnt sacrifice prepare,
Congress of Authors, and took much interest in the
And call upon the God to bless -
project. He died on the seventh of this month, of All but the Fire from Heaven was there!
heart failure, at his home in Boston.
Thou shak'st thy lance on hard-fought field,
Thou sleep’st, the tingling stars above; —
Pity and praise sweet eyes can yield,
But ne'er vouchsafe the Light of Love !
DAVID SWING.
What dost thou lack? 'Tis almost naught
David Swing, who died at his home in Chicago
That parts thee from thy Heart's Desire,–
on the third of October, was one of the most widely A step — a span — an airy thought,
known of Chicago preachers, and enjoyed also a
A pulse-beat more, thou didst require !
certain reputation, albeit a slender one, as a man of
Edith M. Thomas.
letters. In the latter capacity, he was the author of
three or four volumes of essays—sermons and liter-
ary club papers—which are characterized by grace
ONE STEP SHORT.
rather than forcefulness, and by a certain languor
of manner equally characteristic of their author as It was remarked of a gentleman who was one of
a public speaker. These books exhibit the workings the most accomplished flutists of his day, that his
of a mind given to much reading of good books, performance was almost maddening—because it was
one whose mental process remotely suggests that of so good! His execution was brilliant, his tone
Emerson. As a preacher, David Swing stood for superb, his interpretation and shadings admirable,
the forces that have done so much to liberalize re- but alas ! he was always a little out of tune, so very
ligious thought during the past quarter of a century, little out of tune, that his accompanists, whether or-
and in his sermons, dogma, which most theologians | chestral or those of the piano, declared that it would
offer to their public in solid lumps, had gone com have been a positive relief had he but been a little
pletely into solution. Still, it was his instinct rather more out of tune! Persons who could listen with
than his logical faculty that thus placed him in the equanimity to that musical monstrosity, a tune
van of religious thought, for he was always more of played in two different keys at once, felt for this
a rhetorician than a thinker. He was too good gentleman's playing a degree of abhorrence which
natured to be critical, and he sometimes scattered “fairly made the flesh crawl.” This provoking qual-
his praise of men and books in a way to make the ity affected the player himself, who seemed con-
judicious grieve. His great professional reputation scious of his defect, although unable to correct it;
was due in large measure to the celebrity of his and he finally gave up music in despair. I have
trial for heresy about twenty years ago. The result learned that this failing is by no means an uncom-
of that trial was a technical acquittal, but soon there | mon one among musicians otherwise able; and it
after he severed his relations with the Presbyterian has been my misfortune to hear some of the leading
organization, and entered upon the independent ca soloists of an orchestra play so out of tune that the
reer which he has since pursued. Opinion has been water would come into their own eyes, as well as
divided upon the question of his justification in this into those of the audience. I also remember that
step. Those who stood by him during the trial, and the great Julien brought over with his band of Con-
labored to secure the verdict that was given in his tinentals an English musician whose business it was
favor, were naturally aggrieved when he afterwards 1 to “raise the note,” as it were; this Englishman


218
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
being possessed of an exquisite ear, though other-
wise master of no remarkable accomplishments in
his profession.
Failure analogous to that of the unfortunate flut-
ist will be found running through much achievement
in art. There would seem to be something in the
near approach to perfection which, while it warns
one of deficiency, does not so adequately warn as
to enable him to correct that deficiency. Many of
the monodies written on half-genius and other forms
of incomplete fruition owe their motive to a percep-
tion of this lamentable fact. Familiar, indeed, is
that despair which must be felt, when all has gone
well with scheme and devisement, while (though too
vague for specific analysis ) the execution is so faulty
as to obscure what must be seen, or we, as artists,
perish! Poets have rhymes to help them to a so-
lution of the difficulty, to bridge the lacuna between
intention and accomplishment; and the musician, in
beginning a phrase, finds himself almost irresistibly
dragged along—entraine, the French would say—
to a consistent form of resolution. Yet it is just
at this point that what musicians call the "disap-
pointed cadence " must make itself known in all the
arts; for there are few masters in any that, like
Chopin, can turn all their discords into reconciling
dissonances, — few that, like Browning, can divert
their faulty metre to represent purposely a halting
movement. Such power of conversion may be
reckoned as among the highest uses of intuition and
as verging closely upon the pure creative faculty.
As a boy I was once young enough to enjoy un-
questionably that youth's frenzy, the poetry of Al-
exander Smith. But in an evil day my idol became
the mark of ruthless iconoclasm; for his volume
falling into the hands of Mr. Punch, that gentleman
chanced to allude to the great frequency of stars in
Smith's poetic firmament; declaring that the Life
Drama contained as many stars as did the bosom
of a Polish refugee! Hence I became somewhat
sensitive at the unabated recurrence of the stellar
apparition; and, as often as the mood was upon me
to quote to admiring friends several of the most ap-
proved passages from this poet, I was fain to leave
out the stars (silently substituting asterisks there-
for)! Now, Alexander Smith presents one of the
most pathetic instances of failure at the very goal
of achievement: a fertile fancy is his, and a most
sonorous diction, yet almost always obscured by
some defect in execution which spoils the whole,
some needless repetition which borders on the ab-
surd, but which seems to escape the consciousness
of the perpetrator himself. In the presence of such
embarras de richesse, misapplied or squandered,
how often does one feel tempted to cry out for plain
mediocrity, defective mechanism,blurred perceptions
—anything where the result falls obviously short of
the intention. In this latter accident there is at least
an absence of profanation ; and we feel almost rec-
onciled to those fatuous rash ones who gallantly rush
in where real artists fear to tread! That which is ex-
plicitly commonplace we tolerate, for it doubtless
fulfils its mission. But whether the poet be conscious
of his shortcoming or otherwise, we, the laity, are
not unfamiliar with the heart-sinking sensation that
certain lines in noble verse are worse than unsatisfy-
ing. Their approximate perfection begets an an-
guish so keen that we could wish the poem of which
they are part had never been written. Especially
does this feeling prevail when the context promises
an imperial fulfilment not borne out in the final re-
sult. Take a well-known example—Leigh Hunt's
sonnet on the Nile. What a wide hiatus between
conception and execution, between the sombre gran-
deur of the opening verse,—
"It flows through old hushed Egypt and its sands,''
and the concluding lines, which go to sleep as to
aesthetic perception, but " wake" to the somewhat
trite moral consideration,—
"how we shall take
Our own calm journey on for human sake."
Less well-known, though as pungent in illustra-
tion, is the following couplet from Edward Coates
Pinckney:
"Save where volcanoes send to Heaven their curled
And solemn smokes, like altars of a world."
What lines these might have made, had Swinburne
been the poet's master in prosody! A beautiful
idea obscured — deadened by inadequate wording,
lies buried in the lines subjoined:
"And then I saw that, in my pride bedight,
I craved from erring man the gift of Heaven."
Yes, too often it happens that some one of the
instruments in the orchestra of poetic genius has
lapsed a semi-tone or so, dragging back the whole
movement to what the sensitive mind feels to be
worse than chaos, more intolerable than clamoring
discord. It does not help us towards resignation to
reflect that the same accident is constantly recurring
in many of the great problems of life, that our woo-
ings, our weddings, our winnings, are too f requently
beset by the same distressing deficiency — so near
and yet so far from that ultimate perfection which
in their case seems a necessity.
But let us consider whether, in the instances noted,
there be any remedy for this tendency to fail while
almost at the goal of artistic perfection. And again
let us refer to Alexander Smith. Possibly he might
have been saved much of that which gave pretext
to his critics had he possessed, to any degree, the
sense of humor; and, indeed, he was so conscious
of the absence of that element, as well as of the
mischief wrought by such absence, that in the prose
papers written after his retirement from verse he
seeks to belittle the whole arcana of wit and humor,
as foreign to sincerity, incompatible with earnest
purpose; intimating that such small change is only
current with those who dwell in cities. He even
goes so far as to cite these qualities as among the
effete results of overwrought civilization! No doubt
he was stung by such arrows in his day; but it is
no part of a worthy vindication to ignore the weapons
that have brought about one's discomfiture. The
unfinished is too often funny, or, at least, grotesque;


1894.]
219
THE DIAL
and go it is not without reason that the shafts of
criticism, when directed towards so vulnerable a
mark, should be not only winged but often enven-
omed by wit. It is so difficult gravely to note an
obvious absurdity, when the announcement is so
much more effectively made by an epigram.
The work of Alexander Smith, whatever its pleas-
ing promise, whatever its casual power to surprise
the reader, is unfinished. He has animation, but
not that "animated moderation" so highly com-
mended by an English critic of our own day. Nor
had he, as it would seem, in any very strongly de-
veloped degree, the artistic conscience, which com-
mends the role of patience. He therefore reaped
the inevitable consequences. With pathetic (may
we not say prophetic ?) consciousness the poet in the
following lines alludes to his own shortcomings and
their tragic lesson:
'' There is a deadlier pang than that which beads
With chilling death-drops the o'er-tortured brow,
When one has a big heart and feeble hands,
A heart to hew his name oat upon Time
As on a rock; then, in imniortalne&s
To stand on Time as on a pedestal!
When hearts beat to this tune and hands are weak,
We find our aspirations quenched in tears,
The tears of impotence and self-contempt.
That loathsome weed upspringing in the heart,
Like nightshade 'mid the ruins of a shrine."
The lesson of deliberation in artistic workmanship
is suggested in the biographical fact that Pope, the
most finished and painstaking of the writers of his
period, never allowed anything of his to be pub-
lished until it had lain by him a year, subject to re-
vision and alteration. Probably no man who laughed
so much and so cynically was ever, so far as his
work was concerned, so little laughed at. And it
may be noted that, while the literary world and the
general public almost universally accorded the palm
to Dryden as a man of affluent genius, but compara-
tively little of the work of that master has come
down to us. On the other hand, the phrasing of
his rival, the succinct yet ample diction of Pope,
lends household words to every department of liter-
ature- S. R. Elliott.
ENGLISH AT WELLESLEY COLLEGE*
Is it not time that somebody moved a vote of
thanks to The Dial? Surely the present discus-
sion, with the procession of professorial testimonies
"This article concludes The Dial's extended series on
the Teaching of English at American Colleges and Univer-
sities, of which the following have previously appeared: En-
glish at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook I Feb.
1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Brander
Matthews (Feb. 16); English at Harvard University, by
Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1); English at. Stanford
University, by Professor Melville B. Anderson ( March 16);
English at Cornell University, by Professor Hiram Corson
(April 1); English at the University of Virginia, by Professor
Charles W. Kent (April 16); English at the University of
Illinois, by Professor D. K. Dodge (May 11; English at La-
fayette College, by Professor F. A. March (May It!); English
marshalled by editorials and accompanied by a brisk
run of letters, is rendering to teachers of English
throughout the country a service beyond compute.
Among the happy results of the discussion must be
counted this: that more than one lonely stickler for
the supremacy, even in the classroom, of literature
as an art has discovered, like Elijah of old, that
the faith has no lack of prophets. Professor Cor-
son, for instance, has seemed, at times not far re-
mote, to stand almost alone in his insistent procla-
mation that the appeal of literature is not exclusively
to the intellect, but to the three-fold spirit. Yet the
aim at Cornell cannot easily go beyond the purpose
at Yale, as voiced by Professor Cook in the opening
article of the series, to promote "the acquisition of
insight and power, taking these terms in the broad-
est sense, so as to include the emotional and esthetic
faculties as well as the purely intellectual, the will
and the moral nature no less than the reason." But
Yale, pleading for English as "an unsurpassed ali-
ment of the spiritual life " and "a most effective in-
strument of spiritual discipline," hardly outvoices
the University of Pennsylvania, valuing the study of
English literature for "its enormous weight against
utilitarianism," or of Chicago, claiming that "liter-
ary masterpieces should be studied chiefly for their
beauty." Truly The Dial is marking a new hour.
America, throwing off the tyranny of the German
method, in which, nevertheless, her leading profes-
sors of English have been trained, and facing the
disapproval of gray-towered Oxford, which, at the
present writing, has two men enrolled as candidates
for its brand-new English school, is still the land of
the free and the home of the brave. But if free-
dom is to be preserved from anarchy, and bravery
vindicated from the charge of headlong folly, teach-
ers of English have yet to find a general method
proportioned to their aim. Enthusiasts, it is true,
decry that soulless substantive, method. "When a
teacher begins to cast about for a method," writes
a member of the English Faculty of Chicago, "he
is already lost." And yet Thomas the Rhymer saw,
between the paths to heaven and hell, a path to fairy-
land. May there not be
"a bonny road
That winds about the ferny brae,"
which teachers of literature, who would fain awaken
their students to the beautiful, may seek for un-
ashamed?
Indeed, we need a road. It is very well for the
editors and contributors of The Dial to claim on
at the State University of Iowa, by Professor E. E. Hale, Jr.
(June 1); English at the University of Chicago, by Professor
Albert H. Tolman (June 16) ; English at Indiana University,
by Professor Martin W. Sampson (July 11; English at the
University of California, by Professor Charles Mills Gayley
(July 16); English at Amherst College, by Professor John F.
Genung I Aug. 11; English at the University of Michigan, by
Professor Fred N. Scott (Aug. 16); English at the Univer-
sity of Nebraska, by Professor L. A. Sherman (Sept. 1); En-
glish at the University of Pennsylvania, by Professor Felix E.
Schelling I Sept. 16); and English at the University of Wis-
consin, by Professor David B. Frankenburger (Oct. 1.)—[Edk.
Dial.]


220
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
behalf of the student the delights of the "spiritual
glow " etherealized beyond the dull concern for "the
historical and adventitious," and to demand that the
professor add to the most gracious gifts of nature
a culture deep as a well and considerably wider
than a church-door,—but by what process, after all,
shall the essential values of literature be impressed?
Let the new day dawn. Let the student's lifted
head, cleared from all suspicion of an ache, be
haloed with golden lights. Let the ideal professor
guide him to the heart of poetry, of humanity, and
the divine; but how is such supernal guidance to
be effected?
"He shall have chariots easier than air,
That I will have invented; and ne'er think
He shall pay any ransom; and thyself,
That art the messenger, shalt ride before him
On a horse cut out of an entire diamond,
That shall be made to go with golden wheels,
/ know not how yet."
Nothing, then, could be more practically helpful,
at this stage of the experiment, than these descrip-
tions of English courses now pursued in American
colleges, especially where the professors in charge
are committed to the literary aim. Upon this ac-
cumulated material of experience, theory will soon
be at work. The Dial has already given judg-
ment in favor of dividing English, as a university
subject, into the science of linguistics and the art
of literature. From the various reports, however,
it would appear that composition and rhetoric, elo-
cution, and comparative literature, must also be
taken into account as candidates for separate de-
partments.
At Wellesley, the subject of elocution stands
alone, and we have at present — more's the pity—
no department of "literature at large." Term
courses in English translations of Homer and
Dante, with less extended study of the Cid, the
Song of Roland, the Nibelungen Lied and the VoU
sunga Saga, were originally offered in the English
literature department. A few years since, this
department, stricken with humility, handed the re-
sponsibility on to the professors of Greek and Ger-
man and the Romance tongues, who undertook a
composite course of English lectures upon the clas-
sic and mediaeval epics. This arrangement proved
unwieldy, and fell, like Poland, for lack of a cen-
tral control. The Romance department offers En-
glish courses in Dante and in the French epics of
the Middle Ages; but for a comprehensive survey
of the Aryan literatures in their development and
relations, Wellesley has still to wait.
Anglo-Saxon is taught in the department of En-
glish Language and Rhetoric; and also, by Dr.
Helen L. Webster, in the department of Compara-
tive Philology. Three, at least, of our English
faculty are eager to offer Anglo - Saxon courses;
and this year Wellesley, like Yale, has three under-
graduates electing Anglo-Saxon. In connection
with the testimony from various universities—Illi-
nois, for example — as to the disfavor with which
English students regard linguistics, and in light of
the experience of the University of Nebraska, which
has succeeded, by emphasizing the literary side of
the study, in making courses in Anglo-Saxon and
Middle English popular, questions press for discus-
sion. Is this artful dodging of Anglo-Saxon to the
discredit of the artful dodger? Should Anglo -
Saxon be made a required subject in the English
group? Should it be taught with full linguistic
severity, as valuable mental discipline, or should
the teaching be suited to the tastes and aims of lit-
erary students? What is the decent minimum of
philology? And should the Anglo-Saxon course
precede or follow the treatment of the more mod-
ern literature?
In the department of English Literature at Welles-
ley, no critical courses are offered on material prior
to 1300 ; and, from Langland to Browning, the lan-
guage is taught solely as a means to an end. The
forty students electing fourteenth century work this
year, for instance, will study the East Midland dia-
lect for the sake of Chaucer's poetry,—not the poe-
try for the sake of the dialect.
The Professor of English Language and Rhet-
oric, Miss Margaret E. Stratton, of Oberlin, finds
time for some linguistic work, but the rhetorical
side of her department secures the lion's share of
attention. Professor Scott's longed-for Utopia is
not located at Wellesley. Frequent themes are
required of Freshmen, Sophomores, and Juniors,
these classes numbering, in the aggregate, about
six hundred. Moreover, here, as at Stanford and
Indiana, classes of conditioned Freshmen are a
conspicuous feature of the Rhetoric department, the
training of the secondary schools being grievously
inadequate. Miss Hart, of Radcliffe, and Miss
Weaver, trained in England as well as in America,
bend their united energies to developing in the
Freshmen the ability to write clear, correct, well-
constructed English sentences. To have mastered
the paragraph is to become, so far as the Rhetoric
department is concerned, a Sophomore; and to
proceed, under guidance of Miss Willcox, whose
preparation was in part received in an editorial
office, to the structure of the essay. This involves,
together with the analysis of masterpieces and the
making of outlines, various studies in the orderly
and effective arrangement of material. Subjects
may be drawn from any course of study in which
the student is interested, and some slight opportu-
nity is afforded for experiments in story-telling.
With the second semester comes, to able students,
the chance of electing, in place of the regular
work, a course in journalism. This undertakes the
gathering up and editing of news from far and
near, the condensing and recasting of "copy," the
writing of book reviews and editorials. A news-
paper staff is organized, the members rotating in
office, and from time to time the class is addressed
by working journalists. The "Wellesley Maga-
zine" furnishes an immediate field for such youth-


1894.]
221
THE DIAL
fa! activities; while, for better or for worse, the
calls from newspapers, the Union over, for student
reporters of college life grow more numerous with
every autumn.
The Junior year brings the course in argumenta-
tion, which, making as it does for logical thinking,
is speedily felt in every line of college work. This
course, conducted by Mr. George P. Baker of Har-
vard, and similar to the forensic course given by
him in that university, is described in Professor
Wendell's paper in The Dial's series. Mr. Baker
offers, too, an elective course in debate. The crowded
Senior elective, however, is the Daily Theme course,
conducted by Miss Weaver. The purpose of this
elective is to quicken observation and give as much
practice as possible in the sifting and grouping facts
of personal experience, and in the clear, concise, and
cogent statement of whatever there may be under
a Senior cap to state.
These various instructors are united in the per-
suasion that the laws of rhetoric should be assimi-
lated, so far as may be, by an informal and almost
unconscious process, and that there should be no
unholy divorce between the English of the pen and
the English of the lip. They stand for graded and
orderly advance, for the development of the per-
ceptive and inventive powers, as well as of taste and
reason, and, in general, for a fuller experience and
more accurate expression of life. It is unfortunate
that they are themselves mortal, and have thus far
been unable to accede to the desire of the other de-
partments that all students whose technical themes
and examination papers, while good in substance
are bad in statement, shall be conditioned in English
and turned over to the Rhetoric department for
reformation.
The limits of my space necessitate brief mention
of the work in English Literature. In this subject
there is no requirement. It is elected this year by
more than half the undergraduates, while some ten
or twelve graduate students pursue courses in res-
idence and others are working at a distance by cor-
respondence. The corps of instruction consists, in
addition to myself, of Miss Vida D. Scudder, asso-
ciate professor, and three instructors, Miss Jewett,
Miss Sherwood, and Miss Eastman. Vassar, Smith,
and Wellesley are our nursing mothers, although
Oxford, Florence, and Berlin have somewhat tem-
pered our aboriginal mood. Miss Scudder's espe-
cial interest is in nineteenth century literature, Miss
Jewett's in Spenser and in lyric poetry, Miss Sher-
wood's in the analysis of prose, and my own in
drama. Miss Eastman is bowed beneath the weight
of the introductory course—such a pre-requisite as
is given at California and Wisconsin,—presenting
a bird's-eye view of the field of English literature.
This accomplished, the student is advised to elect
one of three courses which have for their peculiar
end and aim the cultivation of the literary sense.
These courses draw their material from the pre-
Victorian prose, and from the early poetry, epic and
lyric; the emphasis in one of the poetical courses
being put on Spenser, and in the other on Milton.
The student's third choice is made from a group of
courses dealing with the literature of various great
epochs: a fourteenth century course, a Shakespeare
course, and nineteenth century courses. But to the
student who proposes at the outset to specialize in
English we recommend a different sequence: a
course in Anglo-Saxon for the Freshman year, fol-
lowed in turn by the Chaucer course, the Shake-
speare course, and a course either in Georgian and
Victorian poetry or in Victorian prose, with a con-
cluding course in the development of English liter-
ature. There are one-hour lecture courses, alternat-
ing, year by year, in American literature and in
Poetics. Miss Scudder conducts a seminary in
Wordsworth or Shelley or Browning, as the spirit
moves; while my own seminary deals with some
period of the English drama. No text-books are
used in any of our class-rooms save editions of the
masterpieces under consideration, and save such in-
nocuous pamphlets — outlines of the courses, with
bibliography — as we individually prepare for our
own classes. For a young college, Wellesley is ex-
ceptionally fortunate in her library, and the stu-
dents of literature and history flock to it as flies to
honey. Informal addresses by one or another mem-
ber of the force are fortnightly given before the
students of the department on current topics of lit-
erary note; and frequently an unwary poet strays
into our parlor, or a famous scholar mounts our
lecture-platform. The literary societies of the col-
lege further the aim we have in view; and, in gen-
eral, the responsiveness and earnestness of our stu-
dents are such as often to shame our own inadequacy.
"The hungry sheep look up and are not fed."
We do what we can, but are beset by many puz-
zles. What is the function of the lecture in the
teaching of literature? At what point in her career
shall the susceptible undergraduate encounter the
standard critic? Can a student be conditioned on
coldness of heart and on native apathy in the pres-
ence of beauty? But our chief problem is the cru-
cial one of the modern experiment. If, indeed, as
was claimed by a. contributor to "School and Col-
lege " two or three years ago, the constituents of a
sound education are character, culture, insight, and
the disciplined working power of the brain, can the
study of literature be made to promote the final
end as effectively as it certainly subserves the other
three? Katharine Lee Bates.
Professor of English Literature, Wellesley College.
Mr. W. R. Nicoll, the editor of the Loudon "Book-
man," is responsible for this interesting note: At the re-
cent unveiling of the John Keats tablet Mr. Goese said
that no one living had seen Keats. This was incorrect.
An old gentleman, living not two miles from where Mr.
Gosse was speaking, has a vivid recollection of Keats.
He was in the habit, when a schoolboy, of going on Sat-
urdays to the house of the parents of Fanny Brawne,
and he often met the poet there.


THE DIAL
[Oct. 16,
COMMCXICA TIOXS.
THE PUBLIC APPRECIATION" OF BOOKS.
• To the Editor of Tn Dial*
la taming oxer the leaves of a current re-new, my
attention was eaaght by a curious outbreak from Mr.
Andrew Lang—who teems to have, like the city of his
mv&errv*, a tort of recurring "filly season." Like the
baodoiiniag young ladies at "Mngby Junction," Mr.
Lang harbor*, as it appear* ia the reriew cited, a fine
contempt for the public. He doesn't go so far as to call
it "a great beast," as oar Alexander Hamilton did,
bat be rates it pretty cheaply, nevertbeleM. "The pub-
lic," he says, " does not read books that is tbe plain
troth. The public reads newspapers, and, in very earn-
est moods, magazines. . . . There never was an age
that read less, or cackled more about what it does not
read." Indeed! Tbe public doesn't read books, and
it wSl read newspapers and magazines. Does this mean
that it isn't doing its duty lately by Mr. Lang's books
—that it grudges its crowns and half-crowns for his re-
print*, on the paltry ground that it has already had tbe
original* for sixpence or a penny? There seems, on
tbe whole, to be some method in this form of popular
madness. Or is Mr. Lang, after ail, only rattling on in
bis old airy way, trying to startle us with a paradox, and
not meaning anything in particular? Surely the asser-
tion that tbe public "does not read books," and that "there
nerer was an age that read less," is, literally taken, the
veriest nonsense. Can Mr. Lang point to an age that
read more books, or eren half as many, or that was a hun-
dredth part as liberal—say as just — to the makers of
good books, as the present one? Is literary genius now-
adays driven to lire in a garret and dine off a shin-bone
of beef, and to write cringing dedications and lying
odes to pay for its garret and it* dinner? Publishers
may be presumed to be pretty good judges of their own
business, and to know, eren better than Mr. Lang, bow
many and what sort of books tbe public is willing to
pay for. Do their yearly announcements show a falling-
off in tbe demand for good literature? Even in this
year of commercial depression, we learn in The Dial
that " more tban tbe usual number of important and
expensive works " are announced, "with at least the
usual number of books of serious and unquestionable
interest." Touching our lack of seriousness, at which
Mr. Lang sneers, — well, perhaps this charge would be
better worth noticing if it came from a writer who
could himself remain serious for a -half-dozen pages to-
gether. One thing is certain: nine-tenths of us (with
all our frivolity) greatly prefer just those writings of
Mr. Lang's own in which the fun of Mr. Merryman is
least obtrusive. Finally, Mr. Lang complains — not
over-civilly — that the public is given to "cackling"
(that's his elegant word) about what it has not read.
Perhaps the public may leply, by may of reprisal, that
certain authors cackle so much, directly or allusively,
about what they have read as to breed the suspicion that
they never stray out of their libraries. Reading, we
know, " maketh a full man," and, within bounds, is an
excellent thing; but isn't over-reading pretty apt to
make a man, what a political opponent once styled Mr.
Mill, a mere " book in breeches"? Of course neglected
authors have a prescriptive and indefeasible right to
scold at the public, and to affect to regard it as a sort
of philistine Goliath of Gath at whom the smallest liter-
ary David may have his fling. It does them good, and
we are not going to gradge tbem to cheap a lenitive to
their smarts- Bat Mr. Lang, certainly, has not the neg-
lected author's excuse for his ill-kamor with the public.
W. R. K.
Pittsjuld, Mao- Oct, 3. 1X54.
THE HEBREW AS A SAILOR.
To the Editor of Thz Dial.)
I was not a little amazed to find in a recent number
of The Dial the statement that "a son of Abraham
. . . having anything to do with a ship " was "almost
contra naturam." Being a Frenchman by birth, I hap-
pen to know that nearly every year some Jewish boy
enters the French Naval Academy, and that at the
present time quite a number of " sons of Abraham"
hare reached distinguished rank in tbe navy of France.
This is one sure proof that when not ostracized the He-
brew engages in as many varieties of occupations as the
Gentile, no matter how hazardous they may be, no mat-
ter what an amount of bodily fatigue and danger they
may entail. Adolphe Cohn.
Columbia College, Sew York, Oct. 4, 1894.
[Oar correspondent rather overstates the point
made by the reviewer — which was that one would
not easily imagine "a son of Abraham bestriding a
yard-arm, or having anything whatever to do with
a ship — except, indeed, in the way of a bottomry
bond," and that " hitherto," t. «., before reading the
book nnder review, "a Jewish sailor had appeared
in the light of a roc or hippogriff—the rarest kind
of a ram avis and almost contra naturam." In-
stances in disproof of the prepossession were then
given from the book in question; and we thank our
correspondent for having added to them. — Edb.
Dial.]
THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH IN PREPARATORY"
SCHOOLS.
(To the Editor of Tint Dial.)
In connection with your timely series of articles on
the teaching of English at our colleges and universities,
which have been to me and doubtless to many others of
the greatest interest and value, I venture to Buggest the
importance of a discussion of the work done in this
branch of teaching at secondary schools. My experience
is tliat very many of the students who come to college
from weak preparatory schools are almost hopeless, so
far as appreciating literature is concerned. Too often
they have become bewildered or disgusted with the sub-
ject; or, worse, they have learned a trick of superficial
vaporing about literature which is very hard to unlearn.
In many cases, perhaps in most cases, the college teacher
is compelled to direct bis efforts toward correcting the
blunders of incompetent fitting schools, to the neglect
of his own aims and methods. A series of papers set-
ting forth the work done in teaching English at repre-
sentative fitting-schools and high schools would perhaps
do an even greater service for teachers of English than
the admirable series referred to. John M. Clapp.
Illinois College, Jacksonville, III., Oct. 6, 1894.
The Very Rev. S. Reynolds Hole, Dean of Rochester,
will reach this country in a few days. He will lecture
before the Twentieth Century Club of Chicago on the
22d of November.


1894.]
223
THE
DIAL
Neto Books.
The "Eminent Scoundrel" in
Literature.*
The monotonous regularity with which writ-
ers of the lives of eminent people have hitherto
devoted their pens to celebrating virtue and
good works is agreeably broken in " The Lives
of Twelve Bad Men: Original Studies of Em-
inent Scoundrels." The title has an attract-
ive ring. Here is a biographer who not only
frankly owns that his heroes are no better than
they should be, but estops himself at the out-
set from the tedious and altogether too common
practice of whitewashing them. Indeed, as we
shall show further on, to rob one of these wor-
thies of a single jewel in the crown of his
knavery would be to weaken his title to figure
in the company in which the editor's judgment
has placed him. It may seem at first glance
as if Mr. Seccombe, in selecting his names,
must have been sorely perplexed by an embar-
rassment of riches; for bad men, in the usual
sense, have always been as plenty as blackber-
ries. What—the reader may possibly ask—
is one dozen among so many? History fur-
nishes a long roll of what we are used to call
bad men—relatively bad, that is, and sufficient-
ly so to illustrate the otherwise obscurer vir-
tues of their better contemporaries; while the
most casual glance at existing society shows
that the rascally tribe, so far from decaying,
gives every sign of indefinite and triumphant
survival. Mr. Seccombe, however, as we gather
from his preface, has really been limited by a
narrow principle of selection. Preeminence
in ill-doing, absolute and unqualified badness,
is the price of a niche in his pantheon.
Turning to his list of " eminent scoundrels,"
we find that it embraces the following wor-
thies—a careful consideration of whose names
reveals little to cavil at on the score of insuf-
ficient rascality: James Hepburn, Earl of Both-
well (1536-1578); Sir Edward Kelley, nec-
romancer (1555-1595); Matthew Hopkins,
witchfinder (died 1647); Judge Jeffreys (1648
-1689); Titus Oates (1649-1705); Simon
Fraser, Lord Lovat (1667-1747); Col. Char-
teris, libertine (1675-1732); Jonathan Wild
(1682-1725) ; James Maclaine, " gentleman-
highwayman" (1724-1750); George Robert
Fitzgerald, "Fighting Fitzgerald" (1748 -
* Livks of Twelve Bad Men: Original Studies of Emi-
nent Scoundrels by Various Hands. Edited by Thomas Sec-
combe. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
1786); Thomas Griffiths Wainewright, pois-
oner (1794-1852); Edward Kelley, bushran-
ger (1855-1880).
In this "galaxy of stars," literature is ably
represented by that pseudo - Italianate scoun-
drel and practical toxicologist, Thomas Grif-
fiths Wainewright; and as he was really a man
of some note, outside his criminality, and a
friend of the leading literary and artistic lights
of his day, some account of him here may not
be amiss. In point of cool-blooded, subtly-
contrived villainy, and utter callousness to the
sufferings of the victims of his cowardly crimes,
Thomas Griffiths, to our thinking, easily bears
away the palm. Wainewright was born in
1794, at Chiswick, where his father was a
practising solicitor. His parents dying during
his infancy, he went to live with his grand-
father, Dr. Ralph Griffiths, proprietor of the
"Monthly Review," at Linden House, Turn-
ham Green, a fine mansion with a rent value
of four hundred a year. In 1803 Dr. Griffiths
died, leaving £5,200 in trust for our hero;
and his son, George Edward Griffiths, reigned
at Linden House in his stead. On his grand-
father's death, Thomas went to school at Charles
Burney's academy at Hammersmith, and here
evinced for the first time his love for art, his
drawing-book showing, as his gratified master
testified, "great talent and natural feeling."
After leaving school, while still a mere boy,
he was "placed frequently in literary society"
(not very much to his profit, however), and
for a short time devoted as much attention to
painting as his naturally " giddy, flighty dis-
position " allowed him to devote to any one <
subject. This pursuit proving tame, he pres-
ently drifted into the army, where he served
successively as an orderly officer in the Guards,
and a cornet in a yeomanry regiment. About
this period he seems to have fallen a victim to
the wiles of Bacchus—or, vulgarly speaking,
to have taken to drink; for we have his own
statement that he habitually drank ten tum-
blers of punch of a morning, which modicum,
he adds very credibly, had the effect of "ob-
scuring his recollections of Michael Angelo as
in a dun fog." The military ardor did not
last long; in fact, nothing ever lasted long
with Thomas Griffiths, except his inveterate
yearning to leave off what he was doing, and
set about doing something else. "My blessed
art," he wrote, in his usual high-sailing style,
"touched her renegade; by her pure and high
influences the noisome mists [bred largely by
the matutinal "ten tumblers," we presume]


224
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
were purged; my feelings, parched, hot, and
tarnished, were renovated with a cool, fresh
bloom, childly simple, beautiful to the simple-
hearted." Naturally, in this chastened mood,
Wordsworth's poems, breathing sweet natural-
ness and tender piety, touched his regenerate
heart; and to testify conclusively to his change
of spirit, he left the army, and liberally re-
duced his morning's allowance of punch. About
this date (1820), » The London Magazine"
was started, and it soon had a brilliant staff
of contributors: Charles Lamb, Hood, Hart-
ley Coleridge, Hazlitt, De Quincey, Procter,
etc., — and Wainewright. The latter wrote
pretty frequently, under the pseudonyms of
"Janus Weathercock," "Egomet Bonmot,"and
"Cornelius Vinkbooms," usually affecting fan-
tastic titles. That Wainewright's prose had
merit, is undeniable; while his love of art, his
usual topic, was genuine, and his knowledge of
it considerable.
But besides art, there was another subject
on which Wainewright never tired of speak-
ing; and that was his precious self. Once
launched on this engaging theme, he rambles
on with a sickening self-complacency, and an
affected, mincing euphuism that prepares one
to believe the worst of him. A thorough cad,
he is forever proclaiming himself "a gentle-
man." Even when, a triple murderer and a
condemned forger, he was in Newgate await-
ing transportation for his crime, he still gloried
in the one imperishable fact that he was "a
gentleman." Nothing—not the dock, nor the
gyves, nor Botany Bay — could erase that in-
bred distinction; and when a visitor asked him
if he did not look back with shame on his past
life, he briskly answered, quite in the old
"Weathercock" vein:
"Not a bit. I have always been a gentleman, always
lived like a gentleman, and I am a gentleman still. Yes,
sir, even in Newgate I am a gentleman. The prison reg-
ulations are that we should each in turn sweep the yard.
There are a baker and a sweep here besides myself.
They sweep the yard; but, sir, they have never offered
me the broom."
Having married, Waineright found himself
with an income of about ,£200—an altogether
insignificant sum for one who, in the words of
Oscar Wilde, was "an amateur of beautiful
things, and a dilettante of things delightful."
He lived well, dressed well, loved good wines,
hot-house plants, majolica, rare books (he
boasted some especially choice ones on poisons),
etc., and like all respectable Englishmen he
"kept his gig." He also entertained a good deal
— such guests as Macready, Wilkie, Westall,
Lamb, Barry Cornwall, Forster, and Sergeant
Talfourd, dining pretty often at his table. It is
not surprising that, living at this gentlemanly
rate on a beggarly two hundred a year, he soon
found himself ruinously in debt; and he was
gradually forced from one shady method of
"raising the wind " to another still shadier,
until he committed his first crime (outside of
literature)—forgery. Unable, by the terms of
the will, to touch the capital of the fund left
him by his grandfather, he forged a trustees'
order for .£2,259 of it, secured the money, and
was, for a brief space, relieved from pecuniary
pressure. This first coup had, of course, the
ultimate effect of lessening his regular income;
and things were again rapidly drifting from
bad to worse, when the wind was once more
unexpectedly tempered to the shorn lamb. In
1828, a fortunate invitation opened Linden
House to the married couple, and they accord-
ingly took up their abode with their bachelor
uncle, George Edward. The pecuniary possi-
bilities of the situation at once flashed upon
Wainewright. Here was a fine mansion which,
on the demise of its owner, must pass by nat-
ural descent to his nephew — in fact, to him,
Wainewright; and, what was still more import-
ant, a round sum of money must pass with it.
The owner of the house was an old man —
a disappointingly healthy one, it is true; but
there is nothing so very remarkable, still less
suspicious, in old men, however healthy, dying
suddenly. Could not his demise be arranged
to take place rather earlier than Nature de-
manded—almost immediately, in short? He
would only be cheated of a few years at best;
and his loss would be really inconsiderable
compared with the handsome gain accruing
from it to others. Convinced by his devil's
logic, Wainewright at once proceeded to apply
theory to practice. He had a curious knowl-
edge of poisons—far in advance, it is said, of
most medical men of his time; and here, at last,
was a chance of testing this knowledge in a
practical way. Unfortunately, the details of
Wainewright's first experiment in toxicology
are lost to science; but it is enough for us to
know that it was perfectly successful. The
venerable uncle died, a little in advance of his
time, and Linden House passed quietly into
the possession of its new owner.
But once again the relief brought to our in-
satiate "amateur of beautiful things " proved
transitory. In the interim, moreover, his bur-
dens had increased; for a son was born to
him, and a now destitute mother-in-law, with


1894.]
225
THE DIAL
her two daughters, had come to live under his
roof. Clearly, something must be done to
stave off the creditors—now growing more and
more vulgarly importunate, after the manner
of their tribe; and Wainewright, in his dire
extremity, naturally thought of his last brilliant
operation. To quietly and unsuspiciously "re-
move " any or all of his household was quite
within the bounds of practical science. He
had proved that. But here the logical difficulty
arose that none of these relatives had " expect-
ations." To make away with the impecunious
mother-in-law, or her still more impecunious
daughters, only meant risk of detection, be-
sides the expense of a funeral. Plainly, that
wouldn't do. But the devil again inspired
him. He had heard of the life insurance offices
whose business it was to provide large pay-
ments in the event of premature death, in re-
turn for a small premium down. The problem
was solved. In casting about for a victim for
this new enterprise, Wainewright hit upon his
sister-in-law, Helen Abercromby, as almost
ideally suited to his purpose; and the diabol-
ical sang-froid with which the reptile lured
this charming and innocent girl into blindly
furthering a plan that essentially involved her
own destruction seems without a parallel in the
annals of crime. Provided in advance with a
trumped-up story with which to parry awkward
inquiries, she was sent about from office to
office, making, in her own name, proposals for
short periods and for amounts in no case large
enough to give rise to special investigation.
Suspecting nothing, and swallowing her scru-
ples as to the fictions imposed upon her, she
put herself completely into her future murder-
er's hands. Finally two proposals, each for
£3,000, were accepted. Then a new difficulty
arose in completing the transaction. The
scheme was opposed by the girl's mother, who
not unreasonably urged the folly of insuring
for short periods the life of a penniless and
very healthy girl who was almost certain to
outlive the policies. Wainewright was equal
to the emergency; he saw an opportunity to
rid himself of a provoking obstacle to his
plans, and of a mother-in-law also, at one stroke,
and he did not hesitate. Recourse was again
had to science, with the natural result. Mrs.
Abercromby, too, was prematurely gathered to
her fathers.
After a decent interval of mourning, the
assurance scheme was revived. Miss Aber-
cromby made proposals to seven offices for an
aggregate of over £20,000, of which £12,000
was accepted; and the promoter of the enter-
prise, satisfied with the total amount in view,
concluded that things were ripe for the denoue-
ment. At his instance, the girl put the final
touch to the preparations for her own murder
by making a will in favor of her sister Made-
leine. The latter, it is needless to say, was
also to be " removed " as soon as her pecuniary
condition warranted it. Everything ready,
Wainewright suddenly grew unusually kind,
unremitting, in fact, in his delicate attentions
to the sisters. One evening, after taking them
to the play, the party had a supper of lobsters
and porter. During the meal she began to feel
strangely ill, " and in the night had a bad, rest-
less headache and was very sick." She grew
rapidly worse.
"Dr. Locock, whom Mr. Forster describes as a distin-
guished physician, was called in. . . . She said, 'Doc-
tor, I am dying; I feel I am; I am sure so.' He said,
'You will be better by and by.' The family nurse said
that Mrs. Abercromby had died in the same way, and
Helen cried out, < Yes, my mother! oh, my poor mother!'
The doctor left, but the convulsions returned, and an
hour or so later she died. A grim figure in the sick
chamber was the old nurse who from the first expected
a fatal result, and who uttered gloomy and despairing
cries to the effect that Helen's mother and Dr. Griffiths
had died in exactly the same manner."
This was the vilest and probably the last
(though others are charged) of Wainewright's
murders. Incredible as it may seem, he was
never brought to trial for them, being trans-
ported for his first crime, forgery, in 1837.
The damning facts we have outlined only came
to light indirectly during the trial of the suit
brought for the recovery of Helen Abercrom-
by's insurance—which suits, by the way, were
won by the defendants on the ground of the
girl's misrepresentations. Forster, who, with
Macready, Dickens, and Hablot Browne, vis-
ited Newgate just before Wainewright's de-
parture, gives a last glimpse of this unpar-
alleled scoundrel. The party were suddenly
startled by a tragic cry from Macready of " My
God! there's Wainewright."
"In the shabby genteel creature, with sandy, disor-
dered hair, and dirty moustache, who had turned quickly
round with a defiant stare at our entrance, looking at
once mean and fierce, and quite capable of the cowardly
murders he had committed, Macready had been horri-
fied to recognize a man familiarly known to him in for-
mer years, and at whose table he had dined."
The volume is a handsomely appointed one,
and it is altogether likely to attract at least
its due share of attention. The illustrations,
mostly portraits and cuts after curious paint-
ings, call for special mention. E. G. J.


226
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
THE SHERMAN_IiETTEn9.*
The letters of General Sherman and Senator
Sherman will interest different readers in differ-
ent ways. Some will value them most as a direct
contribution to our knowledge of their distin-
guished writers considered as biography. Some
will regard them most highly as an addition to
the history of the country in the long and inter-
esting period which they cover. Others, our-
selves included, will find the centre of interest in
the materials that the book presents for the study
of character. Here are two men of nearly the
same age, brothers growing up under the same
conditions and trained in their earliest years
in the same way, who attain, not by adventi-
tious means, but by sheer ability and force of
character, the one the foremost place in the
military service of his country, the other a place
next below the highest in its political service,
and excluded from the highest only by that
logic of our later American politics which keeps
those of highest ability and character and of
greatest prominence from attaining the highest
position ; these men we have telling each other
their acts, thoughts, and feelings, for more than
fifty years, in the most unconscious fraternal
correspondence. It is impossible for the reader
who looks at the Sherman Letters from this
point of view, not to see that General Sherman
was by nature a soldier, while Senator Sherman
was a statesman ; and it is hard for him to re-
sist for the moment the conviction that in such
matters inheritance stands for more, and edu-
cation and environment for less, than our cur-
rent philosophy leads us to suppose. For us,
the principal interest of the book lies in the
opportunity that it furnishes to follow these
two men as they move along their divergent
paths from youth to age.
The story opens in 1837, with W. T. Sher-
man, then in his seventeenth year, just enter-
ing on his studies at West Point, and John
Sherman, three years younger, serving as junior
rodman in an engineer's corps on the Mus-
kingum River Improvement; it closes in 1891,
with General Sherman in retirement at New
York, and Senator Sherman still in active
duty at Washington. The reader suffers no
loss because the senior brother wrote the larger
number of letters, for the soldier was distinctly
a better letter-writer than the politician. In
part this was no doubt due to his more change-
*Thk Shkhman Letters. Correspondence between Gen-
eral and Senator Sherman, from 1W37 to 1801. Edited by
Rachel Sherman Thorndike. With portraits. New York:
Charles Scribner's Sons.
ful life, but not wholly so. It is about as un-
profitable to compare men of such different
talents and careers as it is to discuss the rel-
ative ability of men and women; but one gets
from the letters the distinct impression that
the General, in quickness of insight, in frank-
ness of character, in mobility of mind, in a word,
in real genius, was the superior man. In the
first period, 1837-1846, the letters are all from
his hand. In the beginning his style is heavy
and stiff, as well as frequently ungrammatical,
but he soon begins to show that command of
nervous and happily-phrased English which is
characteristic of his later life, and which, while
by no means always correct according to the
rules laid down by the critics, is nevertheless
always interesting. Still, when all is said, the
remark that the editor makes of the General's
boyish letters, that they are interesting only
because they are his, has a wider application
both to him and to the Senator.
For some years the older brother seems to
have acted as a sort of fatherly monitor for the
younger one. In January, 1840, he discussed
the outlook of the engineer, concluding that a
man in that profession could not look for con-
stant employment, and therefore could not ex-
pect a sure and constant reward for his labor.
He thought the States were likely to expend
less money for public works than they had been
doing, and he caught no glimpse of the coming
wonderful expansion of private enterprise in
that field. He had no vision of his brother's
future career, and cherished no high ambition
for him. His letter concludes:
"I have mentioned these things to you that you may
reflect, while there is still time, of the propriety of se-
lecting means to be resorted to in case of necessity.
What more naturally suggests itself than a farm? Who
can be more independent, more honest and honorable,
who more sure of a full reward for his labor, who can
bestow more benefits on his fellow-beings, and conse-
quently be more happy, than an American farmer? If
by any means you may be able to get some land in Ohio,
Iowa, or Wisconsin, you should do so by all means, and
more especially if it is partially improved. I do not
mean for the purpose of speculation, but to make use of
yourself."
Learning two months later that John is to study
law, he says it would be impertinent for him
to object, but the law would be his last choice
of a profession. For himself, he intends to en-
ter the army, although it is doubtful whether
he shall remain in it for life. "Should I re-
sign," he says, " it would be to turn farmer, if
ever I can raise money enough to buy a good
farm in Iowa." However it may be now, it was
quite the fashion before the Civil War for offi-


1894.]
227
THE DIAL
cers of the regular army to depreciate or de-
spise politics and politicians; and General Sher-
man was no exception. A string of piquant
passages expressive of that sentiment could be
selected from his early letters. He did not
take kindly to John's becoming a politician;
on the other hand, he wrote him in October,
1844, as follows:
"What in the devil are you doing? Stump-speaking!
I really thought you were too decent for that, or at least
had sufficient pride not to humble and cringe to beg
party or popular favor. However, the coming election
will sufficient ly prove the intelligence and patriotic spirit
of the American people, and may deter you from com-
mitting a like sin again. . . . For my part, I wish Heury
Clay to be elected, and should rejoice in his success,
for various reasons; but I do not permit myself to in-
dulge in sanguine feelings when dependence has to be
placed on the pitch-and-toss game of party elections."
But the politician learned something in his
school that he commended to the soldier's at-
tention at a later day. For example, he told
him, in August, 1862, that " the general popu-
lar sentiment is sometimes passionate, hasty,
and intemperate, but after a little fluctuation
it settles very near the true line." Again he
tells him: "Take my advice, be helpful, cheer-
ful, polite to everybody, even a newspaper re-
porter. They are in the main clever, intelli-
gent men, a little too pressing in their vocation."
Still, the General, to the end of his life, never
took kindly to the ways of politics or to the
arts of popularity. After the War was over
and his reputation was firmly established, he
shrank from life at the National Capital. In
December, 1866, he wrote from St. Louis:
"I do not want to come to Washington, but to
stay away as long as possible. When Grant
goes to Europe, then I shall be forced to come.
The longer that is deferred, the better for me."
And a few days later, in reference to the same
subject: "There can be no satisfaction to me
in being drawn into the vortex of confusion in
which public affairs seem to be." President
Johnson strove to thrust Sherman into his quar-
rel with Stanton and Grant, seeking first to
make him Secretary of War, and later Brevet
General of the Army. The honest soldier wrote
him, in January, 1868, a manly letter of ex-
postulation, declaring that Washington was ob-
jectionable to him because " it is the political
capital of the country, a focus of intrigue, gos-
sip, and slander." He spoke of the fate that
had there befallen Generals Scott and Taylor,
and pointed out the baneful influence of the
Capital on the Army of the Potomac from the
beginning of the War. He recounted the trials
that he had seen Grant pass through in the
War, and declared:
"And yet I have never seen him more troubled than
when he has been in Washington, and has been com-
pelled to read himself a < sneak and deceiver,' based on
reports of four of the Cabinet and apparently with your
[the President's] knowledge. If this political atmosphere
can disturb the equanimity of one so guarded and pru-
dent as he, what will be the result with one so careless
and outspoken as I am? Therefore, with my consent,
Washington never."
His removal to St. Louis in 1874 was prima-
rily due to the strained relations between him-
self on the one hand and the War Department
and the President on the other; but the old
feeling of aversion had its influence. General
Sherman saw that General Grant suffered in
peace of mind and reputation by accepting the
Presidency, and stoutly repressed all attempts
to " bring him out" as a presidential candidate.
He wrote in 1874:
"Dear Brother: Do n't ever give any person the least
encouragement to think I can be used for political ends.
I have seen it poison so many otherwise good charac-
ters, that I am really more obstinate than ever. I think
Grant will be made miserable to the end of his life by
his eight years' experiences. Let those who are trained
to it keep the office, and keep the army and navy as free
from politics as possible, for emergencies that may arise
at any time. Think of the reputations wrecked in pol-
itics since 1865."
We are not surprised to find the General say-
ing in 1872: "Grant, who never was a Repub-
lican, is your candidate, and Greeley, who never
was a Democrat, but quite the contrary, is the
Democratic candidate." But we are surprised
to find the Senator assenting to the statement,
and, what is more, adding that there was no es-
sential difference in the platforms of the two
parties.
General Sherman's letters show how much
better he understood the political situation in
the South previous to the Civil War than his
brother and the Northern politicians generally;
also how completely he grasped the military
problem at the opening of the great strife. His
famous saying, in 1861, that two hundred thou-
sand men were necessary to defend Kentucky,
which was then considered proof of his insan-
ity, is now considered proof of his genius. His
letters bearing on the mistaken ideas of men at
the North in both periods are very interesting
reading.
Previous to reentering the army in 1861,
General Sherman's career had been broken and
on the whole discouraging. He had served a
few years as a soldier in Florida and in Cali-
fornia, and had been disappointed in his desire


THE
DIAL [Oct. 16,
to go to Mexico ; he had been a banker in San
Francisco and New York, and then for a year
or two had taken up the law, despite his old
jibes at his brother; he had acted as the head
of a military school in Louisiana, and finally,
just as the War was opening, drifted into the
presidency of a street railway company in St.
Louis. He was forty-one years of age, but
nothing that he had done gave promise of a
great career, although he had done well what-
ever he had undertaken. One or two letters
breathe a note of discouragement. The War
gave him his opportunity, and one of the pleas-
ing features of the book is the sanguine confi-
dence with which Senator Sherman, before the
General had reentered the army, marked out a
great military future for him.
The volume abounds in quotable passages.
We give two more, one written from Kansas,
in May, 1859; the other from Paris, in June
of the same year.
"Of course we are all expectation here to read news
of the war in Italy. Our latest accounts are simply that
the Austrians, after entering Piedmont, have manoeuvred
without any definite plan, giving full time for the Sar-
dinians to organize, and for France to pour into Italy
her well-equipped armies by every avenue of approach.
We know, too, that the Emperor of Austria has gone
to control the operations of his army, that the King of
Sardinia is also his own generalissimo, and that Napo-
leon had sailed from Marseilles for Genoa, wheuce, I
take it, he promptly crossed to Turin, and that he, too,
will command in person. ... If Napoleon can drive
the Austrians out of all Italy, even from Venice and
Triest, and from thence north of the Styrian Alps, and
then gradually surrender the power thus acquired to a
federation of states, retiring to France, he would be the
most celebrated man of this or any age. He can do so.
The elder Bonaparte could not, as he was never cor-
dially recognized by other governments; but Napoleon
III. is so firmly fixed, to all appearance, in France, that
he can moderate his plans, and cease conquest the mo-
ment his aim is accomplished. So few ambitious men,
however, have been able to stop at the right place that
fortune seems to tempt them beyond human depth into
ruin; still, so wilful, silent, and determined has he shown
himself that I expect that he will force the Austrians
back from Italy, and then allow some form of govern-
ment to control the Italian kingdoms, states, and re-
publics. Austria, however, will not relinquish Triest,
Dalmatia, and Venice without a death-struggle, and it
may be that the war now begun may spread and make
as many dynastic changes as those wars which followed
the French Revolution. I wish I were there to watch
the operations and changes; but alas ! I am in Kansas."
If the above extract shows clearly how the
soldier misread the foremost man in Europe in
1859, the following shows no less clearly how
the politician misread the history and genius
of two foremost European peoples.
"My conclusions are all against the British govern-
ment. . . . When Englishmen hereafter talk about
their rights, I will know what they mean. They do en-
joy a limited liberty of speech and of the press, and
then you have said all. It is a government of the
aristocracy, more exclusive, repelling, and narrow than
I conceived of. The House of Commons is the only pre-
tended representation of the people, and that is but a
mere pretense. The representation is so glaringly un-
equal that it is a surprise to me that the people will
submit to it. As the members are not paid, and none-
can vote without property, it is a mere representation,
of money and not of men. Every regulation of the gov-
ernment, the rules of caste, the combined insolence and
obsequiousness of all classes with whom I came in con-
tact, were so unpleasant to me that, while my visit there
was a constant enjoyment and a school, I would not
live under the British Government for any consideration.
"The French government is much more tolerable.
Louis Napoleon is emperor by usurpation, but I really
think that the government is not only for the good, but
is the choice of the people and others. There is the
greatest personal liberty and equality here, and the in-
stitutions tend to advance equality and give a fair chance
to merit. It is true that through the press people can-
not discuss politics except on one side. In private life,
and indeed in the saloons and public places, there seems
no restraint. The administration of the law seems well
conducted. Taxes, as compared with England, are light,
and the Frenchman has no restraint, either by caste or
law, from doing what he wishes, except that he must
not write against the government. His equality with
his neighbor is recognized. There is more freedom, if
I might say so, more mixing of all classes of people
here, and on terms of kindliness and equality, than you
will find even in America. The blouses, the uniforms,
and the black coats all sit and eat and chat together.
On the whole, they have much more claim to be a ' free
people ' than the English, and hereafter I will know how
to appreciate an English account of French tyranny."
The volume is admirable in mechanical ex-
ecution, and is furnished with a good index.
The most serious misprint that we have noticed
is " Ladslen " for " Gadsden," page 54. If we
have given the General more prominence than
the Senator, we have also suggested the rea-
*°n- B. A. Hinsdale.
Thoreau's Letters.*
In one respect at least, Thoreau has been a
singularly fortunate man. He won for himself
during his lifetime a devoted friendship which
after his death made it a labor of love to see
that his writings were adequately presented to
a public that had not received them entirely
with gratitude. Mr. Blake has done for his
friend Thoreau what most men would think a
heavy task if required by their own original
work. Ellery Channing, the Concord recluse,
has written a life of Thoreau which, in spite
* Familiar Letters of Henry David Thoreau. Edited,
with an Introduction and Notes, by F. B. Sanborn. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


1894] THE DIAL
of some vagaries and considerable irrelevant
matter, is a genuine contribution to American
biographical literature. Alcott, in a letter given
in the volume which occasions this brief article,
says of Thoreau: "There has been none such
since Pliny, and it will be long before there
comes his like; the most sagacious and wonder-
ful Worthy of his time, and a marvel to com-
ing ones." One cannot forbear quoting a few
lines from Emerson's splendid tribute:
"Through the green tents by eldest nature drest
He roamed, content alike with man and beast.
Where darkness found him, he lay glad at night;
There the red morning touched him with its light.
»**•»**
Go where he will, the wise man is at home,
His hearth the earth,— his hall the azure dome."
To these eulogists must be added Mr. F. B.
Sanborn, who brings to his labors his simple
and refined style, his tact, his wide knowledge,
his devotion to the subject. Mr. Sanborn
shows again in this volume the qualities which
make his biography of Thoreau a model of its
kind. Surely the Concord group is not lack-
ing in pietat.
Mr. Sanborn's book is what one must expect
from the experienced hand that put it together.
The introduction has the unusual fault that it
is altogether too brief for the reader's profit
and pleasure. The book is divided into three
parts —" Years of Discipline," "The Golden
Age of Achievement," " Friends and Follow-
ers"; and the division is certainly a happy one.
The editor's passages in connection with or elu-
cidation of the letters are always adequate and
luminous; the volume becomes a familiar auto-
biography of Thoreau, fresh, thoroughly uncon-
ventional, and sufficiently complete. The ac-
knowledgment of another debt to Mr. Sanborn
gains strength from the many which he has
already required from his readers.
The following paragraph from Mr. Sanborn's
introduction is worth reproducing here, as it
tells briefly how the establishment of Thoreau
as a permanent figure in American literature
has been gaining firmness ever since his too
early death:
"The fortune of Henry Thoreau as an author of
books has been peculiar, and such as to indicate more
permanence of his name and fame than could be pre-
dicted of many of his contemporaries. In the years of
his literary activity (twenty-five in all), from 1837 to
1862 — when he died, not quite forty-five years old,—
he published but two volumes, and those with much de-
lay and difficulty in finding a publisher. But in the
thirty-two years since his death, nine volumes have been
published from his manuscripts and fugitive pieces,—
the present being the tenth. Besides these, two biog-
raphies of Thoreau have appeared in America, and two
others in England, with numerous reviews and sketches
of the man and his writings,— enough to make several
volumes more. At the present the sale of bis books and
the interest in his life are greater than ever; and he
seems to have grown early into an American classic,
like his Concord neighbors, Emerson and Hawthorne.
Pilgrimages are made to his grave and his daily haunts, as
to theirs,—and those who come find it to be true, as was
said by an accomplished woman (Miss Elizabeth Hoar)
soon after his death, that' Concord is Henry's monument,
adorned with suitable inscriptions by bis own hand.'"
The struggling writer of to-day may take this
to his heart, and ponder on it; he must remem-
ber, however, that, like all authors who have
had a similar destiny, Thoreau had something
to say which was above all limitations of time
and space, and will be as worth thinking and
believing in the days to come as it was when
he uttered it. He was a realist in the best sense
of that term; he had his eye fixed upon the
object; he certainly endeavored to see it as it
was; but he made no effort to reproduce it in
its crude isolation, or in the aspect which it as-
sumed in some momentary relation between it
and his own mind. He had a sufficient store of
belief in himself, but he was not egotist enough
to suppose that a transcription of his fleeting
moods was of much importance to mankind at
large. His representation of the object was
always plentifully mixed with thought, and so
we have a living landscape, filled with clear
air and light. And then he had the transcen-
dentalist's unfailing resource, high meditations,
which were the reality in reality itself.
The letters presented in this selection show
Thoreau from his gentlest and most familiar
side. They are domestic and gossipy, they dis-
play his simple likes and dislikes, they will
bring him closer to those who have long ad-
mired him, and will win for him friends who
have been somewhat repelled by his satire and
austerity. They are as characteristic as any-
thing which he has left, and are permeated
with the flavor which is his and no other man's.
They also disclose his limitations, some of which
he shared with his contemporaries, and some of
which were his own peculiar property, and rather
unduly estimated for that wholly unsatisfactory
reason. It is possible here to give only a few
extracts, but they will indicate what is to be
expected by the reader who takes up Thoreau
for the first time, and they will recall to the
reader of many years the things and thoughts
which he has found pleasant before.
Here is part of a letter to his sister Helen;
it was written in 1837, when Thoreau was
twenty years old. The child is, indeed, father
of the man.


230
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
"Please you, let the defendant say a few words in
defense of his long silence. You know we have hardly
done our own deeds, thought our own thoughts, or lived
our own lives hitherto. For a man to act himself, he
must be perfectly free; otherwise he is in danger of
losing all sense of responsibility or of self-respect. . . .
Further, letter-writing too often degenerates into a
communicating of facts, not truths; of other men's
deeds and not our thoughts. What are the convulsions
of a planet, compared with the emotions of a soul? or
the rising of a thousand suns, if that is not enlightened
by a ray?"
The longer and more important letters are
written to Mr. Blake. Thoreau apparently
opened his heart to the latter, and to his En-
glish friend Cholmondeley. Here is a passage
with the authentic savor:
"Shall, then, the maple yield sugar, and not man?
Shall a farmer be thus active, and surely have so much
sugar to show for it, before this very March is gone,—
while I read the newspapers? . . . Am I not a sugar-
maple man, then? Boil down the sweet sap which the
spring causes to flow within you. Stop not at syrup,—
go on to sugar, though you present thy world with but
a single crystal,—a crystal not made from trees in your
yard, but from the new life that stirs in your pores.
Cheerfully skim your kettle, and watch it set and crys-
tallize, making a holiday of it if you will. Heaven will
be propitious to you as to him.
"Say to the farmer, There is your crop; here is mine.
Mine is a sugar to sweeten sugar with. If you will
listen to me, I will sweeten your whole load,— your
whole life."
All the familiar figures cross the pages in
some way—Emerson, Alcott, Margaret Fuller,
Parker, the Channings, Hawthorne, and the
rest. We are back again in that enthusiasm
and kindling faith which have yielded those
products which best deserve the name of liter-
ature of any yet fashioned on this side of the
Atlantic. The interest of it all appears as
fresh as ever, and demands our attention as
much as ever. The men and women of that
time did not work in material wholly ephem-
eral; they searched for what was lasting, and
they found it; they tried to learn what life
and progress meant; they had no time to waste
in empty complainings or sickly coddlings of
the emotions ; they labored hard and seriously,
and what they left belongs to the most import-
ant contributions made to man's pleasure and
wisdom by the planet in this century.
Louis J. Block.
The Twentieth Century Club of Chicago entertained
Dr. Conan Doyle on the evening of the 12th, this being
the first meeting of the season. The distinguished nov-
elist discoursed to a large audience upon the subject of
recent English fiction. The meeting was held at the
residence of Mr. H. N. Higinbotham, ex-President of
the Columbian Exposition.
Wealth Against Commonwealth.*
Mr. Henry D. Lloyd has rendered a patriotic
service to his country by writing the history of the
rise and growth of the great monopolies whose ex-
istence is a menace to republican government. He
marshalls his facts with the skill of a journalist
trained in dialectics. These, gathered from offi-
cial records, from decisions of courts and of special
tribunals, from the verdicts of juries in criminal
cases, oath-sworn testimony subjected to the rules
of evidence, and reports of legislative committees,
become real, possessing all of the power of living
truth. His narrative is intense, revealing at times
a restrained feeling of indignation, at others an ap-
preciation of the humorous phase of the social con-
test; but it is always dignified and sincere. We
are confronted with a problem that must needs be
speedily solved.
"There are no solitary truths, Goethe says, and mo-
nopoly—as the greatest business fact of our civilization,
which gives to business what other ages gave to war
and religion—is our greatest social, political, and moral
fact."
It is rapidly transforming our Republic. How?
By placing in the hands of a few the power that of
right belongs to all. These have seized upon what
they possess. Pursuing a career of robbery at first
under the forms of law, they have come to be su-
perior to law, defying all popular tribunals.
Science prepared the way for the practical use
of petroleum, which was found in unlimited quan-
tities after Colonel Drake's discovery in 1860. It
was obtainable at a nominal price, so that —
"Poor men, building little stills, could year by year
add on to their work, increase their capital, and acquire
the self-confidence and independence of successful men.
There was a free market for the oil as it came out of
the wells and out of the refineries, and free competition
between buyers and sellers, producers and consumers,
manufacturers and traders. Industries auxiliary to the
main ones flourished. Everywhere the scene was of
expanding prosperity, with, of course, the inevitable
percentage of ill-luck and miscalculation; but with the
balance, on the whole, of such happy growth as freedom
and the bounty of nature have always yielded when in
partnership. The valleys of Pennsylvania changed into
busy towns and oil-fields. The highways were crowded,
labor was well employed at good wages, new industries
were starting up on all sides, and everything betokened
the permanent creation of a new prosperity for the whole
community, like that which came to California and the
world with the discovery of gold."
In ten years the net product had grown to be
6,000,000 barrels of oil a year, employing a capital
of $200,000,000 and supporting a population of
60,000 people, who were provided with schools,
churches, lyceums, theatres, libraries, newspapers,
and boards of trade.
A shadow fell upon this scene of human activity.
Its great promise was struck with a blight. There
* Wealth Against Commonwealth. By Henry Demar-
est Lloyd. New York: Harper & Brothers.


1894.]
231
THE DIAL
were panics in oil speculation, bank failures, defal-
cations, followed by distress and the violent acts of
despair. The year 1872 marked the beginning of
a new order of things. Ten years before "a man
of brains and energy, without money," had appeared
in Cleveland and started a small refinery. He as-
sociated others with him, and prosecuted his busi-
ness with such marked success that when disaster
overtook others he was in a position to profit by it.
His prosperity was in the ratio of the bankruptcy,
the ruin of competition. The public agitation was
great. Investigations by State legislatures and by
Congress followed, only to be suppressed by some in-
visible power. But it was revealed to the people that
"They, and the production, refining, and transporta-
tion of their oil, had been made the subject of a secret
'contract' between certain citizens. The high contract-
ing parties to this treaty for the disposal of an industrial
province were, on one side, all the great railroad com-
panies, without whose services the oil, crude or refined,
could not be moved to refineries, markets, or ports of
shipment on river, lake, or ocean. On the other side
was a body of thirteen men, < not one of whom lived in
the oil regions, or was an owner of oil wells or oil lands,'
who had associated themselves for the control of the
oil business under the winning name of the South Im-
provenieut Company."
Ten of these thirteen proprietors of the South
Improvement Company were members of the oil
trust, known and feared the world over. With them
the railroads had contracted to increase the freight
rates on oil so as to destroy their competition; to
give them the advance collected from these compet-
itors, and to rebate to them on their own business
all above the old rates. Thus the company of thir-
teen, and not the railroad companies, was to get the
benefit of the additional charge made to the people.
This was estimated to amount to eighteen thousand
dollars a clay in the year the contract was made.
Having succeeded in effecting this powerful com-
bination, the trust proceeded to the conquest of the
world. This was not accomplished in a season. To
absorb the properties of competition on their own
terms was the first step, the ingenuity and boldness
of which mark the master-mind in control. When
the competitors were convinced that they were shut
out from their markets,—that they could not afford to
pay the double rates the transportation companies
prescribed, and that even if they couloj cars would
be denied them,—they were in a frame of mind to
accept the terms the enemy offered. The capacity
of their refineries was reduced one-half, which en-
abled the trust to advance the rates five hundred
per cent to the public, and to pocket profits that in
five years amounted to a fabulous sum. Embold-
ened by this success, the next step was the absorp-
tion of the independent refineries. The sales which
were forced were kept secret, and the victimized
proprietors became the salaried employees of the
trust.
In a city not a hundred miles from Cincinnati,
two brothers had inherited a business of forty thou-
sand dollars a year, which had been built up by the
energy and ability of their father. They were happy
and contented in their business associations, and
were esteemed as among the most useful and solid
members of the community. In time they were
invited by an agent of the trust to sell their busi-
ness. "We do not want to sell," they replied.
"Then we shall have to compel you to," was the
parting warning. Through the aid given by the
railroad companies, the trust obtained the names of
their customers, to whom goods were offered at
rates they could not meet. When their business
was taken away, the trust succeeded in buying their
property at a nominal valuation, and in securing the
services of the unfortunate brothers as employees.
In Cleveland a widow was conducting a business
left by her husband, at a profit of $25,000 a year.
She refused an invitation to sell, and was warned
that if she did not sell she would be ruined. Then
in time the head of the trust called on her. The
result of this visit was afterwards revealed in court.
The widow told the great man that she realized that
her company was entirely in his power.
"'All I can do is to appeal to your honor as a gentle-
man, and to your sympathy, to do the best with me that
you can. I beg of you to consider your wife in my po-
sition, left with this business and with fatherless chil-
dren, and with a large indebtedness that my husband
had just contracted for the first time in his life. I felt
that I could not do without the income arising from
this business, and I have taken it up and gone on, and
been successful in the hardest year sinoe my husband
commenced.' He promised, with tears in his eyes, that
be would stand by her. 'He agreed that I might retain
whatever amount of stock I desired. He seemed to
want only the control. I thought his feelings were such
that I could trust him, and that he would deal honor-
ably by me.'"
She appraised her property at $200,000, and the
directory of her company approved the sale at that
figure. But the sale was made without her volition,
at $71,000; and she was required to sign a bond
not to go into the refining business for ten years.
This was caring for the widow and the fatherless
in a manner worthy a robber baron of other days.
These cases illustrate the method usually pursued
to obtain possession of the refining business. But
when this failed, property was destroyed and life
placed in jeopardy. The end justified the means,
in the opinion of these gamblers for wealth.
There has hot been wanting resistance on the
part of the people interested in the oil fields; and
enterprising competition has appeared again and
again* Shut out from railroad transportation,
American ingenuity suggested a pipe line reaching
to a lower level; then invented a power pump to
force the crude oil to any level; and finally dis-
covered that refined oil could be forced through a
tube for hundreds of miles without loss of quality.
But every improvement was resisted by the great
combination. At one point in Northern Pennsyl-
vania an armed force and a Gatling gun checked


232
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
the construction of a pipe line. The aid of courts,
and aggravating suits, were means employed to
harass and break down opposition. When at last
the independents succeeded in getting their oil to
the seaboard, the shipping docks of the several
trunk lines were found to be in possession of the
trust. At one time the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company broke up the combination and went into
opposition. Backed by the other trunk lines, the
trust waged the war with such vigor as to bring the
Pennsylvania Company to terms and compel it to
enter into a new contract in 1885 —" a contract so
vicious and illegal," said the counsel of the inde-
pendent refiners before the Interstate Commerce
Commission, "that the Pennsylvania Railroad re-
fuses to bring it into court for fear a disclosure of
its terms might subject it to a criminal prosecution."
Thus the oil sea of the American continent has
produced its octopus as well as the salt sea, but of
a size commensurate with the magnitude of its prey,
its all-powerful arms furnished with a thousand
times 960 pairs of suckers. But we may not dwell
on this absorbing phase of our subject.
The history of the oil trust illustrates, says our
author,
"Nearly every phase of the story of our great mo -
nopoly: clearness instead of cheapness; willingness of
the managers of transportation to deny transportation
to whole trades and sections; administration of great
railroad properties in direct opposition to the interests
of the owners — to their great loss — for the benefit of
favorites of the officials; great wealth thereby procured
by destruction, as if by physical force, of wealth of oth-
ers, not at all by creation of new wealth to be added to
the general store; impossibility of survival in modern
business of men who are merely honest, hard-working,
competent, even though they have skill, capital and cus-
tomers; subjection of the majority of citizens and dol-
lars to a small minority in numbers and riches ; subser-
vience of rulers of the people to a faction ; last, and
most disheartening, the impotence of the special tribu-
nal [Interstate Commerce Commission] created to en-
force the rights of the people on their highways. . . .
"The smokeless rebate makes the secret of success
in business to be, not manufacture, but manufracture—
breaking down with a strong hand the true makers of
things. To those who can get the rebate, it makes no
difference who does the digging, building, mining, mak-
ing, producing the million forms of the wealth they
covet for themselves. They need only get control of
the roads. All that they want of the wealth of others
can be switched off the highways into their hands.
"From using railroad power to give better rates to
the larger man, it was an easy step to using it to make
a favorite first a larger man, then the largest man, and
finally the only man in the business. In meat and cat-
tle we see men rising from poverty to great wealth.
From being competitors, like other men, in the scram-
ble, they get into the comfortable seat of control of the
prices at which the farmer must sell cattle, and at which
the people must buy meat. Many other men had thrift,
sobriety, industry, but only these had the rebate, and
so only these are the < fittest in the struggle for exist-
ence."'
Our author observes that in the United States
the processes of business feudalization are moving
more rapidly to the end than in any other country.
The middle classes, the keepers of small retail stores,
small manufacturers, are being crowded out, and a
few men in each trade are rising to supreme wealth.
The independence of the old order is rapidly giving
way to dependence on the power of wealth, before
which skill, ability, industry, with limited means,
stand helpless. The success of the men who have
formed the great trusts is tempting the ambitious
in other lines of trade to bring about combinations
that shall concentrate power in a few hands. An
examination of prices of fourteen staple products
during the depression of 1893 shows that granu-
lated sugar, petroleum, steel rails, and anthracite
coal—all controlled by strong trusts—declined not
quite ten per cent, whereas the prices of the other ten
staple products, subject to the natural laws of trade,
declined twenty-four per cent. As the cost of pro-
duction can be lowered faster in factory than in
farm products, it is clear that the natural order is
reversed under the influence of trusts. Where does
this tend? When we shall have further extended
this policy of concentration, what will be the status
of the American people? The shred of republican
government remaining will not be worth preserving.
Already the courts and executive departments are
laughed to scorn. The law for the protection of
the people is dead. As, in the days of the old East
India Company, the sign-manual of the manager,
Mr. Child, was held in greater favor in Bombay or
Calcutta than an act of Parliament, so in the model
Republic at the close of the nineteenth century, the
expressed wish of our monopoly is the law.
Independent America was the first great protest
of a united people against monopoly. In the early
days of the mother country no market could be
opened without authority of the King, and no
ship could unload in any bay or estuary which he
had not declared to be a port. This principle, ex-
tended to commerce, made the industries of the
American Colonies dependent wholly on the kingly
will expressed through the British Board of Trade.
We rebelled, and set human industry and commerce
free. The individual secured liberty for develop-
ment. America became great; her people intelli-
gent and happy. But these very conditions have
invited an enemy to enter and set up a tyranny.
Our highways, our seaports, are subject to his will.
Thus we have returned to subjection without the
saving grace of obedience to lawful authority. The
sacrifices of revolution and of civil war to extirpate
a slave oligarchy had better have been spared, if
we are to fail in self-government at last. But we
shall not fail. The outlook is dark, but we shall
find the narrow path of duty leading to the true,
the imperishable light, and, as a people, be endowed
with the courage to follow it.
Many questions are suggested by Mr. Lloyd's
story of the trusts, which cannot be considered in
limited space. The great danger at present con-
fronting us is the tendency to extreme measures of


1894.]
233
THE DIAL
redress. If, in dealing with the railroad question,
we are governed hy the broad spirit pervading
the great opinion of Mr. Justice Harlan, recently
delivered, we shall find out what is just for all
parties. It is certain that if the managers of the
railroads of the country have made great mis-
takes, as they surely have, the investors in railroad
securities have already suffered to an extent that
entitles them to special consideration. Upon high
authority it is shown that during the past decade
74,348 miles of railway operated by 311 independ-
ent corporations, and capitalized at $3,853,371,000,
passed from the control of stockholders into that of
receivers appointed by the courts on account of in-
sufficient revenue to meet the expenses of operation,
taxes, and interest. In 1871 the dividends paid
averaged $1,265 per mile of line; in 1882 the av-
erage was $952; in 1893 only $572*
Let it not be said that we are incapable of ad-
justing the railroad complications confronting labor
and capital, on an equitable basis. We are at the
threshold of a settlement. And these once ad-
justed, we shall have leisure for dealing with other
questions that seriously affect the political, social,
and moral well-being of the American people. I
very much doubt whether we shall witness a repe-
tition of the humiliating spectacle of the legislative
branch of government obeying the behests of the
sugar trust. The public conscience will make itself
felt. It will be quickened and strengthened by read-
ing the last two chapters of Mr. Lloyd's book, which
deal with the moral phase of the questions at issue.
"If all will sacrifice themselves, none need be sac-
rificed. But if one may sacrifice another, all are
sacrificed." That is the spirit. "In industry we
have been substituting all the mean passions that
can set man against man in place of the irresistible
power of brotherhood. To tell us of the progress-
ive sway of brotherhood in all human affairs is the
sole message of history." Our author is optimistic.
He believes that democracy is not a lie; that there
"live in the body of the commonalty the unex-
hausted virtue and the ever-refreshened strength
which can rise equal to any problems of progress."
Happy shall we be as a people if we do not mistake
the true road for that which leads back to barbarism.
William Henry Smith.
* " The Forum" for Ootober, 1894, Art., "Can Railroad
Kates Be Cheapened?"
Briefs on New Books.
Professor John Maccunn's small vol-
Thr Ethic, of l(The Ethicg of Citizen.
CUizemMp. . f t
ship (Macmillan) is one of the most
remarkable books of political philosophy that have
been published for years. It deserves a place by
the side of such works as Mill's " Liberty " and Mr.
John Morley's " Compromise." This praise is due,
not to anything startling or even novel in the con-
tents, but simply to the ripeness of its thought and
the unfailing soundness of view displayed. It dis-
cusses such subjects as equality, fraternity, natural
rights, the rule of the majority, political consistency,
the effects of democracy upon character, and the
economic and ethical aspects of luxury. It would
seem as if nothing new could possibly be said upon
these subjects, and, as has already been suggested,
the weight of Professor Maccunn's treatment comes
from its manner rather than from its matter. The
treatment is highly abstract, but the author knows
how to clothe abstractions with the charm of a care-
fully-considered, dignified, and even noble, style.
Particularly noticeable is the use that he makes of
what is evidently a wide range of reading. He does
not quote in blocks, as is so often done, but has a
positive genius for the selection and use of the tell-
ing phrase of Burke, or of Carlyle, or of Mazzini.
Nor are the poets neglected, a fact which we may
illustrate by the extremely effective use of Burns
at the close of a chapter on " The Rights of Man,"
as well as by many another apposite bit from Words-
worth, or Shelley, or Arnold. As an example of
the author's style, let us take a passage from the
discussion of political consistency. After eloquently
setting forth the evils that flow from the ignorance,
the haste, and the self-interest of the politician, he
goes on as follows: "There is no direct remedy.
For it is not by wishes or resolves, not by warnings
or exhortations, that men are ever likely to be kept .
consistent. They must learn to take that longer
way round which is the shortest way home. They
must first do their part to secure the conditions of
the thing they covet. To Knowledge they must add
Deliberation, and to Deliberation, Disinterestedness,
in well-grounded confidence that, though these great
elements of character can only blend into effective
union through time and experience, the man who
has them has at least the stuff out of which consist-
ency is made. Most of all must they learn from
earliest years to love their country with that deep and
settled affection which, above all other influences,
can redeem men's public lives from the most fatal
forms of inconsistency. If one were asked what
was the secret of the consistency of Mazzini, it would
not be enough to answer that he had an ideal. It
would be needful to add that it was an ideal on
which he had set not only mind but heart, and to
point out that, through all defeats, disillusionments,
and disgusts, his affections never swerved from that
vision that upheld him of an Italy free, united, and
republican." The tone of Professor Maccunn's book
is that of the sobered optimism that comes to all
deeply reflective souls, rather than of the pessimism
that we find, for example, in the late Mr. Pearson's
"National Life and Character." He is not despond-
ent for democracy, like the late Sir Henry Maine,
but hopeful, like our own Lowell. Democracy, in
our day, is growing tolerant; since Bentham's time,
it lias gone to school. "It has given ear to the tales
of the travellers, and to the researches of the eth-
nologist, who have made even the popular mind fa-
miliar with customs, morals, laws, which are not its


234
(Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
own. It has listened to the student of other coun so natural among frontier people, that everyone
tries and other civilizations, to which perhaps De laughed, and all sallied out in the dining room,
mocracy has never come. The historian has told where we passed around bowls of bread and milk.”
his story of men greater even than modern reform This frontier“ freedom of manner,” by-the-bye, was
ers, and of events more momentous even than re early brought to Mrs. Boyd's notice at Ruby, a
form bills. The magic of historical romance has halting-place on the first journey overland to Ne-
shown how lives, heroic, gentle, saintly, could be vada, where she overheard a station-lounger ask
lived under old Feudalism as well as under new her husband, with a show of polite interest, “ How
Radicalism. And the political philosopher, even the did the old woman stand the trip? ”—the "old wo-
political reformer, has ceased to wish to fashion man” being then a bride of a few months' standing.
men and things anew. For he has come to see that The book is readable and informing, in its way, and
not only for the sake of the hoarded wisdom of past it contains a portrait of Captain Boyd, with some
experience, but in obedience to Evolution and the account of his career and character.
very laws of life, the Radical who would look for-
ward to posterity must also, in a deeper sense than A surprising
Miss Mildred Rutherford has com-
collection of piled a work upon “ American Au-
Burke imagined when he used the words, look back-
American authors. thors” (Atlanta: The Author ),
wards to his ancestors.”
which we have examined with considerable interest,
The domestic side of army life is not unmixed with amusement. It includes writers
Domestic life
drawn with unrelenting realism in known and unknown to fame, in about equal pro-
in the Army.
Mrs. Orsemus Bronson Boyd's“Cav portions. That it might have included still more
alry Life in Tent and Field” (Tait & Sons). The of the latter class is hinted at in a prefatory note
writer, an officer's wife, started for the Far West which informs us that “in the South alone there
to join her husband in 1867 ; and from that time are over 3500 writers.” We are spared many of
to 1885, when she was left a widow, the breaks in these, and might have been spared more, — Mrs.
the monotony of her career as an “army lady” | Lollie Belle Wylie, for instance, some of whose
seem to have been about on a par with Mrs. Prim poems, we are informed, “are quite striking. Even
rose's migrations from the blue bed to the brown. the “Sweet Rose of Florida," who gets five pages
Military life, in the piping times of peace, is a poor of this book, is, we blush to confess it, unknown to
one at best; and Mrs. Boyd does not idealize it. us. The quality of Miss Rutherford's work may
Not that her book is a dull one. A faithful trans best be shown by a few brief extracts. Of George
cript of personal experiences, it is to our thinking Ripley we are told that “he possessed valuable
much more interesting, and certainly more edifying, books in German and French.” Walt Whitman
than the familiar brass-button novel, with its wire “ can never reach the refined circle of humanity."
drawn expansions of garrison gossip and Airtation, 'Cos why ? “He appeals to the worst part of our
and its sentimentalized view of garrison life. To nature, not the best." F. S. Saltus “had no rev-
the delusions bred of these airy productions, Mrs. erence for the Bible, and often gave strange ver-
Boyd furnishes a wholesome corrective. Take, for sions of the records there.” As for Colonel Inger-
instance, the picture of her first “home” in the soll, we suppose that he must be beyond hope; for
West—a cheerful abode, “ formed of two wall tents does not this writer, after relating some choice an-
pitched together so the inner one could be used as ecdotes of obviously journalistic origin, piously ex-
a sleeping and the outer as a sitting room. A cal- claim : “ Alas! morality cannot save!” After this,
ico curtain divided them, and a carpet made of bar we are not surprised to read that “Ben Hur" is
ley sacks covered the floor. The wall tents were “ truly a great book," and that the productions of
only eight feet square, and when windowless and the late E. P. Roe " are safe books to place in the
doorless, except for one entrance, as were those, they hands of our young people.” Apropos of the latter
seemed from the inside much like a prison.” Such ingenious writer, this remark is made: “ Matthew
was Mrs. Boyd's home for the first year of her mar Arnold's unjust criticism of Roe may have been
ried life. Love, of course, laughs at more danger caused from mistaking another Roe's works for his."
ous foes than locksmiths ; but one fancies that a According to the best of our recollection, Mr. Ar.
year in a wall tent would put him to a rather se nold simply said that the inhabitants of the Missis-
rious test. Some of Mrs. Boyd's experiences are sippi Valley were reported to derive a large share
amusing enough, notably those with her soldier of their intellectual sustenance from the writings
cooks. One of these worthies (evidently a “pam of a native author called Roe. But this was an
pered menial,” as the old verse has it) used to | unjust criticism” of the Mississippi Valley, not of
strongly object to “cooking for company.” On one Roe. A description of one of the productions of
occasion, when in his cups, he distinguished himself Mrs. Amélie Rives Chanler tells us that the book
and extinguished his mistress“ by reeling in before “is filled with passion, deep intrigue, wild jealousy,
a whole party of friends who were awaiting lunch hatred, murder, and terrible revenge.” After this,
eon, and declaring that he was no slave, nor had he it is somewhat tame to come upon so simple a state-
engaged himself as a hotel cook.” “His freedom ment as that the conversations of Mr. Howells while
of manner,” adds the good-natured narrator, “was | flippant are natural.” The book may be described,


1894.]
235
THE
DIAL
on the whole, as an uncritical hodge-podge, sea-
soned with mythical anecdotes, of which an excel-
lent example is the yarn about Professor Boyesen
and the lady who became his wife. It is needless
to say that the story is a baseless fabrication, prob-
ably due to the imagination of some newspaper
writer hard-pressed for " copy."
I 'nivcrsily
University Extension has been made
the target of many jibes and shafts
of more or less ill-tempered criticism
from those who judge all educational movements
from the standpoint of a narrow scholasticism, and
who condemn the Extension movement because it
modestly helps within its own sphere and does not
attempt the impracticable. But in spite of the hu-
morous pictures of blacksmiths wrestling with the
intricacies of Browning's poetry, and the pathetic de-
scriptions of housemaids perplexed by the choruses
of Greek tragedy, the movement has gone on its
way, has reached the respectable age of twenty-one,
and is now more firmly than ever before fixed in the
educational machinery of England and the United
States. How seriously it has been taken in England,
at least, is made sufficiently clear by the names of
the men who have identified themselves with it to
the extent of addressing the students of the London
Society at the annual meetings of that body. These
meetings were started in 1886 with an address by
Mr. G. J. Goschen, and the speakers for the sub-
sequent years have been Mr. John Morley, Sir
James Paget, Professor Max MllUer, the Duke of
Argyll, the Bishop of Durham, Canon Browne, Pro-
fessor Jebb, and Lord Playfair. Although the ad-
dresses of some of these men have already seen the
light elsewhere, it was an excellent idea to collect
the nine in a single volume, as has now been done,
the volume being appropriately entitled " Aspects of
Modern Study" (Macmillan). That all of the men
thus' represented are convinced of the value of Ex-
tension work is sufficiently evident from the tenor
of their utterances. Aside from their special bear-
ings, these nine essays constitute a volume of edu-
cational discussion of the most suggestive sort, and
deserve to be widely read. Where all are good, it
is invidious to single out a few for special praise,
but we may perhaps be permitted to call particular
attention to Mr. Morley's address on "The Study
of Literature," and to Professor Jebb's beautiful
study of "The Influence of the Greek Mind on
Modern Life."
Mr. Seldon L. Whitcomb's " Chrono-
logical Outlines of American Liter-
ature (Macmillan) is a companion
volume to Mr. Frederick Ryland's similar treat-
ment of English literature on the other side of the
Atlantic. To the usefulness of that work, published
in 1890, we can testify from much experience, and
it is with great satisfaction that we place Mr. Whit-
comb's compilation by the side of the other upon
the shelf. The same general plan is followed: the
Outlines of
American
parallel columns being headed as in Mr. Ryland's
book, excepting that we have here a new column of x
"British Literature" (which was of course neces-
sary), and that the annotations are given by Mr.
Whitcomb at the foot of the page. It goes without
saying, also, that the treatment is much fuller in
the present case, which none will esteem a fault,
although the wish may emerge that Mr. Ryland's
book might be extended to relatively comparable
dimensions. The column headed " Foreign Liter-
ature" is also much elaborated, and the historical
column strengthened. We may add that — a most
important feature, although not a new one — the
beginnings of the most important American period-
icals are chronicled under their respective dates.
The first entry is John Smith's "True Relation"
(1608); the last is "The Standard Dictionary"
(1894). The entries up to 1640 ("The Bay Psalm
Book ") are, of course, of books printed in England.
The following list of the veterans among our living
writers has been gleaned from the index of "Au-
thors and Their Works," and is not without inter-
est. The venerable Judge Gayarre' (1805) heads
the list. Then comes Mr. Robert C. Winthrop
(1809), Mrs. Stowe (1812), Mr. Parke Godwin
(1816), Mr. William E. Channing (1818), Mrs.
Julia Ward Howe and Mr. W. W. Story (1819),
Dr. E. E. Hale and Mr. D. G. Mitchell (1822),
Colonel T. W. Higginson (1823), Mr. C. G. Leland
(1824), Mr. R. H. Stoddard, Mr. Henry C. Lea,
and Professor F. J. Child (1825). These fourteen
survive from the first quarter of our century. Per
contra, Mr. Theodore Roosevelt (1858) is the latest
comer in the ranks.
A series of papers by Thomas A.
Early Few Janvier on early New York history
York hittory. * „ . , »
and topography, collected under the
title of "In Old New York" (Harper), forms a
volume of much local and fair general interest. Mr.
Janvier writes entertainingly, and his pages are
brimful of forgotten fact and curious reminiscence.
Notably good are the pictures of old New Amster-
dam days, when the placid Dutchmen, as yet un-
ruffled by the forays of their New England neigh-
bors, smoked their pipes and contemplated their
cabbages on the banks of the odorous canal in Broad
Street. Since Irving, historians have felt rather
bound to gird pleasantly at these multi-breeched
ancestors of Gotham's Brahmins; and Mr. Janvier
follows the irreverent rule. In point of morals,
New Yorkers of two hundred years ago would seem
— if we are to believe the Reverend John Miller,
resident Chaplain to the King's forces — a pretty
bad lot. The reverend gentleman, after roundly
scoring the Province at large, berates the citizens
of New York in particular as " drunkards and gam-
blers," and adds: "This, joined to their profane,
atheistical, and scoffing methods of discourse, makes
their company extremely uneasy to sober and relig-
ious men." In the paper on " Greenwich Village " we
are afforded a glimpse of Thomas Paine, who, about


236
[Oct. 16T
THE DIAL
1809. lived in a house in Herring street (now 293
Bleecker) where Mr. Janvier's informant often saw
him at his window: - The sash was raised, and a
small table or stand was placed before him with an
open book upon it which he appeared to be read-
ing. He had his spectacles on. his left elbow rested
upon the table or stand, and his chin rested between
the thumb and fingers of his hand; his right hand
lay upon his book, and a decanter containing liquor
of the color of rum or brandy was standing next
his book or beyond it." Touching the contents of
this decanter, it would perhaps be more charitable
to guess that the ex-staymaker (who was an admirer
of Berkeley) was assisting his meditations and solac-
ing his labors with tar-water. We refer the point
to Mr. M. D. Conway. Mr. Janvier's book is beau-
tifully illustrated, and it contains several useful maps
and charts.
a nudtmu' "^ Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
Angi»Saion for the Use of Students" (Macmil-
Di^arTh lan), by Dr. John R Clark Hall, fills
a vacant place and supplies a real need. The old
Bosworth is badly out of date, and the new Bos-
worth is still far from completion. Dr. Hall's work
consequently provides the student with just what he
wants pending the complete revision of Bosworth,
and will, indeed, provide most students with as full
a dictionary as they will need at all. The original
plan of the author was "to collect into one volume
the information contained in the numerous glos-
saries to Anglo-Saxon text-books, readers, etc., which
have appeared in England, America, and Germany
within the last fifteen years or so—such books, for
instance, as Sweet's Reader, Harrison and Sharp's
Beowulf, and Kluge's Lesebuch." But as the work
progressed, the original plan suffered several ex-
pansions, and now includes the Wright-Wttlker Vo-
cabularies, Harrison and Baskerville's translation of
Grosschopp, Leo's Angelsachsisches Glossar, a con-
cordance to the MSS. of Alfred prepared by the
author for separate publication, the new Bosworth
as far as published, and a number of unglossaried
texts. Among matters of detail we note the strictly
alphabetical arrangement, the reduction of spelling
to the Early West Saxon standard (provided the
forms actually occur), the use of the macron as the
only diacritical mark, the reference of many words
to the MSS. in which they occur, the grammatical
references to Sweet's Reader and to Cook's Sievers,
and the large number of cross-references. The work
is a square octavo of 369 three-columned pages.
Mm o/ Pasquier's third volume of Memoirs
Paiquier's ( Scribner), opening with the first
Memmrt. Bourbon restoration and closing with
the earlier events of the second, will prove of ab-
sorbing interest to serious readers. The story of
the Hundred Days is luminously treated, chiefly
from the political standpoint; and the book through-
out is rich in incidents that fell under Pasquier's
immediate notice. Commenting on Waterloo, he
describes the dissatisfaction of the marshals over
Grouchy's appointment, at the previous council at
Charleroi, to the very important command of the
army corps constituting the right flank. After the
council, it seems, Soult, as spokesman for his col-
leagues, returned, and informed the Emperor that
the marshals considered it their duty to say that
they believed Grouchy had received a command
altogether disproportionate to his talents. Capable
of executing in the field, with brilliancy and effect,
orders immediately given him, he was incapable of
an initiative, and lacked the perspicacity needed to-
modify orders in obedience to new and unforeseen
conditions. Grouchy, in short, was a serviceable
tool — but only a tool. Napoleon, continues Pas-
quier, strode up and down for a few moments, as
was his custom, without answering, and then said:
"You are right, sir; Marshal Grouchy is not en-
dowed with any great ability; but what am I to
do? I have just given him his baton, and I can-
not refuse him a command. Moreover, I have
placed by his side two of the army's best lieutenant-
generals; they will guide him, and, besides, I will
constantly have my eye on him." "After this, Sire,
our responsibility ceases," said Soult, as he with-
drew. Whether or no the loss of the battle of
Waterloo is rightly laid at Grouchy's door, is a
question; but it is certain his appointment was a
disastrous one. All in all, the Pasquier Memoirs
may be regarded as the weightiest and most critical
of recent contributions to Napoleonic history.
BRIEFER MENTION.
From the special publication department of Messrs.
Ginn & Co. we have received an edition of the Tacitean
"Dialogus de Oratoribus," prepared by Mr. Alfred
Gndeman of the University of Pennsylvania. This edi-
tion, including, as the title-page adds, "prolegomena,
critical apparatus, exegetical and critical notes, bibli-
ography, and indexes," is upon a scale that may fairly
be termed monumental, for the fifty slight pages of the-
Latin text are imbedded in over five hundred pages of
erudite comment. This is indeed the thoroughness which
we are accustomed to style Germanic. It represents
over five years of steady work on the part of the editor.
The same publishers send us a college edition of the
"Dialogus," edited for their " Series of Latin Authors"
by Mr. Charles E. Bennett, and based in part upon the
manuscript notes of the late Lucius Heritage.
First among the new German text-books upon our
table must be named Dr. Sylvester Primer's very at-
tractive and complete edition of " Nathan der Weise"
(Heath). Introduction, notes, and bibliography are all
good. For younger students, Professor Charles F. Brusie-
has edited three of Theodor Storm's charming " Ges-
chichten aus der Tonne." Still younger students are
aimed at by Mr. R. J. Morich, who edits a tale entitled
"Fritz auf dem Lande" (Maynard), by Herr Hans Ar-
nold, unknown, we should say, to any extended fame.
It is not often that a new writer finds himself, after
not more than four or five years of vogue, put among
the classics, but some such fate has now befallen Dr.
A. Conan Doyle, in the selection of his " Micah Clarke"


1894.]
237
THE
DIAL
for use as a school reading-book (Longmans). The text
is of course much condensed, and the chapters are pro-
vided with explanatory vocabularies. After all, school-
children often have put before them matter of far less
value, to say nothing of interest. In this connection we
note the publication (Harper) of a handsome library
edition, with good illustrations by Mr. G. W. Bardwell,
-of this really great novel of Monmouth and his Rebellion.
The maximum condensation not incompatible with
interest and readability seems to be the aim of the " Co-
lumbian Knowledge " series (Roberts), edited by Pro-
fessor David P. Todd. We have had occasion to praise
highly Mr. Fletcher's " Public Libraries in America,"
written for this series, and similar praise is deserved by
Mrs. Mabel Loomis Todd's "Total Eclipses of the Sun."
The amount of accurate information collected within
the covers of this little volume is very great, and the
setting-forth thereof, with the aid of maps, diagrams,
and cuts, leaves little to be desired. Mrs. Todd has
chosen for her subject one of the most fascinating chap-
ters of astronomical science, and even the specialist in
eclipses, unless his reading is close up to date, may find
matters of interest in this excellent little treatise.
Some time ago we noted the appearance of the first
volume of "A Laboratory Manual of Physics and Ap-
plied Electricity" (Macmillan), edited by Professor
Edward L. Nichols. The second and final volume,
containing " Senior Courses and Outlines of Advanced
Work," is now at hand. In the preparation of this vol-
ume the editor has had the collaboration of Messrs. G.
S. Moler, F. Bedell, H. J. Hotchkiss, and C. P. Mat-
thews. The electrical courses given are in direct and
alternating current work, the others in photometry, heat,
spectroscopy, physiological optics, and magnetism. The
treatise is one of the best of its class that we have seen.
The third volume of Larned's " History for Ready
Reference," Gree — Nibe (C. A. Nichols Co., Spring-
field, Mass.), amply fulfils the promise made by the first
two volumes, reviewed in The Dial for September 16.
The important papers are upon Greece, History, Hun-
gary, India, Ireland, Italy, Jews, Law, Libraries, Ma-
hometan Conquest and Empire, Massachusetts, Medical
Science, Mexico, Money and Banking, Netherlands,
New England, and New York. These take up over 500
pages of the 793 contained in the volume. The histor-
ical sketch of Law was prepared by Austin Abbott,
Dean of the New York University Law School, but upon
the same general plan as the other papers.
Recent text-books of the French language are Mile.
Rosine MellC's "The Contemporary French Writers"
(Ginn), including selections which we cannot say are
always happy for their purpose; a volume of " Extraits
Choisis des (Euvres de Paul Bourget" (Ginn), author-
ized by M. Bourget, and edited by Mr. Alphonse N. Van
Daell; "Meletoi de Ton Me'tier" (Maynard), a child's
story by Mile. L. Bruneau, edited by Mr. W. S. Lyon;
and the "Preparatory French Reader" (Allyn) which
Mr. George W. Rollins has just put forth. The selec-
tions in this volume range from Baron Marbot to La-
biche, from La Fontaine to Gautier. There is a full
vocabulary and a table of irregular conjugations.
A useful handbook for persons practically connected
with the art of printing is Mr. W. J. Kelly's short treat-
ise on " Presswork " (The Inland Printer Co., Chicago).
It is made up of information and directions on a mul-
titude of technical subjects, such as "making ready " a
form on the press, "overlaying" and "underlaying,"
the qualities and proper treatment of inks, etc. Printers
of the older school will look in vain for any but a casual
reference to dampened paper—the disuse of which, con-
sequent upon the introduction of swift cylinder presses,
the " old-timers " will probably never quite cease to de-
plore. Their reverence for old times and methods will,
however, find satisfaction in Mr. Kelly's admission that
after an investigation of all the systems of "make-
ready " of the present time, he is unable to discover a
single effective one which is not traceable to those used
in hand-press printing. Even Mr. Ruskin could not
ask a better tribute than this.
"The Surgeon's Daughter " and " Castle Dangerous"
are the contents of the volume which completes the
"Dryburgh " edition of the " Waverley Novels " (Mac-
millan) . The illustratious to this volume are by Messrs.
Paul Hardy and Walter Paget. One may now have the
pleasure of contemplating all twenty-five of these " Dry-
burgh " books in a row, and few book-shelves will be as
well furnished as that on which they rest. We have
so frequently praised this edition of the great romancer,
as it has come to us in instalments, that anything we
might now say would be mere superfluous repetition. A
note must be made, however, of the general index to the
set which comes at the end of this last volume.
That classic of mountaineering, Mr. Edward Whym-
per's " Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equa-
tor," reviewed by us at the time of its publication in
1892, has just been reissued by the Scribners at a
noticeable reduction in price, although the form is sub-
stantially that of the expensive first edition. From the
same publishers we have a reissue, in a single stout vol-
ume, with slightly reduced text and greatly reduced
price, of General A. W. Greely's " Three Years of Arc-
tic Service," with its graphic and intensely interesting
story of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition of 1881-84.
New York Topics.
New York, October 10, 1894.
The death of Dr. Holmes is the event chiefly spoken
of in literary circles in New York. I may be permitted
to recall here my last glimpse of the poet (which was
also my first). It was at his home on Beacon street,
and no earlier than the Spring of the present year. I
had previously called to see him during the winter, with
proper credentials, and was informed that he was " out,"
not learning until two or three days after that he was
seriously ill and in charge of a nurse. Of late years, it
seems, a system had been perfected for concealing any
illness, even the slightest, from public knowledge; for
no sooner would such a rumor get abroad than all Bos-
ton would flock to Beacon street to make inquiries. I
was received by the Doctor in the well-known study
overlooking the Back Bay, and we chatted of my busi-
ness for some ten minutes. He complained slightly of
the after effects of his illness, but he was so bright and
chatty and well-looking that I set him down mentally
for from five to ten years more of life at least. What
seemed to worry him more than anything else was the
constant flow of letters which poured in on him every
day; and yet I could not help fancying that he would
have greatly missed them if they had ceased to come.
The death of the Autocrat seems to have been com-
mented on in print less than might have been expected.
Coming without warning, it threw the daily papers en-


THE DIAL
[Oct. 16,
tirely upon obituaries already at hand in their files.
His family, also, suppressed all efforts to make his fu-
neral an affair of public demonstration, and it took
place during a severe storm, with King's Chapel only
half filled. Dr. Holmes's last appearance in this city
was at a medical dinner given him here some years ago.
He did not often visit the metropolis.
The death of Professor Vincenzo Botta, which re-
sulted from the effects of a fall from his window, re-
moves about the last survivor of the old New York lit-
erary group. He married Miss Anne Lynch in 1855.
It was at one of Miss Lynch's receptions that Poe first
acknowledged and recited " The Raven," and after her
marriage Mrs. Botta continued to hold these receptions
until her death two years ago. Since that event Pro-
fessor Botta has been busy with Mrs. Botta's "Me-
moirs," recently published.
The visit of the rector of Shakespeare's church in
Stratford-on-A von to this country, in search of the grave
of that Virginia settler who attended Shakespeare's fu-
neral, is a matter of some amusement to those who re-
member Mr. Moncure D. Conway's similar search some
years ago. Whence Frederick Wadsworth Loring, or
the residents of Fredericksburg, derived the legend on
which Loring's poem is based, I know not, as the poem
appeared in " The Atlantic Monthly " in 1870, and Lor-
ing was killed by Arizona Indians the following year.
The first stanza reads:
"In the old churchyard at Fredericksburg
A gravestone stands to-day.
Marking the place where a grave has been.
Though many and many a year has it seen
Since its tenant mouldered away.
And that quaintly carved old stone
Tells its simple tale to all: —
'Here lies a bearer of the pall
At the funeral of Shakespeare.'"
It is a fine poem throughout, and it led Mr. Conway a
fine chase after the aforesaid tombstone. He found it
at last, I believe, and also found that it belonged to
another man, and that no pall-bearer of Shakespeare
could have died at Fredericksburg anyhow. All this
was told in a merry fashion by Mr. Conway himself at
the time. The "Springfield Republican " animadverts
rather severely upon Dr. Arbuthnot for his "restora-
tions " in the Stratford church, but says that his action
in suppressing the noisy tourists who visit it is com-
mendable.
Another traveller from England, Dr. A. Conan Doyle,
has been the object of a great deal of attention from
New York editors and publishers. After three or four
days of entertainment on the part of these friends, Dr.
Doyle and his brother left for the Adirondacks for a
week's shooting. He stood the usual fire of questioning
from reporters on his arrival, and came off very well,
doubtless being prepared to meet this ordeal. He lec-
tured here once before leaving for Chicago.
Mr. S. R. Crockett's new book, "The Lilac Sunbon-
net," which Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. are about to
publish, is said to be a more poetic and tender romance
than those which have preceded it. There is perhaps
more of delicacy and charm than is shown in the others.
This firm is just bringing out the poems of Frank L.
Stanton, of the "Atlanta Constitution," with the title,
"Songs of the Soil." Mr. Stanton is a working jour-
nalist, and his verse has been written at odd moments,
but it has been taken up and copied all over the coun-
try. The book will include poems both of sentiment
and dialect.
"Iola, the Senator's Daughter " is a story of ancient
Rome, soon to be brought out by Messrs. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. It is intended to be a life picture of the
business r la sees of that city nineteen centuries ago, the
author's theory being that the Romans did not always
wear the toga, but were often modern in their ways.
Another volume of special interest on this firm's list is
the "Napoleon" of Alexandre Dumas, translated by
Mr. John B. Larner, a Washington lawyer, who is
said to have preserved the very forceful style of the
French original. The Pntnams will publish in Janu-
ary the first volume of M. Jusserand's " Literary His-
tory of the English People," which has attracted a great
deal of attention in England. M. J usse rand is thought
"to have been influenced by Taine and John Richard
Green, but the scale of his book gives him the liberty
of indulging in detail where Green could only work
! through a few broad strokes, while the thirty years that
have elapsed since Taine's book saw the light, not to
mention the idiosyncrasies of the two writers, have
shown him that if a literary history is to be true the
historian must not ride theories to death."
Arthur Stedman.
IaxERARY Notes.
One of the most important books promised for the
near future is the late Professor Jowett's "Conversa-
tions."
Dr. Alice B. Stockham's " Koradine," issued as a sub-
scription book, is now offered through the trade, and at
a much reduced price.
Mr. Alma Tadema is said to be preparing a volume
of reminiscences which will include his impressions of
many men of celebrity with whom he has been associated.
Mrs. Minerva B. Norton, author of "In and Around
Berlin " and other books, as well as an occasional con-
tributor to The Dial, died at her home at Beloit, Wis.,
early in the present month.
Dr. Heinrich Hoffman, author of "Struwelpeter,"
died at Frankfort, towards the close of last month.
The "Saturday Review " calls him one of the greatest
benefactors of his race in the last half-century.
The "History of the Thousand," by no less a person-
age than Signor Crispi, is an interesting announcement
from Italy. It will be remembered that the author,
himself a Sicilian, took a prominent part in the expedi-
tion.
Professor B. A. Hinsdale, of Ann Arbor, has printed
a "Teacher's Professional Book List" leaflet, giving
the titles of some thirty books believed by him to be
among the most useful for the foundation of a profes-
sional library.
Professor William Cranston Lawton publishes a syl-
labus of a course of lectures on the New England poets.
The lives of the six poets are tabulated in parallel col-
umns, and the facts are thus helpfully displayed for
ready reference.
The literary remains of Heliuholtz are to be edited
by Professor A. Konig, of Berlin, a former pupil and
collaborateur of the great physiologist, and editor of the
'* Zeitschrift fur Psychologie " and of the " Verhand-
lungeu der Physikalischen Gesellscbaft zu Berlin."
Professor William M. Ramsay, A.M., professor of
humanity at the University of Aberdeen, is announced
to lecture at the Johns Hopkins University on the Lev-


1894.]
239
THE
DIAL
ering lectureship foundation on October 19, 20, 21, and
22. Professor Ramsay formerly occupied the chair of
classical archaeology at Exeter College, Oxford.
Among the new and forthcoming books of Messrs. A.
C. McClurg & Co., Chicago, are "The Crucifixion of
Philip Strong," a novel by Mr. Charles M. Sheldon; " My
Lady," a story by Miss Marguerite Bouvet, illustrated
by Miss Helen M. Armstrong; "Polar Gleams, an Ac-
count of a Voyage on the Yacht' Blencathra,'" by Miss
Helen Peel; aud four volumes of reprints of Green,
Spenser, Jonson, and Greville.
Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. will publish imme-
diately " Philip and his Wife," by Mrs. Margaret De-
land; a cheaper edition, reduced in size, of the Vedder-
FitzGerald "Rubaiyat"; Mr. Aldrich's " The Story of
a Bad Boy," illustrated by Mr. A. B. Frost; the "Life,
Letters, and Diary of Lucy Larcora," by the Rev. D. D.
Addison; "In the Dozy Hours," by Miss Agnes Rep-
plier; and "Three Boys on an Electrical Boat," by
Professor John Trowbridge.
Professor Vincenzo Botta, of New York, died on the
fifth of this month, at the age of seventy-five. A Pied-
montese by birth, he was a professor in the University
of Turin, a member of the Sardinian legislature, and a
special commissioner of the government for the study
of foreign educational systems. He came to this coun-
try in 1853, became naturalized, married Anne C. Lynch,
and occupied for many years a professorship in Italian in
the University of the City of New York. Among his
books are a memorial volume to his wife, and works upon
Dante, Cavour, and modern Italian philosophy.
A suit now pending in the United States Circuit Court
at Philadelphia 1 as for its object the testing of the
Copyright Act of 1890. The complainants are Mr. H.
Rider Haggard and Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co.,
represented by Mr. Daniel Greenleaf Thompson. The
point at issue is the power of Congress to delegate de-
clarative power to the President, and consequently the
constitutionality of the law itself. Since other such
delegations of power have already been fully sustained
by the courts, there is no reasonable doubt of their find-
ing in the present case, and it will be well to have the
question settled forever.
In concluding a series of selections from the corre-
spondence of Poe, in "The Century Magazine " for Oc-
tober, Mr. G. E. Woodberry says: "It is a gratification
to find that American men of letters who were contem-
porary with Poe are so fully freed from the charge,
brought against them by English admirers of the poet, of
lack of aid and appreciation toward him. Few men have
received such cordial encouragement, praise, and wel-
come, material and moral, as Poe received from nearly
all who were brought into relations with him, and the
number of these was many—Irving, Kennedy, Paulding,
Hawthorne, Willis, Lowell, Simms, and others less dis-
tinguished, but then of note. Yet Mr. Andrew Lang
says that Poe was 'a gentleman among canaille.'"
The London correspondent of "The Critic " has the
following interesting note about a biography that we
are all waiting for: "Lord Tennyson has been occupied
upon the life of his father continuously during the past
few months, and has made considerable progress with
it, but the work will certainly not be completed during
the present year, and it is doubtful whether it will even
see the light during 1895. When it comes, it will be
genuinely welcome. It is announced that Lord Tenny-
son has had the personal assistance of several eminent
men of letters, foremost among whom one would place
conjecturally the names of Mr. Frederick Locker-Lamp-
son and Mr. Theodore Watts. But no detail of the
probable character of the volume has been allowed to
escape from Farringford, nor is it likely that anything
will be known until the biography makes its public ap-
pearance."
President J. N. Lamed of the American Library As-
sociation made an address at the Lake Placid meeting
of that organization, which is summarized as " a mas-
terly setting-forth of the relation of public libraries to
the social movement of the time, claiming for them an
exact fitness to the needs of the age. The education of
the schools and universities fails to carry more than a
select few beyond the rudiments, giving to the masses
only that 'little knowledge' which is dangerous. The
newspaper press, valuable as it is, is to a large extent
mercenary and partisan, and, as generally read, culti-
vates prejudice and disseminates narrow views. To the
public library, distributing to the homes of the people
good literature, and welcoming to its halls all students
of any subject without question as to their previous at-
tainments, we look for that generosity and breadth of
popular culture which alone can save our democratic
commonwealth from destruction."
A monument to Shelley was unveiled at Viareggio
on the morning of September 30. The press dispatches
thus describe the work and the occasion: "The monu-
ment, which is fifteen feet high, faces the sea in Paolina
square. The bust is the work of the sculptor Sig. Ur-
bano Lucchesi. It represents the poet at the age of 29
years, in a meditative attitude. The pedestal is simple,
but elegant. On the side away from the sea a design
of intertwined branches of oak and olive encircles a
book bearing on its cover the word' Prometeo.' Above
this is an inscription written by Sig. Bovio, reading thus:
To Percy Btshk Shelley,
Heart of Hearts:
Drowned in this sea; cremated on this spot, where he
composed " Prometheus Unbound." A posthumous
page wherein every generation will have a
token of its straggles, its tears,
its redemption.
The weather was bad, but despite this drawback there
was a great gathering of English residents and eminent
Italians, including Signori Panzacchi, Cavallotti, Villari,
Coppino, and Martini. Representatives of the Univer-
sities of Rome and Pisa were also present. Lady Shel-
ley was represented by Col. Leigh Hunt. Sig. Riccioni
delivered an address, after which he formally trans-
ferred the monument to the keeping of the mayor of
Viarreggio amid the cheering of the assemblage."
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
October, 1894- (Second List).
Astronomy and Religion. Sir Edwin Arnold. No. American.
Bayreuth. William Morton Payne. Music.
Bookbinding, Commercial. Illus. Brander Matthews. Century.
Bryant's Place in Literature. W.R.Thayer. Rev. of Reviews.
Buddhism and Christianity. Paul Carus. Monist.
Burraah. Dlus. Marion M. Pope. Century.
Dana, Charles A. Illus. E. P. Mitchell. McClure's.
De Foe and Malthus. Social Economist.
Economic Education, The Future of. Social Economist.
"Eminent Scoundrel" in Literature, The. Dial (Oct. 16).
Energy, The Conservation of. Ernst Mach. Monist.
English at WellesleyCollege. Katharine L.Bates. Dtal(Oct.l6).


THE DIAL
[Oct. 16,
Ethics and Biology. Edmund Montgomery. Jour, of Elhict.
Folk-Speech in America. Edward Eggleston. Century.
Hedonism, Rational. Constance Jonee. Jour, of Ethics.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell. Dial (Oct. 16).
Indian, Education of the. James H.Kyle. No. American.
Irrigation in the West. Dlus. Rev. of Reviews.
Li Hung Chang. Illus. J. R. Young. Rev. of Reviews.
London, Municipal Problems of. The Lord Mayor. No. Am.
Luxury. Henry Sedgwick. Journal of Ethics.
McClellan and his "Mission." Jas. B. Fry. Century.
Moon's Surface, Our Knowledge of. E. S. Holden. McClure's.
Motion, the Nature of. J. W. Powell. Monist.
Music and Nutrition. E. B. Perry. Music.
Niagara, The Capture of. Illus. McClure's.
Psalms, Music of the. N. H. Imber. Music.
Roads, English, and Streets of London. Social Economist.
Senate, Abolishment of the. H. von Hoist. Monist.
Sherman Letters, The. B.A.Hinsdale. Dial (Oct 16).
Snake Poison, Inoculation Against. Illus. McClure's.
Stedman, Edmund Clarence. Royal Cortissoz. Century.
Thoreau's Letters. Louis J. Block. Dial (Oct. 161.
Trade Unions, Tendencies of. Social Economist.
Transatlantic Mails, The. J. Henniker Heaton. No. Am.
Treasury, Peril of the. Geo. S. Boutwell. No. American.
Wealth Against Commonwealth. W. H.Smith. Dial (Oct. 16).
Woman, The Renaissance of. Lady Somerset. Wo. American.
LiiST of New Books.
[The following list, embracing 77 titles, includes all books
received by The Dial since last issue.]
HISTORY.
The History of Sicily from the Earliest Times. By Edward
A. Freeman, M.A.; edited, with notes, etc., by Arthur
J. Evans, M.A. Vol. IV., wit h maps, etc., 8vo, uncut,
pp. 551. Macmillan & Co. $5.25.
Venice. By Alethea Wiel, author of "Two Doges of Ven-
ice." Dlus., 12mo, pp. 478. Putnam's "Story of the
Nations Series." $1.50.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Life or Frances Power Cobbe. By Herself. In 2 vols.,
illus., gilt tops, uncut. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $4.
Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Sidney Lee.
Vol. XL., Myllar—Nicholls; 8vo, uncut, pp. 451. Mac-
millan & Co. $3.75.
Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic. By J. L.
Straohan Davidson, M.A. Dlus., 12mo, pp. 446. Put-
nam's " Heroes of the Nations." $1.50.
Famous Leaders Among Men. By Sarah Knowles Bol-
ton, author of " Famous Men of Science." Illus., 12mo,
pp.404. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.50.
Diary of Anna Green Wlnslow, a Boston School Girl of
1771. Edited by Alice Morse Earle. Illus., 12mo, pp.
121. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Sounds and Inflections of the Greek Dialects:
Ionic. By Herbert Weir Smyth. 8vo, pp. 668. Mac-
millan & Co. $6.
The Writings of Thomas Paine. Collected and edited by
Moncnre D. Conway, author of " The Life of Thomas
Paine." Vol. II., 1779-1792; 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp.
523. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.
Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Edited by the
Rev. Walter W. Skeat, LL.D. Vol. 3. The Canterbury
Tales; 8vo, uncut, pp. 667. Macmillan & Co. $4.
The Age of Fable; or. Beauties of Mythology. By Thomas
Bulfinch; new enlarged and illustrated edition, edited
by E. E. Hale. Illus., 12mo, pp. 568. Lee & Shepard.
$2.50.
Military Essays and Recollections: Papers Read before
the Dlinois Commandery of the Loyal Legion. Vol. II.,
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242
(Oct. 16,
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1894.]
247
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THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. sol. NOVEMBER 1, 1894. Vol. XVII.
Contents.
PASS
COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY ENGLISH. A SUM-
MARY 249
JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE (with Biography and
Bibliography) 251
ENGLISH TRIBUTES TO HOLMES 252
"MERE LITERATURE." John Burroughs . . . . 253
COMMUNICATIONS 254
The "Royal Road" to Learning. William M.
Bryant.
Mr. John Fiske and the California Vigilants. C.
Clark.
AN AMERICAN STAGE FAVORITE. E. Q.J. .256
THE REAL JAPAN OF OLD. Ernest W. Clement . 258
THE CANTERBURY TALES AS POETRY. Hiram
Corson 260
CURIOSITIES OF AFRICAN FOLK-LORE. Fred-
erick Starr 261
RECENT ENGLISH NOVELS. WiUiam Morton Pagne 263
Meredith'B Lord Orraont.— Du Manner's Trilby.—
Caine's The Manxman.—Weyman's My Lady Rotha.
— Violet Hunt's The Maiden's Progress. — Black's
Highland Cousins.— Mrs. Woods's The Vagabonds.
— Z. Z.'s A Drama in Dutch.— Gilkes's The Thing
That Hath Been.— Arabella Kenealy's Dr. Janet of
Harley Street. — Hope's A Change of Air. — The
Green Carnation.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 267
Life and men as seen by a portrait painter.—Life and
works of Samuel Longfellow.—" Max O'Rell "among
the English.— Baedeker's Gnide-book to Canada.—
The diary of a Boston school-girl.— Studies of cos-
tume in Colonial times.— A superfluous book about
Napoleon.
BRIEFER MENTION 269
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 270
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 271
LIST OF NEW BOOKS / . 271
COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY ENGLISH.
A SUMMARY.
With the article upon " English at Wellesley
College," printed in the last issue of The Dial,
we closed our series of reports upon the work
done in English at our colleges and univer-
sities. These reports, contributed in every case
by someone closely identified with the English
department of the institution concerned, and in
the majority of cases by the head of the de-
partment, have provided the most elaborate
comparative showing ever made of the methods
pursued in this important branch of the higher
instruction. There have been eighteen arti-
cles altogether, representing as many centres
of lig