ht and leading; and while the subject
might have been continued for some months
more without loss of interest, enough facts have
been furnished to provide a safe basis for gen-
eralization, and to illustrate every important
phase of the teaching of English as it is now
understood by those among us who are fore-
most in its profession.
The colleges and universities represented in
this series fall into certain natural groups which
it may be well to indicate. First of all, we
have such venerable Eastern institutions as
Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and the University
of Pennsylvania. With these we may group
Amherst and Lafayette, standing for the class
of small colleges to which American education
owes a debt far from measurable by their size,
and the University of Virginia, representing
the earlier type of Southern education so well
justified of its children during the long ante-
bellum period. A second and fairly compact
group is formed of the state-supported institu-
tions of the New West — the Universities of
Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa,
Nebraska, and California. The third and last
group includes those later foundations of pri-
vate philanthropy which, with their suddenly
acquired wealth and mushroom-like rate of de-
velopment, already threaten to overshadow the
ancient fame of the New England institutions.
To this category belong Cornell and Stanford
Universities, and the University of Chicago.
Here we may also include, as representing both
the new philanthropy and the new spirit that


250
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
does not seek to exclude woman from the ben-
efits of the higher culture, the excellent college
to which special attention was called in our last
issue — Wellesley.
Although this grouping is but one of several
that might be chosen, it seems, on the whole,
the most natural and the most suggestive. It
very nearly amounts to a geographical group-
ing of the East and the West, or to a chrono-
logical grouping of the old and the new. And
perhaps the first idea suggested by this anti-
thesis of East and West, of old and new, is
that the former class stands for a conservative
adherence to well-tried methods and aims, while
the latter class stands for experiment, fertility
of invention, and the broadening of standards.
Certainly, the new ideas and the novel methods
reported come rather from the West than the
East, rather from the youthful than from the
ancient foundations. It is undoubtedly true
that the newer communities of the West sup-
ply the educator with a cruder material than
comes into the hands of a New England fac-
ulty, and possibly this is the very thing that
stimulates him to new departures and novel
activities. It makes a vast difference whether
the average student comes from a home in which
books are among the most essential of furnish-
ings and from a family in which culture is a
traditional inheritance, or from the environ-
ment of the pioneer settlement, which has not
yet forgotten or outlived the hard struggle for
subsistence and a foothold. And, while we are
not disposed to say that the new universities
are doing more than the old ones for the study
of our common speech and literary inheritance,
we cannot refrain from commendation of the
alertness, the keenness of scent, and the adapt-
ability with which they are shaping their work
to their special conditions.
Viewing our collection of reports as a whole,
it is clear that they supply the material for a
considerable number of fairly trustworthy in-
ductions. A few of these we will endeavor
briefly to set forth. The statistics given to
show the numbers of students pursuing English
courses at the respective colleges show that
these courses are nearly everywhere very pop-
ular. They run the classical courses closely,
and in some cases seem to attract a larger num-
ber of students, although the figures are lack-
ing for any exact comparative statement on this
subject. In a recent review article Professor
Woodrow Wilson contends that the twin bases
of the new liberal education ought to be the
study of literature and the study of institu-
tions. As far as the study of literature is
concerned, it would seem that the contention
is already justified, or nearly so, by the fact.
The thousand odd students at Yale (and Shef-
field), at Harvard, at the Universities of Mich-
igan, and even of Nebraska, give eloquent tes-
timony to the popularity of English teaching,
to say nothing of the 873 reported by Cali-
fornia, the 629 by Chicago, and the 450 by
Stanford. Equally eloquent, from another
point of view, are such English faculties as that
of Harvard, with twenty men, and of Chicago,
with fifteen. Courses are reported iu so many
different ways that comparison is not easy ; but
Chicago, with upwards of sixty hours a week,
seems to head the list, while Harvard, Stanford,
and California are not far behind.
The important subject of entrance require-
ments is not discussed in the majority of our
reports, but the few allusions made to it are of
the greatest interest. During the present year,
Yale has for the first time required an entrance
qualification in English. From Pennsylvania
comes the vague report that " English litera-
ture" is required for entrance. As we go West,
we do better and better. Indiana has relegated
the bugbear of "Freshman English" to the
preparatory schools, and Nebraska has accom-
plished a similar reform. The most interesting
reports upon this subject come from the Pacific
Coast. The University of California requires
"a high-school course of at least three years,
at the rate of five hours a week; and it advo-
cates, and from some schools secures, a four
years' course." This requirement is further
said to be fifty per cent more extensive and
stringent than that made by the New England
Association of Colleges. Stanford University
started out with what was substantially the New
England requirement, but has since raised that
standard upon the side of composition. "This
year," it is said, "we have absolutely refused
to admit to our courses students unprepared to
do real collegiate work. The Freshman En-
glish course in theme-writing has been elimin-
ated from our programme, and has been turned
over to approved teachers and to the various
secondary schools. Had this salutary innova-
tion not been accomplished, all the literary
courses would have been swept away by the rap-
idly growing inundation of Freshman themes,
and all our strength and courage would have
been dissipated in preparing our students to do
respectable work at more happily equipped uni-
versities."
The study of these reports shows the exist-


1894.]
251
THE DIAL
ence, in most of our colleges, of a well-marked
differentiation of literature from linguistics.
In many of the cases, indeed, there is an equally
distinct differentiation of rhetoric from the
other two departments. We have, of course,
no quarrel with either the science of linguistics
or the art of rhetoric, but we have always con-
tended that neither of the two should be per-
mitted to masquerade as the study of literature.
It is gratifying to find that the distinction is
both made and observed in nearly all of the in-
stitutions under consideration. "Mere litera-
ture " seems to have its full share of attention
and teaching strength; it appears to be cor-
dially recognized as a true university subject,
with its own methods and aims, and with its
own tests of the culture which it has to impart.
That university teaching in literature may be
made something more than the " chatter about
Shelley " which one of its most famous oppo-
nents delighted to call it, should be sufficiently
evident from a careful study of these eighteen
reports. The question may be raised whether
it would not be well to set an official seal upon
the separation of literature from its allied sub-
jects by making of it a separate department of
university work, just as some of our more pro-
gressive institutions have erected sociology into
a distinct department, thus definitely marking
it off from the allied departments of political
and economic science. If literature, linguistics,
and rhetoric are grouped together as consti-
tuting a single department, it becomes almost
impossible to provide that department with a
suitable head. One can no longer be a specialist
in so many fields; the head of a modern En-
glish department is not likely to be both an
accomplished student of literature and a philo-
logical expert; and since his real distinction is
pretty sure to be in one of these subjects alone,
there is always the danger that the subject of
which he is master will be given a preponder-
ant place in the work of his department.
Space fails us for the discussion of the many
remaining subjects of interest offered by a
comparative examination of these reports. We
should like to speak of the growing impor-
tance of graduate work in English, of the ten-
dency to give a larger place to Seminar inves-
tigation, of the historical aspect of literary
study, of the extent to which American litera-
ture should receive special treatment, of the
importance of introducing courses which bring
into comparison the literatures of culture, of
the inexhaustible subject of special methods
of instruction, and the equally inexhaustible
subject of the general aims to be kept in view
by the teacher of literature. To some or all
of these subjects we shall doubtless recur as
occasion arises, and in connection with the dis-
cussion that is likely to follow the republication
of these reports in their more serviceable per-
manent shape. Our closing word shall be one
of gratification at the admirable variety, vital-
ity, and individuality of the presentment as a
whole. Whatever may be the shortcomings of
our present higher instruction in English, it
has not fallen into the stagnation of a pedantic
routine. It is alert, progressive, and eager in
its outlook for higher things than have as yet
been attained, however far it may yet be from
the fulfilment of its whole ambition.
JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE.
However diverse may be the judgments passed
upon the work of Professor Froude, friends and
foes must unite to recognize in him one of the giants
of his age. His impress upon the spiritual de-
velopment of the last half-century has been very
deep, and would have been deeper had he stood by
himself, not overshadowed by his friend and mas-
ter, Carlyle. His originality, combined with his
aggressive energy, was bound to stir up contention,
into whatever field of thought he might make excur-
sions; and few men have lived so continuously as
he in an atmosphere of acrimonious disputation.
His abandonment of the priestly profession, coupled
with the outspoken propositions of "The Nemesis
of Faith," aroused the first bitterness against him,
and his famous defense of Henry the Eighth set all
the dogs of controversy upon his heels. The deliv-
ery and subsequent publication of his American lec-
tures exposed him to reprisals from vindictive Irish-
men all over the world, and all sorts of colonial
doctrinaires felt themselves outraged by his two
books upon the outlying provinces of the English
Empire. Then came the Carlyle publications, with
their unnecessarily truthful revelations; and there
were none so poor, after that, to do reverence to
an editor who had thus ruthlessly (although in all
unconsciousness) played the iconoclast.
We think that the general effect of the many at-
tacks made upon the great historian has been to
create a distinctly unfair and prejudiced opinion
concerning the value of his work, and that his repu-
tation is one that will grow rather than diminish
with the lapse of years. Let us allow to the full
for the exaggerated hero-worship of many of his
books, and for his constitutional inability to see
things from any other than his own intensely indi-
vidual standpoint; let us also allow for the charges
of inaccuracy and the unscholarly use of material,
not only brought against him, but amply substan-
tiated, by such men as Professor Freeman and Pro-


252
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL.
fessor Charles Eliot Norton; yet when all these
allowances have been made, there still remains the
great corpus of his work, magnificent as literature,
masterly in its power of holding the attention, and,
after all, consistent with itself and with the method
deliberately chosen by the author to fit with his nat-
ural predispositions. It is the ethical method, not
the scientific, and must be judged by its own stan-
dards, unless, indeed, the possibility of an ethical
method of writing history be denied altogether. His-
tory, he said, "is a voice forever sounding across
the centuries the laws of right and wrong. . . .
Justice and truth alone endure and live. Injustice
and falsehood may be long-lived, but doomsday comes
at last to them, in French revolutions and other ter-
rible ways." And he remarks in another passage
that " the most perfect English history which exists
is to be found in the historical plays of Shakespeare.
. . . Shakespeare's object was to exhibit as faith-
fully as he could the exact character of the great
actors in the national drama — the circumstances
which surround them, and the motives, internal and
external, by which they were influenced. To know
this is to know all. . . . No such directness of
insight, no such breadth of sympathy, has since been
applied to the writing of English history." Now
Professor Freeman, for example, did not write his-
tory upon this theory, and consequently his stric-
tures altogether miss the essential point at issue.
Time, which sets most matters right, will justify
Professor Fronde's method by preserving his mem-
ory and by sparing his books from oblivion. They
will remain, we doubt not, as lasting monuments of
our literature, and minister not only to the delight
but also to the instruction (in the higher sense) of
generations yet unborn.
BIOGRAPHY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
James Anthony Froude was born on the 23d of April
(Shakespeare's birthday), 1818, at Totnes, in Devon-
shire. He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, where
he took bis degree in 1840. In 1842 he took the Chan-
cellor's prize for an essay on " The Influence of the Sci-
ence of Political Economy on the Moral and Social
Welfare of the Nation," and in the same year became
a fellow of Exeter College. While a student he had
come under the influence of the Tractarians, and deter-
mined to follow the clerical life. He received deacon's
orders in 1844, but during the years immediately fol-
lowing his ideas became so modified that he found it
impossible to remain identified with a church that was
wedded to what he called the "Hebrew mythology."
His " Nemesis of Faith " (1848) gave expression to his
changed views and marked his separation from the cler-
ical calling. He says of this step: "I found myself
unfitted for a clergyman's position and I abandoned it.
I did not leave the church. I withdrew into the posi-
tion of a lay member, in which I have ever since re-
mained. I gave up my fellowship and I gave up my
profession with the loss of my existing means of main-
tenance, and with the sacrifice of my future prospects."
The next year (1849) marked the beginning of his ac-
quaintance with Carlyle. During the next few years,
he contributed much to the reviews, and began the
studies for his famous "History of England from the
Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the Armada." The
first volumes of this work appeared in 1856, the last in
1869. In the latter year he was chosen Rector of St.
Andrews, and received an LL.D. from that university.
In 1872 he made a visit to the United States, and lec-
tured upon the Irish question. These lectures formed
the basis of " The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth
Century" (1871-1874). In 1874, he was sent to Cape
Colony to investigate the Kaffir insurrection. He also
travelled extensively among the English colonies, from
Australia to the West Indies. "Oceana" (1886) and
"The English in the West Indies" (1888) contained
the fruits of his many observations of Greater England.
In 1892 he was appointed by Lord Salisbury as Regius
Professor of History at Oxford, to succeed his old-time
combatant, Professor Freeman. His "Short Studies on
Great Subjects " were collected into volumes at various
dates, the first series appearing in 1867. His sketch
of "Julius Ctesar " appeared in 1876. He edited Car-
lyle's " Reminiscences " in 1881, and published the bi-
ography and letters of Carlyle in 1882 and 1884. He
also edited the "Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh
Carlyle." His other publications include the " Bunyan"
in the "English Men of Letters" series, "Reminis-
cences of an Irish Journey in 1849," " The Two Chiefs
of Dunboy," an historical romance of the last century
(1889), a life of Lord Beaconsfield (1890), "The Di-
vorce of Catherine of Aragon" (1892), "The Spanish
Story of the Armada, and Other Essays" (1892), and,
this very year of his death, a volume of Oxford lectures
on " The Life and Letters of Erasmus." He died on
the morning of October 20, after a protracted period of
illness.
ENGLISH TRIBUTES TO HOLMES.
The English literary press is substantially unani-
mous in just appreciation of the late Dr. Holmes,
and the tone of its comment is well illustrated by
the following selection of extracts. The first is from
« The Saturday Review."
"The copious and generous tributes which have been
paid by the English press to the memory of Dr. Holmes
would greatly have gratified that genial autocrat. There
are Americans who really desire to be neglected by En-
gland, and there are a great many more who are fond
of pretending to desire it. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
was none of these. While preserving that preference
for the institutions of his own country to which every
reasonable man clings, no one was more conscious than
he of the prestige and weight of the Old World, and no
one, within the bounds of self-respect, was more anxious
to come within its orbit. Dr. Holmes was by the very
constitution of his mind and the nature of his talent a
conservative. 'It is a great happiness,' he says some-
where, ' to have been born in an old house haunted by
recollections'; and to him Europe and its literature, and
its philosophy, were venerable and stately mansions in
which, if he was not actually born, he still had been a
constant and a happy lodger. He who would search for
the wild aboriginal American poet, with a mind arrayed
in boots and buckskin, had never any chance of finding
him in Beacon Street, Boston. What he found there
was a little, brilliant old gentleman, with something of
Horace Walpole about him and something of Chaulieu, a


1894.]
253
THE DIAL
touch of Gay, a suspicion of Rogers, a hint of the
abbe's who had known Voltaire,—an old gentleman who
appeared to have stepped straight out of the eighteenth
century, and to be trying by the exercise of consummate
tact and intelligence, to seem to belong to the nineteenth.
An exquisite old-fashioned sense of fitness marked all
that Dr. Holmes excelled in. . . . We shall now learn
more about him than needs be told, and there will cer-
tainly be a reaction against his present excess of celeb-
rity. But this also will pass, and Oliver Wendell
Holmes will live in the literary history of the nineteenth
century as a fellow of infinite jest, who knew mankind
and the human heart, who was the enemy of all bombast,
and bigotry, and assumption, and who exercised in what
was sometimes a very crude and fanatical generation an
influence unwaveringly on the side of urbanity and
reason."
"The Academy" makes the following remarks,
among others in similar strain:
"An attempt — not particularly happy — has been
made to 'place ' Dr. Holmes by linking his genius with
that of Charles Lamb. The resemblance between them,
if any, is quite superficial, but their difference is marked.
As Mr. George William Curtis said of Dr. Holmes's
early poems, so we might say of Lamb's most charac-
teristic work: 'The high spirits of a frolicsome fancy
effervesce and sparkle '; but, while Lamb was essentially
whimsical and often capricious, Dr. Holmes, even in his
most daring moods, was wary. He was exceedingly
sensitive on the subject of his good breeding, and felt
he could not afford to forget his manners. If bold, he
was not too bold; judicious always, without being false.
He was much bound by social usage — a Boston man,
having the fear of eminently respectable Boston always
before his eyes—and it would have horrified him to have
been responsible for those little outrages on the conven-
tionalities in which Lamb took an exquisite delight.
Moreover, Lamb's taste was more literary than that of
Dr. Holmes, and not in the least scientific; and his touch,
like Irving's, was more delicate. It is, in truth, difficult
to classify Dr. Holmes at all. He was somewhat of a
man apart. He followed no model, and has bad no suc-
cessful imitators."
And "The Athenaeum" thus passes restrained
and thoughtful judgment:
"When the time shall come for assigning their proper
place in literature to the writings of Dr. Holmes, we
think it probable that neither his lively verse nor genial
essays will be placed in the front rank. His artistic
talent is chiefly displayed in the small works wherein
the lives of his friends Motley and Emerson are depicted.
He tells the story of both in a condensed and effective
fashion. He enables the reader to understand them
within the compass of a few pages. His countrymen
should study both works when they contemplate writing
a biography. He bad the skill to select and dwell upon
the important points, and the self-command to suffer
the others to remain in the background. More than one
New Englander of note who is entombed in a heavy bi-
ography would have defied oblivion if Dr. Holmes had
been entrusted with writing his life.
"The closing years of Dr. Holmes were saddened by
friend after friend dropping off and by the terrible mal-
ady of asthma. Yet he retained his sweet temper to
the end, and his pen was never idle. There is no trace
of senility in the last verses or prose which he wrote,
and the perfect preservation of his faculties is quite as
remarkable as the prolongation of his life. He has left
none behind him in America who can wield the pen with
greater witchery. He was as little of a public speaker
as his friend Longfellow; indeed, a slight physical im-
pediment marred his utterance. But a cheerier com-
panion could not be found; a man of larger sympathies
and wider cultivation has never adorned New England;
and his death is not mourned more sincerely there than
in the old Motherland which in his heart he loved."
"MERE LITERATURE."
Is there any justification for the phrase "mere
literature " which one often hears nowadays? There
is no doubt a serious sneer in it, as Professor
Wilson, in a recent " Atlantic" essay, avers; but I
think the sneer is not aimed so much at literature
in itself as at certain phases of literature. Mr.
Lowell has recently been quoted as saying that
"mere scholarship is as useless as the collecting of
old postage stamps"; yet at vital scholarship —
scholarship that is wielded as a weapon, and that
results in power—Lowell would be the last man to
sneer. In all times of high literary culture and crit-
icism, a great deal is produced that may well be called
mere literature — the result of assiduous training
and stimulation of the literary faculties,—just as a
great deal of art is produced that may be called
mere art. Literature that is the result of the fric-
tion upon the mind of other literatures, is usually
mere literature. That which is the result of the
contact of the mind with reality, is of another order.
Or we may say " mere literature " as we say " mere
gentleman." Now gentlemanly qualities—refine-
ment, good breeding, etc.— are not to be sneered
at unless they stand alone, with no man behind them;
and literary qualities—style, learning, fancy, etc.—
are not to be sneered at unless they stand alone,
which is not infrequently the case. We would not
apply the phrase "mere gentleman " to Washing-
ton, or Lincoln, or Wellington, though these men
may have been the most thorough of gentlemen;
neither would we apply the phrase "mere litera-
ture " to the works of Bacon, or Shakespeare, or Car-
lyle, or Dante, or Plato. The Bible is literature,
but it is not mere literature. We apply the latter
term to writings that have little to recommend them
but their technical and artistic excellence, like the
mass of current poetry and fiction. The men who
have nothing to say and say it extremely well pro-
duce mere literature.
Both England and France have at the present
time many excellent writers, men who possess every
grace of style and charm of expression, who still
give us only a momentary pleasure. They do not
move us, they do not lay strong hands upon us, their
works do not take hold of any great reality; they
produce mere literature. Literary seriousness, lit-
erary earnestness, cannot atone for a want of manly
seriousness and earnestness. A sensitive artistic
conscience cannot make us content with a dull or


254
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
obtuse moral conscience. The literary worker is
to confront reality in just as serious a mood as does
the man of science, if he hopes to produce anything
that rises above mere literature. The picnickers, the
excursionists, the flower gatherers of literature do
not produce lasting works. The seriousness of
Hawthorne was much more than a literary serious-
ness; the emotion of Whittier at his best is funda-
mental and human.
There is a passage in Amiel's Journal that well
expresses the distinction I am aiming at. "I have
been thinking a great deal of Victor Cherbuliez,"
he says, under date of December 4,1876. "Perhaps
his novels make up the most disputable part of his
work, — they are so much wanting in simplicity,
feeling, reality. And yet what knowledge, style,
wit, and subtlety,—how much thought everywhere,
and what mastery of language! He astonishes one;
I cannot but admire him. Cherbuliez's mind is of
immense range, clear-sighted, keen, full of resources;
he is an Alexandrian exquisite, substituting for the
feeling which makes men earnest the irony which
leaves them free. Pascal would say of him, 'He
has never risen from the order of thought to the
order of charity.' But we must not be ungrateful.
A Lucian is not worth an Augustine, but still he is
a Lucian. . . . The positive element in Victor
Cherbuliez's work is beauty, not goodness, nor moral
or religious life."
The positive element in the enduring works is
always something more than the beautiful; it is the
true, the vital, the real, as well. The beautiful is
there, but the not-beautiful is there also. The world
is held together, life is nourished and made strong,
and power begotten, by the neutral or negatively
beautiful. Works are everywhere produced that
are artistically serious, but morally trifling and in-
sincere; faultless in form, but tame and barren
in spirit. We could not say this of the works of
Froude or Ruskin, Huxley or Tyndall; we cannot
say it of the works of Matthew Arnold, because he
had a higher purpose than to produce mere literary
effects; but we can say it of most of the produc-
tions of the younger British essayists and poets. In
Swinburne, for instance, there is a mere lust of ver-
bal forms and rhythmic lilt. In reading his poems,
I soon find myself fairly gasping for breath; I seem
to be trying to breathe in a vacuum — an effect
which one does not experience at all in reading
Tennyson, or Browning, or Arnold. One is apt to
have serious qualms in reading the prose of Walter
Pater, the lust of mere style so pervades his work.
Faultless workmanship, one says; and yet the best
qualities of style—freshness, naturalness, simplicity
— are not here. What in Victor Hugo goes far
towards atoning for all his sins against art, against
sanity and proportion, are his terrible moral earnest-
ness and psychic power. Whatever we may think of
his work, we are not likely to call it " mere litera-
ture." That masterly ubiquitous sporting and toy-
ing with the elements of life which we find in Shake-
speare we shall probably never again see in letters.
The stress and burden of later times do not favor
it. The great soul is now too earnest, too self-con-
scious; life is too serious. Only light men now
essay it. Art for art's sake is now the stamp of
third or fourth rate men. With so much criticism,
so much knowledge, so much science, another Shake-
speare is impossible. Renan says: "In order to estab-
lish those literary authorities called classic, something
especially healthy and solid is necessary. Common
household bread is of more value here than pastry."
There can be little doubt that our best literary
workers are intent upon producing something anal-
agous to pastry, or even confectionery, something
fine, complex, highly seasoned, that tickles the
taste. It is always in order to urge a return to the
simple and serious, a return to nature, to works
that have the wholesome and sustaining qualities of
natural products, grain, fruits, nuts, air, water.
John Burroughs.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
THE "ROYAL ROAD" TO LEARNING.
(To the Editor of Tint Dial.)
In your issue of October 1 my booklet on "Ethics
and the New Education " is approved as emphasizing
the significance of pain as a necessary factor of all true
spiritual growth and refinement. If I may have your
permission, I would be glad to cry a further note on the
same theme through the speaking-tube of The Dial.
The note is this: Growth is possible only through
reasonable exercise of power. But mind as an indivis-
ible unit of energy still presents in its individual char-
acter two radically distinct modes. The one of these
modes is the sensuous; the other, the reflective. In its
sensuous mode, mind is appealed to by (or rather through)
physical "facts," pictorial forms. In its reflective mode,
mind is exercised in the discovery and estimate of the
relations of " fact" to " fact," and in the tracing of such
relations to the ultimate principles of which they are
only special phases. No mind can be truly educated
save through the constant interplay of these two thor-
oughly complementary modes.
With this distinction clearly in view, it is easy to
see that as a rule the cry to the effect that education
must be "made easy," and that the work of the school-
room must be made "interesting," practically amounts
to nothing more than a demand for endless multiplica-
tion of illustrative matter—that is, matter that appeals
directly to the sensuous aspect of consciousness. It is
ordinarily synonymous with the catch-phrase, "Facts
first and theory after "; and this practically is much the
same as "facts " always and " theory " never. Though
what a " fact" is, apart from a theory, might easily
prove an embarrassing question.
Nevertheless, natural-science teaching, with its bril-
liant experiments and its astonishing array of speci-
mens, has led irresistibly in the direction of multiplying
"illustrations," until too often that which was to be
illustrated has been fairly lost from view. And the
work has proved so intensely " interesting" that the
conspicuously "successful" teacher has for the most
part gone victoriously forward with the absolutely inno-


1894.]
255
THE DIAL
cent assurance that he has at last actually discovered
the true Royal Road in which Learning is once for all
made easy, and that all painful struggle in the educa-
tional field must henceforth prove an inexcusable an-
achronism. How far this brilliant superficiality has ex-
tended, few seem as yet to be clearly aware. In truth,
the whole educational world is to-day dealing largely
in " watered stock," and the next generation must inev-
itably pay the penalty in serious "shrinkage of values."
Nor is this by any means confined to work done in
the natural sciences. So convincingly brilliant have been
the results in this field that the now rapidly reviving in-
terest in the science of mind, both on the side of Psy-
chology and on the side of ethics, seems destined, for
a while at least, to come under the same spell. Nerve-
ends, nerve-fibre, ganglia, white matter and gray mat-
ter, cerebral convolutions, mapping the cerebral cortex
—how nearly tangible the mind is becoming! Shall we
not be able presently to photograph an emotion, to catch
the color of a thought, to touch a motive with the tips
of our fingers? How much more real the " mind " would
seem to "us" if only "we" could roll " it" about on
the palm of " our " hand I And then there is Hypnotism
—wonderful, splendidly mysterious Hypnotism 1 Why,
we are just awaking to the really " interesting " aspects
of the science of mind! And "interesting " all this un-
questionably is—interesting to consciousness in its sen-
suous mode first of all. It is, indeed, interesting also
to consciousness in its reflective mode, because mind re-
quires a form through which to express itself, through
which to unfold itself. Nevertheless, interesting though
this psychological aspect of physiology may be, import-
ant though it may be that the student of psychology
should note the special parts of the one whole organ
through which the one whole mind gives expression to
the various phases of its one continuous whole activity
— interesting and important though all this may be in
its place, even to the reflective aspect of consciousness,
it is still a fatal mistake to suppose it to constitute psy-
chology in any proper sense of the term. Physiological
Psychology? Strange combination of terms! No nerve-
change, however subtle, can constitute any phase of con-
sciousness properly speaking. At most such nerve-change
is only a precondition of one or another specialized mode
of consciousness.
Meanwhile, the " method of the natural sciences " is
here seized upon, with more or less unreflecting zeal, as
being already proven a "successful" method, and is
now confidently applied in a field where it cannot but
prove the more disastrous the less carefully the workers
in this field note the distinction between mind as agent
and body as instrument or organ. Such distinction, ade-
quately made and maintained, necessarily implies ma-
turity of mind in its reflective mode. With this mode
imperfectly developed, it is but inevitable that the
"facts " of the nervous system, so unequivocally there
to the sensuous consciousness, should seem to constitute
the whole reality of man, and that materialism should
appear as furnishing the only rational account of life
and "mind."
An antidote to all this is the crying need of the time.
Or if not yet vocal, it must soon become vocal. We have
been led widely astray by the luring phantom of a Royal
Road to Learning. No such road exists save the truly
kingly road of work. And work, like chastisement, is for
the present not "joyous but grievous"; though in the
end it is the one way that has in it any real promise of
"eternal life." Doubtless this subordination of the sen-
suous aspect of consciousness, in the form of mere pres-
ent enjoyment, to the reflective aspect of consciousness
in the form of steadfast adherence to an infinitely out-
reaching ideal purpose, is the way of " crucifying the
flesh"; and that must always be something altogether
frightful and even insane to the man "in his senses";
but also it must ever prove to be something necessary
and desirable and wholly sane to the man " in his right
reason."
Whatever may be said, then, respecting my "Sylla-
bus of Ethics "—that will live if it deserves to live, and
die if it deserves to die, whatever friendly or unfriendly
critics may say of it—I still insist that for the purposes
of the class-room the first requisite for a text-book is,
not that it shall be "interesting" to or easily manage-
able by the student, but that it shall present in as con-
cise and rigidly logical form as possible a really ade-
quate outline of the subject. It is an utter prostitution
of educational appliances to turn the school into an in-
formation-mill or a variety-show. The true school is a
medium—the most efficient of all media—for the awak-
ening of youth to a clear, adequate, genuinely reflective
consciousness of the fundamental principles constituting
the inner substance of the world both as mind and as
"matter." It is for the living teacher to stimulate the
pupil to such living interest in the theme that he comes
to comprehend experiment and text-book alike in their
proper significance as mere instruments devised solely
for his own self-development.
And, after all, precise technical language, so far from
being the language of obscurity, is just that medium
which realizes the very perfection of clearness. It is
simply the exact form of exact thought, and there is in
it nothing dreadful—certainly nothing more so for ethics
than for, say, chemistry or electricity. Neither is it less
indispensable in the one science than in the other. And
if ethics is really to be taken seriously — as seriously,
for instance, as biology — then whatever of technical
language is necessary to the full and clear expression of
the complex thought involved must frankly be faced
and mastered. Education, let us repeat, is not merely,
nor even chiefly, a matter of pleasure. It is, above all,
a process of self-realization. Hence, what precisely the
character of the education is to be is in sober truth a
matter of mental, of spiritual, life and death. When
dilettantism shall have once gained permanent posses-
sion of the school-room, the end of the world will be near
at hand- William M. Bryant.
St. Louis Normal and High School, Oct. 18, 1894.
MR. JOHN FISKE AND THE CALIFORNIA
VIGILANTS.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In your issue of October 1, page 199, tcAy do you ad-
versely criticise the historian Mr. John Fiske in the fol-
lowing particular: "We regret to see that Mr. Fiske
gives countenance to the San Francisco Vigilauts by say-
ing: 'Honest citizens were obliged to organize vigilance
committees to deal quickly and sharply with criminals.'"
C. Clark.
Redwood, California, Oct. SO, 1894.
[And why—to echo our laconic correspondent's
query-—should we not adversely criticise Mr. Fiske
in the particular stated? Does he think Mr. Fiske
above criticism, or does he expect us to approve of
lynch law? — Edr. Dial.]


256
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL
Wqz Neto Books.
An American Stage Favorite. *
Mr. Winter's title, "The Life and Art of
Joseph Jefferson," is a little misleading, since
it covers, strictly speaking, only about half the
volume. The remaining space is devoted to
the other Thespian members of the Jefferson
family—Thomas (1728-1807), Joseph (1774-
1832), Elizabeth (1810-90), Joseph (1804-
42), and Charles Burke (1822-54),—to each
of whom a separate chapter is given. The Me-
moir is a revision, "rectified, augmented, re-
arranged, and in part re-written," of Mr. Win-
ter's " The Jeffersons," published in 1881, and
it is therefore virtually a new work. In its
present shape it forms a collection of American
stage anecdotes and memorabilia second only
to Mr. Hutton's ; while its delightful style and
delicate appreciations of the player's and the
playwright's art lend it a charm and value dis-
tinctively its own. The sketch of the present
Jefferson, though rather desultory in form, is
graphic and warmly sympathetic, and it con-
veys a clear impression of Mr. Jefferson's tal-
ent and personality. Mr. Winter is a good
narrator, and he is of the order of critics who,
like Lamb and Hazlitt, do us the substantial
service of bringing to light, and making us feel,
the finer and more recondite beauties that es-
cape the untrained and the heedless eye. Few
will read the chapters in which Mr. Jefferson's
leading impersonations are severally reviewed
without wishing to again see that finished actor
on the stage, in order to appreciate and enjoy
his art more fully in the light of Mr. Winter's
exposition.
Joseph Jefferson, of "Rip Van Winkle"
fame, was born at Philadelphia, February 20,
1829. Both of his parents were actors, and
the boy made his own debut in a very comical
way at the age of four, when he was carried
upon the stage by James D. Rice, the founder
of negro minstrelsy, and originator of the im-
mortal "Jim Crow."
"The comedian, on a benefit occasion, introduced the
child, blackened and dressed like himself, into the per-
formance of Jim Crow. Little Joe was taken upon the
scene in a bag, and emptied from it, with the couplet,—
'Ladies and gentlemen, I'd have you for to know
I've got a little darkey here to jump Jim Crow.'
A witness of that scene says that the boy promptly as-
sumed the attitude of Jim Crow Rice, and sang and
• The Life and Art of Joseph Jeffekbon. By William
Winter, author of "The Life and Art of Edwin Booth." Il-
lustrated. New York: Macmillan & Co.
danced in imitation of his sable companion, and was a
miniature likeness of that grotesque person."
In 1837, Jefferson, then a boy of eight, ap-
peared at the Franklin Theatre, New York,
where he did a broadsword-combat with a Mas-
ter Titus — after the manner of the brothers
Crummies, doubtless; and at the close of the
season the family left for the far West. There
for twelve years they led the life of the stroll-
ing player, roaming from town to town in ox-
carts, flatboats, etc., and often enough on foot
(there were no smoothly-gravelled ties in those
days, be it remembered, to ease the steps of
the crushed tragedian), and playing at times
in barns and hotel dining-rooms, with scenery
not much more elaborate than Quince the car-
penter's. At that date the term "barn-storm-
ing " had a very literal sound and was no mere
playful metaphor for a tour in the provinces.
Once the Jefferson company, adrift in a region
far from any settlement, lighted on an unusually
spacious barn owned by an unusually benevo-
lent-looking farmer, and they resolved forth-
with to give a performance.
"There was a cordial response. The farmers and
their wives and children, from far and near, came to
see the play. The receipts were twenty dollars, and
that treasure was viewed as a godsend by the poor
players, who saw in it the means of food, and of a ride
to the next town. But no adequate allowance had been
made for the frugality of the genial owner of the barn.
< I guess that pays my bill,' he said, as he put the money
into his pocket; and so the venture was settled, and the
rueful comedians walked away."
Amid scenes of this kind, says the author,
young Jefferson learned to be an actor; and,
except barely three months at school which he
once enjoyed, that was the only kind of train-
ing he ever received.
"In Mexico, when the war occurred, in 1846, he was
among the followers of the American army, and gave
performances in tents. He saw General Taylor on the
banks of the Rio Grande; he heard the thunder of the
guns at Palo Alto; he stood beside the tent in which
the gallant Major Ringgold lay dying; he witnessed
the bombardment of Matamoras, and, two nights after
the capture of that city, he acted in its Spanish theatre."
Jefferson returned to New York in 1849,
and filled successive engagements at Chanfrau's
New National Theatre, at Mitchell's Olympic,
Brougham's Lyceum, Niblo's Garden, and,
after a Southern tour and a non-professional
trip to Europe, at Laura Keene's new play-
house on Broadway, where, in 1857, he scored
a hit as "Dr. Pangloss," making the charac-
ter, says Mr. Winter, exceedingly comical, yet
"human, natural, probable, real, and even es-
tablishing him in a kindly regard." While at


1894.]
257
THE
DIAL
this theatre an incident occurred which shows
Jefferson in an agreeable light. One of the
troupe, Blake — a good actor, but with a ten-
dency to coarseness — resenting Jefferson's
habit of expunging indelicate lines from the
old comedies, ridiculed him as " the Sunday-
school comedian."
"There was a scene in the green-room and Blake was
discomfited. 'You take an unfair and unmanly advan-
tage of people,' said Jefferson, ' when you force them
to listen to your coarseness. They are, for the time,
imprisoned, and have no choice hut to hear and see your
ill-breeding. You have no better right to be offensive
on the stage than in the drawing-room.'"
The production, on October 18, 1858, of
"Our American Cousin" marked the decisive
turn of the tide in Jefferson's professional for-
tunes. He acted " Asa Trenchard," and he was
famous.
"Seldom has an actor found a medium for the ex-
pression of his spirit so ample and so congenial as that
part proved to be for Jefferson. Rustic grace, simple
manliness, unconscious drollery, and unaffected pathos,
expressed with artistic control, and in an atmosphere of
repose, could not have been more truthfully and beau-
tifully combined."
It was then also that Sothern — his future
greatness thrust upon him, as it were, in the
trivial, reluctantly-accepted part of " Lord Dun-
dreary "—laid the foundation of his fame and
fortune. "Our American Cousin" ran for
one hundred and forty consecutive nights — a
prodigious run at that time, — and it proved
the success of the year and of the theatre.
In 1S61 Jefferson sailed for Australia, where
he remained four years, winning golden opin-
ions and hosts of friends by his acting of " Asa
Trenchard," "Caleb Plummer," "Bob Bri-
erly," and other characters. His performance
of "Bob Brierly" (in "The Ticket-of-leave
Man ") on one occasion at Hobart Town drew
an audience including over six hundred ticket-
of-leave men; and, "though at first they re-
garded him with looks of implacable ferocity,
they ended by giving him their hearts, in a
hurricane of acclamation."
After leaving Australia, Jefferson spent a lit-
tle time in South America and at Panama, and
sailed thence for England. Arriving at Lon-
don he commissioned Boucicault to recast and
rewrite the old play of " Rip Van Winkle " for
production in the English capital. There were
already several stage versions of Irving's story,
and Jefferson had no less than seven predeces-
sors in the part with which his name is now
inseparably linked. The first recorded drama-
tization of "Rip Van Winkle" was produced
at Albany, May 26,1828, and the first" Rip"
was Thomas Flynn (1804-49). The second
"Rip," Charles B. Parsons, played at Cincin-
nati in 1828-29, using a version bought in New
York by the manager, N. M. Ludlow. Still
another version, probably by an English dra-
matist named Kerr, was presented at Phila-
delphia, October 30,1829, with William Chap-
man in the leading role; and in 1830 James
H. Hackett, the famous "Falstaff," and Jef-
ferson's ablest predecessor, produced the play
in New York, using a version written probably
by himself. Hackett went to England in 1832,
and had a new draft of the piece made by Ber-
nard Bayle, in which he appeared in London,
and which he continued to present for several
years after his return to America. Charles
Burke, Jefferson's half-brother, made a play for
himself on the subject in 1849, and amended
and improved it in 1850; and this was the
piece put in Boucicault's hands for recasting
in 1865. Boucicault finished the revision in a
week, but had no faith in the practical success
of his work, telling Jefferson that it could not
possibly hold the stage for more than a month.
Many of the new features were due to Jeffer-
son,— particularly the happy suggestion that
the spectres, in the midnight encounter on the
mountain, should maintain an awful silence,
and that only the bewildered man should speak.
Boucicault contributed the scheme of " Gretch-
en's " second marriage ; and to him also is due
the powerful climax of the third act, "Meenie's"
recognition of her father — a touch suggested
by the recognition of "Cordelia" in " King
Lear." With this new version Jefferson sought
the favor of the London public, on September
4, 1865; and his success was great enough to
herald his future renown. A laughable inci-
dent preceded the first performance. On the
approach of the fateful hour, Jefferson, nervous
and apprehensive, and as absent-minded as
"Dominie Sampson," retired to his room in
Regent Street, and abstractedly proceeded to
"make up" for the third act.
"The window-curtains happened to be raised, and the
room was brightly lighted, so that the view from with-
out was unobscured. Not many minutes passed before
it began to be utilized,— and a London crowd is quick
to assemble. Inside, the absorbed comedian uncon-
cernedly went on acting Rip Van Winkle: outside, the
curious multitude, thinking him a comic lunatic, thronged
the street till it became impassable. The police fought
their way to the spot. The landlady was finally alarmed;
and the astonished actor, brought back to the world by
the clamor at his door, inquiring if he were ill, at length
comprehended the situation, and suspended his re-
hearsal."


258
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL
Jefferson left England July 30, 1866, and
on September 3 he appeared at the Olympic
Theatre, New York. His performance of "Rip"
took the house by storm; and we need trace
no further the history of a part that for nearly
thirty years has held perhaps the chief place
in the hearts of American play-goers. To can-
cel from our stage memories the masterful fig-
ure of Joseph Jefferson as " Rip Van Winkle"
would leave a hiatus indeed.
On September 13,1880, Mr. Jefferson pro-
duced " The Rivals " at the Arch Street Thea-
tre, Philadelphia, and made a pronounced hit
as "Bob Acres,"—a part in which he had
shone in his youth, and which he revived prob-
ably as the most effective answer to the charge
that he was a one-part actor. Apropos of this
widely erroneous impression, Mr. Winter tells
a story of Charles Matthews.
"' I am glad to see you making your fortune,' he said,
1 but I do n't like to see you doing it with one part and
a carpet-bag.' . . . The comment of Matthews, how-
ever, was meant to glance at the one-part policy; and
Jefferson's reply to that ebullition was alike significant
and good-humored. 'It is perhaps better,' he said, 'to
play one part in different ways than to play many parts
all in one way.' That sentence explains his artistic vic-
tory."
Since 1880, the story of Mr. Jefferson's pro-
fessional life is mainly the record of his pleas-
ant wanderings with "Rip," " Acres," and "Dr.
Pangloss." Living mostly at home, and act-
ing but a part of each season, he has devoted
himself to painting — an art in which he has
achieved some substantial success.
"Several of his works have been exhibited. Some
of them have been circulated in etchings. The charm
of his pictures, like that of his acting, is tenderness of
feeling, combined with a touch of mystery,—an imagin-
ative quality, kindred with the freedom and the wild-
ness that are seen in the paintings of Corot."
Following the biographical essay, and essen-
tially part of it, are four excellent chapters, de-
scriptive and critical of Mr. Jefferson's leading
characters. In this special field Mr. Winter
is at his best. He conjures back for us with a
few vivid touches the familiar figures—the joy-
ous, drunken, wholly disreputable and wholly
lovable " Rip"; the debonair " Golightly"; the
vaporing " Acres"; and, to our thinking best of
all, quaint old " Caleb " with his sackcloth coat
and his quavering song about the Sparkling
Bowl. Not to have seen Joseph Jefferson as
"Caleb Plummer " is to have missed perhaps
the best exemplification on the modern stage of
the ability of the actor to achieve humor—not
humor in the popular sense, but that subtle
blending of things merry and things sad which
is at once the rarest of arts and the commonest
of facts. It will certainly be a satisfaction to
Mr. Jefferson to have found so sympathetic a
biographer and so sound and eloquent a critic
as Mr. Winter.
As already intimated, the book is rich in the
materials of theatrical history—old play-bills,
casts, press-notices, press-extracts, and the va-
rious odds and ends of forgotten stage fact and
anecdote. There are a number of illustrations,
including portraits of Mr. Jefferson in favorite
roles. E. G. J.
The Real Japan of Old.*
A year or so ago, Henry Norman, a London
newspaper man, published a book entitled "The
Real Japan," which gave a remarkably thor-
ough and accurate study of contemporary New
Japan. Within the past few years others have
been trying to penetrate beneath the surface,
and to find out the secrets and mysteries of the
inner life of the Japanese. Sir Edwin Arnold
found many beauties, but did not get far below
the surface. Percival Lowell carried his in-
vestigations yet farther, and ascertained many
interesting motives of life among the Japanese.
But it has been left for Lafcadio Hearn to
find "the hidden springs of their life" as no
other foreigner has been able to see them ; and
to describe the real Japan as it has been un-
affected by Occidental influences.
Mr. Hearn had unusual opportunities for his
work. He tried to adopt native manners and
customs ; was " wonderfully sensitive to Japan-
ese influences," and thus came into perfect sym-
pathy with all "things Japanese." His home was
in Matsue, chief city of Izumo, " the Province
of the Gods," where divinity first condescended
from heaven to earth, or (as iconoclastic his-
torical critics express it) where emigrants from
Korea landed in Japan. His two volumes
are modestly entitled: they are more than
"glimpses "— they are long searching exam-
inations, microscopical investigations, careful
studies. They give the minute facts and fan-
cies of Japanese life for the philosopher to use
in ascertaining the meaning of that life.
Mr. Hearn was the first European to enter
the inner shrine of the Kitzuki temple, the old-
est Shinto temple in Japan. "To see Kitzuki
is to see the living centre of Shinto and to feel
the life-pulse of the ancient faith." What
Shinto is, with "no philosophy, no code of
* Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan. By Lafcadio Hearn.
In two volumes. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


1894.]
259
THE
DIAL
ethics, no metaphysics," is still a difficult ques-
tion to answer. Mr. Hearn thinks that the
explanation is to be sought " not in books, nor
in rites, nor in commandments, but in the
national heart, of which it is the highest emo-
tional expression." His own explanation is as
follows:
"Shinto signifies character in the highest sense,—
courage, courtesy, honor, and, above all things, loyalty.
The spirit of Shinto is the spirit of filial piety, the zest
of duty, the readiness to surrender life for a principle
without a thought of wherefore. It is the docility of
the child; it is the sweetness of the Japanese woman.
... It is religion,— but religion transformed into he-
reditary moral impulse,— religion transmuted into eth-
ical instinct. It is the whole emotional life of the race,
— the Soul of Japan."
It is readily noticeable that the meaning of
Yamato-damashii ("the Japanese spirit") is
practically the same as the meaning of the
Latin word jnetas.
The personal experiences of Mr. Hearn while
he was holding the position of teacher of En-
glish in the Middle School and the Normal
School at Matsue are very interesting. He
evidently explored with great care the country
roundabout. He went to Kaka, where it is for-
bidden to go if there is wind enough " to move
three hairs," and examined the Cave of the
Children's Ghosts; to Mionoseki, the god of
which hates hen's eggs, hens and chickens, and
"the cock above all living creatures"; to Hi-
nomisaki, where " no European has ever been,"
and where is a far-famed double temple of the
Sun-Goddess; to Oki, where " not even a mis-
sionary had ever been," and where he found
"fine strong men and vigorous women" more
numerous than on the mainland; and to several
out-of-the-way places.
The two volumes are rich in folk-lore, le-
gends, superstitions, proverbs, and poems.
They tell of the magical and beautiful writing
of Kobo Daishi, the inventor of the Japanese
syllabary; of the jolly worship of Jizo, the
sweet-faced God of Children; of the wonderful
sights of Enoshima; of the market at which
are purchased the articles used in the Feast of
Lanterns in honor of the dead, and the weird
dance of that festival; of the pathetic custom
of double suicide on the part of two lovers, sep-
arated in life, but united in death; of the un-
canny foxes and badgers, and the worship of
Inari Sama, the rice-god; and of many other
festivals, manners, and customs, too numerous
to mention.
"But these strange beliefs are swiftly passing away.
Tear by year more shrines of Inari crumble down, never
to be rebuilt. Year by year the statuaries make fewer
images of foxes. Year by year fewer victims of fox-
possession are taken to the hospitals to be treated ac-
cording to the best scientific methods by Japanese phy-
sicians who speak German. The cause is not to be
found in the decadence of the old faiths; a superstition
outlives a religion. Much less is it to be sought for in
the efforts of proselytizing missionaries from the West
—most of whom profess an earnest belief in devils. It
is purely educational. The omnipotent enemy of super-
stition is the public school. . . . The little hands that
break the Fox-god's nose in mischievous play can also
write essays upon the evolution of plants and about the
geology of Izumo. There is no place for ghostly foxes
in the beautiful nature-world revealed by new studies
to the new generation. The omnipotent exorciser and
reformer is the Kodomo [Child]."
Mr. Hearn's style is simple and picturesque,
eminently befitting the Oriental life which he
describes. He writes pathetically and sympa-
thetically of the life of a dancing-girl, but gives
an entirely wrong impression that the geisha
is spotless. He vividly describes a Japanese
garden as absolutely realistic, "at once a pic-
ture and a poem—perhaps even more a poem
than a picture"; and shows how the trees and
stones have " character," "tones and values."
The Japanese certainly succeed in finding " ser-
mons in stones, books in the running brooks,
tongues in the trees."
"Why should the trees be so lovely in Japan? With
us a plum or cherry tree in flower is not an astonish-
ing sight; but here it is a miracle of beauty so bewilder-
ing that, however much you may have previously read
about it, the real spectacle strikes you dumb. You see
no leaves,—only one great filmy mist of petals. Is it
that the trees have been so long domesticated and ca-
ressed by man in this land of the Gods, that they have
acquired souls, and strive to show their gratitude, like
women loved, by making themselves more beautiful for
man's sake? Assuredly they have mastered men's hearts
by their loveliness, like beautiful slaves. That is to say,
Japanese hearts. Apparently there have been some for-
eign tourists of the brutal class in this place, since it
has been deemed necessary to set up inscriptions in En-
glish announcing that 'It is forbidden to injure the
trees.'"
Mr. Hearn tells stories of ghosts and goblins
in a way to charm young America; discourses
of souls in a way to interest spiritualists; and
masterfully analyzes the Japanese smile as a
matter of etiquette that demands a stoical man-
ifestation of joy even in adversity or affliction.
"It is the native custom that whenever a painful or
shocking fact must be told, the announcement should
be made, by the sufferer, with a smile. The graver the
subject, the more accentuated the smile; and when the
matter is very unpleasant to the person speaking of it,
the smile often changes to a low, soft laugh. However
bitterly the mother who has lost her first-born may have
wept at the funeral, it is probable that, if in your ser-
vice, she will tell of her bereavement with a smile: like
the Preacher, she holds that there is a time to weep and
a time to laugh. . . . Yet the laugh was politeness


260
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
carried to the utmost point of self-abnegation. It sig-
nified: 'This you might honorably think to be an un-
happy event; pray do not suffer your superiority to feel
concern about so inferior a matter, and pardon the ne-
cessity which causes us to outrage politeness by speak-
ing about such an affair at all.'"
Some of the sketches in this volume have ap-
peared in the "Japan Mail" and other news-
papers, and some in the "Atlantic Monthly";
but almost two-thirds are entirely new.
The great fault of the work is that it is one-
sided. The preface merely acknowledges the
existence of a " darker side," but calls even
this " brightness compared with the darker side
of Western existence." Throughout the entire
book one rarely meets even a hint that sin ex-
ists in Japan; the beauty of the work must not
be marred by stains. Japanese life "has its
foibles, its follies, its vices, its cruelties," but
they don't amount to anything! Kaempfer is
quoted with approval: "In the practice of vir-
tue, in purity of life and outward devotion, they
far outdo the Christians." Mr. Hearn's " own
conviction " that "Japan has nothing to gain
by conversion to Christianity" is the usual
opinion of "us agnostics," who can scarcely
be called "impartial." But it is the calm
judgment of many "experienced observers of
Japanese life," that true Christianity, with its
lofty moral standards, its great spiritual power
and personal inspiration, is much needed in
New Japan. Ernest W. Clement.
The Canterbury Tales "as Poetry. *
At last we have an edition of Chaucer's Can-
terbury Tales adapted to the wants of those
who would read them as poetry rather than as
a monument of fourteenth century English.
Accordingly, there is not obtruded upon the
reader's attention, in the editorial matter, a
great mass of mere scholarship, which it is very
easy in these days to collect. Mr. Pollard has
strictly observed, as an editor, the ne quid
nimis; and that is not an easy thing to do.
This edition, as stated in the Preface, is the
result of an engagement entered into, as far
back as 1888, by Dr. Furnivall and Mr. Pollard,
that they should cooperate in the preparation
of a complete Library edition of Chaucer, for
Messrs. Macmillan & Co. On this arrangement
a beginning was made; but Dr. Furuivall's
many engagements compelled him to with-
* Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Edited, with notes and
introduction, by Alfred W. Pollard. In two volumes. New
York: Macmillan & Co.
draw from the work soon after it was under-
taken. In the meantime, Professor Skeat, who,
in his Chaucer studies and editing, had been
for years collating texts and collecting notes
and elucidations of various kinds, planned an
edition on a large scale (now in course of pub-
lication by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.). Says
Mr. Pollard:
"I gladly abandoned, in favor of an editor of so much
greater width of reading, the Library edition which had
been arranged for in the original agreement of Dr. Fur-
nivall and myself with Messrs. Macmillan. I thought,
however, that the work which I had done might fairly
be used for an edition on a less extensive plan and in-
tended for a less stalwart class of readers, and of this
the present issue of the Canterbury Tales is an instal-
ment."
The London Chaucer Society's Six-Text
Edition of the Canterbury Tales revealed the
great superiority of the Ellesmere MS. Upon
this the text of the edition before us is based,
the Six Texts and the Harleian MS. 7334 hav-
ing been carefully collated, and all variations
from the Ellesmere being stated in the foot-
notes. These variations are not numerous
enough to make the page dreary; and the text
is not disfigured by marks calling attention to
them. There is great certainty now, especially
in the case of the Canterbury Tales, as to what
Chaucer actually wrote,—far greater certainty
than there is as to what Shakespeare wrote;
and it is to be hoped that the text of this edi-
tion, and of Professor Skeat's edition, will be
accepted by the learned world as final. It is
hard to see what more could be done. Of course
there are many scholars who don't like to have
things settled. Othello's occupation would be
gone.
To notice the chief editorial features of Mr.
Pollard's edition, as presented in his Preface:
The glossing of obsolete words in the foot-
notes is kept within the smallest limits possible,
a glossary of the commoner words being ap-
pended to the second volume, to avoid explain-
ing them whenever they occur. "To interrupt
one's enjoyment of poetry," says the editor,
"by looking up words in a glossary appears to
me an intolerable penance, and I have there-
fore put explanations of the obsolete words in
foot-notes to the pages where they first occur."
It is truly refreshing in these days of engulf-
ing scholarship, to meet with an editor of
Chaucer (or any other poet, indeed), who, re-
garding annotations and other editorial things
as necessary evils, makes it a special object to
reduce these evils as far as he can consistently
with the real wants of the general reader.


1894.]
261
THE
DIAL
Where the final e (the common residual of
various earlier inflections) has a syllabic value
in the verse, a single small dot is placed over
it, which is scarcely noticeable when the eye
is cast over the page.
Acephalous verses, which occur occasionally,
are indicated by an accent over the vowel of the
syllable of which an initial foot consists; e. g.,—
"Twenty bookes clad in blak or reed."
The spelling of the Ellesmere MS. has been
followed, without regard to uniformity; the
modern use of u and v, i and j, being, however,
adopted; and in a few words — very few —
where y in the MS. stands for the Semi-Saxon
g, it is represented by the g in present use. In
regard to uniformity of spelling, the editor
quotes what Dr. Furnivall wrote on the sub-
ject, six-and-twenty years ago:
"To force a uniform spelling on Chaucer — by what-
ever process arrived at—would be to force a lie on him
and on the history of the English language; an evil for
which no fancied gain in convenience of teaching boys
could compensate. Before him for hundreds of years
is no uniformity; after him for centuries, none; why in
the works of him — the free and playful — above all
others, are letters to lose their power of wandering at
their own sweet will; why are words to be debarred
their rightful inheritance of varying their forms? This
notion of a uniform spelling, as applied to Chaucer's
words, is to me a Monster, bred by Artificialness out of
False Analogy."
To this the editor adds:
"The variations of spelling which can safely be elim-
inated never really disguise a word, and the attempt to
introduce into Chaucer's English a modified system of
phonetic spelling (phonetic as applied to vowels, if not
to consouants) seems to me to involve an assumption of
knowledge as to the poet's individual pronunciation con-
siderably beyond what we can lay claim to."
It would have been well if the editor had
introduced into his Preface, to make the work
quite complete in itself, the results arrived at
by Alexander J. Ellis, in his "Early English
Pronunciation," as to the powers of the letters
in Chaucer — results which are generally ac-
cepted by Chaucer scholars. There is not a
full agreement among them; but anyone who
would train his voice (and it requires much
training) to read Chaucer fluently according to
Ellis, and with due expression, would get at
much of the flavor of the poet's language, not
to be otherwise got at. A fluent reading of his
verse is the most effectual way of assimilating
its moulding spirit. Chaucer continues to be
one of the great masters of verse in the litera-
ture,— Dryden's monstrous chatter about the
progress of English verse to the contrary not-
withstanding:
"We must be children before we grow men. There
was an Ennius, and in process of time a Lucilius, and a
Lucretius, before Virgil and Horace; even after Chau-
cer there was a Spenser, a Harrington, a Fairfax, before
Waller and Denham were in being; and our numbers
were in their nonage till these last appeared."
What rhetorical nonsense! Even in the use
of the rhyming couplet, Chaucer surpasses
immeasurably both Dryden and Pope. His
thought is not so paddocked therein. In his
hands it is not the "rocking horse," as Keats
characterizes it, jwhich it is in the hands of
Dryden and Pope. Of Waller, Dryden says
that "he first made writing easily an art, first
showed us to conclude the sense, most com-
monly in distichs," etc. One great merit of
Chaucer's use of the couplet is, that he does
not conclude the sense most commonly in dis-
tichs. His sensitiveness as to melody did not
allow him to run into a mechanical uniformity.
All who read Chaucer as a poet rather than
as a writer of fourteenth century English must
give this edition of the poet's masterpiece a
hearty welcome. Hikam Corson.
Curiosities of African Folk-Lore. *
For some time past the American Folk-Lore
Society has been engaged in raising an espe-
cial publication fund for publishing a series of
Memoirs. The first volume resulting from its
efforts is Chatelain's " Folk-Tales of Angola."
Angola is certainly one of the most important
political divisions of Africa. A possession of
Portugal, it lies on the west coast, between
4° 40' and 17° 20' south latitude. With great
and varied natural resources, with considerable
diversity in climate and topography, the coun-
try is quite naturally divided into several great
"districts," each with its own capital and its
own population. The four great districts are
called Kongo, Loanda, Benguella, and Mos-
samedes. The capital city of Kongo is Ka-
binda; the capitals of the other districts bear
the same names as these. The people of Kongo
are called Kongo; those of Loanda are the
Angola proper, or A-mbundu; those of Ben-
guella are the Ovi-mbundu; those of Mossam-
edes do not form a well-marked group, but are
much like the Ovi-mbundu but with affinities
with the Ova-IIerero and Ova-Ndonga of Ger-
man Africa. Our author gives detailed lists
of the tribes in each of these groups, and states
their geographical location. The stories he pre-
* Folk-talks or Angola. By Heli Chatelain. Memoirs
of the American Folk-Lore Society, Vol. I. Boston: Hongh-
ton, Mifflin & Co.


262
[Nov. 1,
THE
sents to us are in the Ki-mbundu language of
Angola proper. They represent two dialects
—the Loanda and the Mbaka.
Having thus located his field, geographical
and linguistic, our author gives valuable eth-
nological data concerning those who speak
Kxrmbundu. Their government is tribal: there
is a chief, with two standing officers, and a
council. The organization of the family, as
among the Bantu generally, is based upon ma-
ternal kinship and inheritance; the mother
and child are the nearest relations; the mother's
brother owns nephews and nieces, and can sell
them, although they are also his heirs, both of
property and position. We shall pass the rest
of our author's ethnological notes, but must
quote one important statement:
"The ever-repeated assertion that Africans are fetich-
ists, that is, worshippers of inanimate objects, is utterly
false, or else all superstitious people are fetichists. . . .
[The Angolans] are not idolaters in the strict sense, nor
atheists, nor fetichists, nor polytheists, but superstitious
deists. . . . True fetichism I have found in Africa,
among ignorant Portuguese, who do assert and believe
that this or that image is God, does work miracles and
must be worshipped, not as a mere symbol of its spirit-
ual prototype, but as the actual incarnation or embod-
iment of it, equal in all respects to the original."
After this consideration of country and peo-
ple, Mr. Chatelain discusses African folk-lore
in general and Angolan folk-lore in particular.
Having traced the study of folk-lore in other
parts of Africa, he says:
"Proceeding to West Africa, we look at the great
province of Angola, where Europeans have been settled
for about four centuries, and we search in vain, through
a pile of colonial publications, for a single native folk-
tale. When intelligent Europeans have been four hun-
dred years living and mixing with a native population
and never recorded a single sample of the natives' oral
literature, is that not superabundant proof of its non-
existence? . . . Yet as soon as we intelligently and
persistently searched for it, that literature revealed it-
self to us in amazing luxuriance. One of the dullest
native boys was able, unaided, to dictate to us, from
the book of his memory, over sixty tales and fables, a
material equal to that of the largest collection of Afri-
can tales ever yet published."
Of real Negro folk-lore there are but a few
collections. Those of Callaway, Theal, Koelle,
Schon, and Chatelain, are about all. From a
study of the whole material our author deduces
several propositions, among them the follow-
ing:
(a) African folk-lore is not a tree of itself, but a
branch from one universal tree: many myths, favorite
types or characters, and incidents, of frequent recur-
rence elsewhere, are also found in Africa.
(6) Portuguese and Arab stories may be recognized
but they are entirely worked over and localized.
(c) African folk-lore abounds in animal stories.
(rf) The folk-lore of the Bantu is remarkably homo-
geneous and compact.
(e) In the animal stories, each animal, while true to
its real nature, shows the same character and plays the
same role everywhere.
(/") Many of the stories are etiologic, attempting to
assign a cause or origin for natural phenomena or for
individual characteristics.
Our author finds among the Angolans a ver-
itable native classification of oral literature.
This classification he follows. It seems that
they recognize:
(1) Fictitious tales—containing a miraculous element;
beginning and ending usually with a set formula: mi-soso.
(2) Narratives — supposedly true; sometimes in-
structive: maka.
(3) Historical traditions — chronicles of the tribes
handed down by the jealous care of the headmen and
elders: ma-lunda or mi-sendu.
(4) Proverbs — closely connected with the maka,
which are often but an illustration of a proverb; (a
proverb is frequently a narrative in a nutshell): ji-sabu.
(6) Poetry and music—extemporization is very com-
mon; songs are called: mi-imbu.
(6) Riddles—for pastime and amusement; often with
set formula preceding and following: ji-nongonongo.
In the present volume we have samples of
but two of these classes — the mikoso and the
maka. Fifty of these samples are given. The
first story, which is very long, is printed in the
original Loanda, with a literal interlinear trans-
lation. The remaining stories are printed in
the original language, with a careful English
translation on the opposite page. In these
translations the author aims to preserve the
simple and direct form of the original and to
depict the mode of thought of the narrator.
Notes—historical, linguistic, ethnographic, com-
parative, and critical,—follow the stories. The
whole work is scholarly, and will be of great
value to linguists and ethnographers.
Some of the stories are long and elaborately
detailed; others are brief, summarized; some
show keenness of perception, delicacy of ex-
pression, beauty of thought; many convey les-
sons of importance. The first story, no better
than many of the others, shows several points
of interest. It begins with the usual formula,
Erne ngateletele = " I often tell of," correspond-
ing to our " Once upon a time." It ends with,
"I have told my little story; whether good or
bad, I have finished." Self-depreciation by a
performer appears to be world-wide! Fenda
Maria is a young girl, locked up by her mother,
who is jealous of her beauty. Escaping, she
searches for a lover, even more beautiful than
herself, who is bound by a magic sleep; by
helping an old woman, she is instructed as to


1894.]
263
THE
DIAL
how she may find and release the young man;
when found, he must be awakened by the weep-
ing of twelve jars full of tears: wearied in this
labor, she calls her slave to relieve her; this
one plays her false, gains the prince, and poor
Fenda Maria is reduced to slavery. Of course,
in the end, she gains the victory by magic
means. The conclusion is tragic: "Fele Mi-
landa [the husband] called young men two.
They lift Kamasoxi [the traitor slave] and they
put her into the barrel of coal-tar, and they
set it on fire. Kamasoxi then burns, gets
charred ; a little bone flies up, alights on Fenda
Maria. Fenda Maria then rubs herself with
it." This is common custom in Africa: anoint-
ing one's self with charcoal of burnt bone or
flesh protects against enemies, material and
spiritual.
Very commonly the whole story is summar-
ized, in a single paragraph, just before it ends.
These summaries are really models. Thus, a
two-page story is summarized as follows: —" A
young man married his wife. The man had
four brothers. The woman whom he married
knew not their names. When she went to
pound, a little bird told her the names of her
brothers-in-law." Angolan stories are often
etiologic. At times the etiological idea re-
mains in suspense, quite unsuspected, until the
close of the tale. Thus, a story of three girls
and a little child, who visit the makishi (can-
nibals) is quite excitingly told through nearly
five pages; the girls barely escape with their
lives and only with the aid of Hawk, to whom
they promise payment. When he arrives to
claim his reward, "he says: 'ye pay me now';
they said: 'we cannot pay thee into hands; thou
thyself, the fowls are here, help thyself.' The
Hawk assented. And thus it remained: the
Hawk, who is wont to catch fowls, of old he
did not catch them; he was eating locusts and
small birds only."
The folk-lore student will make many inter-
esting comparisons between these Angola tales
and the lore of other peoples. The author
makes many such in the notes. Of course
there are frequent resemblances to " Uncle Re-
mus's" stories of our Southern negroes. We
meet both parts of the tar-baby story. In the
story of Leopard, Monkey, and Hare, we have
the sticky figures used as a trap to catch the
two latter creatures. In the story of the Man
and the Turtle, we have the balance of our old
favorite. A man caught a turtle; the neigh-
bors said, "Let us kill it!" They propose
using hatchets; the turtle replies,
"Turtle of Koka,
And hatchet of Koka,
Hatchet not hurt me a bit."
Stones, fire, knives, are suggested, and, on ac-
count of his indifference, rejected. At last they
said, "Let us cast him into the depth of the
water." The turtle replying, "Woe! I shall
die there! how shall I do? " he is thrown into
the river. After diving, he rises, and sings as
he swims:
"In water, in my home,
In water, in my home."
But we must stop. The collection is an ex-
cellent one, admirably presented and annotated.
It is rare that so important and scholarly a con-
tribution is made at once to folk-lore, ethnog-
raphy, and linguistics. Mr. Chatelain is to be
congratulated upon producing so good a work,
and the American Folk-lore Society upon se-
curing it as its first volume of Memoirs.
Frederick Starr.
Recent English Novels.*
With whatever anticipatory pleasure one may
take up a new novel by Mr. George Meredith, there
is some admixture (to the reviewer, at least) of the
sense of duty — of a duty whose aspect is less gra-
cious than forbidding and stern. For through what
thickets of verbiage, what devious paths of involved
construction, what thorny jungles of half-realized
expression, he must pursue the characters and the
plot, he knows but too well from his recollection of
former forays in Mr. Meredith's preserves. He
finds it extremely discouraging, for example, when
at the outset of his task, to come upon such a pas-
sage as the following, all for the purpose of explain-
* Lord Ormont and His Aminta. By George Meredith.
New York: Charles Seribner's Sons.
Trilby. A Novel. By George Du Maimer. New York:
Harper & Brothers.
The Manxman. A Novel. By Hall Caine. New York:
D. Appleton & Co.
My Lady Roth a. A Romance. By Stanley J. Weyman.
New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
The Maiden's Progress. A Novel in Dialogue. By Vio-
let Hunt. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Highland Cousins. A Novel. By William Black. New
York: Harper & Brothers.
The Vagabonds. By Margaret L. Woods. New York:
Macmillan & Co.
A Drama in Dutch. By Z. Z. New York: Macmillan
& Co.
The Thing that Hath Been ; or, A Young Man's Mis-
takes. By Arthur Herman Gilkes. New York : Longmans,
Green, & Co.
Db. Janet of Harley Street. A Novel. By Arabella
Kenealy. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
A Change of Air. By Anthony Hope. New York:
Henry Holt & Co.
The Green Carnation. New York: D. Appleton & Co.


264
[Not. 1,
THE DIAL
ing that the heroine is a " brnne," and that it would
nerer hare done for her to be anything else:
■ ■ Some of the boys regretted her not being fair. Bat,
a* they felt, and sought to explain, in the manner of
the wag of a tail, with elbows and eyebrows to one an-
other's understanding, fair girls could never hare let
fly such a look; fair girls are softer, woollier, and when
they mean to look serious, overdo it by craping solemn,
or they pinafore a jigging eagerness, or hoist propriety
on a chubby flaxen grin; or else they dart an eye, or
tbey mince and prim and pout, and are sigh-away and
dying-ducky, given to girls' tricks."
This is sorely English in delirium tremens, and the
disease is too frequently recurrent in this and in
milder forms. Yet the reader who, undeterred, ac-
cepts it as inevitable, and has the heart to perse-
vere, is not without his reward. There is character,
there is passion, there is even simple strength at
times; there is, moreover, an ideal of robust hu-
manity, vigorous enough to sweep aside petty con-
ventions (although in the process those conventions,
which, so far from being petty, are the very base
of the social fabric, sometimes go by the board as
well), and to view life sub specie (Btemiiatis. We
are again impressed (as so often before) with the
analogy between Mr. Meredith's genius and that of
the late Robert Browning—an analogy based upon
a fundamental theory of life no less than upon per-
versity of expression. And of the latter, we may
make for Mr. Meredith the defence made for
Browning by Mr. Swinburne when he says that the
poet" is something too much the reverse of obscure;
he is too brilliant and subtle for the ready reader
of a ready writer to follow with any certainty the
track of an intelligence which moves with such in-
cessant rapidity." Such a defence, justifiable to a
certain point, may of course easily be read as grant-
ing too much. After all, it does not excuse; it
only palliates. And it does not make a Tennyson
(or an artist equal in rank) of Browning any more
than it makes a Thackeray of Mr. George Meredith.
The prompt success scored by Mr. Du Maimer's
"Trilby" is one of those things that restore confi-
dence, often sadly shaken, in the public taste. For
the success is richly deserved, even when we judge
the book by an exacting standard—and it does not
seem accountable for otherwise than as following
from a true appreciation of the artistic quality of
Mr. Du Maurier's genial transcript of life. The
drawings count for something, to be sure; but one
would suppose the book handicapped for the aver-
age reader by its lack of a plot, as the term is com-
monly understood. And it must be admitted that
the book is very imperfect from the standpoint of
construction. The nice theorists who formulate and
lay down the laws of the novel will not easily fit
this one into any of their schemes, and it may well
prove the despair of the student of literary archi-
tectonics. The hypnotism business, for example, is
unjustifiable both in science and in art, and seriously
mars the work. But this stricture, as well as the
many others that might be made, only illustrates
anew the fact that genius may do almost anything
and yet be forgiven. And genius Mr. Du Maurier
certainly has, if deep insight into character, rich
criticism of life, delicate artistic perceptions, and a
shrewd and wholesome humor, are enough to con-
stitute that not easily definable quality. In the first
half of the book, every page is a delight; the latter
half only is a little disappointing. The naive way
in which the author takes you into his confidence
from the start is irresistibly winning; the descrip-
tions of student life in the Latin Quarter are as in-
imitable as those of Thackeray or Murger; the
pathos of Trilby's life and fate is exquisite; and
the unconventional diction with which all these mat-
ters are set forth is most refreshing. The omniv-
orous reader, a little tired of writers so intent upon
the manner of their saying things that they have no
time to find things worth saying, will eagerly wel-
come a man who has viewed life with tenderness and
a sane outlook, and who has so much to report that
he occasionally forgets to polish his paragraphs, if
indeed, he do not deliberately eschew the ways of
the stylist.
Mr. Hall Caine, after certain literary wanderings
into strange foreign parts, has returned to the scene
in which his first conspicuous success as a novelist
was made, and produced, in "The Manxman," a
work which must sensibly increase his reputation.
The outline of this new novel is comparatively sim-
ple, and it culminates in an episode which is, mu-
tatis mutandis, essentially that of " The Scarlet Let-
ter." The narrative, which exhibits great elabora-
tion of detail, displays a mastery of tragic irony,
and has passages of singular power; but yet, when
we think for a moment of the art of Hawthorne,
we see that far greater power is possible with far
less of elaboration, and wonder whether Mr. Caine
would not have been better advised had he worked
along simpler lines. As a minute and faithful study
of a locality and a variety of the human species,
this Manx romance is entitled to the highest praise.
We are made to know the people as if we had lived
with them for years, and doubtless they are inter-
esting enough to be made the subject of so thorough
a treatment. Mr. Caine's genius, moreover, weighted
as it is upon the emotional side of the balance, fits
him to deal with people under such primitive con-
ditions as obtain in the Isle of Man. He would
hardly be at home in the world of Thackeray or
George Eliot.
Right into the midst of the Thirty Years War,
into the most hideous and meaningless chapter in
the annals of all modern warfare, we are plunged
by the new romance of Mr. Stanley Weyman. The
scene is focussed upon the summer of 1832, the
period between Breitenfeld and Lutzen, the weeks
when the Swedish king confronted Wallenstein be-
fore Ntlrnberg and made of the peaceful valley of
the Pegnitz an armed camp. With these scenes for
a background, Mr. Weyman has told the story of
a noble lady, driven from her home, exposed to all


1894.]
265
THE
DIAL
the perils of travel in that lawless time, and to the
greater peril of the love of a brutal soldier of for-
tune whose protection she unwittingly seeks, until,
after many vicissitudes, she emerges from her dif-
ficulties as every well-conducted heroine of romance
is bound to emerge, and once more finds peace and
happiness and all the other things that have to come
at the end of the story. The book is, of course, one
of the most stirring sort of adventure, and the au-
thor has "got up" his period and his accessories
well enough. But the action is more confused and
the incidents upon a scale of greater monotony than,
say, in "A Gentleman of France," and we are in-
clined to think that Mr. Weyman has done better
work on at least two, and possibly on three or four,
occasions.
To write a whole novel in dialogue, or after the
manner of Mr. Howells's farces, was a somewhat
daring undertaking, especially on the part of a writer
who was to forego dramatic incident almost alto-
gether, and rely upon the sparkle of conversation
to sustain the interest. "The Maiden's Progress"
is unquestionably clever, and abounds in little
touches that show delicate observation and sympathy.
Taken a few pages at a time, it is extremely read-
able; run through at a sitting, it palls. Nor is the
story remarkable for coherency either of character
or plot. Whipped cream is excellent in its way, but
there should be some sort of pudding beneath.
One does not nowadays expect a new novel by
Mr. Black to furnish very substantial nutriment,
but there are limits to the permissible dilution even
of gruel, and it must be said that " Highland Cous-
ins" exceeds those limits. The book offers us the
old Highland background, the old and badly worn
stage-sets, the old Gaelic talk, and absolutely noth-
ing to relieve the monotony of these too familiar
adjuncts. We suppose that there are persons who
have never read a novel by Mr. Black, and to such
it may be imagined that this latest of the long line
might have a message and a charm; but it is not
easy for the jaded reviewer to assume the suggested
standpoint, and we must be content to note that the
present work is more exclusively provincial than
most of its predecessors, that it tells a pretty and
pathetic story, and that it contains nothing likely
to haunt the memory long after the closing page
has been read. But the simple and unpretending
plan of the narrative should disarm criticism; and
then, the author is by no means the only modern
novelist who has repeated himself. Besides, few
have the grace to repeat themselves in so frank and
unblushing a way.
Mrs. Margaret L. Woods made her first appear-
ance in literature with "A Village Tragedy," pub-
lished nearly six years ago. A year or two later
she published " Esther Vanhomrigh." The first of
these books was a masterpiece of the tragic idyll;
the other was as unquestionably a masterpiece of
historical fiction. So undoubted a success in two
so distinct fields of the art of fiction naturally at-
tracted much attention to the hitherto unknown
writer, and the most discerning critics were lavish
in their appreciation of the rare qualities displayed
by Mrs. Woods in her work. We hardly need,
then, to bespeak a welcome for " The Vagabonds,"
her third novel, now just appeared. It must be
classed with " A Village Tragedy " rather than with
her brilliant study of the life and times of Swift,
and is at least the equal of its predecessor. The
characters are very humble folk indeed, merely the
members of a strolling show, circus performers and
menagerie attendants. Nothing is spared us of
their illiteracy, their vulgarity, or their vice; yet
the art of the writer is such that our thought does
not dwell upon these things overmuch, but is rather
led to contemplate the common humanity which is
ours no less than theirs. Pathos we may expect in
such a story, and maudlin pathos is too frequent an
element in tales of the lowly, intended to arouse a
cheap sentimentality in readers belonging to a higher
social stratum. But the aim of the present writer
is a far higher one, and her pathos, so far from be-
ing cheap, is of the noble sort that levels all social
distinctions, and sets us face to face with the funda-
mental verities of life. How often we are forced
to exclaim, "This is truth," and not merely truth
in the barren sense of the photographic realist, but
truth as it exists for the artist, truth sublimated and
significant. The art of Mrs. Woods is the art of
the true realists, the art of "George Eliot," for ex-
ample, in her scenes of village or provincial life.
To make of the clown of an itinerant circus the hero
of a novel was a daring task indeed, and it is a true
spiritual triumph that we should be forced to accept
him as a man and a brother, which we clearly must
do in the present instance. The author of " The
Manxman " has done something akin to this; but
his method, when compared with that of Mrs. Woods,
shows obvious traces of the melodramatic. In this
special achievement, the woman is at once a sim-
pler and a subtler artist than the man.
Under the modest disguise of the initials "Z. Z.,"
a new writer, seemingly emulous of " Maarten Maar-
tens," bids for our interest in a little group of Dutch
settlers in London. This " Drama in Dutch" is a
very simple story, and the people with whom it
deals are merely transplanted Dutchmen, preserv-
ing intact, in their new colony, their national char-
acteristics. Before the end is reached, we feel
pretty well acquainted with them, both in their in-
dustrious money-getting and in their domestic sur-
roundings, and this is a great effect for any writer
to achieve. The author can hardly be other than a
Dutchman himself — his knowledge and sympathy
are too evident to be otherwise explained — but he
writes an irreproachable English, and his manner
is engaging. Most readers will feel themselves dis-
tinctly defrauded in the outcome of this "drama,"
for the long-lost son is not discovered, or the re-
verse, by the long-lost father, although both are
upon the scene, thus furnishing the conditions of a


2GG
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
climax which, according to all the traditions of good
Btory-telling, we have a right to expect. The ele-
ment of pathos in the story becomes it well, and is
distinctly marked.
The master of ah English public school is respon-
sible for as unliterary and curiously dull a piece of
story-telling as is often seen. His taste as a stylist
may be seen in the title, "The Thing that Hath
Been; or, A Young Man's Mistakes," a formula
which would have handicapped "Vanity Fair"
itself. The book deals with the inner life of an
English school, and no details are too petty and
insignificant to find a place in its pages. The chief
character is a young man destitute of breeding, but
endowed with a certain intellectual force, who for
a time occupies a master's place. He is distinguished
by a bluntness in saying what he thinks and an un-
comfortably logical way in putting things, which
characteristics seem intended to deserve our sym-
pathy, but utterly fail in their purpose. If we are
to accept the graceless realism of this book, the En-
glish public school is a place without tone or manly
feeling, a place where the masters are given over
to bickering and to devices for shirking their duties,
to say nothing of being brutal in their relations to
one another, and where the boys are dull, idle, and
unambitious. But this picture is probably as far
away from the average truth as is, in the other di-
rection, the picture of Arnold's Rugby, made famil-
iar to us all by the classic account of Judge Hughes.
The heroine of " Dr. Janet of Harley Street" is
a young woman who, at the age of seventeen, is en-
gaged to marry a French marquis of some fifty
summers. All goes well until the wedding morn-
ing, when the elderly wooer does violence to the
maidenly susceptibilities of his betrothed by kissing
her in the garden of her mother's house. Still, the
marriage ceremony is permitted to take place, but
it is no sooner over than the bride takes flight from
her country home, goes up to London, and walks
the streets in search of employment. Being penni-
less, she passes the first night h la belle itoile; a
repetition of this dismal experience is spared her
by the accident of finding a grimly good-natured
physician of her own sex, who takes her into the
household, and sets her to studying medicine. In
the course of time an attractive professor of chem-
istry appears upon the scene, and the usual entangle-
ment ensues. A second wedding follows upon a false
report of the death of the marquis; the discovery
that he still lives places the heroine in the uncom-
fortable position of a bigamist. Whereupon the re-
doubtable Dr. Janet seeks out the marquis, and
urges him to commit suicide as the best way of clear-
ing the atmosphere. This he obligingly does, with
the accompaniment of an interesting attack of de-
lirium tremens, and the story ends. Everything
about it is, of course, in the highest degree absurd,
while a hysterical method and the introduction of
much dismally irrelevant matter deprive the book
of its last hope of arousing the interest, as even a
very absurd story may possibly do, when told by a
writer having some share of the novelist's instinct.
Mr. Anthony Hope's new story is so different
from "The Prisoner of Zenda " that the reviewer
finds a complete readjustment of focus necessary.
Instead of intrigue, adventure, and the atmosphere
of romance, we have a simple story of an English
country town, told in the best of taste, and distinctly
novel in plot. The hero is a poet who has become
famous by his audacious denunciations of kings,
priests, and tyrants in general, to say nothing of
the social order in which it is possible for them to
exist. He takes up residence in a quiet village, and
his presence, reinforced by his lurid reputation, con-
siderably flutters the rural dovecotes. Falling in love
with the daughter of a local magnate, his views un-
dergo a remarkable modification, and he even pens an
ode to a visiting prince. These relapses secure for
him the deadly hatred of a radical physician of the
neighborhood, who has taken the poet's rhetoric far
too seriously, and who now treats him as a "lost
leader." For a time, the situation grows almost
tragic, but the story ends happily for most of those
concerned. It is impossible to help discerning in
the hero's career a sort of travesty of Mr. Swin-
burne's progress from his early radicalism to the
conservatism of his later years. But suggestions of
this sort need not, of course, be applied too literally.
Readers of Mr. Mallock's " New Republic" dur-
ing recent years must often have thought that the
Mr. Rose of the satire, obviously a caricature as
far as Walter Pater is concerned, was far from be-
ing a bad likeness of Mr. Oscar Wilde, whose me-
teoric career was a thing of the future at the time
when Mr. Mallock wrote. The hero of " The Green
Carnation " is Mr. Rose over again, much exagger-
ated, with a neat taste for paradox superadded to
his old insistence upon the value of the moment
and the mood, thus reminding us still more dis-
tinctly of the author of a certain pleasant essay on
"The Decay of Lying." The new book, like the
old one which it suggests, aims to satirize some of
the men and movements most prominent to-day in
English life and literature. It, too, has for its ma-
chinery a house party and the incidents and discus-
sions thereto appertaining, but in the present case
the names of those at whom its shafts are aimed are
not disguised. Here is a typical example:
"1 Dear Lady!' said Earne*, getting up out of his chair
slowly, 'intelligence is the demon of our age. Mine
bores me horribly. I am always trying to find a rem-
edy for it. I have experimented with absinthe, but
gained no result. I have read the collected works of
Walter Besant. They are said to sap the mental pow-
ers. They did not sap mine. Opium has proved use-
less, and green tea cigarettes leave me positively bril-
liant. What am I to do? I so long for the lethargy,
the sweet peace of stupidity. If only I were Lewis
Morris 1'"
There is a certain cleverness, although of a cheap


1894.]
267
THE
DIAL
sort, in this kind of writing, but a whole volume of
it grows wearisome. Here is another and rather
taking bit:
"' I will stay at home and read the last number of
"The Yellow Disaster." I want to see Mr. Aubrey
Beardsley's idea of the Archbishop of Canterbury. He
has drawn him sitting in a wheelbarrow in the gardens
of Lambeth Palace, with underneath him the motto,
"J'y suis, j'y reste." I believe he has on a black mask.
Perhaps that is to conceal the likeness.' 'I have seen
it,' Mrs. Windsor said; 'it is very clever. There are
only three lines in the whole picture, two for the wheel-
barrow and one for the Archbishop.'"
Such a book as this calls for sampling rather than
for comment, and we select the following for our
final extract. The hero, as before, is the speaker.
"' What shall I give you for a wedding present, Reg-
gie? I think I will give you the Book of Common
Prayer in the vulgar tongue. One would think it was
something written by a realist. The adjectives would
apply to the productions of George Moore, which are
boycotted by Smith on account of their want of style or
something of the sort. If George Moore could only
learn the subtle art of indecency he might be toler-
able. As it is, he is, like Miss Yonge, merely tedious
and domesticated. He ought to associate more with
educated people, instead of going perpetually to the de-
pendent performances of the Independent Theatre, whose
motto seems to be, " If I don't shock you, I'm a Dutch-
man!" How curiously archaic it must feel to be a
Dutchman. It must be like having been born in Ice-
land, or educated in a grammar school. I would give
almost anything to feel really Dutch for half-an-hour.'"
We are not surprised to hear that " The Green Car-
nation " has made something of a flutter in London.
But we shall be greatly surprised if anyone is found
to read it ten years from now.
William Morton Payne.
Briefs ox New Books.
Life and men
at teen by a
portrait painter.
A capital autobiography, and a real
mvltum in parvo in point of anecdo-
tal good things, is George P. A.
Healy's "Reminiscences of a Portrait Painter"
(McClurg). Mr. Healy, as the world knows, was
a master of the brush, and his book shows that he
could wield the pen with a fluent neatness that might
put many a professed writer to the blush. In Part
I., be sketches rapidly and deftly the story of his
life and of his progress as a painter,—of his child-
ish dabblings with the toy colors; his first portrait,
first sale, and first patron; his journey to Europe
and taste of bohemianism in Paris and London;
his marriage, early struggles, and final success; his
return home, and his experiences in Chicago, then
a chaotic, rude town, where squalor elbowed inci-
pient finery; where the Dives of to-day was the La-
zarus of yesterday; where the calico, pork, and gro-
cery millionaires were yet in the bud, thrifty, and sus-
picious of art, yet, as potential ancestors, not unwilling
to have their portraits done in " ile"; and where " un-
couth shanties reared their shabby heads close to fine
new mansions." Chicago has not, perhaps, lost all
her old characteristics. In Part II., the author writes
of his friends and his sitters; and among the latter,
we need scarcely say, were many of the most distin-
guished people of the old and the new worlds. Thiers,
Gambetta, Guizot, Louis Philippe, the Abbe* Liszt,
Lincoln, Grant, Jackson, Clay, Webster, Pope Pius
IX.,and William B. Ogden of Chicago, have sat before
his easel; and for each he has a page or so of graphic
anecdote and comment. There is a glimpse of Queen
Victoria, and it is not a pleasant one. Mr. Healy
was at Windsor, copying a Lawrence portrait, when
the Queen and Prince Albert, crossing the gallery,
stopped to glance at his work. "As she wished for
some details as to the order the King of France had
given me, she turned to her husband, saying, 'Ask
Mr. Healy if,' etc.; and Prince Albert put the ques-
tions to me, as though he had been translating from
a foreign tongue. Then she exclaimed, looking at
my copy, ' It is extremely like,' and, with the slight-
est possible bend of the head, passed on. I own
that my American blood rather boiled in my veins."
Not much more courteous was Mr. Healy's treat-
ment at the hands of "Old Hickory "—though the
outcome of his visit to the veteran was successful.
He had been commissioned to paint Jackson's por-
trait by Louis Philippe, and found the old hero at
the Hermitage, suffering from dropsy, propped in
his great arm-chair, and in a thoroughly Jackson-
ian temper. "Can't sit, sir, — can't sit," he an-
swered curtly, on learning Mr. Healy's errand.
"But, General," urged the painter, "the King of
France, who has sent me all this way on purpose to
paint you, will be greatly disappointed." "Can't
sit, sir,— not for all the Kings in Christendom,"
still growled the veteran; and Mr. Healy beat a
retreat, discomfited. The sitting was afterwards
granted at the instance of Mrs. Jackson, wife of the
General's adopted son, and a prime favorite. "Mrs.
Jackson told me afterwards," says Mr. Healy, " that
her task had not been an easy one. At her first
words he exclaimed,—' Can't sit, child. Let me die
in peace.' She insisted, used her best arguments—
all in vain. Finally, she said,' Father, I should so
much like you to sit' He hesitated, much moved
by her earnestness, and, with tears in his eyes, an-
swered,— 'My child, I will sit.'" The portrait
proved satisfactory, and it led to other commissions.
The book is prettily gotten up, and the many por-
traits after originals by Mr. Healy form an element
of decided interest.
The two handsome volumes contain-
Li/e and v>crk,oj • th « Letters and Sermons of
Samuel Longfellow. °
Samuel Longfellow ( Houghton)
bring us into contact with a very sweet and lovable
soul, the brother and biographer of the poet whose
name is so dear to all. This younger brother was
also poet as well as preacher; and though his poetic
genius was of narrow range, yet it was true and del-
icate in quality, and to it we owe some of the finest


268
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL
modern hymns. They are hymns of universal re-
ligion, tender, catholic, thoughtful. In these he
made his chief contribution to the world; by them
he will be remembered and honored. He was a
preacher of a very inclusive and progressive Chris-
tianity, rational and yet spiritual, free and yet de-
vout, radical and yet both appreciative and affirma-
tive. As a pastor, he was the delight of children,
the inspirer of youth, the teacher of mature men
and women, the guide to peace for troubled souls,
the comforter of those who mourn. He was not a
pulpit orator, nor was he a church organizer; but
wherever he ministered, in Fall River, Brooklyn,
or Germantown, he made himself felt in every good
work and for every good cause. All lives that he
touched he blessed and beautified; his memory is
treasured by all who knew him for the gracious and
gentle spirit which he diffused wherever he went.
The book of hymns, the joint work of himself and
his intimate friend Samuel Johnson, was his main
literary venture in early life. Later he contributed
many articles to reviews and magazines on religious
topics. His last years were devoted to the prepa-
ration of the biography of his distinguished brother,
which he completed to the satisfaction of all. His
sweet and quiet spirit shows through all his pages,
as it did in the man himself. Still, he was a man
of courage and force who could act as well as write
and preach. He was a brave reformer in his way,
an early enemy of the institution of slavery, always
nobly aggressive against all forms of sin. Mr. Jos-
eph May, a worthy son of a distinguished father,
Samuel J. May, has done his editorial work in these
volumes with fine taste and with good judgment.
In the first volume the life-story is presented largely
in the words of Mr. Longfellow, taken from his
correspondence with Samuel Johnson, Edward Ev-
erett Hale, and a few others, whom we here meet
in ways of pleasantness. The second volume con-
tains the " Essays and Sermons." There is nothing
very startling or luminous here, but the reader will
find great themes treated in an instructive and help-
ful manner. The spirit is broad, the thought is
clear and strong, the language is chaste, the tone is
reverent, the teaching is human and spiritual.
"Max O'Reii" ®UT candid friend "Max O'Rell," in
among the his "John Bull & Co." (Webster),
Engiuh. takes a wider geographical flight than
usual. Having described, to the satisfaction of every-
one but his victims, the senior member of this en-
terprising firm, he further avenges Waterloo by
"showing up the colonial branches in Canada, Aus-
tralia, New Zealand, South Africa." "Max O'Rell"
writes with all his old verve and shrewdness. Que-
bec, Montreal, Toronto, Honolulu, Sydney, Mel-
bourne, Adelaide, Cape Town, Kimberley, etc., are
"written up"—or written down—in turn, and the
local humors and foibles are hit off with characteristic
point and good temper. Entertainment is not un-
mingled with instruction. Writing, for instance, of
the natives of Queensland, the author testifies, we
are glad to note, not only to the actual existence
but to the imputed miraculous properties of our old
friend the boomerang. Certain abortive experi-
ments of our own with this instrument had weak-
ened our faith in the current accounts of it; but
"Max O'Rell" has seen it, and seen it perform. The
boomerang, he says, is a fiat piece of wood about
two and a half feet long, arched somewhat like a
triangle. "The Queenslander spies an object at some
distance from him. The boomerang, after having
hit this object (if it is a living thing its end has
come), mounts into the air like a bird, with a whirr-
ing as of wings, to a height of sixty to eighty yards,
describes immense circles, and, if cleverly thrown,
comes back in its fall to the feet of the thrower."
The most exacting could ask no more of it. The
volume is generously illustrated with photographic
prints.
Baedeker's A guide-book bearing the name of
Guide-book Baedeker naturally supersedes all
to Canada. others, and it is with no little satis-
faction that we place the new "Canada" on the
shelf with all the rest. "The Dominion of Can-
ada, with Newfoundland and an Excursion to Alas-
ka" (imported by Scribner) is the full title of the
book, and Mr. J. P. Muirhead, who did the " United
States" so well for the same series, is the author.
All the familiar features are here, the condensa-
tion, the wealth of exact information, the supply of
just those facts that travellers want to know, the
convenient arrangement of routes, and the beautiful
maps which so put to shame the best American ef-
forts in this direction. The special features of the
work are Dr. J. G. Bourinot's essay on "The Con-
stitution of Canada," Dr. G. M. Dawson's "Geo-
graphical and Geological Sketch," and the article
on "Sports and Pastimes" contributed by Messrs.
W. H. Fuller and E. T. D. Chambers. The article on
Newfoundland is mainly the work of the Rev. Moses
Harvey. Since the book is designed largely for En-
glish tourists, it includes the transatlantic routes, as
well as those from New York and Boston to Mon-
treal and Quebec. A book like this does not offer
much room for the personality of a writer, but
touches are not wanting, as for example, in the de-
scription of Cape Trinity on the Saguenay, in which
we read: "The front of the cliffs is defaced by the
staring advertisement of a Quebec tradesman, whom,
it is hoped, all right-minded tourists will on this ac-
count religiously boycott." This hope we are only
too happy to echo.
The Diary ■^•n engagmS little work, and a choice
o/aBotton piece of book-making withal, is the
KhooUgirt. u Diarv of Anna Green Winslow"
(Houghton), edited, with introduction and copious
notes, by Mrs. Alice Morse Earle. The diarist
was a bright little scion of sound Puritan stock, who
in 1770 was sent, at the age of ten, from Nova
Scotia to Boston, her parents' birthplace, to be duly
"finished" at Boston schools by Boston teachers.
Recording with delightful nawetS her own small


1894.]
269
THE DIAL
Colonial timet.
experiences, and quietly regardful, like all sharp
"little pitchers," of her unwary elders, she has left
us a really capital silhouette of the domestic man-
ners of her day. Mrs. Earle's Introduction, we
need scarcely say to The Dial's readers, is schol-
arly and graceful; and the notes evince her usual
curious and accurate knowledge of things Colonial.
There are several illustrations, including a portrait
of the diarist, and a specimen of her writing in
facsimile.
Mrs. Alice Morse Earle's " Costume
in Colonial Times " (Scribner) should
prove a real godsend to artists,whether
in words or in colors, who incline to Colonial motifs
and wish to keep their works free from the anach-
ronisms in matters of dress that mar too many
portrayals of Colonial life. The book is a glos-
sary, and it is something more, for the author sets
forth her facts entertainingly as well as conveniently,
and she has prefaced the glossary proper with an
instructive " History of Colonial Dress." The work
is based on facts drawn from old letters, newspa-
pers, wills, court-records, etc., and while the New En-
gland references predominate, the scarcer sources
of the southern Colonies have been carefully ex-
plored. While Mrs. Earle has done Dryasdust's
work, she certainly has not, save in point of thor-
oughness, done it in Dryasdust's way. The book is
an exceedingly tasteful one outwardly.
There is a limit to the license in point
^Tfv^'*00* ot details permitted to those who at-
about Aapoteon. . , 1
tempt to paint the characters of great
men ; and we think M. Frederic Masson has passed
it in his "Napoleon, Lover and Husband" (The
Merriam Co.). Much of the book is indelicate, more
of it is trivial, and some of its "revelations" are
broad enough to explain the otherwise inexplicable
fact that it has reached a fourteenth edition in
France. The marital experiences of Josephine and
Marie Louise have already been told ad nauseam;
and we see no good reason for dragging the vul-
gar liaisons of Napoleon to light. The publishers
have given the work a more respectable setting than
it deserves.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Those who prefer tried old fiction to experimental
new will find their account in some reprints that have
just appeared. "Quits," by the Baroness Tautphoeus, is
published by the Putnams in two neat volumes, boxed,
and styled the "Leonora" edition. The immortal
"Three Musketeers" of Dumas appears in two very
attractive volumes, illustrated by M. Leloir, from the
press of Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. In two volumes,
likewise, is Henry Kingsley's "Ravenshoe," issued by
the Scribners, and to be followed by "Austin Elliot
and " Geoffrey Hamlin." The author was well worthy
of this new edition, which will, we doubt not, find a
hearty welcome.
Reversing the title of her sprightly little book of
three years ago on "Adopting an Abandoned Farm,"
Miss Kate Sanborn continues the tale of her rural ex-
periences in the pretty volume entitled " Abandoning
an Adopted Farm " (Appleton). The point of the book
is expressed in its title. Like its predecessor, it is chatty
and unconventional to a degree, and brimful of the
humors of rustic life as seen through urban spectacles.
Volume II. of "The Writings of Thomas Paine"
(Putnam), edited by Mr. Moncnre D. Conway, has just
been published. It is a straight reprint, with but little
in the way of introduction and annotation, of the books
and tracts that date from 1779 to 1792. "The Rights
of Man," dating, complete, from 1792, fills the latter
half of the volume. Of the other papers the most im-
portant are the " Letter to the Abbe" Raynal," the tract
on "Public Good," and the letters, from the Pennsyl-
vania "Gazette," on "Peace, and the Newfoundland
Fisheries."
Dr. Paul Carus has collected into a volume of the
"Religion of Science " library a large number of his
fugitive papers upon philosophical subjects, and the col-
lection, entitled "Fundamental Problems," is sent forth
by the Open Court Publishing Co. The contents of this
book are of an exceedingly varied character, and there
is no unity of plan except that which comes from the
unity of the underlying thought. The papers make sug-
gestive popular reading upon the most serious problems
that engage the human intellect, and there is doubtless
somewhere a large audience of persons who will find
them helpful.
Tbe third and latest volume of the "Studies in Clas-
sical Philology " (Ginn), issued from time to time by
Cornell University, is a monograph upon "The Cult of
Asklepios," by Dr. Alice Walton. Miss Walton briefly
treats of the subject as a whole, and appends to the
chapters which make up the work proper a number of
very valuable indices, particularly one of " Literature
and Inscriptions " and one (nearly thirty pages in length)
of "Localities of Cults." In the latter index, the clas-
sification is geographical, and authorities are given.
The "Ariel Shakespeare" (Putnam), of which we
have already noticed four instalments of seven volumes
each, is now completed by the publication of a final
batch of twelve volumes. Three of these are devoted,
respectively, to the "Poems," the "Sonnets," and a
"Glossary," thus eking out the full number of forty, of
which the set consists. The set costs $16.00 in cloth,
and $30.00 in full leather. It may also be had in sets
of twenty double volumes, also in two styles, cloth and
half-bound. In either of these forms, the edition is very
neat and serviceable. We note also in this connection,
"The Merchant of Venice " and « A Midsummer Night's
Dream," in the "Temple Shakespeare" (Macmillan).
The bridge of the Rialto and the room in which Shake-
speare was born are the etchings which serve as frontis-
pieces.
Recently published classical texts include Professor
B. Perrin's edition (Ginn) of Books V.-VIII. of the
"Odyssey," based upon Hentze's text in the Teubner
series; a little book of exercises, called "The Gate to
the Anabasis" (Ginn), by Mr. Clarence W. Gleason;
Dr. John C. Rolfe's attractive edition (Allyn) of " Cor-
nelii Nepotis Vita," with many notes and exercises for
translation into Latin; an edition of the " Alcestis " (Mac-
millan), supplied with much excellent apparatus by Dr.
Mortimer Lamson Earle; aud a very small book of
scenes from the " Persie" (Longmans), edited by the
Rev. F. S. Ramsbotham.


270
[Nov. 1,
THE
Literary Notes and Miscellany.
The long-expected Whittier's Letters are to appear
immediately.
The letters of Matthew Arnold, we learn, are not
likely to be published for some months.
Mr. W. L. Courtney has succeeded Mr. Frank Harris
as editor of " The Fortnightly Review."
The author of " The Green Carnation," reviewed else-
where in this issue, is said to be Mr. R. S. Hitchens.
"The Jewish Library," a series of monographs by em-
inent scholars, is to bear the imprint of Messrs. Mac-
millan & Co.
"The Calumet," a new inter-university magazine,
edited by Mr. John Seymour Wood, will begin publica-
tion in December.
The Robert Clarke Co. of Cincinnati have in hand a
reprint of Withers's "Chronicles of Border Warfare,"
to be edited by Mr. Reuben 6. Thwaites.
Dr. A. Conan Doyle gave a public lecture in Chicago,
at the Central Music Hall, on the evening of October
26. He was greeted by a very large audience. The
lecture dealt with his own literary experiences, and a
few brief readings from his books were interspersed.
A new translation of " Paul and "Virginia " is to be
published soon by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. The
translation is by Professor Melville B. Anderson, head
of the English department at Stanford University, whose
previous achievements as a translator justify the belief
that this work will now become an English classic.
Miss Harriet Monroe has been awarded damages to
the extent of $5000 in her suit against the New York
"World " for its unauthorized publication (from a stolen
copy) of her " Ode " written for the opening of the Co-
lumbian Exposition. We do not know whether or not
the case is to be appealed, but if it is we trust that the
higher courts will sustain so righteous a verdict.
The " Hans Sachs Feier" will be held at Munich on
the fourth, fifth, and sixth of this month. The celebra-
tion will open on the fourth with a new play by Herr
Martin Grief. On the fifth, being the poet's four hun-
dredth birthday, several of his "Fastnachtsspiele " will
be performed in the same manner as they were four
hundred years ago, but supplemented by preludes, in-
terludes, and epilogues. The performance of Wagner's
"Meistersinger," on the sixth, will conclude the national
festival.
Professor James Darmesteter, of the College de
France, died on the twentieth of October, at the age of
forty-five. He was a distinguished Orientalist, and for
nearly ten years past has held the chair of Persian lit-
erature and language at the College de France. He
married, a few years ago, Miss A. Mary F. Robinson,
the English poet. Early in the present year he added
to his other duties the editorial conduct of the new
"Revue de Paris."
Professor John Nichol died on the twelfth of October,
at the age of sixty-one. He was particularly inter-
ested in American subjects, and was one of our warm-
est defenders at the time of the Civil War. He pub-
lished a " Sketch of American Literature " some years
ago, and also wrote the "Encyclopedia Britannica"
article upon that subject. He held the chair of En-
glish literature at the University of Glasgow for twenty-
eight years. He also wrote the volumes on Byron and
Carlyle in the " English Men of Letters " series.
Mr. Theodore Watts has been making some very in-
teresting inquiries into Shakespeare's connection with
Gloucestershire, and is satisfied that the poet's evident
familiarity with that county is owing to his having staid
at Dursley with one of the Shakespeares who was living
there during his lifetime. The Gloucestershire names
of people mentioned by him are still largely represented
in Dursley, and the descriptions of the neighborhood
are so singularly accurate as to be easily identified.
The Associated Press dispatches have recently sup-
plied the newspapers with the following anecdote: "All
London has been laughing this week over the published
correspondence between Mr. W. S. Gilbert and an Amer-
ican lady. The latter wrote asking for an interview. Gil-
bert replied that his charge therefor would be twenty
guineas. The lady replied that, while she could not go
to that expense, she cheerfully looked forward to writ-
ing his obituary for nothing. Thereupon the irascible
humorist sent the correspondence to the < Times' with
a very petulant letter, and the lady threatens to sue for
libel."
The widow of Leconte de Lisle is preparing her late
husband's manuscripts for the press. She is working
in collaboration with De Hdredia, and they hope to col-
lect sufficient material for a volume of poems, which
shall add to the reputation of the author of " Poemes
Barbares." The task is a difficult one, as the late poet
was very critical about his own work, and they are
anxious not to print anything which he would have re-
fused to publish. Leconte de Lisle destroyed more than
four thousand lines of verse which he deemed unsatis-
factory, and what he published had been revised and
revised again.
The London "Bookman," in its monthly reports of
publications having the largest sale in England, often
affords interesting indications of the drift of public
taste. According to the October lists, East London is
still finding its favorite reading in "If Christ came to
Chicago," but the title has disappeared from all the
other lists, although it occupied the first place in many
of them a few weeks ago. Novels are just now the fav-
orites, even in pious Scotland; and " The Manxman"
heads eight lists out of fifteen. "Perlycross " is the
next in favor (although Glasgow does sandwich it in be-
tween "Helps for Common Days" and a " Bible Dic-
tionary "); while "Lourdes" and "Under the Red
Robe " follow at no great distance.
We learn that the trustees of the Newberry Library
have called Mr. John Vance Cheney, of San Francisco,
to the vacant librarianship. They are to be congratulated
upon their choice. Mr. Cheney is a trained librarian
and an accomplished man of letters, and Chicago will
give him a cordial welcome. The following extract
from the San Francisco "Argonaut" expresses the es-
teem in which Mr. Cheney is held upon the Pacific
Coast. We notice a Blight inaccuracy concerning the
relations of the late Dr. Poole to The Dial. While
Dr. Poole was second to none in our affections as a con-
tributor, he was never editorially connected with the
review. Says " The Argonaut":
"It is stated, on apparently good authority, that the
trustees of the great Newberry Library, in Chicago,
have decided to come to San Francisco for a successor
to the late librarian, Dr. William Frederick Poole. The
man whom they are said to have chosen is Mr. John Vance
Cheney, now at the head of the San Francisco Free Pub-
lic Library. It is a great compliment to Mr. Cheney.


1894.]
271
THE
DIAL
The Newberry Library, although not an old one, is al-
ready a notable institution, and is so liberally endowed
that it is destined to be the largest library in this coun-
try, if not one of the largest in the world. Dr. Poole,
its late librarian, was a scholar of ripe erudition, and a
man of much experience in managing libraries. He was
the compiler of the famous " Poole's Index to Period-
ical Literature," an invaluable aid to writers and editors.
He was also one of the editors of The Dial, a literary
journal of which Chicago may well be proud, something
which cannot be said of all her publications. It is Dr.
Poole's place which Mr. Cheney is called upon to fill.
We think he will fill it worthily. Mr. Cheney is a gen-
tleman of New England ancestry, of liberal education,
with the tastes of a scholar, and the temperament of a
poet. That he can retain this last in the prosaic envir-
onment of San Francisco shows that it is ingrained. His
love of letters is strong. He has made an excellent official
in charge of our small library here on the Pacific Coast,
and he will make a better one in the larger sphere to
which he is called. He will be more appreciated in
Chicago than in San Francisco. When some San Fran-
cisco millionaire leaves to the people such a magnificent
endowment for a library as the late James Newberry
left to Chicago, men like Mr. Cheney will doubtless
tbink twice before they leave us, and the people will
think twice before they let them go."
IN MEMORIAM, EDWARD AUGUSTUS FREEMAN.
Died at Alicante, Spain, March 16,1892.
Called to his rest, though not on that loved strand
That claimed his last life-labor, now denied
Its high fulfilment,— yet he sleeps beside
Blue Mediterranean waters, in a land
Of palms and columns, over-towered of old
By that white rock whose sunlit bastions brought
Light to his darkening eyes. For there, too, rolled
Th' "eternal Btrife " whose island-fields he sought
From Mongibello to the wind-swept crest
Of Julian and Astartg. East and West,—
Thraldom and freedom,— were to him no theme
Scholastic, but that mighty human heart,
Outpouring words of thunder, still took part
In each uprising, were it but a dream.
— (From Volume IV. of Freeman'i "History of Sicily,"
by the editor of the volume, Mr. Arthur J. Evans.)
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
November, 1894.
African Folk-Lore. Frederick Starr. Dial (Nov. 1).
Alcohol and Happiness. Justus Gaule. Popular Science.
Anglo-American Reunion, A. A. T. Mahan. No. American.
Boswell's Proof-Sheets. George B. Hill. Atlantic.
Canterbury Tales, The. Hiram Corson. Dial (Nov. 1).
Canton, In the City of. Florence O'Driscoll. Century.
Cobra, The, and other Serpents. Ill us. Popular Science.
Cossack, The. Hlus. Poultney Bigelow. Harper.
Election Night in a Newspaper Office. Julian Ralph. Scribner.
Emerson, The Religion of. W. H. Savage. Arena.
England, Am. Influence over. J. M. Ludlow. Atlantic.
English, Academic Treatment of. H. E. Scudder. Atlantic.
English at College and University. Dial (Nov. 1).
English Novels, Recent. W. M. Payne. Dial (Nov. 1).
English Railroad Methods. Rlus. H. O. Pront. Scribner.
France, Agriculture in. H. Blerzy. Chautauquan.
Fronde, James Anthony. Dial (Nov. 1).
Germany, The Legislature of. J. W. Burgess. Chautauquan.
Glaciers of Greenland, The. Angelo Heilprin. Pop. Science.
Holmes, English Tributes to. Dial (Nov. 1).
Horse, The. Hlus. N. S. Shaler. Scribner.
Immigration and the Land Question. C. J. Buell. Arena.
Japan of Old, The Real. E. W. Clement. Dial (Nov. 1).
Jefferson, Joseph. Dial (Nov. 1).
Korean Matters. Lucius Howard Foote. Overland.
Law, Making of a. John L. Mitchell. Nvrth American.
Maeterlinck, Maurice. Richard Bnrton. Atlantic.
Magazine Fiction. Frederic M. Bird. Lippincott.
Manual Training. C. Hanford Henderson. Popular Science.
Napoleon Bonaparte. Hlus. Ida M. Tar bell. McClure's.
Napoleon Bonaparte, Life of. Hlus. W. M. Sloane. Century.
Newspaper Press of the United States. Chautauquan.
Novel, The Modern. Amelia E. Barr. North American.
Political Corruption. Thos. E. Will, Arena.
Political Parties, Evolution of. S. M. Merrill. No. American.
Provence, The Churches of. Mrs. Van Rensselaer. Century.
Rabbits in New Zealand. J. N. Ingram. Lippincott.
Sea-Robbers of New York. Hlus. T. A. Janvier. Harper.
Shanghai. Mark B. Dunnell. Overland.
Sioux Mythology, The. Chas. A. Eastman. Popular Science.
Sioux, Religion of the. Hlus. W. H. Wassell. Harper.
Steamships, Development of. Uriel Sebree. Chautauquan.
Swiss Watch Schools, The. T. B. Willson. Popular Science.
Washington Correspondent, The. E. J. Gibson. Lippincott.
Washington in Lincoln's Time. Noah Brooks. Century.
War in the East, Causes of the. Kama Oishi. Arena.
War in the Orient, The. Shushurino Knrino. No. American.
World, Unknown Parts of the. H. R. Mills. McClure's.
List of New Books.
[The following list, embracing 105 titles, includes all books
received by The Dial since last issue.]
HISTORY.
History of the Consulate and the Empire of France Un-
der Napoleon. By Louis Adolphe Thiers: trans., with
sanction and approval of the author, by D. Forbes Camp-
bell and John Stebbing. In 12 vols., illus. with 36 steel
plates, 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. J. B. Lippincott Co.
Boxed, $36.
History of the French Revolution, 1789-1800. By Louis
Adolphe Thiers; trans., with notes, etc., by Frederick
Shoberl. New edition in 5 vols.; Vols. I. and II., illus.
with steel engravings, 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. J. B. Lip-
pincott Co. Per vol, $3.
Historical Characters of the Reign of Queen Anne. By
Mrs. M. O. W. Oliphant. Hlus., 8vo, gilt top, pp. 207.
The Century Co. $6.
Life In Ancient Egypt. Described by Adolph Erraan;
trans, by H. M. Tirard. With 11 plates and 400 text-
illustrations, 8vo, gilt top, pp. 570. Macmillan & Co. $6.
A History of Our Own Times: From the Accession of
Queen Victoria to the General Election of 1880. By Jus-
tin McCarthy: with introduction, supplementary chap-
ters, etc., by G. Mercer Adams. In 2 vols., illus., 12mo,
gilt tops. Lovell, Coryell & Co. Boxed, S3.
German Society at the Close of the Middle Ages. By
E. Befort Bax, author of "The Ethics of Socialism."
12mo, nncnt, pp. 276. Macmillan & Co. 91.75.
Old European Jewries. By David Philipson, D.D., author
of " The Jew in English Fiction." 16mo, pp. 281. Jew-
ish Publication Society. $1.25.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Life and Art of Joseph Jefferson, Together with some Ac-
count of his Ancestry and of the Jefferson Family of Ac-
ton. By William Winter. Illus., 12mo, pp. 319. Mac-
millan & Co. $2.25.
Life of Edward Bouverle Pusey, D.D. By Henry Parry
Liddon, D.D. Vol. III., with portraits, 8vo, pp. 488.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $4.50.
Reminiscences of a Portrait Painter. By George P. A.
Healy. Hlus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 221. A. C. McClurg
& Co. $1.50.
General Lee. By Fitzhugh Lee, his nephew and cavalry
comraander. With portrait, gilt top, uncut, pp. 433. Ap-
pletons' " Great Commanders." $1.50.
James Henry Chapln: A Sketch of his Life and Work. By
George Sumner Weaver, D.D. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, un-
cut, pp. 386. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.


272
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL
Arthur O'Shaughnessy, his Life and his Work, with Selec-
tions from his Poems. By Louise Chandler Moulton.
With portrait, lOmo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 120. Stone &
Kimball. 81.25.
Napoleon, Lover and Husband. By Fr£de>ic Masson;
trans, by J. M. Howell. With portrait, 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 322. The Merriam Co. $2.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Life and Letters of Erasmus: Lectures Delivered at Ox-
ford in 1893-4. By J. A. Froude. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 433. Chas. Scribner's Sons. 82.50.
William Shakspere: A Study in Elizabethan Literature.
By Barrett Wendell. 16mo, pp. 439. Chas. Scribner's
Sons. 8L25.
Tennyson and his Pre-Raphaelite Illustrators: A Book
about a Book. By George Somes Layard. Illus., gilt
top, uncut, pp. 68. Copeland & Day. 81.75.
A History of English Literature in a series of Biograph-
ical Sketches. By William Francis Collier, LL.D. New
revised edition, 16mo, pp.582. Thos. Nelson & Sons. $1.75.
The English Novel: Being a Short Sketch of Its History
from the Earliest Times to the Appearance of "Waver-
ley." By Walter Raleigh. 16mo, pp. 298. Chas. Scrib-
ner's Sons. 81.25.
The History of the English Language. By Oliver Farrar
Emerson, A.M. 12mo, pp. 415. Macmillan & Co. 81.25.
Childhood In Literature and Art. With Some Observa-
tions on Literature for Children. By Horace E. Scudder.
12mo, gilt top, pp. 253. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 81.25.
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Collected and edited
by Paul Leicester Ford. Vol. IV., 1784-1787; 8vo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 485. O. P. Putnam's Sons. 85.
Bibliographical A Magazine of Bibliography in twelve Quar-
terly Parts. Part II., Ulus., 4to, uncut, pp. 127. Chas.
Scribner's Sons. 82.
Character Studies, with some Personal Recollections. By
Frederick Saunders, author of " Pastime Papers." 12mo,
pp. 177. Thomas Whittaker. $1.
A Plea for the Ethical Value of Poetry: An address by
W. L. Sheldon. 16mo, pp. 39. St. Louis : Wm. A. Bran-
denburger.
POETRY.
Five Books of Song. By Richard Watson Gilder. 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 240. The Century Co. 81.50.
In Sunshine Land. By Edith M. Thomas. Illus., 12mo,
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Madonna, and Other Poems. By Harrison S. Morris. Ulus.,
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Old English Songs from Various Sources. With Introduc-
tion by Austin Dobson. Ulus. by Hugh Thomson, 12mo,
gilt edges, pp. 163. Macmillan & Co. 82.
The Flute Player, and Other Poems. By Francis Howard
Williams. 12mo, uncut, pp. 128. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 81-
The Land of Heart's Desire. By W. B. Yeats. With
frontispiece, 16mo, uncut, pp. 43. Stone & Kimball. $1.
A Patch of Pansles. By J. Edmond V. Cooke. 16mo, gilt
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Armazindy. Bjr James Whitcomb Riley. With frontis-
piece, 16mo, gilt top, pp. 169. Bowen-Merrill Co. 81.25.
Poems and Lyrics of Nature. Edited, with Introduction,
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top, uncut, pp. 273. Chas. Scribner's Sons. 75 cts.
FICTION.
Pomona's Travels. By Frank R. Stockton. Illus. by Frost,
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When All the Woods Are Green. By S. Weir Mitchell,
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Polly: A Christmas Recollection. By Thomas Nelson Page.
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Danvls Folks. By Rowland E. Robinson, author of "Ver-
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The Double Emperor: A Story of a Vagabond Cunarder.
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The Price of Peace: A Story of the Times of Ahab, King
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Tales from the ADgean. By Demetrios Bikelas; trans, by
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A Mild Barbarian. By Edgar Fawcett, author of " An Am-
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The Green Carnation. 16mo, pp. 211. D. Appleton & Co.
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A Drama In Dutch. By Z. Z. 12mo, pp. 275. Macmillan
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Writing to Rosina. By W. H. Bishop, author of " Det-
mold." Ulus., 24mo, gilt edges, pp. 117. The Century
Co. $1.
P'tlt Matinic', and Other Monotones. By George Wharton
Edwards, author of "Thumb-Nail Sketches." Illus.,
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TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
When We Were Strolling Players In the East. By
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Across Asia on a Bicycle: The Journey of Two American
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SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES.
Woman's Share in Primitive Culture. By Otis Tufton
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British Freewomen: Their Historical Privilege. By Char-
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City Government in the United States. By Alfred R.
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The American Legislature: An Address delivered before
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Is Suicide a Sin? By Col. Ingersoll and many others. 16mo,
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THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
Genesis and Semitic Tradition. By John D. Davis, Ph.D.
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Heroes of Israel. By W. Garden Blaikie, D.D., author of
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Thomas Nelson & Sons. $1.50.
The Cross: Ancient and Modern. By Willson W. Blake.
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"As Natural as Life ": Studies of the Inner Kingdom. By
Charles G. Ames, llimo, pp. 109. Boston: James H.
West. 60 cts.
St. Luke: Thoughts for St. Luke's Day. Selected by a
Daughter of the Church. Ulus., 16mo, pp. 48. New York:
Crothers & Korth. 50 cts.


1894.]
273
THE DIAL
The Power of an Endless Life. By Thomas C.Hall. 16mo,
pp.190. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.
The Heresy of Cain. By George Hodges. 12mo, pp. 290.
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In Love with Love: Four Life-Studies. By James H.
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Euripides' Alcestls. Edited by Mortimer Lamson Earle.
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A Laboratory Manual in Elementary Biology, Designed
for Preparatory and High Schools. By Emanuel R. Boyer,
A.B. 12mo, pp. 235. D. C. Heath & Co. 80 cts.
Tales of a Traveller. By Washington Irving. Students'
edition, edited by William Lyon Phelps, A.M. 12mo,
pp. 558. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 81.
Le Monde ou Ton s'Ennule. Par Edouard Pailleron; with
introduction, etc., by A. C. Pendleton, M.A. 16mo, pp.
Heath's " Modern Language Series." 25 cts.
134.
BEFEBENCE.
The Royal English Dictionary and Word Treasury. By
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Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. By Washington
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the standard French text; illus., 12mo, gilt tops. T. Y.
Crowell & Co. $3.
Scott's Complete Poetical Works. With introduction by
Charles Eliot Norton, and biographical sketch by Nathan
Haskell Dole. In 2 vols., illus., 12mo, gilt tops. T. Y.
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Boswell's Life of Johnson. Edited, with an introduction,
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gut tops. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $3.
The Temple Shakespeare, new vols.: The Taming of the
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BOOKS FOB THE YOUNG.
The Boy Travellers in the Levant: Adventures of Two
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The Yellow Fairy Book. Edited by Andrew Lang. Ulus.,
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The Man Who Married the Moon, and Other Pueblo In-
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New Mexico David." Illus., 12mo, pp. 239. The Cen-
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The Wagner Story Book: Firelight Tales of the Great
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The Land of Pluck : Stories and Sketches for Young Folk.
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The Century Book for Young Americans: The Story of
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"Historic Boys." Bins., 8vo, pp. 249. The Century Co.
$1.50.
Toinette's Philip. By Mrs. C. V. Jamison, author of " Lady
Jane." Ulus., 8vo, pp. 236. The Century Co. $1.50.
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A story of the street Arabs of New York. By JAMES Otis, author of "Tory Tyler," etc.
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Uniform in style and price with “Jenny Wren's Boarding House," a story of newsboy life in New York, by the same author.
Dan of Millbrook By CHARLES CARLETON COFFin, author of " Boys of '61,” etc. With 8 full-page illustra-
• tions by MERRILL. Large 12mo, cloth; price.............. $1.50
A strong story of New England life by this famous writer.
Zigzag Journeys in the White City. With Excursions to the Neighboring Metropolis. By Hez-
vily, EKIAH BUTTERWORTH. Profusely illustrated with full-page
plates and text engravings. Small 4to, in a novel and attractive style of parti-cloth cover, extra ; price ..... $2.00
In this new volume of the most popular series of books of travel and story for American children ever issued, the reader
is shown with graphic pen and pencil some of the wonders of the recent great World's Fair at Chicago.
The Parson's Miracle. OR, CHRISTMAS IN AMERICA. By HEZEKIAH BUTTERWORTH. A new volume in the
CIC, series of " Christmas in Many Lands." A charming holiday story, with illustrations
in color and a dainty cover ; price ..... .......... ........... .... 50c.
** A COMPLETE DESCRIPTIVE LIST will be mailed free to any address upon application.
The above books are for sale by Booksellers generally, or will be sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price, by
ESTES & LAURIAT, PUBLISHERS, BOSTON.


1894.]
279
THE DIAL
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.'S NEW BOOKS.
(Jill of wbicb will be published during November.)
The Oliver Wendell Holmes Year Book.
Selections from Dr. Holmes's prose and poetry, for Every Day
of the Year. With a fine portrait. Attractively bound.
16mo, $1.00.
George William Curtis.
An appreciative and admirable account of this knightly man
and great citizen. By Edward Caby, in " American Men
of Letters" Series. With a portrait. 16mo, $1.25.
Talk at a Country House.
Interesting imaginary conversations, at an English country
house, on famous Englishmen, English society, politics, and
literature; Assyrian inscriptions, etc. By Sir Edward
Strachby. With a portrait and engraved title-page. 16mo,
gilt top, $1.25.
Religious Progress.
A small book on a large subject treated with admirable learn-
ing, rare breadth of view, and a finely tolerant spirit. By
A. V. G. Allen, author of "The Continuity of Christian
Thought." 16mo, $1.00.
The Great Refusal:
Letters from a Dreamer in Gotham. A romance in which the
sentiment is cherished mostly by the " dreamer," who writes
in admirable style of many interesting things besides love.
By Paul E. More. 16mo, $1.00.
A Story of Courage:
Annals of the Convent of the Visitation at Georgetown. By
George Parsons Lathhop, LL. D., and Ross Haw-
thorne Lathrop. With illustrations. 12mo, $2.00.
Mr. and Mrs. Lathrop tell in excellent style and with much
enthusiasm the story of the founding of the Convent and
Academy of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, at
Georgetown. Their book is valuable as setting forth the prin-
ciples, methods, aims, and spirit of the institution; and it will
be of interest to Protestants as well as Catholics, and an ex-
cellent souvenir for those who have studied in the Academy.
Hymns and Verses.
By Samuel Longfellow. lOmo, $1.00.
Some of the Rev. Samuel Longfellow's hymns are among
the noblest, sweetest, and most devout in the world's hymnal;
and many will eagerly welcome this tasteful volume which
garners poems so admirable.
Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.
By Lafcadio Hearn. 2 vols., 8vo, $4.00.
11 Not1 glimpses' of Japan are these, but ultimate pictures of its sea
and its shore, of its rice fields and mountains, the thoughts and the Uvea
of Us princes and peasants, their spirit and instinct, their hopes and
their memories, the fears and the Joys of a race. ... A very great
book."— tfete York Times.
11 In these twenty-six papers on Japan there is a wealth of wondrously
artistic prose. There are passages with a sonorous roll that float one
along like the swell of the sea. Then will come sharp and broken dia-
logues, keen-sighted descriptions, plain statements of facts, and accur-
ate, painstaking scholarship. There are smooth places and rough places,
harmony and discord, but predominant everywhere is style."—New
York Tribune.
The Favorite Series.
Four beautiful books, including Mr. Aldrich's "Marjorie
Daw and Other Stories," Mr. Harte's " Luck of Roaring
Camp," Mr. Warner's "Backlog Studies," and Miss
Jewett's "Tales of New England." Each has an etched
title-page and a portrait frontispiece. Tastefully bound in
Holiday style, $1.25 each; the set, in a box, $5.00.
Maria Edgeworth:
Her Life and Letters. Edited by Augustus J. C. Hare.
2 vols., crown 8vo, $4.00.
Miss Edgeworth's Letters contain anecdotes and views of a
host of famous English and French persons.
Occult Japan:
The Way of the Gods. A book of peculiar value on the
Shinto religion of Japan, as thoroughly studied and person-
ally observed by Percival Lowell, author of "The Soul
of the Far East," " Noto," " Chosbn," etc. With four illus-
trations. Crown 8vo, gilt top, $1.50.
Little Mr. Thimblefinger
And his Queer Country. A delightful book for young folks
(and older ones) about things seen and heard in what may
be called Uncle-Remus-Land. By Joel Chandler Har-
ris, author of the " Uncle Remus " books. With 32 artistic
and exceedingly interesting pictures by Oliver Hebford.
Square 8vo, $2.00.
Pushing to the Front;
Or, Success under Difficulties. By Orison Swett Marden.
With 24 excellent portraits of Famous Persons. Crown 8vo,
$1.50.
An irresistible kind of book showing by vigorous statement
and most abundant and various anecdotes how victory may
be gained over obstacles and success achieved by pluck, will,
and persistency. Every one, especially every young person,
who wishes to reach the " front," should read this book. It
is admirably suited for a Holiday gift.
Tuscan Cities.
By W. D. Howells. New Edition, from new plates, uni-
form with his novels. 12mo, $1.50.
This edition brings into uniform style with Mr. Howells's
novels a delightful book about Florence, Siena, Pisa, Lucca,
Pistoja, Prato, and Fiesole.
The Story of Lawrence Garthe.
A very bright and engaging novel of New York life, though
not a society novel. By Ellen Olney Kmk. author of
"The Story of Margaret Kent," "Ciphers," etc. 16mo,
$1.25.
A Century of Charades.
By William Bellamy. A hundred original charades, very
ingenious in conception, are worked out with remarkable
skill, and are — many of them — genuinely poetical. 18mo,
$1.00.
When Molly was Six.
A delightful story, simple, natural, engaging, and of charm-
ing literary quality. By Eliza Orne White, author of
"Winterborough." Illustrated by Katharine Pyle. An
exquisite Holiday book. Square llinjo, $1.00.
Fagots for the Fireside.
One hundred and fifty games. By Lucbetia P. Hale. New
and enlarged edition of a capital book including in the new
matter instructions for Golf. 12mo, $1.25.
Evangeline.
Longfellow's world-famous poem, decorated with Leaves
of the Acadian Forests, reproduced with remarkable fidel-
ity to nature. Square 8vo, full gilt, $2.00.
*«• Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, by
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY, Boston, Mass.


280
[Nov. 16,
THE
DIAL
THOMAS NELSON & SONS'
HOLIDAY BOOKS.
The Boys' Book of the Season—J. Mac Donald Ozley's New Book.
IN THE WILDS OF THE WEST COAST. 12mo, handsomely
bound in cloth extra, and fully illustrated, $1.50.
A book that all boys will appreciate, and those in search of wholesome
and entertaining reading for young people will find this in every way
suitable.
A Notable New Book.
HEROES OF ISRAEL. By William O. Bladco, D.D., LL.D., au-
thor of *' A Manual of Bible History in Connection with the General
History of the World." 8vo, cloth extra, numerous illustrations, $1.60.
As a delineator of Scripture biography, strong and picturesque, thor-
oughly evangelical and scholarly, Dr. W. O. Blaikie has already been
widely read on this side of the sea. This new volume will find, as
It certainly deserves, a cordial welcome in every pastor's study. It
ought to be placed in every church library. For such vigorous por-
trayals of character suggest themes of meditation of the highest promise
to one inclined to be imaginative. These books make excellent and
helpful presents for Superintendents and Teachers during the holi-
days."— Rev. Charles S. Robinson, D.D., Pastor of New York Presby-
terian Church.
Three New Historical Tales by Evelyn Everett Qreen.
SHUT IN. A Tale of the Wonderful Siege of Antwerp in the Year
1585. By Evelyn Everett Greek. 8vo, cloth extra, $1.75.
THE SECRET CHAMBER AT CHAD. A Tale. By Evelyn Ev-
erett Green. 12mo, cloth extra, $1.00.
EVIL MAY-DAY. A Story of 1517. By Evelyn Everett Green.
12mo, cloth extra, $1.00.
A New Book by Talbot Baines Reed.
KILOORMAN. A Story of Ireland in 1798. By Talbot Baines Reed,
author of " Follow My Leader," etc. Illustrated by John William-
son. With portrait, and an "In Memoriam" sketch of the author
by John Sine. 8vo, cloth extra, $1.75.
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AS WE SWEEP THROUOH THE DEEP. A Story of the Stirring
Times of Old. By Gordon-Stabler, M.D., R.N. With illustrations.
12mo, cloth extra, 80 cents.
A good book for boys, giving glimpses of naval life during the stirring
times of the Napoleonic war.
SONS OF THE VIKINGS. An Orkney Story. By John Gunn.
With illustrations by John Williamson. 12mo, cloth extra, $1.00.
The story of the Adventures of two young Orcadians impressed into
the naval service during the Napoleonic war.
THE WONDERFUL CITY. By J. S. Fletcher, author of 11 When
Charles the First was King," "Through Storm and Street," etc.
18mo, cloth extra, 60 cents.
A stfrrlng tale of strange adventures undergone by three settlers in
the region of New Mexico. A capital book for boys.
New Books of Bible Stories.
MY FIRST BOOK OF BIBLE KNOWLEDGE. With numerous
illustrations. Fancy illuminated cover, 4to, 25 cents.
STEP BY STEP THROUOH THE BIBLE. A Scripture History
for Little Children. By Edith Ralph. With a Preface by Cunning-
ham Geikie, D.D., LL.D.
Part I. From the Creation to the Death of Joshua. 12mo, cloth extra,
illustrated, $1.00.
Part IL From the Death of Joshua to End of Old Testament. 12mo,
cloth extra, illustrated, $1.00.
Part LTI. The New Testament. 12mo, cloth extra, illustrated, $1.00.
"No sweeter, wiser, or more Christian story of the Scriptures could
be given to a little child or read to it."— Christian Commonwealth.
"Just the thing for Sunday afternoon."— Word and Work.
A Charming Fairy Story.
UP THE CHIMNEY TO NINNY LAND. A Fairy Story for Chil-
dren. By A. S. M. Chester, author of "Short Doggerel Tales."
With numerous illustrations. Small 4to, cloth extra, $1.00.
A Splendid New Edition.
IVANHOE. By Sir Walter Scott, Bart. With notes and illustrations.
12mo, cloth extra, $1.25.
Revised and Enlarged Edition.
COLLIER'S HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE, in a Series
of Biographical Sketches, 12mo, cloth. Revised and enlarged edition,
582 pages, $1.75.
A New Dictionary.
ROYAL ENGLISH DICTIONARY AND WORD TREASURY.
By Thomas T. Maclaoan, M. A., of the Royal High School and Heriot-
Watt College, Edinburgh. 12mo, cloth, $1.00.
For sale by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of price.
THOS. NELSON & SONS, Publishers and Importers,
33 East 17th St., Union Square, New York.
New and Attractive Books
PUBLISHED BY
JOSEPH KNIGHT COMPANY,
No. 196 Summer Street, Boston.
CHILD LIFE IN ART. By Estixlk M. Hurix,
M.A. Six chapters, comprising Childhood in Ideal Types,
Children Born to the Purple, The Children of Field and
Village, The Child Life of the Streets, Child Angels, and
The Christ Child. Illustrated with 25 beautiful half-tone
illustrations from celebrated paintings by Raphael, Titian,
Van Dyck, Velasquez, Reynolds, and other artists.
1 vol., 12mo, cloth gilt, gilt edges $2.00
LITTLE JOURNEYS ABROAD. By Mary Bow-
ers Warren. A volume of travel sketches, with 60 illus-
trations from original drawings by George H. Boughton, E.
K. Johnson, WillH. Drake, I. R. Wiles, and J. A. Holzer.
1 vol., 12mo, cloth, full gilt, and gilt edges . . . $2.00
ROMANCE SWITZERLAND) By William D. Mc-
TEUTONIC SWITZERLAND j tW^ThTiSS
of the Swiss Republic."
2 vols., 32mo, cloth, gilt top, per set $1.50
The Same. Illustrated edition, with 12 dainty photogravure
illustrations of Swiss scenery in each volume.
2 vols., 32mo, white cloth and china silk, gilt tops; or green
cloth, handsome gilt sides, gilt tops; per set . . $3.00
A new work on Switzerland in two volumes, the first vol-
ume covering the French and Italian Switzerland and the sec-
ond the German-speaking cantons. It has been the aim of
the author, who by long residence in the country is well fitted
to write about it, to picture the real Switzerland and its peo-
ple as they are, divested of the glamour of romance. His
book will neither be a guide book, nor the old-fashioned rou-
tine book of travel made up of transcripts from diaries or
hastily written letters to indulgent friends. It will rather be
a series of individual sketches, covering not only the salient
points of attraction, but many places of interest out of the
beaten track of the average tourist.
PIPE AND POUCH. The Smoker's Own Book of
Poetry. Compiled by Joseph Knight. With frontispiece
illustration in half-tone.
1 vol., square 16mo, ornamental cloth binding, gilt top, $1.25
Or, fullfl Havana colored leather, flexible round corners, gilt
edges $2.50
The Same. Large-paper edition, limited to 250signed copies,
printed ou Van-Gelder hand-made paper, with photogravure
frontispiece from Meissonier's "The Smoker."
1 vol., 12mo, uncut edges, net $3.00
This somewhat unique volume of collected verse is the re-
sult of many years' gleaning, from a great variety of sources,
of all the best verse devoted to praise of the weed. It will
be a matter of surprise to most readers to find how much has
been written that is clever and bright on the theme of smok-
ing. From the time of Raleigh and Spenser to the present
day, not only the writers of lighter verse, but the more dig-
nified of the poets have turned aside to sing of what one of
the oldest of them called " The Plant of Great Renown."
A GIRL I KNOW. 12 photogravures from original
studies by Mrs. N. Gray Bartlett, with verses by Ma-
rion L. Wyatt.
1 vol., quarto, size 8 x 10, fancy cloth binding . . . $2.00
A new series of charming studies from life by Mrs. Bart-
lett, whose work in "Old Friends with New Faces" and
"Mother Goose of '93" is so well known. ^
THROUGH EVANGELINE'S COUNTRY. By
Jeannette A. Grant. With color frontispiece of Evange-
line, a map of the Acadian country, and 30 half-tone illustra -
tions from original photographs.
1 vol., square 12rao, gilt top $2.00
"This book combines history, romance, and description in about
equal proportions. It will be a delightful souvenir to all who have vis-
ited the Annapolis valley, and to those who have not it ought to supply
the necessary incentive for a voyage thither."— Boston Beacon.
A complete illustrated catalogue of our publications mailed free to
any address. Our books are for sale by booksellers, or will be sent post
or express paid on receipt of price.


1894.]
281
THE
DIAL
DODD, MEAD & COMPANY
HAVE JUST PUBLISHED:
BESIDE THE BONNIE BRIER BUSH.
By Ian MacLarek. $1.25.
"The book is destined to a great, a long-enduring, and an enriable
popularity."—Dr. Robertson N'icoll, Editor of the "Bookman."
"There is not a page you want to skip for weariness. . . . An orig-
inal humor and a very rare truthfulness are on them all, and nearly all
have beauty and distinction."- - Prof. 6. Adam Smith.
"One thing is certain — that Ian MacLaren has made his mark."—
The Daily Chronicle.
A TALE OF TWO CITIES.
Illustrated. By Charles Dickens. With more than
50 drawings and 8 full-page photogravures by Ed-
mund H. Garrett. 2 vols., 16mo, gilt top, 83.50.
Mr. Garrett's illustrations have been prononnced the best
work he has yet done. A combination of mechanical and
artistic excellence makes this one of the most attractive books
recently printed in America.
THE LAND OF THE SPHINX.
By G. Montbard, author of " Among the Moors," etc.
With nearly 200 illustrations by the author. 8vo,
gilt top, 84.00.
Brilliant and graphic with both pen and pencil, Mr. Mont-
bard has described Egyptian life and characterized its var'u
phases and aspects with vivid power and picturesqueness.
MRS. OLIPIIANT'S NEW NOVEL.
A HOUSE IN BLOOMSBURY.
Second Edition. 81.25.
"The best story she has written since 'Lady Jane.'"—The Alhe-
nawn.
"Far above the fiction of the day."— The Speaker.
"Fresh and original."—St. James's Gazette.
KITTY ALONE.
By S. Baring-Gould. A novel of remarkable power
and vigor. 12mo, 81.25.
MISTS.
A New Novel. By Fletcher Battershall, whose
notable novel, "A Daughter of This World," pub-
lished last fall, attracted an attention accorded to few
first stories. It is a delightfully romantic love story,
laid among the piquant scenes and characters of Bar
Harbor. 12mo, 81.25.
THE DESERTS OF SOUTHERN FRANCE.
By S. Baring-Gould. Illustrated by S. Hutton and
F. D. Bedford. 2 vols., demy 8vo, 88.00 net.
An important book of original investigation in these unex-
plored regions, written with the dramatic force which distin-
Siishes this versatile writer, and abundantly interspersed with
ust rations.
DOMESTIC MANNERS OF THE
AMERICANS.
By Mrs. Trollope. 2 vols., 12mo. Reprinted from
the first edition of 1832, now rare. With 24 illus-
trations from comtemporary drawings. Introduction
by Prof. Harry Thurston Peck, of Columbia Col-
lege. 83.50.
Write for our Illustrated Holiday Catalogue.
DODD, MEAD & CO.,
'Fifth Avenue, Corner Twenty-first Street, New York.
Frederick Warne & Co. s
zj�w and Selected Publications.
A New Collection of Short Stories.
Quiet Stories from an Old Woman's
Garden.
Silhouettes of English country life and character. By Alison
M'Lean, author of " A Holiday in the Austrian Tyrol."
With photogravure frontispiece. 12mo, cloth, $1.25.
"Wholesome and refreshing enjoyment is afforded to the contempo-
rary novel-reader. ... * Quiet stories1 cannot be too widely read or
earnestly taken to heart"—Daily Telegraph (London).
11 Graceful and clear . . . and all possessed of a pervasive <
— Argonaut (San Francisco).
For the Reference Library, Clergymen, Lawyers, Literary
Workers, etc.
Wood's Dictionary of Quotations.
From Ancient and Modern English and Foreign Sources.
30,000 references alphabetically arranged, and with an ex-
haustive subject index. Demy 8vo, cloth, $2.50; half calf,
gilt top, 84.50.
"Puts the reader at once on the track of the best thoughts of
thinking men of all ages on a given topic."— The Boston Herald.
"Especially comprehensive. . . . Deserves to rank very high In the
class to which it belongs."—Review of Reviews.
England's Story Briefly Told.
History of England and the British
Empire.
A record of Constitutional, Naval, Military, Political, and
Literary Events from B.C. 55 to a.d. 1890, by Edgar San-
derson, M.A., late scholar of Clare College, Cambridge.
With tinted maps and genealogical tables. In one hand-
some 8vo volume, pp. 1134, cloth, $3.00.
"Mr. Sanderson has tried, he says, to make his history interesting.
In this effort he has met with a surprising degree of success."— The
Note York Times.
"It is to Mb credit that he treats the subject with breadth and does
not sink colonial topics into abeyance. . . . One glides as through the
pages of a novel over this chronicle of national progress." — Public
Ledger (Philadelphia).
Now Ready. Suitably Bound for Wedding Gifts,
Presentation, etc.
The Lansdowne Shakespeare.
In six volumes, pocket size, printed on the finest India paper,
insuring the perfection of printing with compactness in
shape and size; borders and title-pages rubricated. In
cloth, cased, $8.00 per set; Spanish morocco, in morocco
case, $15.00; fine German calf, or real turkey morocco,
cased, $22.50.
Two New Books for Boys.
Stirring Tales of Colonial Adventure.
By Skipp Borlask, author of " Daring Deeds," etc. With
page illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt, $1.50.
Tales of Queensland, Australian Bnshranging, exciting ad-
ventures in India, New Guinea, etc.
Ivanda; or, the Pilgrim's Quest.
A Tale of Thibet. By Captain Claude Brat. With illus-
trations. Square 8vo, cloth, $1.50.
May be obtained of any bookseller, or will be sent free by mail
on receipt of price by the publishers,
FREDERICK WARNE & CO.,
No. 3 Cooper Union, New York.


282
[Nov. 16, 1894.
THE DIAL
Macmillan and Co.'s New Books.
Now Ready. With Numerous Illustrations. By the Ven. ARCHDEACON FARRAR.
The Life of Christ as Represented in Art.
By Frederic W. Farrar, D.D., F.R.S., Archdeacon and Canon of Westminster, author of "The Life of Christ,"
"Seekers After God," etc. With numerous Illustrations and Frontispiece. 8vo, cloth, pit, $6.00.
A New Book by Frederic Harrison.
The Meaning of History, and Other
Historical Pieces.
By Frederic Harrison, author of " The Choice of Books,''
etc. Large 12mo, gilt top, $2.25.
A New Boole by Sir John Lubbock.
The Use of Life.
By the Rt. Hon. Sir John Lubbock, Bart., M.P., F.R.S.,
D.C.L., LL.D., author of " The Beauties of Nature," "The
Pleasures of Life," etc. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt top, $1.25.
Translation of PROFESSOR ERMAN'S Important Work. Copiously Illustrated.
LIFE IN ANCIENT EGYPT.
Described by Adolf Erman. Translated by H. M. Tirard. With 400 Illustrations and 12 Plates. Super-royal 8vo, $6.00.
14 A better or fuller work on the subject could hardly be desired. It covers the whole range of Egyptology, and the author has shown a singu-
lar skill in gathering together all that la likely to Interest the general reader. ... A most fascinating book."—The f
Now Ready. Vol. I.
THE HISTORY OF GREECE,
From its Commencement to the Close of the Independence of the Greek People. By Adolph Holm. Authorized translation
from the German. In 4 vols. Vol. I.: Up to the End of the Sixth Century B. C. Extra crown 8ro, gilt top, $2.50.
A New Complete Edition.
The Poetical Works of Robert Browning.
New and Complete Edition of the Works of Robert Brown-
ing, in nine volumes, crown 8vo. In addition to the matter
heretofore included in the sixteen-volume edition, this con-
tains "Asolando," together with Historical Notes to the
Poems, making a Complete Definitive Edition of the poet's
works. Cloth, gilt top. Price, each volume, $2.25. The
set, 9 vols., in box, $20.00.
A Sumptuous Art Work.
Pen Drawing and Pen Draughtsmen.
Their Work and Their Methods. A Study of the Art To-day,
with Technical Suggestions. By Joseph Pennell. A
New and Enlarged Edition, with over 400 Illustrations, in-
cluding many examples from original drawings by Sir F.
Leighton, Sir J. E. Millais, Sir F. Burne Jones, F. Sandys,
F. Shields, E. Pinwell, W. Small, F. Walker, J. Mahoney,
W. North, E. A. Abbey, Holraan Hunt, A. Parsons, Aubrey
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JANE AUSTEN Illustrated by HUGH THOMSON.
PRIDE AND PREJUDICE.
By Jane Austen. With Preface by George Saintsburt, and 100 Illustrations by Hugh Thomson. Crown 8vo, cloth, gilt,
or edges nncnt, uniform with "Cranford," "Shakespeare's England," "Our Village," etc. $2.25.
*•* Also an Edition de Luxe, limited, on handmade paper, super-royal 8vo, $18.00 net.
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Old English Songs.
From Various Sources. With illustrations by Hugh Thom-
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with "The Vicar of WakeBeld," "Cranford," etc. 12mo,
cloth, gilt, or edges uncnt, $2.00.
By Mr. F. Marion Crawford.
Love in Idleness: A Tale of Bar Harbour.
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Elder Conklin, and Other Stories.
Tales of Western Life. By Frank Harris, late editor of
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In the Lion's Mouth.
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The November Number Now Ready.
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The leading article this month is the Fourth Paper on "A Modern View of Mysticism," by Mr. F. Marion Crawford.
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on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. sos. NOVEMBER 16, 1894. Vol. XVII.
Contents.
FAOS
PHILIP GILBERT HAMERTON 283
THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE.
Frederick Ives Carpenter 286
COMMUNICATIONS 286
The San Francisco Vigilantes again. W. R. K.
The Work of Preparatory Schools in English. Caskie
Harrison.
The Proposed Society of Comparative Literature.
Willard C. Gore.
Ethics in Journalism — A Warning for the Unini-
tiated. Wm. C. Lawton.
CARCASSONNE (From the French of Gustave Nadaud) 288
THE LIFE AND WORK OF EDISON. E. G.J. .289
SOME BOOKS ABOUT BIRDS. Sara A. Hubbard . 291
Abbott's The Birds about Us.— Torrey's A Florida
Sketch Book.— Bolles's From Blomidon to Smoky.
— Keyser's In Bird Land.
THE LAKE POETS. Anna B. McMahan 293
THE ENLARGEMENT OF FAITH. John Bascom . 294
Mercer's The New Jerusalem in the World's Con-
gress of Religion.—Discipleship.—Gandhi's Unknown
Life of Christ.—Rogers's Life and Teachings of Jeans.
— Stevens's The Johannine Theology.—Lilly's The
Claims of Christianity.— Pfletderer's Philosophy of
Religion.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 296
The question of animals' rights. — Another volume
of Dr. Liddon's life of Pusey.— John Brown's story,
as told by a follower.— Smart sayings about women.
— The early life of Thomas of Canterbury.— " Steps
into Journalism." — Special reprints of Swinburne's
lyrics and the " Rubaiyat."—" Down East" manners
and dialect.—The evolution of race and language.—
Pen-pictures of New York life and character.—Amer-
ican travellers in Ceylon.
BRIEFER MENTION 300
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman 301
BRYANT DAY AT KNOX COLLEGE. W. E. S. . 301
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 302
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 303
PHILIP GILBERT HAMERTON.
It was the fortune of the late Mr. Hamerton
to achieve equal distinction in the art of liter-
ature and the arts of design. Although his
work as painter and etcher is not so well known
in this country as his written work, it has re-
ceived the warmest recognition in Europe, and
given him honorable rank among the followers
of the graphic arts. Carefully eschewing the
methods by which artists of the baser sort seek
for fame, and get at least notoriety, he quietly
went his way, studied nature with loving assid-
uity, mastered a great variety of technical pro-
cesses, and produced in various mediums a long
series of masterly works. His paintings were
exhibited at the Royal Academy and elsewhere;
his delightful etchings have served to illustrate
many volumes of no less delightful text. The
thoroughness and sincerity of his methods are
well shown by his accounts of "A Painter's
Camp in the Highlands" and of his canoe-
voyage upon " The Unknown River," while the
evidence for these qualities is strengthened by
the fact of his deliberate choice, after much
reflection, of a permanent residence in one of
the most picturesque regions of Central France.
Mr. Hamerton's literary activity was ex-
tremely varied; so varied, indeed, and so un-
tiring, that it caused a certain suspicion of the
seriousness of his work as painter and etcher.
In spite of the long line of witnesses to the
contrary, from Michel Angelo to Rossetti, or
even to Mr. Du Maurier and Mr. Hopkinson
Smith, there are some who will have it that the
practitioner of both the graphic and the liter-
ary art must be an amateur in at least one of
the two. Undoubtedly, Mr. Hamerton's great
reputation as a writer has, with many, caused
his reputation as a painter to be overshadowed,
and, with some, subjected it to contemptuous
attack. But those who have known him best
are the most cordial in their recognition of his
dual distinction. His published work falls into
two groups — that of the books directly con-
nected with his study and practise of the fine
arts, and that of the books addressed to the
larger public which is made up of all cultivated
persons. Let us glance briefly at the two lists.
In the first category come the two books
already mentioned, and about a dozen others.


284
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
The sumptuous works entitled "Etching and
Etchers," "Landscape," "Man in Art," and
"The Saone" will first occur to the reader.
And besides these there are the "Thoughts
about Art," " Painting in France after the De-
cline of Classicism," "Contemporary French
Art," "The Etcher's Hand-Book," "The
Graphic Arts," "Imagination in Landscape
Painting," "Portfolio Papers," and a life of
Turner. It is difficult to overestimate the
value of the polished, scholarly, and sane art-
criticism contained within this body of writings.
It has not the startling quality of such work
as Mr. Buskin's, and it sometimes approaches
the commonplace; but it is, as a whole, sym-
pathetic, stimulating, and grateful. In this
connection, we should note Mr. Hamerton's
work in periodical literature. He was for a
time art-critic of "The Saturday Review," he
contributed much to "The Fine Arts Quar-
terly Review," and was for many years the edi-
tor of "The Portfolio."
As a producer of literature addressed to the
general public, Mr. Hamerton made his first
bid for fame with a volume of verse, "The
Isles of Loch Awe," published at the age of
twenty-one. We owe to him three novels —
"Wenderholme," "Harry Blount," and " Mar-
morne "—and a long series of volumes wherein
we find description, reflection, and wise comment
on man and nature, and a genial and catholic
outlook upon life. The most widely popular
of these volumes is "The Intellectual Life,"
which was published a score of years ago, and
has gone into numberless editions since. "The
Sylvan Year " is science, art, and literature all
combined ; it is one of the best of outdoor books.
"Chapters on Animals " charmingly exhibits
one aspect of his wide sympathies, and "Hu-
man Intercourse" illustrates his many-sided
nature. "Modern Frenchmen " is a series of
five biographies, that of Henri Regnault being
perhaps the best. "Paris in Old and Present
Time" is a semi-historical study, contrasting
the past and the new with a fine sense of ar-
tistic effect and significant social changes.
"Round My House" is a description of rural
life in the part of France chosen by the author
for his home some thirty years ago, and is one
of the most intimate studies of the sort in ex-
istence. The latest of the miscellaneous vol-
umes contains the series of papers entitled
"French and English." "Max O'Rell "—to
take his authority for whatever it is worth —
has declared Mr. Hamerton to be the only for-
eigner who has written intelligently of the con-
ditions of French life. At all events, it would
be difficult to surpass the minute observation,
the delicate discrimination, and the real insight
displayed by this volume. Any book that
makes for the comity of nations deserves praise,
and we should be particularly grateful for a
book which, like this, helps to break down the
prejudices and misunderstandings that give rise
to an imperfectly veiled antagonism between
the two races that seem destined to preserve
their long-held leadership of the civilization of
the world.
The chief facts of Mr. Hamerton's life may
be briefly related. He was born September 10,
1834, in Lancashire. Orphaned when a child,
he was taken care of by an aunt who bestowed
great pains upon his education. He fitted for
Oxford, but, in the process, discovered a voca-
tion for landscape painting, and, instead of go-
ing to the University, went to London, and
entered the studio of Mr. Pettill. In 1855,
after publishing his volume of youthful verse,
he went to Paris for further study. Here he
remained for some years, then returned to En-
gland, and started the "Painter's Camp" of
which he has written so charmingly. At the age
of twenty-four he married a French lady, Mad-
emoiselle Gindriez, the daughter of a well-
known Republican statesman. After his mar-
riage, he spent some time in Scotland, then
lived for three years at Sens, painting indus-
triously, then fixed his permanent residence at
Pre Charmoy, near Autun. Here, with occa-
sional outings, he has since lived, and here he
died on the sixth of November, 1894, at the
age of sixty. Those who would like a fuller
account of his life are referred to The Dial
for December, 1884. To that issue, the late
Horatio Nelson Powers, who knew him inti-
mately, contributed a biographical sketch and
study of character, based upon a full acquaint-
ance with the facts, and inspired by the closest
sympathy. We cannot better bring this article
to an end than by extracting from the study
above mentioned some of its most interesting
passages.
"Whatever science, observation, and actual practice
can afford for an accurate judgment is at bis command.
He has lived with nature in the closest intimacy. He
is familiar with the history of art, and with the methods
of the great masters, so far as they are known. His
mind is happily balanced and admirably constituted
for the function of criticism. His sense of the beauti-
ful is keeu and cultivated, and the mood in which he
lives is hospitable to truth of every kind. . .
He wisely directs his efforts in lines of production for
which he has special aptitude, and he has the inde-
pendence and courage that are inseparable from gifted


1894.]
285
THE DIAL
minds and influential utterance. His freedom from any-
thing merely provincial, his delicate moral sensibility,
the large and candid way in which he treats his subjects,
are exceedingly agreeable to just-minded persons; while
the value of his matter, the rare beauty of his style, and
the delightful spirit that pervades his work, enhance
the enjoyment and deepen the gratitude of the reader.
He has made solid and admirable contributions to our
literature, and can rest assured that he has stimulated
and nourished our better natures by his appeal to our
nobler faculties and susceptibilities."
THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH
LITERATURE.
The ideal History of English Literature, like the
great American novel, is always to be written. Never
until the Elizabethan age had vanished into the tur-
moil and smoke of the Civil War did there exist
materials for the writing of such a history. Shake-
speare's performance alone, however, was enough
to make the thing possible and desirable, and con-
sequently a large part of the chronicling and sifting
of documents which in every case must precede the
writing of a true history has been concerned with
Shakespeare's name and works. The eighteenth
century would have been a fitting time for the ac-
complishment of this labor, were it not that the
point of view of eighteenth century England, in re-
spect of literature at least, was essentially provincial.
Toward the end of the century a group of critics
arose who began to have an understanding of what
literature means; and Dr. Hurd, the Wartons, and
Gray began to turn the attention of scholars and
readers to the greater literature which lay beyond
the confines of England in the "Augustan" age.
Gray, as we learn from his prose remains, long en-
tertained the idea of writing a history of English
poetry, and had gathered considerable material for
that purpose; but hearing that Thomas Warton had
undertaken the task, he gave his notes into War-
ton's hands. For some purposes and for a certain
period Warton's history, especially in its modern
form as edited and revised by a committee of schol-
ars, still remains one of the best works that we have.
But perhaps on the whole it was fortunate that no
comprehensive and complete attempt at a history of
English Literature was made during the eighteenth
century.
During the present century, and especially in this
latter half of it, numerous flying shots at the mark
have been tried. The skirmishing line has been
sent farther out and the unexplored regions have
been pretty well reconnoitred. The result is a con-
siderable library of monographs, critical disquisi-
tions, and short sketches, covering the entire field.
One livre de fond—Taine's History—has appeared.
Professor Henry Morley compiled an extensive
chronicle of English Writers; and an accomplished
critic—Mr. Stopford Brooke—has put forth the first
volume of an ambitious and hopeful history. Mr.
Brooke's work is to be welcomed as an attempt to
deal with the subject in a large and systematic way.
It is a misfortune—a misfortune not without some
compensating advantages—that with the exception
of Taine's volumes we have practically no thorough
and rationalized treatment of the literature of our
mother tongue considered as an organic whole.
There has been theorizing in abundance, but no his-
tory in the proper sense of the word. No writer of
the calibre or accomplishment of Gibbon, or Grote,
or Motley, or Prescott, or Parkman has appeared
in the field. It is true that the task is more diffi-
cult in many ways, and less attractive, than the writ-
ing of political history. It is one thing to write the
history of great men in the midst of great events:
it is quite another to trace the history of the human
mind as expressed in literature. Moreover, few ex-
cept historians care to study the documents of po-
litical history, while the documents of literary his-
tory are in everybody's hands. The historian of
literature consequently is subjected to a much more
variable criticism, and to the more vexatious in-
quisition of subjective taste.
Taine's great work exemplified with peculiar bril-
liancy a certain theory of the writing of literary his-
tory. It was a study of literature as a document
for history, and an interpretation of the mind of a
race from its milieu and its essential tendencies.
The theory seems to have gained few followers.
Recent German and English writers, of whom Mr.
Brooke is in some sense a representative, while fixing
their attention, like M. Taine, on the fundamental
characteristics and on the growth of the national
mind, have not neglected the study of literature for
its intrinsic value. A third method, which was
hinted at by the late Professor Minto in his " Manual
of English Prose" and in the "Characteristics of
English Poets," is to centre the interest upon the
greatest writers in the national literature, studied
not so much for what they have in common with
one another and with the host of minor producers,
but for what is characteristically theirs, the gift of
genius and dower of fortune,— for what they con-
tribute to the world's store of that
"Heavenly quintessence they still
From their immortal flowers of poesy.
Wherein, as in a mirror, we perceive
The highest reaches of a human wit."
The danger of a method like that of Taine is to
neglect in literature precisely that which gives to it
its fundamental value for mankind. The danger of
the German method is lack of method,— the dissi-
pation of attention over insignificant men and pe-
riods (insignificant, that is, for the final compte rendu
of literature). Still, the antiquarian and scholar will
not consent to forego much of such dissipation. The
difficulty of the last method is to find among his-
torians a wit of sufficient reach to compass it. But
for the permanent uses of mankind a history at-
tempted after this method is what is always needed,
but seldom obtained.
Frederic Ives Carpenter.


286
[Nov. 16,
THE
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COMMUNICA TIONS.
THE SAN FRANCISCO VIGILANTES AGAIN.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Touching your recent criticism of Mr. John Fiske's
approval of the San Francisco Vigilantes, permit me to
suggest that the stigma ordinarily attaching to lynch
law does not fairly attach to the measures of that fa-
mous committee. Lynch law is reprehensible in that
it needlessly supersedes established law and usurps the
office of regular tribunals,— thus sanctioning the law-
lessness it assumes to repress. In the absence of such
law and tribunals the community resorts to summary
methods of self-protection, for the same reason and
with the same right that the individual knocks down
the footpad in the absence of the police. It is the
dernier ressort. Anyone who knows anything of the
early history of California knows that, at the period
alluded to by Mr. Fiske, there were no regular and ef-
ficient means for the administration of justice. It was
the primitive regime of the strong hand; and whether
the hand of the outlaw or that of the bona fide settler
were the stronger, had to be decided by the young so-
ciety, and that quickly. On the appearance of the
"gold fever," desperadoes from all parts of the Union,
and from Australia, had swelled the tide of emigration
to the coast; and quiet citizens were literally at the
mercy of thugs and cut-throats until the swift reprisals
of the Vigilantes brought about inchoate law and order.
Doctrinaire professors of absolute social ethics, who
censure the rough-and-ready expedients to which the
early Californians were driven in defence of their lives
and homes, should remember that these expedients were
born of grim and pressing necessity. Action not cogi-
tation, speed not ceremony, was the essential order of
the day in stormy '49. If revolutions, as Mirabeau said,
"are not made with rose-water," neither, one may add,
are crude and turbulent communities controlled with it.
AV R K
Pittsfield, Mats., Nov. 8, 1894.
[Our correspondent's illustration of an individual
knocking down a footpad in the absence of the po-
lice is a very good one. Nobody questions such
right of self-protection, which is as strictly a legal
as it is a natural right. But the individual, if he
be also a good citizen, having knocked down his as-
sailant, turns him over to the first policeman he can
find, and if necessary aids the officer in making the
arrest, instead of calling a party of friends to over-
power the officer and hang his prisoner to the near-
est lamp-post. The San Francisco Vigilantes began
operations, not by knocking down footpads, but by
breaking into the county jail and taking out pris-
oners who were awaiting trial, and hanging them.
The police power of the city, the sheriff and his
posse, the governor and the judiciary, and even the
state militia,—all the regularly constituted author-
ities of the city, county, and state,— were forcibly
resisted and defied. The answer of the Vigilantes
—that these officials were inefficient or corrupt, and
the only way to get rid of them was to overthrow
them vi et armis—can hardly be accepted as suffi-
cient. It is hard to understand why, if the good
citizens of San Francisco were able to so outnumber
and overwhelm the bad citizens by physical force,
they should have thought themselves unable to de-
feat them at the polls; why the great zeal and
energy expended by the Vigilantes in the " summary
methods of self-protection" should not have been
directed to the work of upholding and improving
the machinery of the law. San Francisco in 1856
was by no means an unorganized community, des-
titute of established law or regular tribunals, as our
correspondent assumes; and one smiles to think of
his distrusted "doctrinaire professor" in the per-
son, say, of General Sherman, who occupied an offi-
cial position in California at that time, and whose
very explicit testimony and very clearly expressed
opinions on the Vigilantes and their work may be
found in the recently-published Letters of General
and Senator Sherman. We would not judge the
Vigilantes harshly; they were confronted by pecu-
liar conditions and exasperations, and no doubt
worked, as they believed, for the good of the com-
munity. But we see no escape from the conclusion
that they worked by wrong and extremely danger-
ous methods, the evil effects of which have not yet
wholly disappeared; and no good can come from the
glossing of their errors by historians like Mr. Fiske
and our correspondent who defends him. — Edr.
Dial.]
THE WORK OF PREPARATORY SCHOOLS
IN ENGLISH.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In The Dial of October 16, Professor Clapp, of Illi-
nois College, suggests "a series of papers setting forth
the work done in teaching English at representative
fitting-schools," as a possible explanation why "very
many of the students who come to college from prepar-
atory schools are almost hopeless, so far as appreciating
literature is concerned." I have no disposition to con-
tribute to this presentation, or even to claim eligibility
therefor; but I wish to divert this invitation into a
ground for reiterating some of the peculiar difficulties
to which secondary schools must adjust themselves as
the conditions of their existence, while colleges persist
in evading the difficulties they are better situated for
controlling: in this way I shall endeavor to emphasize
the selfishness of the college attitude towards secondary
schools and society at large. These difficulties of sec-
ondary schools are less likely than ever to be compre-
hended by the college instructor or the general critic,
now that the very existence of any difficulties in the
conduct of schools has been so successfully disguised by
the great decemvirate; and it is a public duty, as well
as an honorable self-protection, for conscientious school-
masters to present their side of the question.
The proposed series would not give the explanation
that Professor Clapp seeks, because the inadequacies of
these students in literary appreciation depend not so
much on lack or poverty of methods as on lack and pov-
erty of interest—a lack fatal in any original or second-
ary form of creative effort, under which head falls the
instinctive criticism that begets appreciation. Such ap-
preciation belongs to the maturity of college life and
the sphere of electives: its proper atmosphere is not the
school, already overburdened with graduated measures
of Latin, Greek, mathematics, and the other weighed in-


1894.]
287
THE
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gradients of entrance-requisites, all of them (except the
new English, vaguely and inconsistently apotheosized)
enumerated in detail and gauged by the vagaries of ex-
aminational convenience and vicissitude. Such appre-
ciation might in a degree be prepared for in the home;
but a practical business and a practical scientific age, a
society leisurely only for luxurious amusement, for vi-
carious thought or vicarious sport, a generation with no
sentiment but sensation, afford few such homes. On
the other hand, if colleges are still dissatisfied with the
tribute of helpless schools, quousque tandem t Surely,
appreciation is the one reservation a college profes-
sor might be expected to demand for his own, for him-
self and his specialty. Schools have long ago real-
ized that all the teaching a boy gets is at school: must
we now, while the friction of training still burns, expect
him to exult in the discipline of coercion or restraint?
It is after the castigation that mothers teach they have
been cruel to be kind: do colleges expect schools to de-
range the steps of the process, when the college reserves
to itself the name of Alma Mater? The school can do
no better than the lightning-rod man who sells to peo-
ple that do not want to buy: the college must reconcile
purchasers to their bargains, and lead them to detect
unsuspected glories in their possessions.
To secure appreciation of any study is given only to
exceptional teachers and pupils in exceptional relations:
even in the exact sciences, beginning with arithmetic,
the theoretical discussion is always neglected in the
hurry towards the "answer"; in literature, whose aim
as a study is not the organization and manipulation of
enumerated details, but identity with a sense and a
spirit, the lack of a practical nucleus is an almost over-
powering difficulty, especially in an age that, in the face
of library statistics, reads only for information, or diver-
sion, or relief from thought. In teaching literature, the
methods are few. and old; and the work of appreciation
is not furthered by methods so much as by sympathy,
to which few are susceptible. Interest cannot be man-
ufactured, and no way of inoculating pupils with gen-
uine interest has yet been discovered: certainly, college
professors have made no such discovery, for no class of
instructors has had smaller influence on their pupils, as
the pupils themselves testify.
Moreover, in teaching English to English-speaking
boys there is one special difficulty. Original work, in-
volving grammatical and rhetorical facility, is hard work
in any language; in his own, as the boy already enjoys
the practical advantage of speech, which appears to him
the culmination of linguistic mastery, and as he does not
find himself impelled towards written expression, he
looks on required composition as arbitrary, and refuses
his interest. Composition without interest, under such
disciplinary conditions as the present age does not favor,
can indeed be taught, but is not worth teaching.
The Dial's recent series on the teaching of English
at our colleges and universities has its value; but it
does not prove that, in this department more than in
others, colleges hold themselves responsible for teach-
ing as distinguished from furnishing opportunities for
learning, which is a very different thing indeed. At
this moment, the colleges, having suffered many things
in dreams, because of English are going through various
types of penitential spasms with the characteristic fervor
of devotees. But if English is just now so all-important
a matter, why have they been so long finding it out?
and, now that they have satisfied themselves of its im-
portance, why do they not aid the schools toward de-
termining the best practical procedure for attaining its
proper position and proportions?
To follow Cornell, and exclude all candidates who do
not come up to their standard in English alone, is illog-
ical, so long as not all college presidents can spell, and
reports to college boards on English need not conform
to the college's own resident authority. To assign for
compositions such subjects as Columbia has of late been
giving shows absolute ignorance of the youth of to-day,
their environment and the atmosphere they breathe, and
what schools can make of them. Harvard's examina-
tions in English are perfunctory for a " pass " and almost
exclusive for a " credit." Yale's examinations are rather
in literature than in English. To make the writing of
English an excluding condition for entrance is, in view
of the lottery of examinations, a questionable strain of
deglutition: to make the English examination a test of
memory as to the contents of a few books is to lay the
stress wrongly. To know, however well, the contents
of a few books implies no sympathy with literature,
which, in the wide access to electives, is more than likely
to be ignored or pursued as a " snap"; and, for a mere
draft on the memory, history would be better from
every point of view.
If colleges would help the work that schools confess
their inability to perform without projecting the gen-
eral difficulties into the vantage-ground of the college,
and if college professors would learn the duties and the
functions of teaching and examining, then the situation
would be somewhat improved. But it will not be en-
tirely corrected until the times alter; these are evil
times for the work of education: the pound of flesh is
hard enough to get, and the blood is almost certain to
be all spilled before we get the weight.
Caskie Harrison.
The Brooklyn Latin School, N. Y., Nov. S, 1394.
THE PROPOSED SOCIETY OF COMPARATIVE
LITERATURE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Whenever a new undertaking is proposed, it is well
to have set before us its comical aspect. Rarely does
a new idea, a new project, a new voyage of discovery
offer itself for consideration without calling down the
facetious disparagement of the conservers. The pro-
posed Society of Comparative Literature is to be con-
gratulated on having this almost ritualistic service
performed for it by such a high priest of literature as
Professor Albert S. Cook of Yale University (The Dial,
Sept. 1, p. 110). But, now that we have had our smile
upon the seeming incongruities pointed out by Professor
Cook, is the project to be laid aside as unworthy of se-
rious consideration? Is the field of literature to be re-
garded as essentially limited; as " a product of culture";
as an almost exclusively race affair; as a " corpus " set
off by itself and regulated by laws or "canons of criti-
cism" which refuse to reveal themselves more clearly
or to take on new and richer meanings when considered
in their relations to more primitive modes of human
expression? However we may answer for ourselves
such questions as these, however college policies may
legislate, the fact remains that there are pioneers, "spe-
cialists " if you like, who, acting in its deepest meaning
Bacon's well-worn apothegm, "I take all knowledge to
be my province," push out through the tangled wilder-
ness,—if need be into the very heart of savagedom, and
at least register its pulsations. To establish communi-


288
[Nov. 16,
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cations with these individual workers; to stimulate re-
newed investigations; to correlate the results; to make
these results common property; to trace the evolution,
to discover the laws of various literary types, with the
end in view of putting the existing standards of literary
judgment on a more secure and rational basis, — these
are some of the aims, as I understand them, suggested
by Professor Gayley in his advocacy of a Society of
Comparative Literature.
Such an organization as this demands no defense or
apology, but rather hearty welcome, and lively interest
to know more of its purposes and plans. It is hardly
fair to require that it demonstrate at the outset how its
researches are going to affect favorably existing " canons
of literary criticism." That science works by faith and
not by sight is, I presume, a trite idea. In the case
before us the faith seems to be, that if these precious
« canons of criticism " are to be kept from hardening
into barren military rules, or from mouldering into form-
less sentiment, they must be played upon, remodelled,
reformed, and builded anew by intelligence working in
the light of an ever-broadening outlook, — in the light
of the ideal university spirit. If the Dahomeans have
an epic, by all means let us have it; nor can we do with-
out the lyrics of the South Sea Islanders; least of all
can we spare the rich heritage of Persia, China, and
Japan. Perhaps, after all the material is collected,
sorted, sifted, and set in order, so that its meaning can
be plainly read, there will be some of the learned folk,
who, sated for a time with the rich " products of culture"
on exhibition in the white temples of reconstructed
Greece and Rome, will not count as wasted a few mo-
ments spent in the Midway Plaisance of the World's
Literature. Willard C. Gore.
The Univeriity of Michigan, Nov. 5, 1894.
ETHICS IN JOURNALISM.-A WARNING FOR
THE UNINITIATED.
(To the Editor of Tax Dial.)
A personal experience has sometimes a lesson which
requires us to share it with the brethren. Hinc ilia la-
crima.
To an acquaintance, editor of a great orthodox reli-
gious weekly, I sent last January, by invitation, an essay,
the result of several weeks' labor. Under the circum-
stances the retention of a fair copy seemed needless. A
prompt reply from the reverend editor expressed doubts
as to certain veiled allusions to certain ancient vices,
which might disturb his innocent circle of readers. Upon
this, unlimited use of the shears was straightway granted.
After this, a great silence. At intervals of about a
month, five or six inquiries were made. Stamps enough
to send the paper around the world were forwarded. A
"reply postal card" was tried, with a request pathetic
as Catullus's for " Paulum quid libet allocutionis." I
appealed, also, to the same high morality which had led
the editor to protect his readers from any hint of an-
tique wickedness. All in vain. No echo came back.
Finally, in the present month, a metropolitan critic,
who is also a professional "protector of the poor " au-
thor, was retained, and moderately feed. He, among
other efforts, made a personal appeal to the proprietor
of the weekly. Finally, October 20, came the thrice-
prayed-for long-despaired-of essay, stript of its covers
and quite forlorn. The accompanying letter was clever,
considering all things: "I neglected to answer your in-
quiries, in constant expectation of coming across the
article. ... I have at last found it, after I had sup-
posed that it was irrecoverably lost."
And the moral? Always keep your best copy; and
"go into literature," especially in the direction here in-
dicated, for amusement, if you choose, or from a sense
of duty, or to cultivate the Christian virtues,— but not
in quest of cash or courtesy. Wm. C. Lawton.
S7S7 Locust St., Philadelphia, Oct. 30, 1894.
CARCASSONNE.
A NEW VERSION OF AN OLD FAVORITE.
(From the French oj Guslare Nadand.)
"I'm an old man; I'm sixty years;
I've worked hard all my life,
Yet never have gained my heart's desire,
With all my toil and strife.
Ah, well I see that here below
There is perfect joy for none;
My dearest wish is unfulfilled,—
I have never seen Carcassonne!
"The city lies almost in sight,
Beyond the mountains blue;
But yet to reach it one must needs
Five weary leagues pursue,—
And then, alas, the journey back!
I know not how 'twere done:
The ripening vintage fears the frost,—
I shall never see Carcassonne 1
"'T is said that in that favored place
All days are holidays,
With happy folks in robes of white
Passing along the ways;
'T is said there are castles there as grand
As those of Babylon,
And a Bishop and two Generals there,—
I shall never know Carcassonne 1
"The Vicar a hundred times is right,—
We are weak and foolish all;
And in his sermon he teaches us
That ambition makes men fall. . . .
But yet if I could somehow find
Two days under Autumn's sun,
My God 1 but I would die content
After having seen Carcassonne!
"I ask tby pardon, gracious God,
If my prayer offendeth Thee 1
We strive to peer beyond our sight,
In age as in infancy. . . .
My wife and son, they both have been
As far as to Narbonne;
My godson has seen Perpignan,—
And I've never seen Carcassonne!"
An aged peasant thus complained,
Bowed down with toil and care;
I said to him, "Arise, my friend,—
Together we '11 go there."
We set out on the morrow morn;
But our journey was scarce begun
When the old man died upon the road,—
He had never seen Carcassonne!
F. F. B.


1894.]
289
THE DIAL
BHje Nfto Books.
The Life and Work of Edison.*
Mr. Thomas A. Edison is so unique a figure
in modern scientific and industrial affairs that
the public is naturally eager for details of his
wonderful career and character. The latest
contribution to this store of information is made
by Mr. W. K. L. Dickson and Mr. Antonia
Dickson, in a large and handsome volume, with
liberal illustrations. Barring a certain inflation
of style, the work is a very satisfactory one —
full, graphic, and lucid in its technical descrip-
tions. The authors, who have been for some
years attaches of the Edison works at Orange,
N. J., have had unusual facilities for securing
full and accurate data, Mr. Edison having him-
self partly supervised the biographical portion
of the work, besides aiding in the history and
description of his chief inventions. The book
is therefore to a certain extent autobiograph-
ical, and it is likely to remain for some time
the standard "Life" of the great inventor.
Mr. Edison's turn for invention and experi-
ment showed itself early, his maiden essay in
the line of telegraphy being made while he was
still a newsboy on the Port Huron Railway.
It cannot be said that the issue of this venture,
in which he was joined by his friend James
Ward, was premonitory of the later Edisonian
marvels.
"A line was constructed between the boys' homes,
consisting of an ordinary stovepipe wire, insulated with
bottles, and crossed under a busy thoroughfare by means
of an old cable rescued from the bed of the Detroit
river. The first magnets were wound with wire, swathed
in ancient rags, and a piece of spring brass formed the
key. With a view to generating a current, and with a
mind somewhat hazy on the score of static and dynamic
electricity, Edison secured two Brobdingnaggian cats,
with volcanic tempers, attached a wire to their legs,
administered a violent amount of friction to their backs,
and breathlessly awaited developments. . . . The fe-
line mind, concentrated on personal grievances, refused
to lend itself to science, and the test resulted in a frantic
stampede, enlivened by whoops and splutters."
Edison received his first regular lessons in
telegraphy from Mr. J. U. Mackenzie, a grate-
ful station agent at Mt. Clemens, Michigan,
whose child's life he had saved at the risk of
his own. Touching his pupil's progress, Mr.
Mackenzie testifies that " at the expiration of
three months he could teach me, and was quite
eligible for the appointment (at Port Huron)
* The Life and Inventions of Thomas Alva Edison.
By W. K. L. Dickson and Antonia Dickson. With many
illustrations. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co.
which I secured for him at that time." The
Port Huron position was held for just three
months. The future " Wizard of Menlo " was,
in fact, naturally something of a rolling stone;
and this trait, coupled with a marked talent
for mischief, kept him revolving pretty rapidly
from post to post, until his real abilities came
to light. Leaving Port Huron, he drifted to
Stratford, Canada, whence (after a brief and
erratic career) he returned to Port Huron, and
soon distinguished himself by briuging his pro-
fessional knowledge to bear on a novel set of
conditions. The winter had been a hard one,
and the enormous masses of ice which had
formed in the river between Port Huron and
Sarnia had made it impassable, besides cutting
off telegraphic communication. The situation
was serious, but Edison was equal to it.
"Jumping on a locomotive he sent the incisive whistle
over the ice-bound waters to the rhythmic cadences of
the Morse alphabet—' Hello, Sarnia; Sarnia, do you get
what I say?' No response from the Sarnian operator.
Again and again the short and long toots shaped them-
selves into the dots and dashes of telegraphy, until at
last, while the spectators on the river bank quivered
with pent-up excitement, the answer came, clear, cheery,
and intelligible, and the connection between the two
cities was resumed."
Mr. Edison had now become an expert oper-
ator, and had thenceforth little difficulty in get-
ting employment, but a good deal of difficulty
in keeping it,—his love of fun and experiment
(especially the latter) usually getting him,
sooner or later, into hot water with his chiefs.
His conge from one office (the appointments
of which he had partly ruined with sulphuric
acid) was accompanied with the curt explana-
tion that "what they wanted was operators,
and not experimenters." After the Sarnia ex-
ploit, he filled in rapid succession positions
at Adrian, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Memphis,
Louisville, and again at Cincinnati, signaliz-
ing his sojourns and hastening his hegiras in
the usual way; and in 1868 he returned to
Port Huron for a period of eighteen months,
which brought him to his twenty-first year. At
this time an ingenious telegraphic device of his
was adopted by the Grand Trunk Company,
which (with the proverbial munificence of cor-
porations) rewarded him with a free pass to
Boston, where he found employment in the
Franklin telegraph office. Mr. Edison de-
scribes his Boston advent with characteristic
humor:
"My peculiar appearance caused much mirth, and,
as I afterwards learnt, the night operators consulted to-
gether how they might 'put up a job on the jay from
the woolly West.' I was given a pen and assigned the


290
[Nov. 16,
THE
DIAL
New York No. 1 wire . . . the conspirators having
arranged to have one of the fastest senders in New York
send the despatch and ' salt' the new man. ... I had
long since perfected myself in a simple and very rapid
style of handwriting susceptible of being increased from
forty-five to fifty-four words a minute. This was sev-
eral words faster than any operator in the United States.
Soon the New York man increased his speed, to which
I easily adapted my pace. This put my rival on his
mettle, and he put on his best powers, which, however,
were soon reached. At this point I happened to look
up, and saw the operators all looking over my shoulder,
with their faces shining with fun and excitement. I knew
then that they were trying to < put up a job' on me, but
kept my own counsel and went on placidly with my work,
even sharpening my pencil at intervals, by way of extra
Aggravation. The New York man then commenced to
slur over bis words, running them together and sticking
the signals; but I had been used to this style of tel-
egraphy and was not in the least discomfited. Finally,
when I thought the fun had gone far enough, I quietly
opened the key and remarked, < Say, young man, change
off and send with your other foot!' This broke the New
York man all up, and he turned the job over to another
man to finish."
It is needless to say that "the jay from the
woolly West" at once took his place as an es-
, teemed member of the Franklin fraternity.
Mr. Edison's first patented invention was a
vote recorder, exclusive rights on which were
obtained in 1869; and from that time on his
marvels have followed each other as regularly
and surprisingly as the objects fall from the
juggler's hat. Capital, once aware of his tal-
ents, was not slow to exploit them. In 1872
a committee of the Gold and Stock Telegraph
Company waited on him to negotiate for the
rights to his numerous stock printers and kin-
dred appliances. His dealings with this body
are best told in his own words:
"I had made up my mind that five thousand dollars
would be about right, but rather than not sell the in-
ventions, I would take anything, no matter what, as I
needed money sorely for my further experiments. With
these dazzling expectations I received the committee.
'Well, Mr. Edison,' said one of the members,' how much
do you want for your devices?' 'I do not know what
they are worth,' I replied, 'make me an offer.' 'Well,
continued the speaker, 'how would forty thousand dol-
lars strike you?' I believe I could have been knocked
down with the traditional feather, so astonished was I
at the sum."
In 1873 Mr. Edison's services were formally
retained by the Western Union and Gold Stock
Companies, and the Edison Laboratory and
Factory, the precursor of the great plants at
Menlo Park and Orange, was opened. The
fiscal regime of the new establishment was, to
say the least, peculiar, though quite character-
istic of the director. Says Mr. Edison:
"I kept only pay-roll accounts, no other kind; pre-
served the bills and generally gave notes in payment.
The first intimation that a note was due was the protest,
after which I had to hustle around and raise the money.
This saved the humbuggery of bookkeeping, which I
never understood, and the arrangement had besides the
advantage of being cheaper, as the protest fees were
only one dollar and fifty cents."
The workshop methods were as irregular as
the fiscal ones, and must have resulted in hope-
less anarchy but for the spirit of good-fellow-
ship and cooperation that prevailed. Mr. Edi-
son was the friend of his men and their co-
worker, and they appreciated the fact as men
always do. A strike at the works was a moral
impossibility, and the only "labor question"
was the normal one how to make labor arrive
quickest at the best results. "We had," says
Mr. Edison, "no fixed hours, but the men, so
far from objecting to the irregularity, often
begged to be allowed to return and complete
certain experiments upon which they knew my
heart was set." His boyish love of fun was not
quenched by his growing fame and responsibil-
ities. There were times when his joyous nature
fairly bubbled over, sweeping all decorum be-
fore it in a tide of hilarity.
The great plant at Menlo Park was the re-
sult partly of the demand for increased manu-
facturing facilities, partly of the modest inven-
tor's desire to escape the visitors who thronged
the Newark laboratory. "When the public
tracks me out here," remarked Mr. Edison, " I
shall simply have to take to the woods." The
new establishment was equipped to the point
of luxury, its appointments including a costly
scientific library and a pipe organ, the latter
being brought into play "whenever, in Mr.
Edison's opinion, music's magic strains were
needed to soothe the savage breasts of his em-
ployees." The report of the " Wizard of Menlo
Park" soon overran the world; the wildest
tales of his achievements, habits, business re-
lations, finding ready credence. An article in
the Paris "Figaro," in 1878, headed "Cet
etonnant Eddison" is worth quoting. "M.
Eddison's " latest invention, the aerophone, is
thus lucidly outlined, and the inventor himself
described as he appears to the imagination of
a Frenchman:
"It is a steam machine which carries the voice a dis-
tance of eight kilometres. You speak in the jet of va-
por; a friend previously warned understands readily
words at a distance of two leagues. Let us add that
the friend can answer you by the same method. . . .
It should be understood that M. Eddison does not be-
long to himself; he is the property of the telegraph
company, which lodges him in New York at a superb
hotel, keeps him on a luxurious footing and pays him a
formidable salary, so as to be the one to know of and


1894.]
291
THE
DIAL
profit by his discoveries. The company has, in the dwell-
ing of Eddison, men in its employ who do not quit him
for a moment, at the table, in the street, in the labora-
tory. So that this wretched man, watched as never was
a malefactor, cannot give a second's thought to his per-
sonal affairs without one of his guards saying: < M.
Eddison, a quoi pensez-vous 1'"
That most fascinating of Edisonian wonders,
the phonograph, owed its inception partly to ac-
cident ; and it is interesting to note how slight
a spark could fire the train of the inventor's
constructive fancy. Says Mr. Edison:
"I discovered the principle by the merest accident.
I was singing to the mouth-piece of a telephone, when
the vibrations of the voice sent the fine steel point into
my finger. That set me to thinking. If I could record
the actions of the point and send the point over the same
surface afterward, I saw no reason why the thing would
not talk. I tried the experiment first on a strip of tel-
egraph paper, and found that the point made an alpha-
bet. I shouted the words 'Halloo! Halloo t' into the
mouth-piece, ran the paper back over the steel point,
and heard a faint' Halloo 1 Halloo I' in return. I de-
termined to make a machine that would work accurately,
and gave my assistants instructions, telling them what
I had discovered. They laughed at me. That's the
whole story. The phonograph is the result of the prick-
ing of a finger."
The phonograph took the Old World by
storm. At the French Exposition of 1889,
30,000 people daily visited the phonograph de-
partment—no nationality, from the impassive
Turk to the excitable Gaul, resisting the temp-
tation of hearing its tones reproduced. "Never
before was such a collection of the languages
of the whole world made. It was the first lin-
guistic concourse since Babel times." During
the Handel Festival of the same year, the most
striking phonographic results were achieved—
a gigantic horn placed in the concert room
gathering to the ear of the instrument the com-
poser's harmonies, in the several vocal and in-
strumental settings.
"Four thousand voices, a thunderous organ, and a
mammoth orchestra, combined in the exposition of Han-
del's ' Israel in Egypt,' and this Titanic volume of sound,
with its finer contrasts of light and shade, was reproduced
by the phonograph in a manner little short of the mirac-
ulous."
The name of Mr. Edison's inventions is le-
gion. He has wrought in a year more marvels
than were feigned or dreamed of in the Rosi-
crucian philosophy; but he might, one would
think, safely rest his fame on this instrument
alone, which stores for all time all accents,
from the notes of " Music's golden tongue " to
the drone of the curtain lecture, out-Boswelling
Boswell's literalness, and conjuring back at our
bidding from the undiscovered country "the
sound of a voice that is still." e g J
Some Books About Birds.*
The beautiful denizensof the bird-world must
at last be coming into their right of recogni-
tion, judging from the books about them which
are accumulating. We have at once four earn-
est writers, men of gifts and culture, giving
their loving thought and the fruit of their care-
fully-gained knowledge to the portrayal of the
character and charms of the " winged-folk in
feathers," " our little brothers in the air," who
have shared our planet with us for many ages
and received little or no appreciative attention.
In this stage of the earth's existence, three
groups of animals are in the ascendant: human
beings, birds, and insects. It is the period of
their culmination, all other races having passed
their noontide in a previous aeon, and now be-
ing in a condition of decline — the afternoon
or evening of their span of life.
We have a number of admirable text-books
upon ornithology, suited to the student's needs,
but they are too costly and technical for the
popular reader. Just what to recommend to
such, as a manual that will help him best to an
acquaintance with our common birds, has been
a puzzle. Among the books in the quartet now
before us is one which goes far toward supply-
ing the long-felt want. It is entitled "The
Birds About Us," and is written by Dr. Charles
Conrad Abbott. The author is widely known
as a faithful investigator in various fields of
natural science, and as a contributor of acknowl-
edged value to the department of ornithology.
His present work is a compend of the history of
the different families of North American birds,
a brief review of their respective distinguishing
traits, with plentiful illustrations of individual
characteristics. The style is pleasing, the in-
formation very considerable and systematically
presented. The plates and wood-cuts with which
the book abounds deserve especial commenda-
tion. The plates are all remarkably truthful,
as though taken by a " snap shot." The en-
gravings in the text are equally excellent, the
whole together lending much worth to the book,
and not, as is generally the fact, forcing it above
a moderate price. A great deal of thoroughly
good work has been expended upon every por-
• Thb Birds About Us. By Charles Conrad Abbott, M.D.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company.
A Florida Sketch Book. By Bradford Torrey. Boston:
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
From Blomidon to Smoky, and Other Papers. By Frank
Bolles. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
In Bird Land. By Leander S. Keyser. Chicago: A. C.
McClurg & Co.


292
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
tion of the treatise, and whoever owns it will
be glad of his possession.
An essay by Mr. Bradford Torrey is always
a piece of fine art. The writer has something
to say when he takes pen in hand, and he says it
in the most exquisite manner. The ten papers
included in "A Florida Sketch Book" con-
tain the observations which this enchanting
scientist and philosopher gathered up during a
few weeks' sojourn in our south-eastern penin-
sula. It was in the season when our migrating
birds are preparing for their annual flight north-
ward, and all animal and vegetable life feels
the quickening influence of Spring. Mr. Tor-
rey wandered from point to point in the same
quiet, easy fashion in which he writes, appar-
ently aimless and indifferent, really eager and
intent, and in every contact with man and bird
and beast, in every scene and event in nature,
reaping a harvest of impressive reflections. One
cares not for the sum of positive knowledge Mr.
Torrey communicates, be it much or little. It
is his quaint method of selecting and vivify-
ing it that proves the charm and renders him
an ever engaging and exhilarating companion.
One passage, the farewell of the volume, so per-
fectly represents the man, and his style, which
is an integral part of him, that we give it as bet-
ter than any possible words of critical analysis:
"My holiday was done. For the last time, perhaps,
I listened to the mocking-bird and the cardinal, as by
and by, when the grand holiday is over, I shall listen to
my last wood-thrush and my last bluebird. But what
then? Florida fields are still bright, and neither mock-
ing-bird nor cardinal knows aught of my absence. And
so it will'be,
'When you and I behind the veil are past,
Oh, but the long, long while the World shall last.'
None the less, it is good to have lived one day and
taken our peep at the mighty show. Ten thousand
things we may have fretted ourselves about, uselessly
or worse. But to have lived in the sun, to have loved
natural beauty, to have felt the majesty of trees, to have
enjoyed the sweetness of flowers and the music of birds,
—so much, at least, is not vanity nor vexation of spirit."
We take regretful leave of one of the prom-
ising band of young American ornithologists
in the posthumous volume "From Blomidon
to Smoky," by Mr. Frank Bolles. It is a col-
lection of thirteen sketches outlining the work
of the naturalist in Nova Scotia, among the
White Mountains, and at the author's home in
Cambridge. It is an honorable monument to
his memory; none can view it without respect
for the honest and painstaking and persistent
qualities it commemorates. The articles on the
woodpeckers and the owls are particularly im-
portant, containing as they do a large number
of original and interesting notes on curious and
striking members of the bird family. Mr.
Bolles made prolonged studies of these species
under peculiarly favorable conditions, both in
their native haunts and in captivity. While
so doing he made use of the capital traits of a
naturalist — ingenuity, fidelity, and patience.
The capacity for apprehending the great in the
little, for bestowing upon minute and weari-
some detail the care necessary for the achieve-
ment of serviceable results, commands admir-
ing respect. To watch in vigilant stillness, hour
after hour and day by day, the manoeuvres of
a bird, for the sake of establishing some new
faculty or habitude interesting to science, is to
evince abilities of a high order. It was by such
steadfast perseverance that Audubon won his
fame, and it is for the same that Mr. Bolles
will be gratefully remembered. In all his ob-
servations he recorded the significant incidents,
however trivial, and thus was enabled to add
to our previous knowledge a mass of novel cer-
tified facts regarding humming-birds, swifts,
and a bevy of species besides the various ham-
merers and hunters wrapped in the feathers of
the woodpecker and the owl.
The special region included in "Bird Land,"
by Mr. Leander S. Keyser, lies in and around
Springfield, Ohio. It offers a populous hunt-
ing-ground for the bird-lover, and was dili-
gently searched in all times and seasons by this
representative of an odd but most attractive
genus. Carlyle says, " We are all poets when
we read a poem well." So we are all touched
with a fine enthusiasm which turns our speech
straightway to song when we have opened our
hearts to the beauty of the birds. Mr. Keyser
is one of the transported ones, and the sweetness
and gentleness of human nature come forth in
his talks about the wonder and the enchant-
ment of the creatures which walk as well as we
do, and fly as we never can, and sing with a
wild ecstatic rapture we cannot hope to rival.
If only the great world could know what hap-
piness the naturalist gains from a quiet ramble
along country roadways, through the fields and
over the hills, at how little expense his heart is
set throbbing with delight, in what simple, in-
nocent ways he is able to gather hordes of bliss-
ful memories with which to solace a lifetime,
and meanwhile, what a store of health and
strength he amasses, without care or afore-
thought, all men and women would hasten to
learn of him the secret charm of his pastime
which gives so liberally and exacts so little.
Sara A. Hubbard.


1894.]
293
THE
DIAL
The Lake Poets.*
English poetry is nowhere so closely asso-
ciated with English geography as in the phrase,
"The Lake School of English Poetry." Nor
is there in the world, perhaps, any bit of grouud
twenty miles in diameter so crowded with lofty
memories of men who lived and loved, and
helped their own times, and added for all time
to the world's store of thought and beauty, as
that small section where the three northern
counties of England meet at their shire stones
on Wraynose Pass, known as the Lake Dis-
trict. Whoever here surrenders himself to his
imagination can never be alone or unsolaced.
He is in company not only with mountains but
with men. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey,
Lamb, Lloyd, Wilson,— these are the names
and figures that, rather than those of any present
or future inhabitants, will ever be indissolubly
connected with this region. Clever Lord Jef-
frey, with his knack at naming things and his
reluctance to recognize new merit, first bestowed
the name " Lake Poets," and a less-known epi-
grammist explained it:
"They lived in the Lakes: —an appropriate quarter
For poems diluted with plenty of water."
The world long since rebelled against the
judgments of the critical autocrats of the " Edin-
burgh Review," but the name has proved suffi-
ciently convenient for perpetuation as a distinc-
tive and distinguished title. Now we have a work
by the Rev. H. D. Rawnsley, written for the ex-
press purpose of embalming the " Literary As-
sociations of the English Lakes," and of adding
facts to our fancies of how these men lived and
labored amid these chosen scenes. There are
two volumes. In the first we are in Cumberland
and Keswick, with Southey and Coleridge as
the central figures; in the second we dwell in
Westmoreland and Windermere, with Words-
worth as the chief character. Wordsworth was
the only one of this group of poets native to the
country; the circumstances which drew the
others make a pleasing story, and show how
here, as often, a very humble instrument served
to consummate great events. A certain Cum-
berland yeoman, William Jackson by name—
Wordsworth's "Waggoner "—having plied his
trade of carrier for a number of years and
accumulated a little capital, determined to seek
such otium cum dignitate as an income of two
hundred pounds a year might give, and to spend
the last years of his life in study of his Bible,
•Litekaby Associations of the English Lakes. By
the Rev. H. D. Rawnsley. In two volumes. New York:
Maemillan & Co.
his Shakespeare, and his Hume, and in the en-
joyment of a not inconsiderable library of books
which he had collected. For this purpose, he
built, in the year 1800, a kind of double man-
sion, known in the Keswick Vale as Greta
Hall, occupying a portion of it only. To him
Wordsworth mentioned a friend of his, a man
of great learning and a poet, with whom he had
travelled in Germany, and who was now anx-
ious to settle down for study in the Keswick
Vale. Jackson, with his love of " beuk lam-
ing," was glad to accept the stranger as tenant,
or part tenant. Although he had had another
offer at double the amount that Wordsworth's
friend could afford to pay, brains won the day
with Jackson, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge
came to share the double house with its builder,
and to be told, when the first half year's rent
was due, "No, no, Mr. Coleridge; I love your
children, and I like your friendship ; the house
is only part finished in the plastering. I shall
take no rent from you, sir, this time at all."
Thus was Coleridge brought again within reach
of Wordsworth, with whom in his annus mira-
bilis of production, 1797, he had planned the
"Lyrical Ballads," and had written " The Re-
morse," "The Ancient Mariner," "The Dark
Ladie," and "Christabel." The exceeding
beauty of Greta Hall and its surroundings had
much to do with his brief reawakening, when,
"with his poetic powers no longer in a state of
suspended animation," he determined to dedi-
cate himself anew to writing verse and helping
his fellow-men.
Three years later, on Coleridge's repeated
invitations, came Robert Southey with his wife,
Edith, a sister of Mrs. Coleridge, to share the
roomy house. An interesting household it was
in that first season (1803), at what Southey
called jocularly "The Ant Hill." Besides the
Coleridges and Southeys and Aunt Lowell and
the Jacksons, there was Southey's beloved dog
Dapper, Jackson's dog Cupid, a "noble jack-
ass" which the children rode, cats galore —
Bianchi, Pulcheria, Othello, the Zombi,— and
the humble retainers, Nurse Wilsey and Betty
Thompson, whose affection and long service
to her master are inscribed on the Laureate's
tombstone. But the ever-restless Coleridge soon
disappeared from the scene. Full of imaginary
aches and pains, and some real ones—his mind
as restless as if it had St. Vitus's dance, eter-
nal activity without action,— miserable about
trifles and a prey to hypochondria, poor pro-
crastinating Coleridge in the following year
packed off to Malta for his health, returning


294
[Nov. 16,
THE
DIAL
after two years to England, but never again to
Keswick except for a short time. Henceforth
Southey cared not only for his own family, but
he took upon himself also the charge of Cole-
ridge's deserted wife and three fatherless chil-
dren. Coleridge's curious bewilderment of the
moral sense was as puzzling to his friends and
relatives as it is to posterity; and there is some-
thing very touching in the way in which
Southey, with all his regret for Coleridge's
failings, never failed to fulfil the trust those
failings imposed on him.
In these early days of acquaintance, Words-
worth and Southey did not take to each other
as much as one would have expected. But in
later years, when sorrow had come to both,
common experience and agreement on matters
social and political drew them together. In the
end, each came to admire the other's powers
greatly. "A greater poet than Wordsworth
there never has been, nor ever will be," wrote
Southey; and it was Wordsworth who was se-
lected to write the fitting epitaph for Southey's
tomb when he was buried in Crosthwaite church
among the scenes which he had loved so well.
Of the four homes of Wordsworth in these
dales, Rydal Mount was the last and most be-
loved. Hither he came, driven forth by domes-
tic sorrow from the old Grasmere Rectory in
the year 1813, and here he continued to live
until his death, thirty-seven years later. Little
understood by his neighbors as a poet, he was
yet a figure-head among men, honored for his
uprightness and integrity, his simplicity, kind-
ness, and piety, and was looked upon as a man
of practical judgment in all that concerned
home affairs in the dale. A worthy " volunteer,"
a trusted justice of the peace, the pattern of
high thinking and plain living, he set a kind
of moral tonic for the whole district. As for
his poetry, it was "aw reet eneuf, but queer
stuff, varra," to these simple folk; and they
hardly believed that when the fit of making it
was on, Wordsworth was in his right mind.
They heard him "bummin' away," they saw
his " jaws agoain t' whoale time," they thought
of him as possessed, and would say, "Aw yes,
I darsay he's quite sensible, whiles, if ya nobbut
catch him reet he '11 talk as plaain as oyder you
or me"; and they were to be pardoned if they
looked on his periodical poetry-making on the
public highway as periodical fits of mania. It
was "Mr. Wordsworth stamp-maister, him o'
Rydal," not Wordsworth Poet-Laureate, whom
they knew. Indeed, one yeoman, who went
some miles out of his way to attend a political
gathering, attracted by the announcement that
the Poet-Laureate would address the meeting,
was heard to say, " Schaff on it, it's nobbut old
Wordsworth o' Rydal efter aw!" and he left
the meeting in high dudgeon.
Mr. Rawnsley's volumes are full of interest-
ing materials, gathered with much diligence
from original sources, with footnotes of refer-
ence thereto; and there is an excellent map of
the whole region at the close of Volume I.
Beside the notable figures of the Lake Poets
themselves, many others scarcely less distin-
guished appear who at one time or another
have had some associations with the country.
Among these are the modern names of Tenny-
son, Ruskin, Rossetti, and Matthew Arnold.
The chief defect of the work is that it leaves an
impression of scrappiness, owing partly to the
somewhat obscure and rambling style of the
author's expression and partly to his disjointed
arrangement of subjects. There is in it a lack
of that unity and wholeness which should char-
acterize a work of such length, importance, and
intrinsic charm. R McMahan.
The Enlaegement of Faith.*
There is nothing more striking, in our group of
recent books on religious themes, than the manifold
forms faith assumes in them. With one, it is a mys-
tical impulse; with another, an historic force ; with
a third, a philosophical development; but in them
all it declares itself as a primary power among men,
in whose just apprehension the highest wisdom of
the world is to be found.
The Parliament of Religions was chiefly indebted
for its notable success to its President, C. C. Bonney,
Esq., and to the extraordinarily efficient chairman
of the General Committee, the Rev. J. H. Barrows,
D.D. The inception of the Parliament lay largely
with President Bonney, and so with the New Church
* Thb New Jerusalem in the World's Religious Con-
gresses op 1893. Edited by Rev. L. P. Mercer. Chicago:
Western New-Church Union.
Disciplesbip: The Scheme of Christianity. By the au-
thor of "The King and the Kingdom: A Study of the Four
Gospels." New York: Q. P. Putnam's Sons.
The Unknown Life op Jesus Christ. From an Ancient
Manuscript, etc. By Virchand R. Gandhi, B.A., Bombay,
India. Chicago: 6558 Stewart Boulevard.
The Life and Teachings of Jesus. By Arthur Kenyon
Rogers. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The Johannine Theology. By George B. Stevens,
Ph.D., D.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
The Claims of Christianity. By William Samuel Lilly.
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
Philosophy and Development of Religion. The Gif-
ford Lectures of the University of Edinburgh. By Otto Pflei-
derer, D.D. In two volumes. New York: G. P. Putnam's
Sons.


1894.]
295
THE
DIAL
of which he is a member. The New Church was
the first to organize its subordinate congress. The
volume entitled " The New Jerusalem in the World's
Religious Congresses," edited by the Rev. L. P.
Mercer, is chiefly made up of the papers prepared
for this special congress. These papers discuss at
length the origin and nature of the New Church,
its doctrines, its planting, its future, and the work
of women in it. The special feature of the New
Church is its belief in the second coming of Christ;
not in person, but as an "unfolding of the spiritual
sense of his Holy Word," whose literal sense was
given in his first coming. This second coming, or
new unfolding, has been achieved in the works of
Emanuel Swedenborg. This starting-point gives oc-
casion for high spirituality united to much mysticism.
The ruling conception and force are of a transcen-
dental character. There is in the New Church a
segregation of spiritual power that simply laughs at
naturalism and secularism. Among the forces at
work in the human mind this is by no means least
significant. It offers itself as a sporadic, but not
an antiquated, impulse.
"The Scheme of Christianity" is an earnest and
scriptural discussion of the dogmas of faith. It ad-
heres very closely to historic orthodoxy, attaching
implicit faith to the sacred narrative. In its inter-
pretation of the Scriptures, however, it is ethical
and rational rather than conventional, and carries
on an independent and earnest inquiry into their
spirit and force. The point of most prominence,
and of present interest, is that of discipleship. The
author holds that the searching commands of Christ
in reference to self-denial were directed to the dis-
ciples; were a regimen for the training of lead-
ers, and were not laid upon the average believer.
This view the author enforces extendedly and thor-
oughly. The discussion touches a point of much
practical moment—the tendency to accept theoret-
ically the words of Christ, and still, in the use we
make of them, to rob them of practical significance.
The book, by virtue of its earnest temper, its as-
sumed faith, its intelligibility and independence, will
be found interesting and instructive to those who
are travelling, with diligent inquiry and without
much digression, the road of Biblical belief.
"The Unknown Life of Jesus Christ" is a brief
volume of four nearly equal parts: the Introduc-
tion, by Virchand R. Gandhi; "The Journey to
Thibet, by M. Notovitch; a translation of the An-
cient Manuscript narrating the life of Christ; and
a Summary. The manuscript on which the other
parts hinge opens with a general sketch of the his-
tory of the People of Israel and of the birth of
Christ; his journey in the East between the ages of
fourteen and twenty-nine years; his preaching in
India, and his crucifixion. The narrative of the
events which lead to his crucifixion is quite differ-
ent from that of the New Testament. The words
of Christ which the manuscript contains are chiefly
his instructions in the East. They are elevated in
tone, but lack almost wholly the simplicity of his
precepts as given in the Gospels, and the close asso-
ciation of his teachings with the events of life.
There is very little in the volume to call out belief.
"The Life and Teachings of Jesus" is a work
aiming at a purpose which occupies many earnest
minds, and is the predominant religious impulse of
not a few. One of the objects of the work is "to
show that, after all that an unsparing criticism can
say, the religious value of the Bible still remains,
and that it speaks to the present generation with a
power which, under the old conceptions, it could
never hope to have" (page 6). "What I have had
in mind particularly to do was to bring the results
of a careful criticism of the Gospels to bear upon
the words attributed to Jesus, and to bring together
into a consistent picture whatever this test may
have left untouched" ( p. 14 ). The method in which
this end is pursued is sufficiently indicated by the
fact that the author does not accept miracles, and
"insists that the statements of the Bible are to be
accepted or rejected on just the same degree of
probability or improbability which would govern us
anywhere else" (p. 7). The work is able, and
evinces an admirable and a spiritual temper. The
first half of the book is occupied with the Gospel
narrative, and the last half with the life and teach-
ings of Jesus. The earlier half is historically crit-
ical; the later constructive. As the author wholly
rejects miracles, his criticism is necessarily very ag-
gressive and destructive, but it is penetrating and
candid. We find ourselves slow to accept the con-
clusions of a process so essentially a priori and
whose clues of guidance are often so slight. It has,
however, this one most important result: it pulls
down that scaffolding of dogma and of ready appeal
to supernaturalism which has so long obscured the
beauty and symmetry of the true spiritual building
which has slowly gone up within them. We are
best pleased with the second part, which goes very
far to show how little has been really lost, and how
much has been truly gained, by the sifting and
waste of the earlier portion. The book is not un-
like in temper to the " Natural History of the Chris-
tian Religion," by Dr. William Mackintosh, which
was lately noticed in The Dial (Sept. 16, p. 157).
The two works are quite diverse in method and de-
tail; but the general drift of their conclusions, and
the motive which prompts them, are the same. Both
are thoroughly instructive. The supernatural cer-
tainly needs correction as an idea, and in the serv-
ice we assign it; but those who hunt it down so vig-
orously hardly seem to understand whither they are
going. If the miracle is incredible, so is the answer
to prayer. If prayer fail us, the crowning words
of Christian Revelation fail us also,—" Our Father
who art in Heaven."
"The Johannine Theology" is a book carefully
wrought out within the limits of liberal orthodoxy.
It discusses, in a dozen directions, the phases of
doctrine which belong to the Gospel and to the


296
[Nov. 16,
THE
DIAL
Epistles of John. The work is done in a scholarly,
penetrative, and thorough method. Some of the
topics are: "The Idea of God in the Writings of
John, the Doctrine of the Logos"; "The Union
of the Son and Father"; "The Doctrine of Sin";
"The Work of Salvation"; "The Doctrine of the
Holy Spirit, of Love, of Prayer, of Eternal Life."
An inquiry of this sort, which accepts the full weight
of Scriptural authority, has its advantages and its
disadvantages. It tends to thorough and minute
investigation. Nothing is to be passed lightly. But
it is also liable to feel too strongly the need of rec-
onciling all discrepancies, and to embarrass itself
unnecessarily by any refractory material. Truth as
truth loves scope and wide rendering. The author
is not only liberal in his creed, he lays the founda-
tion of his exegesis in ethical doctrinal construction.
The writings of St. John yield themselves fully to
this tendency. Under the doctrine of Love the au-
thor finds in the statements of John that which pre-
cludes any other than a redemptive, a spiritually
constructive, administration of the world. The feel-
ing that justice is supreme with God, that the exer-
cise of his love is optional, that he may well enough
hate the sinner, arises from a technical definition
and idea of sin—formed with the general intention
of making it more dreadful — that do not at all
correspond with the facts of life. Man is interpreted
by theology, not theology by man.
"The Claims of Christianity" is a book—like a
sally from a beseiged fort—thrust boldly forth from
a body of believers thoroughly self-centred and ag-
gressive, but also widely beleaguered by unsympa-
thetic and hostile sentiment. Its author is a clear
and vigorous writer who knows what he wants to
say and says it without hesitation. It is a pleasure
to come in contact with such a mind, and pleasant
to meet it in the defense of old things—the history
of the world as so far achieved. The claims of the
work are that Christianity is " the sole and sufficient
oracle of divine truth," and that it forms a "polity
perfect and complete in itself." This polity is of
course the Catholic Church. These claims are first
enforced — chiefly on the external side — against
Buddhism and Islam, and then as against the Ren-
aissance and Reformation. The Middle Ages are
dwelt on as laying securely the foundations of this
universal polity. How little soever one may accept
the final conclusions of the author, it is well, espe-
cially in our day when we so much magnify the
things that are nearest us, to listen to one who
stands within the shadow of events which contain
the significance of millenniums. When one comes
in contact with Newman, Ward, Lilly, the question
is, what the fulfilling of the law and the prophets
means. Is it a literal or a spiritual fulfilment?
The two volumes of "The Philosophy and De-
velopment of Religion " are in every way inviting
books. The form and print are excellent. The
author's style is vigorous and clear; the subject is
comprehensively and thoroughly discussed. The
topic, being treated in lectures, has none of the dry-
ness of details. The first volume rests chiefly
on philosophical principles, and some will find it
peculiarly acceptable. It considers the nature of
religion in its relation to the world and man. "Re-
ligion, as well as science and art, morals and law,
is a constitutive element of human nature, and there-
fore may pass through the most manifold develop-
ments, but can never cease as long as there are men"
(p. 99). It strives to frame a conception which
shall overcome the constant collision between the
natural and the supernatural,—an effort which we
desire especially to commend. While it does not
complete itself in a just recognition of the supernat-
ural, it does a good deal of work in preparation for
it. The second volume discusses Christian faith as
it offers itself in the New Testament and in the
phases it has since passed through. The author, in
this discussion, gives free range to historical criti-
cism, but he unites with it an eager insight into
spiritual truth. If the letter is somewhat rudely
scattered, the spirit is carefully sought after and
diligently gathered up. j0HN Bascom.
Briefs on New Book9.
In a neat volume of 170 odd pages,
ln<££>%hL. Mr< H> S- Salt ably and concisely
discusses the question of "Animals'
Rights" (Macmillan) from the humanitarian stand-
point. Mr. Salt undertakes in his essay to set the
principles of the jus animalium on a plain and log-
ical footing, and to expose the fallacies of the apol-
ogists of the present system. No one is likely to
gainsay his fundamental rule condemning "all prac-
tices which inflict unnecessary pain on sentient be-
ings." When he comes, however, to the considera-
tion of special cases, to the question whether this or
that current practice falls under the rule, his path
is beset with the old polemical difficulties. First in
importance is the time-honored food question; and
here the author calls on humanitarians of the more
timid sort to stand by their colors and cease palter-
ing—for, as he reasonably argues, it is not very con-
sistent to sentimentalize over the rights of an animal
on whom you propose to dine. On the question of
flesh-eating, the balance of authority is still rather
against Mr. Salt, though vegetarians have latterly
made some logical advances toward establishing
their case. Shall we agree with Paley, who (appeal-
ing, as usual, to Scripture to justify eighteenth cen-
tury practice) maintained our " right to the flesh of
animals"; and with Bentham, who naively argues,
"We deprive animals of life, and this is justifiable,
since their pains do not equal our pleasures "? Or
shall we side with Thoreau, who wrote: "I have
no doubt that it is a part of the destiny of the human
race, in its gradual improvement, to leave off eating
animals, as surely as the savage tribes have left off
eating each other "? Mr. Salt is of the latter opin-


1894.]
297
THE DIAL
ion; and he bases his belief on the facts that man
is structurally frugiverous, and that, when he tries
it, he gets along perfectly well without flesh-foods,
as well as on the growing popular tendency to look
with abhorrence on flesh-eating and its concomi-
tants. On the latter point Mr. Salt seems to us a
little over-sanguine. In a day when the magnitude
of stock-yards and slaughtering establishments is
made a matter of civic pride and rejoicing, it is cer-
tainly going too far to say that butchers and slaught-
ermen form " a pariah class." Nor is the era as yet
in sight when a great fortune is regarded as seriously
tainted by the stains of the abattoir. On the ques-
tion of "Murderous Millinery," Mr. Salt has com-
paratively plain sailing; and we cheerfully subscribe
to his axiom, touching the slaughter of birds and
mammals for purposes of human adornment, that
it is not the man who does the killing, but the woman
who wears the trophies, that is the true offender.
She is the principal, he the tool. For the behoof and
possible amendment of those fashionable gentlemen
and ladies who deck themselves (like the ass and
the jackdaw in the fables) in borrowed skins and
feathers, we subjoin a few facts from the trade in
those commodities, which ought to touch the most
rudimentary conscience. "One dealer in London
is said" to have received as a single consignment 32,-
000 dead humming-birds, 80,000 aquatic birds, and
800,000 pairs of wings. A Parisian dealer had a
contract for 40,000 birds, and an army of murderers
were turned out to supply the order. ... At one
auction alone in London there were sold 404,389
West Indian and Brazilian bird-skins, and 356,389.
East Indian, besides thousands of pheasants and
birds-of-paradise." These, be it remembered, are
but scattered instances of a continuous and growing
traffic. We heartily commend Mr. Salt's treatise to
all who desire a clear idea of the humanitarian
theory and arguments. There is a bibliography,
and an interesting essay on vivisection by Dr. Albert
Leffingwell.
Anothtr volume Perhaps the illustrations are the best
of Dr. Liddm's part of the new volume—the third—
Lift oj Pmey. o{ Liddon>8 « Lif e of Pusey" (Long-
mans), lately reviewed in our pages. It is pleasant
to see the face of Charles Marriott, that man of
wide learning and rare sweetness of character, who
took the lowest place, content to toil obscurely, in
the early days of the Oxford Movement. There is
a singularly attractive portrait of the author of " The
Christian Year," with a fine brow, large, deep,
thoughtful eyes, and a frank, smiling, almost rogu-
ish mouth. As for the letter-press, if anyone de-
sires to know from a very one-sided view-point more
of the inner history of "the Anglican claim to the
doctrine of Regeneration, of Absolution, of the Real
Presence, of the Eucharistic Sacrifice," than he has
derived in livelier form from the writings of Church
and Ward and Mozley; if he is still eager about
the Jerusalem Bishopric, the Hampden Controversy,
the Gorham Case, the departure to Rome of New-
man and Manning and Archdeacon Wilberforce ; if
he is looking for a list of the "Tracts for the Times"
and their writers; if he enjoys five hundred pages
of ecclesiastical controversy lighted by no single
gleam of imagination or humor, without a revealing
anecdote or vivid sketch of character; if he cares
for copious assurance of how weary and heavy-
hearted under the burden of his own sins and those
of others a good and devout man can be, how an
anxious temperament, a scrupulous conscience, and
a superstitious system can overcloud a Christian's
joy and peace; if he would note how a prosperous
Englishman, a scholar and divine, a leader among
his fellows, in the middle of the nineteenth century of
the Christian era can turn his back upon his age and
adjust himself to mediaeval ideas and usages, can
wear a hair-shirt always by day unless ill, can find
virtue in a hard chair by day and a hard bed by
night, in wearing no gloves, in keeping his eyes
downcast and looking at nothing out of curiosity, in
refraining from smiles and in stern repression of
humor,—a task easier, perhaps, for Dr. Pusey and
Dr. Liddon than for Dr. Holmes, or that earlier
canon of St Paul's, Sidney Smith; if one is in
search of any of these things he will find a mine of
interest in this third volume of Liddon's Pusey. To
all others it will be a measureless waste, where the
air is heavy and the prospect dreary.
John Bmrn's Mr. Hinton'saccountof "John Brown
ttory, m told and his Men" (Funk & Wagnails)
by a follower. jg a worfc unnot foe overlooked
by the student of American history. Its literary
merit is but slight; it is written in a clumsy sort of
style, with little skill in the sifting or the orderly
arrangement of material. But the material is there,
and it makes the book in a way invaluable. The
author is himself one of John Brown's men — one
of the few present survivors of the group; he was
with them in Kansas, and wrote accounts of events
there for Boston and Chicago papers. His account
is therefore that of an eye-witness, whose recollec-
tions are supplemented by a careful study of mate-
rial gathered in many years of industrious research.
The book is a storehouse of information, and as such
it is, as we have said, invaluable. The author is an
unqualified defender of John Brown, and in this
earnestly written book he shows the courage of his
convictions unabated by the nearly forty years that
have passed since the stirring events of which he
treats. The so-called " Pottawatomie massacre," for
example, which has been regarded as the darkest
stain on John Brown's career in Kansas, is boldly
admitted and defended. "The men were slain, and
the act was deliberately done. There never was
any doubt of that. It was a question for some years
whether or not the act was done under the influence
of and by the direct orders of John Brown. No
one now doubts that it was." The act is regarded
by our author as a logical necessity of the situation;
and its effects are thus forcibly, if not conclusively,
stated: "The Pottawatomie slaying, temporarily at


298
[Nov. 16,
least, awed the border ruffians into a trembling peace
and startled alike the brave and timid in free-state
ranks with a triumphant yet serious feeling that on
their side at last a Man had arrived." It unques-
tionably did all that; yet more would be required,
one would think, to justify such deeds of savagery.
It must not be overlooked, however, that John Brown
claimed to have had conclusive evidence that the
men killed by him on Pottawatomie Creek had set
a date when they would kill him and his sons, and
that in his belief it was simply a question of which
party should kill the other. The author's standpoint
and writing, as our brief extracts show, are those of
the partisan rather than the historian. The book
does much, however, to throw light on John Brown's
character and acts, and will have its useful place
among his biographies. It is a pity the work could
not have been given a more presentable form; the
typography is worthy of Kansas in its darkest days.
Mr. Frederick W. Morton is the
tboZ'Zm^' compiler of a volume entitled " Wo-
man in Epigram " (McClurg), which
collects many hundreds of bright or brutal sayings
about the sex, extracted from a great variety of
authors. The writers most largely represented are
Mr. W. R. Alger, Balzac, Mr. Junius Henri Browne,
"George Eliot," Emerson, Euripides, Holmes, Leigh
Hunt, Irving, Johnson, Alphonse Karr, La Bruyere,
La Rochefoucauld, Lecky, Richter, Mr. Ruskin,
Steele, Thackeray, Mr. Frederick Sheldon, Shake-
speare, and Mr. Frederick Morton. Ten or more
"epigrams" are given from each of these writers.
One cannot expect to find everybody in a book of so
modest dimensions, but it is a little significant that
the first three names by which we sought to test the
collection — Schopenhauer, "Stendhal," and Mr.
Frederick Greenwood—should not occur at all in the
index. "That women have been carefully inspected
through both ends of the telescope " will, as the edi-
tor remarks, "readily be seen " from these pages. It
is a little curious that Mr. Morton's idea should have
occurred at the same time to another person; that
such is the case appeal's from the simultaneous pub-
lication of " About Women: What Men Have Said"
(Putnam), for which booklet Miss Rose Porter is
responsible. Miss Porter's compilation is a sort of
birthday book. Each month has an author, and
each of its days a selection from his works. The
authors range from Shakespeare to Ruskin, and,
since there are but twelve of them, the effect is
more coherent than that produced by Mr. Morton's
book. Five of Miss Porter's authors, by the way,
do not occur in Mr. Morton's collection.
The early life
of Thomas
of Canterbury.
"Thomas of London before His Con-
secration" is the title of a " Cam-
bridge Historical Essay," by Mr.
Lewis B. Radford, issued from the University Press
(Macmillan). It is a prize monograph, and deals
with the relatively neglected part of the great Pri-
mate's career before he became Archbishop of Can-
terbury and the champion of "Peter's rock " against
the " customs" of the realm. The work is admir-
ably done; it is compact, scholarly, and readable,
with reference to the best and latest authorities, and
with a conception of the character of Thomas not
biased in either of the two directions in which bias
is commonly found. In the presence of the great
problem presented by the chancellor-archbishop's
career, the author frankly admits that absolute con-
sistency is not to be predicated. He takes refuge,
however, in the view that there is a lower sort of
consistency to be found, and he thus defines it: "It
is the consistency—less lofty, but not less real on its
lower level—of the man who is faithful to the ideal
of the office in which he is placed, but allows himself
to be placed in office without any definite choice of
his own; who holds to his principles, but takes them
from his position, instead of carrying them into it;
who does whatever he finds to do with all his might,
but leaves circumstances to find it for him.." Some
such view as this, we fancy, must be taken by the
candid and impartial historian. In a note, the
author discusses Miss Lambert's glorification of
Thomas — apropos of Tennyson's play — in "The
Nineteenth Century"; and in an appendix he dis-
cusses the claims of the various biographies of the
martyr of Canterbury. It is a curious fact, not, we
fancy, known to many who are not specialists in the
period, that one of these biographies is a saga —
"Thomas Saga Erkibyskups "—the work of an Ice-
landic visitor to England, probably Arngrin, Abbot
of Thingeyrar. The statement is also made that
in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries churches
were dedicated to Thomas in all parts of Iceland.
Mr. Edwin L. Shuman's " Steps into
Journalism," published at Evanston
by the "Correspondence School of
Journalism," is the outcome of a course of instruc-
tion given at the summer school of Bay View, Mich-
igan. The number of young people who are already
inclined to turn their " steps into journalism," when
they might become useful members of society in-
stead, is so great that we naturally look askance
upon any attempt to swell these misguided ranks.
But the author reassures us at the start by saying:
"It is not the aim of this book to make any more
writers: we have too many now. On none of these
pages will there be found a single word tempting
any young man to leave the farm or the business
office, or advising any young woman to forsake the
household routine, in order to run after the ignis
fatuus of literary fame." This introductory claim
is sustained by the text that follows. Mr. Shuman's
chapters describe from full knowledge the workings
of the modern newspaper, and contain much prof-
itable advice for reporters and others; but they cast
no glamour over the newspaper life, and do not
minimize its degrading influence upon the majority
of those who choose to lead it. The only aim of
the modern city newspaper is to make money; "as
for the uplifting of the public morals or ideals, that
"Slept into
Journalism.


1894.]
299
THE
DIAL
scarcely cuts any figure at all in the purpose of the
publisher." This is a frank saying, but a true one;
and equal in both frankness and truth are the re-
peatedly urged statements that the newspaper writer,
whether reporter or editor, has no business with con-
victions of his own, but must make himself a mere
automaton for the registration of ideas that are
not even the convictions of anybody else. It is de-
lightful to note the vigorous way in which the writer
describes the newspaper life as it actually is. Here,
for example, is a pen-portrait of the city editor:
"Damocles was a bobolink in nesting-time compared
with the city editor of a great daily, who forever sits
with two swords dangling over him, ready to carve
off his editorial head without a moment's warning.
One of these is the deadly 'scoop,' and the other
is the no less sanguinary libel-suit." Surely, no one
is likely to be tempted into journalism by such pas-
sages as these. But for those already in the net,
and for those who are bent upon finding cause for
repentance in their own experience, we can recom-
mend the book as likely to prove helpful in a hun-
dred ways. Mr. Shuman's advice is usually good
and to the point. Upon two matters only do we
feel bound to disagree with him. He does not suf-
ficiently condemn—in fact, he rather justifies—the
practise of eking out facts by the aid of a lively im-
agination, and publishing all sorts of statements that
are not true. His remark that "the day of servile
party organs is past" is not only false, but it is so
amazingly false that we cannot understand how Mr.
Shuman could have made it. The partisan spirit
has never, we should say, been so offensive and un-
blushing as it has become in the newspapers of our
own times.
Special reprint, 0} Tw0 new volumes have been added
Swinburne', lyric, to the exquisite "Bibelot" series of
andthe"Rubaiyat» reprint8 published by Mr. Thomas
B. Mosher, and are even more acceptable than the
two with which the series began a year ago. One
is a book of lyrics selected from the works of Mr.
Swinburne, and the other is FitzGerald's " Omar."
The book of lyrics, named "Felise," has drawn
largely upon the first volume of "Poems and Bal-
lads," although the other two are not ignored. It
also includes two choruses from "Atalanta," three
lyrics from the "Mary Stuart" trilogy, and the
lovely "Adieux a Marie Stuart." The edition of
the immortal " Rubaiyat" is easily the most desira-
ble of those yet published at a moderate price. It
includes Mr. Lang's verses, Mr. J. H. McCarthy's
"Envoy," FitzGerald's introduction and notes, a
bibliography of the English versions of Omar, and
the texts of first and fourth editions printed page
to page for easy comparison. The quatrains that
appeared in the second edition only are given as an
appendix, one of them being the magnificent
"Nay, bnt for terror of his wrathful Face,
I swear I will not call Injustice Grace;
Not one Good Fellow of the Tavern bnt
Would kick so poor a Coward from the place,"
which no lover of Omar would be willing to spare.
It would be difficult to suggest any particular in
which this "Bibelot" edition of the "tent-maker"
could be improved upon. The edition is limited,
and we shall be much surprised if it holds out long.
"DoumEa.1" "Danvis Folks" (Houghton) is a
manners and neat reprint of a series of New En-
diaieci. gland sketches written for " Forest
and Stream" by Mr. Rowland E. Robinson. The
author attempts not so much to tell a story—though
there is a slight thread of continuity throughout —
as to faithfully reproduce the rustic " Down East"
speech, manners, and customs of fifty years ago;
and in this we should say that he is successful be-
yond cavil. Some of the chapters are as good as
"Sam Slick " — quaint, racy, bubbling over with
dry Yankee fun, and bristling with eccentricities of
mind and vernacular. We have had rather a sur-
feit of dialect in literature of late; but the stiffest
prejudice against it must yield before Mr. Robin-
son's orthographical ingenuity—of'which "julluk"
for just like, "kwut" for coat, and " soddaown " for
sat down, are mild examples.
M. Andre" Lefevre, of the Paris An-
The evolution of thropological School, has prepared
race and language. , • 1 n •
for the "International scientific
series (Appleton) a treatise upon " Race and Lan-
guage," written from a strictly evolutionary stand-
point, and based upon the results obtained by the
latest workers in philological and anthropological
science. These sciences are making rapid progress,
and it was time that someone should go over the
old familiar ground with the help of the new light.
This task M. Lefevre has accomplished in a highly
satisfactory manner. His work has three chief
divisions: "The Evolution of Language," "Geo-
graphical Distribution of Languages and Races,"
and "The Indo-European Organism."
Pen-picture,0/ "Vignettes of Manhattan" (Har-
Neu> York life per) is a collection of sketchy little
and character. pen-pictures, mild feints at the short
story, most of them, of New York life and char-
acter, by Mr. Brander Matthews. The drift of
the papers may be inferred from the titles: "At
a Private View," "Spring in a Side Street," "Be-
fore the Break of Day," " The Speech of the Even-
ing," " A Vista in Central Park," etc. In drawing
his types and echoing their more or less futile chat-
ter, Mr. Matthews is almost grievously accurate;
and his efforts, to say nothing of his patience, should
not go unrewarded. The volume is a very pretty
one externally, and Mr. Smedley's drawings are
clever.
"The Pearl of India" (Houghton) is
still another book of travels from the
indefatigable Mr. M. M. Ballou. In
it Mr. Ballou writes of his recent visit to Ceylon,
of which island he says: "No point presents more
varied attractions to the traveller, more thoroughly
and picturesquely exhibits equatorial life, or ad-
American
traveller,
in Ceylon.


300
[Nov. 16,
THE
DIAL
dresBes itself more directly to the delicate apprecia-
tion of the artist, botanist, antiquarian, general sci-
entist, and sportsman." Mr. Ballou writes in his
usual chatty way, freely mingling his own impres-
sions with facts culled from the authorities, and
affording a very fair general view of Ceylon, its his-
tory and traditions, its people, religion, industries,
flora and fauna, etc. One is a little surprised to
find that Matthew Arnold is made to figure mag-
nificently in Mr. Ballou's pages as Sir Matthew—
an accolade rather belated, if merited. The pub-
lishers issue the book in their usual irreproachable
style.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Mr. Richard Watson Gilder's " Five Books of Song"
(Century) is a collection, in a single volume, of his com-
plete poems, with a few lyrical pieces that we do not
recollect to have seen in the earlier editions. Mr. Gilder's
place among the»American poets is now so well assured
that this collection will be widely welcomed, although
the five booklets whose contents are now incorporated
within one set of covers will by no means be displaced
from the shelves by this reissue. We have on several
occasions expressed our appreciation of the high poet-
ical quality of Mr. Gilder's work, and need now only
chronicle the advent of the new and convenient collec-
tion.
As the holiday gift-book season approaches, the an-
thologist is busy. The latest collections of verse upon
special themes are "Because I Love You" (Lee), a
volume of love poems collected and arranged by Miss
Anna £. Mack; and "Poems and Lyrics of Nature"
(imported by Scribner), edited, with an introductory
essay, by Miss Edith Wingate Rinder. The latter vol-
ume has a charming " electrogravure " portrait of Mr.
Andrew Lang, although it is not easy to understand just
why he, rather than many another, should have been
thus distinguished. Miss Rinder's introduction is taste-
ful and sympathetic, and her selections are all from con-
temporary poets.
The new " Cambridge Edition" of " The Complete
Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier" (Hough-
ton) has all the admirable characteristics of the " Cam-
bridge " Longfellow, published a year ago. There is a
fine portrait, a title-page etching of the poet's Ames-
bury home, a full index and collection of notes, and a
prefatory memoir by Mr. Horace E. Scudder. All
these things, besides the complete text of the poems, are
contained within the covers of a single beautiful volume
of between five and six hundred double-columned pages.
It is a great joy to have our Longfellow and Whittier
in this compact and attractive form.
There seems to be a marked revival of interest in
Henry Kingsley. We have already mentioned the new
edition of his novels started by the Messrs. Scribners,
and there now comes to us the first volume of another
edition, equally attractive, and more nearly of what may
be called library dimensions, bearing the imprint of
Messrs. Ward, Lock, & Bowden. This edition, we un-
derstand, is to be complete, while that of the Messrs.
Scribners will include only three or four of the novels.
"Ravenshoe" is the volume now at hand.
Mr. William Francis Collier's " History of English
Literature" has long been in use as a school text-book
of the subject. It now appears in a revised edition
(Nelson), with a brief supplement upon American lit-
erature. The treatment is essentially biographical.
While far from being a model text-book, it is not with-
out certain merits of arrangement and condensation, and,
in its new form, offers a marked improvement upon the
earlier editions.
The "Advanced Science Manuals" published by
Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. are now made to in-
clude a treatise on " Human Physiology," by Mr. John
Thornton. Some four hundred pages of text, diversified
with many cuts and a few colored illustrations, set forth
the elements of the science in reasonably attractive form.
A book of about half the size is the " Physiology for
Beginners" (Macmillan) which has been prepared by
Dr. Michael Foster and Dr. Lewis E. Shore. The treat-
ment is as admirable as might be expected in a book
having the great authority of Dr. Foster.
Under the title of " Oriental Studies," Messrs. Ginn &
Co. publish a volume of papers read before the Oriental
Club of Philadelphia during the past six years. There
are a baker's dozen of the papers, among which we note
"The Physical Geography of India," by Dr. Morton W.
Easton; " Literature of Chinese Laborers," by Mr. Stew-
art Culin, "The Alphabets of the Berbers," by Dr.
Daniel G. Brinton; " A Legal Document of Babylonia,"
by Dr. Morris Jastrow; "The Holy Numbers of the
Rig-Veda," by Dr. E. W. Hopkins; « The Aryan Name
of the Tongue," by Dr. H. Collitz; and "The Book of
Ecclesiastes," by Dr. Paul Haupt. That papers by such
men are scholarly goes without saying.
"Asolando," the last volume of Browning's poems,
has been issued by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. as the sev-
enteenth and final volume of their handy edition of the
poet. More than half of this new volume is devoted to
indexes and notes for the complete edition. The indexes
are of titles and first lines; the notes are biographical
and historical, and form a sort of encyclopedia explan-
atory of the allusions contained iu the poems. Thus
completed, this edition of Browning is extremely satis-
factory, and is decidedly preferable to any other now
existing.
An International Congress of Charities, Correction,
and Philanthropy was held at Chicago in June, 1893,
in connection with the World's Congress Auxiliary of
which our readers have been so abundantly informed.
Of the proceedings of that Congress certain sections
have been published and heretofore noticed by us. A
new volume, now at hand, reports the "General Exer-
cises " at the opening of the Congress, and includes the
special report on " The Public Treatment of Pauperism,"
edited by Dr. John H. Finley, of Knox College. These
reports issue from the Johns Hopkins Press.
Mr. John Campbell Oman, in a volume of moderate
size, has told for English readers the stories of "The
Great Indian Epics" (Macmillan), the "Ramayana"
and the " Mahabharata." "I have written," Mr. Oman
says, "for the benefit of those, whether Europeans or
Indians, who may be acquainted with the English lan-
guage, the brief epitomes of them contained in the fol-
lowing pages; deriving my materials not from the orig-
inal Sanskrit poems, which are sealed books to me, but
from the translations, more or less complete and literal,
which have been given to the world by both European
and Indian scholars." After this frank admission, there
is little to be said, except that the stories are told in
fairly finished and readable English.


1894.]
301
THE
DIAL
New York Topics.
New York, November 10, 1894.
Permanent quarters have at last been engaged for
the Authors Club of this city, in the newly-erected ex-
tension of the Carnegie Music Hall in Fifty-seventh
street. A comfortable suite of rooms has been especially
constructed for the club's purposes, and will be fitted
up by the club itself. It is now expected that the new
rooms will be opened about the first of the year, and,
in the meantime, the Architectural League has kindly
offered the use of its assembly ball for the fortnightly
meetings. It will be remembered that the Authors
Club was organized in October, 1882. At first the mem-
bers met at each other's homes, then for a time at the
Tile Club hall, and afterward, until last year, at the
Twenty-fourth street rooms so familiar to members.
The club has now passed its twelfth anniversary, and is
more prosperous than at any period in its history. A
large portion of its "Liber Scriptorum " has been sub-
scribed for, and it is proposed to place the remaining
subscriptions at once.
Herbert P. Home's « The Binding of Books," Bras-
sington's "History of the Art of Bookbinding," Miss
Prideaux's " Historical Sketch of Bookbinding," and sev-
eral other recently published works of the same charac-
ter, have stirred up an unusual degree of interest in their
subject. The Grolier Club's exhibition of commercial
or edition bindings was of great value. During the
next fortnight there will he on exhibition at Messrs.
Charles Scribner's Sons' new building a collection of
about two hundred and fifty books in fine bindings for
amateurs. These books, old and new, have been selected
as handsome specimens of the printer's art, or for their
rarity, and have been sent within the past few months
to the best binders of France, England, and America.
They thus represent the ultimate skill of the binders of
to-day. Among American bindings there are especially
handsome specimens from the establishments of Messrs.
Blackwell, Bradstreet, and Stikeman. Some of the
French bindings in which the decorative design is cut
out with gravers from the surface of the leather are
quite remarkable. All of these finely-bound books are
for sale, and will be distributed to purchasers at the
close of the exhibition.
The local political upheaval is not without its interest
from a literary point of view. Among the Congressmen
elected from this city is. Mr. Lemuel Ely Quigg, whose
"Tin Types Taken in the Streets of New York," pub-
lished some years ago, contains several remarkable
sketches dealing with machine politics of the baser sort.
Something more elaborate in the line of fiction, and deal-
ing with the same subject, has been looked for from Mr.
Quigg, who has long been a member of the " Tribune"
editorial staff; but it has remained for Mr. Paul Leices-
ter Ford, the editor of Jefferson's works, to write a po-
litical novel pure and simple. Mr. Ford has varied his
historical studies with considerable study and experi-
ence of local political methods and men. "The Hon-
orable Peter Stirling" is based on actual occurrences
in this city, and the characters are partly drawn from
life. This is notably the case with the hero, who is
evidently the August Personage (to use an eighteenth
century expression) now most prominent in the affairs
of the nation, although many incidents connected with
others are assigned to his career. Mr. Ford's novel is
longer than the ordinary American story, and, indeed,
this length is required for the proper development of
the plot to which, of course, the political atmosphere is
incidental.
Announcements of books to appear in time for the
Christmas season have practically all been made. The
holiday catalogues of the great publishing houses will
perhaps be more elaborate and decorative this year than
ever before,— those of the J. B. Lippincott Co. and of
Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. particularly so. The latter
firm, by the way, will issue an American edition of the
London "Bookman," under the editorship of Professor
■ Harry Thurston Peck and Mr. James MacArthur. Pro-
fessor Boyesen, Mr. Mabie, and Professor Charles F.
Richardson will be among the American contributors.
Mr. Melvil Dewey is also to have charge of a depart-
ment devoted to library economy and giving general
news of the libraries of the world. The London editor
of « The Bookman," Dr. W. Robertson Nicoll, is to edit
for Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. the "Contemporary
Writers" series, of which the first volume, " Thomas
Hardy," by Miss Annie MacDonnell, will shortly appear.
"Three Score and Ten Years," the recollections of
the veteran poet and engraver, Mr. William James Lin-
ton, appears this week from the Scribner press, and is
interesting not only for its contents but on account of
the picturesque personality of its author, who is still
frequently to be seen at the Century Club, so warmly
spoken of by him in his book. Mr. Linton, who was
born in 1812, had already lived out an ordinary man's
life in England, before coming to this country in 1866;
but he seemed as full of life and energy, when I called
on him at his cottage near East Rock, New Haven,
Conn., last winter, as most men of half his age. He has
a pleasant way of putting his own books of poetry in
type and printing them at his house, where he has a
press and printer's materials. Some of these little vol-
umes, printed at the "Appledore Press," as he calls it,
and daintily illustrated with his own engravings, are
much in demand among collectors. Another picturesque
figure, much seen about the city of late, is that of Dean
Hole, whose " More Memories " will be issued this com-
ing week by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.
The poems of Richard Realf, edited by Colonel Rich-
ard J. Hinton, and announced for publication this au-
tumn in San Francisco, will be published by Messrs.
Funk & Wagnails of New York, who have just issued
Colonel Hinton's " John Brown and His Men." The
edition of Realf's poems will be limited to five hundred
numbered copies, of which about half have already been
subscribed for. Colonel Hinton's memoir will contain
a number of Realf's war letters, written from the camp
and field, which have recently come to light. Subscrip-
tions for the volume may be sent to Colonel R. J. Hin-
ton, Box 21, Bay Ridge, N. Y. Arthur Stedman.
Bryant Day at Knox Colx^ege.
(Special Correspondence of The Dial.)
The centenary of the birth of Bryant, Nov. 3, was
made the occasion of a celebration in the poet's honor by
the faculty and students of Knox College. The citizens
of Galesburg joined heartily in the spirit of the occasion,
and thronged the historic old First Church beyond the
limits of its capacity. Upon the pulpit platform sat
representatives of three Illinois colleges. The presid-
ing officer was the venerable Newton Bateman, LL.D.,
for many years superintendent of public instruction in


302
[Nov. 16,
THE
DIAL
this state, now president emeritus of Knox College.
Prominent in the group, and the figure of chief interest
during the day's events, was the only surviving brother
of the poet, Mr. John H. Bryant, of Princeton, 111.,—
hale and hearty still, and bearing with notable vigor the
burden of his eighty-seven years.
The centennial address was delivered by Mr. E. R.
Brown, of Elmwood, 111., a native of Cummington, Mass.,
and a life-long friend of William Culleu Bryant, and of
the Bryant family. In the now famous celebration held
in August last at the poet's birthplace, Mr. Brown de-
livered a similar address; and as in the earlier commem-
oration, so in the later one, the speaker achieved a happy
and notable success. Tenderly and sympathetically he
told the story of the poet's life; with warm appreciation,
and yet temperately, he offered his estimate of the poet's
labors. He gave much emphasis to the sincerity and
genuineness of Bryant's inner life, and claimed for the
poet a more tender and responsive nature than was ap-
parent to the outside world.
Mr. John H. Bryant recited his own pathetic "Mon-
ody," written in memory of his last visit with his brother
at the old homestead in Cummington.
"My heart to-day is far away;
I seem to tread my native hills;
I see the flocks and mossy rocks,
I hear the gush of mountain rills.
"There with me walks and kindly talks
The dear, dear friend of all my years;
We laid him low not long ago,
At Roslyn-side, with sobs and tears."
Mr. Bryant prefaced the recitation of his poem with a
few words of interesting reminiscence; and elsewhere
in the programme he recited by request his brother's
familiar lines beginning, "The melancholy days are
come, the saddest of the year." The presence of the
poet's brother made the occasion memorable indeed; and
the interest of such an incident was increased to a still
higher degree by the fact that Mr. Bryant was accom-
panied by all the members of his immediate family and
by representatives of other branches as well.
Professor W. C. Wilkinson, of Chicago University,
and the Rev. John White Chad wick, of Brooklyn, con-
tributed poems, which were read. A large number of
interesting letters were received from persons at a dis-
tance, and the reading of extracts from them closed the
ample programme. Among the letters received were
those from Mr. Parke Godwin, Professor G. Stanley
Hall, Professor Charles F. Richardson, Mr. Francis F.
Browne, President Angell, Mr. Horace E. Scudder, Mr.
Eugene Field, and Mr. Richard Watson Gilder. Among
the musical numbers of the programme was the singing
of "The Old Friends are the Truest," by Mr. E. L.
Brown, son of the orator; and the hymns by William
Cullen Bryant, " As shadows cast by cloud and sun,"
and " Oh, deem not they are blest alone." The exer-
cises seemed not unworthy the occasion, and everywhere
were heard expressions of satisfaction that such a tribute
had been paid to the honored memory of America's good
first-poet. 
 £ §
Galesburg, III., Nov. 7, 1S94.
Munich was not the only city to have a " Hans Sachs
Feier" on the fourth of this month. The four hun-
dredth anniversary of the poet-cobbler of Nuremberg
was celebrated by appropriate exercises both in New
York and at the Northwestern University of Evans ton.
Literary Notes and Miscellany.
Mrs. G. J. Romanes is engaged upon a biography of
her late husband.
Mr. Henry Altemus announces a facsimile reprint of
the first edition of "The Pilgrim's Progress," as issued
in 1678.
Professor Rhys-Davis, the great Orientalist, and Mr.
David Christie Murray, the novelist, are lecturing in
this country just now.
It is said that while over 100,000 copies of « Trilby"
have been sold in this country, the English three vol-
ume edition has hardly amounted to a fiftieth of the
number.
A single-volume edition of Chaucer, complete, is prom-
ised by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. It will be supplied
with an introduction and glossary made especially for
it by Professor Skeat.
The English Spenser Society, which recently dis-
banded, has, during the twenty-seven years of its exist-
ence, published no less than fifty-three volumes of six-
teenth and seventeenth century literature.
Messrs. Macmillan & Co. announce an inexpensive
series of " Economic Classics," to be edited by Professor
W. J. Ashley. It will include translations and reprints,
in whole or in part, of old and famous books.
Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. will soon begin the pub-
lication of "The Bookman," in an Americanized form.
The American part of the editing will be done by Pro-
fessor Harry Thurston Peck and Mr. James Mac Arthur.
"Four American Universities " will be the subject of
an illustrated volume soon to be issued by Messrs. Har-
per & Brothers; the universities being Harvard, Yale,
Princeton, and Columbia, and the writers Professors
Charles Eliot Norton, A. T. Hadley, W. M. Sloane,
and Brander Matthews. Nearly simultaneous will be
the publication, by Messrs. Macmillan & Co., of a trans-
lation of Professor Paulsen's account of the German
universities, with an introduction, contrasting the Ger-
man and American universities, written by Professor
N. M. Butler.
Persons who are undertaking, or planning to under-
take, anything like a systematic study of literature,
whether at home, in the public library, or in private
clubs or classes, may find practical advantage in a little
pamphlet issued by " The Round Robin Reading Club"
of Philadelphia, an organization that is doing excellent
work in outlining and directing courses of reading by
means of correspondence and printed schedules. The
method has been approved by Mr. Howells, Mr. Hale,
and Mr. Scudder, who also commend this organization.
The pamphlet referred to may be had by addressing
Miss Louise Stockton, Director, 4213 Chester avenue,
Philadelphia.
Dean Hole, in an interview published by "The Out-
look," thus states the main purpose of his visit to Amer-
ica: "I would never have taken this long vacation had
I not been able to make arrangements to lecture while
here. So, while my chief object in coming is to see
America, I have another object—that of raising money
by my lectures to complete the architectural restora-
tion of the Rochester Cathedral. The Cathedral has the
oldest Norman nave in England. It is one of the first
specimens of ecclesiastical architecture which one sees
after landing at Liverpool. Some restorations have
been attempted and partially carried out, but we need


1894.]
3oa
THE
DIAL
much more money. Many thousand pounds have been
expended in the restoration thus far, and we need to
spend many thousand pounds more. We have a very
ugly tower, which was added to the Cathedral about
sixty years ago. We hope to bring that into some sort
of consonance with the original lines of the Cathedral
itself."
From a considerable number of brief tributes to
Holmes, published in " The Writer " for November, we
Belect for reprinting the sonnet of Mrs. Julia C. R.
Dorr:
"' How shall I crown this child?' fair Summer cried.
'May wasted all her violets long ago;
No longer on the hills June's roses glow,
Flashing with tender bloom the pastures wide.
My stately lilies one by one have died:
The clematis is but a ghost — and lo!
In the fair meadow-lands no daisies blow;
How shall I crown this Summer child?' she sighed.
Then quickly smiled. 'For him, for him,' she said,
'On every hill my golden-rod shall flame,
Token of all my prescient soul foretells.
His shall be golden song and golden fame —
Long golden years with love and honor wed —
And crowns, at last, of silver immortelles!'"
List of New Books.
[The following list, containing 106 titles, includes books re-
ceived by The Dial since its last issue.]
HISTORY.
A Constitutional History of the House of Lords, from
Original Sources. By Luke Owen Pike, M.A., author of
"A History of Crime in England." 8vo, uncut, pp. 405.
Macmillan & Co. $4.
The History of Greece from Its Commencement to the
Close of the Independence of the Greek Nation. By
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cloth, 83.00. A limited edition of 25 large-paper
copies for America, $6.00.
Few persons knew Napoleon as did Lavalette; and histo-
rians gathering materials may place full confidence in his
recital. No other facts are mentioned than those in which he
was an eye-witness, and the author's character will prove a
sufficient voucher for the truth.
Around a Throne.
Catherine II., of Russia, her Collaborators, her Friends,
and her Favorites. By K. Waliskewbki, author of
"Romance of an Empress." 2 vols., 8vo, cloth, $7.50;
half calf, $12.50.
The Works of Laurence Sterne.
Edited by George Saintbburv. With illustrations by
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calf and half morocco, $13.50. Large-paper edition,
150 copies printed, 50 for America. 6 vols., 8vo,
buckram, $18.00.
Published in connection with Dent & Co., of London.
Corinne, or Italy.
By Madame De Stael. Translated. With an Intro-
duction by George Saintbbury. Illustrated by H.
S. Greig. 2 vols., 12rao, cloth, $2.00; half calf or
half morocco, $4.50. Large-paper edition, 100 copies
printed, 50 for America. 2 vols., 8vo, buckram, $6.00.
Published in connection with Dent & Co., of London.
My First Book.
The First Literary Experiences of Walter Besant,
James Payn, W. Clark Russell, Grant Allen, Hall
Came, George R. Sims, Rudyard Kipling, A. Conan
Doyle, M. E. Braddon, F. W. Robinson, H. Rider
Haggard, R. M. Ballantyne, I. Zangwill, Morley
Roberts, David Christie Murray, Marie Corelli,
Jerome K. Jerome, John Strange Winter, Bret Harte,
"Q," Robert Louis Stevenson, and Robert Buchanan.
With an Introduction by Jerome K. Jerome. Pro-
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J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, 715 and 717 Market Street, Philadelphia.


1894.]
313
THE DIAL
J. B. Lippincott Company's
Books for the Holiday Season.
THE SKETCHBOOK—&[ew Edition.
By Washington Irving. Illustrated with engravings on wood, from original designs. 2 vols., 8vo, cloth
extra, gilt top, $4.00; half calf or half morocco, $7.00.
The illustrations of this edition were made for the Artist edition, the type is new, and the size is suitable for
the library and the table, making the most desirable edition of this popular classic now published.
History of the French Revolution.
By Louis Adolphe Thiers, ex-Prime Minister of
France. Translated, with notes and illustrations from
the most authentic sources, by Frederic Shobtrl.
New Edition, printed from new type, with 41 illus-
trations on steel engraved by William Greatbatch.
5 vols., 8vo, cloth, 83.00 per vol.; half morocco,
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sets only by all booksellers and the publishers.
History of the Consulate and the
Empire of France.
By Louis Adolphe Thiers, ex-Prime Minister of
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tion of the author, by D. Forbes Campbell. An
entirely New Edition, printed from new type and
illustrated with 36 steel plates, printed from the
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plates. Cloth, 836.00; half morocco, gilt top, 860.00.
The only good edition of the English translation has long
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with an English house, have brought out a limited edition to
meet the demand of the libraries and book-buyer. The last
volume of this sumptuous edition has just been issued.
Pen and Pencil Sketches.
By Henry Stacy Marks, R.A. With 4 photogravure
plates and 124 fac-siinile illustrations. 2 vols., 8vo,
Irish linen, gilt, 88.00.
There will be included in the volume many unpublished
drawings left by Fred. Walker, the remarkable young English
artist, who is drawn by Du Maurier in the character of
•' LitUe BUlee " in Trilby.
The Birds About Us.
By Charles Conrad Abbott, M.D., author of " Re-
cent Rambles," " Travels in a Tree-Top," etc. Illus-
trated with upward of 75 bird portraits. 1 vol., 12mo,
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For every lover of birds. It is written in a familiar and
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Madonna and Other Poems.
By Harrison S. Morris. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth
extra, 82.00.
This is the first collected edition of the author's poems,
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Thomas A'Kempis' Imitation of Christ.
Edited by Canon Farrar. Illustrated by new and
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Early English Ballads.
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Tom Cringle's Log.
By Michael Scott. 2 vols., 16mo, cloth, 82.00; half
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Cruise of the "Midge."
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is descriDtions, and the most thrU
■London CUy Journal.
pathos, the most gorgeous descriptions, and the most thrilling narra-
tives so marvellously intermingle. —Lon
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Chambers's Concise Gazetteer of
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314
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
The Century Co.'s
A Subscription tO The Century Magazine. The leading feature of this great period-
ical for 1895 will be a Life of Napoleon written by Professor Sloane, of Princeton. It is the result of many
years of study and research, verified by all the latest and best authorities. It will be fully illustrated at great
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A Subscription to St. Nicholas. This unrivalled magazine for young folks has just closed its
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Books of Travel. Across Asia on a Bicycle. The story of the remarkable trip of two young Amer-
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Poetry. Five Books of Song, by Richard Watson Gilder. A complete collection of Mr. Gilder's poems.
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%* Send to The Century Co., Union Square, New York, for complete Catalogue.
*Ask to see The Century Co.'s boohs at the stores. Sold everywhere, or copies
sent post-paid by the publishers on receipt of price.


1894.]
315
THE DIAL
Christhas Suggestions.
New Novels. When all the Woods are Green. A romance of primeval Canadian forests by Dr. S.
Weir Mitchell; full of brilliant conversations and strong character studies, interspersed with stirring descrip-
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Quaint stories of adventure by George Wharton Edwards. Richly illustrated. In stamped sheep binding, $1.00.
The Love of the World. A remarkable little book of religious essays by Mary Emily Case. In beautiful
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For Lovers Of History. The Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln. A collection of the
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Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book. One of the great successes of the season. "Rudyard Kip-
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The Century Book for Young Americans. The story of the Government, by Eibridge
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Books by Mary Mapes Dodge. The Land of Pluck. Stories and sketches for young folk
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When Life Is Young. A collection of verses for boys and girls, including a great number of the most
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Printed first as a serial in St. Nicholas. Illustrated by Birch, $1.50. Lady Jane,—"a children's classic."
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%* Send to The Century Co., Union Square, New York, for complete Catalogue.
*Ash to see The Century Co.'s books at the stores. Sold evervwbere, or copies
sent post-paid by tbe publishers on receipt of price.


316
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
Houghton, nifflin & Company's
W£W AND HOLIDAY 'BOOKS.
THE LAST LEAF. By Olivkr Wendell Holmes. New Holiday Edition. Illustrated from designs by
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This pretty book derives a pathetic interest from Dr. Holmes's death, and from the touching prefatory note he wrote for
this edition, here reproduced in fac-simile of his handwriting.
THE OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES YEAR-BOOK. Containing passages from the prose and poetry
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THEIR WEDDING JOURNEY. By W. D. Howells. Holiday Edition. With over 80 Illustrations,
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THE RUBAIYAT OF OMAR KHAYYAM. In the remarkable Translation of Edward Fitzgerald.
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TIMOTHY'S QUEST. A tine Holiday edition of one of Mrs. Wiggin's most popular stories. Very fully
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THE STORY OF A BAD BOY. By Thomas Bailey Aldrich. Holiday Edition. With numerous
admirable illustrations by A. B. Frost. Crown Svo, $2.00.
A remarkably engaging story, clear print, capital illustrations, and unique binding after a design by Mrs. Whitman.
LITTLE MR. THIMBLEFINQER AND HIS QUEER COUNTRY. A delightful book for children
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ingly entertaining Illustrations. Crown Svo, 82.00. •
IN 5UNSHINE LAND. Poems for Young Folks. By Edith M. Thomas. Illustrated by Katharine
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WHEN HOLLY WAS SIX. A delightful story for children. By Eliza Orne White, author of » Win-
terborough." With a colored cover design and other pictures by Miss Ptle. 81.00.
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UNGUARDED GATES, and Other Poems. By T. B. Aldrich. Crown 8vo, gilt top, 81.25. A
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WHITTIER'S COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS. New Cambridge Edition. With a Biographical
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WHITTIER'S POETICAL WORKS. New Handy-volume Edition. Four beautiful volumes, large type,
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fuU calf, flexible, $12.75.
LIFE AND LETTERS OF JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER. A work of great interest, by Sam-
uel T. Pickabd. With 7 etched Portraits and Views. 2 vols., crown 8vo, gilt top, $4.00.
THE LIFE OF FRANCES POWER COBBE. Written by Herself. With a Portrait. 2 vols., 8vo, gilt
top, $4.00. Miss Cobbe is one of the most famous of living Englishwomen, and the story of her life is of very great interest.
GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS. An excellent book on this knightly man and great citizen, by Edward
Cart. In American Men of Letters Series. With a Portrait. 16mo, $1.25.
FAMILIAR LETTERS OF HENRY DAVID THOREAU. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes,
by Frank B. Sanborn. Uniform with Riverside Edition of Thoreau's Works. With a full Index. Crown Svo, gilt
top, 81.50.
LIFE AND LETTERS OF MARIA EDGEWORTH. Edited by Augustus J. C. Hare, author of
"Memorials of a Quiet Life," etc. With a Portrait and a View of her Home. 2 vols., crown Svo, 84.00.
PUSHING TO THE FRONT; or, Success Under Difficulties. By O. S. Marden. With 24
excellent Portraits of famous persons. Crown Svo, 8150.
A very stimidating book, full of anecdotes illustrating the victories won over obstacles by energy, pluck, and persistency.
A notable gift-book.
OCCULT JAPAN: The Way of the Gods. A book of great interest on the Shinto faith of Japan,
from careful study and personal observation, by Percival Lowell, author of " Noto," " The Soul of the Far East," and
"Chosou" (Corea). Crown Svo, $1.75.
*«* Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, by
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY, Boston, Mass.


1894.]
317
THE DIAL
Houghton, flifflin & Company.
FICTION.
Philip and His Wife.
A powerful novel, written with great art and charm, and in-
spired by a lofty purpose. By Mrs. Deland, author of "John
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Sweet Clover: A Romance of the White City.
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The Story of Lawrence Qarthe.
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Cceur d'Alene.
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The Chase of St. Cast in, and Other Tales.
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16mo, 81.25.
The Great Refusal:
Letters from a Dreamer in Gotham. A romance in which the
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Danvls Folks.
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The Bell-Ringer of Angel's, and Other Stories.
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Three Boys in an Electrical Boat.
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Claudia Hyde.
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11 It 111 real pleasure to read such a story, strong and graceful,
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A Century of Charades.
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Fagots for Fireside.
One hundred and fifty Games for Fireside and Field. By
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ESSAYS AND TRAVEL.
Childhood In Literature and Art.
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Talk at a Country House.
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In the Dozy Hours, and Other Papers.
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Studies in Folk-Song and Popular Poetry.
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Tuscan Cities.
By W. D. Howells. New Edition, from new plates, uni-
form with his novels. 12mo, $1.50.
This edition brings into uniform style with Mr. Howells's
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Robin." 16mo, 81.25.
From Blomidon to Smoky, and Other Papers.
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where. By the late Frank Bolles, author of "Land of
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The Pearl of India.
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thor of " Due East," " Due West." "The New Eldorado,"
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Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan.
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toms of Japan. By Lafcadio Hearn. 2 vols., 8vo, gilt
top, 84.00.
"A very great book."—New York Timet.
A Florida Sketch-Book.
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Master and Men: the Sermon on the Mount
Practiced on the Plain.
A thoughtful book contrasting current Christianity with that
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Religious Progress.
A small book on a large subject, treated with admirable learn-
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A. V. G. Allen, author of "The Continuity of Christian
Thought." Kimo, $1.00.
*«• Sold by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, by
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318
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
Porter & Coates' Elegantly Illustrated Editions.
HOLLAND.
By Edmondo de Amicis, author of "Spain," "Constanti-
nople," etc. Translated from the Italian by Helen Zim-
MERN. This edition has been made from new electrotype
plates, and is very carefully printed. Illustrated with 44
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Bound in 2 voIb., small octavo, gilt tops, cloth, ornamental,
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LORNA DOONE. A Romance of Exmoor.
By R. D. Blackmore. This edition has been made from
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With 51 photogravure illustrations.
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Half crushed levant, gilt top 12 00
WITS AND BEAUX OF SOCIETY.
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trated with 30 photogravures.
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RUGBY.
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TALES FROM SHAKESPEARE. Boydell
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*«* for sale by all Booksellers. Sent, postpaid, upon receipt of the price, by the Publishers,
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* An Illustrated Catalogue of the above )
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A. C. ARMSTRONG & SON'S HOLIDAY BOOKS.
JUST PUBLISHED.
History of Art in Primitive Greece.
MYCENIAN ART.
By GEORGES PERROT and CHARLES CHIPIEZ. With 564 Illustrations. 2 vols., imperial 8vo, uniform
with " History of Art in Ancient Egypt," " History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria," "History of Art in Phamicia,"
"History of Art in Sardinia, Judaa, Syria, and Asia Minor," "History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia and Caria,
Lycia, Persia." Handsomely bound in cloth, gilt top, $15.50; three-quarter crushed levant morocco, $22.50.
This New Work is the sixth in the Series by these distinguished writers on the 44 History of Ancient Art,"
the five previous works having achieved remarkable success and being accepted by the Highest Authorities as the
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This great history Is, in many respects, the most important contribution of modern times to the literature of art and archaeology. As it pro-
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results, in digested form, of the extensive contributions of knowledge made by Layard, Rawlinaon, Loftus, George Smith, Lenonnant, Maspero,
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The Complete Works of Edgar Allan Poe.
With a Memoir and an Introduction on the Genius of Poe by RICHARD H. STODDARD.
Messrs. Armstrong & Son have the pleasure of announcing that they have now ready a new edition of Poe's
Works, in six tastefully printed volumes, to be known as
THE FORDHAM EDITION.
ILLUSTRATIONS.-—The Fordbam Edition contains etchings from Gifford, Church, Platt, Pennell,
and other artists; also a portrait on steel of Poe, and a Japan-proof illustration of the Cottage at Fordham, made
especially for this edition, while there are added facsimiles of the first draft of 14 The Bells," and a number of
facsimile letters. The Etchings are printed upon India paper in the best possible manner.
BINDING.— The set is bound in an attractive and durable cloth binding, uncut edges, gilt top. Price for
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It will be seen from the above description that in issuing the Fordham Edition it has been the aim of the publishers to offer volumes that shall
possess all the advautages of editions de luxe, and at the same time to present a set of books at a reasonable price and of such size as to be con-
veniently handled and read. „ ..„„,„ „ , ... , , . . . _
For sale by all Booksellers. Copies mailed, postpaid, on receipt of price, by
A. C. ARMSTRONG & SON, 51 East 10th Street (near Broadway), NEW YORK.


1894.]
319
THE DIAL
A. C. flcClurg & Co.'s New Books.
England in the Nineteenth Century. By elizabkth wormkley Latimer, author of
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320
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
Frederick Warne & Co.'s
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*m* Our Holiday Display Catalogue is now ready, and free on application.
Sbake§peare (William), The Complete
Works of.
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Charles Knight's Topular History of
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The above publications are for sale by all Booksellers, or will be sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, by the Publishers,
FREDERICK WARNE & CO., No. 3 Cooper Union, New York.


1894.]
321
THE DIAL
IN THE
North American Review
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WOMAN SUFFRAGE IN PRACTICE.
SARAH GRAND, Author of "THE HEAVENLY TWINS," on
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The North American Review, 3 East 14th Street, New York.


322
[Dec. 1, 1894.
THE DIAL
VALUABLE GIFT BOOKS.
The Three Musketeers.
By Alexandre Dumas. An edition de luxe I limited to 750
copies), with 250 Illustrations by Maurice Lkloik. In
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Climbing in the Himalayas.
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The United States of America.
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royal 8vo. With Maps, and 150 full-page Illustrations.
Cloth, $10.00. (Sold only by subscription.)
A History of the United States Navy,
From 1775 to 1894. By Edoar Stanton Maclat, A.M.
With Technical Revision by Lient. Rot C. Smith, U.S.N.
In two volumes. With numerous Maps, Diagrams, and
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In the Track of the Sun.
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ilemoirs Illustrating the History of
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Woman's Share in Primitive Culture.
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tg§^*Send for a copy (free ) of the holiday number of Appletons' Monthly Bulletin, containing detailed descriptions
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No. 203. DECEMBER 1, 1894. Vol. XVII.
Contents.
PAQI
THE CRERAR LIBRARY 323
COMMUNICATIONS 326
Mr. Burroughs on " Mere Literature." William M.
Salter.
The Social Distribution of Cruelty. A. W. G.
What Do We Mean by Literature? W. E. Henry.
THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF WHITTIER.
E. G. J 327
THE ANTIQUITY OF EVOLUTION. David Starr
Jordan 330
THE PROBLEM OF THE UNEMPLOYED. E. W.
Bemis 331
A CENTURY OF STORIES. William Morion Payne 332
Doyle's Round the Red Lamp.—Harris's Elder Conk-
lin. — Harte's The Bell-Ringer of Angel's. — Page's
The Burial of the Guns. — Miss Fuller's Peak and
Prairie.— Mrs. Atherton's Before the Gringo Came.
—Frederic's Marsena.—Mrs. Catherwood's The Chase
of Saint-Castin.—Mrs. Spofford's A Scarlet Poppy.—
Bangs's The Water Ghost. — Sienkiewicz's Lillian
Morris.—Bikelas's Tales from the ^Egean.
HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS. 1 335
Putnam's edition of Walpole's Memoirs of the Reign
of George III.—Thiers's History of the Consulate and
Empire, Lippincott's edition. — Thiers's History of
the French Revolution, Lippincott's edition. — Pen-
nell's Pen Drawing and Pen Draughtsmen.—Mrs. Oli-
phant's The Reign of Queen Anne. — Holmes's The
Last Leaf, Houghton's holiday edition. — Dumas's
The Count of Monte Cristo, Crowell's edition. — Irv-
ing's Sketch Book, "Van Tassell" edition.— Kings-
ley's Hypatia, Harper's edition. — Dickens's A Tale
of Two Cities, Dodd, Mead & Co.'s edition. — Three
Heroines of New England Romance.—Layard's Ten-
nyson and his Pre-Raphaelite Illustrators. — Miss
Austen's Pride and Prejudice, illustrated by Hugh
Thomson. — Miss Radcliffe's Schools and Masters of
Sculpture.—Hutton's Portraits in Plaster.—Garnett's
An Imaged World.—Howells's Their Wedding Jour-
ney, holiday edition.—Dobson's Eighteenth Century
Vignettes.—Boswell's Life of Johnson, Crowell's edi-
tion. — Scott's Poetical Works, Crowell's edition. —
Saint-Pierre's Paul and Virginia, Appletons' edition.
—Irving's Sketch-book, Lippincott's edition.—Bish-
op's Writing to Rosina.—Edwards's P'tit Matinic.
COXTENTS — Continued.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG. 1 339
Lang's Yellow Fairy Book. — Tales from Hans An-
dersen, illustrated by Lemann.— Cox's The Brown-
ies Around the World.— Maurice, or the Red Jar.—
Jenks's Imaginotions.—Steele'sStory of Alexander.—
Frost's Wagner Story Book. — Lummis's The Man
Who Married the Moon.—Harper's Bible Stories for
the Young. — Brooks's Century Book for Young
Americans. — Mrs. Dodge's The Land of Pluck. —
Forbes's Czar and Sultan. — Knox's Boy Travellers
in the Levant. — Stables's To Greenland and the
Pole.— Stables's As We Sweep through the Deep.—
Kirk Monroe's The Fur Seal's Tooth. — Oxley's In
the Wilds of the West Coast. —Trowbridge's Three
Boys in an Electrical Boat.—Henty's Wulf the Saxon.
— Henty's When London Burned. — Henty's In the
Heart of the Rockies. — Butterworth's The Patriot
Schoolmaster.—Tomlinson's The Search for Andrew
Field. — Oliver Optic's Brother against Brother. —
Oliver Optic's Asiatic Breezes.—Leighton's Olaf the
Glorious.—Gunn's The Sons of the Vikings.— Boye-
sen's Norseland Tales.—Mrs. Seawell's Decatur and
Soraers.—Miss Yonge's The Cook and the Captive.—
Mrs. Bolton's Famous Leaders among Men.—John-
son's The Farmer's Boy.—Miss Plympton's Rags
and Velvet Gowns.
THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. T. A. Clark . 342
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman 343
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY .... 343
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 345
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 345
THE CRERAR LIBRARY.
It is now just five years since the will of the
late John Crerar passed through the Probate
Court. By that will, as is widely known, the
wealthy testator left the bulk of his fortune to
be applied to the endowment of a public library
to be established in the South Division of the
City of Chicago. Vexatious litigation has
caused the accomplishment of his purpose to
be postponed ; but the disputed questions have
now been definitely settled by the courts, and
executors and trustees are preparing to carry
out the wishes of the testator. On the whole,
the public has fared better than it did with the
Newberry Library, which had to wait twice as
long, and with far less excuse for delay, to get
started. The postponement, in the present case,
was unavoidable, and it has had the beneficent
effect of permitting opinion to ripen, and of
leaving to the Newberry Library a fair start,
thus avoiding the confusion of aim that would
inevitably have followed an attempt to begin the


324
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
collection of two great libraries at the same time.
The funds at the disposal of the Crerar trus-
tees now amount, in round numbers, to two and
a half millions of dollars. The trustees met
on the twenty-third of November, listened to a
number of reports and suggestions, and organ-
ized for work. The only question practically
settled up to this point is that of the general
character of the library. The executors re-
ported in favor of a library for reference rather
than for circulation, and the trustees seem sub-
stantially agreed upon this subject. There is
no doubt that the decision is a wise one. The
City Library, supported by general taxation,
amply provides for the circulation of popular
literature. Its efficient management makes it
a real factor in the educational work of the
community, and its thirty-one delivery stations
give to all sections and classes of the popula-
tion the easy use of its collections. An attempt
to duplicate this work, already so well done,
would be a waste of energy; and we are glad
to note that no such attempt is contemplated
by the trustees of the Crerar foundation.
The questions immediately confronting the
trustees relate to the choice of a librarian, the
selection of a site, and the determination of the
special lines upon which books shall be col-
lected. It seems to be the general sentiment
of the trustees that the last of these questions
is the first to deserve settlement, since the
answer given to it may influence the settlement
of the other two. We are by no means sure
that this opinion is well-founded. Why the
site of the library should help to determine the
character of the librarian is not obvious. The
special trend of the collections to be made
should doubtless be taken into account when
a librarian is chosen, but does not constitute so
large an element in the problem as may at first
be thought. Suppose that the decision be made
to collect mainly in one bibliographical field,
it is still far more important that the librarian
be a man of broad general culture than a spe-
cialist in that field. On the other hand, there
is a good deal to be said for the view that
the professional advice of the librarian is need-
ful from the very start, even in such prelimin-
ary matters as the selection of a site and the
determination of the library's scope. In fact,
"First appoint your librarian " seems to us a
maxim almost as cogent as the more familiar
"First catch your hare."
In making this statement we assume as a
matter of course that the trustees are prepared
to defer to the expert knowledge of a profes-
sional librarian in all matters relating to the
special work of the library. If they are not
prepared to do this, if they intend themselves
to assume the direction of the institution in
any other than its external and financial as-
i pects, it matters little when they choose their
librarian, or whom they designate for the post.
An instructive illustration of misconceived du-
ties, and of what happens when a board of trus-
tees fails to confine its action within its own
proper field, is afforded by the history of the
Newberry Library. Perhaps the two greatest
mistakes that it is possible for a board of library
trustees to make are those which have been
made by the Newberry directors. In the first
place, they listened to the enticing voice of the
architect, and disregarded the sober wisdom of
the librarian, when the question of a suitable
building was considered. In consequence of
this action, an imposing structure, at an enor-
mous cost, was planned and erected, while the
endowment of the library suffered proportion-
ally. Yet the problem of a library building is
very distinctly one of librarianship rather than
of architecture. And the income of the New-
berry Library will suffer for all time to come
from this reckless impairment of the endow-
ment. The other mistake was that of so limit-
ing the powers of the librarian as to make him
little more than an agent of his employers, the
latter arrogating to themselves the right to con-
trol the library management in its smallest de-
tails. Fortunate enough to secure the services
of the most distinguished American represent-
ative of the profession, the trustees refused him
the powers which are the very sine qua non of
efficiency— the power of absolute control over
his subordinates, and the largest of discretion-
ary powers in the selection and purchase of
books. It is to be hoped that the Crerar trus-
tees will be warned by the example set them,
and will at least avoid the mistakes that have
so sadly crippled the resources and the service-
able efficiency of this sister institution.
Within the past few years we have had fre-
quent occasion to contrast the management of
the two great culture endowments of Chicago,
and never without a feeling of wonder that the
same general machinery should have produced,
in the two cases, results so different. Both
the Newberry Library and the University of
Chicago are controlled by bodies of men be-
longing to the same general class of society,
and having the same general characteristics.
They are gentlemen of a certain achievement,
high social standing, and marked business abil-


1894.]
325
DIAL
ity. On the other hand, they are not, as a rule,
possessed of expert knowledge in educational or
library matters, respectively. Each body of trus-
tees was able to secure for the executive head of
the institution under its control a man of excep-
tional ability and experience. At this point the
cases cease to run parallel. The University trus-
tees were wise enough, having chosen a president
for their institution, to leave its control, as far as
all educational questions are concerned, entirely
in his hands and in the hands of his faculty.
The real work of the trustees is the manage-
ment of the endowment fund; all other uni-
versity matters are left to the president and
faculty, the approval of the trustees being a
pure formality. The trustees would never
dream, for example, of forcing a faculty ap-
pointment or of controlling the courses of study.
On the other hand, the Newberry trustees were
unwise enough to act in a manner directly op-
posed to that above described. The discretion-
ary powers that correspond, in the case of the
librarian, to those that the university president
must exercise, are the power to appoint, direct,
classify, and promote his assistants, and the
power to use his own judgment in the selection
and purchase of books. These are the funda-
mentals of self-respecting librarianship. A
board of trustees should hardly do more than
say to their librarian: "We find that we can
spare so much a year for the library service,
and so much a year for the purchase of books;
the money is now placed at your disposal, to be
used to the best possible advantage." This is
substantially the position that has been taken
from the start by the University trustees to-
wards President Harper; it is almost the exact
reverse of the position taken by the Newberry
trustees towards Librarian Poole. It is not
difficult, comparing the results, to say which of
the two systems has worked the better. And
it is hoped that so plain a moral will not be
missed by the trustees of the Crerar Library.
In the selection of a site for the new library,
the future as well as the present should be con-
sidered. The division of the city in which the
library must be established is fast expanding,
and its centre of population is moving swiftly
southwards. A site somewhat in advance of
that centre would seem to be the most desir-
able, a consideration which indicates the neigh-
borhood of the University. In fact, the exist-
ence of the University and of the Field Museum
in the same region offers a very strong reason
why the third great foundation should go there
also. There is much advantage in the concen-
tration of such foci of culture as libraries, uni-
versities, and museums. While we are not dis-
posed to say that the situation of the Crerar
Library should be settled by these considera-
tions, it seems as if the argument were stronger
for this region than for any other.
The remaining fundamental question is that
of the special field of the Crerar collection. A
familiar epigram has it that the well-educated
man should know something of everything and
everything of something. We think that a great
library, pending the remote period when it may
come to realize the Utopian ideal of containing
"everything of everything," should be like the
man of the epigram. That is, it should have
a well-rounded collection of general litera-
ture, including all the books likely to be wanted
upon any subject by people who are not special-
ists, and it should also develope one or more
subjects as specialties. Upon this question of
specialties we understand that the Crerar trus-
tees are practically agreed; but the question
is still open as to what the specialties shall be.
Among the suggestions made at the meeting of
last week, the subjects of science, the industrial
arts, and Americana were named, and the lat-
ter was particularly favored. We should con-
sider the adoption of this suggestion unfortu-
nate for several reasons. In the first place,
the late Dr. Poole, being an ardent student of
American history, laid broad foundations for
the development of this department, first in the
Public Library, and afterwards in the New-
berry. It would be better to carry on the good
work in one or both of these institutions than
to start it afresh in the new one. In the second
place, the collection of Americana, important
though it be, is even now relatively overdone
throughout the country. In the third place,
such a collection would mean the purchase of
many rare and curious volumes at large ex-
pense; and no library should indulge in such
luxuries as long as more pressing wants remain
unsupplied. Lastly, there are other subjects
of wider and more permanent interest, yet
strangely neglected in our libraries; subjects
which, all things considered, would be more
welcome to the constituency of the Crerar Li-
brary, and are more deserving the attention o