each daughter an ardent pursuer in the
shape of a lover at first sight (who, as we all know,
is the most eager of all lovers in the romantic chase).
And these two girls, with the connivance of their
respective swains, and not knowing what had be-
come of their respective fathers, proceeded to get
busy, taking the reins of government into their
hands, and stirring up a very pretty border warfare
between the two states, all with the object of cap-
turing the aforementioned champion of the sacred
right of making one's own unlicensed whiskey.
There results a comic opera situation that is ex-
tremely amusing, and one exciting incident follows
upon another until the helm of state gets back into the
rightful hands. All this is told, in finely humorous
vein, and with artistic deftness of touch, in "The
Little Brown Jug at Kildare," which we recommend
as a sovereign specific for loathed melancholy or any
other form of the blues.
The American colonies have provided material
for historical romances without number, and it is
somewhat venturesome to add another to the list.
The inventive faculty of Mr. Henry Longan Stuart
seems sufficient, however, to warrant him in making
the venture, and his " Weeping Cross" is a story
with qualities sufficiently distinctive to justify its
existence. The narrative is in the memoir form. Its
hero, an Irishman in training for the Jesuit priest-
hood, fights for the King in the civil wars, is captured
at Worcester, and sent by Cromwell as a bondman
to New England. He becomes the servant of a farmer
at Longmeadow, and his master's only daughter, a
woman of passionate temper and tragic history, be-
comes the controlling influence upon his life. His
stormy wooing and other highly emotional matters
occupy the story until near the close, when the couple
flee into the forest, and are wedded by a friendly
priest Then the romance culminates with the his-
torical massacre of Longmeadow, and in its sequel
the woman is slain. It makes a vivid and robust
tale, but its effectiveness is dulled by interminable
passages of description and introspective analysis.
Its extensive and rather dull moralizing makes it
indeed, in considerable part, the "unworldly tale"
promised by the title-page, but does not add to its


1908.]
215
THE
DIAL
attractiveness. There is a distinct novelty, of course,
in giving a Catholic hero to a story of puritan New
England, but tradition has reported that two or three
priests were concerned in the Longmeadow horror,
and that a Catholic was known to be living in the
town as an indentured servant. This is the slender
historical basis of Mr. Stuart's invention. His title
conies from Montaigne, who tells us that men who
wed are likely to repent their bargain and come
home by "weeping crosse."
Mr. John Germain, a gentleman of fifty and the
owner of extensive lands, was paying his annual
visit to his clergyman brother, when
"An adventure of a sentimental kind presented itself to him,
engaged him, carried him into mid-air upon a winged horse,
and set him treading clouds and such-like filmy footing. . . .
Bluntly, he, a widower of ten years' standing, fell in love
with a young person half his age, and of no estate at all —
bnt quite the contrary; and, after an interval of time which
he chose to ignore, applied himself earnestly to the practice
of poetry. There ensued certain curious relationships be-
tween quite ordinary people which justify me in calling my
book a Comedy of Degrees."
Thus Mr. Maurice Hewlett, by way of introduction
to his first novel of everyday folk and our prosaic
modern life. No more primitive lovers for him,
ranging in the enchanted forest, no more kings and
queens of historical fame, no more eighteenth-
century sentimental journeys or idyllic adventures
on the road in Italy, but a story about people who
wear ordinary clothes and whose speech is that to
which our modern ears are daily accustomed. It is
no small tribute to the author to say that his mas-
tery of this prosaic material is as complete as was his
mastery of the legendary and historical manners in
which he worked before, that he has fitted his style to
his theme with absolute nicety of adjustment. This
modern reading of the tale of King Cophetua and
the beggar maid is a perfectly charming product of
inventive fancy, instinct with the essential spirit of
comedy — by which we mean that there is no touch
of the farcical about it, that it is rich in human
feeling, and that the smile it brings to our lips is
likely to find us close to the verge of tears. The pre-
cipitation of tragedy which might so easily result
from this mingling of the human elements of love
and duty and instinctive feeling may cloud the
medium for brief moments, but quickly disappears
in the clarifying solvents of tender sympathy and
illuminating intelligence. The story is, of course,
one of an unhappy mating. The heroine is a nur-
sery governess who is so dazed by the suit of her
elderly lover that her natural impulses do not assert
themselves until after she has taken the fatal step.
Her lordly husband is so sunk in the gratified con-
templation of his own magnanimity that it is long
before he realizes that it is not love, but gratitude
and respectful submission, that he has brought to
his hearthstone. When the awakening comes, he
broods in silence, and, dying, leaves a will with a
sting, namely, a provision that his widow shall bene-
fit by his estate "so long as she remain chaste and
unmarried." Yet he had been mistaken all the
time in the object of his suspicions, for the young
gentleman at whom the shaft is aimed had touched
only the surface of the heroine's life, and her deeper
self had all the time been in the custody of a vaga-
bond acquaintance unknown to her husband. This
character, a gentleman by birth and education,
abandons the flesh-pots of comfort for the free life
of the open road. He takes a tent and goes gypsy-
ing; he tinkers kettles for a material living, but has
for his real object in life the planting of strange
plants in odd corners of England, converting their
bareness into spots of blossoming beauty. This
interesting and sympathetic figure, this man whom
Thoreau would have taken to his heart, is the soul-
mate of the heroine, and it is to him that she goes
in the end, renouncing without a pang the life of
luxurious ease that might yet be hers. The gypsy
tent is the Halfway House of her experimental ex-
ploration of the world of men, and it becomes the
haven of her final refuge. This outline can give no
notion whatever of the exquisite charm with which
the tale is told. It has all the seeming simplicity
of the finest literary art, but its wit, its grace, and
its subtle sentiment are qualities that make of it a
far more serious book than it pretends to be. In it
Mr. Hewlett has achieved a new sort of distinction,
and made to his readers a more human appeal than
ever before. William Morton Payne.
Briefs on New Books.
The palmy day, Ifc »8 ten VearS sinCe Mr< Herbert
of the American E. Hamblen's "On Many Seas " de-
trading vetseit. lighted readers of ocean adventure
with its rapid and realistic account of the writer's
experiences on the briny deep. And now there
comes another autobiographic narrative, of very
similar tone and of equal interest, from the pen of
Captain John D. Whidden, entitled "Ocean Life in
the Old Sailing-Ship Days " (Little, Brown & Co.).
The same rough process of "breaking-in " as Mr.
Hamblen's was undergone by the cabin-boy Whid-
den, when, at thirteen years of age, and an orphan,
he went aboard the clipper " Ariel" at Newburyport
and began a seafaring life that culminated in the
captaincy of the barque "Keystone," and included
voyages to the far East and the far West and the
Southern seas. The decline of our merchant ma-
rine after the Civil War was the reason of Captain
Whidden's retirement, after a quarter-century's ex-
perience of seafaring. He deplores the war tariff
which so raised the price of all shipping materials
as to kill the New England ship-building industry.
After reading the author's prefatory announcement
that he knows nothing of book-writing, having left
school at twelve and applied himself to matters
wholly unconnected with literature, one is agreeably
surprised to find his stirring narrative set forth in
a fluent, clear, and pleasing style — a style that is
certainly well suited to his purpose. It is to be


216
DIAL
noted that in the account of his Eastern voyages
Captain Whidden has repeated the old and all but
baseless tradition of Juggernaut sacrifices. As was
made clear years ago by Sir W. W. Hunter in his
"Statistical Account of Bengal," and more recently
by Moncure Conway in his book " My Pilgrimage to
the Wise Men of the East," this tradition is based on
an error. Juggernaut, or Jagannatha, who is none
other than Vishnu the Preserver, under another
form, is of course opposed to the taking of life of
any kind, and especially the self-sacrifice of human
beings. Captain Whidden's by no means puny pro-
portions are partly presented in the frontispiece, and
many other photogravures are scattered through
the body of the book. As his old comrades would
doubtless be glad to attest in his favor, the Captain
spins a rattling good yarn, and we commend it to
all lovers of sea stories.
The deep interest taken nowadays
ZTcZZZ in the decorative arts and in the
modern Arts and Crafts movement,
will ensure a welcome for Mrs. Julia de Wolf
Addison's "Arts and Crafts in the Middle Ages"
(L. C. Page & Co.), For it is to the Middle Ages
that the modern movement looks back for its in-
spiration as to the golden age of handicraft. Then,
nobody could be a cog in the machine, no matter
how much he might have preferred it; then, artist
and artisan, designer and craftsman, were as a mat-
ter of course one; and this versatility, which often
stretched itself to include half a dozen different
artistic pursuits, if it thwarted cold perfection, im-
parted a charm of sincerity, naivetS, and individ-
uality, that the most wonderful machine-made product
must forever lack. It is of some of the work pro-
duced under these conditions, which a school of
modern artists is trying to recreate, that Mrs.
Addison writes. Like her other art manuals, this
one is intended for the amateur in such studies, who
seeks the little general information that will make the
collections in museums interesting and profitable, and
lead to the reading of more detailed and comprehen-
sive works. Accordingly there are brief and simple
accounts of a dozen medieval crafts, practised ex-
tensively in England, France, Germany, and Italy,
with explanations of mechanical processes, descrip-
tions, often accompanied by illustrations, of distin-
guished examples, and quaint legends and anecdotes
of famous craftsworkers and their patrons, generally
kings or ecclesiastical dignitaries, themselves often
practical artisans, teachers of guilds, or directors of
craft shops. Chapters of varying length are devoted
to the different crafts — metal work, including gold
and silver work, that done in baser metals, and
enameling; tapestry; embroidery; sculpture in stone,
limited to its decorative applications; carving in wood
and ivory; inlay and mosaic; and illumination. Each
art is treated independently, though the names of
workers like Cellini and Bishop Bernward of Hilde-
sheim recur in different chapters; and more or less
chronologically, though the emphasis is not upon
A week with
Gladstone
at Oxford.
progressive stages of development but rather upon
typical examples of work and workers. Necessarily,
the accounts are fragmentary, but they serve their
purpose, and a short but well-chosen bibliography
furnishes material for amplification in any desired
direction.
As Lord Rosebery not long ago re-
marked, the combination of bookish-
ness and statesmanship illustrated
by Mr. Gladstone is becoming rarer every year. The
bookishness, if not the statesmanship, of the great
man was displayed to admiring and respectful
observers on the occasion of his last visit but one at
Oxford, in 1890, when, as honorary Fellow of All
Souls, he was the guest of that college for a week
in January and February. Letters descriptive of
this notable event were written daily through the
week by "C. B. L. F.," apparently the Warden of
All Souls; and some of these, with additions and
notes, are now published under the title "Mr.
Gladstone at Oxford, 1890 " (Dutton). Monologue
and dialogue is reproduced in some detail, and the
little book gives glimpses of Gladstone that one is
thankful not to have missed. As to his manner in
personal intercourse, we read: "The charm of his
talk cannot be rendered in description — the soft-
ness of the lower tones of the voice, the easy con-
stant movement as he turned from one to the other;
the clenched fist, the open palm, and the challeng-
ing forefinger, which the House of Commons knew
so well. Sometimes he seemed to drop out of the
conversation, his eye looked veiled and tired; bnt
at the first sound of a name that appealed to him,
the veil seemed to lift, and he was watching the
moment to speak." And of his appearance: "All
his portraits make him too fierce. There is great
nobility and play of face, as well as of gesture with
the hands, which he is fond of bringing down plump
on the table to emphasize a point . . . Eyes grey-
blue, and though occasionally they light up so much
as to be describable as 'fierce,' in ordinary conver-
sation they are essentially mild." Gladstone's
inclination to discourse on Homer and on Greek
archaeology appears to have bored his hearers a
little, especially as they felt themselves not weU
prepared to contribute to the conversation. A
number of the stories told by Mr. Gladstone are to
be found in the "Life," as is duly pointed out in
footnotes. A portrait of the distinguished guest in
academic gown faces the title-page; another picture
of him, with Mrs. Gladstone standing at his side, is
inserted later; and we are favored with an outside
view of the college rooms occupied by him during
his visit.
Pattimeiof Persons of middle age can still re-
"the old bow" member the municipally-sanctioned
of New Bottom. coasting on Boston Common, from
the Beacon and Park Streets corner down the steep
incline to West Street and along the Tremont Street
Mall, till the sled's momentum was exhausted some-
where near Boylston Street. Something like a tobog-


1908.]
217
THE
DIAL
gan shute was occasionally erected to accentuate the
already sharp descent at the beginning, and the
speed attained was truly terrific. This and other
sports and games that flourished on the Common
when the nineteenth century was a hale and hearty
sexagenarian are agreeably recalled and described
by one who was a participant in them, Mr. James
D'Wolf Lovett, his book bearing the title, "Old
Boston Boys and the Games they Played." The book
had its genesis at a dinner given by the late Samuel
Cabot, himself one of "the old boys," to a number
of friends and contemporaries who had once been
prominent oarsmen, cricketers, baseball and football
players, boxers, gymnasts, or otherwise athletically
distinguished. The memories there recalled, with
the records and remembrances of Mr. Lovett him-
self, have been generously drawn upon to make a
book of unique interest-—-marred only by the
modesty of the author, who was a ball-player and
athlete of great prowess, but gives the reader only a
hint here and there of his achievements. For the
history of cricket, football, baseball, and rowing, Mr.
Lovett's chapters are of value; and as giving a pic-
ture of mid-nineteenth-century open-air pastimes in
Boston, they are highly entertaining. Coming from
one who assisted at the birth of our national game,
and was himself a redoubtable pitcher, what is re-
corded about baseball cannot fail to find interested
readers among present-day enthusiasts. One small
error, or seeming error, noteworthy because so un-
expected, may be mentioned. In commenting on
the unvarying order of boys' games, the year round,
Mr. Lovett makes marbles come after tops. Is it
possible that the present cheerful sign of spring, the
nimble marble, has not always made its appearance
with the retreat of snow and mud? The book's
many illustrations from old photographs form a valu-
able part of its contents. Two drawings by Mr. C. D.
Gibson are also provided. (Little, Brown & Co.)
i French view ^e queer fascination that Beau
of an Engiuh Brummell exercised in his lifetime
beau and dandy. stQi ci;ngs to his memory. Vain,
shallow, impertinent, heartless, a spendthrift and a
bully, he played his game of life with superb impu-
dence and crafty abandon, making snobbery a sys-
tem, insolence a fine art, and frivolity heroic. His
genius was essentially un-English,—one reason, no
doubt, why he domineered so easily over the bril-
liant, flippant, immoral society of his day, with its
aspiration toward Gallic standards that it lacked the
refinement fully to understand. It is not surprising,
therefore, that this chief of the English beaux has
had more than one French biographer. The latest
of these is M. Roger Boutet de Monvel, who has
produced a delightfully picturesque and sympathetic
study, etched on the background of contemporary
English life. It is entitled "Beau Brummell and
His Times" (Lippincott). The prefatory history
of dandyism in Europe is entertaining, and the trans-
lation of the text is adequate, though at times rather
self-conscious. M. de Monvel has been particularly
successful in selecting, from the mass of anecdotage
available, bits that really illuminate his subject.
j Where an English biographer of to-day would have
been likely to offer every item he could lay hands
on, M. de Monvel has chosen to work on a smaller,
better proportioned canvas, deftly avoiding too fa-
miliar and too numerous instances of the Beau's
conspicuous traits, and not failing to bring out the
less-known sides of his enigmatical character. His
perfect understanding of himself and his methods,
for example, is shown in his conversations with the
eccentric Lady Hester Stanhope, where he was
clever enough to be as frank in his answers as she
was direct in her attacks. And his real humor, his
air of courtesy, and his gift for talking amiably with
everybody, as the poet Crabbe bore witness to them,
are not forgotten. The book is elegantly printed
and bound, and is illustrated with portraits of the
Beau and of some of his companions and admirers.
The real
Francetca
of Dante,
In a neat little volume, Mr. Harold
Harris Mathew offers to English
readers, through the press of David
Nutt, an adaptation of the work of Monsieur Charles
Yriarte on Francesca di Rimini. After a rather
careful review of the evidence the author comes to
this belief: Francesca, daughter of the Lord of
Ravenna, was about eighteen when, in 1275, she
was married by proxy to Giovanni, who was over
thirty. Her married life lasted ten years; and she
had one daughter. She was a woman "of lofty
spirit" and resolute energy. Her intimacy with
Paolo was of long standing. Paolo's main charac-
teristic is summed up in "H Bello." Six years
before meeting Francesca he had married; and his
wife had two children. Giovanni was the tradi-
tional shrewd soldier-politician of the period, whose
physical deformities did not interfere with his per-
sistent activities. The day after he murdered his
wife and brother he married one Zambrasina. So
much for the probable verities. In the conclusion,
however, this wise sentence is penned: "But when
all is said, it is useless to file our evidence, and
search all possible sources of information to dis-
cover the real Francesca, for Dante has superseded
history." The book seems to us to serve its purpose
well; and its ninety-four small pages will do much
to orientate the reader who is following the many
and various writings that centre about Dante's " two
sad spirits indivisible."
Letter* bv the A volume of the characteristic and
"%onsente" amusing letters of Edward Lear,
Vertei." which was published awhile ago in
London, now appears in an American edition (Duf-
field & Co.), with some revision and correction by
the editor, Lady Strachey. The letters extend from
1847 to 1864, are written from different places
visited by the wandering landscape-painter, and are
mostly addressed to his friend Fortesque (Lady
Strachey's uncle), with a few to Lady Waldegrave,
who married Fortesque in 1863. Hasty drawings,


218
[Oct. 1,
THE
DIAL
of characteristic whimsicality, form no unimportant
part of the letters; and, as was to be expected from
this pioneer "limerickian," he occasionally drops
into that form of verse. As an example of his in-
formal letter-writing style—and it may be doubted
whether he had any formal style — let us quote a few
lines disclaiming his intention ever to marry. "Single
— I may have few pleasures—but married — many
risks and miseries are semi-certainly in waiting —
nor till the plot is played out can it be said that evils
are not at hand. You say you are 30, but I believe
you are ever so much more. As for me I am 40 —
and some months: by the time I am 42 I shall regard
the matter with 42de I hope." His punning use of
the numbers four and forty is frequent, especially
in the name of his friend, — "40scue." Snatches
of modern Greek, chiefly in letters from Greece, add
variety to these never monotonous missives, and
one of them contains a translation of Tennyson's
"Will." Lear died in 1888, in his seventy-sixth
year. Letters covering the period 1864-88 are in
Lady Strachey's possession, and she half promises
to publish them if the sale of the first instalment is
sufficiently encouraging.—Simultaneously with the
edition of Lear's letters appears a reprint of his
"Book of Limericks" (Little, Brown & Co.), with
Lear's own delightfully humorous illustrations.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The latest guide to the mysteries of the culinary art
is "The Standard Domestic Science Cook Book," com-
piled and arranged by William H. Lee and Jennie A.
Hansey, and published by Messrs. Laird & Lee of
Chicago. It contains over 1400 recipes, all of which
the authors vouch for as tried and true, menus for all
seasons, and diverse directions for marketing, carving,
serving meals, entertaining, and so on. A chapter on the
tireless cooker attests to the thoroughly up-to-date char-
acter of the suggestions. Each group of recipes is
headed by a brief paragraph explaining how to distin-
guish wholesome from unwholesome foodstuffs of the
particular kind under discussion, this feature giving the
book its distinctive title. A decided novelty is the
thumb index, which enables the hurried and possibly
sticky-fingered cook to turn at once to any of the thirty-
two departments of the book, merely by reference to
the department index compactly printed inside the front
cover. A special leather-bound "gift edition" of the
book has been issued along with the regular one.
Miss Katherine L. Sharp, formerly librarian and
library school director at the University of Illinois, has
issued (through the University Press, Urbana, 111.) the
fourth part of her detailed account of " Illinois Libra-
ries." This section is entitled "Chicago Libraries,"
and in the space of 140 pages chronicles the history of
no fewer than 102 extant and four obsolete libraries —
unless our counting is at fault. There is no sufficient
table of contents, and no index whatever, even though
the author is a professional librarian! However, there
is promise of a complete index to the entire work, as
well as views of buildings and a list of Illinois library
publications — to be comprised in a fifth and final
brochure or "part."
Notes.
"Twelve Thousand Words Often Mispronounced,"
by Mr. William Henry P. Phyfe, is a revision of a
well-known hand-book, now enlarged to the extent of
twenty per cent. Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons are the
publishers.
Ten " Stories New and Old," by English and Ameri-
can writers, are collected into a volume and published
by the Macmillan Co. Mr. Hamilton Wright Mabie
appears as the sponsor, and writes a brief introduction
for each of the ten.
Two new Baedekers, now imported by the Messrs.
Scribner, are the fifteenth revised edition of " London
and Its Environs," and the third edition of "Berlin
and Its Environs." Both volumes are brought up to
date, and provided with new maps and plans.
"Japanese Folk Stories and Fairy Tales," by Mrs.
Mary F. Nixon-Roulet, and "Chinese Fables and Folk
Stories," by Miss Mary Hayes Davis and Mr. Chow
Leung, are two volumes of the "Eclectic Readings"
for schools published by the American Book Co.
Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co. publish pretty new
editions, in limp leather covers, of Mr. Kipling's " Plain
Tales from the Hills " and " Departmental Ditties and
Barrack Room Ballads." The former volume has a
biographical sketch by Professor Charles Eliot Norton.
The Columbia University Press issues in handsome
form a monograph, by Miss Virginia Crocheron Gilder-
sleeve, on "Government Regulation of the Elizabethan
Drama." The study is based largely upon official doc-
uments of the time, and is a very thorough piece of
work
No less than eight authors have contributed to "A
Text-Book of Physics," now published by Messrs. P.
Blakiston's Son & Co. Professor A. Wilmer Duff is
the general editor of the work and the author of the
section upon "Mechanics." The book has upwards of
five hundred illustrations.
A second edition, completely revised throughout, of
Dr. Masuji Miyakawa's "Powers of the American
People " is published by the Baker & Taylor Co. As
the work of a Japanese scholar, this book is of peculiar
interest, particularly because it introduces many instruc-
tive comparisons between the Japanese and American
Constitutions.
"Much Adoe about Nothing," edited by Mr. W. G.
Boswell-Stone, and "The Merry Wives of Windsor,"
edited by Dr. F. J. Furnivall, are the latest volumes in
the " Old-Spelling Shakespeare," published by Messrs.
Duffield & Co. To the series of " Shakespeare Classics"
the same publishers have added "The Sources and
Analogues of 'A Midsummer-Night's Dream,'" a vol-
ume compiled by Mr. Frank Sidgwick.
Arthur Stedman, the younger of the two sons of
Edmund Clarence Stedman, and the only one living at
the time of the poet's death, passed away on the 16th
of September. He was forty-nine years old and a Yale
graduate of '81. The greater part of his life was spent
in New York, in which city he died. He was an indus-
trious literary worker, and wrote much for newspapers
and magazines. He was of much assistance to his father
in the preparation of the "Library of American Litera-
ture." He will also be remembered as having written,
in the early nineties, the regular New York letter of
literary news which appeared in this journal.


1908.]
219
THE
DIAL
Announcements of Fall, Books.
The titles contained in the following list were received
too late for inclusion in our regular Fall Announcement
Number of September 16.
OXFORD UNIVEB8ITY PRESS.
Chinese Porcelain, by Hsiang Yuan-P'ien, trans, by 8. W.
Bushell. illus. in color.—An Alabama Student, and other
biographical essays, by William Osier.—A Surrey of London,
by John Stow, edited by C. L. Kinssford.—Folk-Memory,
or The Continuity of British Archaeology, by Walter John-
son.—The Renaissance and the Reformation, by E. M.
Tanner.—Welsh Medieval Law, by A. W. Wade Evans.—
The Physics of Earthquake Phenomena, by C. G. Knott. —
The Management of Private Affairs, by Joseph King, F. T. R.
Bigham. M. L. Gwyer. Edwin Cannan. J. S. C. Bridge, and
A. M. Latter. — The Pacific Blockade, by Albert E. Hogan. —
Auto de Fe and Jew, by E. N. Adler. — Fonts in English
Churches, by Francis Bond. — Notes on the Early History of
the Vulgate Gospels, by Don John Chapman. — The Moral
System of Dante's Inferno, by W. H. V. Reade. — The Ethi-
cal Aspect of Evolution, by W. Bennett. — Comparative
Greek G rara mar. by Joseph Wright.—The Oxford Thackeray,
edited by George Saintsbury, complete in 17 vols., illus.—
Oxford Poets Series, new vols.: Poems of Crabbe, edited by
Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Carlyle; Poems of Thomson, edited by
J. Logie Robertson.—Oxford Library of Prose and Poetry,
new vols.: Selected Poems of William Barnes, edited by
Thomas Hardy; Selected Poems of John Clare, edited by
Arthur Symons; The Heroine, by Eaton Stannard Barrett,
with introduction by Walter Raleigh; The Annals of a
Parish, by John Gait, edited by G. S. Gordon; Memoirs of
Shelley, by Thomas Love Peacock, edited by H. F. B. Brett
Smith; War Songs, compiled by Christopher Stone. — Stuart
and Tudor Library, new vols.: Turberville's Noble Art of
Venerie or Hunting; Wilson's Arte of Rhetorique, edited by
G. H. Mair; Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor, with
introduction by W. W. Greg.—Oxford Library of Transla-
tions, new vols.: Virgil, trans, by John Jackson; Plato's
Republic, trans, and edited by Benjamin Jowett; Hesiod.
trans, and edited by A. W. Mair; Statius Silvae, trans, and
edited by D. A. Slater; St. Bernard on Consideration, trans,
and edited by George Lewis.—Addison's Coverley Papers,
edited by C. M. Myers. — Scott's Rob Roy, edited by R. S.
Raib. — Scott's Woodstock, edited by J. 8. C. Bridge.
REILLY & BRITTON CO.
A Little Brother of the Rich, by Joseph Medill Patterson, illus.
in color, etc., $1.60. — Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz. by L.
Frank Baum, illus. in color, (1.26. — Children's Stories that
Never Grow Old, illus. in color by John R. Neill, $1. — Boy
Fortune Hunter Series, by Floyd Akers, first vols.: The Boy
Fortune Hunters in Alaska. The Boy Fortune Hunters in
Panama. The Boy Fortune Hunters in Egypt; each 60 eta. —
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville, by Edith Van Dyne, illus.,
60 eta. — Peter Rabbit and Black Sambo Painting Book,
illus. in color. — Baby's Childhood Days, decorated by Dulah
Clarke Krebbiel. — The Teddy Bears in Fun and Frolic, illus.
in color by J. R. Bray.—Johnny Hep, by H.L. Layler, illus.—
The Bride's Cook Book, illus. in color, etc.—Toasts You
Ought to Know, compiled by Janet Madison. — When Good
Fellows Get Together, compiled by James O'Donnell Ben-
nett. — Forget-me-nots, illus. by Clara Powers Wilson. —
Memorable American Speeches, Edited by John Vance
Cheney.
THE PILGRIM PRESS.
The Pilgrims, by Frederick A. Noble, illus., $2.60 net. —The
Peasantry of Palestine, life, manners, and customs of the
village, by Elihu Grant, illus., $1.50 net. —The Psychology
of Jesus, by Albert W. Hitchcock, $1.25 net.—Old Andover
Days, by Sarah Stuart Bobbins, illus., $1. net.— The Main
Points, a study in Christian belief, by Charles Reynolds
Brown. $1.26 net. — The Teachings of Jesus in Parables, by
George Henry Hubbard, $1.60 net. — Monday Club Sermons
on the International Sunday-school Lessons, $1.26.— Glad
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The Boy Problem, by William Byron Forbush, $1. net. —
Hero Tales, by Mrs. Ozora 8. Davis, illus., $1. net.—Letters
on the Great Truths of Our Christian Faith, by Henry
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in the Book of Job, by Charles Reynolds Brown, 76 cts. net.—
The Church of Today, by Joseph Henry Crooker, 75 cts. net.—
The Significance of the Personality of Christ for the Minister
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Washington Gladden. 35 cts. net. — The Blues Cure, an anti-
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Cometh Help, by John W. Buckham, 36 cts. net. — The Love
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TOPIC8 IN IiEADING PEHIODICAL8.
October, 1908.
Aeronaut, The. Frederick Todd. World't Work.
Aeroplane and Its Future. Henri Farman. Metropolitan.
Africa, A Trip through. 8. P. Vemer. World't Work.
Alcohol and the Individual. H. 8. Williams. MeClure.
Alcott, Bronson. T. W. Higginson. Putnam.
American Commonwealth, Fifty Years of an. World't Work.
American Desert, The Vanishing. Wm. Hard. Muntev.
Anti-Injunction Legislation, Perils of. H.H.Lewis. No.Amer.
Babies of the Rich. Viola Rodgers. Cotmopolitan.
Barcelona. In. Ellen M. Slayden. Century.
Barnard, Kate, of Oklahoma. A. J. McKelway. American.
Battle Lines, Between two. Sally R. Weir. Metropolitan.
Beauty, The Religion of Feminine. J. B. Fletcher. Atlantic.
Bee-keeping in a Snburb. J. P. True. Atlantic.
Blr el-Abd. In Camp at. Norman Duncan. Harper.
Blind Citizens, Our. John Macy. Evervbody't.
Blue-stocking, The Heart of a. Lucy M. Donnelly. Atlantic.
Bryan's Election, Results of. J. C. Welliver. Muntev.
Bryan's Third Campaign. J.Daniels. Review of Reviewt.
Business Recovery. A Year of. C. F. Speare. Review of Reviewt.
Calne, Hall, Autobiography of — II. Appleton.
Canada's Railroads. J. O. Curwood. Putnam.
China, The White House Collection of. A. G. Baker. Century.
China, What Our Fleet Could Do for. B.L.P.Weale. No.Amer.
Chivalry, Is It Dead 1 AnnaM.Sholl. Appleton.
Christianity, Salvation of— III. Charles F. Aked. Appleton.
Churchill, Lady Randolph, Reminiscences of— XI. Century.
Colorado. A Walking Trip in. Walter Wyckoff. Scribner.
Competition. Henry Holt. Atlantic.
Congressman's First Bill. A. Victor Mnrdock. American.
Consular Career, Education for the New. J. B. Osborne. North
Amei'ican.
Convict System. Georgia's. A. C. Newell. World't Work.
Coypou and the Derby Hat. C. L. Bull. Metropolitan.
Cruise. Pacific, Preparing for. R. D. Evans. Broadway.
Curacoa, a Caribbean Holland. G.P. Blackiston. World To-day.
Dancing, The Present Craze for. Broadway.
Debs on the American Situation. L. Steffens. Evervbody't.
Delirium. Experiences in. Charles Roman. American.
Democracy. A Fund for Efficient. W. H. Allen. Atlantic.
Democracy and the Main Chance. H. W. Boynton. Putnam.
Diplomatic Life, Curiosities of. Herbert H. D. Pierce. Atlantic.
Earth as a Magnet. F. A. Black. Harper.
Egypt, The Progress of. J.M.Hubbard. Atlantic.
Egypt, The8pellof—VI. Robert Hichens. Century.
Eskimo, Home Life of the. V. Stefansson. Harper.
Esperanto Congress. The Dresden. H. J. Forman. No.Amer.
Evans. Admiral. Charles Somervllle. Broadway.
Farms. Earnings of the. E. A. Forbes. World't Work.
Farragut at Port Hudson. Loyall Farragut. Putnam.
Fathers. The Use of. Edward 8. Martin. Harper.
Fear, The Service of. G. L. Knapp. Lippincott.
Filipino Assembly, The First. C. S. Lobingier. No. American.
Foreign Tour at Home—VIII. Henry Holt. Putnam.
Fox-hunting in America. Gllson Willets. Broadway.
Fulton, Robert, in France. A. C. Sutcliffe. Century.
Geological Surveyor's Adventures. W.A.DuPuy. World To-Day.
Gravelotte, Battle of. R. 8hackleton. Harper.
Health. Good. Elbert Hubbard. Lippincott.
Historical Background of Recent Novels. F. T. Cooper.
Bookman.
Hitchcock, Chairman Frank H. Revieto of Reviewt.


220
[Oct. 1,
THE
DIAL
Howard, Bronson. Brander Matthews. North American.
India, Nationalist Movement in. J. T. Sunderland. A tlantic.
Injunction, Writ of, a Party Issue. Seth Low. Century.
Irving. Henry. Death of. Ellen Terry. MeClure.
Italian Novel, Woman in the. J. 8. Kennard. No. American.
Japan's Strength in War. Gen. Kuropatkin. MeClure.
Jerash. A Journey to. Henry van Dyke. Scribner.
Johnson, Andrew, in the White House—II. Century.
Jove, The Villa of. Arthur Colton. Putnam.
"Labor" Boycott of a Political Party. World's Work.
Librettist and his Profits, The. George Middle ton. Bookman.
Life, How to Prolong. M. Williams. Munsey.
Life Insurance as a Business Asset. World't Work.
Life Insurance. Romance of—V. W.J.Graham. World To-day.
Literary Controversy, Curiosities of a. F.M.Colby. Bookman.
Lombroso, Prophet and Criminologist. G. Ferrero. Century.
Losses from Small Errors, Big. World't Work.
Mansfield. Richard —II. Paul Wllstach. Scribner.
McCutcheon, J. T., Cartoonist. G. C. Widney. World To-duy.
Marines. Training. Day A. Willey. World To-day.
Mental Healing. Frederick Van Eden. American.
Mexico. Wildest Corner of. W. T. Horn ad ay. Scribner.
Millet, Francis D. W. Stanton Howard. Broadway.
Motor Boat. Across Europe by — VI. H.'C. Rowland. Applelon.
Mural Painting of America. C. E. Caffln. Bookman.
Napoleon, the Greatest Man of History. H. T. Peck. Mutuey.
Naval Attache, Experiences of a. W. H. Beehler. Century.
Naval Efficiency. Obstacles to. 8. B. Luce. North American.
Nero as Artist and Engineer. R. Lanciani. Putnam.
Newspapers as News-makers. Lindsay Denison. Broadway.
Newspaper. Possibility of an Honest. Atlantic.
Nickelodeon, The. Lucy F. Pierce. World To-day.
Olympic Games. " Mr. Dooley" on. F.P.Dunne. American.
Osteopathy's Claims — II. E. M. Downing. Metropolitan.
Oyster Industry, The. Philip V. Mighels. Harper.
Panama. Races of. H. Dunlap. Lippincott.
Pangbourne to Warwick. Motoring from. L.C.Hale. Harper.
Parisian Actress. Charm of the. Alan Dale. Cosmopolitan.
Passion Play. A Persian. R. de P. Tytus. World To-day.
Penn Country, The English. Arthur Grant. A tlantic.
Pennsylvania's Defiance of the U. 8. H. L. Carson. Harper.
Pickett's Brigade. A Memory of. L. C. Pickett. Lippincott.
Piracy, The Romance of. J. Cross. Metropolitan.
Play. Producing a. Hartley Davis. Everybody's.
Popular Song. Making the. Porter E. Browne. Broadway.
Railroads, The Case for the. Applelon.
Railroads," Welfare Work " on. W. Menkel. Rev. of Reviews.
Reminiscences, Random. J. D. Rockefeller. World's Work.
Roosevelt in Africa. H. C. Weir. World To^tay.
Roosevelt Lion Quest, The. J. T. McCutcheon. Applelon.
Saint-Gaudens. Augustus. Familiar Letters of. MeClure.
Salary Legislation, Congressional. H. B. Fuller. No.Amer.
Schwab, Charles M. Alfred Henry Lewis. Cosmopolitan.
Sherman Law and the Campaign. E. L. Andrews. No. A mer.
Sherman Law. Battle Against the. B. J. Hendrick. MeClure.
Sleep. The Curiosities of. Woods Hutchinson. American.
Socialism and Education. John B. Clark. Atlantic.
Southern Resorts. Our. H. F. Cope. World To-day.
Speaker, Powers of the. Hannis Taylor. North American.
Spiders, Chicago. Charles D. Stewart. Atlantic.
Spiritualism, Early Testa of. J.T.Trowbridge. No.Amer.
Stevenson. R. L., Recollections of. Will H. Low. Scribner.
Street-car Conductor's Story. A. Sonnichsen. World's Work.
Suffragists and " Suffragettes." W. H. Cooley. World To-day.
Supreme Court, The: A Campaign Issue. E.P. Lyle. Broadway.
Taft Campaign. Management of. W. Wellman. Rev. 0/Revs.
Taft, Pacifier of the Philippines. R.H.Murray. World's Work.
Taft. Wm. H., in the Philippines. Chas. A. Conant. Putnam.
Theatrical Manager, A Plea for the. L. F. Deland. A tlantic.
Tobacco Pool and the Farmers. J. L. Mathews. Atlantic.
Tolstoy at Eighty. Review of Reviews.
Trade. The Future of Western. J. B. Case. North American.
Turkey's silent Revolution. D. M. Bedikian. World's Work.
Usage, Conflicts of. Thomas R. Lounsbury. Harper.
Venice and its Victims. S. G. Blythe. Everybody's.
West Point. The New. Charles W. Larned. Munsey.
West's Return to Confidence, The. C. M. Harger. Rev. of Revs.
Wheat Crop, Handling our. Earl Mayo. Applelon.
Wild Beasts. Training. M. B. Kirby. Everybody's.
Wilfley, U. S. Judge in China. R. H. Murray. Cosmopolitan.
Winds, The West and the East. Joseph Conrad. Putnam.
Woman in Business. J. H. Collins. Broadway.
Woman's Present Social Position. W. I. Thomas. American.
Woman Suffrage, Against. Virginia LeRoy. World To-day.
Workmen's Compensation. W. Hard. Everybody's.
Wright, Luke E. Harris Dickson. Applelon.
Youthfulness of the French. A.F.Sanborn. Munsey.
List or New Books.
[The following list, containing 108 titles, includes books
received by Thb Dial since its issue of September J.]
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Mirabeau and the French Revolution. By Fred Morrow
Fling. In 3 vols. Vol. I.. The Youth of Mirabeau; illus..
large 8vo, gilt top. pp. 497. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50 net.
The Later Years of Catherine de' Medici. By Edith Sichel.
With portraits in photogravure, etc., 8vo, gUt top. pp. 445.
E. P. Dutton & Co. (3. net.
Courts and Camps of the Italian Renaissance: Being a
Mirror of the Life and Times of Count Baldassare Castiglione.
By Christopher Hare. With portraits in photogravure, etc..
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 298. Charles Scribner's Sons.
12.50 net.
Canadian Types of the Old Regime, 1608-1698. By Charles
W.Colby. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 366. Henry Holt £
Co. $2.75 net.
Builders of United Italy. 1808-1898. By Rupert Sargent
Holland. With portraits, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 849. Henry
Holt & Co. $2. net.
The Last of the Plainsmen. By Zane Grey. Illus., 8vo.
pp. 314. Outing Publishing Co. $1.50 net.
John C. Calhoun. By Gaillard Hunt. With portrait. 12mo.
gilt top. pp. 335. "American Crisis Biographies." George
W. Jacobs & Co. $1.25 net.
Great American Lawyers: A History of the Legal Profession
in America. Edited by William Draper Lewis. University
limited edition; Vol. I., with portraits in photogravure.
etc., large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 472. John C. Winston Co.
Hildebrand: The Builder. By Ernest Ash ton Smith. 12xno,
pp.219. "Men of the Kingdom." Jennings & Graham.
HISTORY-.
The Making of Ireland and its Undoing. 1200-1600. By
Alice Stopford Green. 8vo, uncut, pp. 610. Macmillan Co.
$2 50 net.
The Making of Colorado: A Historical Sketch. By Eugene
Parsons. Illus., 12mo, pp. 322. Chicago: A. Flanagan Co.
60 eta.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Letters of Edward Lear. Edited by Lady Strachey. With
portraits in photogravure, etc., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 327.
Duffleld & Co. $3.60 net.
Romance of the Roman Villas (The Renaissance). By
Elizabeth W. Champney. Illus. in photogravure, etc.. 8vo.
gilt top, pp. 398. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50 net.
The Sense of the Infinite: A Study of the Transcendental
Element in Literature, Life and Religion. By Oscar Kuhns.
l2mo, gUt top. pp. 266. Henry Holt & Co. $1 JO net.
Government Regulation of the Elizabethan Drama. By
VirginiaC.Gildersleeve. Large8vo, uncut,pp.259. Columbia
University Press, $1.25 net.
The Works of James Buchanan, comprising his Speeches.
State Papers, and Private Correspondence. Collected and
edited by John Bassett Moore. Vol. IV.. 1838-1841. Large
8vo, uncut, gilt top, pp. 512. J. B. Lippincott Co.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The New Medieval Library. First vols.: The Babees' Book:
Medieval Manners for the Young, done into modern English
from Dr. Furnlvall's texts by Edith Rickert; -The Legend of
the Holy Fina, Virgin of Santo Gimignano, trans, from the
Trecento Italian of Fra Giovanni di Coppo, with Introduc-
tion and Notes, by M. Mansfield. Each illus. in photogravure,
etc., 18mo. Duflield & Co. Each, bound in brown leather,
with antique style of clasps, $2. net.
The Works of Jane Austen. Revised, with Bibliographical
and Biographical Notes, by R. Brimley Johnson. In 10 vols..
Vols. I. and II., Pride and Prejudice. Illus. from water colors
by A. Wallis Mills, 12mo. Duffleld & Co. Per vol., $1.26 net.
Novels and Tales of Henry James. New York Edition.
Vol. IX.. The Awkward Age; Vol. X., The Spoils of Poynton.
A London Life. The Chaperon; Vol. XI., What Maiaie Knew.
In the Cage. The Pupil; Vol. XII., The Aspen Papers. The
Turn of the Screw, etc. Each with photogravure frontis-
piece, 12mo, gilt top. Charles Scribner's Sons. Sold only in
sets by subscription, each $2.
The Works of Alfred Lord Tennyson. Annotated by
Alfred Tennyson, edited by Hallam Lord Tennyson. Ever-
sley edition. Vol. IV.. with photogravure portrait, 12mo.
gilt top, pp. 602. Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.


DIAL
221
The Pooket Kipling. New vols.: The Light that Failed, and
Plain Tales from the Hills, each 12mo. silt top. Doubled ay.
Page & Co. Per vol., leather, $1.50 net.
The Old-Spelling: Shakespeare. Edited by F. J. Furnivall
and W. Q. Boswell-Stone. New vols.: The Merry Wives ol
Windsor, Mnch Adoe about Nothing: each with Introduction
and Notes by F. W. Clarke. 8vo. "The Shakespeare Li-
brary." Ouffield & Co. Per vol., $1. net.
The Song- of Hiawatha. By Henry W. Longfellow. Minne-
haha edition; illus., 12mo, gilt edges, pp. 188. Chicago:
Rand, McNally * Co.
The Shakespeare Classics. New vol.: The Sources and
Analogues of "A Midsummer-Night's Dream." Compiled
by Frank Sidgwick. With frontispiece, 12mo, gilt top,
pp.196. "The Shakespeare Library." Duffield&Co. tl.net.
Tennyson's Love Poems. Selected and arranged by Ethel
Harris. Illus.,. 8vo, gilt edges, pp. 128. Chicago: Rand,
McNally A Co.
Essays by Mark Fattlson. Series I. and II, 24mo. gilt tops,
*' New Universal Library." E. P. Dutton & Co. Per vol.,50 eta.
Poems. By John Raskin; with an Essay on the author by
O. K. Chesterton. 24mo, pp. 197. "The Muses' Library."
E. P. Dutton & Co. BO cts.
POETKY AMD THE DRAMA.
Apollo and the Seaman, The Queen of Gothland. Stanzas to
Tolstoy, and Other Lyrics. By Herbert Trench. 12mo, gilt
top, pp. 127. Henry Holt & Co. $1.60 net.
King Alfred's Jewel. By the author of " Mors et Victoria."
12mo, uncut, gilt top, pp. 179. John Lane Co. 91.26 net.
The Devil. By Ferenc Molnar; adapted by Oliver Herford by
exclusive arrangement with the author. 12mo, pp. 167. New
York: Mitchell Kennerley. tl. net.
The Dlwan of Abu'l-Ala. By Henry Baerlein. 16mo. pp. 60.
'' Wisdom of the East Series." E. P. Dutton A Co. 40 cts. net.
FICTION.
Peter: A Novel of which He is Not the Hero. By F. Hopkinson
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The Biverman. By Stewart Edward White. Illus.. l2mo.
pp.368. McClureCo. $1.50.
The Statue: A Story of International Intrigue and Mystery.
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Moffat, Yard A Co. $1.60.
The Duke's Motto: A Melodrama. By Justin Huntly
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Flower of the Dusk. By Myrtle Reed. With frontispiece in
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The Coming Harvest. By Rene Bazin, trans, from the
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Angrel Esquire. By Edgar Wallace. 12mo. pp. 321. Henry
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Further Experiences of an Irish B.M. By E. CE. Somerville
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The Well in the Desert. By Adeline Knapp. l2mo, pp. 329.
Century Co. $1.50.
Ati Olympic Victor. A Story of the Modern Games. By James
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Two Gentlemen of Virginia: A Novel of the Old Regime of
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The Little Brown Brother. By Stanley Portal Hyatt. 12mo,
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Waldo Trench and Others: Stories of Americans in Italy.
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The One — and I. By Elizabeth Freemantle. Illus. in color,
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The Little Brown Jug at Kildare. By Meredith Nicholson:
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Heartbreak Hill. By Herman K. Viele. Illus., 12mo, pp. 330.
Duffleld & Co. tl.60.
Cousin Cinderella. By Mrs. Everard Cotes. Illus.. 12mo,
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The High Adventure. By Hugh de Selincourt. l2mo. pp.294.
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Hilary on Her Own. By Mabel Barnes-Grundy. With front-
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The Leaven of Love: A Romance of Southern California. By
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A Grand Army Man. By Harvey J. O'Higgins. Illus., 12mo,
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By Bight of Purchase. By Harold Bindloss. With frontis-
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A Lord of Lands. By Ramsey Benson. 12mo. pp. 326. Henry
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The Man without a Head. By Tyler De Saix. Illus., 12mo,
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Tables of Stone. By Harold Begbie. 12mo. pp. 424. Donbleday,
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Myrtle Baldwin. By Charles Clark Munn. Illus., 12mo, pp.610.
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Lentala of the South Seas: The Romantic Tale of a Lost
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The Green Mummy. By Fergus Hume. With frontispiece,
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Bound the Corner in Gay Street. By Grace 8. Richmond.
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The Flame Dancer. By Frances Aymor Mathews. Illus.,
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Strongheart. By Frederick R. Burton; founded on the play
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Miss Esperanoe and Mr. Wyoherly. By L. Allen Harker.
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The Student Cavaliers. By J. R. Forrest. Illus.. 12mo.
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TBAVEL AND DBSOBIPTION.
From Pekln to Mandalay: A Journey from North China to
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Peru. By C. Reginald Enock; with Introduction by Martin
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The Tower of London. Painted by John Fulleylove; de-
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Tyrol. Painted by E. Harrison Compton: described by W. A.
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London and its Environs. By Karl Baedeker. Fifteenth
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Scribner's Sons. $1.80 net.
Berlin and its Environs. Handbook for Travellers. By Karl
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PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
Powers of the American People, Congress. President, and
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tion. By Masuji Miyakawa. Second edition, completely
revised throughout with extensive additions; 8vo, gilt top,
pp. 431. Baker & Taylor Co. $2.60 net.
Vital American Problems. By Harry Earl Montgomery,
lxmo, pp. 884. "Questions of the Day." G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The State and the Farmer. By L. H. Bailey, lxmo, gilt top.
pp. 177. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
The Elements of International Law. with an Account of
its Origin, Sources, and Historical Development, including
the Results of the Second Peace Conference at the Hague.
By George B. Davis. Third edition, revised to date; fivo.
pp. 673. Harper A Brothers. $3.


222
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
Medievalism. A Reply to Cardinal Mercier. By George
Tyrrell. 12mo, pp. 210. Longmans, Green. & Co. 11.25 net.
Outlines of Systematic Theology, designed for the Use of
Theological Students. By Augustus Hopkins Strong. Large
8vo, gilt top. pp. 274. Philadelphia: American Baptist Pub-
lication Society. 12.50 net.
The Astronomy of the Bible. By E. Walter Maunder. Illus.,
12mo, gilt top, pp. 410. New York: Mitchell Kennerley.
t2.net.
The Bible of Nature: The Bross Lectures, 1907. By J.
Arthur Thomson. 12mo, pp. 248. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1. net.
The Evolution of the Messianio Idea: A Study in Com-
parative Religion. By W. O. .E. OeBterley. 12mo. pp. 277.
E. P. Dutton & Co. 11.25 net.
Sunday Half-Hours with Great Preachers: A Sermon for
Every Sunday in the Year. Edited by Jesse Lyman Hurlbut.
Illus., 8vo. pp. 681. John C. Winston Co. tl.50.
Liberal Theology and the Ground of Faith: Essays to-
wards a Conservative Re-Statement of Apologetic. By
HakluytEgerton. 12mo.pp.248. E. P. Dutton & Co. fl.25net.
What We Know About Jesus. By Charles F. Dole. 12mo,
pp. 89. "Christianity of To-day Series." Open Court Pub-
lishing Co. 75 cts. net.
Echoes from Oak Street; or, The Twentieth Century Prayer
Meeting. By Ruthella Benjamin. 16mo, pp.162. Chicago:
M. A. Dohohue £ Co. 50 cts.
AST AND MUSIC.
Drawings of Rembrandt. With Introduction by Malcolm
Bell. Illus. in tint, etc.. 4to, gilt top. "Drawings of the
Great Masters." Charles Scribner's Sons. (2.50 net.
The Rise of Musio: An Enquiry into the Development of the
Art from its Primitive Puttings Forth in Egypt and Assyria
to its Triumphant Consummation in Modern Effect. By
Joseph Goddard. Illus., 12mo. pp. 398. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $2.50 net.
NATURE.
Gardens of England. Painted by Beatrice Parsons; described
by E. T. Cook. Large 8vo, gilt top. pp. 199. Macmillan Co.
$2.50 net.
The Book of the Pansy, Viola, and Violet. By Howard H.
Crane. Illus., 12mo, pp. 104. "Handbooks of Practical
Gardening." John Lane Co. Il.net.
REFERENCE BOOKS.
International Encyclopedia of Prose and Poetical Quota-
tions from the Literature of the World. Edited by William
S. Walsh. 12mo. gilt edges, pp. 1030. John C. Winston Co.
Leather, S5.
Shakespeare's Proverbs ; or, The Wise Saws of our Wisest
Poet. Collected into a Modern Instance by Mary Cowden-
Clarke; edited, with Introduction and Notes, by William F.
Rolf e. New edition; with photogravure portrait, 12mo, gilt
top, pp. 820. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net.
Universal Self-Pronouncing Dictionary of the English
Language. Based upon Webster; modernized by Charles
Morris. 12mo. pp. 998. John C. Winston Co. Leather, $1.75.
Twelve Thousand Words Often Mispronounced: A Revised
and Enlarged Edition of "10,000 Words Often Mispro-
nounced." By William Henry P. Phyfe. 16mo, pp. 760.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
Dictionary of Quotations: A Volume of Extracts Old and
New from Writers of all Ages. Selected and arranged by
Norman MacMunn. 16mo, pp. 229. George W. Jacobs &
Co. 50 cts.
Fiction Catalog: A Selected List Catalogued by Author and
Title with Annotations. ISmo, pp. 147. Minneapolis: H. W.
Wilson Co. Paper, 25 cts.
BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
A Text-Book of Physios. Edited by A. Wilmer Duff. Illus.,
8vo.pp.680. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co. $2.75 net.
Pepita Jimenez. By Juan Valera; edited by G. L. Lincoln.
With portrait, 12mo, pp. 245. D. C. Heath & Co. 90 cts.
A Spanish Reader for Beginners in High Schools and Colleges.
By Charles Alfred Turrell. 16mo, pp. 256. American Book
Oo. 80 cts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The Prevention of Tuberculosis. By Arthur Newsholme.
8vo, pp. 429. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. net.
The Accusative with Infinitive and Some Kindred Con-
structions in English. By Jacob Zeitlin. 8vo, pp. 177. New
York: Columbia University Press. Paper.
Twenty-Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of American
Ethnology, 1904-1905, to the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution. Illus. in color, etc., 4to, pp. 512. Washington:
Government Printing Office.
All about the Baby and Preparations for its Advent, together
with the Homeopathic Treatment of its Ordinary Ailments.
By Robert N. Tooker. Illus., 8vo, pp. 331. Rand, McNally
& Co.
Helps for Young Mothers, in the Physical and Moral Train-
ing of Infants and Young Children. By Millicent Welles
Miller. l2mo. uncut, pp. 51. George W. Jacobs & Co.
The Mastery of Mind in the Making of a Man. By Henry
Frank. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 234. R.F.Fenno&Co. $1.
Toasts. Compiled and illus. by Clare Victor Dwiggins. John
O. Winston Co. 35 cts.
MILTON AS A SCHOOLMASTER
John Milton was born in London in 1608, just three cen-
turies ago, his birthday being December 9. One interesting
and useful recognition of the ter-centenary, which will be
valued especially by our teachers, is the publication by the
directors of the Old South work in Boston, as one of their
large series of Old South Leaflets, of Milton's famous little
treatise on Education. A most remarkable treatise this was
for its time.
Price, 5 cents; $4.00 per 100.
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THE DIAL
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TBS VIAL (founded in 1880) U published on the 1st and 16th oj
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Entered as Second-Class Hatter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3,1879.
No. SS6.
OCTOBER 16, 1908. Vol. XLV.
Contents.
PAOB
HUMANISM IN EDUCATION 237
SOME HINDOO DRAMAS. Charles Leonard Moore 239
CASUAL COMMENT 242
The purchase of books by the pound.—Commercial
methods in library administration. — Attainment of
the quiet mind. — The sevenpenny reprint. — Our
greatest public library's rapid expansion. — Back-
wardness in book-learning. — Two great works of
laborious research. — The loss of an English
scholar. — A brisk circulation of public-library
books. — The real " activities " of an institution of
learning. —- A Chinese editor of an American news-
paper. — A national anthem to order.
COMMUNICATIONS:
A Timely Euphemism. John Grant 245
A Question of First Translations, if. H. W. . . 245
Two Casual Queries. Margaret Vance .... 245
MEMORIES OF THE AMERICAN STAGE
George P. Upton 246
THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SECRET
SOCIETIES. Frederick Starr 248
THE STORY OF A POET'S LIFE Percy F.
Biclcncll 250
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR IN AMERICA.
Annie Heloise Abel 252
A PERENNIAL BOOK ON SPAIN. George G.
Brownell 253
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 254
When fame came easily. — Forces and tendencies
of society. — More of the Irish literary drama. —
The man who tames buffalo. — The Government
and Cherokees. — Essays worth reading.—Stirring
tales of " Great Ralegh."
BRIEFER MENTION 257
NOTES 257
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 258
HUMANISM IN EDUCATION.
■ "When Pope declared that "The proper study
of mankind is man," he formulated a maxim
rather than a definite pedagogical prescription.
But many of us, who have been wandering for
a generation in the educational wilderness, find-
ing its desert tracts more and more arid, its
oases and refreshing springs less and less fre-
quent, feel inclined to make the familiar quota-
tion a sort of slogan in the warfare upon the
philistinism which at present prevails in our
educational systems and institutions. It takes
courage nowadays to make a bold stand for the
humanities, because most people have the curious
idea that education is chiefly desirable as a
means of enabling young men to make money,
and regard as a product of crack-brained fanat-
icism the notion that its primary purpose is to
enrich the individual with wealth of deepened
sympathies, and the knowledge, cherished on
its own account, that slowly ripens into wisdom.
If there is any precept that needs to be im-
pressed upon our practically-minded educators
it is that they should take
« flood heed
Lest, having spent for the work's sake
Six days, the man be left to make."
If we turn to the poets, those unfailing
sources of helpfulness in our need for guidance
in the rightful ordering of life, and in the diffi-
cult matter of learning what its realities are, we
shall find no lack of wise counsel. Emerson,
for example, will furnish us with this pithy
fragment:
"There are two laws discrete
Not reconciled, —
Law for man, and law for thing;
The last builds town and fleet,
But it runs wild,
And doth the man unking."
Professor Irving Babbitt makes the happy
choice of this text for his recent volume of essays
on "Literature and the American College," a
volume which voices once more, and with singu-
larly persuasive effect, the plea for things
spiritual in our educational systems. He is one
of those who realize how astonishingly bad a
bargain it must be to gain the whole world and
lose one's own soul, and he gives us once more,
reinforced by fresh illustrative material, the old


238
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL,
unanswerable argument for humanistic culture.
He does not hesitate to suggest that the dilet-
tante is a more admirable product of college
training than the philologist. "He is almost a
dilettante — he reads Dante and Shakespeare,"
was the contemptuous way in which one of his
philologist friends once described a colleague;
and Mr. Babbitt does not shrink from accepting
the challenge thus implied. He has noticed, he
says, "in philologists a curious predilection for
vaudeville performances and light summer fic-
tion," and even if the dilettante has "given
evidence of nothing except perhaps a gentle
epicureanism," the pores of his perceptive con-
sciousness have not been quite clogged up by
pedantry.
The scholar who couches a lance in the defence
of humanism will find giants in his path, seem-
ingly as terrible as the guardians of Doubting
Castle in the allegory, and really, perhaps, quite
as impotent to impede his progress. One of
these educational monsters is the elective system,
which is thus neatly disposed of:
"If some of our educational radicals have their way,
the A.B. degree will mean merely that a man has ex-
pended a certain number of units of intellectual energy
on a list of elective studies that may range from boiler-
making to Bulgarian; the degree will simply serve to
measure the amount and intensity of one's intellectual
current and the resistance overcome; it will become, in
short, a question of intellectual volts and amperes and
ohms The rank of studies will finally be deter-
mined, not by the number of intellectual foot-pounds
they involve, but by the nearness or remoteness of these
studies to man, the boundaries of whose being by no
means coincide with those of physical nature."
Fortunately, there are signs that this particular
form of educational foolishness is losing its in-
fluence. It has weakened the fibre of a whole
generation of young people, but its excesses have
proved its undoing, and we are recovering some-
thing of our lost sense of measure and relative
values.
The other monsters that the humanist has to
confront are chiefly those which represent the
two ideals of materialism and of pedantry. If
left alone, they might destroy each other in time,
for their objects are absolutely irreconcilable.
But it is just as well to hasten the process of
their dissolution by a few well-directed lance
thrusts. It requires only a slight infusion of
rationality into the discussion to make clear that
the ideal of money-getting and the ideal of
knowledge-getting are alike empty, are alike
unworthy of being thought the ultimate aims of
education. There is to be found to-day in most
of our colleges " a literature ancient and modern
controlled by a philological syndicate, a history
dehumanized by the abuse of scientific method,
and a political economy that has never been
humane." This situation must be fairly faced,
but it need not be the occasion for utter despair,
because it is a situation so revolting to the deep
instinctive sense of all who have the true inter-
ests of humanity at heart that it may yield to a
few resolute assaults. The fable of the one
strong .man who shattered the supports of the
ancient temple of philistinism may sometime
find its modern educational analogue. Neither
Dryasdust nor the Spencerian utilitarian can
escape from rout when humanism takes the field
in earnest against them.
History, philosophy, and the fine arts are the
agencies whereby the highest educational results
are reached. We do not undervalue the dis-
cipline of natural science, but are compelled to
consider its educational service as ancillary. As
a preparation for bread-winning, it performs a
serviceable function, but one that has little to do
with education as we would define the term. But
in its reaction upon the student's envisagement
of nature, and upon the modes of his thought
concerning human life, it contributes to his
training an important element. It helps him
to weigh evidence, it deepens his devotion to
truth, and it strengthens his understanding.
It may add a new charm to natural beauty, it
may enrich the aesthetic sense, and it may invest
conduct with a deeper significance. But with
all these ministries to its credit, it remains of
secondary importance, educationally considered,
because its primary concern is with things and
Dot with men. In literature, on the other hand,
all the humanistic agencies are at work, for it
ignores nothing that concerns mankind as a
spiritual being.
Since the rays of light which constitute
essential humanity — rays intellectual, aestheti-
cal, and ethical — are thus focussed in litera-
ture, it is obvious that literature, in a very
broad sense, must be the chief concern of edu-
cation. And this concern should determine
the beginnings of education no less than its
higher reaches. An admirable little book by
Professor John Harrington Cox on " Literature
in the Common Schools " emphasizes this aspect
of the question. "The hunger to know the
meaning of life is almost as primal as the
hunger for food," this writer says ; and the all-
comprehending character of literature, which
makes it equally needful for young and old, is
well expressed in the following sentences:
"Within its pages is to be found the deepest and
truest revelation that the race has made of itself. Here


1908.]
239
THE
DIAL
the seers of the world have recorded their flashes of
insight. The answers of the universe to man's fervid,
persistent questionings are written here. The agony of
the human soul in its endeavor to fathom the mysteries
of existence is engraven on its pages. The intellect has
ransacked every sphere, from the lowest to the empy-
rean, to enrich its story. Its chief function is to lay
bare the wisdom of the heart, purified of its dross by
the masterful creative imagination of men."
We cannot begin too early to lay in the child's
mind those foundations of sympathy and un-
derstanding which are to be the true life of the
man when he is grown; we cannot take too
great pains with our bricks and mortar in these
beginnings of a structure that may in later
years weigh heavily upon its base.
That our schools first of all, and our colleges
later on, are making a sorry mess of this busi-
ness, is acknowledged by practically all com-
petent judges. And this in spite of the fact,
as Professor John Erskine says in a recent
article, that "literature presents to the boy the
most directly human subject matter in the cur-
riculum," and that " he will find that work and
play coincide as nearly as may be in this crude
world, when he sits down to read Fielding, or
Scott, or Dickens." The trouble is that the
boy is not encouraged to do this simple and joy-
ful thing; he is instead set to studying notes,
and writing callow accounts of his impressions,
and cramming for examinations. Better drop
literature from school altogether than confine it
in this straight-jacket of pedantry. "Should
not the first principle of teaching literature be
to discover what prevents the life-loving youth
from seeing the life stored up in these books as
yet dead for him? Should not the second prin-
ciple be to remove that obstacle? If there is
a third principle, should it not be to see that
the student reads as many books as possible?"
To these pertinent questions of Mr. Erskine the
affirmative answer is the only one possible, in
our way of thinking. Thus the teacher may be
actively engaged in advancing that consummation
so devoutly to be wished, in realizing that ideal
condition phrased by Professor George Wood-
berry, " when the best that has anywhere been
in the world shall be the portion of every man
born into it."
A newly-discovered manuscript of Victor Hugo's
has attracted attention, and its discoverer, M. Gustave
Simon, who is also custodian of the Hugo manuscripts,
is publishing a series of articles on it in Let Annates
Politique* et Litltraires. This literary treasure trove —
if it shall prove to be a treasure — is a preface to Les
Miserables. That it has been deemed worthy of de-
tailed treatment at M. Simon's hands seems to indicate
that it contains matter of importance.
SOME HINDOO DRAMAS.
India had what may properly be called a ro-
mantic drama before any European nation. The
Greek and Latin plays dealt, of course, with nature
and humanity; and all that concerns man and the
world may be found in them, in germ at least.
But they turned away by choice from some aspects
of our common life. In tragedy, they held to high
and stern themes; in comedy, they dwelt on low and
base ones, — and they did not mix the two. The
notes of the modern Romantic drama are, perhaps,
chiefly these: the immense development of Love —
the love of man and maid — as the central feature
of the plot; the increased use of natural scenery
and phenomena toned in sympathy with the action
or moods of the actors; the admixture of tragedy
and comedy throughout each work — the ideal and
the real walking arm in arm, as it were; and, finally,
a loose, rambling texture of plot, defiant of the unities
of time and place. These notes, sign alike of the
work of Shakespeare, of Calderon, and of Goethe,
are all exactly anticipated in the Hindoo plays whose
date may be anywhere from the beginning of our
era to the year eight or nine hundred.
The rise of the Hindoo drama seems to reverse
the usual progress of an art form in any literature.
As a rule, the sublime, the tragic, the irregular
master comes first; then the more perfect and mod-
erate artist, and last of all the realist and comedian.
But here the Menander-like author of "The Little
Clay Cart " is the earliest; and following him comes
Kalidasa, the maker of beautiful visions, soft, gentle,
artistic; while at the end, after the lapse of centuries,
rises the great and appalling tragedian Bhavabhuti,
the Hindoo ./Eschylus.
If King Shudraka was the real as well as the
reputed author of "The Little Clay Cart," he must
have had a liking for low life which would class him
with the Sultan of "The Arabian Nights." Cour-
tesans, gamblers, thieves, cowherds, officers of the
guard, and executioners, move across the scene. In
variety and vigor of portrayal, in sheer vividness as
of life itself, the play has no rival in ancient liter-
ature, and is not surpassed by the best of its kind in
Shakespeare or Goethe or Burns. There is the gam-
bler Samvahaka, who is pursued by two keepers
of a gambling-house to whom he owes money, and
who is rescued by another gambler. There is the
thief Savilaka, who breaks into a house with a dis-
play of all the rules of his art and the procedures
of logic. There are the officers of the guard, who
quarrel with each other while they let Aryaka, the
cowherd who is destined to be King, escape. All
are depicted with the startling effect of truth which
comes from the proper use of the exaggerations
of art.
To modern taste, the blot upon the piece is the
profession of Vasantasena.' She is a courtesan who
has acquired an immense fortune, but has conceived
a pure love for Charudatta, an unfortunate Brahman.


2-40
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
Generally, Hindoo literature is as careful of the
purity of its heroines as is English literature at its
best. The woman with a past, the theme of three,
have no place in their poetry. But there are two
remarkable exceptions — Draupadi, the heroine of
the Mahabbarata, who is married to the five Fandu
brothers; and Vasantasena. In the case of the
latter, though there is some pretty plain language
addressed to her, and though her wealth and the
sources of it are plainly indicated, we can shut our
eyes to her bad repute. She is so beautiful, so
gentle, so generous, and so devoted, and she passes
through such an ordeal to win her love, that in the
end she rises in our minds a sister to Imogen her-
self.
The play, indeed, has a haunting resemblance to
"Cymbeline " in incident and character. The great
figure of the piece — Samsthanaka, the King's
brother-in-law, who persecutes Vasantasena with his
love and tries to do her to death — is Cloten in a
previous incarnation. There is not a mere family
resemblance, as between many figures of fiction, but
the characters are identical. If anything, the sweep
and power of the creation is greater in the Hindoo
play. Vain, boastful, ignorant, cruel, cowardly,
horrible, and deadly, Samsthanaka is a supreme
triumph of dramatic projection, flawless from the
first word he utters to the last.
The deep feeling for natural scenery which char-
acterizes Hindoo poetry beyond all the utterances of
the Romantic Muse, comes out in this play in two
scenes, one of which describes a great storm of the
rainy season, which sends Vasantasena into Charu-
datta's garden; the other exhibits a public park
where Vasantasena is apparently done away with.
In both cases the scenery is by way of contrast to
the action, — the dark approach and tumultuous
dashing of the tropic rain driving the lovers into
each other's arms, and the grim murder of the girl
being set against the smiling beauty of the garden.
Another very famous scene of the play shows
Matreya, Charudatta's friend, led through the eight
courts of Vasantasena's palace. The scene is un-
dramatic, but the glittering words in which the
riches of the house are described add to the vivid-
ness and lifelikeness of the whole play. In general,
the conduct of the scenes, though often impossible
to our ideas of theatrical effect, is essentially dra-
matic. The interest is sustained and the suspense
kept up to the final word. The unravelment in
the last act is better handled than in most of
Shakespeare's comedies or romances. To sum up,
the author of "The Little Clay Cart" was surpassed
in verbal poetry, philosophy, and tragic situations,
by Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti; but as a creator of
character he is unrivalled in the Hindoo drama, and
can lean across the centuries and shake hands with
Shakespeare and Goethe.
It was the luck of Kalidasa to be the first revealed
of all the Hindoo poets to the Western world. The
charm and perfection of "Sakuntala" got him
the title of "the Hindoo Shakespeare." To my
mind, Shelley would be a closer comparison. Both
are poets of aerial distances, of clouds, sunsets,
forests, groves, caves. Their human beings are
the embodiments of these things, and can hardly
be separated from the natural phenomena amid
which they move. A celestial ichor, rather than
human blood, runs in the veins of Kalidasa's per-
sonages. These are gods, nymphs, heroes, hermits,
and the like. They are dazzling, beautiful, tender,
but homely human nature seems to liave little part
in them. They are all one family with the mountain
heights, the clouds, groves, flowers, and animals,
with which they have their home. The result is a
debauch of beauty, an intoxication of the senses
of vision, hearing, smell, but a woeful lack of heart-
gripping, mind-thrilling passion. Even the tragic
situations lose force because of their unreality or
extra mundane quality. When Dushyanta rejects
Sakuntala, it is most like the separation of two
clouds which the winds have driven apart. When
the King takes arms at the command of Indra against
the Demons, we do not believe in his warlike prowess,
— for how could Demons exist in such a soft and
unnerved world?
Yet "Sakuntala" is the loveliest flower of the
Hindoo drama. The play opens in a bold and strik-
ing way. Dushyanta, an Indian King, is hunting
in the lower slopes of the Himalayas, and, following
a deer, has entered the precincts of a sacred grove.
He sees Sakuntala, the daughter of the hermitage,
and falls in love with her. The ensuing scenes of
the wooing are not wanting in humor, but their chief
characteristics are the delicacies, the reserves, the
mutual shyness, of the lovers. Love is never con-
ceived by these southern poets as a bold flame, o'er-
leaping bounds and sweeping everything before it
Finally, the King and Sakuntala come to an under-
standing; and in the absence of her guardian, the
sage Kanva, they are married by the Gandharva rite.
But the King has to return to his kingdom, and he
departs leaving with Sakuntala a ring. Kanva
arrives and approves the marriage; but, unfor-
tunately, Sakuntala has incurred the wrath of an
irascible hermit who curses her and declares that her
husband shall forget her. He relents so far as to
allow that upon the sight of the ring of recognition
remembrance shall return to Dushyanta. The greatly
admired fourth act shows the departure of Sakun-
tala from the hermitage. It is indeed a most tender
and touching picture of girlhood breaking the ties
that bind it to the only home which it has known.
It is the most universal thing in Kalidasa. Sakun-
tala goes from tree to tree, from flower to flower,
and bids them farewell; and she showers pet names
and caresses upon the fawn she has raised, and the
girl comrades who have grown up with her. The
scene changes to Dushyanta's palace. He is restless
and melancholy, stricken with forgetfulness of the
past, yet conscious that there has been a past.
Sakuntala appears; but, unfortunately, she has


1908.]
241
THE
DIAL
lost the ring of recognition, and the King refuses
to receive her as his wife. She is carried off into
the air. Then the ring is recovered by a fisherman
who finds it in a fish he lias caught. It is brought
to the King, who recovers his memory and is plunged
into grief. He is called away to lead the armies of
Indra; and finally, in the heaven of Kasyapa, he
meets his son by Sakuntala, and is reconciled to
his wife. There is not much strength or variety of
characterization in the play. The hermits are fairly
well discriminated, and there is one scene of low life
between two constables and the fisherman which
lends some relief to the poetry and phantasy of the
work.
"Vikrami and Urvasi," Kalidasa's other admitted
play, is a slighter work than "Sakuntala," but, if
anything, is even more ethereally beautiful. Again
the piece opens magnificently. The scene is upon
a peak of the Himalayas. A bevy of Apsarasas,
Sky-nymphs, are grouped there, when Kesin, one of
the Demons, descends upon them and carries off
Urvasi. Pururavas, an earthly king, enters, pur-
sues the Demon, brings the nymph back, and falls
in love with her. The scene changes to the garden
of Pururavas. His friend, the buffoon of the piece,
betrays to the Queen the secret of the King's love.
Urvasi enters unseen. She writes a letter on a
leaf to Pururavas, and listens to his love raptures.
He loses the letter, and it falls into the hands of the
Queen, who confronts him with it and refuses him
forgiveness. Urvasi falls under a curse, and loses
her divine knowledge. Then there is a beautiful
evening scene in the garden, when the Queen relents
and gives the King permission to possess the nymph.
The great act, however, is again the fourth. The
lovers have retired from the city into the mountains.
Urvasi unknowingly profanes a tabooed grove, and
is changed into a vine. Pururavas wanders every-
where searching for her. As, in the former play,
Sakuntala's farewell to the trees and flowers amid
which she has grown up is the deepest note struck,
so here Pururavas's appeal to all the animals in turn
to aid him in finding Urvasi is the strongest part of
the play. At last he finds a ruby of transformation
which changes the nymph back into her own shape.
In the remainder of the play other complications
ensue which form almost a new action.
There is not enough opposition or resistance in
Kalidasa's plays to make the dramatic fibre tense
and strong. There is no shadow — at most, only a
white mist. As a consequence, the figures are not
firm and definite; they have not the body and
movement of life. They are delicate, floating,
aerial visions, infused with the sweetness and tender-
ness of ideal sentiment.
In Bhavabhuti, we descend unto the earth and
move among human beings like ourselves. We de-
scend further into gulfs and glooms that would have
appalled Kalidasa's soul. "Malati and Madhava"
has been called the eastern " Romeo and Juliet" —
not so much from the characters of the lovers, who,
like all Hindoo creations of that kind, are shy and
timid in the extreme, given to the most roundabout
declaration of their passion and to pining away on
the slightest provocation, but because of some of the
incidents which recall the English play. The plot
relates the fortunes of two young persons in the
ordinary rank of life whom Kamandaki, a seeress,
schemes to join together. Malati is carried off by
a priest and priestess of the dread goddess Durga,
as a sacrifice. The scene of culminating horror is
a field of dead bodies before the temple at Durga.
Madhava enters with a drawn sword and a lump of
human flesh, to propitiate the deity of the place.
Within the temple, Malati, dressed as a sacrifice, is
about to be offered up a victim by the priest and
priestess. Madhava enters, rescues Malati, fights
with the priest and kills him. The priestess flies off,
screaming vengeance. In greatness of conception
and gloomy power of execution, the scene is not
unworthy of comparison with that of Juliet awak-
ing in the tomb. The last act of the play is a fit
companion of the one described. Malati has been
carried off again, and Madhava and his friend
wander in search of her amid the peaks and gulfs
of the Vindhyan mountains. They are faint with
hunger, and worn out with woe; and after long
utterances of hopeless grief, Madhava is about to
jump into an abyss, when Kamandaki appears with
the garland he had given Malati and the news that
she is alive. There is a lively and natural sub-plot
of another pair of lovers. The piece ends happily —
as do all Hindoo plays.
The u Latter Acts of Rama," Bhavabhuti's other
play, is a sequel to the great Hindoo epic "The
Ramayana." Sita, the lovely heroine of that poem,
after the overthrow of Ravana, her abductor, goes
through the ordeal of fire to satisfy her husband's
subjects as to her chastity. But this is not enough;
and when they revolt again, Rama cold-bloodedly
puts her from him and orders her to be exposed in
the Dandaka forest. Twelve years later, filled with
remorse, he visits the forests and there encounters
his two sons whom Sita gave birth to in the early
days of her exile. The situation and the characters
of the two boys remind one of the sons of Cymbeline.
The play is perhaps more remarkable for scenic
splendor than for tragic depth. In the first act,
Rama's brother exhibits to him a series of great
wall-paintings depicting the main incidents of " The
Ramayana." Lava, Rama's son, makes war upon his
father's guards in a scene which must have taken a
great deal of staging to produce. And in the last
act, Rama's family and subjects are assembled in a
great amphitheatre on the banks of the Ganges, and
Valmiki, the poet of the Ramayana exhibits a play
representing the sufferings of the exposed Sita. The
gods descend and declare her purity, and restore her
to her husband.
"Ratnavali, the Necklace," is a charmingly told
story of court intrigue. The heroine is a young
princess who is found on a piece of wreck at sea,


242
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
with a diamond necklace upon her. The ornament
indicating high birth, she is placed by her preserver
as an attendant upon the Queen Vasavadatta, who,
unknown to either, is her cousin. Sagarika falls in
love with the King, like Louise de la Valliere. Her
affection is betrayed by a pet starling, who repeats
to the King a conversation between Sagarika and a
friend. The usual consequences follow. In the
end, Sagarika's relationship and royal birth are dis-
covered, and the Queen accepts her as her husband's
second wife. A very startling and effective theatre
spectacle occurs in the last act. The King and Queen
with their attendants are assembled in the garden. A
conjurer is present, and he makes it appear that the
palace, where Sagarika is imprisoned, is in flames.
The King rushes into the fire to rescue her. The
conjurer reverses the spell, the palace stands as be-
fore, and Sagarika and the King descend to meet
the others.
"Mudra-Rakshasa; or, The Signet of the Minis-
ter," is a political play without any love interest
whatever. It relates the plots and counterplots of
Chanakya, the Minister of Chandragupta, and Rak-
shasa, the adviser of Malayaketu, — Chandragupta
being the usurper and his rival the representative of
the murdered race of Nando, the legitimate King.
The whole piece has for its purpose the reconcilia-
tion of Rakshasa with the reigning monarch; and
this is brought about by the deep devices of Cha-
nakya, who outwits his rival at every point, turns
all his plots against himself, and gradually dissolves
the partnership between Rakshasa and the prince
whose cause he has espoused. There is little differ-
ence in morality between the two diplomats, though
as Rakshasa has followed with allegiance a fallen
lord he may perhaps be deemed the nobler character.
But Chanakya is by far the greater man, and there
is hardly any figure in Shakespeare's political
plays which makes a greater impression on one
of intellectual power and subtlety. There is a re-
markable scene which out-Machiavels Machiavel,
where Chandragupta and his Minister publicly
pretend to quarrel, and the latter is apparently
disgraced, all in order to lull their enemies into
security.
On the whole, the Hindoo drama, scanty as it is
(there are about sixty pieces in all), is worthy of the
profoundest admiration, not only because of its sin-
gular prefiguration of the European romantic theatre,
but because of its sheer literary power. "The Little
Clay Cart" is Shakespearean throughout in its
breadth and lifelikeness. Shakuntala may fairly be
placed above any work of Shelley, above the " starry
and flowery autos " of Calderon. And "Malati and
Madhava" touches in certain scenes a height only
attained by the greatest dramatists.
Charles Leonard Moore.
Note. — As this article is, of course, not intended for
Sanskrit scholars, the writer has omitted the accents on the
proper names, as in his judgment they would only confuse
and annoy the general reader.
CAS UAL COMMENT.
The purchase of books by the pound is not
a wise way to spend money. A twenty-volume
"Library of the World's Wittiest After-Dinner
Speeches" must be a fearful monster to live with.
It tips the scales at (let us say) half a hundred-
weight, and though you may not have actually bar-
gained for it by the pound or the cubic foot, yon
might almost as well have done so, for all the literary
worth it possesses. A recent Bulletin from the
New York State Library, containing a classified
list of 250 desirable books published in 1907, re-
prints for the third or fourth time the following
piece of wholesome advice, which originally appeared
in the "Journal of New Jersey Libraries" for
October, 1903: "Finest Orations, Noblest Essays,
Royal Flint Flams, Huge Anthologies, and the
like, all come to the secondhand man. Get them of
him, if you must. In a small library they are gen-
erally almost useless. In subscription books, cases
like this are not uncommon. Maspero wrote several
large and learned volumes, in French, on Egypt and
Chaldea. They were translated and published in
three or four volumes in England, costing libraries
in this country about $5 each. An American pub-
lisher reprints them in 12 small volumes with a few
additional colored cuts, on heavier paper and in
larger type, and offers them through agents for
$84 —and libraries buy them! Do not buy 'sets'
or complete editions of authors. Buy the volumes
you need and as you need them. A complete set
always includes several volumes you do not need.
Specify the edition you wish of standard books when
you can, unless you find a bookseller able and will-
ing to select them wisely for you."
• • •
Commercial methods in library adminis-
tration are, naturally enough, extremely repulsive
to many an able and enthusiastic librarian. Any-
thing like business "hustle" or loud-voiced self-
advertising might well make an Edwards or a
Panizzi or a Spofford turn in his grave. Yet for
certain purposes — as for making mechanics and
artisans aware of the benefit they, in their calling,
can derive from the public library — some sort of
advertising seems advisable. A librarian may well
shrink from crying the virtues of his wares in poetry
or philosophy or religion, but even a large-type
public notice that the four volumes of Richardson on
"Practical Blacksmithing " have been added to the
library ought not to shock the sensitive. Once upon
a time a certain painter (not a latter-day Raphael
or Rembrandt, but just a humble artist in clapboard
and wainscot decoration) entered a public library
not a thousand miles from Springfield, Mass., and,
being "out of a job," spent some time browsing
among the books. To his joy and surprise, he dis-
covered works bearing on his trade. Although he
had been a card-holder for years, he had never before
had a suspicion that such books were there on the


1908.]
243
THE DIAL
shelves, waiting to be drawn. The painter's glad
astonishment gave a hint to the librarian: mimeo-
graphed lists of available works on different trades
and industries were circulated, the local newspapers
were prevailed upon to give publicity to these and
other resources of the library, and as a result the
circulation of that library increased twenty-five per
cent in one year. All of which goeth to show that
a library that is set on a hill may, unfortunately, be
hid — until it condescends to reveal itself.
• • •
Attainment of the quiet mind, the philosophic
calm, the placid content, that makes beautiful, even
in the eyes of restless youth, some hoary-headed
grandparent, some scarred veteran of many wars, or
some weather-beaten sea-captain, retired after count-
less voyages, is a thing as difficult as it is desirable.
The ocean life as a sedative received not long ago
a few words of commendation that impress them-
selves on the mind. In his sermon commemorative
of the late Rev. A. J. Haynes, of New Haven,
Prof essor Emery of Yale took occasion to say: "The
men of the coast, furthermore, possess that strange
serenity of temper which comes from wrestling with
the sea. They learn early the lesson that impatience
and fretfulness are of no avail; the sea brings the
fog or drives it away regardless of man's purposes.
And so they learn to face all the vicissitudes of life
with a serene fortitude born of hard experience. In
youth they have the longing for adventure, not from
the fevered fretfulness of the city-bred, but obeying
the far ancestral call of the seafaring blood. They
carry with them the temper which makes them take
strange lands calmly as their birthright, but which
brings them back like homingbirds." Was Tennyson
quite true to nature in making his aged Ulysses,
homeward come at last from his years of wandering
and hardship, so impatient to "smite the sounding
furrows" once more, and " to sail beyond the sun-
set, and the baths of all the western stars," until
death should overtake him? A man of his reputed
experience and wisdom would rather thank the gods
for the rest and peace vouchsafed him at last, and,
his mind teeming with varied memories, he would
be glad to end his days in undisturbed rumination
and in watching the billows beat against the crags
of his native Ithaca.
• • •
The sevenpenny keprint, which is a respect-
able and self-respecting cloth-bound book, and is not
to be confused with the sixpenny paper-covered
novel or magazine, has apparently proved a com-
mercial and a literary success in Great Britain. In
an interview (published in " The Book Monthly ")
with Mr. John Buchan, the London member of the
Edinburgh house of Thomas Nelson & Son, he is
reported as saying: "We are still asked, as often as
ever, how it is done. We owe large thanks to the
booksellers, some of whom, there can be no harm in
saying, were a little opposed to the 'sevenpenny ' at
the start. . . . Our returns for the first year showed
sales of two million copies, and it is worth pointing
out that the gross profit earned by the book trade
on this return would be about £20,000. To earn
as much on six-shilling novels, some three hundred
thousand of these would have to be sold, and they
do n't sell like that. . . . Moreover, the 'seven-
penny ' is stock which moves quickly: it is bought
by customers who otherwise might leave a shop
without buying at all, and it attracts new customers."
Living authors whose books are, by permission,
included in the sevenpenny reprints, are said to like
the plan because it insures a large circulation, and
that, too, among a class of purchasers not otherwise
reached. If credit is due the man who makes two
blades of grass grow where only one grew before,
commendation should not be withheld from a fair
and honorable scheme that causes six copies of a
good book to be bought where only one found a
purchaser before. ...
Our greatest public library's rapid expan-
sion is impressively brought to notice in the pages
of the "Fifty-Sixth Annual Report of the Trustees
of the Public Library of the City of Boston." The
maintenance of this great metropolitan system now
involves the care and management of properties
aggregating at least five million dollars in value.
Besides the splendid Central Library in Copley
Square, there are twenty-eight branches and reading-
rooms, while books are also delivered regularly at
forty-six engine houses, thirty-one "institutions"
(as the librarian conveniently but indefinitely puts
it), and one hundred and eight public and parochial
schools. Thus an area exceeding forty-three square
miles has local delivery of books and enjoys other
library privileges. An item of considerable interest
relates to the remission of fines incurred by children,
after the lapse of six months, which went into effect
last year and has set free for use thousands of cards
on which fines were due. Beneficial results are
thought to have followed in diminishing the irregu-
lar taking of books from the open shelves. In the
department of current fiction, this conservative and,
as is well known, puritanically particular library has
bought, in the twelve months reported on, 1,623
novels (not counting fiction in foreign languages);
and in replacements it has purchased 8,123 volumes
of fiction. Its total book collection now amounts
to 922,348. . . .
Backwardness in book-learning is not always
so disquieting a symptom in school-children as one
might be led to infer from recent articles on the
subject that have appeared in "The Psychological
Clinic," a journal founded and edited by Professor
Lightner Witmer, of the University of Pennsylvania.
Certain studies of the extent of retardation in school
work in five of our large cities seem to show that
in New York and Philadelphia approximately forty
per cent of the public-school pupils are less advanced
than, for their age, they ought to be; in Kansas
City and Camden (N. J.) nearly fifty per cent are
alleged to be backward. Boston proudly shows a
delinquent percentage of only 12.5, and is believed


244
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
to have a public school system worthy of study by
other communities. But could one well conceive
of any subject less adapted to the methods of exact
scientific treatment than this? Indeed, the writers
themselves pick flaws in each other's deductions and
computations, and admit that their statistical struc-
tures rest on a rather sandy foundation. But even
if the situation is as bad as it is made out to be, let
not the backward boy or girl of Kansas City alto-
gether lose heart. The English inventor, Maxim, has
lately told how, in his school days, he was awarded
the leather medal for stupidity; and yet he has
pretty clearly demonstrated that he has a brain of
his own and knows how to use it.
• • •
TWO GREAT WORKS OF LABORIOUS RESEARCH,
and necessarily of limited sale, are announced for
publication — sometime. One is a "Subject In-
dex," to be prepared by the Royal Society of London,
of all scientific papers published in the nineteenth
century. Seventeen volumes will be required to
contain this immense catalogue, one volume of which,
indeed, has already appeared — that comprising
"Pure Mathematics," in nearly 700 large closely
printed pages. Things of beauty may not, indeed,
flower very richly from so sterile a soil as an index
of mathematical papers; but there is more hope in
the pages of a forthcoming " Encyclopaedia of Slavic
Philology," in the Russian language, edited by
Professor V. Jagic, and issued under the auspices
of the Imperial Academy of Science, in St. Peters-
burg. Five or six large volumes are expected to
contain the various contributions of Slavic philolo-
gists; and one of these volumes, or a part of one,
is already completed, giving a sketch of Russian
literature from the seventeenth century to the nine-
teenth, by Professor E. Budde, and designated as
Part XII. of the entire work. The faith and zeal
of those publishers and learned societies that dare
to undertake such ponderous works are surely to be
admired. ...
The loss of an English scholar of rare crit-
ical ability, an educator of varied and honorable
achievement, a lecturer of power and of charm, as
we have had opportunity to learn in this country,
and a promoter in general of what is sound and
wholesome in the world of letters, is that of Professor
J. Churton Collins, who was found dead in the fens
of East Anglia. Well read and of pronounced
opinions in his chosen department of English liter-
ature, he did not confine his activities within its
bounds. Among his later activities may be noted
his establishment of a school of journalism for
graduates in arts and science. So diligent was he
in every work to which he put his hand that it is
thought he undermined his health by excessive in-
dustry. Rarely did he take more than six hours of
sleep out of the twenty-four, and often less. Person-
ally he was of great courtesy in his bearing, and he
cannot fail to have left many friends to mourn his
loss.
A BRISK CIRCULATION OF PUBLIC-LIBRARY BOOKS
is as desirable as a brisk circulation of blood in the
body. The one no less than the other begets buoy-
ancy and cheerfulness, and a certain sanguine con-
viction that the lark and the snail are about their
usual business and the world is all right, as Pippa
parenthetically observes. The Public Library of
San Francisco, tried by fire and shaken upsidedown
by earthquake, is (to use a commercial phrase)
doing a larger business on a smaller capital than
any library we at present know of. Since last year
its circulation has increased one-third. The librarian
reports: "A circulation of 465,437 from a total
(on June 30, 1908) of 54,317 volumes is the
equivalent of loaning each book in the Library an
average of over eight and a half times during the
year; but it should be borne in mind that a large
number of the 54,317 volumes are reference works
and do not circulate, so that the average is in reality
much higher." He predicts still more creditable
results as soon as the smitten library shall have more
perfectly recovered from its recent disaster.
...
THE "REAL ACTIVITIES" OF AN INSTITUTION OF
learning are not, as the unreflecting might hastily
infer, intellectual: they are muscular. The occur-
rence of an intercollegiate football game in the
Stadium at Harvard, on the afternoon preceding the
opening of the academic year, was an event of a
nature that might have excited comment in an
earlier age; but now the cutting short of one's vaca-
tion in order to return to college and undergo a
week or ten days of preliminary training for a game
that itself takes place before the term opens, is taken
as a matter of course. In fact, one of the leading
Boston newspapers, in its editorial mention of this
first football game of the year at Cambridge, speaks
of it as inaugurating "the season's real activities at
the university." These physical activities, then —
chiefly brachial and crural on the part of the eleven
elect, pulmonary and bronchial on the part of their
less "beefy" mates and admirers—are henceforth
to be regarded as the "real activities" of a univer-
sity. A revised and amended edition of Newman's
"Office and Work of Universities " is now in order.
...
A Chinese editor of an American newspaper
is little short of a phenomenon. What would have
been impossible and incredible twenty years ago is
now possible and actual. Mr. Vu Kyuin Willington
Ku has been chosen editor-in-chief of "The Daily
Spectator," which is conducted by the students of
Columbia University. What is more, the paper has
already responded to the new editor's touch, and has
doubled its size and trebled its advertising. Mr.
Ku is reported to be but twenty-two years old, to
be a master of the English language, to know more
about American politics than do most Americans, and
to possess remarkable ability as a debater. Further-
more, he is an athlete and one of the most popular
men in the university. This is his senior year in
the Law School, where he is studying our jurispra-


1908.]
245
THE
DIAL
dence and our customs and politics with a view to
returning, upon graduation, to his own country,
there to take an active part in the reform movement.
"While this brilliant young Chinaman might be called
a yellow journalist, he does not appear to be in any
way inclined to yellow journalism.
A national anthem to order is expected soon
to be forthcoming. The National Institute of Arts
and Letters offers prizes for the best productions
designed to supersede " America" and "The Star-
Spangled Banner." It is true that one of our present
popular anthems is sung to the tune of " God Save
the King," while the other is set to music that is
almost unsingable; but such as they are, these songs
are dear to many American hearts and may very
possibly show a stubborn disinclination to be ousted.
National anthems, too, are something like poets, in
not being made by taking thought. Mrs. Howe
wrote her "Battle-Hymn of the Republic," not in
cold blood, but in a moment of sudden inspiration.
"The Watch on the Rhine " and " The Marseillaise"
were not begotten of prize-offers from any institute
of art and letters. However, we await results with
interest and not wholly without hope.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
A TIMELY EUPHEMISM.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
It will, perhaps, not be thought strange if some of
the readers of your characteristically sane and cautious
journal experience an amused surprise at finding the
reviewer of Mr. Herrick's novel " Together " saying that
the work "lacks the virtue of reticence." Although
I should hardly plead guilty to belonging to "the out-
raged hosts of hypocrisy " to whom the reviewer refers,
I will confess to finding "Together" dull, and devoid
of the plot construction that I want in a novel, quite
irrespective of its "strength " — an artistic quality that
Mr. Herrick evidenced full possession of in "The
Common Lot."
But these are matters of taste and opinion; and so,
I suppose, is the exercise of "the virtue of reticence " in
a novel dealing with problems of sex relationship. But
I wonder how many of your readers will like to join me
in my congratulations upon the addition of a new
euphemism to the critic's vocabulary, — and one likely
to prove very useful, with the present trend of current
fiction. John Grant.
Burlington, Iowa, October 7, 1908.
A QUESTION OF FIRST TRANSLATIONS.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
I enclose a clipping from the advertising pages of
the current Dial (I always read the advertisements!)
and take the liberty of calling attention to what seems
to me an error in the advertisement of Messrs. Duffield
& Co., who announce an edition of "The Tumbler of
Our Lady, and Other Miracles " as " now first translated
from the Middle French MSS." I had a copy of this
work in November, 1899, published in the Bibelot series
by Mr. Mosher, who says of it: "It was first done
into English in 1894, by the Rev. Philip H. Wicksteed,
whose translation we reprint entire." A footnote adds:
"Our Lady's Tumblor. A Twelfth Century Legend,
Transcribed for Lady Day. M.D.C.CCXCIV. (by P. H.
Wicksteed). Sq. 16m0- with Frontispiece and 2 illustrations
by H. Granville Fell. (London 1894.). Another and later
version (Boston, 1898) apparently owes its inception to the
fact that the Wicksteed edition had gone ont of print."
Moreover, the story has been told by a modern
French writer in his own fashion — giving no credit to
the anonymous twelfth century writer. I think this
was Anatole France, but at this moment cannot verify
the impression.
It is easy to believe that the publishers, as well as
the new translator, may not have known of the earlier
translation. But it seems desirable that the work should
not continue to be announced as the first English version.
M. H. W.
Lake Geneva, Wis., October 6, 1908.
TWO CASUAL QUERIES.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
I like your "Casual Comments." They have the
charm that belongs to casual things, and part of that
charm is to be suggestive — at times even tantalizing.
Therefore, would you mind divulging which two lines
of "The Rainy Day " could reasonably be printed with
seven words wrong out of fifteen? Upon investigation
I find that there are three sets of lines that contain the
requisite number of words; so there is no way of being
certain which of them the correspondent of the London
"Nation " garbled so amazingly.
In his article on Richard Wilson, Mr. Edward E.
Hale, Jr., employs an expression about whose origin I
have often wondered. I mean " petering-out." So I
seize the opportunity to inquire about it, of you or any
of your etymologically inclined readers.
Margaret Vance.
Oak Park, III., October 4, 1908.
[The first stanza of "The Rainy Day" is as
follows:
"The day is cold, and dark, and dreary;
It rains, and the wind is never weary;
The vine still clings to the mouldering wall,
But at every gust the dead leaves fall,
And the day is dark and dreary."
As printed in the London journal, the dead leaves
fall from moss instead of vine, in the third line; and
the fourth and fifth lines are transformed thus:
"And with every gust some dead leaves fall:
Some days must be dark and dreary."
A comparison will show that seven out of these
fifteen words do not correspond with the original.
We find " petering-out" (topeter out—to exhaust,
to run out) in many of the dictionaries, but with
very little light upon its origin. It is generally
stated to be "a mining colloquialism." Curiously
enough, the earliest use of it we have found cited is
by Abraham Lincoln, who said of the store in which
he was a partner, in New Salem, 111., in 1832, that
it was "petering out." In Bowles's "Across the
Continent" (1865) the Humboldt River is said to
be " petering out." We shall be glad to hear from
some of our etymological readers in the matter. —
Edr. Dial.]


246
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
£(p lefo iooks.
Memories of the American Stage.*
Whatever pronouncement Mr. William Win-
ter, dean of American dramatic critics, may
make concerning the stage will be sure to com-
mand the attention of all who are devoted to
the theatre, and especially of those who have its
highest interests at heart. Mr. Winter speaks
with the authority of an expert, with the judg-
ment acquired by long experience, with the
knowledge and sympathy which spring from
personal acquaintance and association, and with
the critical acumen and graceful style of the
scholar.
"Other Days, being Chronicles and Memories
of the Stage " is Mr. Winter's latest contribution
to the history of the drama, which his publishers
have issued in a handsome and finely illustrated
volume of nearly four hundred pages. Its
contents include, first, "a royal line"; and the
royal line includes outline sketches of John
Hodgkinson, James Fennell, Thomas Cooper,
Edwin Forrest, Junius Brutus Booth, Joseph
Jefferson, Edwin Booth, and Henry Irving.
The careers of these eight actors, sketched
currente calamo, form the background against
which he has most charmingly delineated in de-
tail the dramatic portraits of Joseph Jefferson,
John Brougham, Dion Boucicault, Charlotte
Cushman, Edward A. Sothern, John McCul-
lough, Lawrence Barrett, Mary Anderson, and
Adelaide Neilson—the nine artists who, we may
infer, stand highest in his estimation. Richard
Mansfield is not included in the list, but Mr.
Winter explains the omission by the fact that he
has been engaged for several years, with that
artist's sanction, upon a work entitled " Life and
Art of Richard Mansfield," to be published pres-
ently. Several pages of interesting notes and an
elaborate and accurate index close the volume.
It is clear that Mr. Winter, while recognizing
Forrest's talent, is not an ardent admirer of
his style, though he admits, in one connection:
"There are times when it is a comfort to see
somebody who can let himself out. Forrest
could." Mr. Winter further says of him:
"Forrest was an uncommonly massive and puissant
animal, and all his impersonations were more physical
than intellectual, while no one of them possessed any
spiritual element whatever. ... In threatening situa-
tions of peril, suspense, or conflict, requiring the oppo-
sition of granite solidity, physical power, vehement
•Other Days: Bkino Chronicles and Memories of the
Stag a. By William Winter. With illustrations. New York:
Moffat, Yard & Co.
tumult, and overwhelming vociferation, he was tre
mendously effective. . . . From the first, and until the
last, his acting was saturated with ' realism,' and that
was one reason of his extensive popularity. He could
at all times be seen, heard, and understood. He struck
with a sledge-hammer. Not even nerves of gutta-
percha conld remain unshaken by his blow. In the
manifestation of terror he lolled out his tongue, con-
torted his visage, made his frame quiver, and used the
trick-sword with the rattling hilt. In scenes of fury
he panted, snorted, and snarled, like a wild beast. In
death scenes his gasps and gurgles were protracted and
painfully literal."
Mr. Winter remarks that Forrest was "a
good hater." "He publicly whipped the poet,
N. P. Willis ; he would not allow John Gilbert,
that noble and excellent man, to play in any
company with which he was acting; he disliked
Edwin Booth ; he detested Charlotte Cushman."
In this connection, I may be pardoned for citing
a case in point from my own experience. I had
criticised Forrest in his palmy days, much to
his satisfaction. But during his last season at
McVicker's Theatre, in Chicago, he had lost
much of his power, his resonant voice had weak-
ened, and he was afflicted with gout. In a
review of his acting I incautiously intimated
that the " veteran lagged superfluous." Forrest,
boiling over with rage, asked Mr. McVicker who
wrote "that criticism" of him. Upon
being informed as to the authorship, Forrest
said: "You go and tell that critic that
Edwin Forrest will live to eat the goose that
eats the grass that grows on his grave. If it
were not for my gout I would go and tell
him myself." Alas! poor Forrest has been in his
grave these many years, and the goose that was
to graze on his critic's grave is still immune.
Of Edwin Booth's personation of Richelieu,
Mr. Winter says:
"No impersonation has been seen, with more in it of
heart, and exquisite finish. The art of it was like an
embroidered cloth of gold. Every detail of that mem-
orable embodiment, nevertheless, had been planned with
scrupulous care and executed with formal fidelity to a
settled design. 'I am conscious,' Booth once said to me,
'of an interior personality standing back of my own,
watching and guiding me.' It was his olear intellect. Id
every important part that he played he revealed a great
nature; and the memory of his genius, his beautiful
character, and his beneficent life can never pass away."
Mr. Winter dwells long and lovingly upon
Joseph Jefferson and his exquisite art.
"The magical charm of his acting was the deep human
sympathy and the loveliness of individuality by which
it was irradiated, — an exquisite blending of humor,
pathos, grace, and beauty, that made it an intimate and
confidential impartment to each and every mind and
heart in all the vast auditory that he addressed. He
often made me think of Emerson's expressive line:
'Surely he carries a talisman under his tongue.'"


1908.]
247
THE
DIAL
The analysis of Jefferson the man is a remark-
able one.
"He was more a man of imagination and feeling than
of cold intellect and exact thought. He was full of
caprices; mercurial and fanciful; a creature of moods;
exceedingly, almost morbidly, sensitive; eagerly desirous
to please, because he loved to see people happy; willing,
if necessary, to displease everybody rather than win favor
by unworthy means or by the violation of a principle
of art; quick to fancy that he had been misunderstood;
very affectionate; keenly sensible of the misfortunes
and sufferings of the lame, the blind, the deaf and the
wretched; inordinately fond of approbation, and, at the
same time, aware of the shallow mentality and hypo-
critical insincerity of many of the persons who make up
the social world; appreciative of the beauties of physical
Nature, passionately fond of them, and skilful in paint-
ing them; as much a lover of sports as though he were
a boy; worldly-wise, and yet absolutely simple; sagacious
in practical affairs, but credulous about everything
preternatural or improbable; an instinctively correct
and (when left to himself) an unerring judge of char-
acter, but apt to be influenced by the nearest person
who chanced to have possession of his confidence;
innately modest and humble, but aware of the excep-
tional merit of his artistic faculties and of their value;
serious, almost solemn at heart, but, superficially, vola-
tile, mirthful, and good-naturedly satirical; tender in
feeling, but quick to see the comic side of everything, —
even of things the most serious."
Of John Brougham's personation of Captain
Maguire, in the " Serious Family," Mr. Winter
says:
"It was not only his fervent, sparkling, natural per-
formance that attracted me, it was the personality of
the actor, — that subtle quality, potential either to
charm or to repel, which, in a long experience of the
stage, I have found to be of vital aud decisive import-
ance. He had dash, buoyancy, joyous freedom, a
combination of graces and allurements making the
gallant manliness that always wins the heart of youth.
That charm he never lost. Time made him, personally,
sedate, but his acting never ceased to be blithe and
happy. Mirth was as natural to him as music to the
rippling brook or color to the rose."
In connection with the account of Brougham's
funeral, Mr. Winter recalls the following serio-
comic incident:
"Edwin Booth and I assisted to bear his pall. I
remember that the two grave diggers, after they had
lowered his coffin a little way into the grave, were con-
strained, with many muttered exclamations of <Aise
her!' and 'Raise her!' to lift it up again, in order
to enlarge the cavity. Booth and I, like Hamlet and
Horatio, were standing under a neighboring tree, ob-
serving those proceedings, and nothing was ever more
wofully comic or more humorously rueful than Hamlet's
smile, as he looked at me, with those deep, melancholy
eyes, and with that little, furtive grimace, murmuring,
as he did so, 'It is the last recall.'"
In his sketch of Boucicault, Mr. Winter
dwells more upon his ability as a playwriter
than upon his performance as an actor. He
closes the sketch with a serious comment.
"His youth was precocious, adventurous, luxurious;
his manhood was fortunate, self-indulgent, arrogant;
his age was lonely and miserable; and, as a whole, his
life, — notwithstanding its flurries of wealth and popu-
larity, — was unhappy. The retrospection of it affords
a melancholy spectacle: for, what does it signify that
a man has written a clever book, or made a brilliant
speech, or pleased an audience with a fine dramatic
performance, if, when the sod has closed over his ashes,
nobody thinks of him with a sigh or cares to place a
flower on his grave!"
It is easy to see that Charlotte Cushman was
Mr. Winter's ideal of artistic superiority. He
closes his sketch of her with this fine tribute:
"Within the last thirty years several female actors
have been distinguished in tragedy on the American
stage, many beautiful women have appeared, and dis-
plays have been made of genius and ability in various
lines of dramatic art; but of opulent power in acting,
such as was manifested, at certain supreme moments, in
the Othello of Forrest, the Lear of Booth, the Virginias
of McCullough, the Cassius of Barrett, and the Lady
Macbeth of Charlotte Cushman, the audience of the
present day has seldom seen a suggestive example.
The contemporary American stage is fortunate, as to
actresses, in the romantic loveliness of Miss Julia Mar-
lowe, the intellectual force and striking originality of
Mrs. Fiske, the gentle beauty and profound devotion of
Miss Viola Allen, the abundant passion and exquisite vo-
calism of Mrs. Carter, and the wild, dashing, picturesque
abandonment of Miss Blanche Bates; but no woman
in the theatre of this period shows the inspirational fire,
the opulent intellect, the dominant character and the
abounding genius, — rising to great heights and satisfy-
ing the utmost demand of great occasions, -— that were
victorious and imperial in Charlotte Cushman."
Sothern's Lord Dundreary, says Mr. Winter,
"as a work of dramatic art, viewed with refer-
ence to its elaborate complex mosaic of detail,
ranks with the most felicitous and memorable
of recorded specialties.." A pitiful picture is
drawn of McCullough's last days; and of his
failings he speaks with gentle charity, while com-
mending his fine talent. That he has no sym-
pathy with fads is evidenced by the following:
"The fads have their little day; but, sooner or later,
the world comes back to the right standard — to beauty,
purity, simplicity, truth. In McCullough's day there
was no thought of devoting the theatre to the exposition
of physical disease or to the analysis of morbid emotion
and degenerate physical propensities. His breezy laugh
would have blown the Ibsen bubble from the stage. He
would have set the heel of amused contempt on all such
sickly humbugs as Maeterlinck, Sudermann, and Shaw."
Of Lawrence Barrett, Mr. Winter speaks in
a serious strain. "He was a vital incarnation
of tremendous force, and he was prematurely
destroyed by the tempest that surged in his soul."
That Mr. Winter greatly admired Mary And-
erson's personality is shown by the following:
"Fair; tall; of an imperial figure; her features reg-
ular; her changeful blue eyes, placid as a summer


248
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
lake or blazing with the fire of roused imagination; her
noble head, enwreathed with its copious wealth of golden
hair; her smile, the diamond sparkle of morning light;
her gestures, large, wide, graceful, free; her movement,
at times electrical with action, at times pathetically
eloquent of slow, wandering grief or the stupor of des-
pair; her voice, clear, smooth, silvery, ranging through
many moods, from the ripple of arch, bewitching mirth
to the low moan of anguish, the deep whisper of passion or
the clarion note of power — she filled the scene with her
presence, and she filled the hearts of her audience with
a refreshing sense of delightful, ennobling conviction
of the possible loveliness and majesty of the human soul."
One of Mr. Winter's most cherished mem-
ories is of a visit to Paddington Churchyard in
London with Mary Anderson, which he thus
eloquently describes:
"It was a Sunday, and the neighboring streets were
deserted and still. The sky, overcast with mist-like
clouds, was gray and dim. The leaves were falling, the
twilight was coming slowly and a faint breeze was idly
stirring the thin, withering grass. No sound was heard
save of rustling foliage and sighing wind. I was stand-
ing at the grave of Sarah Siddons, illustrious actress of
the Past; and beside me, pensive and mute, looking
down upon the mould, stood Mary Anderson, auspicious
actress of the Preseut. There, on the one side, a few
words, cut in marble, to record the end of a glorious
life: the garlands dead; the music hushed; the pageant
vanished. Here, on the other side, beauty in its radi-
ance; youth in its triumph; genius in its power; fame in
its glory. The contrast and the monition were too deep
for words. We laid a few flowers on that grave and
turned away in silence."
The last portrait in Mr. Winter's gallery is
that of the beautiful Adelaide Nielson. He
recognizes her beauty and personal charm, and
likewise her limitations.
"She wished to be, and she was determined to be,
the leading actress of the English stage in the plays of
Shakespeare. That purpose she avowed in my presence,
and she declared that no consideration should be per-
mitted to thwart or impede the accomplishment of that
design. Observation, in general, considered her char-
acter to be weak: at one time she was designated 'a
photograph actress.' No greater mistake could have
been made. Her character was, in some respects,
exceptionally strong. The defect in her organization,
and the consequent frailty of her plan, was that she
possessed the wild imagination, the 'fine frenzy' of
genius, without, in herself and for herself, its crowning
power of perfect intellectual control."
In the closing pages of Mr. Winter's book
he contrasts stage conditions of the present with
those of the past, and finds them " unsatisfactory
to persons who possess judgment, knowledge,
and taste." He uses a caustic pen in dealing
with the subject, as will be seen by these few
extracts:
"The theatrical audience of this period is largely
composed of vulgarians who know nothing about art or
literature and who care for nothing but the solace of
their common tastes and animal appetites."
"The theatre has fallen into the clutches of sordid,
money-grubbing tradesmen, who have degraded it into
a bizarre."
"The theatrical audience is either inconsiderate of the
actor or contemptuous of him—for, as a rule, its sole
quest is amusement, and its primary thought is of itself
and not of those who minister to its mental welfare."
"In our time the direction of the stage is commonly
assumed, not by old, competent, experienced actors, but
by some popinjay who calls himself 'a producer,' and
whose whole stock in trade consists of an owlish assump-
tion of wisdom, a mischievous celerity in interposing
frivolous objections, and an exasperating demeanor of
peacock authority."
"The stage has fallen on evil days. ... No indi-
cations are now visible that a change for the better is
near at hand. Every denotement, on the contrary, is
indicative of the decline of romance, and the growth of
vulgarity and greed."
This constitutes a sharp arraignment of the
stage and stage management of to-day. There
will be some who will condemn Mr. Winter;
many will disagree with him, but others will
applaud his courageous defense of the highest
mission of the theatre, and will rejoice that now,
as always, his pen has been devoted to the fur-
therance of that mission. They will remember
that he has always set a high standard, and has
never allowed himself to be diverted from what
he believes to be the truth by personal assault
of his motives, by ridicule of his high purpose,
or by managerial flattery or the sordid influences
of commercialism. Whether we accept or deny
his position there is food for serious thought in
his closing chapter, for as Mr. Winter says:
"The dramatic blessings of the age are not numerous,
and, with a view to their instruction and the improve-
ment of the time in which they live', its worshippers
might advantageously inquire whether such conditions
as now prevail would have been possible when the
theatre, instead of being, as it now is, under the control
of a sordid, crafty monopoly, was dominated by such
figures as Edwin Forrest, Edwin Booth, John Gilbert,
James E. Murdoch, Lawrence Barrett, John McCul-
lough, Lester Wallack, Thomas Barry, Augustin Daly,
E. L. Davenport, John E. Owens, William Warren,
Edwin Adams, William Florence, and Joseph Jefferson.
Let us be just to the Present, but not unjust to the Past."
George P. Upton.
The Origin and Development of
Secret Societies.*
No subject in primitive culture has aroused
more curiosity and discussion than initiation
rites and secret societies. In the book on
"Primitive Secret Societies," just brought out
by Dr. Hutton Webster, a careful accumulation
of data upon the subject is presented. In their
beginning, such rites and societies are related
• Primitive Secret Societies. By Hutton Webster. New
York: The Macmillan Co.


1908.]
249
THE
DIAL
to sex-ideas; and the first chapters of the book
discuss this phase of the matter. The separa-
tion of the sexes is fundamental in primitive
society. In Australia, New Guinea, and Me-
lanesia, Malaysia (and to a notable degree in
the Philippines), Hindostan, Farther India,
Micronesia, Polynesia, Africa, and to some
extent in the Americas, we find the primitive
institution of the "men's house." While it
presents various forms of expression, it is every-
where the abode of the unmarried men and " a
centre of the civil, religious, and social life of
the tribe." Also widely distributed are prac-
tices of a ceremonial initiatory character. While
several transitions from one age or period to
another are marked by such practices, the init-
iatory rites of puberty are particularly common.
Such puberty ceremonials have been described,
especially among Australian, African, and
Melanesian populations. They are usually
obligatory upon all males, and until the youth
has undergone them he is not recognized as a
man or an active member of his tribe. Such
rites generally include some test of endurance
or bravery, and the fact that they have been per-
formed is evidenced by some mutilation qr phy-
sical mark — as circumcision, tooth-extraction,
or gashing. The rite is often symbolical, and
involves the apparent death and resurrection of
the initiate, the adoption of a new name, the
sundering of old ties and relationships and the
formation of new ones, and the acquisition and
use of a new, or not generally understood, jargon
or language. During the period of the ceremony
the youths live apart and are instructed by
older men in the mysteries, the rights, the
duties and obligations of tribal membership.
Thus, "Australian lads learn the marriage
laws, the tribal customs and traditions, the
native games, songs, and dances, and the pre-
vailing moral code of the community " at this
period of seclusion. The ceremonies are an
effective system of social control; they are the
means through which the elders rule and gain
advantages for themselves. They are often
marked by deceit and trickery, and magic and
mystery are employed to enhance their power
and effect; on the whole, however, their result
is good.
"The initiation ceremonies which have been up to
this point the subject of study, present several clearly
marked characteristics. Above all, they are tribal:
every male member of the community must, at some
time or other, have passed through them. They are
secret, and jealously guarded from the eyes of the unin-
itiated. They are communal rites, and the occasion of
great festive celebrations which call out every member
of the tribe and absorb his energies over a protracted
period. They are organized and conducted by the
elders, who are the responsible guardians of the state.
They have a definite and reasonable purpose: the young
men growing into manhood must learn their duties as
members of the community; they must be schooled in
the traditions and moral regulations developed through
long periods of tribal experience. On the transmission
and perpetuation of this experience, the life of the com-
munity depends. In a state of society destitute of
centralized political control, such puberty rites constitute
the most effective means of providing that subordination
of the interests of the individual to the welfare of the
whole, without which social progress cannot be long
maintained. The initiatory institutions found among
the most primitive peoples in every quarter of the globe
answer to the most definite and imperative of social
requirements."
With development in the form of social
organization, the need of these initiation cere-
monies becomes less. As the chieftainship
becomes more sharply defined, there grows up
what Dr. Webster calls the tribal secret society.
These are aristocratic fraternities of limited and
selected membership, the function of which is
the performance of religious and magical rites
for the benefit of the tribe. Such secret societies
are not an invariable development, but where
they occur they grow out of the old initiation
ceremonies, and are marked by many of their
practices. They too serve as a mode of control,
the political, judicial, and economic value of
which is great. Such societies are common
and are remarkably developed among American
Indian tribes and many African peoples. They
are usually characterized by limited membership,
"degrees," "lodges,"' and " elaborate parapher-
nalia of mystery." The old effort of the elder
men to hold the power in their own hands is
here maintained, as only the older members can
reach the higher degrees. While the value and
function of such tribal secret societies has already
been somewhat suggested, their operations are
varied and deserve specific statement. They pro-
vide an inter-tribal bond; they act to strengthen
or reinforce the rising power of the chief, — it
is the man who is mounting to political power
who succeeds in gaining the higher degrees, and
behind him as a reliable supporting force are
those who participate with him in the secret rites
of his lodge; they confer upon their member-
ship privileges which place them above and out-
side of many of the tabus and prohibitions
holding upon the uninitiated. The tribal secret
societies thus become definite and powerful sys-
tems of control. This is clearly shown in such
organizations as the dulc-duk of Melanesia and
the purrah of Sierra Leone. One function, so
marked and definite that some writers have con-


250
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
sidered it the sole purpose of these organizations,
is the keeping of women in subjection.
Notwithstanding its value and power, the
tribal secret society tends to disappear with
advancing social progress. As communities
increase in importance, and social intercourse
grows, the mystery upon which the society
depends disappears. One symptom of this de-
cline is the admission of women to membership.
Contact with new and notably different social
conditions works toward their disintegration
and destruction; the trader and the missionary
alike aid in their downfall. We often find the
weakened tribal secret society the stronghold of
conservatism and of opposition to foreign influ-
ence. It usually disappears in one of two suc-
cessors—the social club or the magical fraternity.
To the latter, which is far the more important,
are related toteinic clan ideas. Webster's con-
cluding argument is devoted to a consideration
of the development of the magical fraternity of
priests and shamans charged with the perfor-
mance of magical and dramatic rites, and its
relation to the primitive totemic groups.
This summary of Dr. Webster's discussion is
condensed from his own outline, and adequately
conveys an idea of his treatment of this import-
ant and interesting subject. The value of his
work is apparent, and his book is the most satis-
factory presentation of its subject so far made
in English. It is the most important American
contribution to anthropological theory that has
appeared for a long time. Not that we agree
with each and every claim, but the argument is
well presented and the treatment will serve as
the basis for any further consideration.
Two minor points of taste and usage may be
raised. Why does Dr. Webster use the form
Basutos? He does so more than once — as
"Basutos boys." Basuto is a noun and an
adjective. There is a tendency to use many
tribal names as invariable, in respect of num-
ber,—as Eskimo, Botocudo, Ainu, etc. In
some cases this usage is perhaps based upon the
fact that the original name (as used by the tribe
itself or its neighbors) is invariable. Whether
this be the fact or not, in any given case, the
tendency exists among anthropological writers,
and seems good. So far as the word Basuto is
concerned, it is already plural — meaning the
Suto tribe or people. As a noun, then, Basutos
is bad. Our author's use of it is adjectival;
and it is rather late in English to make an
adjective agree in form with a plural noun.
Had this use of the word Basutos occurred but
once in Professor Webster's book we should not
mention it. It occurs more than once, and hence
seems to represent some rule of procedure.
Again, Dr. Webster pursues what we con-
sider a deplorable practice in the matter of
quotation. So far as concerns writers in English,
he generally does not make exact quotation,
preferring to re-state, in his own words, their
facts or conclusions. We hail his method and
commend his practice. We are only too glad to
break away from the style of most of our gov-
ernmental reports, where pages upon pages
present to us, not the author's own thought,
observation, digest, or argument, but a series
of long quotations, frequently of no value, which
merely show the compiler's lack of original
thought and labor and his desire to produce a
bulky volume by padding. Professor Webster,
we have said, avoids this; and we thank him for
it. But he does quote passages from foreign
writers, and these are in the original languages.
Thus, we have quotations in Haddon's English
as she is pigeoned in Melanesia — which ought
never to have been printed thus by Haddon him-
self— in French, in German, and in Italian.
These quotations mar Dr. Webster's work. We
hardly •believe that he could not translate and
re-state these as exactly as he re-states his
English references. It may be that all who
will read the book can translate these passages
for themselves; but we hope not. The book is
too good a book to be read by so small a group
of readers. It is published by a regular publish-
ing house that seeks trade, at a price warranting
a good sale to libraries and individuals. Id
such a book, these quotations smack of pedantry.
Frederick Starr.
The Story of a Poet's Liife.*
It was fitting that so fine a literary craftsman
as Thomas Bailey Aldrich should find his biog-
rapher in an almost equally painstaking and
finished artist in letters, Mr. Ferris Greenslet.
The " Life," awaited with something of eager-
ness and impatience, fulfils expectation: it fit-
tingly and delicately portrays the man and author
who was taken from us a year and a half ago,
one of the last survivors of New England's
Augustan age. Its excellence is one of exclu-
sion no less than of inclusion: in the compass
of three hundred uncrowded pages the story is
told — or largely made to tell itself from letters
— with a minimum of comment and criticism.
* The Life of Thomas Bailey Aldbich. By Ferris Greenslet.
Illustrated. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.


1908.]
251
THE
DIAL
No selection from the correspondence could have
been more discreet: personal names are fre-
quently supplied by dashes, and nothing that
could have vexed the soul of the writer has been
given to the public. As Aldrich himself once
said, after reading the Browning letters, "a
man — even the greatest — cannot stand being
photographed in his pajahmas"; and he thanks
heaven that we are spared Shakespeare's letters
to Anne Hathaway.
Mr. Greenslet takes early occasion to explain
that the theme of his book "is not the develop-
ment of a literary faculty; it is the story of a
man's life." A closing chapter of twenty pages
is given to " Aldrich's Poetry"; the rest of the
book is briskly and entertainingly narrative,
with that literary allusiveness, that concernment
with the things of the poet's and novelist's and
editor s world, that one looks for first of all in
such a biography. The early training of the
curly-haired, bright-faced youth who was born
in Portsmouth almost seventy-two years ago was
not what one might have prescribed for a future
poet. Disappointed in his hope of a college
education, his father having died suddenly when
the son was but thirteen years old, that son —
the only child, as it chanced, of his widowed
mother — entered at sixteen the counting-room
of his uncle's commission-house in Pearl Street,
New York. But, as the author says, —
"The years from 1852 to 1855, that Aldrich spent as
a clerk . . . seem to have left very little impress on
his mind. Possibly some of his careful habits may have
been formed there, and something of his shrewdness
and capacity in business matters, a capacity not very
prevalent among poets, may have sprung from this early
training; but from the first he occupied himself more
with lyrics than with ledgers. And his uncle used humor-
ously to complain that he would always be found study-
ing Spanish or doing something else equally remote from
the commission business. His real life was lived in the
little back-hall bedroom on the third floor of the house
in Clinton Place, where amid his books, his pipes, his
Japanese fans, of which he was an early collector, he saw
"' Such sights as youthful poets dream
On summer eves by haunted stream';
and wrote, as he recalled late in his life,' a lyric or two
every day before going downtown.'"
It was this same uncle, of the Pearl Street
counting-house, who said to his nephew, when
the young man had announced that the editor of
"Harper's " had accepted a poem of his and paid
him fifteen dollars for it, — " Why don't you
send the d d fool one every day?"
It is in the generous selections from Aldrich's
correspondence that the chief interest of the
book lies — by the wise intention of the self-
suppressing biographer. And how good the
correspondence is! One does not have to add
the contradictory adjective used by Aldrich him-
,self in writing of Lowell's letters. "How good
and how poor they are !" he exclaims. "Nearly
all of them are too self-conscious. Emerson and
Whittier are about the only men in that famous
group who were not thinking about themselves
the whole while. They were too simple to pose
or to be intentionally brilliant." Very little of
premeditation is there in the brilliancy of the
letters sent forth from Mt. Vernon Street, from
Ponkapog, or from the other places of residence
or sojourn in the writer's somewhat widely-
roaming life. His flashes seem as unexpected
to himself as to his readers. Writing to Mr.
Ho wells in 1876, he speaks of " The Queen of
Sheba," then just begun, and closes with a
whimsical reference to birthdays.
"Here is a grand chance for something at once humor-
ous and tragic. I feel at my poor best in the story, and
in respect to style and characterization, I intend to leave
my other prose tales behind — in their proper places!
"I have n't the heart to congratulate you on your
birthday. I used to coddle mine, playing with it, as an
infant plays with a powder-horn. A birthday is likely
to go off any time, and leave a fellow dead, or at least
mutilated for life."
Opinions of contemporary authors, expressed
in no uncertain terms, are scattered through the
letters. For example, Aldrich says of one of
these coevals: "Henry James has a plump and
rosy prose style, and lots of observation. I envy
him the easy grace with which he slips his pen
through forty or fifty miles of aristocratic land-
scape." And further, in regard to the same
writer:
"I think that characters in a novel should develop
themselves by what they say and what they do — as in
the drama. It appears to me a mistake to devote one
or two hundred pages to the analysis of characters which
accomplishes nothing. The persons in James's book
affect me like a lot of admirably 'made up ' actors in
the green-room waiting for their cue. Au rate, I
greatly admire Henry James. He is an essayist of the
very finest type; but he is not a natural story-teller."
Walt Whitman he rated not high among
poets. "The greater bulk of his writing," he
declares, "is neither prose nor verse, and cer-
tainly it is not an improvement on either. A
glorious line now and then, and a striking bit
of color here and there, do not constitute a
poet — especially a poet for the People." It
would have been strange indeed if these two had
admired each other! Browning, whom he else-
where links with Tennyson in a chance bit of
passing commendation, he describes personally
in a few graphic phrases.
"I met Browning on three occasions. He was very
cordial to me in a man-of-the-world fashion. I did not
care greatly for him personally. Good head, long body,


252
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
short legs. Seated, he looked like a giant; standing,
he just missed being a dwarf. He talked well, but not
so well as Lowell."
Of self-criticism and other illuminating com-
ments that indicate and exemplify Aldrich's
own literary methods and ideals, there is an
abundance in these selected letters. To Miss
Woodman, who soon afterward became Mrs.
Aldrich, we find him writing, in reference to a
poem he had sent her in manuscript:
"See if there are not any passages where the idea is
not worked out sharply. Obscurity, I think, is a kind
of stupidity, and I seek to avoid it always."
In another letter he says:
"There is only one critic I stand greatly in dread of;
he becomes keener and more exacting every month; he
is getting to be a dreadful fellow for me, and his name
is T. B. Aldrich. There is no let up to him."
And still again:
«I have a way of looking at my own verse as if it
were written by some man 1 did n't like very well, and
thus I am enabled to look at it rather impersonally, and
to discover when I have fallen into mere ' fine writing,'
a fault I am inclined to, while I detest it. I think
< Wyndham Towers' my best long poem, and 'Friar
Jerome' the next best."
The final chapter, as already stated, treats of
Aldrich as a poet, its predecessors having dealt
more particularly with his prose. After some
comment on the exquisite piece of verse entitled
"Memory" the biographer says:
"The lasting significance of Aldrich's poetry lies in
such pieces as this. Psychology, metaphysics, were
unknown lands to him. Yet with his fine sensitiveness,
his clear and candid mind, he was no stranger to some
of the subtlest thoughts, the most wayward and wistful
moods of his moody age. This alone would not give
him his peculiar distinction. Other men have been
more sensitive to the age-spirit, more 'representative.'
But when Aldrich went to embody the eerie impulse in
verse the miracle happened. He immortalized the
moment's exquisite pang of memory or joy or forebod-
ing, not in shadowy, but in crystalline verse. Impulses
the most romantic in the world he guided by an instinct
that was purely classic in its inspired poise. His most
characteristic work is that in which the terse polish of
an epigram but makes more memorable the frisson, the
haunting, heart-searching thrill of the sudden thought.
"In a complex and quizzical age, an age when
'The Muse in alien ways remote
Goes wandering,'
Aldrich, by the miracle of genius, and by his mastery of
his art, sang of beautiful and pleasant and sad things
as simply as an Elizabethan or a Greek singer of the
Anthology. For those who love poetry as a fine art,
who read it for pure delight, his place in our literature
is unique and secure."
If the book presents an Aldrich who is greater
than posterity shall be willing to admit, it is
certainly a common and on the whole a good
fault in biography — especially in the biography
of one so lately deceased. But the eulogy is
temperate, and the work is in general most sat-
isfying. The careful gathering of material, the
consultation with friends of Mr. Aldrich, the
valuable aid of Mrs. Aldrich, and, not least of
all, the author's own memories of the poet, have
combined with his loving study of Mr. Aldrich's
works to produce a biography that will not soon
be superseded. The customary pictorial em-
bellishment is provided; also a 32-page bibli-
ography, giving a chronological list of the orig-
inal editions of Aldrich's writings, and a not
over-plethoric index. pERCY p. Bicknell.
The French and Indian War in
America.*
In his interesting and valuable work on the
History of the United States and its People,
Mr. Elroy McKendree Avery has now reached
the period of the French and Indian War, the
period that was once felt to be peculiarly
Francis Parkman's own. Mr. Avery has not
superseded Parkman; no one could expect hira
to do that, for the New Englander was both an
historical specialist of the highest rank and a
literary genius — two things difficult to find,
and rarely found in combination. What Mr.
Avery has done, however, is to take Parkman's
material, study it carefully, cull from it gener-
ously, and then add to it the rich findings of
investigators subsequent to Parkman. The
result is par excelletice.
The opening chapter of this, Mr. Avery's
fourth volume, covers the events of the yean
immediately following King George's War; and
in characteristic fashion it describes the evidences
of social, economic, and educational progress,
closing with a very careful account of George
Washington's expedition northward in the inter-
ests of the Ohio Company. The second chap-
ter deals with the colonial preparation for the
last great conflict with France; the third, the
fourth, and the fifth, with the quadrilateral cam-
paign of 1755. Of this campaign, the best-
known incidents are the Braddock disaster and
the removal of the Acadians, to both of which
Avery has done justice, except that in the case
of the first he might have sought to correct the
erroneous but widely-diffused idea that Braddock
was ambuscaded. In the words of Professor
Bourne of Yale, " The encounter was a typical
forest fight; the British general had sent out
• A History of the United States and its People, from
their Earliest Records to the Present Time. By Elroy McKendree
Avery. Volume IV. Cleveland: Burrows Brothers Co.


1908.]
253
THE
DIAL
scouts and had taken every precaution against
surprise, but the trail was narrow, and, as the
French could fight in front and on both sides,
his vanguard was thrown into hopeless confu-
sion."
Concerning Avery's treatment of the Acadian
affair, perhaps more might be said than simply
that he has done the subject justice; for he has
evidently a thorough grasp of the material in
hand, and has shown the Acadians to be what
they really were, a litigious, priest-ridden, and
far from innocent people. That so much false
sentiment has been expended upon their fate is
much to be deplored; for even as exiles they do
not stand alone, their story has more than one
parallel in history, and the idealization of them,
which began with Abbe" Raynal, was continued
by George Bancroft, and found its culmination
in Longfellow's " Evangeline," had no basis in
fact. They were disloyal and treacherous to the
core. That Great Britain might have exacted
hostages of them as an alternative to removal, is
sometimes suggested; but it is doubtful if any-
thing could have made them keep faith. The
times were too critical for Great Britain to take
any chances, and the execution of hostages as a
punishment for betrayal would probably have
called down upon her in after years an even
more severe criticism from credulous and un-
thinking people. As it was, the Home Govern-
ment was not immediately responsible for the
removal, the idea of which apparently originated
with Governor Lawrence of Nova Scotia and was
heartily approved of by Governor Shirley of
Massachusetts. Both were fully cognizant of
the seriousness of the situation. The fate of an
empire was involved.
Here and there throughout this interesting
volume discussions of military occurrences are
interspersed with graphic descriptions of such
things as the inefficiency, during the earlier years
of the war, of the regular army and its officers;
the motley character of the Colonial contingent;
the failure of local assemblies to respond to the
urgent needs of the hour; the participation of
the Indians and their method of warfare; and,
finally, the gross financial corruption of the
French administrative system in Canada and the
rivalry between its civil and military authorities.
Nowhere can the reader possibly get a better
outlook upon the general situation and the com-
parative strength of the contestants.
In his ninth chapter Mr. Avery outlines the
capture of Louisburg, once the Gibraltar of
America, now a ruin. That capture was the
first great step in the British advance, and the
year 1758, in which it occurred, had only one
reverse, the loss of Ticonderoga—concerning
which a note might be added with reference
to the military tactics of the later eighteenth
century; since Abercromby's defeat, like the
subsequent Battle of Bunker Hill, affords a
striking illustration of the absurdity of trying
to carry a fortification by assault. In dealing
with the ascent to the Plains of Abraham, Mr.
Avery seems to incline toward those who under-
estimate the undertaking; but he is none the less
an admirer of Wolfe, and classifies the storming
and capture of Quebec as one of the decisive
engagements of the world. His chapter on the
Peace of Paris is not so definite as it might be;
it partakes almost too much of the nature of a
digression on court politics. The volume closes
with two excellent chapters on Indian compli-
cations, arising on the one hand from Cherokee
resentment of outrages and encroachments, and
on the other from the familiar Pontiac con-
spiracy.
Before remarking upon a certain historical
fact that Mr. Avery seems to wish to emphasize
at this stage of his work, attention should be
called to the many valuable maps and other
illustrative material that have been added to an
already large collection. All who realize the
close relation existing between geography and
history cannot fail to appreciate this most re-
markable and praiseworthy feature of the book.
Every movement, no matter how slight, of the
contending armies may be traced, and the coor-
dination of campaigns thereby understood. And
now, in returning to the point of emphasis, we
cannot do better than to quote Mr. Avery's own
words as given in his preface: "I shall be disap-
pointed if the careful reader of these volumes does
not understand, even before he takes up the next,
that the American Revolution was in the blood,
and that the Stamp Act and George III. were
simply irritants that hastened what could not be
avoided." Annie Heloise Abel.
A Perennial, Book on Spain.*
The review of a book sixty years after its
first appearance may seem somewhat tardy, yet
nothing that has ever been printed descriptive
of that spectacular country, Spain, better de-
serves a fresh notice than Richard Ford's work,
which has been newly published in attractive
form, but with its old title, "Gatherings from
•Gatherings from Spain. By Richard Ford. With an
Introduction by Thomas Okey. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.


254
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
Spain." It is a book of perennial interest, and
stolid is the man who can read its animated
and racy pages without a consuming desire to
visit the land they portray. The manuscript
was probably written with a goose-quill, and
inevitably some pre-railway information creeps
in; but the discussion is mainly of that which
changes little, especially in Spain; while the
manner is so charmingly discursive and the
style so epigrammatic and picturesque that the
reader is conscious of holding in his hand one
of the most entertaining books of travel in the
language.
Mr. Richard Ford, an English gentleman of
refined and artistic tastes, went to Spain in
1830 for a residence of several years. He
passed the winters in the south, and during the
other seasons rambled about the Peninsula on
horseback, carrying note-book and sketching-
pad in his saddle-bags. A scholar, an art ama-
teur, a minute and accurate observer, a collector
of curious knowledge, and withal a brilliant
writer, he was able to fill his portfolios with
the rarest of material. Once more at home in
Devonshire, in a garden-house of Moorish style,
shaded by pines, myrtles, and cypresses, brought
from the Alhambra, Mr. Ford passed several
years working over his notes and writing his en-
cyclopaedic " Handbook for Travellers in Spain
and Readers at Home." This remarkable book,
really a literary achievement, appeared as one of
John Murray's red-covered guides. Published
with this unpretending title most unattractively
in two formidable volumes of five hundred
closely-printed pages each, it yet was received
with enthusiasm, and soon became one of the
beskknown books in England. Prescott called
it" a perfect treasure, a veritable olla podrida."
Another writer said: "No work bearing so
humble a title ever enjoyed or deserved so imme-
diate, so wide, and so enduring a popularity";
while Sonnenschein, who can never be charged
with "mushy appreciations," says of it in his
great" Reader's Guide":" Ford's detailed study
of the nation is the standard authority, quite
classical in value. Most modern writers have
borrowed from it."
In 1846, somewhat over a year after the
"Handbook " was published, the author selected
and improved those portions which had a more
general interest, and published them as " Gather-
ings from Spain." As the title indicates, this is
the pick, the cream of the " Handbook," shorn
of its guide-book features. It tells the best
months to visit different portions of the penin-
sula, gives a surveyjjfiitscgeography, geology,
and botany, describes the roads, discusses the
breeds of horses and mules of the various dis-
tricts, the harnesses, the manner of driving, and
the language used to animals, including instruc-
tions on swearing in Spanish. Riding and
walking tours are planned and outlined with
full detail. A chapter is devoted to rivers ; two
to wines, naming the best varieties and most
celebrated vineyards; one to smoking; others to
eating, costumes, what courtesies to observe,
what pleases the Spaniard and what he resents;
in short, all that the intending traveller or the
curious reader likes best to know. Two excel-
lent chapters treat of the bull-fight, descriptively,
historically, and philosophically.
Mr. Ford is a most admirable adviser of what
to observe and what to do. Reading his book
is like having a long and delightful chat with a
comfortable full-blooded sort of fellow, not
without his prejudices, but who loves Spain and
is intimately acquainted with it. His epitaph
to-day reads: Herum Hispanice indagator
acerrimus. George G. Brownell.
Briefs on New Books.
"A Happy Half-Century" is the title
When fam* cnosen by Miss Agnes Repplier for
came eatilv. * o ro-
ller new volume of light essays
(Houghton), for the reason that explains, the period
referred to (about 1775 to 1825) is one in which
she would like to have lived because literary fame
was then so easily won. In her customary pleasant
fashion, and with abundance of apt quotation, she
makes the reader share with her a sort of amused
superiority to the persons pricked by her somewhat
pitiless pen, held up writhing for a moment on
its cruel point, and then consigned again to a well-
earned oblivion. It was the half-century of Mrs.
Chapone's much-belauded "Letters on the Improve-
ment of the Mind"; of Glover's " Leonidas," an epic
in nine books, which the author thriftily expanded
into twelve when he found the book-buying public so
tolerant of bombast; of Darwin's "Botanic Garden,"
enthusiastically admired, and translated into French,
Italian, and Portuguese; and of Mrs. Charlotte
Smith's "Emmeline," which rivalled in popularity
even " The Mysteries of Udolpho," and procured for
Mrs. Smith's son easy advancement in the Indian
service. "We sigh," says Miss Repplier, "to think
how many ladies became famous against their wills
a hundred and fifty years ago, and how hard it is
now to raise our aspiring heads"; henee the adjec-
tive she applies to the half-century, although in
reality she makes it out to have been a decidedly
dreary half-century for the readers of its platitudin-
ous ponderosities in multi-voluminous book form. It
was the age of the "accursed annual," in the essay-


1908.]
255
THE DIAL
ist's own words; the age of the Album Amicorum,
flowing with watery sentiment — if halting verse can
be said to flow; and the age in which, as Miss
Repplier puts it, the most frivolous occupation of the
good boy (in the story-book) is searching the Bible,
"with mamma's permission," for texts in which
David " praises God for the weather." Let us, how-
ever, be indulgent, and remember, as we turn in
weariness from much of the literature of the " happy
half-century," that the paradox of one age is the
platitude of the next Probably the happy half-
centurians found their books as wise and as witty
as we find ours. But the wisdom and wit of Miss
Repplier's observations concerning those books and
their readers they could not, unfortunately, without
committing an unpermissible anachronism, enjoy.
Bttavt
worth
reading.
American readers of Sir Spencer
Walpole's "Essays, Political and
Biographical" (Button) will no
doubt be most generally interested in the author's
estimates of American institutions and men. He
appreciates the greatness of the American Republic,
and his sympathies are freely and cordially ex-
pressed. In a well-written paper on the Causes of
the American Civil War, inspired, it appears, by
the historical work of Mr. J. F. Rhodes, the author
declares that "perhaps of all the men born to the
Anglo-Saxon race in the nineteenth century, Lincoln
deserves the highest place in history." And in his
essay on Lord Granville he emphasizes the services
of that statesman, in 1862, in preventing the English
government from assuming a hostile attitude toward
the United States; and apropos of the Treaty of
Washington (1871) he makes the statement that
Lord Granville, "when he left the foreign office in
1874 . . . had given his country the greatest boon
which it had ever received from any Foreign
Minister: the assurance of peace with the United
States." All the papers are interesting and readable
— excellent specimens of the author's genial style.
The subjects are largely political, but not exclusively
so: the paper on the Dining Societies of London has
no political interest, and the sketch of the diplomatic
activities of the Russian "ambassadress," Madame
de Lieven, should probably be classed as biograph-
ical. But the essays dealing with George Savile,
Godolphin, the Croker Papers, and the History of
the Cabinet, are popular discussions of problems in
English history and politics written with the ease of
one who is master of subject and style.
Force* and
tendenciet
of society.
The words "Modernism and Ro-
mance" give the title of a volume
from the pen of Mr. R A. Scott-
James, and are fairly descriptive of the contents.
The whole is intended to form a continuous argu-
ment; and various authors and books are selected
"as examples of certain intellectual or emotional
forces which are working in our midst and are
moulding the psychical organism of society." There
are sixteen chapters, with such captions as " Science
and Vandalism," "The Decadents," "The Apostles
of Protest," and "The New Romance." In each
chapter he discusses representative authors; thus,
under "The Fugitives" he writes of Lafcadio
Hearn, Miss Edith Durham, Pierre Loti, and Jack
London; under "The Self-Conscious Poet," of Mr.
W. B. Yeats, Mr. Stephen Phillips, and Mr. John
Davidson. His criticism is a good example of the
theme of his closing chapter, "The Personal Note
in Criticism," in the course of which he says: "The
effort to put off the convention of form and rely
upon the trained faculty of insight may indeed
result in foolish judgments from the foolish, but it
will give us wise judgments from the wise." The
individual essays in the book are bright as well as
thoughtful, although one must often differ from the
writer's opinions, literary or other. For example,
it is surely a rather intrepid and extreme admirer
who would now say of Lafcadio Hearn that " he was
probably the first among Englishmen who realised
the sterner foundations of Japanese character."
England has hardly based her political relations
with Japan on the lighter side of the Japanese
character, or depended on Mr. Hearn for initial
knowledge of her interesting Asiatic ally. Judging
the volume as a whole, we must feel, despite the
many meritorious parts and frequency of suggestive
or even stimulating passages, that the author has not
achieved the unity and comprehensiveness for which
the title and introduction led us to hope. But every
thoughtful reader will appreciate the value of any
sane attempt to connect scattered works with general
tendencies. (John Lane Co.)
Those already familiar with the plays
ffZ'Ji^r,of Mr. William B. Yeats will need no
literary drama. .
words to direct them to "The Uni-
corn from the Stars, and Other Plays " (Macmillan).
There will, perhaps, be readers of "The Celtic Twi-
light" and "The Secret Rose" who have not read
« The Land of Heart's Desire " or " The Countess
Cathleen "; and to these we may say that in this
volume of plays Mr. Yeats presents in a new form
some of the motives of his earlier work. Cathleen
ni Houlihan, for instance, was one of the subjects of
song of Hanrahan the Red, in the days when he lived
in the Burrough with Margaret Rooney and her crony
Mary Gillis. But there are also those who have but
a vague idea of Mr. Yeats and his dramatic work.
For such outsiders we will say that one of the phases
of the Celtic Renaissance has been the revival of a
national drama in Ireland. The movement is not
old: we believe that it was about 1900 when the Irish
Literary Theatre was founded, for which Mr. Yeats
and others wrote plays that generally put forward the
conception of national Ireland. Readers will also
remember " The Bending of the Bough," by Mr.
George Moore. The present volume includes three
plays written for the successor to the Irish Literary
Theatre, two by Mr. Yeats, and the one that gives
its name to the volume, by himself and Lady Gregory.
We believe that "The Hour Glass " and "Cathleen


256
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
ni Houlihan" have been published before; but
"The Unicorn from the Stars " was only given last
year. Of these plays we can hardly attempt a criti-
cism in a few words. They are an approximation
to an Irish folk-drama, using popular Irish tales as
material and popular Irish language as means. And
they are really popular Irish, not the conventional idea
of it that many of us may have in mind. The plays
impress us as having little dramatic character: we
should say that they conveyed their idea chiefly by
symbol rather than by action. For, like all neo-
Celticism, they are symbolic, or at least always have
the aroma of symbolism. We like to read and enjoy
them, rather than criticize them.
A little book with a long title is Dr.
Ina °c~eT Thomas Valentine Parker's on "The
Cherokee Indians; with Special Ref-
erence to their Relations with the United States
Government," which has appeared in the "Grafton
Historical Series." In a little more than a hundred
pages, the author gives a sketch of the history of
the Cherokees from the beginning of their relations
with the white settlers of North America to the
Federal legislation of 1902. The narrative is inter-
esting, if somewhat annalistic; and the facts are
generally accurate. In a work of this size, con-
densation is necessary and desirable; but Dr.
Parker's methods of selection have led him to
present rather a brief against the governments of
Georgia and the United States for their misdeeds in
connection with the Cherokees than a scientific
treatment of an important phase of American his-
tory. In the broader relations of the Indian ques-
tion, the book is very weak. There is no index,
but a bibliography is added, which, like the text, is
somewhat remarkable in its inclusions and omissions.
Thus, one finds an enumeration by years of the
several annual " Reports of Indian Commissioner,"
from 1860 to 1902, while an obscure reference to
"Fifth Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology" is
the only recognition of Dr. Royce's valuable mono-
graph, to which Dr. Parker might wisely have been
more generous of acknowledgment. There is an
imposing array of references to Congressional
Documents by their serial numbers; but confidence
is somewhat shaken when one discovers such an
omission as that of the correspondence concerning
the emigration of the Indians, contained in Senate
Document No. 512, parts 1-5, 23rd Congress, First
Session. Dr. Parker's text, however, though par-
tisan in tone, is a good popular introduction to the
subject of the Government's dealings with the
Cherokees; and this, doubtless, is the place which
the author has wished that it should fill.
In an isolated desert-rimmed plateau
Ja™uffX. on the north edge of the Grand
Canon of Arizona, two hundred and
fifty miles from Flagstaff "and only two drinks on
the trail," there lives a man who has spent his long
life in the pursuit of wild animals. He has hunted
every well-known wild beast of western North Amer-
ica, and he has never killed anything except when
the necessity of getting a living or of defending
human life drove him to it The fun of hunting for
him is not in killing, but in capturing and taming
his prey. His greatest achievement is represented
by the herd of buffalo that browse on his range.
Intent upon saving the vanishing race, he spent
ten years, in the seventies, hunting, capturing, and
taming the animals that became the founders of his
herd; and his success brought him fame and the
sobriquet of "Buffalo Jones." A summer or two
ago, Dr. Zane Grey accompanied the veteran fron-
tiersman on a cougar hunt, with a visit to the buffalo
farm and a round-up of wild mustang thrown in. In
"The Last of the Plainsmen " (Outing Co.) Dr. Grey
has told the story of the lion-hunt at first hand, in-
terspersing with it the camp-fire tales he heard of
other of his host's adventures. Chief among these
are the account of the memorable day when he roped
eight buffalo calves, — whereas it had generally-
taken him weeks to get one,—and of the musk-ox
hunt in the Barren Lands, when hard-won success
was turned to failure at the last minute by the
treachery of the northern Indians. Out of his long
experience Mr. Jones reaches the verdict that "the
tame wild animal is the most dangerous of beasts,"
that it takes years to understand any animal's mode
of reasoning — an indispensable requisite to dealing
with it, — and that conquering by kindness is an
empty phrase as applied to wild things. Dr. Grey
is an enthusiastic sportsman, alive to the pietur-
esqueness both of Western scenery and Western
character. He is also a skilful photographer of still
life, and has furnished many interesting pictures of
the country in which he hunted.
One of the most remarkable charac-
"%reatRll"0h." tere m the mo8t romantic period of
English history is Sir Walter Ralegh.
The facts of his life furnish forth a tale as stirring
as any of our novels of adventure and daring. We
have in bim the love of the sea, with all its mystery
and tragedy, the reaching forth into the unknown
with, at that time, its boundless possibilities, the
actual adventure with suspicious Indians and hostile
Spaniards, and the final conflict with unscrupulous
enemies at home reaching even to the cowardly
occupant of the throne. So, too, we have the won-
derful charm of the man, which appealed equally
to the Indian in his native wilderness and to the
great Queen herself, his conscientiousness which led
directly to the scaffold, his stern sense of duty, and
his simple piety. Such is the man admirably pre-
sented in his latest biography, Hugh de Selincourt's
"Great Ralegh" (Putnam). Even though the
book is written for the general reader with its
caveat for "scholasticus " — usually a warning to
be heeded by both learned and laity — the liveli-
ness with which the story is told will recommend it
to one already familiar with the facts. A graphic
picture is given of "the spacious times of great


1908.]
267
THE DIAL
Elizabeth," and the heavy change under the con-
temptible James. The record of Ralegh's trial, his
last and ill-fated expedition, and his magnificent
death, still grips one as if the story were not as
familiar as a twice-told tale.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Of the political figures of the last century that con-
tinue to loom large on the national stage, one of the
most interesting is that of John C. Calhoun the great
Nullifier. An excellent account of his political career
has been written for the " American Crisis Biographies"
(Jacobs), by Mr. Gaillard Hunt, showing clearly the
development of Calhoun's opinions and of his hold upon
the South, until he became a man of one idea and the
political dictator of his section. An interesting phase
of Calhoun's development is his change from a strong
national theory of government and vigorous activity as
a national statesman, to the extreme States-rights theory
as the author and responsible leader of the movement
for practical nullification. This change and the reasons
for it are clearly brought out by Mr. Hunt, whose
treatment of his subject is marked by sympathy and
intelligence. While the work does not show the bril-
liancy that made Von Hoist's similar biography so
notable twenty-five years ago, its fairness to all parties
makes it more trustworthy.
The Library of the University of Iowa has issued a
little "Handbook " (of vest-pocket proportions, or very
nearly) which gives interesting facts, historical and
descriptive, concerning this veritable phcenix of a
library that has twice risen from its ashes within the
last dozen years. That the Trustees had caught the
true library spirit as early as half a century ago is
shown by the fact that "when in 1858 it became neces-
sary to close the University because of lack of funds,
provision was made to care for the library during
the interim and to replenish it 'as circumstances may
require.'" Noteworthy is it that even this library for
serious and responsible readers and students is a closed-
shelf and not an open-shelf library — except at the
librarian's discretion.
"A Spanish Reader for Beginners in High Schools
and Colleges," by Professor Charles Alfred Tyrrell is
sent us by the American Book Co., who also publish a
text of Sefiora Avellaneda's "Baltasar," edited by Dr.
Carlos Bransby. This remarkable Biblical drama in
verse is the work of a Spanish woman of Cuban birth,
who died in 1873, and whose varied writings occupy a
high place in contemporary Spanish literature. Dr.
Bransby's introduction to this edition is of much value.
Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. are the publishers of a text
of Valera's "Pepita Jimenez," edited by Mr. G. L.
Lincoln. Unfortunately, the text is abridged, which
fact considerably qualifies our satisfaction in its present
publication.
A book much after the manner and purport of Samuel
Smiles's "Self-Help" is that by the Rev. Madison C.
Peters entitled " The Strenuous Career, or Short Steps
to Success " (Laird & Lee). The volume is packed with
edifying examples of worldly success attained in the face
of obstacles; and these are strung together on a thread
of good common-sense moralizing. The author warns
his readers that the fruits of success turn to ashes in the
mouth unless the success sought be a high and worthy
one. True success, he points out, "lies not in getting
what you desire, but in achieving that which will elevate
and ennoble yourself and at the same time confer some
benefit on your kind, — a success which will be measured
by its contribution to the world's welfare and happiness."
The combination of worldly wisdom with sound moral
standards, which the author shows, makes the book a safe
and helpful one to put in the hands of aspiring youths.
Notes.
"The Prairie," "The Pathfinder," and "The Pioneers"
are three volumes of Cooper now republished as " Cam-
bridge Classics " by the Houghton Mifflin Co.
"A Financial and Administrative History of Mil-
waukee," by Mr. Laurence M. Larson, is a recent issue
of the " Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin."
"First Year in United States History," by Mr. Mel vin
Hix, is an elementary work in two volumes, well illus-
trated, now published by Messrs. Hinds, Noble, and
Eldredge.
A new edition of Professor Richard T. Ely's " Out-
lines of Economics," revised with the collaboration of
Professors T. S. Adams, M. O. Lorenz, and A A. Young,
is now published by the Macmillan Co.
Messrs. Duffield & Co. publish pretty two-volume
editions, with colored frontispieces, of "Jane Austen's
"Pride and Prejudice" and " Sense and Sensibility."
Mr. R. Brimley Johnson writes the introductions.
A study of the Sunday laws of the United States is
the special feature of "The American Jewish Year
Book" for 5669, which otherwise contains the usual
miscellany of classified information upon Jewish sub-
jects. The volume is edited by Mr. Herbert Frieden-
wald, and issued by the Jewish Publication Society of
America.
"The Universal Self-Pronouncing Dictionary of the
English Language" is a work prepared by Mr. Charles
Morris, and based upon Webster. "Hurlbut's Handy
Bible Encyclopaedia," printed upon thin paper and
abundantly illustrated, is the work of Dr. Jesse Lyman
Hurlbut. Both books are thumb-indexed, bound in
flexible leather covers, and published by the John C.
Winston Co.
As evidence that interest in books relating to the
Philippines is constantly on the increase, Messrs. A. C.
McClurg & Co. announce that their " Handbook of the
Philippines," by Mr. Hamilton M. Wright, has recently
gone into a second edition, of which a considerable num-
ber of copies were taken by a London publisher for the
English market and the balance by a Manila firm for
sale in the Islands.
The Macmillan Co. publish a bibliographical com-
pilation, by Miss Grace Gardner Griffin, of " Writings
on American History" for the year 1906. This is a
resumption of the work done for 1902 and 1904 by
Professors Richardson and McLaughlin, and its con-
tinuance is now guaranteed for at least five years more.
It is a pity that there should be no immediate hope for
the bibliography of the two intervening years.
The name of David Swing, for many years the lead-
ing Liberal preacher of the West, is held in affectionate
remembrance by thousands who listened to his eloquent
sermons and shared in his gentle ministrations. All
these will be glad to learn that there will soon be pub-
lished a biography, written by the Rev. Joseph Newton,


258
[Oct. 16,
THE
DIAL
and authenticated by the family of Professor Swing.
The title is to be " David Swing: Poet-Preacher," and
the volume will contain portraits and illustrations of
Professor Swing's Chicago home, and of the old Music
Hall in which he spoke for sa many years.
An edition of Goethe's "Hermann and Dorothea,"
edited by Professor Waterman T. Hewett, and one of
Herr Paul Heyse's tale, "Er Soli Dein Herr Sein,"
edited by Dr. Martin H. HaerteL are recent German
texts from the American Book Co. From Messrs. D. C.
Heath & Co. we have "Neid," a tale by Herr Ernest
von Wildenbruch, edited by Professor C. William Pretty-
man. Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. publish "A First Ger-
man Book," the work of Professor George M. Howe.
Professor William Macdonald's "Documentary
Source Book of American History " gives us, in a single
volume, a selection of the documents hitherto presented
in a series of three volumes. Over six hundred pages
of source material is now offered to students at a
moderate price. The use of this work should become
general in our high schools. The student who has this
book as an adjunct to his narrative text may easily
double the efficiency of his work.
Professor A. Schinz is the editor of a volume of
"Selected Poems by Victor Hugo," published by
Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. The arrangement is sys-
tematic, and some of the longer poems are abridged. It
makes a small book, but a satisfactory one, within its
narrowly restricted limits. The same publishers send
us a diminutive volume of " Contes Extraits de Myrrha,"
by M. Jules Lemaitre, edited by Mile. E. Riville'-Rensch.
The "Lectures Faciles," prepared for the Messrs. Heath
by Miss Mary Stone Bruce, is a very elementary reading-
book of brief selections.
Publication of the limited definitive edition de luxe
of "The Poems of Madison Cawein" has been taken
over by Messrs. Small, Maynard & Co. The set con-
tains an introduction by Mr. Edmund Gosse, and is
illustrated by photogravures after paintings by Mr.
Eric Pape. The titles of the five volumes comprising
the set are as follows: Volume I., "Lyrics and Old
World Idylls"; Volume EL, "New World Idylls and
Poems of Love"; Volume III., "Nature Poems";
Volume IV., "Poems of Mystery and of Myth and
Romance"; Volume V., " Poems of Meditation and of
Forest and Field."
The death of Daniel Coit Gilman, which occurred
at Norwich, Conn., (his birthplace),on the 13th of this
month, deprived the country of one of its oldest and
most successful educators and one of its most useful
and distinguished citizens. He was a Professor at Yale
(his alma mater) from 1855 to 1872; then he became
President of the University of California; and in 1875
he took up his great work as President of the young
Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore, which he con-
tinued for twenty-five years, resigning his trust at the
beginning of the new century. Since then he has ren-
dered many honorable and important public services, as
President of the Carnegie Institute, of the National
Civil Service Reform League, of the American Oriental
Society, etc. He has been especially active in the pro-
motion of educational work at the South. Dr. Gilman's
published writings include books and magazine articles
on educational and scientific subjects, and several im-
portant biographies. This is but an outline of Dr.
Gilman's varied activities, which continued to the time
of his death, in his 78th year.
List of New Books.
[The following list, containing SOI title*, include* book*
received by The Dial since it* last issue.]
BIOGBAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Musical Memories: My Recollections of Celebrities of the
Half Century. 1850-1900. By George P. Upton. Illus., 8vo.
gilt top. uncut, pp. 345. A. C. Mod org & Co. $2.76 net.
With Whistler In Venice. By Otto H. Bactaer. Illus., 8vo,
gilt top. uncut, pp. 289. Century Co. $4. net.
Recollections of a Varied Career. By William F. Draper.
Illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo. gilt top. pp. 411. Little.
Brown & Co. $3. net.
Personal Recollections of Wagner. By Angelo Neumann:
trans, from the fourth German edition by Edith Liverroore.
Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 828. Henry Holt & Co.
12.50 net.
John Keats. By Albert Elmer Hancock. Illus., 8vo. gilt top,
uncut, pp. 235. Houghton Mifflin Co. $2. net.
Chateau and Country Life in Franoe. By Mary King
Waddington. Illus, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 833. Charles
Scribner's Sons. t2.50 net.
An Alabama Student, and Other Biographical Essays. By
William Osier. With portrait, in photogravure, 8vo, uncut.
Oxford University Press.
Louise de la Valllere and the Early Lite of Louis XIV. By
Jules Lair; trans, by Ethel Colburn Mayne. Illus. in photo-
gravure, etc., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 411. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. (3.60 net.
A Group of Scottish Women. By Harry Graham. Illus..
8vo. gilt top, pp. 343. Duffleld & Co. $3.50 net.
Bean Brnmmell and His Times. By Roger Boutet de Monvel.
Illus. in photogravure, etc.. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 199.
J. B. Lippincott Co. $2.50 net.
Great Ralegh. By Hugh de Selincourt. Illus., 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 310. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 13.50 net.
Women of Florence. By Isidoro Del Lungo: trans, by Mary
C. Steigmann. Illus. in color, etc.. 8vo. gilt top, uncut,
pp. 299. Doubleday, Page A Co. (2.26 net.
Richard Strauss. By Ernest Newman, with a personal note
by Alfred KaliBCh. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 141.
"Living Masters of Music." John Lane Co. $1. net.
Thomas Lin acre. By William Osier. Illus., 12mo. pp. 64.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. 75 cts. net.
Abraham Lincoln: A Tribute. By George Bancroft. With
portrait, 12mo, pp. 76. New York: A. Weasels Co. 60 cts. neU
HISTOBY.
A History of the United 8tates. By Edward Channing.
Vol. II.. A Century of Colonial History, 1660-1760. With
maps, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 614. Macmillan Co. $2.50net.
Venloe: Its Individual Growth from the Earliest Beginnings to
the Fall of the Republic. By Pompeo Molmenti; trans, by
Horatio F. Brown. Part III.. The Decadence. In 2 vols..
illus. in color, etc.. 8vo. A. C. McClurg & Co. $5. net.
History of the United States of America, By Henry
William Elson. New edition; in 6 vols., illus,, 8vo. Macmillan
Co. $7.50 net.
Napoleon and the Archduke Charles: A History of the
Franco-Austrian Campaign in the Valley of the Danube in
1809. By F. Loraine Petrelo. With maps and illustrations,
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 413. John Lane Co. (4. net.
State and Family In Early Borne. By Charles W. L.
Launspach. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 288. Macmillan Co.
(2.50 net.
The Story of a Border City during the Civil War. By
Galusha Anderson, S.T.D. Illus., 8vo, pp. 385. Little.
Brown, & Co. $1.50 net.
Documentary Source Book of American History, 1606-
1898. Edited by William MacDonald. 12mo, pp. 616.
Macmillan Co. $1.75 net.
Collections of the Illinois State Historical Library,
Vol. III., Lincoln Series, Vol. I.. The Lincoln-Douglas De-
bates of 1858. Edited by Edwin Erie Sparks. Illus., 8vo.
pp. 628. Springfield, 111.: Trustees of the Illinois State His-
torical Library.
The History of Events Resulting In Indian Consolida-
tion West of the Mississippi. By Annie Heloise Abel.
Reprinted from the Annual Report of the American Histor-
ical Association for 1906. 8vo, uncut, pp. 206. Washington:
Government Printing Office.


1908.]
259
THE DIAL.
QENBBAL LITERATURE.
The Aire of Shakespeare. By Algernon Charles Swinburne.
12mo, Kilt top, pp. 302. Harper & Brothers. $2. net.
Orthodoxy. By Gilbert K. Chesterton. 12mo, pp. 299. John
Lane Co. $1.50 net.
All Things Considered. By Gilbert K. Chesterton. 16mo,
uncut, pp. 296. John Lane Co. $1.50 net.
Park-Street Papers. By Bliss Perry. 12mo, gilt top, uncut.
pp.277. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
Studies of the Eighteenth Century in Italy. By Vernon
Lee. Enlarged edition; illus. in photogravure, etc.. large
8vo, gilt top. uncut, pp. 450. A. C. McClurg & Co. $6. net.
Realities and Ideals: Social, Political, Literary, and Artistic.
By Frederic Harrison. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 462. Macmillan
Co. $1.75 net.
A Happy Half-Century, and Other Essays. By Agnes Rep-
plier. Litt.D. 16mo. gilt top, pp. 249. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1.10 net.
Counsels by the Way. By Henry van Dyke. 12mo, gilt lop,
uncut, pp. 160. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1. net.
Literary Reviews and Oritioisms. By Prosser-Hall Frye.
12mo, pp. 312. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.26 net.
The Life of Lazarlllo de Tonnes: His Fortunes and Adver-
sities. Translated from the edition of 1554 by Sir Clements
Markham. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 103. Macmillan
Co. $1.25 net.
Anatole France. By George Brandes. With portrait, 16mo,
pp. 128. McClure Co. 75 eta. net.
The Divine Weeks of Josuah Sylvester. Edited by Theron
Wilber Haight. Limited edition; with frontispiece, l2mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 268. Waukesha. Wis.: H. M. Youmans.
VERSE AND DRAMA.
Faust. Freely adapted from Goethe's dramatic poem by Stephen
Phillips and J. Comyns Carr. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 208. Mac-
millan Co. $1.25 net.
The House of Bunmon: A Drama in Four Acts. By Henry
Van Dyke. With frontispiece in color, 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 120. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1. net.
Hero and Leander: A Poetic Drama. By Martin Schutze.
12mo. gilt top, uncut, pp. 176. Henry Holt & Co. $1.25 net.
The Pearl: A Middle English Poem. Done in modern verse by
Sophie Jewett. 12mo, pp. 103. T. Y. Crowell & Co. 40cts.net.
Poems. By Charles Sprague Smith. 12mo, pp. 82. New York:
A. Wessels Co. $1. net.
Mug-en: A Book of Verse. By Fannie Runnells Poole. With
frontispiece, 18mo, uncut, pp. 94. Bridgeport, Conn.: Niles
Publishing Co. $1.
NEW EDITIONS OP STANDARD LITERATURE.
Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Richard The Third, with
the Landing of Earle Richmond, and The Battle at Bosworth
Field. "Variorum Edition," edited by Horace Howard
Furness, Jr. With frontispiece, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 640.
J. B. Lippincott Co. $4. net.
The Novels of Jane Austen. With Introductions by R.
Brimley Johnson; illus. in color by A. Wallis Mills. Vols. III.
and IV.: Sense and Sensibility. 12mo. Duffield&Co. $2.50.
A Book of Limericks. By Edward Lear; illus. by the author.
12mo. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.50.
Poems of New England. Edited by Henry Wadsworth
Longfellow. New edition; 16mo, gilt top, pp. 288. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $1.25.
The Love Letters of Mary Wollstoneoraft to Gilbert
Imlay. With Prefatory Memoir by Roger Ingpen. Illus. in
photogravure, etc.. 18mo, pp. 177. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1. net.
The Life and Adventures of Don Quixote de la Mancha.
Translated from the Spanish of Miguel de Cervantes
Saavedra: illus. by H. M. Brock. 12mo. "Library of World-
Favorite Books." New York: Charles L. Bowman & Co. $1.
The Readers'Library. First Vols.: The Great English Let-
ter Writers, First Series; The Great English Letter Writers,
Second Series; edited by W. J. and C. W. Dawson. Each
16mo. Fleming H. Revell Co. Per vol., $1. net.
Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale. Edited by F. J. Furnivall,
with Introduction and notes by F. W. Clarke. 12mo, pp. 94.
"The Old Spelling Shakespeare." Duffleld&Co. $1. net.
The " First Polio " Shakespeare. Edited by Charlotte Porter
and Helen A.Clarke. New vols.: Coriolanus. Two Gentle-
men of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew. Each with frontis-
piece in photogravure, 18mo, gilt top, uncut. T. Y. Crowell
& Co. Per vol., 75 cts.
Cambridge Classics. New vols.: The Pathfinder, The
Pioneer, The Prairie, by James Fenimore Cooper. With
Introductions by Susan Fenimore Cooper. Each 12mo, gilt
top. uncut. Houghton Mifflin Co. Per vol., $1.
The World's Storytellers. Edited by Arthur Ransome. New
vols.: Stories by Edgar Allan Poe; Stories by Ernst Theodor
Wilhelm Hoffmann; Stories by Theophile Gautler, trans.
byLafcadioHeam. Each, with portrait, 16mo, uncut. E. P.
Dutton & Co. Per vol.. 40 cts. net.
FICTION.
Lewis Rand. By Mary Johnston; illus. in color by F. C.
Yohn. 12mo. pp.510. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.60.
The Testing of Diana Mallory. By Mrs. Humphry Ward.
Illus.. 12mo, pp. 649. Harper & Brothers. $1.60.
A Spirit In Prison. By Robert Hichens. Illus.. 12mo, pp. 663.
Harper & Brothers. $1.76.
The Lighted Lamp. By C. Hanford Henderson. 12mo, pp. 418.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50.
The Guest of Quesnay. By Booth Tarkington. Illus. in
color, etc., 12mo, pp. 336. McClure Co. $1.50.
The Great Miss Driver. By Anthony Hope. Illus.. 12mo,
pp.420. McClure Co. $1.50.
An Original Gentleman. By Anne Warner. With frontis-
piece. 12mo, pp. 339. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.50.
The Long Arm of Mannlster. By E. Phillips Oppenheim.
Illus.. 12mo, pp. 278. Little. Brown, St Co. $1.60.
The Fly on the Wheel. By Katherine Cecil Thurston. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, pp. 336. Dodd. Mead & Co. $1.60.
Lynch's Daughter. By Leonard Merrick. 12mo, pp. 316.
McClure Co. $1.60.
The Man from Brodney's. By George Barr McCutcheon;
illus. in color by Harrison Fisher. 12mo, pp. 355. Dodd,
Mead St Co. $1.50.
Wroth. By Agnes and Egerton Castle. 12mo, pp. 486. Mac-
millan Co. $1.60.
I and My True Love. By H. A. Mitchell Keays. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 353. Small. Maynard St Co. $1.50.
Though Life Us Do Part. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. With
frontispiece in color.12mo.pp.824. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50.
Every Man for Himself. By Norman Duncan. Illus.. 12mo,
pp. 306. Harper St Brothers. $1.50.
Holy Orders: The Tragedy of a Quiet Life. By Marie Corelli.
12mo, pp. 483. Frederick A. Stokes Co. $1.50.
The Big Fellow. By Frederick Palmer. Illus.. 12mo. pp. 513.
Moffat. Yard St Co. $1.50.
Three of a Kind : The Story of an Old Musician, a Newsboy,
and a Cocker Dog. By Richard Burton. Illus., 12mo, pp, 267.
Little. Brown, & Co. $1.60.
The Immortal Moment: The Story of Kitty Tailleur. By
May Sinclair. Illus., 12mo, pp. 815. Doubleday, Page & Co.
$1.60.
The Religion of Evelyn Hastings. By Victoria Cross. 12mo,
pp. 291. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.60.
Gilbert Neal. By Will N. Harben. With frontispiece, 12mo.
pp.362. Harper & Brothers. $1.60.
The Strawberry Handkerchief: A Romance of the Stamp
Act. By Amelia E. Barr. With frontispiece. 12mo, pp. 368.
Dodd, Mead St Co. $1.60.
The Tether. By Ezra S. Brudno. 12mo, pp. 336. J. B. Lip-
pincott Co. $1.60.
Long Odds. By Harold Bindloss. Illus., 12mo, pp. 401. Small,
Maynard St Co. $1.50.
The Quest Eternal. By Will Lillibridge. With frontispiece
in color. 12mo, pp. 326. Dodd, Mead Si Co. $1.50.
Annabel Channlce. By Anne Douglas Sedgwick. 12mo,
pp 266. Century Co. $1.60.
Amedee's Son. By Harry James Smith. 12mo, pp. 336.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.60.
Adventures of a Nice Young Man. By Aix. l2mo, gilt
top. uncut, pp. 407. Duffleld St Co. $1.60.
Wulnoth the Wanderer: A Story of King Alfred of England.
By H. Escott-Inman. With frontispiece and decorations in
color, 12mo, uncut, pp. 316. A. C. McClurg St Co. $1.60.
The Lost Angel. By Katherine Tynan. 12mo, pp. 301. J. B.
Lippincott Co. $1.50.
Tales from Bohemia. By Robert Nielson Stephens. Illus.,
12mo, uncut, pp. 841. L.C. Page & Co. $1.60.
The Courage of Captain Plum. By James Oliver Cur wood.
Illus.. 12mo. pp. 320. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.60.
Barry Gordon. By William Farquhar Payson. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 841. McClure Co. $1.50.


260
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
The Silver Butterfly. By Mrs. Wilson Wood row; illus. in
color by Howard Chandler Christy. 12mo. pp. 342. Bobbs-
MerrillCo. 11.50.
The Whispering Man. By Henry Kltchell Webster. With
frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 887. D. Appleton & Co. 11.50.
Colonel Greatheart. By H. C. Bailey. Illus. in tint. 12mo.
pp.472. Bobbs-Merrill Co. (1.60.
The Revolt of Anne Boyle. By Helen R. Martin. l2mo,
pp.387. Century Co. 11.50.
Cy WhlttaJcer's Plaoe. By Joseph C. Lincoln. Illus., 12mo.
pp. 408. D. Appleton & Co. $1.60.
The Kan Who Ended. Wax. By Hollis Godfrey. Illus., 12mo,
pp.301. Little, Brown,& Co. $1.50.
The Suspicions of Mrs. Allonby. By Maxwell Gray. With
frontispiece. 12mo, pp. 309. D. Appleton & Co. II .50.
The Sight Man. By Brian Hooker. Illus. in color, 12mo,
pp. 160. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.50.
The Altar Stairs, By G. B. Lancaster. i2mo, pp. 323. Double-
day, Page & Co. $1.60.
The Tent Dwellers. By Albert Biselow Paine. Illus., 12mo,
uncut, pp. 280. Outing Publishing Co. 11.50.
Bose-White Youth: The Love-story of a Young Girl. By
Dolf Wyllarde. 12mo. pp. 336. John Lane Co. J1.50.
The Expensive Miss Du Cane: An Episode in Her Life. By
S. Macnaughton. 12mo. pp. 802. E. P. Dutton & Co. 11.50.
A Venture In 1777. By S. Weir Mitchell. With illustrations
and decorations in color, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 120.
George W. Jacobs & Co. tl.26.
The Point of Honor: A Military Tale. By Joseph Conrad.
Illus. in color. 12mo. pp. 182. McClureCo. tl.26.
The Panther: A Tale of Temptation. Illus. in color, etc.,
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Patriotism; Battle Echoes; Humor;Pathosand
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"GOLDEN POEMS," with its wide appeal, at-
tractively printed and beautifully bound,
makes an especially appropriate Christmas
gift.
In two styles binding, ornamental cloth and flex-
ible leather. Of booksellers, or the publishers,
A. C. McCLURO & CO., CHICAGO.
Price, $1.50.


264
[Oct. 16, 1908.
THE DIAL
Important New Fiction
Ramsey Benson's A Lord of Lands
The nnusual and convincing story of the experiences of a man with an income of $50 a month and five children,
following his determination to leave the city and farm it in the Northwest. $1.50.
"Mr. Benson does for the humble workingman what Dr. Streeter, author of' The Fat of the Land.' did for the well-to-do —
relates the comforts and discomforts, the pleasures and the pains, the success and the failures of the farmer's life—will
appeal instantly and throughout its entire length to the lover of the outdoor life." —Boiton Transcript.
"We congratulate Mr. Benson upon making a most readable book out of his practical and emotional farmer's life, and
the steps that lead up to it. and we congratulate the public upon having secured a bit of literature of new flavor." — New
York Timet Review. (The complete two-column review on request.)
"Unique In literature. Told with the utmost art. Deeply Interesting." — San Franciico Chronicle.
Charles Battell Loomis's A Holiday Touch
And other tales of undaunted Americans. Illustrated by Fogarty, Gruoeb, Newell, Loomis, " Ht " Mayer,
H. G. Williamson, and T. W. Adams. $1.26.
This well-known humorist's best recent stories, chiefly accounts of how Americans won out smiling, with a brace of
Christmas tales. The author's " Cheerful Americans " is already in its ninth edition.
Stanley P. Hyatt's The Little Brown Brother
A stirring story of love and war in the Philippines by one who was in the thick of it. $1.50.
"Of unusual interest. Written by the only journalist at the front during the Pulajan campaign of 1904-1905. the work has
the freshness of first-hand observation, the vivid picturesqueness of the trained reporter, and the vigor of a man accustomed
to write cable dispatches. More than a novel: it is also a sensational political pamphlet."— The Nation.
"First worthy romance with scenes laid in our Eastern islands. The love story is the real thing."—N. Y. Timet Review.
Edgar Wallace's Angel Esquire
A highly ingenious mystery Btory in which an inexperienced girl has to oontend with three daring oriminals for
millions strangely bequeathed to one of the four. $1.50.
"Inspiring originality. Mr. Wallace has achieved the impossible. He has written a detective story having for its hero
a type absolutely new. Moreover, to make his book completely fascinating he put before his hero a problem of refreshing
fantasticality. The story grows breathlessly exciting. Through its thrilling developments Angel Esquire moves with an
airy aplomb that is irresistible. All the time he is smiling, full of quaintness and humor."—New York Tribune.
"One of the very best detective stories for years. A plot of exciting interest, real people, not a single strained situation,
a detective who is really a charming fellow with a sense of humor that is contagious. A strong and satisfying tale."
—San Francisco Chronicle.
For Young Folks
Mrs. C. W. Rankin's The Adopting of Rosa Marie
A sequel to " Dandelion Cottage." Illustrated by Mrs. Shinn. $1.50.
"Charming response to numerous requests for a sequel to ' Dandelion Cottage' . . . four delightfully natural and likable
little girls ... merry and pleasing ... no little thrilling excitement... good, wholesome, absorbing stories that Mrs. Rankin
deserves credit for writing and which fun-loving adults will enjoy no less than the young folk." — Chicago Record-Herald.
"Those who have read ' Dandelion Cottage' will need no urging to follow further the adventures of the young cottagers.
... A lovable group of four real children, happily not perfect, but full of girlish plana and pranks. ... A delightful sense
of humor pervades the book, and the amusing happenings from day to day make entertaining reading."—Boston Transcript.
Vernon L. Kellogg's Insect Stories
By the Professor of Entomology in Stanford University. Author of "American Insects," " Darwinism Today," eta,
Illustrated. Large 12mo. 304 pp. $1.50 net. (In American Nature Series.)
"The author is among the few scientific writers of distinction who can interest the popular mind. No intelligent youth
can fail to read it with delight and profit." —The Nation.
"Altogether delightful, and truly scientific." — Anna Botsford Combtock, of Cornell University.
Mary W. Plummer's Roy and Ray in Canada
By the Director of the Pratt Institute Library School, and author of "Roy and Ray (n Mexico." With map,
Canadian national songs with music, and illustrated from photographs. $1.75 net. • ;.
The volume embodies very much that is interesting concerning Canadian history, manners, and customs, as well a»
descriptions that describe and pictures that really illustrate. The book will be useful as a travel guide, but it is primarily
intended to cover a hitherto neglected field for children.
The Boston Transcript said of"Roy and Ray in Mexico": "It deserves the widest circulation and no public library
can afford to be without it."
Selma Lagerlof's Christ Legends
Translated from the Swedish by Velma SwanstonHoward. 12mo, 272 pages, with decorations by Bertha Stuart
Boxed. Probable price $1.25 net. (Nov. 1st.)
Hamilton W. Mabie in the Outlook: "Selma Lagerlof is regarded by many students of Swedish literature as the fore-
most living Swedish writer. There seems to be a feeling that, when the time is ripe, she will be awarded a Nobel prize."
Alice C. Haine's The Luck of the Dudley Grahams
V if Illustrated by Francis Day. $1.50.
^"Among the very best of books for young folks. Appeals especially to girls."—Wisconsin TowntMP
Library Hit.
HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY


THE DIAL
21 &rmi=fflontf)Ig Journal of ILi'terarg Criticism, Wincaman, anb Information.
THE VIAL (founded in 1HH0J is published on the 1st and lfith of
each month. Teems of subscription, 82. a year in advance, postage
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Hatter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3,1879.
No. 537. NOVEMBER 1, 1908. Vol. XLV.
Contents.
PAOB
CHARLES' ELIOT NORTON 277
CABBAGES AND ROSES. Charles Leonard Moore. 280
CASUAL COMMENT 282
An educator and administrator of more than
national fame.—The iniquitous book publisher.—
A German Oscar Wilde. — Dante in Omarian
quatrains. —The army of unemployed or would-be
novelists.— Miscorrections of misquotations. — An
English reader of The Dial.
COMMUNICATIONS.
Did St. Peter " Peter Out"? Clinton B. Evani . 284
The Origin of " Peter Out." Samuel Willard . . 284
A Question of Misquotation. H. W. F. . . . . 285
The Public Library and the Workingman. Samuel
H. Rauck 285
The Administration of the University of Illinois.
Arthur H. Danieh 285
A WOMAN IN UNKNOWN LABRADOR. Munton
Aldrich Havens 286
THE TRAGEDY OF KOREA. Frederic Austin Ogg 289
CANADIANS OF LONG AGO. Lawrence J. Burpee 291
THE SPANISH INQUISITION IN HISTORY.
Laurence M. Larson 292
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . . .294
Miss Johnston's Lewis Rand. — Lewisohn's The
Broken Snare.—Viele's Heartbreak Hill. — Par-
rish's The Last Voyage of the Donna Isabel. —
Kramer's The Castle of Dawn. — Miss Sinclair's
The Immortal Moment. — Bailey's Colonel Great-
heart. — Phillpotu's and Bennett's The Statue. —
Bindloss's By Right of Purchase.—Bindloss's Long
Odds.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 297
Editorial essays from "The Atlantic." — An out-
door book for in-door use. — Great movements and
leaders in biologic science. — Memoirs of a business
man, soldier, and diplomat. — Astronomical refer-
ences in the Scriptures. — The new Rug book. —
The psychology of advertising. — An analysis of
Attention and Feeling.
BRIEFER MENTION 300
NOTES 300
TOPICS IN NOVEMBER PERIODICALS.... .302
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 308
CHARLES ELIOT NORTON.
The life of colonial New England, resting
upon the granite of puritan character, was richly
provided with the elements of sincerity and
strength, but was singularly devoid of the qual-
ity of charm. Two centuries of weathering were
needed to disintegrate the rock, and cover it with
a soil in which culture might take root and
flourish. When the time came, the soil proved
richly fruitful, and from it sprang the fine
flowers of ethical order and exalted patriotism,
of aesthetic feeling and literary art. With that
efflorescence of the spirit of man in the new
world, America first achieved a literature of its
own, and adorned its annals with the names of
Bryant and Longfellow and Whittier, of Haw-
thorne and Lowell and Emerson. As com-
pared with these names, the name of the quiet
scholar who passed away at Cambridge on the
twenty-first of October was less resounding in
the world of publicity, but it does not seem too
much to say that in penetrative influence upon
American character the man who bore it was
the peer of any of his contemporaries. We can
think of no man who has embodied more fully
and satisfactorily than Charles Eliot Norton
the distinctive qualities of that idealism toward
which we still believe, despite all discourage-
ments, that our best self as a nation aspires.
Mr. Norton was born November 16, 1827,
and consequently lived until his eighty-first year
was all but completed. The trees of Shady Hill
that waved over his cradle were the trees that
filled the air with autumnal murmurs as he drew
his last breath; for he was one of the few who
in this country of ours have the double fortune
of living to venerable age and of dying under
the roof-tree that sheltered their infancy. The
fact may be taken as symbolical of the steadfast
continuity with which his fourscore years were
devoted, with a singleness of purpose underlying
all their variety of occupation, to the pursuit of
essential virtue and truth and beauty. It was
in or near his Cambridge home that he labored
all the years of his active life, save for his brief
period of faring abroad on business in early
manhood, for his occasional European sojourns,
and for his many summers at Ashfield, among
the hills of western Massachusetts. And for the


278
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL
last half-century Shady Hill has been sought
out by the wise and good of other lands as the
Mecca of their American pilgrimage, and by the
fellow-countrymen, old and young, of the sage
who lived there, for the sake of its gracious
hospitality, and the inspiration of personal con-
tact with its master.
As the son of Andrews Norton, himself iden-
tified with the college for fifty years, Charles
naturally became a son of Harvard, and was
graduated with the class of 1846, at the age of
nineteen. Among his classmates were Child and
Lane (later his colleagues), Fitzedward Hall and
George Frisbie Hoar. The first few years after
his graduation were spent in business, and in
1849 he went on a voyage to the East Indies
as supercargo. But the commercial life did not
attract him, and he soon took up his studies
again. He found his chief interest in the his-
tory of art, and this subject necessarily took
him to Europe for considerable periods. It was
upon one of these European trips (in the mid-
fifties) that he made Ruskin's acquaintance, in
the cabin of an excursion boat making the trip
from Vevay to Geneva. The account of this
meeting, as given in Ruskin's "Prseterita," is
so charming that we will quote from it at some
length.
"I noticed that from time to time the young Amer-
ican cast somewhat keen, though entirely courteous,
looks of scrutiny at my father and mother.
"In a few minutes after I had begun to notice these
looks, he rose, with the sweetest quiet smile I ever saw
on any face (unless, perhaps, a nun's when she has some
grave kindness to do), crossed to our side of the cabin,
and addressing himself to my father, said, with a true
expression of great gladness, and of frank trust that his
joy would be understood, that he knew who we were,
was most thankful to have met us, and that he prayed
permission to introduce his mother and sisters to us.
"The bright eyes, the melodious voice, the simple,
but acutely flattering, words, won my father in an in-
stant. The New Englander sat down beside us, his
mother and sisters seeming at once also to change the
steamer's cabin into a reception room in their own home.
The rest of the time till we reached Geneva passed too
quickly; we arranged to meet in a day or two again, at
St. Martin's.
"And thus I became possessed of my second friend,
after Dr. John Brown; and of my first real tutor, Charles
Eliot Norton.
"The meeting at St. Martin's with Norton and his
family was a very happy one. Entirely sensible and
amiable, all of them; with the further elasticity and
acuteness of the American intellect, and no taint of
American ways. Charles himself, a man of the highest
natural gifts, in their kind; observant and critical, rather
than imaginative, but with an all-pervading sympathy
and sensibility, absolutely free from envy, ambition, or
covetousness; a scholar from his cradle, nor only now a
man of the world, but a gentleman of the world, whom
the highest born and best bred of every nation, from the
Red Indian to the White Austrian, would recognize in
a moment, as of their caste."
This characterization by a man of genius
leaves little to be said, and serves particularly to
illustrate that faculty for friendship which drew
into Mr. Norton's intimacy many of the choicest
spirits of his time. It would be interesting, did
our space permit, to extend the quotation by
Ruskin's whimsical speculations as to " what sort
of soul Charles Norton would have become, if he
had had the blessing to be born an English Tory,
or a Scotch Jacobite, or a French Gentilhomme,
or a Savoyard Count." For the writer makes
it very clear that his new friend does not belong
to America, being "as hopelessly out of gear
and place, over in the States there, as a runaway
star dropped into Purgatory."
Mr. Norton's early connection with Harvard
as a teacher took the form of an instructorship
in 1851 and of a lectureship in 1863-4. It was
not until ten years after this that he entered
into his lasting relations with the College.
Meanwhile, he married Miss Susan Sedgwick
in 1862, and in the same year joined with Mr.
Lowell in editing "The North American Re-
view," an occupation which busied him for six
years. He was also one of Mr. Godkin's asso-
ciates in the early years of " The Nation " (begun
in 1865), and during the years of the Civil War
just preceding he acted as secretary of the Loyal
Publication Society, compiling broadsides which
strengthened the patriotic heart of the people
in their struggle to preserve the nation. Even
earlier than all this, he had been influential
in bringing about the establishment of "The
Atlantic Monthly," and was one of the con-
tributors to its first number. Besides these
literary activities, he had also found time to
write two books, "Considerations on Some
Recent Social Theories," and " Notes of Travel
and Study in Italy," dated 1853 and 1859
respectively.
It was, then, with no mean record of scholarly
achievement and public service that Mr. Norton,
in 1874, at the age of forty-six, accepted the
chair offered him at Harvard by his cousin the
President. The chair was created for him, and
he was styled Professor of the History of Art,
but he interpreted art in a broad sense, and
found in it as many implications as his friend
Ruskin. It has been happily said that his real
academic function was to serve as Professor of
Things in General, by which is meant simply
that his conception of art was so liberal, his
sense of the inter-relationship of all cultural and
social interests so lively, that he could not uar-


1908.]
279
THE
row his work to the mere discussion of aesthetic
technicalities, but was perforce constrained to
take within his purview all the deeper concerns
of human existence. He so vitalized the aca-
demic spirit of the institution that he became
easily its most popular teacher, and his class-
rooms were filled to overflowing. His winning
manner, and the finished style of his discourse
proved so attractive to the eager and ingenuous
young men who thronged to his lectures that it
became a problem to provide them with accom-
modation, and it was finally found necessary to
reduce their numbers by restricting the courses
to upper classmen. During the twenty-four
years of his regular teaching, nearly all the stu-
dents who went through Harvard were found in
his classes at one time or another. It would be
difficult to overestimate the extent of the influ-
ence which he thus exerted upon a whole gener-
ation of college students —an influence always
exerted for sanity and restraint, for a correct
appreciation of art and for the understanding
of its correlation with life. As President Eliot
once said: "Thousands of Harvard students
attribute to his influence lasting improvements
in their modes of thought, their intellectual and
moral interests, and their ideas of genuine suc-
cess and true happiness." The only book that
resulted from these courses on the history of
art was published in 1880, and was entitled
"Historical Studies of Church-Building in the
Middle Ages."
During the eighties, he added to his work
courses on Dante, imparting the results of his
life-long study of the poet. As early as 1865,
he had joined with Longfellow and Lowell in
establishing a little Dante Club in Cambridge,
which met Wednesday evenings, largely for
the discussion of Longfellow's translation then
in active preparation. Mr. Norton's own little
book on the " Vita Nuova " (an essay with trans-
lations) had appeared in 1859, and his complete
version of the work came out in 1867, accom-
panying his colleague's version of the " Divina
Commedia." His own prose translation of the
Comedy was given to the world in 1891-2.
Not long afterwards he delivered a course of
lectures on Dante on the Percy Turnbull
Foundation at the Johns Hopkins University.
These lectures have never been published, and
it should be one of the first duties of his literary
executors to see that they are made into a book.
Mr. Norton's editorial labors in connection
with Carlyle, Ruskin, Lowell, and Curtis are
not the least of his claims upon our gratitude.
After Froude's mangled version of the Carlyle
correspondence, the family turned to Mr. Norton
for redress, and there resulted "The Corre-
spondence of Carlyle and Emerson" (1883),
"The Correspondence of Carlyle and Goethe"
(1887), and "Carlyle's Letters and Reminis-
cences" (1887). For the authorized " Brant-
wood" American edition of Ruskin, extending
to about a score of volumes, but unfortunately
far from complete, he wrote the prefatory essays
in the several volumes. He was Lowell's literary
executor, and gave us (1893) the "Letters of
James Russell Lowell" in two volumes. A year
later, he had prepared the three volumes of
"Orations and Addresses " by George William
Curtis, who was also one of his closest friends.
He had a true genius for friendship, as these
instances show, and as is also revealed in the
published correspondence of Edward FitzGerald,
Leslie Stephen, and E. L. Godkin, to name only
a few other examples. These warm relationships
with his famous contemporaries have sometimes
led to the ill-natured and unjust assumption that
his reputation rests upon a parasitical basis. But
no one who reads the letters whioh these men
wrote to him could hold that opinion in good
faith, or fail to discern the modest self-effacement
which characterized his relations with them.
An important part of Mr. Norton's life is
connected with the town of Ash field, in western
Massachusetts, where, with Curtis for a neigh-
bor, he made his summer home for over forty
years. He identified himself with the civic life
of that little community of a thousand souls,
and inspired it with his own ideals of good
citizenship. His influence revived the moribund
Academy of the town, and the institution of the
Ashfield dinners, held annually in the town hall
for a quarter of a century, made the place known
the country over. He presided at these dinners,
and when the homely fare had been disposed of,
and the material man was at peace with the
world, the spiritual man took his place, and
discussed questions of high social and political
import, under the leadership of the beloved pre-
siding officer, and of the distinguished guests
whom he had brought there to speak. "Ichabod"
is now the word for Ashfield, but it will long
remain an inspiring memory.
It was during the year of our wicked war
with Spain and of our national orgy of iniquit-
ous imperialism that Ashfield became best known
to the country. Mr. Norton had no doubts
upon the moral issues then involved, and no
hesitation in condemning the course taken by
his country in those disastrous years. His Ash-
field address of August 25, 1898, stirred up a


280
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL
storm of excitement, and brought upon his head
the sort of villification which is always the lot
of the far-sighted patriot who dares rebuke his
fellow-citizens for their lapse from virtue. As
early as June of that year, when he had just
retired from his Harvard duties, and accepted
the title of Professor Emeritus, he had spoken
upon the same subject in Cambridge with no
uncertain voice. He had said in closing:
"My friends, America has been compelled against
the will of all her wisest and best to enter into a path
of darkness and peril. Against their will she has been
forced to turn back from the way of civilization to the
way of barbarism, to renounce for the time her own
ideals. With grief, with anxiety must the lover of his
country regard the present aspect and the future
prospect of the nation's life. With serious purpose,
with utter self-devotion he should prepare himself for
the untried and difficult service to which it is plain he
is to be called in the quick-coming years." k,
The wisdom and sanity of that utterance will
sometime receive general recognition. It was
then the wisdom of a minority, but the decade
that has since elapsed already shows signs of a
reaction in the sense of that deliverance, and
the "untried and difficult service" henceforth
to be required of American citizenship will be
more and more accepted as an obligation in the
days to be.
The man who takes this position in the face
of the angry Demos is sure to be called a pessi-
mist, and the title is a badge of honor. The
pessimists (in this sense) are about the only
persons who have done any real good in the
world. To Mr. Norton, the storm-cloud that
burst in 1898 had long been gathering. Sev-
eral years before he had written, in a private
letter, of " these dark days when the advocates
of culture and the maintainanoe of morality in
politics find their best type in Mrs. Partington,"
and had added: "At any rate, let us use our
brooms as briskly as we can till the tide quite
drowns us out." But, however disheartened
he grew under the pressure of events, he never
lost faith in the future. And once writing to
Godkin, he spoke of "the good old cause of
civilization — the cause which is always de-
feated, but always after defeat taking more
advanced positions than ever before." In his
eightieth year, he said to a friend that if life
were to be lived over again he thought, for his
part, that he would like to live it in Chicago,
because he seemed to see working there, in all
the welter of vulgarity and commercialism, a
power for good that would in time come to its
own. Such hopefulness as that is surely no
mark of pessimism in any rational meaning of
the term.
Mr. Norton received honors that were fairly
commensurate with his deserts. He was awarded
the doctorate by numerous universities, includ-
ing both Oxford and Cambridge. His name
was one to conjure with wherever scholarship
was held in esteem. His permanent memorial
in Harvard is the Library which bears his name,
provided by a fund collected in 1905 from over
five hundred subscribers, and having as a nu-
cleus his own private collection of books. Two
things remain to be done in his further honor.
One is the preparation of an adequate biography;
the other is the collection of his widely-scattered
writings. Of the first, we need only say that
the recipient of such letters, addressed to him
by such men as Ruskin, FitzGerald, Stephen,
Lowell, and Godkin, as have already been pub-
lished, must have given in measure no less rich
than he received, and that the epistolary material
for a biography is sure to be abundant. Of the
second, we would urge that Charles Eliot Norton
belongs to American literature, and that his
rightful place among our authors is to be secured
and perpetuated only by making generally acces-
sible to readers the large mass of his writing
now concealed in the files of periodicals, in
editorial contributions to other men's books, and
in his unpublished manuscripts. This pious
duty should be entered upon at once, and its
performance based upon the principle that what-
ever such a man had to say must be worth
preserving.
CABBAGES AND ROSES.
The trend of modern thought has been to assert
that cabbages are as admirable as roses — nay, that
they are superior; for we can eat cabbages, whereas,
like Du Maurier's poor musician, we do not habitu-
ally "lif on roses." In almost all contemporary
criticism this utilitarian idea crops up. We ought
to admire, we are told, the creations of the modern
fiction-monger, because he gives us people who are
of use in the world — fanners, fishermen, doctors,
engineers; because these are, as a rule, models of
unselfish conduct, paragons who do their whole duty
in this life. How superior they are, how much
better fitted for our guidance and imitation, than
the self-centred, imperious saviors or destroyers of
mankind, the lords of ideal fiction, — Prometheus,
Achilles, Hamlet, Lear, and their like!
The old literature saw everywhere hierarchies of
spiritual and intellectual beings, of animate and in-
animate objects. Some incarnations of humanity
were greater, wiser, more splendid than others;
some natural objects were more beautiful and per-
fect than the rest. The idea of fitness and appro-


1908.]
281
THE
DIAL
priateness pervaded art The heroines Ophelia or
Belvidera had to go mad in white satin: now we
put her in a patched frock and sabots.
It is certain that we are, all of us, striving for
wealth, power, distinction, or rule. We prefer
mansions to hovels, athletes to cripples, beautiful
women to homely ones. The shopgirl dreams of
being a duchess; the salesman imagines himself a
hero. Why should not this universal, this saving
instinct of mankind for what it deems the best find
expression-in literature? It has always done so
before, and the finest figures of fiction are the em-
bodiments of this human worship of greatness and
beauty.
The extremes of life are the regions of supreme
art. On the one side are the princes and poten-
tates and powers and dominations of the world. It
is hardly necessary to say that these need not be
born in the purple, — but they must have heads
upon which crowns of some kind naturally fall. On
the other side are the creatures of the gulf and
gloom, dark apparitions of poverty, madness, rebel-
lion, and despair. Great art bridges the distance
between these opposite worlds; it strides easily from
Hyperion's palace to Job's dunghill; from IUyria's
court to the tavern where Burns's Jolly Beggars are
congregated; it discovers in one work Lear on his
throne dealing out kingdoms, and the same person-
age crouching on the ground defenseless against the
outrage of the elements. In the one case the artist
deals with beauty and grandeur, — and poetry and
romance come easily to him. In the other case he
works with shadow and horror, and power is ready
made to his hands. In both cases the subject is
given to him and he has only to prove himself
equal to it.
But there is a vast extent of life where the sub-
ject is not given to the artist, where he has, by
mere handling, to make significant and interesting
the ordinary and common happenings of mankind.
This is the region of social comedy and the modern
novel. Moliere's work would be mainly of this kind
were it not that the gods descend from their heights
in the Misanthrope, and the gulf surges up from
below in Don Juan, Tartuffe, and the Miser. Re-
acted upon by humor, this middle region of life
can become a spectacle of power; painted merely
for itself, it is likely to be monotonous, insipid, flat
Vanessa said that Dean Swift could write beauti-
fully about a broomstick. Our modern novelists do
not often write as well as Swift, but their task is
essentially to make something out of nothing — to
dress up the broomsticks of ordinary life so that they
shall seem animated and strong. It is creditable to
their skill that they do very frequently produce such
an illusion, but somehow their work has the trick
of fading away before that of the creators who take
the good the gods provide in the shape of great
characters and actions.
For there is a difference in the quality of actions.
These take color and grandeur from their settings
and surroundings. Generally, things done, spec-
tacles presented on the stage of the world, are more
impressive in the eye of mankind than those enacted
in suburbs or purlieus. A young girl who works to
support an aged mother or a crippled brother may
have a heart as pure, a devotion as high, as Jeanne
d'Arc; but the depth of spiritual monitions, the
pomp of state and war, the terror of a fiery doom,
lift the French maiden out of all comparison with
humbler fates.
Modern writers are almost all humanitarians. It
is an honor to their hearts that they are so — that
they have taken up the cause of the down-trodden,
the forgotten, the average human being. They
have said to themselves that love and joy and pain
and death are universal, — that there is no reason
why a poor young clerk should not love with the
passion of a Romeo, why a deserted girl of the
streets should not feel as deeply as Marguerite,
why any mother mourning over her dead should not
be as great a figure as Niobe or Rizpah. And there
is perhaps no reason, except that of fitness, if the
author feels competent to supply three-fourths of the
capital stock in such characters. If he feels that
he can afford to throw away subject and rely en-
tirely on handling, there is no reason why he should
not do so. .
For while sensation, feeling, emotion are univer-
sal, intellect is not universal. I am willing to con-
cede that average or inferior human beings feel as
deeply as beings of a higher grade; but they can-
not express their feelings. They are inarticulate;
and art, which is expression, rules out the inarticu-
late. Romeo is Romeo because of the magnificence
with which be utters the litany of love. A Mar-
guerite who could not sing of the King in Thule,
or plead with her lover about religion, or utter the
wonderful sentences of the dungeon scene, would be
a failure. A Lear or a Timon without their kingly
splendor of thought and speech would be incon-
ceivable. But the modern novelist may say that
he can dower his average or inferior character with
thought and language of his own. Even if he can,
there is the question of fitness. Ninety-nine times
out of a hundred the extremes of action and thought
and speech which go to make up a great character
in fiction would be ridiculous if brought into the
milieu of the middle class.
The whole matter comes round to a question of
subject Are there any subjects, actions, themes,
better than others? Are there any kind of person-
ages more suited to exploitation in literature than
the common ruck of mankind? Are there any
surroundings — grandeurs or splendors of scenery,
sunsets, storms, moonlight magnificences, architec-
tural backgrounds, palaces, gardens, and the like —
which help and heighten a work of art? In short,
is there any real difference between cabbages and
rosea?
In one of the first and perhaps one of the most
important of Matthew Arnold's critical pieces, the
preface to his Early Poems, he deals with this ques-
tion. The essay is a revolt against the mannered


282
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
detailed modern work in poetry—all foreground —
and an appeal for the large masses and outlines of
the ancients. Seize a great action, he tells the poet;
approximate language will follow. It will — if the
author is filled with the power of his theme, capable
of being thrilled by its significance. Great actions
are usually, the results of great causes; they take
place among those who have that stamp of intellec-
tual superiority which, far more than emotional agita-
tion, is the mark of the highest type of literary
creation. Emotion must exist in them, but it must
find vent in deeds and words which denote mental
power. The modern novelist, in painting the average
man and woman, is necessarily debarred from great
actions. His sense of fitness keeps him from put-
ting into the mouths of his characters that concen-
trated intellectual speech which was the privilege
of the poets of the past. He tries to make up for
these deficiencies by the analysis of character and
of moods of mind. But just so far as he pushes
this, his figures lose validity and vitality. They are
seen to be puppets moved by himself — or, at the
best, dissections of dead souls.
Life seen near at hand is mostly detail. The
trivial, the unimportant, the commonplace, do not
fall away and leave the masses and the meanings of
the scene apparent. Real contemporary life, there-
fore, would seem to be suited mainly to comedy and
social satire. Not until we get away from the foot-
hills do the great mountains loom up. It is not
that the heroic age is past — that there are no great
souls, mighty intellects, wonderful actions, magnifi-
cent settings for deed and character to-day. All
these things doubtless crowd the world. But just
as the singular and superb figures and actions which
gleam to us out of the past were in their own time
obscured by rivals or inferiors, so with us our best
is hidden and hustled away in the multitude of
happenings. In this sense it may be said that the
commonplace is the uncommon which has not yet
been tested by time and space.
Practically, the great artists of literature who
have brooded deepest over life have affected the
distant or the past for their creations. They were
not foolish enough to doubt that human life is al-
ways essentially the same; they did not really
believe in any Age of Gold, or Day of the Gods.
But they knew that to evolve tragedy, romance,
poetry, they must get away from the garish light of
their own hour. All the great epic poems are pro-
jections against the mists of antiquity. The great
dramas are founded on traditions and legends of
historical or immemorial past. Shakespeare has not
one play of contemporary life — or if the Italian
Comedies are contemporary, they get from remote-
ness what they lack in age. Again and again
modern poets and romance writers have entered the
grave of the past to resurrect it. Goethe and
Schiller, the German Romanticists, Scott, Byron,
Rossetti, Hawthorne, Poe — one would have to call
the roll of modern literature to name all who have,
in the main, avoided their own day and their own
native life. To be sure, there are exceptions. Per-
haps Hugo's Lea MisSrobles is the most remarkable
effort to find romance and tragedy at home. Is it
successful? And are the Realists — the men and
women of the last great revolt in literature, the
artists who have refused to paint except direct from
the model — are they successful? In comedy, in
Bocial satire, there can of course be no doubt: that
is their province, and Jane Austen and a hundred
successors must live in letters. But in tragedy, in
romance, have the Realists, the greatest of them,—
Balzac, Turgenieff, Zola, Tolstoi, — done anything
that will last beside the work of the older schools?
Time alone can tell. Yet these authors have one of
the sources of power that I have indicated above:
they dive into the depths and draw forth its crea-
tures of gloom and horror. They deal little with
average fairly-contented or happy humanity. If
anything saves them from posterity, it will be their
pessimism. Charles Leonard Moore.
CASUAL COMMENT.
An educator and administrator op more
than national fame was Daniel Coit Gilman,
whose recent death was briefly noted in our last
issue. Although we are inclined to identify him
chiefly with the Johns Hopkins University, of
which he was the first president and whose destinies
he controlled for a quarter-century, his leadership in
other good causes and large enterprises was enough
to make him famous. His first educational position,
after a thorough training at home and abroad, was
the librarianship at Yale, to which he was appointed
in 1855, at the age of twenty-four. But he soon
transferred his interests and energies from the
library to the class-room, being made professor of
physical and political geography, and about the
same time also secretary of the governing board of
the Sheffield Scientific School. Two other offices,
the superintendency of public schools and the sec-
retaryship to the State Board of Education, fell to
him before leaving New Haven, in 1872, to assume
the presidency of the new University of California.
His acceptance, three years later, of the task of
shaping the first real university in this country, —
"a place for the advanced special education of
youth who have been prepared for its freedom by
the discipline of a lower school," in Dr. Gilman's
own words,—and his splendid success in building
up an institution that soon ranked with the old uni-
versities of Europe, are matters too familiar to need
dwelling on here. The work of his last years as
head of the Carnegie Institution at Washington,
and his literary labors — chief of which is his
"Life of James Monroe" in the American States-
men Series — are less familiar to the public. Curi-
ously enough, and perhaps somewhat unfortunately,
Dr. Gilman's attention to matters of practical ad-
ministration, to dealing with men and rubbing


1908.]
283
THE
DIAL
elbows with the world, had developed in him a cast
of countenance that bespoke shrewdness and hard
common sense rather than profound learning and
intimate acquaintance with the world of letters.
Thus he sometimes failed of being credited with
the scholarship, wide rather than deep, that he un-
doubtedly possessed. . , ,
The iniquitous book publisher, that cruel
taskmaster who grinds the faces of poor authors
and stubbornly refuses to conduct his business
solely for the glory of literary art and the speedy
emolument of writer-folk, plies his shameful trade
from Greenland's icy mountains to India's coral
strand (with some allowance for poetic license),
and from where Aurora first tints with pink the
morning sky to where Phoebus's car descends afar
in a blaze of glory into the western wave. The
"Japan Times" prints an article deploring the yoke
of poverty imposed by publishers on the necks of
long-suffering authors, and announcing the forma-
tion of an association for diverting the stream of
yen now pouring into publishers' pockets so that it
shall henceforth empty into the purses of authors.
"The Association," the writer proceeds, in language
that we take pleasure in reproducing unaltered,
'* has been mooted under the name 'Fushin-kai' by
Messrs. Kikutei Taguchi, Shunyo Yanagawa, and
others. According to its prospectus, members shall
produce one work each every year; the copyright
shall be preserved by the Association, ten per cent
of the proceeds from the sale of the book shall be
granted to the author, and the remainder shall be
appropriated to the funds of the Association. The
principal object of proceeding funds is to render re-
lief to members." All very beautiful, but incom-
plete. How about disastrous ventures? "Will ten
per cent of the losses on an unsuccessful book be
collected from the author and the remainder de-
ducted from the "proceeding funds" of the Asso-
ciation, or levied on its members? And is there to
be any censorship or control of the works that the
members are expected, willy-nilly, to produce,
"one work each every year "? Brave schemes like
this have flourished (in glowing prospectus) nearer
home than Japan; but like the famous and (in all
respects but one) admirable plan for belling the
cat, their largeness of promise throws into total
eclipse their meagreness of accomplishment.
• • •
A German Oscar Wilde, in the person of
Franz Wedekind, is writing for the now world re-
nowned "Chamber Theatre" in Berlin plays that
are described as ultra-realistic, with strong lean-
ings toward the erotic. The extreme realism is
more properly Zolaesque, but interwoven are bits
of epigram and repartee not unworthy of Oscar
Wilde at his best. The theatre's revolving stage,
with its seven faces for successive presentation to
the audience, makes possible a bewilderingly rapid
change of scene; so that many of Herr Wedekind's
plays resemble, in the shortness of the segments into
which they are cut, the breathless and harrowing
tales serially told in the cheap daily newspaper.
Details of the realistic effects aimed at (and often
hit) at the "Chamber Theatre" are given by Mr.
C. Valentine Williams in "The Contemporary Re-
view." The very rising of the curtain is attended
with solemn ceremony. First a gong is sounded
somewhere at the back of the stage,— one heavy,
booming note. The attendants glide noiselessly to
the doors and close them; the lights are slowly
dimmed till darkness is produced; then the gong
sounds again, and with a soft rustle the green silk
curtains divide, the drop rises, and the play begins.
As the faintest ray of daylight would spoil the per-
fect illusion, there are no matinees at the "Kam-
merspielhaus"; and, moreover, calls before the cur-
tain are forbidden, lest the charm should be broken.
Besides Wedekind, Ibsen and Maeterlinck are
played at this theatre. "Ghosts" is said to have
been presented with a faithfulness of detail, a per-
fection of acting, and a ruthlessness of subtle finesse,
that were positively wrenching. On the whole, the
reported plans and purposes of this Berlin enter-
prise had raised hopes of rather better and worthier
things than are now described by eye-witnesses.
But the stage rarely rises to a level higher than the
public on which it depends for support. The
"Chamber Theatre" is unendowed, its managers
are human, they have their bills to pay,—so what
could one expect? ...
Dante in Omarian quatrains would have at
least, amid the countless translations of the Divina
Commedia, the quality of novelty. The Rev. Dr.
William Wilberforce Newton is said to be now en-
gaged upon a new version of the poem, wherein he
makes use of the four-line stanza rendered so fa-
miliar to all the world by FitzGerald and his imita-
tors and parodists. Not the entire poem, however,
is to be thus rendered, considerable portions being
modelled somewhat after the plan of the Greek
chorus. Will it be possible to read any of Dante's
lines in the metre of Omar and still feel that one is
reading Dante? Take, for instance, the very open-
ing stanzas, which Dr. Newton has thus turned into
English:
"Dark was the wood and devious was the way
When in life's journey towards the close of day,
Midmost twizt youth and age, a stubborn path
Beguiled my feet that were not used to stray.
"How hard a thing in truth it is to tell
The rough and cruel steps I took! The spell
Of terror worse than death which o'er me hung
The while I loitered in this wooded dell.
"Ah ! bitter was that fear, enmeshed with Fate!
E'en Death itself seemed like a kindlier state.
Yet what I saw when from the light I turned,
And all the good I found, I will relate."
There is much that is novel in Dr. Newton's plan
of an English Dante, and we hope he will see fit to
publish his work — the occupation and recreation
of many leisure hours; but the feeling that he is in


284
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL,
some sense infringing on FitzGerald's patent must
be more or less present with his readers. Such, at
any rate, has been our feeling in reading the few
excerpts which have come to our notice.
• • •
The army of unemployed or would-be
novelists responded nobly to the hundred-guinea
prize lately offered by Mr. Fisher Unwin, the Lon-
don publisher, for the best first novel (first by its
author) submitted to him. This offer is said to
have brought forth a stream of type-written matter
estimated at eighteen miles in length — a result at
once pitiful, pathetic, and amusing. Excepting a
small fraction of a furlong, all those miles of inno-
cent white paper, bescribbled with comedies and
tragedies, with heroisms and villainies, with plots
and counterplots, were to no purpose, except possi-
bly to teach the deceitfulness of human hopes. The
fortunate fraction, entitled "The Woman and the
Sword," is from the pen of one Rupert Lorraine,
who, by his coy reluctance to grant the publisher a
personal interview, and by other marks of shyness,
excites one's suspicions that "Rupert Lorraine"
(happy commingling of Unguals and dentals, with
one labial to give snap to the whole) may be a
pseudonym, and also that the modestly shrinking
Rupert may be a woman. The story, however,
whatever its authorship, is to be published very
soon, and is to be made the basis of still further
prize offers, — for the best telegraphic criticism, not
exceeding twelve words, of its merits (and de-
fects?), for the best limerick inspired by its pages,
and for the best imaginary portrait of the reticent
Rupert . . .
Miscorrections of misquotations are some-
times amusing; but there is one in the October
number of "The Author" that surprises and puz-
zles more than it amuses. A correspondent, appar-
ently well-read and not unused to handling a pen,
takes issue with " C. K. S." ( even cis-Atlantic read-
ers will recognize who is meant) on the literary
ethics involved in a recent case in the English
courts, and shows his approval of the court's decis-
ion that literary work should not be liable to "re-
hash on the part of irresponsible editors." The
writer then adds: "But the many lovers of Fitz-
gerald must have squirmed at so hideous a misquo-
tation as fell from the lips of the great littirateur
during the progress of the case. . . . 'Ah, take the
cash in hand, and let the credit go,' 'C. K. S.' was
reported to have said, which does not so correctly
interpret his attitude towards literary work as what
Fitzgerald really wrote: 'Ah, take the cash in
hand, and waive the rest.'" If this last is a vari-
ant reading of the third line of FitzGerald's thir-
teenth quatrain, it is certainly an unfamiliar one.
This volunteered correction from one signing him-
self "Omar," together with the incorrect form of
FitzGerald's name, makes one wonder whether
the Tent-maker and his English translator are al-
ready falling into oblivion in England.
An English reader of The Dial seems
angered by the examples of misquoted poetry
taken from a prominent London weekly and printed
in a recent issue, and he retorts, with little logic and
no signature, that the locution "from whence,"
which appears in the same paragraph, is "ignorant
usage" such as "a third form schoolboy would be
flogged" if guilty of. The schoolboy might offer
in defense that the phrase appears in the works of
standard English authors, and that the International
Dictionary says of it: "From whence is fully
authorized by good usage." But this would prob-
ably increase, rather than allay, the anger of our
pleonastic friend.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
DID ST. PETER "PETER OUT"?
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In your latest issue is a discussion of the source of the
expression " peter out." The dictionaries throw no light
on the subject. Perhaps that is because the etymology
of the phrase is so obvious, particularly to anybody who
has a tolerable familiarity with the Bible. You will
remember that Peter denied Christ. He " Petered out"
in the most shameful way at a critical time in the life of
the great teacher. There is no chance for the learning
of the scholars in this matter. The thing is obvious on
ite face- Clinton B. Evans.
Chicago, October 30, 1908.
THE ORIGIN OF "PETER OUT."
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In the matter of " peter-out," passing the almost too
obvious suggestion of Peter's weakness at the trial of
Jesus, for this recent phrase we seek a modern origin.
Peter was a fisherman; hence he was early taken as the
patron saint of that craft. The guild of Fishmongers
in London has the cross-keys of St. Peter in its armorial
bearings. It is not strange, then, if Peter and fish are
often found together in phrase and fable. The haddock
is named in France morue dt Saint Pierre, bearing on
his shoulders two dark spots that show where the saint
pinched him when he took the tribute coin from his
month; and elsewhere the "John-dory" is a peterfish
with the same tradition. Hunting for an etymology in
a Danish dictionary, I ran upon the singular fact that a
"Peterman " is a fisherman; and Halliwell, Wright, and
Hotten say the same thing; but Hotten limits this use
of the word at the present time to Gravesend on the
Thames.
A "peterboat" is defined in the Standard Dictionary
as a fishing-boat pointed alike at both ends; also, a
crate to float in the water and keep fish alive: said to
be a "local U. S. usage." The Webster International
does better: "A peterboat is a fishing-boat sharp at both
ends." HalUwell (Arch, and Prov. Engl., edit. 1865)
says, " A boat which is built sharp at each end and can
therefore be moved either way." He calls it a Suffolk
word, from the east coast of England. Wright agrees
on this. But hear Admiral W. H. Smyth of the Royal
Navy (of whose many books see Allibone): "Peterboat


1908.]
285
THE
DIAL
of the Thames and Medway, so named
for St. Peter, the patron of fishermen. . . . These boats
were first brought from Norway and the Baltic. They
are generally short, shallow, sharp at both ends, with
a well for fish in the centre £here is the Standard's
crate], 225 feet over all, and six feet beam " (Sailors'
Wordbook, 1867, s. v.). Notice that all these definitions
pnt stress on the sharpness of the ends of the boat
Here then is the original of " peter-out," to grow small
or thin.
Hotten (Slang Dictionary, 1865) defines the verb,
"to peter, to run short or give out." Bartlett (Dictionary
of Americanisms, edit. 1877) says, "To peter out, to
exhaust, to run out." He quotes two examples, — from
the Boston Post, 1876, "the mines were petered out,"
making the verb passive, or like is gone, it /alien;
from the N. T. Tribune, "the influence of the Hon.
seems to have quite petered out."
But I first heard "peter-out" nearly twenty years
earlier, in 1858, from a New Hampshire man. He had
been on a farm, and later in a printing-office in Dover,
a river city; still later he was among the lumbermen of
Minnesota. The word in his mind had no relation to
mining. This fact, and Hotten's definition in 1865,
prove that the Standard Dictionary certainly errs in
defining the word as primarily a mining term. It says:
"In mining, to thin out, become exhausted: said of a
vein or seam: and used with out: colloquially extended
to anything that fails, or loses its power, efficiency, or
value." On the contrary, the phrase was extended to
mining from its wider sense. The definition in the
Webster International is correct, but is plainly made up
from Bartlett; and it is erroneously marked "Slang,
U. S." But I have shown that it is English in origin.
As peterboat preceded peter out, I am warranted in deriv-
ing the verb from the tapering shape of the boat, thin
and sharp.
There are two other verbs that I should notice: (1)
peter, to act the Peter Funk at an auction, making fic-
titious bids; this is purely American; (2) the English
pether (Wright, Prov. Diet., and Halliwell), "to run; to
ram; to do anything quickly or in a hurry." This is
in use in America; for instance, "I'm gwine to peter
down to Washington" (Chicago Evening Post, 1871).
_. Samuel Willard.
Chicago, October t4, 1908.
A QUESTION OF MISQUOTATION.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
In regard to the misquotation of an extract from
"The Rainy Day," commented on in the "Communi-
cations" department of your last issue, where an
English writer is accused of making seven errors in
quoting two lines from Longfellow's familiar poem, I
notice that four of the errors are caused by the sub-
stitution of the last line of the third stanza of the
poem (correctly quoted) for the last line of the first
stanza, which is thus incorrectly quoted. That is, four
of the seven words that are wrong are really Long-
fellow's, and appear elsewhere in the poem.
H. W. F.
Cambridge, Matt., October S6, 1908.
[It is true that the substitutional words appear
elsewhere in the poem. They appear also in the
dictionary.—Edr. Dial.]
THE PUBLIC LIBRARY AND THE WORKINGMAN.
(To the Editor of Thk Dial.)
Referring to the paragraph on page 202 of The Dial
of October 1, giving an account of the " Boston cabman
of literary tastes," it occurs to me that your readers
might be interested in seeing a list of books which one
of our branch librarians recently reported to me as
having been read by a worker in the Wolverine Brass
Works in this city. It is the purpose of this enter-
prising working-man to take up the history of all the
countries in a similar way. This is his list: Prescott,
"Conquest of Mexico," "Conquest of Peru"; Donnelly,
"Atlantis"; Young, "Rome"; Hudson, " Greece"; Okey,
* Story of Venice ;Crawford, " Salve Venetia "; Myers,
"General History"; Breasted, " History of Egypt."
I am sure such a list might be parallelled by other
libraries if they keep track of what individuals are
reading. Samuel H. Rauck, Librarian.
Grand Rapidt Public Library, October 20, 1908.
THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE UNIVERSITY
OF ILLINOIS.
(To the Editor of Thb Dial.)
Enclosed please find a communication which is called
forth by an article lately appearing in the public press,
attacking the administration of the University of Illinois.
The Senate of this University consists of the whole body
of full professors, and may be presumed to voice the
University sentiment in any matter it takes action about.
It will be seen that this body has adopted an absolutely
unqualified vote of confidence in the President of the
University and his administration of University affairs.
If you will kindly give this communication a place in
your columns, you will confer a favor on the Faculty of
the University of Blinois. Arthuk H. Daniels,
Professor of Philosophy, Secretary of the Senate.
Urbana, Illinois, October 16, 1908.
At a meeting of the Senate of the University of Illinois,
held Thursday afternoon, October 15, the following resolu-
tions were adopted:
Whereas, There is ground for apprehending that recent
articles in the press may lead the public to think that
academic freedom is suppressed or interfered with at the
University of Illinois by the President, or that tenure of
office is insecure because of autocratic administration; there-
fore, without entering at all into a discussion of the case
referred to in said article, be it
Resolved, By the Senate of the University of Illinois
(a body which includes all heads of departments and full
professors in the University), that it is our belief that each
member of the faculty has entire freedom of opinion; that
he is free to express his opinions on all matters of University
administration and educational policy to his colleagues and
to the President without interference and without fear that
it will endanger his position.
Resolved, That we hereby express our confidence in the
President of the University and our conviction that he admin-
isters his high office as a colleague rather than as a superior.
Resolved, That in the opinion of the University Senate the
course of the administration has been such as to stimulate
to a marked degree the higher scientific and educational
interests of the University.
Resolved, That as members of the faculty we assure the
President of our loyal and hearty support in the varied and
difficult responsibilities imposed upon him as the executive
head of this University.


286
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL
tyt itfa ioohs.
A Woman in Unknown Labrador.*
Few books of exploration have commanded
so wide an interest, on the part of such varied
classes of readers, as Mr. Dillon Wallace's
"The Lure of the Labrador Wild " and " The
Long Labrador Trail." In the former, Mr.
Wallace told of the unsuccessful attempt, in
1903, of Leonidas Hubbard, Jr., himself and an
Indian guide named George Elson, to traverse
the interior of Labrador northward. Starvation
was Hubbard's fate; Wallace narrowly escaped
the same death after struggling heroically to
save his leader and comrade; the Indian guide,
with centuries of endurance as his heritage, suc-
ceeded in reaching a settlement and sending aid
— in time for Wallace, too late for Hubbard.
In the second book Wallace related his success-
ful attempt (two years later), inspired by the
example of his friend, to accomplish the task
that Hubbard had undertaken.
It would be curious to appraise at their true
value the elements of these narratives which
have led to their wide circulation. In point of
scientific value, neither can be compared with
scores of travel books — notably, recent vol-
umes of Arctic exploration. Probably the true
reasons for the far-spread interest they awak-
ened were, first, their appeal to the average,
active, out-of-doors sort of man as the narrative
of an adventure within the range of his own
foresight, fortitude, and strength; and, second,
the tense dramatic style of the narrator, and
the intimate, elemental and deeply tragic events
of the first book, and to a lesser degree of the
second.
Now, Mrs. Leonidas Hubbard, Jr., gives us
the narrative of her own successful effort to
complete her husband's unfinished work in order
that his name " should reap the fruits of service
which had cost him so much." To the story of
her journey she appends the diary of her hus-
band from the outset of his trip to the time he
fell asleep forever, and the narrative of George
Elson, his guide, covering his own experiences
on that first fatal trip. The book is very fully
illustrated; there are excellent portraits of Mrs.
Hubbard and her husband, and a map which
enables the reader to follow every weary portage,
every night's camp, and almost every dip of
• A Woman's Way through Unknown Labrador. An
Account of the Exploration of the Nascaupee and George
Rivers. By Mrs. Leonidas Hubbard, Jr. Illustrated. New
York: The McClure Co.
the paddle that carried this courageous woman
through the wilderness.
Mrs. Hubbard started by canoe from the
Northwest River post, at the head of Groswater
Bay, June 27, 1905 (not July 27, as an inex-
cusable typographical error on page 24 would
have us believe). Her companions were four in
number — Elson, who had been her husband's
guide; Joseph Iserhoff, a Russian half-breed;
Job Chapies, a pure-blood Cree Indian; and
Gilbert Blake, a half-breed Eskimo boy trap-
per, — the last, unlike the others, a resident of
Labrador. Her outfit included two canvas-
covered canoes, nineteen feet long, thirteen
inches deep, and thirty-four inches wide, and
with each of them three paddles and a sponge.
The remainder of the outfit consisted of two
balloon-silk tents, one stove, seven water-proof
canvas bags, one dozen ten-pound waterproof
balloon-silk bags, three tarpaulins, 392 pounds
of flour, four pounds of baking powder, fifteen
pounds of rice, twenty cans of standard emer-
gency rations, twelve pounds of tea, twelve
pounds of chocolate, sixty pounds of sugar,
twenty pounds of erbswurst, one ounce of crys-
talose, four cans of condensed milk, four cans of
condensed soup, four pounds of hard-tack, two
hundred pounds of bacon, fourteen pounds of
salt. She had also kitchen utensils, three small
axes, one crooked knife, and two nets. The
firearms were two rifles — a 45-70 with sixty
rounds of ammunition, and a 38—55 with a hun-
dred rounds. Each of the men had a 22 calibre
single-shot pistol for small game, a pair of light
wool camp-blankets, and an extra pair of " shoe-
packs." Mrs. Hubbard was, of course provided
with a revolver, fishing-tackle, kodaks, films, a
sextant, and an artificial horizon. With naive
femininity she says:
"I wore a short skirt over knickerbockers, a short
sweater, and a belt. . . . My hat was a rather narrow
brimmed soft felt. I had one pair of heavy leather moc-
casins reaching almost to my knees, one pair of high
sealskin boots, one pair low ones, and three pairs of
duffel. Of underwear I had four suits and five pairs of
stockings, all wool. I took also a rubber automobile
shirt, a long Swedish dog-skin coat, one pair leather
gloves, one pair woolen gloves, and a blouse — for
Sundays. For my tent, I had an air mattress, crib-size,
one pair light camp blankets, one light wool comfortable
weighing Si lbs., one little feather pillow, and a hot-
water bottle."
From Grand Lake Mrs. Hubbard passed into
the Nascaupee River without difficulty, but not
without thoughts of the dreadful error which
had led her husband's party to pass by its out-
let and enter the fatal Susan River, five miles
beyond. By canoe and portage she followed the


1908.]
287
THE DIAL
northwesterly course of the Nascaupee, leaving
it only for the long portage to Seal Lake, which
she reached in three weeks, the distance covered
being a hundred and fifteen miles. From Seal
Lake the Nascaupee River carried her westerly
to Lake Michikamau — Lake Michikamau,
which her husband had been destined to see,
but never to reach, ere he turned discouraged
backward for the desperate struggle to reach
the coast before winter. Through Michikamau
her route was northward again to Lake Michi-
kamats, and thence by a chain of small lakes to
the very source of the Nascaupee and the George
River, the height of land from which she would
thenceforth travel downward instead of upward,
though northward still, her hopes and fears now
centred on reaching Ungava Bay. She had now
travelled three hundred miles. Her journey
had been one of compelling interest; she had
found Labrador beautiful," with a strange, wild
beauty, the remembrance of which buries itself
silently in the deep parts of one's being." In
the beginning, she says, there had been no
response to it in her heart; but gradually, in
its silent way, it had won, "and now was like
the strength-giving presence of an understand-
ing friend." She had not experienced hardship.
Weariness and discomfort she had met with de-
termined good-humor and optimism.
The northward descent, the second half of
the journey, was made on the George River, and
the descriptions of its rapids are among the best
in the book. Near one of the lakes of the
upper George, Mrs. Hubbard had the good for-
tune to witness the migration of the caribou,
which she thus describes:
"We pushed on, keeping close to the west shore of
the lake. Little more than a mile further up, the men
caught sight of deer feeding not far from the water's
edge. We landed, and climbing to the top of the rock
wall saw a herd of fifteen or more feeding in the swamp.
I watched them almost breathless. They were very
beautiful, and it was an altogether new and delightful
experience to me. Soon they saw us, and trotted off
into the bush, though without sign of any great alarm!
George and Job made off across the swamp to investigate,
and not long after returned, their eyes blazing with excite-
ment, to say that there were hundreds of them not far
away. Slipping hurriedly back into the canoes, we
paddled rapidly and silently to near the edge of the
swamp. Beyond it was a barren hill, which from near
its foot sloped more gradually to the water. Along this
bank, where this lower slope dropped to the swamp, lay
a number of stags, with antlers so immense that I won-
dered how they could possibly carry them. Beyond,
the lower slope of the hill seemed to be a solid mass of
caribou, while its steeper part was dotted over with
many feeding on the luxuriant moss.
"Those lying along the bank got up at sight of us,
and withdrew toward the great herd in rather leisurely
manner, stopping now and then to watch us curiously.
When the herd was reached, and the alarm given, the
stags lined themselves up in the front rank and stood
facing us, with heads high, and a rather defiant air. It
was a magnificent sight. They were in summer garb of
pretty brown, shading to light grey and white on the
under parts. The horns were in velvet, and those of the
stags seemed as if they must surely weigh down the
heads on which they rested. It was a mixed company,
for male and female were already herding together.
I started toward the herd, kodak in hand, accompanied
by George, while the others remained at the shore. The
splendid creatures seemed to grow taller as we ap-
proached, and when we were within two hundred and
fifty yards of them their defiance took definite form, and
with determined step they came toward us.
"The sight of that advancing army under such leader-
ship was decidedly impressive, recalling vivid mental
pictures made by tales of the stampeding wild cattle in
the west. It made one feel like getting back to the
canoe and that is what we did. . . . We and the caribou
stood watching each other for some time! Then the
caribou began to run from either extreme of the herd,
some round the south end of the hill, and the others
away to the north, the line of stags still maintaining their
position. ... A short paddle carried us round the point
. . . and there we saw them swimming across the lake.
Three quarters of a mile out was an island, a barren
ridge, standing out of the water, and from mainland to
island they formed as they swam an unbroken bridge;
from the farther end of which they poured in steady
stream over the hill-top, their flying forms clearly out-
lined against the sky. How long we watched them I
could not say, for I was too excited to take any note of
time; but finally the main body had passed. Yet when
we landed above the point from which they had crossed,
companies of them, eight, ten, fifteen, twenty in a herd,
were to be seen in all directions. . . . The country was
literally alive with the beautiful creatures and they did
not seem to be much frightened. They apparently
wanted only to keep what seemed to them a safe distance
between us, and would stop to watch us curiously within
easy rifle shot. Yet I am glad that I can record that
not a shot was fired at them. Gilbert was wild, for he
had in him the hunter's instinct in fullest measure. The
trigger of Job's rifle clicked longingly, but they never
forgot that starvation broods over Labrador, and that
the animal they longed to shoot might some time save
the life of one in just such extremity as that reached by
Mr. Hubbard and his party two years before. . . . For
fifty miles of our journey beyond this point we saw com-
panies of caribou every day, and sometimes many times
a day, though we did not again see them in such numbers.
The country was a net-work of their trails, in the wood-
lands and bogs cut deep into the soft soil, on the barren
hillsides, broad dark bands converging to the crossing
place at the river."
The caribou seem to have been on their way to
the highlands between the George River and the
Atlantic. Mrs. Hubbard believes herself the
first person to have witnessed the migration of
the great herd, save the Indians, who slaughter
the caribou in great numbers during this period.
It was the expectation of the party to find the
Nascaupee Indians and secure from them some
information as to the character of the George


288
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL
River whose waters they must now traverse to
their journey's end. The guides were appre-
hensive.
« Turning to me, George remarked, 'You are giving
that revolver a fine rubbing up to-night.'
"«Yes,' I replied, laughing a little, 'I am getting
ready for the Nascaupees.'
"' They would not shoot you,' he said gravely. «It
would be us they would kill if they took the notion.
Whatever their conjuror tells them to do, they will do.'
"'No,' asserted Gilbert, 'they would not kill you,
Mrs. Hubbard. It would be to keep you at their camp
that they would kill us.'
"I had been laughing at George a little, but Gilbert's
startling announcement induced a sudden sobriety. As
I glanced from one to the other, the faces of the men
were all unwontedly serious. There was a whirl of
thoughts for a moment, and then I asked, 'What do
you think I shall be doing while they are killing you?
You do not need to think that because I will not kill
rabbits, or ptarmigan, or caribou, I should have any
objection to killing a Nascaupee Indian if it were neoes-
sary.' Nevertheless, the meeting with the Indians had
for me assumed a new and more serious aspect, and,
remembering their agony of fear lest some harm befall
me ere we reached civilization again, I realized how the
situation seemed to the men. When I went to my tent
it was to lie very wide awake, turning over in my mind
plans of battle in case the red men proved aggressive."
The meeting with the Nascaupee Indians
proved, however, to be one of the most agree-
able incidents of the trip. The first inquiry
of the Indians was for tobacco, and then hands
were extended in greeting. In broken English,
but with expressive gestures, the Indians in-
formed them of the distance and course yet to
be travelled. An arm held at an angle showed
the rapids to be expected, and a vigorous drop
of the hand indicated the falls. Best of all was
the assurance that if they travelled fast they
would sleep but five times before reaching the
post atUngava. This meant that Mrs. Hubbard
would arrive in time to secure passage on the
last steamer leaving before the long Labrador
winter set in. The Indians were hospitable,
but no gallantries were attempted except a very
diplomatic and indirect effort on the part of one
young brave to make an impression on the fair
visitor.
"One of the young men, handsomer than the others,
and conscious of the fact, had been watching me through-
out with evident interest. He was not only handsomer
but his leggings were redder. As we walked up toward
the camp he went a little ahead, and to one side. A
little distance from where we landed was a row of bark
canoes turned upside down. As we passed them he
turned, and, to make sure that those red leggings should
not fail of their mission, he put his foot up on one of the
canoes, pretending, as I passed, to tie his moccasin, the
while watching for the effect."
From the Nascaupee camp the George River
was an almost continuous course of rapids.
There were stretches, miles in length, when the
slope of the river was a steep gradient, and Mrs.
Hubbard held her breath as the canoe shot down
at toboggan speed. There was not only the slope
down, but a distinct tilt from one side to the
other of the river could be observed. Even when
the water was smooth and apparently motionless
(though actually tremendously swift) the slope
downward was clearly marked.
"But more weird and uncanny than wildest cascade
or rapid was the dark vision which opened out before us
at the head of Slanting Lake. The picture in my memory
still seems unreal and mysterious, but the actual one was
as disturbing as an evil dream. Down, down, down the
long slope before us stretched the lake and river, black
as ink under leaden sky and shadowing hills. The lake,
which was three-quarters of a mile wide, dipped not only
with the course of the river but appeared to dip also
from one side to the other. Not a ripple or touch of
white could be sean anywhere. All seemed motionless
as if an unseen hand had touched and stilled it. A death-
like quiet reigned and as we glided smoothly down with
the tide we could see all about us a soft, boiling motion
at the surface of this black flood which gave the sense
of treachery as well as mystery."
The travelling day was a short one during
this part of the trip; the strain on the men was
too intolerable to be borne for many hours. The
nights were made hideous by the mosquitoes.
The flies had nearly driven Mrs. Hubbard to
distraction at an earlier period of the journey.
Even a heavy veil, of several thicknesses, was
insufficient protection.
And so they raced down to the bay and found
they had arrived ahead of the ship whose depar-
ture without them they had feared so strongly.
Summing up, they found they had travelled 576
miles from post to post; the trip occupied forty-
three days of actual travelling, eighteen days in
camp. They had started with 750 pounds of
provisions, 392 of which was flour; their surplus
was 150 pounds, of which 105 pounds was flour.
The results claimed by Mrs. Hubbard for her
journey are pioneer maps of the Nascaupee and
George Rivers, that of the Nascaupee showing
Seal Lake and Lake Michikamau to be in the
same drainage basin — proof that the Northwest
and Nascaupee are not two distinct rivers, but
one, the outlet of Lake Michikamau; some notes
by the way on the topography, geology, flora and
fauna of the country traversed.
From her own experience Mrs. Hubbard con-
cludes that had the season in which her husband
made the journey, one of unprecedented sever-
ity, been the more normal one in which her own
trip was made, he would have returned safe and
triumphant, despite his failure to find the open
waterway to Lake Michikamau. His outfit and


THE DIAL
289
provisions, she believes, would have been ample
under normal conditions ; but she reminds those
who have criticized him for lack of foresight in
planning his outfit, that he did not plan it him-
self.
Mrs. Hubbard's story occupies about two
hundred pages. The remaining hundred pages
are made up of a partial transcript of her
husband's diary, and the narrative of Elson,
the guide, with reference to the first expedition.
The Hubbard diary is, for the most part, written
in short phrases from which unnecessary words
are omitted, — notes, evidently, for the story he
meant to write at the conclusion of his jour-
ney, the story finally written by another hand.
Here are his last written words:
"My tent is pitched in open tent style in front of a
big rock. The rock reflects the fire, but now it is going
out because of the rain. I think I shall let it go and
close the tent, till the rain is over, thus keeping out
rain and saving wood. Tonight or tomorrow perhaps
the weather will improve so I can build a fire, eat the
rest of my moccasins, and have some bone broth. Then
I can boil my belt and oil tanned moccasins and a pair
of cow-hide mittens. They ought to help some. I am
not suffering. The acute pangs of hunger have given
way to indifference. I am sleepy. I think death from
starvation is not so bad. But let no one suppose that I
expect it. I am prepared, that is all. I think the boys
will be able, with the Lord's help, to save me."
The latter half of the diary is perhaps as vivid
a description of human suffering as ever was
given to the world to read.
Elson's diary contains an unbelievable state-
ment with regard to Wallace — that for the
sake of recovering the much-used and probably
broken-in canoe he would have had Elson re-
turn to the wilderness soon after Hubbard's
body bad been recovered. Aside from this,
the Elson diary is most interesting, and in its
own way supplements the earlier narratives.
Mrs. Hubbard has accomplished a hazardous
undertaking, requiring such courage and endur-
ance as only a woman of rare character would
have possessed. Her book should command a
wide circle of interested readers. It is to be
regretted, however, that her account lacks both
definiteness and good form in its presentation;
there are hopeless and involved anti-climaxes
when striking situations afforded opportunities
for quite the opposite effects. One reader, at
least, has been pained by the evident deprecia-
tion, throughout her book, of Wallace's services
to her husband and loyalty to his memory, as
evidenced in the earlier books and by Hubbard's
own diary. Private differences, if there be such,
should not have led Mrs. Hubbard to set down
aught in malice. By inference, she clearly gives
all the credit for the heroic effort to save her
husband's life to Elson: to him belongs the praise
for heroism almost beyond belief. But it should
be remembered that when, after finding the dis-
carded flour, it was Elson's duty to seek his way
out of the wilderness; he knew that every step
he took, painful and desperate as his condition
was, took him nearer to light and warmth and
food and the friends he was to send back to the
rescue. But Wallace shouldered his sack of
mouldy flour, bade farewell to Elson, and turned
his face resolutely back again toward the wilder-
ness — toward that tent in the very valley of the
shadow of death; back to find, if he could, the
dying man to whom he carried food, there per-
haps to die with him ere the rescuers came. He
is not the less a hero that he failed, — and he
did not sink down in despair until he had gone
the full distance back to the tent, and beyond
it, missing it with his blinded eyes, still strug-
gling with naked frozen feet through the snow
to find his friend. They were all three heroic
in their courage and devotion to each other,
their patience and their hopefulness. But there
were three heroes, not two, — and the number
of them should not be lessened as the tale is told.
Munson Aldrich Havens.
The Tragedy of Korea.*
To the already imposing literature of protest
which the passing of Korean independence has
called forth in three short years, a fresh and
noteworthy addition has recently been made in
a volume by Mr. McKenzie, English traveller
and journalist, under the title of " The Tragedy
of Korea." Of distinct merits, the book posses-
ses not a few. For one thing, it is not unduly
ambitious; and for a book of its class that is
saying a good deal. It makes no attempt to.
attack and despatch all things Oriental, past,
present, and future. Its scope is definite and
its treatment concise. If at first glance it appears
a slight piece of work, it will be found a more
satisfying book than the majority of its kind,
and the jaded reader should be thankful for its
lack of the customary journalistic "dead mat-
ter." In the second place, the book is the work
of a man who has been long upon the ground
and who writes entirely from observation or
other first-hand sources of information. And
in the third place, though obviously intended as
an arraignment of Japan for her recent course
* The Tragedy of Korea. By F. A. McKenzie. Illustrated.
New York: E. P. Dutton St Co.


290
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL,
in Korea, the volume comes from the pen of an
Englishman who was until recently an ardent
admirer of the Japanese, and who, reluctantly
brought by events to a change of sentiment, is
as fair-minded and conservative in his judgments
as any writer upon so vexed a subject can well be.
Approximately, the first third of the volume
is taken up with a running sketch of the opening
of Korea, from the ill-fated visit of the American
schooner " General Sherman" in 1866 and the
conclusion of the first Japanese-Korean treaty in
1876 to the outbreak of the recent Russo-
Japanese war. The Korean aspects of the Chino-
Japanese war and of the treaty of Shimonoseki,
together with the striking events following the
murder of the Korean queen in 1895, are
described in an unusually intelligible manner.
Then follows a careful account of the period
from 1895 to the Russo-Japanese war and the
treaty of Portsmouth. The inevitableness of the
conflict is clearly brought out, together with the
reasons why such a war was certain to be epochal
in the history of the Korean peninsula.
The body of the book, however, is devoted to
the brief period since the Peace of Portsmouth,
and more particularly to the operations of the
Japanese in the Hermit Kingdom since that
date. Mr. McKenzie has been in Korea con-
tinuously during these years, and has had under
his eye the methods and processes by which the
influence of Japan has been made all-pervasive
and all-powerful among the Korean people. In
a succession of vivid chapters he sets forth
a melancholy record of devastation, plunder,
cruelty, and ruin, wrought by Japanese troops
and officials throughout the peninsula in course
of the work of "pacification." Describing a
horseback observation trip in the vicinity of
I-Chhon, he writes as follows:
"We rode on through village after village and ham-
let after hamlet burned to the ground. The very atti-
tude of the people told me that the hand of Japan had
struck hard there. We would come upon a boy carrying
a load of wood. He would run quickly to the side of
the road when he saw us, expecting he knew not what.
We passed a village with a few houses left. The women
flew to shelter as I drew near. Some of the stories that
I heard later helped me to judge why they should run.
Of course they took me for a Japanese. All along the
route I heard tales of the Japanese plundering, where
they had not destroyed. Here the village elders would
bring me an old man badly beaten by a Japanese soldier
because he resisted being robbed. Then came darker
stories. In Seoul I had laughed at them. Now, face
to face with the victims, I could laugh no more. That
afternoon we rode into I-Chhon itself. This is quite a
large town. I found it practically deserted. Most of
the people had fled to the hills to escape the Japanese.
I slept that night in a school-house, now deserted and
unused. There were the cartoons and animal pictures
and pious mottoes around, but the children were far
away. I passed through the market-place, usually a
very busy spot. There was no sign of life there. I
turned to some of the Koreans. < Where are your
women? Where are your children?' I demanded.
They pointed to the high and barren hills looming
against the distant heavens. < They are up there,' they
said. 'Better for them to lie on the barren hill-sides
than to be ontraged here.'"
And so the mournful story goes, chapter after
chapter. Allowing as much as one may for
possible over-drawing, it is still plain that we
have here a record of bloodshed and ruin which
challenges the attention of the civilized world.
In a very interesting chapter on " The Suppres-
sion of Foreign Criticism," the author considers
the natural query as to why the Europeans and
Americans resident in Korea did not make known
the full facts about the Japanese administration
at an earlier date. "Some of them did attempt
it," he asserts, "but the strong feeling that
generally existed abroad in favor of the Japanese
people—a feeling due to the magnificent con-
duct of the nation during the war—caused com-
plaints to go unheeded." And he declares that
scores like himself, alienated by the mistakes
and follies of Russia's Far Eastern policies and
favorably impressed by the qualities of the
Japanese which caught the fancy of the whole
world, looked on for a long time in silence,
unwilling to believe anything but the best of
the sturdy antagonists of the Muscovite. Per-
haps the most interesting portion of the whole
book is the account of the journalistic rivalries
of the pro-Japanese and anti-Japanese parties
in Seoul, with particular reference to the work
of Mr. Bethell, the editor of the " Korea Daily
News."
Although high officials at Tokio, such as
Viscount Teranchi, Minister of War and Acting
Minister of Foreign Affairs, are insistently pro-
claiming that Japan's programme is not one of
empire, of conquest, and of war, Mr. McKenzie
refuses to be convinced. In his concluding
chapter he contends that the policy of Japan in
Korea to-day "cannot be fully understood unless
it is regarded, not as an isolated manifestation,
but as apart of a great Imperial scheme.'' Japan,
he asserts, has set out to be a great world-power,
and she is rapidly realizing her ambition. Else-
where he declares:
"I, for one, am convinced that we owe it to ourselves
and to our ally, Japan, to let it be clearly known that
a policy of Imperial expansion based upon breaches of
solemn treaty obligations to a weaker nation, and built
up by odious cruelty, by needless slaughter, and by a
wholesale theft of the private property rights of a


1908.]
291
THE
DIAL
dependent and defenceless peasantry, is repugnant to
our instincts and cannot fail to rob the nation that is
doing it of much of that respect and goodwill with
which we all so recently regarded her."
Mr. McKenzie confesses to a very profound
respect for the capacities of the Japanese people,
but it is his belief that in her striving to become
a world-power the nation is at present over-reach-
ing herself. Indeed, he is generous enough to
attribute the Empire's obnoxious Korean policies
to the grinding economic conditions prevailing
since the war. "Japan," he says," has broken
her solemn promises to Korea, and has evaded
in every way her pledged obligations to maintain
the policy of equal opportunities, because she is
driven thereto by heavy taxation, by the poverty
of her people, and by the necessity of obtaining
fresh markets and new lands for settlement."
But that these are the impelling forces rather
than mere rampant imperialism, does not help
matters for Korea. Her lot Mr. McKenzie
regards as palpably unhappy, and as likely to
continue so unless Japanese energies shall be
turned in other directions. Obviously, there
is a good deal that might be said— a good deal
that has been said — on the other side. But the
statements of fact and the assertions of opinion
which Mr. McKenzie has set down in his little
book are abundantly worth giving to the world.
There is an appendix containing a number of
the essential documents, and there are numer-
ous excellent illustrations, which are also the
author's handiwork. But, unfortunately, there
is no index. Frederic Austin Ogg.
Canadians of IiONG Ago.*
In the very readable volume entitled " Cana-
dian Types of the Old Regime," Professor Colby
does not profess to have brought forward any
strikingly new material. His aim is, rather, to
approach the life of Old Canada by an untried
route; to present certain phases of that life in
a manner that, as he has applied it, is both novel
and effective. To secure distinctness, in discuss-
ing various aspects of French colonization in the
New World, "the examples have been drawn,
chapter by chapter, from some one career. Or,
rather, a single personage has been made the
representative of a class, and in considering the
large subject with which he is connected, certain
features of his experience are rendered promin-
ent. But," the author adds, "this method does
* Canadian Types of the Old Rkgime, 1606-1696. By Charles
W. Colby. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
not involve the exact portraiture of individuals,
nor does it exclude minor figures from the field
of the discussion."
The subject is opened by an admirable intro-
ductory chapter on " The Historical Background
of New France." Professor Colby points out
the strong influence of the Renaissance, and of
the Reformation, upon the colonization of New
France; and sketches briefly and skilfully the
relations of the king, the nobles, the great min-
isters Richelieu, Mazarin, and Colbert, and the
Church, respectively, to the colony, as well as
the effect which the neighboring colonies of New
England had upon the development of New
France. In succeeding chapters, he takes up
the several colonial types one by one. Champ-
lain is taken as the type of the Explorer, but
not entirely to the exclusion of the other famous
pathfinders of Old Canada, such as La Salle,
Marquettef Joliet, and Nicolet. Similarly, Bre-
beuf is taken as type of the Missionary, the
personalities of other Jesuit martyrs being
grouped around that heroic figure of New
France. Opportunity is found for a discus-
sion of the attitude of the Roman Catholic Church
and the Calvinists toward missions, and the rela-
tions of the several orders, Jesuits, Re"collets,
and Sulpicians, toward New France and each
other.
With Louis Hubert as his type of the Col-
onist, Professor Colby sketches effectively the
commercial life of Canada under the Old
Regime, the fur-trade, Richelieu and the Com-
pany of the Hundred Associates, the exclusion
of the Huguenots, the seigniorial system and its
effect upon the habitant the coureur de bois,
etc. With DTberville as a central point, the
Soldier type of New France is presented. We
are reminded not only of the romantic exploits
of D'Iberville himself in Hudson Bay and else-
where— exploits as dramatic and fascinating
as anything in fiction — but of many other
incidents of pluck and heroism, the story of
Dollard's matchless self-sacrifice at the Long
Sault, the adventures of Francois Hertel,
Maisonneuve and the Iroquois, Frontenac's
raids against the British colonies, etc.
Du Lhut, as type of the coureur de bois,
introduces us to one of the most fascinating
phases of the life of New France — the fur-
trader, with his curious blending of commerce
and romance. Du Lhut's own adventures, his
relations with La Salle, his rescue of Hennepin
(most mendacious of historians) from the Sioux,
are sufficiently interesting; but they pale before
the exploits of that matchless adventurer Kadis-


292
[Nov. 1,
THE
DIAL
son and his brother-in-law Groseilliers. Of the
remaining chapters, Laval furnishes a type for
the Bishop; and the Governor is represented
by Frontenac. In the final chapter, the author
brings together a great deal of interesting
material bearing on the position of Women in
New France, contrasting the women of France
and of Canada in the seventeenth century, and
quoting the entertaining account of the Swedish
traveller, Peter Kalm. For the rest, we have
striking word-pictures of some of the more famous
women of New France — the heroine Madeleine
de Vercheres, the Duchesse d'Aiguillon and the
hospital at Quebec, Madame de la Peltrie and
the Ursulines, Marie de l'lncarnation, Jeanne
Mance and the hospital at Montreal, Marguerite
Bourgeoys and the Nuns of the Congregation.
All this is both informing and entertaining.
"History," says Professor Colby, "does not
exist simply for the benefit of the erudite, and
there are always some to whom a book is recom-
mended by the absence of specific gravity." No
one could call this book heavy, and yet even the
erudite might find much in it that would repay
perusal. Its foundation, it may be added, is a
course of lectures originally delivered by Pro-
fessor Colby before the May Court Club at
Ottawa, Canada. Lawrence j. Burpee.
The Spanish Inquisition in History.*
The last few years have witnessed a remark-
able activity in the field of American histor-
iography. Scholars who but recently were
engaged in monographic investigations appear
to have developed a sudden desire to work in
broader fields, to present results already ob-
tained rather than give all their energies to the
examination of difficult and disputed problems.
As a consequence, the historical side of Amer-
ican literature is developing as never before.
Abroad, however, if we may judge from the
scanty notices that some of our best recent
productions have received in literary journals,
little attention is being paid to this develop-
ment. Except in a general way, the European
student is not interested in American history;
and as most of our historical writers are study-
ing the annals of our own country their work
does not appeal, as it might, to foreign scholars.
It is the subject-matter, and not deficiencies in
* A History of the Inquisition of Spain. By Henry Charles
Lea. In four volumes. New York: The Macmillan Co.
The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies. By Henry
Charles Lea. New York: The Macmillan Co.
quality, that prevents the American historian
from receiving merited recognition abroad.
Still, there is at least one American writer
of history whose fame is great in Europe —
greater, perhaps, than in his own country.
Forty years ago a Philadelphia business man
began to publish a series of studies in mediaeval
society which placed him at once in the front
rank of historical investigators. His first book
was a collection of essays on the judicial pro-
cedure of the Middle Ages, to which he gave
the general title "Superstition and Force."
Since then, Dr. Lea has continued to explore
the mysterious borderlands of mediaeval eccle-
siastical and social history, and has written
learnedly on such themes as Clerical Celibacy,
Excommunication, the Mediaeval Inquisition,
Auricular Confession, the Expulsion of the
Moors, and kindred subjects. In 1888 ap-
peared his three-volume " History of the Inquisi-
tion of the Middle Ages," which a distinguished
English historical student, Lord Acton, called
the greatest contribution of the New World to
the history of the Old World. At the same
time it was announced that the author was col-
lecting materials for a study of the later form of
the Inquisition, that which originated in Spain
in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. This
work has recently appeared, as planned, in four
volumes of about six hundred pages each. To
these the author has added a supplementary
volume, in which he traces the history of the
Inquisition in the Spanish dependencies.
Dr. Lea has grouped his materials under nine
heads, the discussion of each making a book.
These are, the Origin, Relations with the State,
Jurisdiction, Organization, Resources, Practice,
Punishments, Spheres of Action, and the final
fate of the institution (the conclusion). In the
supplementary volume the grouping is naturally
of a geographical rather than of a topical char-
acter, a chapter being devoted to the Inquisition
in each of the principal dependencies or each
group of dependencies. The author does not
attempt to discuss the Inquisition in the Spanish
Netherlands, as the necessary documents (now
being collected by Professor Paul Fredericq)
are not yet accessible.
In the popular mind the Inquisition is nearly
always associated with the efforts to crush out
the Protestant heresies of the sixteenth century.
It is true that in many European countries,
notably in the Netherlands, this tribunal in its
modern form was vigorously employed for such
a purpose; but with its origin Protestantism
had nothing to do. The Spanish Inquisition


1908.]
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THE DIAL
had done great and effective work before the
German reformer raised his voice against the
abuses that he thought he had found in the
Church. That we may understand why this
terrible institution was called into being, the
author discusses at some length the political and
racial situation on the Spanish peninsula at the
close of the middle ages. He finds that before
the dawn of the modern era the Spaniards were
the most tolerant people in Christendom. The
Jews and the Moors who lived among and about
them were treated with a kindness that amounted
to favor. But by the close of the fourteenth cen-
tury, this most tolerant nation had become the
most intolerant of all. The common statement
that the hatred then displayed was an inborn
peculiarity of the Spanish race does not satisfy
Dr. Lea. "Such facts," he tells us, "must
have their explanations, and it is the business
of the expositor of history to trace them to their
causes." The larger part of Book I., more than
two hundred pages, is devoted to a study of this
change in the Castilian character and its effect
on the non-Christian population. The change
is attributed mainly to the