trayal. — Dawson's The Scourge. — Hester's The
Prodigal Judge. — Neihardt's The Dawn Builder.—
Williams's The Married Life of the Frederic Carrolls.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 270
Memorials of Shelley, Byron, and Trelawney. — A
cry to national repentance. — The harvest of a quiet
eye. — Spiritualism sanely considered. — How the
British were driven out of Boston. — An English
actor's amusing reminiscences.—Completion of a not-
able historical work. —The nobility of the primitive
red man. — Organized movements for child-welfare.
BRD2FER MENTION 274
NOTES 274
TOPICS LN APRIL PERIODICALS 276
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 276
THE NEW CRITICISM.
The confusion of purpose which baffles every
student of the history of literary criticism, and
which seems more and more perplexing the
deeper he penetrates into the subject of his
investigations, is admirably set forth by Mr.
Joel Elias Spingarn in a lecture which he
gave at Columbia a year ago, and which he
now publishes in a booklet entitled " The New
Criticism." It would be too much to say that
the writer clears the difficulty away, or that
the formula which defines "literature as an art
of expression" — which he credits to that
rather misty philosopher, Signor Benedetto
Croce—is adequate to resolve all our doubts,
but we may fairly say that he discusses the
subject upon a basis of broad historical knowl-
edge, and in a highly suggestive and stimulat-
ing fashion.
First of all, he brings to our attention the
seemingly hopeless divergence between the
methods of subjective and objective criticism,
incidentally noting that there were subjective
critics long before MM. France and Lemaitre.
Scaliger and Aretino were as far apart as any
pair of modern critical duelists, and it was a
Frenchman of the classical age of the Roi Soleil
who wrote of Virgil: "The world will continue
to think what it does of his beautiful verses;
and as for me, I judge nothing. I only say
what I think, and what effect each of these
things produces on my heart and mind." Mr.
Spingarn calls the opposed ideals the two sexes
of criticism—" the masculine criticism that may
or may not force its own standards on literature,
but that never at all events is dominated by
the object of its studies; and the feminine
criticism that responds to the lure of art with
a kind of passive ecstasy." In the one case,
we have "judgment erecting its edicts into
arbitrary standards and conventions," in the
other, "enjoyment lost in the mazes of its
sensuous indecision." The two must be "mysti-
cally mated," if they are not to fall short of
their highest powers. The mating impulse or
the coordinating thought comes to us as a
legacy of the romantic movement, traceable in
the writings of Mme. de Stael, Cousin, Sainte-
Beuve, Hegel, and Taine. With Sainte-Beuve
we reach, in a sense, the parting of the ways


250
[April 1,
THE
DIAL,
(as far as nineteenth century criticism is con-
cerned), for both the impressionist and the dog-
matist of later days derive from his example.
The common ground upon which the old dis-
putants are to become reconciled is to be found
in a recognition of the principle that criticism,
whatever else it may be incidentally, is at
bottom a study of the writer's expression.
"What has the poet tried to do, and how has he
fulfilled his intention? What is he striving to
express, and how has he expressed it? What
impression does his work make on me, and how
can I best express this impression? These are
the questions that nineteenth-century critics
have been taught to ask when face to face with
the work of a poet." Again, it was Carlyle
who discerned in the German criticism of his
time the aims which these questions set forth.
"The problem is not now to determine by what me-
chanism Addison composed sentences and struck out
similitudes, but by what far finer and more mysterious
mechanism Shakespeare organized his dramas and gave
life and individuality to his Ariel and his Hamlet. Where-
in lies that life; how have they attained that shape and
individuality? Whence comes that empyrean fire
which irradiates their whole being and appears at least
in starry gleams? Are these dramas of his not veri-
similar only, but true; nay, truer than reality itself,
since the essence-of unmixed reality is bodied forth in
them under more expressive similes? What is this
unity of pleasures; and can our deeper inspection dis-
cern it to be indivisible and existing by necessity be-
cause each work springs as it were from the general
elements of thought and grows up therefrom into form
and expansion by its own growth? Not only who was
the poet and how did he compose; but what and how
was the poem, and why was it a poem and not rhymed
eloquence, creation and not figured passion? These are
the questions for the critic. Criticism stands like an
interpreter between the inspired and the uninspired;
between the prophet and those who hear the melody of
his words and catch some glimpse of their material
meaning but understand not their deeper import."
These questionings of Carlyle go to the root of
the matter, and the passage is one of the
weightiest of critical utterances. The first two
of Mr. Spingarn's questions adumbrate the same
doctrine, but we do not see what the third is
doing in that galley. For the critic's state-
ment of the impression that a work makes upon
him is either impertinent or superfluous, accord-
ing as the critic is not or is qualified for his task.
In the former case, objectivity is thrown to the
winds, and without objective detachment there
can be, in our view, no such thing as criticism;
in the latter case, no reader need be told in so
many words how the critic is impressed.
Up to this point, we may remain in reason-
able accord with Mr. Spingarn, despite the
hostages which he gives to impressionism, but
we must part company with him when he fol-
lows his statement of general principles with
a ferocious onslaught upon most of the time-
honored methods of critical procedure. "We
have done," he informs us dogmatically, "with
all the old rules," " with the genres, or literary
kinds," " with the comic, the tragic, the sublime,
and an army of vague abstractions of their
kind," " with the theory of style, with metaphor,
simile, and all the paraphernalia of Graeco-
Koman rhetoric," "with all moral judgment of
literature," " with ' dramatic' criticism," " with
technique as separate from art," "with the
history and criticism of poetic themes," " with
the race, the time, the environment of a poet's
work as an element in criticism," "with the
'evolution ' of literature," and "with the old
rupture between genius and taste." We are a
little breathless from the shock of this ten-
barrelled discharge, but still stand facing the
enemy, for the simple reason that his cartridges
are all blanks. For the plain truth is that
criticism has not " done with" these things at
all, but has come to a somewhat clearer under-
standing of their relative importance, and has
learned how to use them, each in its own fitting
time and place, with a nicer discrimination than
of old.
After all, it is only a question of emphasis.
The mind of the philosophical critic may be
likened to a concave surface with many facets,
each of them receiving light from its own par-
ticular quarter, and all of them reflecting the
rays to a common focus. If Aristotle has erred,
or Horace, or Coleridge, or Taine, or Brunet-
iere, it is because some of the facets have been
dimmed, and others have reflected the light
unduly. Authority, or didacticism, or meta-
physics, or environment, or evolution, has been
intensified at the expense of other equally im-
portant elements. All these things enter into
legitimate criticism, and it is mere iconoclastic
bravado to assert that their day is past. The
reason why modern criticism is so much richer
and so more nearly adequate than the older
styles is that it has acquired more points of
view, and learned to use them all for its obser-
vations. We are willing to allow that criticism
is essentially an examination of the writer's ex-
pression, but only with the understanding that
it is to be examined in every possible light. If
it is to mean that we are to cast aside the store
of critical wisdom amassed by centuries of effort,
we will have none of it. There are such things
as aesthetic principles in literature, and right-
eous judgments may be based upon them-


1911.]
251
THE
Style is a matter that cannot be ignored in any
examination of literature. Literary genres give
us norms that are indispensable for purposes
of comparison, and the doctrine of evolution
enables us to understand transitional types and
puzzling reversions. Race, period, and milieu
are considerations by no means to be despised,
and the critic who tries to get along without
them will be like Arnold's "ineffectual angel,
beating in the void his luminous wings in vain."
And the criticism that leaves moral standards
out of its reckoning will always be an art
atrophied in its vital parts. That "no critic of
authority now tests literature by the standards
of ethics " is Mr. Spingarn's amazing statement.
If this were true, it would be so much the
worse for criticism, for literature can have no
meaning apart from its relation to life, and all
the great poets give eloquent testimony to their
conviction of this supreme truth.
Our own opinion, briefly stated, is that the
business of criticism is to account for literature,
and to justify it. In the accounting, all sorts
of means may be employed, and the most trivial
may have some useful function. We may still
learn something from Quintilian and Boileau
and Herder; we may still learn much from
Goethe and Taine and Arnold. In the justifi-
cation, we are bound, on the one hand, to recog-
nize the body of doctrine slowly built up by the
labors of rhetoricians and sestheticians, and on
the other, to admit the validity of the judg-
ments upon which the moralists have been
united. Can we make any use of the impres-
sionists? Well, if there are enough of them
impressed in substantially the same way by a
particular work of literature, we may even look
to them for inductions that may prove of a cer-
tain value. But in this case, it is the impres-
sionist's own mind that is most likely to be
accounted for, and not often, we fear, likely to
have its existence justified by the naive bab-
blings which, with somewhat impudent self-
assurance, it offers us as a substitute for the
serious criticism of literature.
POE'S USE OF THE HORRIBLE.
Nothing in the prose tales of Poe is more trouble-
some to his critics than the constantly recurring
element of the horrible. Persons with a certain
degree of taste commend the author for his ability
to harrow their emotions. Devotees with finer sen-
sibilities speak little and apologetically of this ele-
ment of the tales. Unfriendly critics dwell on it to
Foe's disadvantage, and assume that it is a deliberate
device for the production of emotional effects. A
recent essayist says, in one of those complacently
elaborated phrases that delight a certain school of
American rhetoricians: "His design is, crassly, to
wring the withers of our sensoriums "j and more di-
rectly : "In the most characteristic of his writings his
motive is exactly that of the fat boy in 'Pickwick,'
who announced to his easily thrilled auditors that
he was going to make their flesh creep."
This charge is the most serious that has been
brought against the artistic quality of Poe's tales.
To thrill the reader for the mere sake of thrilling,
to make his flesh creep simply for the sake of the
creepiness, can never be a worthy object; and work
that is written with such an aim can never rank
high as art. It must be remembered, however, that
much work of the highest artistic value may thrill,
and may even thrill the particular sensation of
creepiness. For some persons the ghost of Hamlet's
father induces this sensation as surely as does a
crude device in a melodrama; yet one has, and the
other has not, a real significance. If Poe uses the
horrible to shadow forth the deeper meanings of
things, then his tales may be judged by the artistic
nature of his conceptions, and the skill with which
these conceptions are bodied forth. If he introduced
the horrible for its own sake, then his art is mere
charlatanism, and the tales can have no serious value
as literature. There is no doubt that the element
of horror is present in many of the tales, that it is
sometimes inartistic, and occasionally so strong as
to overshadow all other impressions. There is no
doubt, either, that some persons read the tales for
the thrill that the horror gives them. The question is
whether Poe intended his tales to be read in this way.
Poe's own opinion regarding the short story is ex-
pressed in the familiar passage from the review of
Hawthorne's "Twice Told Tales," in which he says:
"A skilful literary artist has constructed a tale. If
wise, he has not fashioned his thoughts to accommo-
date his incidents; but having conceived, with de-
liberate care, a certain unique or single effect to be
wrought out, he then invents such incidents — he
then combines such events as may best aid him in
establishing this preconceived effect." The use of the
word "effect," which the author himself italicizes,
seems at first glance to warrant the belief that
Poe approved of arousing emotions for the mere
sake of arousing them; and this supposition may
be strengthened by a mention of terror and horror
in the next paragraph. But in interpreting any pas-
sage in Poe's critical work we must bear in mind
certain facts respecting his method. One of these
is that he never formulated a system of literary-
criticism, and never created the special vocabulary
without which exact discussion of literary matters
is almost impossible. The most valuable pages
in the critical writings of Coleridge and Arnold
are those which define and give new meanings to
such terms as " fancy," " imagination," " criticism of
life." In brief book reviews written for popular
magazines Poe could do nothing of this sort. He


252
[April 1,
THE DIAL
was forced to give his judgments as best he could
in the loose and ambiguous language of ordinary
discourse. Another fact to be noted is that Poe
found himself, both in temper and in belief, opposed
to the literary spirit of his time, and that a great
part of his literary criticism is controversial, not
judicial, in manner and tone. Throughout the
writings on poetry he fought the idea, so fatally
common in the America of his day, that a poem
was a work of inspiration, to be produced at one
heat and never revised; and in the "Philosophy of
Composition " he tried to oppose this view by an ob-
viously exaggerated account of the opposite process.
Similarly he opposed, in his review of the "Twice
Told Tales" of Hawthorne, the tendency of con-
temporary story writers to think of a tale as a
series of incidents leading to a climax, and perhaps
teaching something by means of a more or less per-
tinent moral tag at the end. Even Hawthorne enters
in his note-book the outline of a narrative, and
adds: "It would be symbolical of something" —
leaving the "something" to be determined later,
possibly after the tale was written. In his quarrel
with this practice Poe uses " effect" as a convenient
and exaggerated expression of the idea that he
wishes to convey. It repeats in part the idea of
the word "thoughts " in the preceding phrase, and
it seems to signify little more than that indefinite
something which gives to a tale what the author
elsewhere calls "unity of impression."
If this is a fair interpretation of Poe's critical
theory, what of his practice? Before noticing any
of the stories in detail it may be well to recall that
Poe was fascinated by many questions concerning
the ultimate meaning of things. His prose poem,
"Eureka," however poor its philosophy, shows this
interest. His prose rhapsodies, "Shadow" and
"Silence," however unsuccessful their manner,
show his questioning of ultimate mysteries. Prob-
lems involving the nature and workings of mind,
and especially the relations of the spiritual to the
physical, are propounded or hinted at in many of
the tales. Thus the strange something in our
natures that impels us to do what we wish not to
do is expounded in "The Imp of the Perverse,"
"The Tell-Tale Heart," and even "The Black
Cat" The relation of the body and the soul, with
the associated thought of the sentience of the body
after death, is considered in such different tales as
"Ligeia," "The Fall of the House of Usher,"
"Morella," " Eleanora," and "The Facts in the Case
of M. Valdemar." Some aspects of these and similar
problems naturally lead to a consideration of un-
pleasant topics, such as physical death. It seems
reasonable to believe that the excess of horror in
such tales is to be explained by the fact that the
author did not fully realize how his treatment of
these topics would affect the reader. In some way,
which it would be interesting to consider if space
permitted, Poe had become hardened to the horrible,
as an anatomist becomes hardened to the sights of
the dissecting room. If he was interested in some
favorite speculative idea, and if the motive of his tale
called for a scene of horror, he followed his logical
rather than his artistic bent, and introduced detail?
that are repellent to the reader.
The conclusion of "The Facts in the Case of
M. Valdemar" is disgusting, but it is the natural
result of a speculation in which Poe was interested,
and which he treated in another tale, "Mesmeric
Revelation." "Berenice," one of the most obvious
artistic failures among the serious stories, is really
a study of a peculiar type of monomania. Given
the intention of the tale and the situation, the teeth
are the one feature of Berenice which could be sup
posed to exercise a hypnotic influence on her lover,
and the unpleasant climax comes naturally enough.
In "The Black Cat" the author wishes to show the
depths to which a man has sunk, and he devises the
incident of cutting out the cat's eye, not for the
shiver that it gives the reader, but as an indication
of the character of the actor. In "The Murders
in the Rue Morgue" he wishes to provide an outri
mystery for unravelling, and he fails to realize that
some persons will be more impressed by the grue-
someness of the murder than by the analytic power
of M. Dupin. In all these tales not only is the
horror incidental, but it is of the natural, physical
not unwholesome kind. With all his lapses of taste
Poe never was guilty of anything like Irving's
"Tale of the Young Robber."
Another class of stories, such as "The Descent
into the Maelstrom," and "The Pit and the Pen-
dulum," are studies of the effects of horror on the
persons in the tale. In still another class, like
"The Fall of the House of Usher" and "Ligeia,"
an element of horror is mixed with something of
wierdness for the sake of the atmosphere; but in
no tale of this class is the horror sufficient to repel
any but a squeamish reader.
Every story that has been mentioned is a study
in the peculiar working of the human mind, or
suggests some question of the relation of mind and
body. This is not the place to consider whether
such philosophical problems are as well adapted for
treatment in fiction as are the purely ethical prob-
lems that Hawthorne preferred. They are what
Poe chose; and in every case the element of horror
is a natural, or at least a convenient, incident in the
development of the tale. Surely the character of
Dupin and the unravelling of the mystery in "The
Murders in the Rue Morgue" were not created for
the sake of the few sentences that describe the
horrors of the death-chamber. It is unfair to
suppose that even in the "The Black Cat" and
"Berenice" the author presents repulsive things
for their own sake. This conclusion is supported
by the analogy of the better stories, and by what
we know of Poe's ideals. It necessitates the ad-
mission, of course, that he sometimes lacked in
sureness of artistic conscience, but it leaves his
readers free to enjoy his works and still keep their
self-respect and their respect for the author.
William B. Caikns.


1911.]
253
THE DIAL
CASUAL COMMENT.
The late ripening of Fooazzaro's genius is
indicated by the fact that lie was in his fortieth year
when his first novel, "Malombra," was finished,
after more than six years of careful work on its
details. There is, however, nothing that should
surprise one in this. Why should the first produc-
tion with which an artist appeals to the public for
recognition be sent forth at an earlier age, with all
its sins of crudeness and youthful bumptiousness
upon it? Surely there is something wrong in the
scheme of things if after the age of thirty or forty
a man carfnot produce increasingly better, richer,
riper fruits than ever before. The best-flavored
and most abundant crops of apples are gathered
from the oldest trees in the orchard. It is only a
weak and mistaken yielding to a vicious popular
prejudice that causes the too frequent lapsing into
impotent senility before half the course of what
should be the normal human life is run. The qual-
ities that were destined to make Fogazzaro famous
as a romancer were mostly present in that first
novel, but were to undergo development with the
passage of mellowing years. "The spirit of obser-
vation which afterwards allowed him to paint so
many people in his books," writes Signor Vittorio
Orlandini of his recently deceased compatriot,
"the extraordinary perception of the right light in
which to place his characters, according to their
artistic and real value, the keen sense of humor —
a quality so rare in modern Italian writers — which
never fails to let Fogazzaro catch the human side of
his personages, are already present in ' Malombra'
and suffice to make its author a novelist of first
rank."
• • •
The newspaper's debt to the public library
will never be paid. Not one reader in ten thousand
stops to ask himself, as he scans his morning jour-
nal and skims various paragraphs or articles con-
taining detailed information on persons and things
of current interest, where all this miscellaneous
knowledge is obtained. By no means all of it is
the fruit of personal interviewing, and, in a reput-
able paper, no large proportion of it is evolved
from the reporter's inner consciousness. The re-
sources of a good reference library have to be
drawn upon, and the best reference library in
almost every city or village is the one owned by
the community and supported by its tax-payers.
Library workers are familiar with the inevitable
descent upon them of newspaper writers whenever,
for example, a city in southern Italy is overwhelmed
by a volcanic eruption, or an oriental despot is
assassinated, or a popular author marries or dies.
Whatever the startling occurrence, it must be writ-
ten up, and immediately. Dr. Bernard Steiner, in
the current report of the Enoch Pratt Free Library
of Baltimore, says of its reference department that
it " has had a busier year than ever. It is applied
to by all sorts of people on all sorts of subjects,
and the queries constantly sent in or directly asked
at the desk take much time in their answering.
The Baltimore News and the Sun have made great
use of this department. Indeed, the greater part
of some days has been spent in looking up material
for these newspapers." Gradually it is becoming
apparent how many important activities are more
or less dependent on the public library, and its
insistent demand for more generous financial sup-
port should be heeded.
The intuition of a publisher, as also that of
a magazine editor and of a theatre manager, is not
uncommonly the most valuable asset in his entire
stock and equipment. The flaire for the desirable
thing in literature that made the Macmillan brothers
so successful as publishers seems to be possessed in
an unusual degree by the present head of the Mac-
millan Company of New York. Mr. George P.
Brett forms the subject of an appreciative sketch,
in the March "American Magazine," from the pen
of his friend and client (if the word is permissible),
Mr. Winston Churchill. It is Mr. Brett's energy
and ability that have transformed what was a mere
branch of the London house of Macmillan into one
of the leading publishing houses of this country.
His interest in and acquaintance witli literature,
especially in certain departments conspicuously repre-
sented by his publications, prove him to be a scholar
as well as a brilliantly successful business man. "Mr.
Brett's character," we are told, "combines boldness
with caution, and this is best shown by his attitude
toward the much discussed policy of advertising:
if his instinct tells him that a book is good, he believes
in advertising it liberally; yet on the other hand he
declares that a publisher who considers the com-
mercial value of his wares alone is not only apt to
find that his published books have no value from the
standpoint of time, but that a loss ensues of pub-
lishing reputation, and of ultimate commercial profit
also. Another and by no means small factor in his
success has been his knowledge of and belief in the
innate idealism of the American man and woman."
Mr. Brett's occasional writings, on such diverse sub-
jects as Poverty, Finance, the Tariff on Books, and
How to Enjoy a Vacation, are spoken of as his
diversions and distractions from the cares of busi-
ness.
• • •
The Hoosier farmer's love of books may be
inferred from a study of the map of that agricul-
tural commonwealth, with a list of Indiana's public
libraries and library stations at one's elbow for
frequent consultation; also by a study of the State
Constitution, which was framed and adopted almost
a century ago, and which contains a wise and lib-
eral provision for the establishment of county libra-
ries; and, thirdly, by a careful reading of the " Sixth
Biennial Report of the Public Library Commission
of Indiana," which brings the library history of the
State down to the end of September, 1910. The
county system has been superseded by a more widely
beneficent plan for the establishment and operation


254
[April 1.
THE
DIAL
of libraries, both stationary and travelling, but so
early a constitutional provision for public libraries
as is found in the charter of Indiana's statehood is
certainly memorable. To promote the usefulness
of libraries to the rural public, the above-named
Report makes certain recommendations, as for ex-
ample, — " Establish a system of permanent deposit
stations and, if necessary, branch reading-rooms in
villages. Allow long time on books to those who
live far from the library and deposit station. Pur-
chase books and periodicals of special interest to
farmers. See that the people in the country know
about the library and what it contains. Advertise.
Make it possible for the librarian to go out into the
country and know the station borrowers. Make the
reading room an attractive place for farmers when
they come to town." Indiana's record in the edu-
cational and literary history of the country is one
to be proud of. Its list of recent writers of note
ought to gratify Hoosier pride, and may serve as a
sort of testimony to the excellence of the school and
library laws of the State.
• • •
The pains and penalties of literary cele-
brity might without much difficulty be shown to
overbalance its rewards and satisfactions. Mr. A.
C. Benson, in some of his recent books, has made
it plain that his own success as an author has not
been to him a source of unmixed joy. The chase
for fame, if one fancies that one cares for that sort
of thing, is doubtless more exhilarating than its
possession. That popular and delightful writer
known to her readers as Kate Douglas Wiggin, and
to her friends and acquaintances as Mrs. George C.
Riggs, has for years been the victim of a vexatious
confusion of names. Hundreds of unthinking per-
sons persist in associating her with "Mrs. Wiggs
of the Cabbage Patch," either as author or (who
knows?) as Mrs. Wiggs herself. At any rate, the
stories that Mrs. Riggs can tell of the blunders
committed by intelligent and cultured persons con-
cerning her identity almost pass belief. "Dear
Miss Wiggins," blandly writes the unknown and
admiring correspondent, "will you kindly send me
your autograph? I should prefer a quotation from
Rebecca or Mrs. Wiggs." Even those who do not
go so far as to confuse her with Mrs. Alice Hegan
Rice, too often insist on endowing her with a
superfluous s or two, and write her name, "Kate
Douglass Wiggins." No wonder she has despair-
ingly exclaimed: "Unless I have my tombstone
carved during my lifetime, they will put an * on
Wiggin and a double s on Douglas. If there is
room at the bottom they will probably add: 'Here
lies the author of "Mrs. Wiggs"!'"
• • •
Native literature in India, written in various
dialects of that vast empire of many tongues, divers
religions, and a bewildering variety of manners and
customs, has experienced the quickening influence
of the reactionary wave against things English that
has lately been sweeping over the length and breadth
of the land. The vernacular writings of Indit
must constitute a terra incognita for the mass of
western readers, but it is interesting to note a fe»
particulars from the literary letter of Mr. Saint
Nihal Singh to a late number of the New Yort
"Evening Post." "Many women," he says, "use
their native dialects to write novels. Most of these
are poor things, but some notable volumes hare
been issued. 'A Fatal Garland,' written by a
Bengali woman, Mrs. Swarana Kumari Deri, in
Bengal, recently Englished, is a powerful and
fascinating romance of the days when Moslem'
ruled Bengal. . . . Many men, also, try their hand
at fiction. Indeed, novels in the different dialect:
are becoming very popular in this country. Not
only do the half-educated men devour them, but tbe
middle-class and aristocratic women with primary
schooling are greedy for them. As a rule, Indian;
write much better novels in their native tongues
than they do in English," naturally enough, "and.
as a result, several notable volumes have been pro-
duced during the last generation." Insatiable and
all-pervading is the story-hunger; and the demand
will always, in the end, evoke the supply.
• • •
A MARVEL OF LEXICOGRAPHIC INDUSTRY, in the
shape of a Gaelic dictionary, the first complete work
of its kind, will presently be available for those
comparatively few enthusiasts who never weary of
singing the praises of that language and its ballad
literature. Mr. Edward Dwelly, of Heme Bay in
Kent, has for thirty years been gathering material,
in the native habitat of the Gael, for this magnum
opus of his. Twelve hundred pounds, saved in ten
years from his modest earnings as a London clerk,
have cheerfully been devoted to the great work; and
for lack of a publisher bold enough to undertake its
issue, the compiler himself has provided himself
with a hand press, learned the mysteries of type-
setting, stereotyping, and printing, and at last the
final sheets have been struck off and the book itself,
in three volumes and containing a vocabulary of
more than eighty thousand words, is on the point of
becoming an assured fact. A touching tale is told
of the inexorable necessity that forced Mr. Dwelly
to part with his painfully-acquired Gaelic library in
order to complete the printing of the dictionary.
It is also reported that he receives a civil list pen-
sion of fifty pounds a year, and it has been sug-
gested that he be knighted. He certainly deserves
the honor.
The illustrated library report can, in these
days of cheap and effective half-tone reproductions
of photographs, be made a rather imposing and really
artistic piece of work. Not only do exterior views
show up well in this species of mechanically faith-
ful illustration, but interiors, even those of small
rooms, are handsomely and often flatteringly ren-
dered. As is well known to the amateur photog-
rapher, a room no larger than the cramped cubicle
of a college student can by means of the camera he


1911.]
255
THE
DIAL
made to appear almost like a bedchamber of state.
Hence the pleasing vistas offered to the eye of one
turning the leaves of an illustrated annual report of
some public library. Children's rooms, thronged
with prodigiously studious and sedate infants, have
an astonishing air of spaciousness bordering on mag-
nificence. Even the frouzy habitues of the news-
paper reading-room, being all reduced to uniform
tone and complexion, have a beguiling aspect of
neatness and order. These somewhat trite obser-
vations are prompted by the inviting appearance of
the Seattle Public Library's Twentieth Annual Re-
port, just come out of the far Northwest with fifteen
agreeable pictures to enliven the statistical monotony
of its chronicle of recent progress. Decidedly, we
should advise the librarian who wishes to impress
his community favorably in his yearly report, to
illustrate that report generously with the aid of the
camera, though of course no librarian worthy of his
calling will allow the pictures to cover a multitude
or even a smaller number of sins in the adminis-
tration of his high office.
■ • •
LlTEBABY ASSISTANCE TO THE FOREIGNER Seek-
ing to gain a knowledge of our manners and cus-
toms, our laws and institutions, could advantageously
be rendered, writes Mr. John Cotton Dana to the
New York "Evening Post," through the columns
of the many journals in foreign languages that are
published in this country. "We may be sure,"
says Mr. Dana, "that the editors of almost every
one of these publications would be pleased to pub-
lish material coming from a reliable source which
would be helpful to their readers in learning about
America, its history, laws, and its customs. This
would be true even of the editors of radical journals
in foreign languages, for they all hold to the value
to their makers [readers ?] of education in American
ways." He adds a list of journals, other than
French and German, published in alien tongues in
this country. They number five hundred and thirty-
two, with a combined circulation of three million
one hundred and eighty-one thousand, and embrace
twenty-seven languages, including even Slovenian,
Welsh, Chinese, Japanese, Croatian, Lithuanian,
Ruthenian, Bulgarian, Armenian, and Arabic. Our
German and French newspapers, numbering six
hundred and thirty-two and six hundred and thirty-
four respectively have a combined circulation of
one million six hundred thousand. Mr. Dana's sug-
gestion, if widely acted upon, could hardly fail to
produce important results.
Facilities fob study in rome have recently
been made more abundant and attractive than ever
before for American students. The American Acad-
emy in that city, an outgrowth of the American
School of Architecture, and chartered by act of Con-
gress in 1905, has now been united with the Ameri-
can School of Classical Studies, which has been doing
excellent work on an inadequate financial basis
since 1895. But the consolidated Academy will
enjoy the income from a fund of considerable pro-
portions. Generous gifts have been received from
Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, Mr. Henry Walters of
Baltimore, Mr. William K. Vanderbilt, Mr. James
Stillman, Mr. Henry C. Frick, and a Harvard
graduate who prefers to remain anonymous. One
hundred thousand dollars from each of these men,
another hundred thousand from various givers as a
memorial tribute to the late Charles F. McKim,
and, subject to the life interest of his daughter,
two hundred thousand from Mr. McKim's estate—
these gifts bring the endowment up to a substantial
sum and, so far as mere endowment can do it, give
promise that the Academy will take rank among
the foremost institutions of its kind.
The success of the sevenpenny reprints
now issuing from the Nelsons' standardized book-
factory in Edinburgh at the rate of twenty-five
thousand volumes a day is something surprising.
It is reported that the publishers have now sold
seven million volumes and that still the public is
crying for more. Even with a liberal discount this
announcement is enough to arrest the reader's eye
and to make him hope well of a nation that in-
dulges so generously in the purchase of its literary
masterpieces. Moreover, it is interesting to learn
that the publishers of this popular series have
invaded foreign territory with their cheap and
serviceable reprints and are doing a large business
in supplying the French with a "Collection Nel-
son" at a franc and a half a volume, and in print-
ing for a German house a very successful edition
of pocket volumes for Teutonic lovers of the inex-
pensive and handy in literature. If this publishing
enterprise accomplishes nothing more for the world's
civilization than to diminish the excessive reading
of daily newspapers, it will have justified itself to
mankind. ...
An unexpected agitator against uncut
leaves comes into newspaper publicity in the per-
son of that meditative recluse, the author of "The
House of Quiet," " Beside Still Waters," and "The
Silent Isle." That Mr. Arthur C. Benson should
shatter our pleasing illusions as to his hermit habits
by this unlooked-for announcement that he is a busy
man, that he grudges the time spent in cutting the
leaves of books, and that he regards an uncut book
as an "unfinished article" and a "most irritating
survival of barbarism," is indeed grievous when we
had fondly pictured him as sitting of an evening in
dressing-gown and slippers before his cheerful fire,
paper-knife in one hand and a new book in the other,
leisurely laying open its virgin pages, and protract-
ing his enjoyment by cutting only as he went along.
A hard-pressed reviewer may pardonably demand
machine-trimmed volumes for his professional hand-
ling ; but a dweller in the "Silent Isle " should take
aesthetic delight in leaves whose fair margins have
suffered no detriment, and whose feathered edges
(after the reader's ivory cutter has performed its
function) so gently caress the hand.


256
[April 1,
THE DIAL
1
An incentive to Fkench novelists to aim
high, and to be content with nothing short of the
best that is in them, has been wisely provided by
the French Academy. At its meeting of March 2
it was decided to found a new "Grand Prix" in
literature, — a prize of ten thousand francs, to be
conferred annually on the author of a work (pub-
lished within the two preceding years) in the de-
partment of fiction; or, more specifically, the book
is to be a novel or other imaginative prose produc-
tion, but it must be "d 'une inspiration e'leve'e."
This is well. While history, poetry, criticism,
philosophy, and other branches of literary art have
had their public honors and recognitions in France,
the novel has been left to its fate; and this although
novelists have been freely admitted to membership
in the Academy. The tone of French fiction,
though not so low as seems to be indicated by the
bulk of yellow-covered novels that reach the out-
side world, can well bear a considerable elevation.
• • a
A Bohemian tribute to an Indian author
takes the shape of a request that Dr. Charles
Alexander Eastman will allow the chapter on
"Barbarism and the Moral Code" in his book
"The Soul of the Indian," elsewhere noticed in
this issue, to be translated into the language of the
Czech. The rare quality of this fine study of the
Indian (even though he be an idealized Indian)
cannot fail of wide and appreciative recognition.
The whole book ought to be translated, not only
into Bohemian, but into many other languages, as
a commentary on and a lesson to the Christian
civilization which our Sioux author finds to be
naught but an empty name. There is such a thing
as Christianity, and there is something that is called
civilization; but the two have not been welded
together, so far as he can discover.
• • •
Another freak of mispronunciation is chron-
icled in an editorial note in the Boston "Transcript,"
apropos of our late reference to " misled" and the
letter it elicited from Miss Richards. After quoting
the latter's communication, the " Transcript" writer
continues with a story about Richard Mansfield and
the word "awry." A long-standing member of his
company declared that he never heard Mansfield
pronounce the word otherwise than "aw-ry," and
indeed it is said that at a rehearsal of Ibsen's " Peer
Gynt" he astonished his fellow-actors by expressly
insisting on that pronunciation. The imitative or,
as the grammarians would say, the onomatopoetic
quality of " aw-ry " does in truth have much to com-
mend it, and one can readily understand Mansfield's
unwillingness to discard the word in favor of
"a-wry." . . .
Roof-garden reading-rooms for Boston are
in prospect. If the plans of the trustees of the
public library of that city are carried out, the old
church of St. John the Baptist at the North End
will be bought and converted into a branch library
having two stories and a roof-garden, thus provid-
ing the first of what we hope may be a series of
open-air reading-rooms for Boston readers. To
the North-Enders, largely the children of sunny
Italy, such a resort for physical and intellectual
refreshment should prove especially welcome.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
THE ALCOTT MEMORIAL.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
I am glad to see that a movement is on foot to pre-
serve the Alcott Home in Concord. The pleasure of a
very happy first visit to Concord some three years ago
was sadly marred for me by the appearance of this
spot, which should be held sacred by every American
and English girl and boy, — for thousands of English
girls and boys love "Little Women" and admire its
author as much as do their cousins here.
I raised my feeble voice for its preservation at the
time, but it was not strong enough to be heard. Now
that one of the many-voiced Women's Clubs has taken
the matter up, I hope that the Federation will endorse
and support its action. If every woman's club in
America will aid in the movement, and if an effort is
also made to enlist sympathy in England, there is do
doubt that there will soon be an Alcott Memorial at Con-
cord and that the reproach of the present condition of
the old house will be wiped out. Charles Wkish
Scranton, Pa., March 22, 1911.
TOMBSTONES AS A SOURCE OF HISTORICAL
INFORMATION.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
A unique source was recently made use of in the
Texas State Library for securing a bit of fugitive infor-
mation. The day of the month of the death of former
Governor Hardin R. Runnels was desired. The year
(1873) was noted in most biographical sketches, but
neither month nor day was given. The historical
archives of the library possessed a photograph of the
grave of the former Governor, in Bowie County. The
date on the tombstone was discernible in the photo-
graph— December 25, 1873. Of course the newspapers
of 1873 could have been searched, but a weary hunt
was thus avoided. The tombstone inscription or its
photograph as a source of modern contemporary history
is not an immediate rival of the Etruscan or Runic
remains, but it is well to remember that it will have in
time its paleographical significance, as well as an oc-
casional preseut use. JoHN Boynton Kaiser.
Texas Library and Historical Commission,
Austin, Texas, March 24,1911.
THE BYRON MANUSCRLPT.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Your courtesy in sending us an advance clipping of
your issue containing a Mr. Tanneubaum's opinion of
the Byron poem recently acquired by us is very greatly
appreciated. In reply to that gentleman, permit us to
say we have documents which prove the absolute
authenticity of the manuscript, and we trace its pedi-
gree from the time it left Byron's hands.
('has. J. Sawver.
London, March 15, 1911.


1911.]
257
THE DIAL
Three Plays for Iconoclasts.*
There is far too much of writing ahout Mr.
George Bernard Shaw—except when Mr. Shaw
does it. The thing to do with Mr. Shaw is to
read him. Whatever else may be thought of
him, it cannot be denied that he excites thought.
Unfortunately, also, — or perhaps Mr. Shaw
would prefer us to say fortunately, — he gen-
erally excites feeling. And as most thought
is muddled, and strong feeling always tends
to a confusion of issues, the result to the read-
ing public is a slightly helpful consideration of
vital questions and a more or less complete
misunderstanding of Mr. Shaw. Now all this
would change instantly if the reading public
could be persuaded to attack Mr. Shaw direct,
including his Prefaces, instead of persisting in
going to lectures about him. For Mr. Shaw's
style certainly possesses two out of the three
attributes demanded by some old-time text-
books of rhetoric. It can surely Jay claim to
clearness and to force; as for elegance, that is,
as always, a matter of opinion. But how Mr.
Shaw's meaning can ever be a matter of opinion
is beyond our comprehension. His reputation
for being " difficult" must have sprung entirely
from a few jesting epigrams of his own and a
great deal of over-serious, under-digested com-
ment from intellectually-lazy critics.
Mr. Shaw's new book of plays has been so
long on the way to us that it is more than ever
superfluous to write about it at length. All the
plays have been performed, or refused perform-
ance, in London and other European cities;
and reviews of them and echoes of the bitter
controversies they evoked have reached our
distant shores — no longer distant as regards
dramatic enterprises. The newest thing about
the new volume is therefore the Prefaces, which
occupy considerably more than half its pages.
Mr. Shaw belongs to a choice, if varied,
company of English playwrights and novelists
who are grouped definitely in the minds of
many of us as Men of Ideas. Mr. Galsworthy
is one of them, and the much-discussed Mr.
Wells, and (with a very different emphasis)
Mr. Arnold Bennett. Mr. Chesterton also
"belongs," but he is an essayist, and essayists
are expected and even encouraged to have ideas;
"The Doctor's Dilkmma, Getting Married, and
The Shewing-up of Blanco Posnkt. By Bernard Shaw.
New York: Brentano's
whereas novelists and playwrights occasionally
subsist without them, and many novel-readers
even go so far as strongly to resent being
obliged to moderate the romantic pleasure of
reading with the unpleasant scrutiny of life in
its unromantic and problematical phases.
One difference between Mr. Shaw and his
colleagues is that he has learned rather better
than they, in the bitter school of experience,
to distrust the reading public's understanding.
Mr. Wells may conceivably have abandoned
the writing of essays and returned to the
writing of novels, in order to widen his public.
"The New Machiavelli," whatever else may be
said of it, stands a chance of being at least
begun by many persons who would keep their
distance from un-sugar-coated sociological dis-
cussions like "New Worlds for Old" and
"The Future of America." Of course many
tentative investigators of "The New Machia-
velli" will resent the peculiar combination
therein effected by Mr. Wells, and abandon
him entirely hereafter. But, though he has
perhaps gone too far technically in his latest
attempt to make the novel-reading public think,
the new genre has come to stay; a small but
influential section of the reading public recog-
nizes that it is, to quote one of them, " a deadly
delight" to think, and they refuse to substitute
therefor the placid pretty interest evoked by a
Christy-girl's love affairs, the tense excitement
born of a Sherlock Holmes man-hunt, or any
of the fifty-seven other inanities cleverly em-
ployed — often with a quite admirable tech-
nique, a style worthy of clothing better things
— by that curiously knowing person generally
described as a Best-Seller.
Realizing (as being of at least average in-
telligence, he can hardly help doing if he ever
reads his press-notices or engages admiring
readers in conversation) the rarity of clear
thinking, the muddle-headedness that so often
accompanies the most earnest efforts to assim-
ilate new ideas, and the strength of the tradition
that one goes to the theatre to be amused and
reads plays as a poor substitute for going to
the theatre, Mr. Shaw has astutely armed him-
self with a two-edged sword: the Play and the
Preface. The frivolous reader in search of
mere amusement will undeniably find it in any
Shaw play, together with hints and innuendoes,
which, if he be not an inveterate "skipper,"
must give him a few moments' pause. The
clever, clear-headed reader does not need the
Preface, but he will take infinite delight in its
cleverness; one valuable bird has thus been


258
[April 1,
THE
DIAL
hit with two stones. The earnest plodding
reader will sigh with relief at the prefatory
prospect of finding out, not without much plod-
ding effort, what that queer Mr. Shaw is really
driving at. And, lastly, the reader who can-
not " go " plays may be tempted by Mr. Shaw's
brilliant resistless logic, and merciless even-
tempered criticism, to "go" Prefaces.
The fame of the Prefaces is their justifica-
tion; it is also the astute Mr. Shaw's justifi-
cation for having devel6ped them, in his new
book, to a bulk and an elaborateness and fine
finish of argument that make them equally im-
portant with the plays which they introduce.
"The Doctor's Dilemma," the first of the three
plays in the new volume, is a five-act comedy,
which, besides setting forth and developing an
extremely interesting, because human as well as
medical, dilemma, presents studies both instruc-
tive and entertainiug of five doctors, one wealthy
patent-medicine vendor, one artist, one jour-
nalist, one ugly and intelligent serving-woman,
and one beautiful, determined, and efficient if
not intelligent Lady. The Preface knocks down
the idol popularly known as the nobility of the
medical profession, throws all the blame for
present conditions on an anti-Socialistic public,
and thus sets up the idol again higher than
before, in so-called paradoxical Shaw fashion.
Vivisection, vaccination, fumigation, the eating
of meat, and other popular misconceptions are
discussed en route to a remedy for everything,
including poverty; that remedy being Organi-
zation and Public Control. The essay is a splen-
did bit of controversial writing, and its incidental
wit is delicious. It is worth reading for one
epithet alone, employed when Mr. Shaw char-
acterizes the average doctor as "made of the
same clay as the ignorant, shallow, credulous,
half'-miseducated, pecuniarily anxious people
who call him in." "Half-miseducated" is a
creation of genius. In both this and the Preface
to " Getting Married," which is introduced by a
very frank discussion of the marriage question,
there are many phrases taken bodily from the
plays, and all the best points of the Prefaces
are incipient in the plays — for those who can
read a little between lines.
"The Shewing-up of Blanco Posnet" serves
Mr. Shaw as a horrible example of the intelli-
gence of an English Stage Censor. The preface,
which is more than twice as long as the one-act
drama it precedes, contains a lively account of
how a " Joint Select Committee " of Lords and
Commoners investigated the whole subject of
the Censorship, including Mr. Shaw, who states
plainly that he made the committee "wildly
angry," and adds that only " public experience
and skill in acting" enabled him "to maintain
an appearance of imperturbable good-humor"
when, in fact, he was "equally furious." The
play which follows is the most striking in the
new group. Instead of the company of con-
ventional middle-class English people that Mr.
Shaw usually assembles for his dramatic pur-
poses, we have here a mob of riotous, half-
drunken cow-punchers in a Western American
mining camp, intent, with the aid of some women
as bad as themselves, on hanging a- horse-thief.
In Blanco Posnet's plain-spoken view of the
situation, he is up against a "rotten jury"
in a " rotten town " in a "rotten world"; and
he naturally sees God in terms of the "rot-
ten game " of life that they are all playing,—
a conception which the Censor held to be blas-
phemous and wished to expurgate. But when
Blanco, most reluctantly, discovers that, besides
the "rotten game," there is also a "great
game," he is "for it every time"; and he
launches forth at once upon an eager, vivid
account of his new view of God and the " jobs"
He has for them all to do. The sheriff and the
jury do not understand his change of heart very
well, and the Censor must have shared their
difficulty. He may have been somewhat con-
fused by the unfamiliar Western American
atmosphere and the American slang. There is
a sort of primitive force and fire in the one short,
lurid scene of this piece, with its quick play
of comedy, pathos, and tragedy, its elemental
passions, and its picturesque uncouth imagery,
that suggests Synge's "Playboy"; and it is in-
teresting to know that the Irish National Theatre,
which has brought Synge's plays before the
world, has given "The Shewing-up of Blanco
Posnet" a completely triumphant public per-
formance.
"Getting Married" is as refreshingly comic
as anything Mr. Shaw has written; "The
Doctor's Dilemma" is as deliberately and pains-
takingly fair-minded. Dubedat and Emmy
and Sir Patrick, the Mayoress and Collins
(the green-grocer-alderman), Blanco and Elder
Daniels, are notable additions to the Shaw
gallery; but so is practically every character
in the three plays. Mr. Shaw has gained in ex-
pressiveness without losing his subtlety. He
has chosen bigger issues than usual, and he
hits a little straighter and a little harder, but
not so strenuously as to spoil his impersonal
enjoyment of the fray. More people than the
Censorship committee will go " dancing mad"


1911.J
259
THE DIAL
over this his latest exuberance. And it is very
small credit to Mr. Shaw that " public experi-
ence and skill in acting" enable him "to main-
tain an appearance of imperturbable good-
humor"; for in the end Mr. Shaw always
wins,—a consummation conducing to serenity,
gaiety, audacity, and full appreciation of the
"deadly delight" of straight thinking.
We have tried to keep to the main point:
that the thing to do is to read Mr. Shaw.
Comparative rating of a man's mature works
means little. It is enough to say here that this
man is too conscientious to fall below his level,
and too much alive not to rise with each fresh
achievement to a keener, finer, kindlier appre-
ciation of life and his relation to it. We have
waited long and eagerly for these plays. Even
those of us who are doomed to go "dancing
mad" over them will admit, we think, that
they were worth waiting for.
Edith Kellogg Dunton.
Of Publishing and Publishers.*
The manifest opportunity for interesting
literary anecdote that offers itself to the writer
on the history of book-publishing and book-
selling has been grasped with both hands by
Mr. Frank A. Mumby in his copious work on
"The Romance of Book Selling." Nearly five
hundred compact octavo pages are filled with
instructive and entertaining matter collected
from sources whose unsuspected abundance is
revealed in an appended bibliography (compiled
by Mr. W. H. Peet) containing about six hun-
dred items. But the title chosen for his book
by Mr. Mumby is a little misleading, since it is
to English book publishing that he almost ex-
clusively confines his attention, although a per-
functory chapter of twelve pages on "The
Beginnings of the Book World" opens the
volume. In his Preface, however, he explains
the real plan of the work, which is to give, for
the first time, something like a connected and
adequate history of the trade in books in his own
country. "Ten ordinary histories of kings and
courtiers," said Carlyle, " were well exchanged
against the tenth part of one good History of
Booksellers." This saying had been so often
met with by Mr. Mumby that at last he felt
ashamed to face it again until he had done some-
thing to remove the reproach that seemed to lie
* Thb Romance of Book Selling. A History from the
Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century. By Frank A.
Mumby. With a Bibliography by W. H. Peet. Illustrated.
Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
hidden in the words, since he himself had under-
taken a series of "Histories of Kings and
Courtiers."
With a preliminary glance at the baked clay
tablets of Babylonia and Assyria, which we are
wont to regard as the beginnings of literature
although we have no assurance that recorded
speech may not date back hundreds or even
thousands of years earlier, the author dwells
more at length on what little is known of the
book trade in ancient Greece and Rome. The
rigors of censorship under some of the Roman
emperors are briefly recalled. Domitian, ac-
cording to Suetonius, not only went so far as
to put the historian Hermogenes of Tarsus to
death because of certain passages in that
author's writings to which the tyrant objected,
but he even crucified the copyists who had been
engaged on the work. Concerning the business
relations between authors and publishers in
classic times we are left in the dark, with ex-
pert opinion about evenly divided on the ques-
tion whether or not the author received any more
tangible returns than fame from the publication
of his books. With no copyright law, and with
the multiplication of copies reduced to the
simple process of transcribing, by cheap slave
labor, it is difficult to see how any satisfactory
system of royalties could have been devised.
Mr. Mumby sides with the negative and believes
the author to have received no payment from
his publisher. But in a letter from Cicero to
Atticus, as quoted in this connection, we read:
"You have sold my discourse on Ligarius so
well that I shall entrust you with this duty for
all my future works." Is that exactly the lan-
guage in which the astute Tully would have
written to a publisher with whom his relations
were merely those of friendship and a common
interest in the cause of letters?
The bulk of Mr. Mumby's work concerns
itself, as already indicated, with the history and
traditions of the English book trade, and its
pages are enriched with the names and achieve-
ments of such famous masters of that trade as
Caxton, John Day, Jacob Tonson, Robert
Dodsley, Edward Cave, and the Blackwoods,
Macmillans, and Longmans of a more recent
period. The first beginnings, too, of the his-
toric Stationers' Company are traced in the
penumbral antiquity of five centuries ago; and
the earliest copyright law of the realm, or, in
fact, of any country,—the Act of Parliament
of the year 1709,—is duly recorded. Also, the
history of the publication of such important
works as the English Bible, Shakespeare's plays


260
[April 1,
THE DIAL
and poems, Milton's "Paradise Lost," and
Johnson's Dictionary, receives appropriate at-
tention from the author. The final chapter,
devoted to "Publishers of To-day," contains an
account of the Oxford University Press, the
Cambridge University Press, the Murray
publishing-house, the Bohn Libraries, and the
fortunes of other recent enterprises in the book
world, closing with a review of the rapid rise
of Mr. William Heinemann to that command-
ing position in the publishing business which
was fitly recognized in his recent election to
the presidency of the Publishers' Association.
An instructive glimpse of the book seller, or
stationer, of the early seventeenth century is
given in George Wither's "Schollers Purga-
tory," where both the honest and the dishonest
dealer are quaintly described. The honest
stationer is thus pictured in a passage quoted
by Mr. Mumby:
"An honest Stationer is he, that exereizeth his mys-
tery (whether it be in printing, bynding, or selling of
Bookes) with more respect to the glory of Gon, and the
publike advantage, than to his owne commodity : and is
both an ornament, and a profitable member of a civill
Commonwealth. He is the Caterer that gathers to-
gether provision to satisfy the curious appetite of the
Soule, and is carefull to his powre that whatsoever he
provides shal be such as may not poyson or distemper
the understanding. And, seeing the State intrusteth
him with the disposing of those Bookes which may both
profitt and hurt, as they are applyed, (like a discreet
Apothecary in selling poysnous druggs) he observes
by whom, and to what purpose, such bookeB are likely
to be bought up, before he will deliver them out of his
hands. If he be a Printer he makes conscience to exem-
plefy his Coppie, i.e., to compose his book fayrely, and
truly. If he be a Bookebynder; he is carefull his work
may bee strong and serviceable. If he be a seller of
Bookes, he is no meere Bookeseller (that is) one who sel-
leth meerely ynck and paper bundled up together for his
owne advantage only; but he is the Chapman of Arts,
of wisdom, and of much experience for a little money.
He would not publish a booke tending to schisme, or
prophannesse, for the greatest gain; and if you see in
his shopp, any bookes vaine or impertinent it is not so
much to be imputed to his fault, as to the vanity of
the Tymes: For when bookes come forth allowed by
authority, he holds it his duty, rather to sell them, than
to censure them: Yet, he meddles as little as he can,
with such as he is truly perswaded are pernitions, or
altogether unprofitable."
It is doubtless not generally known that as
early as 1736 an association of authors, or, as
it was formally named, a "Society for the
Encouragement of Learning," was organized
by certain men of letters actuated by the same
motives that were to call into being a similar
society after the lapse of a century and a half.
The benevolent purpose was " to assist authors
in the publication, and to secure them the
entire profits of their own works." No less a
personage than the Duke of Richmond acted as
president of this association, and on itscommittee
of management were other noblemen as well as
scholars and authors of repute. After a fine
flourish of trumpets it began with a member-
ship of more than a hundred, its secretary being
one Alexander Gordon, who had already, we are
told, "made a trial of all the ways by which a
man could get an honest livelihood." That the
book-sellers looked askance at this hopeful band
of Encouragers of Learning, and that its cor-
porate existence covered no more than thirteen
years of heroic struggle and desperate effort,
does not surprise us now in the retrospect,
however laudable its purpose and however dis-
interested its management. Few books, and
none of the first importance, seem to have
come in the way of the Society for publication,
though it is comforting to learn from an account
based on its manuscript volumes of " Proceed-
ings," now in the British Museum, that the pro-
moters of the enterprise "closed their humane
and honoured exertions by balancing the ac-
counts of the association and bestowing the resi-
due of their funds upon that noble charity, the
Foundling Hospital. At this time the Duke of
Leeds was President, and the sum so congenially
appropriated was £24 12s. — the last legacy
from the Foundlings of Literature to the hardly
more forlorn Foundlings of Benevolence."
Passing now to a considerably later period,
we read concerning Henry George Bohn, held
in grateful remembrance by many a classicist,
that at least nine collections or "libraries,"
besides the set of translations from the Greek
and Latin, bore his name.
"Some six hundred volumes altogether — standard
works of every country in Europe — were added by
Bohn before he retired, after doing ' as much for liter-
ature,' said Emerson, 'as railroads have done for inter-
nal intercourse.' Bohn himself selected most of the
volumes included, and the list furnishes striking proof
of his immense knowledge of European literature. His
linguistic accomplishments—he could speak five modern
languages, besides being a Greek and Latin scholar —
were here of the utmost service to him, and also enabled
him to translate several of the volumes which are still in-
cluded in the series of ' Foreign Classics.' He contri-
buted in various ways to many other volumes in his
libraries, besides writing for the Philobiblon Society
•The Origin and Progress of Printing' (1857) and 'A
Biography and Bibliography of Shakespeare' (1863)."
Among matters of miscellaneous interest in
Mr. Mumby's generously inclusive volume is an
account of the invention of the famous Oxford
India paper, whose combined toughness, thin-
ness, and opaqueness are the wonder of the


1911.]
261
THE
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book world. It was in 1875 that, through the
energy of Mr. Frowde, the secret was discovered
by persistent experimentation, and an edition
of the Bible was published similar in all respects
to the two dozen copies printed in 1842 on
paper brought by an Oxford graduate from
India, and never before successfully imitated.
Except to the officials of the Wolvercote Mills,
the paper still remains a mystery, and in the
place of its manufacture no workman is allowed
to understand more than one of the steps that
lead to its production.
In conclusion, it may be said that Mr.
Mumby's is undoubtedly the fullest and most
generally informing book that has yet appeared
on the rise and progress of English publishing
and book-selling. Its illustrations are many
and well-chosen, and its thirty-eight-page biblio-
graphy (reprinted, with additions, from "Notes
and Queries") is of an exhaustiveness that
ought to satisfy even the most enthusiastic
specialist. Percy F. Bicknell.
American Folk-Songs.*
Most text books on literature begin by defin-
ing their subject in a way that excludes the primal
form of literature—oral literature. Folk-songs
are one kind of oral literature.
Professor Francis J. Child's great collection
of "English and Scottish Popular Ballads"
was published at intervals from 1882 to 1898,
the final part appearing after the editor's death.
For some ten years before 1882, as he tells us
in Part I., Professor Child had been endeavor-
ing "to stimulate collection from tradition in
England, Canada, and the United States"; and
he was much disappointed that the returns were
so meagre. Later developments have made it
clear that Child's original impression was cor-
rect, and that many excellent ballad versions
were in existence in America that he had failed
to secure. Indeed, a few striking versions of
this kind came to him after the above words
were in print, and appeared in the later parts
of his work. Noteworthy among these are:
"The Hangman's Tree" (p. xxv. in the one-
volume edition of Child), a form of No. 95,
"The Maid Freed from the Gallows"; and a
version of No. 79,» The Wife of Usher's Well,"
(in the one-volume Child), into which has come
•Cowboy Songs, and Other Frontier Ballads.
Collected by John A. Lomnx, of the University of Texas,
Sheldon Fellow of Harvard University for the Investigation
of American Ballads. New York: Sturgis & Walton Co.
some striking Christian mythology. Both of
these were obtained among illiterate people by
Miss Backus of North Carolina.
It has long been known that the folk-songs
flourish among some isolated communities in
the Appalachian Mountains. Professor H. G.
Shearin of Hamilton College, Lexington, Ken-
tucky, is an enthusiastic collector, and he has
persuaded several others to give their treas-
ures into his keeping. He writes the present
reviewer that " Eastern Kentucky is a surpris-
ingly rich field." The entire collection now in
his hands consists of at least 274 separate folk-
songs — song-ballads, lyrics, dance-songs, jigs,
play-songs, and number-songs." In this esti-
mate, variants are not counted, though "it is
very hard, at times, to distinguish between an
independent ballad and a variant." This is an
astonishing body of folk-poetry, and should be
published in full. Child's great work contains
305 separate ballads. Rev. W. E. Barton,
of Oak Park, Illinois, collected the songs of
the Kentucky and Tennessee mountains nearly
twenty-five years ago, when living in that region,
preserving both the words and the music.
But we have made a mistake in thinking of
isolated mountain regions as almost the sole
places where American folk-songs can be found.
In the "Journal of American Folk-Lore " for
1905, Mr. Phillips Barry of Boston published
nearly fifty octavo pages of good versions of
fourteen of the ballads in Child, accompanied by
the airs to which he found them sung. These
were collected during two years, the best of them
coming from Vermont, the greater number
from Massachusetts. These versions were wait-
ing discovery at Child's very doorstep. Mr.
Barry squarely opposes the usual view when
he says:
"Unrecognized in its extent, if not indeed unknown
as an element in American literature, is a widespread
undercurrent of traditional folk-song. Popular poetry,
even of the better sort, is by no means yet dead; it
lives on in every part of our broad land, as well in
the heart of the populous city as on the lonely
hillside. . . . Scattered over the country, versions of
several ballads . . . have been known to collectors for
some time, supposed to be the last fading flowers of
popular poetry in the New World. It seems, however,
not to have occurred to the collectors to draw an infer-
ence from the excellent condition in which they found
them preserved. A ballad extinct, or nearly so, ap-
pears in a short and mutilated form; if it still retains
the main facts of the story, and especially if the air
has been preserved, its life is not yet ended, or near an
end. New England, the oldest portion of our country,
contrary to what has been supposed, is still the home
of a large amount of traditional folk-song, much of it
of the best order."


262
[April 1,
THE
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In the same Journal for 1909 Mr. Barry says
concerning the ballad-tunes:
"The melodies to which folk-songs are sung in
America are of infinite variety, and in many instances
rarely beautiful. To this source the composer of the
future, who shall found a school of American music,
will turn for his inspiration."
Professor H. M. Belden, of the University of
Missouri, and the Missouri Folk-Lore Society
have found more than 150 different songs in
oral tradition in that State. Through his
pupils the present writer has obtained some
excellent versions of older British ballads,—
for example, an Indiana variant of "The Two
Brothers " that is more effective than any form
given in Child.
Nearly or quite thirty of the choicest ballads
in Child's collection live in oral tradition in
different parts of the United States. Among
those most common in the North Central States
are: No. 4, •« Lady Isabel and the Elf-Knight"
(in America the cruel husband has no supernat-
ural character); 12, " Lord Randal"; 73,"Lord
Thomas and Fair Annet [and the Brown Girl]";
84, "Bonny [or Cruel] Barbara Allen."
Another mistake in the study of our folk-
songs has been to give attention too exclusively
to ballads of British origin, especially the older
ones to be found in Child. Professor Gummere
has insisted strenuously that the making of
ballads is "a closed account" ("The Begin-
nings of Poetry," p. 163). We have obediently
closed the account by shutting our ears to the
many songs of native origin current in tradition.
These are inferior in literary value to the older
ballads, but they deserve our attention.
More than forty years ago I heard the bal-
lad of " Springfield Mountain " sung in West-
ern Massachusetts. It began:
"On Springfield Mountain there did dwell
A lovely youth I knew full well.
Timmy-rye, timmy-ray, timmy-riddy-iddy-ay."
Some twenty different versions of this song
have been published, Mr. Barry also printing
several melodies to which it is sung. "The
Springfield Weekly Republican" of Oct. 8,
1908, prints the original poem from which this
song is believed to have sprung. It tells of
the death, from the bite of a rattlesnake, of
Timothy Merrick of Wilbraham, Mass., in
1761, when "very nigh marridge." Many
versions of "Springfield Mountain" contain
laughable touches; but the best ones are both
more musical and more effective than the original
poem, and they tell the story in a very different
way. This song is now widely diffused; it has
been found in tradition in many of the States
of the Union.
In commenting on this song, the "Spring-
field Republican " suggests a theory concerning
the making of our older ballads, when it says
that "it was not until [the ballads] had been
repeated from sire to son down several centuries,
until they had been filtered, as it were, through
many better minds than those of the authors,
that the flaws were eliminated and the folk-
songs as we know them now had emerged."
The ballad of "Young Charlotte," who is
frozen to death while being driven by her lover
to attend a party, is also widely diffused, but the
different versions agree closely. The present
writer obtained the song in Kansas. Mr. Barry
tells me that the author is William Carter, of
Benson, Vermont.
Professor John A. Lomax's interesting and
valuable volume of "Cowboy Songs" consists
mainly of songs that originated in America. A
letter from ex-President Roosevelt commends
the book to public favor. Though all the songs
included have been found in the possession of
the cowboys, the themes are widely various.
Logging, the saw-mill, Indian warfare, the
Mexican War, the Civil War, trapping, gold-
mining, stage-driving, railroading, all contribute
songs. One song is the meditation of a Boston
burglar in prison at Charleston, Mass.; another
has its scene in Australia; one of the many
outlaw ballads tells of robbing on "the famed
Hounslow heath."
One ballad glorifies Jesse James. It is some-
what widely known. Miss Louise R. Bascom
tells us, in the "Journal of American Folk-
Lore" for 1909, that the heroic ballads of
Western North Carolina "cluster for the most
part around Jesse James." The song which
she prints has much in common with that in
Lomax. I have heard before of the existence
of a group of ballads about Jesse James. I am
inclined to conjecture that some of the other
songs of outlaw life have been transferred to
Jesse James. We know that some English
ballads became attached to Robin Hood that
did not originally concern him.
Professor Lomax prints " Young Charlotte,"
and a stammering version of "Springfield
Mountain" entitled "Rattlesnake — A Ranch
Haying Song." Here is a specimen stanza:
"' O John, O Joh-wa-wahn,
Why did you go-wo-wo
Way down in the mea-we-we-dow
So far to mo-wo-wow?'
To my rattle, to my roo-rah-ree!"


1911.]
263
THE
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American versions of the older British bal-
lads seem to have been left out of this volume
of set purpose, though "The Old Man under
the Hill" is a form of Child No. 278, "The
Farmer's Curst Wife."
The first song in the book, "The Dying
Cowboy," has a strange history. Mr. Barry
has pointed out that it is a transformation of a
song well known in the Atlantic coast states as
"The Burial at Sea." The following parallel
stanzas show how the ocean song has suffered a
land-change into something new and strange:
"Oh, bury me not in the deep, deep sea,
W here the billow's shroud shall roll o'er me,
Where no light can break through the dark, cold
wave,
Or the sun shine sweetly upon my grave."
"Oh, bury me not on the lone prairie,
Where the wild coyotes will howl o'er me,
Where the buzzard beats and the wind goes free,
Oh, bury me not on the lone prairie."
The cowboy songs proper are the most import-
ant element in the book. They vary greatly,
and are of unequal merit; but they all have an
interesting flavor of real life. Three of them
portray the Last Judgment in striking fashion
under the symbol of a great "round-up"
(pp. 248, 18, 282). Some of the songs show
stinging satiric power, e.g., "Hell in Texas."
In the case of eighteen of the songs, the mel-
odies to which they are sung are also printed.
There are many literary echoes in the book.
"The Last Longhorn " imitates the cadences of
"Bingen on the Rhine." Kipling begot "The
Boozer," though some one else composed it.
Professor Lomax has been appointed by
Harvard University "Sheldon Fellow for the
Investigation of American Ballads." He de-
sires to collect folk-songs of every kind,—
lumber songs, sailors' chanteys, mining songs,
army songs, fishing songs, etc. He may be
addressed at the University of Texas, Austin,
Texas. He is especially interested at present
in the native songs of the negroes. He says:
"No work worth mentioning has been done in
this field, and both the words and the music of
the negro ballads are of far more intrinsic in-
terest even than the cowboy songs themselves."
Albert H. Tolman.
Tbe first part of the long-awaited third edition of Dr.
J. G. Frazer's " Golden Bough" will be published im-
mediately by Messrs. Macmillan. This division of the
work deals with " The Magic Art and the Evolution of
Kings," and in the present revised and enlarged edition
it occupies two substantial volumes.
The Rise of the Elder Pitt.*
The statesmen of England are frequently
more than mere politicians — they belong to
other guilds as well. Though much of their
strength is spent in the service of state or
party, they have time and energy left for other
labors of serious intellectual character,— for
history, philosophy, theology, and literature.
This fact has long been accepted as a common-
place, and the world no longer expresses sur-
prise when Lord Morley or Mr. Balfour adds
another title to the current book list.
Among these literary statesmen, Lord Rose-
bery has long held high rank. Recently the
genial peer has been thought of in connection
with a serious political mission: he has under-
taken to save the historic constitution of En-
gland by reforming and reconstituting the upper
house. It would seem that the task of convert-
ing the nation, and particularly his fellow peers,
to his present views would leave little time for
historical research; but this has not been the
case. During the past few months there has
come from the press a new biography from his
hand, this time a study in the early life of
Lord Chatham. It is written in the author's
brilliant though somewhat unconventional En-
glish, replete with enjoyable humor and striking
characterizations, which make every page de-
lightful reading. Lord Rosebery has a rare
faculty for finding the kernel of interest, and
for presenting it in a manner that never fails to
leave an impression. Digressions are frequent,
and sometimes they carry us far afield; but the
subject is broadly stated, and the discussions of
Pitt's "connections" often throw interesting
side lights on the main theme.
Of the political battles in which the author
was engaged when the book was taking form,
we have almost no echoes; perhaps the only
instance is in a paragraph where he discusses
the cabinet changes in 1746 and adds half
regretfully,—
"The great posts were mainly given to peers, while
a peerage is now as regards office in the nature of an
impediment, if not a disqualification. In those days an
industrious duke, or even one like Grafton who was not
industrious, could have almost what he chose."
At first thought one should be inclined to
question the need of a new study of Chatham's
career. Biographies both brief and extensive
are accessible, — notably the three scholarly
volumes of von Ruville and the earlier work of
* Lord Chatham, His Early Life and Connections. By
Lord Rosebery. New York: Harper & Brothers.


264
[April 1,
THE
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Thackeray, "who wrote his biography in quarto
and who may be discriminated without diffi-
culty from the genius of that name." Three
reasons are advanced to justify the present
.undertaking: the need of a more sympathetic
analysis, the need of a study directed toward the
human side of the man, and the discovery of
new materials.
Englishmen have not been satisfied with the
cold searching analysis of von Ruville. A
politician who was not always strictly honest,
an orator who was constantly striving after
theatrical effects,— can this be the real Pitt?
Von Ruville's belief that the prospect of receiv-
ing large legacies determined Pitt's actions at
certain important junctures is plausible, though
scarcely proved. Nor do Englishmen like to
think of Pitt as taking refuge with his old com-
panion, the gout, when circumstances threatened
to force the adoption of an American policy
that he had formerly condemned. The an-
nouncement that Lord Rosebery was preparing
a book on Chatham was, therefore, good news.
Peculiarly fitting, it also seemed, that one who
has himself directed the empire, one who knows
the practical difficulties of statesmanship, should
undertake the work.
It may be questioned, however, whether much
has really been gained in the matter of inter-
pretation: the theory of ethical weakness has
apparently been replaced by one that supposes
mental weakness.
"It is generally the gout or its allies which disable
him; but later it is a disorder akin to if not identical
with insanity. . . . From his ancestors, most probably
the Governor, who, we infer, was a free liver in a tropi-
cal climate, he derived the curse of gout. From the
same progenitor he inherited a nervous, violent tem-
perament, and some taint of madness."
The conclusion is cautiously stated, but there
can be no doubt as to the impression intended.
The author states on the authority of Lord
Shelburne that there was much madness in the
Pitt family. The hypothesis is supported by the
initial chapter of the work, on the eccentricities
of the Pitts. It is a dismal story of domestic
warfare, in which the hand of each seems to be
turned against all the others. On this subject
the author has been able to offer fresh informa-
tion, drawn chiefly from a family document
written by Pitt's nephew, the first Lord Camel-
ford, for the enlightenment of his son. It is a
terrible arraignment by one who was clearly in
position to know, and who seems to have hated
his relatives most cordially.
"Putting this violent prejudice on one side, this
memorial . . . though too intimate for complete pub-
lication, is a priceless document. ... It may be inac-
curate, and biased and acrid, but it presents the family
circle from within by one of themselves, and no more
vivid picture can exist of that strange cockatrice brood
of Pitts."
It is difficult to make allowance for prejudice,
and it is to be feared that Lord Rosebery's use
of the Camelford document is not always criti-
cal. There should be little hesitancy about
accepting the facts that are given in the docu-
ment, but the impressions and opinions of an
ungrateful and hostile kinsman should be used
with the greatest caution.
It was not Lord Rosebery's purpose to write
a complete biography of William Pitt. Such
a work, he tells us, cannot be written; except
for the early years of his public career, the
materials are wanting.
"Of his conversations, of his private life nothing, or
little more than nothing, remains. Except on the one
genial occasion on which Burke saw him tooling a jim-
whiskey dowu to Stowe, we scarcely see a human touch.
After his accession to office in 1756, his letters of
pompous and sometimes abject circumlocution, intended
partly to deceive his correspondent and partly to baffle
the authorities of the Post Office, give no clue to his
mind. He wrote an ordinary note as Rogers wrote an
ordinary couplet. Even his love-letters are incurably
stilted. There is no ease, no frankness, no self-
revelation in anything that he wrote after he embarked
actively in politics."
The study is therefore limited to the earlier
years of Pitt's career, the long struggle to get
into office. It closes when success is attained.
Of those great years from 1757 to 1761, when
Pitt was one of the dominating personal forces
of the world, we are told nothing. But a man's
public career is not biography, as Lord Rose-
bery defines the term; it is history. This
limitation is a source of weakness as well as of
strength: it gives unity and consistence to the
work, but it also deprives it of a satisfactory
ending. Just as the plot begins to thicken, the
narrative ceases. After leading us to the
threshold of a mighty career, the author sud-
denly stops without any attempt at further
exploration.
The story, so far as it is told, is related with
detailed completeness. It is the old story of
intrigue and bickering and political immoral-
ity, one that is familiar to every student of
eighteenth-century life and history. On the
side of the narrative the author has brought
out very little that has not long been known;
his contribution is rather to be sought in his
interpretation of the facts and in his attitude
toward the important political characters of the
time. George II. is painted in more favorable


1911.]
265
THE
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colors than usual; he is even credited with the
possession of certain kingly virtues. The
Grenvilles come in for severe treatment, more
severe, perhaps, than the family really deserves.
An attempt is made to do fuller justice to
Newcastle, but with slight success. The char-
acter of Pitt is traced with strong, firm lines:
his is the grand soul struggling to realize a
mighty ambition in sordid surroundings and in
the companionship of mean men. In a study
devoted principally to the human side of the
subject, the author could, of course, not fail to
find certain prominent weaknesses; but they
are treated as unimportant.
"Whatever his failings may have been, his country-
men have refused, and rightly refused, to take heed of
them. . . . With Pitt, as with Nelson, his country will
not count flaws. What do they matter? How are
they visible in the sunlight of achievement? A country
must cherish aud guard its heroes."
Laurence M. Larson.
An American View of the Menace of
Germany.*
Since the debut of America as a world-power,
her pride in that new position has been mani-
fested in several directions, not least of which
is the literature on International Relations.
To " America's Foreign Policy," by "A Diplo-
matist," recently reviewed in these columns, is
now to be added a book by Captain Mahan on
International Conditions, which may be set
down as his tenth volume dealing more or less
directly with world-politics. The burden of
this volume, though it is not set forth too
obtrusively, is the menace of Germany.
As introductory to this, the author recounts
a number of facts in regard to the origin and
character of present international groupings in
Europe, which, though more or less common-
place in history, are necessary as a basis for an
understanding of the present predominance of
Germany. Only within the nineteenth century
has she attained nationality and thereby be-
come capable of playing an effective part in
world-politics. The transformation from an
agricultural to an industrial community since
1870 now forces her to seek new markets and
to control them to her advantage. This is the
meaning of her dreadnoughts, and those of her
ally, Austria. Hitherto it has been the policy
of Great Britain to maintain a two-power stand-
ard in her navy; but that is passing, and will
•The Interest of America in International Con-
ditions. By A. T. Mahan, D.C.L., LL.D., Captain in
United States Navy. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
be no longer possible. The naval expenditure
of Germany has risen from five millions a year
in 1875 to a hundred millions a year. The
relative decline of the naval power of Great
Britain is not a matter of indifference to the
United States, for the rivalry between Great
Britain and Germany has already reached the
danger-point.
More than this, Germany is none too friendly
to us, being irritated by our two leading prin-
ciples of external policy, the Monroe Doctrine
and the Open Door in the Far East. This was
clearly evidenced in her attitude toward us in
the Spanish. War, and nothing has happened
since to convince us that she is any more
friendly to-day.
The only two nations capable of helping Great
Britain are the United States and Japan; and
this they must do in the Pacific Ocean by main-
taining the balance of power there. The fact
that the balance of naval power in Europe ties
the German and British fleets to the North Sea,
where they can watch each other, protects our
own Atlantic coast and justifies shifting our
naval force to the Pacific. Indeed, that is our
greatest danger-line now, for it is there the
open-door policy is likely to be attacked; and
the attitude of Japan on that question is becom-
ing open to doubt, if not suspicion, in view of
recent negotiations between her and Russia
and the rebuff to our proposal to neutralize the
Manchurian Railway. All of these facts would
seem to dictate the Pacific rather than the
Atlantic as the station for our fleet.
Such, in outline, are the contentions of Cap-
tain Mahan with regard to the present situation
in world-politics. The two definite things that
stand out prominently in the book are the men-
ace of Germany, and the desirability of shifting
our naval forces to the Pacific. The author
makes no reference to a "naval program," —
that is, the building of more and more American
battleships; but that he considers such a policy
advisable is not an unnatural conclusion from
his fears and his Pacific (not " pacific") policy.
But there are a few forces now playing upon
world-politics of which Captain Mahan has not
taken account. One of these is the peace move-
ment, which has not only attained reputable
proportions, but can no longer be counted as a
negligible factor. Another is the prospective
pacification of Ireland, which will add to the
strength of Great Britain fully as much as
the construction of several battleships. Still
another is the growth of Socialism, especially
in Germany. In speaking of the naval pro-


266
[April 1,
THE
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gramme of Germany, the author says: "This
is no freak of a government, however little par-
liamentary to our notions that of Germany is.
It is the expression of the will of a people."
That probability is true just now; but the
opponents of militarism are many, and are
increasing. Socialism is international, having
regard for the welfare of working men every-
where, and war it regards as destructive of that
welfare. It would be no wild prophecy to say
that the peace of the world is practically assured
from the day the Socialists control the German
parliament. If given a fair showing, that day
may not be far distant. At any rate, for awhile
let us spend as much money on education as we
do on militarism. David Y. Thomas.
Recent Fiction.*
The old, old story of a man's life, beginning with
boyhood recollections and ending with the broken
years of later manhood, related in elaborate detail
and plentifully adorned with comment upon the
environing conditions, all told in the first person, is
what we find in "The New Machiavelli." This
is the newest of Mr. H. G. Wells's novels, — which
we might better call social documents, — and em-
bodies, as usual, the author's opinions de omnibus
rebus et quibusdam aliis, with a leaning toward
politics in this particular case. Mr. Wells is an
erratic philosopher, much given to snarling about
life as he finds it, and to the devising of Utopian
civilizations whose beneficiaries, were his ideals ever
realized, would probably snarl about them also in
much the same way as that in which Mr. Wells girds
at our own civilization. We need hardly say that
ideas upon many subjects are astir in this book —
ideas about education and government, socialism
and sex. The last-named of these subjects seems
to be an obsession with the author, and is handled
* The New Machiavelli. By H.G.Wells. New York:
Duffield & Co.
Lord Alistaik's Rebellion. By Allen Upward. New
York: Mitchell Kennerley.
The Broad Highway. By Jeffery Farnol. Boston:
Little, Brown, & Co.
Alise of Astra. By H. B. Marriott Watson. Boston:
Little, Brown, & Co.
Westover of Wanalah. A Story of Love and Life
in Old Virginia. By George Cary Eggleston. Boston:
Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co.
The Betrayal. By Walter Neale and Elizabeth H.
Hancock. New York: The Neale Publishing Co.
The Scourge. By Warrington Dawson. Boston: Small,
Maynard & Co.
The Prodigal Judge. By Vaughan Hester. Indian-
apolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co.
The Dawn-Builder. By John G. Neihardt. New
York: Mitchell Kennerley.
The Married Life of the Frederic Carrolls. By
Jesse Lynch Williams. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
with unpleasant frankness. In fact, the whole
career of the hero is shaped by his moral weakness
in his relations with women. He is a rising states-
man, having the most brilliant future well within
his grasp, when he throws it all away for the sake
of an illicit love. The cases of Parnell and Dilke
naturally come to our mind, and it seems probable
that Remington's story is to a certain extent based
upon them. Writing from the Italian villa in which,
after deserting his wife, he has sought seclusion with
his paramour, he moralizes extensively upon his
downfall. It is not wholly a case of " the world well
lost," for there is an insistent note of regret in his
musings, and, although he freely admits that he has
done wrong, he seems all the time to be pleading for
sympathy on the ground that he has fallen victim to
an uncontrollable passion. When we think of the
disgusting immoralities to which he has previously
confessed, and of the loveliness of the wife whom he
has forsaken, we are not disposed to bestow upon him
much of the sympathy which he seems to think his
due. His political development is no less erratic
and devoid of principle than his private life. He
is at first a liberal, and even a socialist, but no sooner
attains high office as a spokesman of these causes
than he breaks with his following, and goes in for
what he calls "constructive aristocracy." His new
political philosophy finds expression in the weekly
review which he sets going, but does not have time
for effective translation into act before he succumbs
to the temptation which forever cuts him off from
public life. Because Machiavelli had a somewhat
similar experience, the name of the Florentine states-
man supplies Remington's story with its title. But
Machiavelli's philosophy found definite and logical
expression, whereas we can discover in Remington's
perturbed fancies nothing more than the outpour-
ing's of a hopelessly bewildered soul, at outs with
itself and with the world. His story is told with
immense vigor, with incisive characterizations, and
galvanic shocks in every chapter, but there is no
light in it. The writer who raises perplexities
without helping to resolve them has no healing for
the mind; no thinker can be really helpful who has
not somewhere a moral and intellectual anchorage.
The hero of "Lord A list air's Rebellion," a novel
by Mr. Allen Upward, is no less vigorous than
Remington in his onslaught upon the moralities
and the decencies of life. He rails at everything
and everybody, deliberately espouses the life of
degradation, and flouts every effort made by his
friends to reclaim him. On one memorable occa-
sion, he unbosoms himself in these terms:
"I am a hooligan. I've been trying to disguise it ever
since I was a boy, bnt I'm not going to try any more. I
hate your law and order; I hate your respectability; I hate
your civilization. Our forefathers were thieves and murder-
ers, and I envy them. They lived a jolly life among the
heather and the hills, and they were gentlemen. They
didn't cringe to cobblers and butchers for votes, and go to
church on Sundays to please their grocer. They swore and
drank and diced as much as they liked, and never asked
what the Dissenters thought of them. I am sick of swallow-


1911.]
267
THE DIAL
tail coats and prayer-books. Why should I torture myself
in the effort to lead your unnatural life? I protest against
it all. Life is one long persecution of men like me, by
men like yon."
Being drunk when he thus confesses himself, Alis-
tair has an advantage over Remington, and says
openly the things that the latter hedges about with
rhetorical reservations. But the madness of revolt
is in the blood of both, and they are alike incapable
of realizing that civilization, with all its faults, has
many solid virtues, that its course, despite swervings
and eddying currents, is on the whole directed
toward the common good of humanity. When we
leave Alistair, he has given up the West as past
redemption, and is on his way to the East, where
he hopes to "found a spiritual order like the old
Knights of the Temple," and "to preserve one
spot of the planet alike from the millionaire and
the socialist, the slave-driver and the slave." This
Utopia is to be the home of love untrammelled by
the marriage bond, and we trust that the young
woman whom he invites to go with him is sensible
enough to resist the lure. We think she is, and as
the book ends with this invitation, our guess is as
good as that of anyone else. It might be a good
idea for Alistair to stop on his way at the Italian
villa, pick up Remington, and take him along.
They would make a congenial pair.
Peter Vibart, late of Oxford, with an athletic
record and a taste in literature which has led him
to translate Petronius and Brantome, has expecta-
tions from a wealthy uncle. But when the uncle
dies and his will is read, it turns out that Peter is
cut off with a paltry ten guineas, save on the con-
dition that within a year he marry the Lady Sophia
Sefton, a reigning toast in those days of the Regency,
whom he has never seen. In the latter case, he is
to be the residuary legatee, and the same condition
is set for his cousin Maurice Vibart, a notorious
rake and dare-devil. Since Peter is a man of
much independence of character, he will not even
consider the remote possibility of fortune thus
offered him, and, pocketing his ten guineas, blithely
faces his changed future, and sets out for adventure
upon the road. Thus are we introduced to "The
Broad Highway" of Mr. Jeffery Farnol's imagin-
ing, which turns out to be a most fascinating and
joyous romance of the open air, introducing us to all
sorts and conditions of men, among whom rustics,
tinkers, and outlaws largely figure. One of Peter's
first acquaintances neatly relieves him of the ten
guineas, and he is thus thrown absolutely upon his
wits, aided by the brawn that had won for him dis-
tinction at Oxford. He makes good by adopting
the trade of village blacksmith, and his days run
cheerfully on until fate makes him the rescuer of a
distressed damsel named C harm inn, whom he takes
to the shelter of his lonely cabin. This same
Charmian is no other than the Lady Sophia Sefton,
pursued by the wicked Maurice, and Peter is
marked for her prey. Of this design he remains
unconscious until he is completely trapped by the
wily young woman, and then he discovers that he
is only too willing a victim. This picturesque (and
picaresque) romance is a very spirited affair, packed
with adventure and vivid description, distinguished
in style, rich with humor, and displaying a notable
gift of characterization. It is a tale full-blooded
and wholesome, unflagging in its interest, and re-
lated with a zest which it imparts in full flavor and
measure to the reader. Its programme is poetically
phrased in the following terms:
"This life is a Broad Highway along which we must all
of us pass whether we will or no; as it is a thoroughfare
sometimes very hard and cruel in the going, and beset by
many hardships, so, also, must its aspect, sooner or later,
change for the better, and, the stony track overpassed, the
choking heat and dust left behind, we may reach some
green, refreshing haven, shady with trees and full of the
cool sweet sound of running waters."
To this scheme the story is faithful, and to the
motto:
"Hee who myne heart would keepe for long
Shall be a gentilman and strong."
Mr. H. B. Marriott Watson's "Alise of Astra"
is a romance of the " Zenda" type, and one of the
best of the type that have recently appeared. Its
scene is a Grand Duchy which in situation and in-
ternational relations is more like Luxembourg than
any other, and its plot concerns the attempt to keep
the tiny state from falling into the hands of the
Germans. This is to be accomplished by the thread-
bare device of substituting a strange child for the
still-born and secretly buried heir — a plot which
would have been successful had it not been for the
keen intelligence of a travelling Englishman who
ferrets it out, and at much personal risk, thwarts the
nefarious purpose. The heroine is a princess of a
neighboring state, who acts as Regent until the
deception is made clear, when nothing seems to
stand in the way of her espousing the adventurous
Englishman. We have all the familiar apparatus
of plot and counterplot, of secrecy and intrigue, of
crafty statesmanship pitted against resolute courage
and honesty. As a means of providing mild enter-
tainment, the story is an unqualified success.
Mr. George Gary Eggleston's memories of the
Virginia of fifty years ago have already furnished
him with the material for many books, and the
source of supply is by no means yet exhausted. It
must be admitted that the books are a little thin,
that they repeat themselves to a certain extent, and
that they are hopelessly old-fashioned in thought and
sentiment. The last-named quality is not, to our
thinking, a defect, for it connotes wholesomeness and
sincerity. "Westover of Wanalah" is the newest
of these stories of old Virginia, and its pattern is
familiar. The hero is hard hit in the early chap-
ters — the victim of what seems a wanton caprice of
fate, —and misunderstandings continue to estrange
him from the heroine, but all is well at the close.
Our old friend Judy Peters makes a welcome re-
appearance in these pages, and figures as the dea ex
machind of the hero's fortunes.


268
[April 1,
THE
DIAL
Virginia in the days just after reconstruction is
the scene of "The Betrayal," a novel hy Mr.
Walter Neale, aided by Miss Elizabeth H. Hancock.
The author of this indignant and fiery work is
evidently of the unreconstructed and unreconciled.
The reader pricks up his ears with the very first
paragraph, which runs as follows: "Virginia, aided
by her allies, had fought out the war between the
American nations, parties to the treaty of 1788
and its amendments, and had survived the ordeals
of reconstruction, when she faced a crisis that
threatened her civilization." The first part of this
quotation makes fairly plain the author's somewhat
antiquated theory of the constitutional relations
between the States and the Federal government;
the remainder indicates that his work has to do with
the struggle over readjustment. This revival of the
political philosophy of Calhoun, coupled with this
attempt to clear up the intricate subject of the
Virginia debt and the malign influence of Mahone
(a subject which ranks fairly with the Schleswig-
Holstein question in its difficulty), makes a curious
combination. It does not result in a work of fiction
with any pretence of artistic construction, but it
makes a book for which a "live wire" would be a
fitting metaphor. The sinister figure of Mahone
(here called Tim Murphy) occupies a central posi-
tion, and it is surrounded by typical examples of the
champions of dishonesty and of repudiation, and by
figures which represent the social stratification of
the commonwealth. The hero is a young aristocrat
who is misled by the specious arguments of the
readjusters, and casts his lot with them despite the
pleadings of his sweetheart and his friends. He has
his reward in his election to the governorship, but
his eyes are at last opened to the fact that he has
been Mahone's dupe all the time, and he wins back
something of his self-respect by vetoing the measure
upon which the readjusters have staked their for-
tunes. Whereupon his sweetheart confesses that
she is now willing to become his wife. To Mr.
Neale's thinking, the old aristocratic social system
of Virginia, which was cast into the melting-pot
during the decade 1860-1870, offered the most
perfect example in history of a rationally-ordered
community, and no words are vehement enough to
express his contempt for'the modern notion that
peasants and yeoman can by any possibility approach
the level of gentlemen. Carpetbaggers, of course,
are beneath contempt, and negroes have no discover-
able rights of any kind whatever. We are glad to
get this standpoint, however far removed from it our
own may be, and the violence of the author's polemics
does not lead us to doubt his sincerity. Some of his
ideals are highly honorable to his heart and head,
and those which we must hold mistaken are voiced
with a conviction that at least sets us to self-searching.
In form, the story is merely a conglomerate, but
many of its individual types are strongly and truth-
fully drawn. The author's discursive method per-
mits him at any time to say anything that comes into
his head, and to this we owe some very surprising
comments upon persons who have nothing to do with
the action. Thus we get a page of sarcasm upon a
popular novelist. "Mr. Francis H. Smith, a Vir-
ginian who had the misfortune to be born in Balti-
more, and who was plain Frank Smith when a boy,
at the time when he became a Yankee notified
Yankeeland that he was not without good blood
when he became F. Hopkinson Smith." Even the
Fathers are not spared, as the following quotations
may witness: "George Washington, a yeoman who
pretended to be a gentleman. . . . That stupendous
failure, who could not write a grammatical sentence,
was called from his failures to organize and to ad-
minister a government." "Thomas Jefferson: part
yeoman, part peasant, altogether a thief." "Ben-
jamin Franklin : the peasant whose gross immorality
ran the gamut of human vice was self-educated also,
and sowed his half-baked ideas broadcast like the seed
of tares blown by some evil wind over a field of
wheat" Such choice bits of characterization are
sown like the seed of tares over Mr. Neale's pages.
Whether proceeding from the author or from the
persons in his narrative does not much matter; in
either case they come from a full heart. Appearing
in the most unexpected places, these gentle tributes
to conspicuous personalities ancient and modern
afford our reason for styling "The Betrayal" a
"live wire." Wherever one picks it up, one lias a
fair chance of a shock.
These Virginia novels are interesting, despite
their loose construction, and their failure to meet the
requirements of artistic fiction. Our present series
of dissolving views of life in the Old Dominion is com-
pleted by Mr. Warrington Dawson's " The Scourge,''
a story of the new South. Here we have, crudely
etched with incisive strokes, a picture of very recent
conditions, emphasizing the sharp contrast between
the old laxity and prejudice and the new progressive
spirit. A northerner of energy settles in a Vir-
ginia town just after the war, finds the community
prostrate and generally gone to seed, establishes a
tobacco factory, and from the humblest beginnings
creates a great establishment which brings prosperity
to the whole neighborhood. Being philanthropically
disposed, he bestows public buildings, paved streets,
and water-works upon the community, and is re-
warded by suspicion and distrust He is an alien,
and his success awakens only resentment in the pub-
lic mind. Being childless, he adopts a waif from
the gutter, who grows up into a graceless sort of
youth, and bids fair to play ducks and drakes with
the business when it shall come into his hands.
When the old man dies, this youth becomes the cen-
tral figure, and reveals heroic possibilities, awakened
by his love for a young woman of the impoverished
aristocratic stock. But the dead hand is laid heavily
upon them both, for the man inherits the property
only upon condition that he shall never marry, and
the young woman is bound by her dying father to a
pledge that she will not marry that particular man.
Thus the two lives are wasted, and their story ends
gloomily enough. Mr. Dawson's characters are real


1911.J
269
THE
DIAL
by fits and starts, but no one of them is delineated
with much consistency. Our estimates require to
be readjusted over and over again, a necessity which
does not make for the reader's satisfaction. Life
often makes this requirement of us, because we see so
little of a man's true nature, but it is the novelist's
business to improve upon life as a revealer, and to
reconcile its apparent contradictions.
"The Prodigal Judge," by Mr. Vaughan Kester,
opens entertainingly at Balaam's Cross Roads, in
North Carolina, with the settlement of the late
General Quintard's estate. With his death the
family, ancient and once influential, had come to
an end, after a long period of lingering impover-
ishment. With one item of his belongings, not
reckoned in the legal inventory, the present story
is largely concerned. The item in question is a
small boy, who had mysteriously appeared upon
the scene some years before, had been given a
home, but had otherwise been neglected. A woman
had brought him in her arms one rainy night, left
him at the Quintard Barony, and then disappeared.
Local gossip vaguely associated the strangers with
the dimly-remembered story of General Quintard's
daughter, who had been wedded to a man named
Turberville, and who was known to have died many
years before the incidents just related. When the
Quintard affairs are cleared up, the boy, seemingly
a negligible quantity, is taken to the cabin of a
big-he&rted and illiterate mountaineer, and the
two soon become warmly attached to one another.
Presently, mysterious emissaries from unknown parts
appear upon the scene, and it soon becomes evident
that they are seeking to get possession of the waif.
To evade their pursuit (for they seem to have a
colorable legal claim), the boy and his protector
pull up stakes, and strike westward over the
mountains into Tennessee. In the course of their
wanderings, they have many surprising and exciting
adventures, culminating in an attack which results
in the mountaineer's being left for dead. By a
lucky happening, a new protector is forthcoming,
and this is the device by which we are introduced
to the central character of Mr. Kester's tale — to
the besotted derelict who calls himself Judge Slocum
Price, who is a mixture of swagger and shrewd
resourcefulness, and beneath whose unpromising
exterior we gradually come to discern the lineaments
of the gentleman and the scholar. This disreputable
and lovable figure dominates the story from the
time of its first appearance, and in the end provides
a key to the secret of the boy's parentage, and an
explanation to all the complication of relationships,
covering the history of four generations, that keeps
us in a condition of pleasurable puzzlement during
the progress of the narrative. Who "the prodigal
judge" really is we will not say, but confine
ourselves to the statement that he is conceived in a
spirit of rich and racy humor, and is a very human
creation. Other character-studies in the story are
also engaging in their several ways, — the moun-
taineer already mentioned (conveniently brought
to life when needed), the riverman who rescues
him, and whose delusion that he is the rightful
Earl of Lambeth supplies the author with material
of which Mark Twain could hardly have made a
better use, and the judge's boon companion, the
fellow-derelict who deals him the faithful wounds
of a friend, chastening the judge's exuberance with
sardonic comment. There are also (at least) two
villains, and enough figures of conventional pattern
to provide the quantum satis of romantic sentiment.
Altogether, the story is pretty well packed, with
both people and incidents. All these scenes and
situations take us back to the days of Andrew
Jackson, thus affording a vivid presentation of a
period of American history which fiction has not
often exploited, as well as of a country almost
virgin to the novelist, and abounding in picturesque
possibilities. The story is told in direct and homely
language, and its tangle of loose ends is gradually
woven into an intelligible pattern. On one point
we are a little puzzled. At a critical moment, the
discomfiture of one of the villains is made to de-
pend upon his being held by federal authority for
passing counterfeit paper money. Could this have
been possible at a time when bank-notes constituted
the only paper money in existence?
Another story having a derelict for its hero is
Mr. John G. Neihardt's "The Dawn-Builder."
This derelict is a very battered individual indeed,
having a wooden leg and only one available eye,
besides being a confirmed drunkard; but despite
these handicaps, he becomes the Ferdinand to the
Miranda of an island in the Missouri River, and
when that romance is ended with her death, still
finds himself qualified for a second matrimonial
venture (not without its own special quality of sober
sentiment), in which the widow Sprangs is impli-
cated as the partner. This is doing fairly well for
such a wastrel as he appears in the early chapters,
and the author displays no little skill in making
such a figure romantically possible and even accept-
able. Fantasy and realism, the homely and the
heroic, are delightfully blended in this original
fiction, and over it all hovers the fitful gleam of a
truly poetical imagination.
"The best things of life are apt to arrive by
means of this three-cycle process: First, desire and
dreams; then disillusionment and distress — some-
times despair; and then, at last, with patient and
intelligent effort, a final adjustment to reality, with
its humors, and its ironies, and its solid, secure satis-
factions." This alliterative and pleasant philosophy
is the text upon which Mr. Jesse Lynch Williams
has told us of "The"Married Life of the Frederic
Carrolls," a story which, instead of ending with the
wedding bells up to which its course has led, begins
just after their last echoes have died on the air.
This is the ultra-modern way, of which Ibsen is the
exemplar, of dealing with life as affected by its
most momentous happening. As contrasted with
the approved old way, its advantages are obvious,
if we once admit that fact is better worth recording


270
[April 1,
THE
DIAL
than sentiment, and that the real problem of mar-
riage is not solved, but only propounded, at the steps
of the altar. Mr. Williams has given us a fine ex-
ample of domestic comedy, light-hearted and high-
spirited, but by no means as superficial as one might
assume from a hasty inspection. His Frederic
Carrolls are very natural people—the one an artist
of honest ideals and impressionable character, the
other a sensible little woman who understands that
it is better to humor a husband than to nag him—
and their story is told with a natural simplicity that
is saved from dulness by the author's sense of humor,
imparted to both husband and wife with nicely meas-
ured prescription, and comfortably relieving the ten-
sion when their relations are in danger of strain.
The masterly way in which the young wife handles
the studio situation — when she becomes aware of
certain philanderings between her husband and one
of the objects of his earlier adoration— may be par-
ticularly commended to the attention of brides who
make similar discoveries. Her remedy is much
more effective than any tearful and upbraiding scene,
or extreme resort to the divorce court, could possibly
prove. The author's talent for comedy is displayed
«t its blithest in this situation, although it is hardly
less pronounced in the episode which ends the honey-
moon, in the story of the home-building, and in the
account of the solemn function when all the relatives
are assembled at a Christmas dinner. In the last-
named instance, we are inclined to think that comedy
verges a little too close upon farce, and the credulity
of Aunt Bella, who is otherwise delightfully natural
and diverting, is difficult to take seriously. The
underlying intention of this novel seems to be that
of showing how "to make a real union out of a mere
marriage." For the task a good many mutual con-
cessions are required, a progressive development of
the qualities of forbearance and consideration, a
readiness to give up some of the dreams of youth,
and a willingness to compromise some personal
ideals with those of a world in which, after all,
people have to live, and with which they must come
to some sort of terms. The success with which the
Frederic Carrolls work out the complicated problem
is the measure of the novelist's skill in dealing with
it, for he meets his difficulties honestly, and over-
comes them with the aid of a sagacious and mellow
philosophy. William Morton Payne.
Bkiefs on New Books.
Memorial, of 0f al1 the men who did "once 8.ee
Shelley, Bvron, Shelley plain," none survived him
and Trelawnev. \ongeT or loved to about him
more than Edward John Trelawney. Byron, also,
Trelawney knew well; and, though loving him less,
followed him to Greece where they worked together
for a common cause. Surviving these friends of
his youth for more than half a century, Trelawney
wrote his well-known Recollections of them, and
was always ready to talk on the same interesting
subjects. Naturally, the octogenarian who had
been honored by the friendship of two such great
poets would be much sought after in England,
where he spent his last days. Notes of his con-
versations were made and some of them published;
and now we have the long-promised collection,
edited by Mr. H. Buxton Forman, of the "Letters
of Edward John Trelawney" (Henry Frowde).
There are a hundred and thirty-seven of the letters,
and they make a handsome volume of nearly three
hundred pages. The first letter is dated February,
1822, and is peculiarly interesting as containing the
instructions to the boat-builder for the construction
of the " Ariel" — the "fatal and perfidious bark"
that capsized and caused the drowning of Shelley
a few months later. The last letter bears a date
nearly sixty years after, and also connects itself
with Shelley; it is addressed to Mr. W. M. Ros-
setti, and contains a suggestion that Swinburne
should write a tragedy on Charles the First — a
task begun by Shelley, but never finished. Twenty-
six of the letters are addressed to Mary SheUey,
including one which proposes marriage to her, and
another written after her rejection of his suit; also
letters to others, in which he alludes to this same
lady as "the blab of blabs," " a conventional slave,"
"the weakest of her sex," etc. On the whole, the
never-ending Trelawney-Mary discussion seems in
nearly the same puzzling position as before. The
largest number of letters written to any one person
is sixty-seven—to the lady who insisted upon being
called Claire, but whose real name was Clara Man-
Jane Clairmont Few persons have wrought more
havoc and misery in their immediate circle than
this remarkable but undisciplined woman, who
lived to be eighty-one years old without losing her
powers of fascination over both men and women.
The photogravure of her shown in this volume,
made from a portrait painted while still in young
womanhood, partially explains this fascinating
quality. Not only is the face very beautiful, but
it conveys an impression of that subtle something
known as "charm." Unrestrained by conscience
or mastery of self, as Claire appears to have been,
such a quality becomes fatal not only to a woman -
own happiness, but to the happiness of others.
Trelawney's own character reveals itself as full of
strange contradictions. Wayward, impulsive, over-
bearing, and intolerant of opposition, as he often
appears, there is yet revealed an inner strain of
considerateness and generosity. Resentful of all
forms of oppression, bigotry, cant, and frivolity, he
was capable of a splendid devotion to a cause and
of devout attachment to an individual. That his
strongest and most enduring attachment was mani-
fested toward the personality, political attitude, and
poetic genius of Shelley, is something for which we
must always be grateful, since Trelawney wis
among the few to give Shelley his due while living,
and to make him known in the light in which he
appeared to those who knew him beet, after he had
"awakened from the dream of life."


1911.]
271
THE DIAL
A cry to There is a deplorable abundance of
national recent occurrences in public affairs
repentance. ^ gjve Specia.l timeliness and point to
a work recently appearing from the pen of Professor
Robert C. Brooks, of the University of Cincin-
nati, — " Corruption in American Politics and Life"
(Dodd, Mead & Co.). The use of such a term as
"Corruption" is beset with many difficulties, but
these are of a sort familiar to the political student,
who by the very nature of his calling is denied the
use of an esoteric jargon which he can make precise
only by monopolizing its use, and is forced to sub-
stitute the many-sided and expressive terms of the
man in the street. The author defines corruption
as "the intentional misperformance or neglect of a
recognized duty, or the unwarranted exercise of
power, with the motive of gaining some advantage
more or less directly personal." Duty of any sort
may be the occasion of corrupt neglect or misperform-
ance; in the case of political corruption, it is the duty
to the state or community that is neglected. Into this
conception the author gathers such varied items as
franchise-boodling, five-dollar vote-buying, railroad
pass-riding, nepotism in appointments, connivance
by inspectors, campaign contributions of several sorts
(carefully and cleverly analyzed and differentiated),
and tax-dodging. Political corruption, however, is
only an aggravated and obvious instance of a condi-
tion which is as universal as sin, and is by no means
the " vice of low intellects." Corruption in business,
in higher education, in the law, in journalism, in the
ministry and other professions, — in all these the
author sets forth specific instances with illuminating
remarks, and analyzes them with keenness and
candor. He reminds us that bitter experience has
shown that to regard a "business administration"
of municipal affairs as a panacea for the ills of the
body politic is as foolish as to expect salvation from
a "scholai' in politics." What is needed is incor-
ruptible, straight, uncompromising devotion to duty,
in politics as in business and the professions. The
author indicts no individual, no class, no group, but
rather the whole body of society which allows itself
to be governed by purely commercial considerations.
Like an Old Testament prophet, he summons a
whole nation to repentance. The tone of the book
is serious, but is hopeful. As he takes up the mani-
fold forms of corruption, he finds antidotes which
men may administer if they will, and points out cor-
recting tendencies that are operating of themselves.
He sees special privilege more heavily entrenched
in England and Germany than in our country, and
rejoices in our growing habit of challenging and
requiring such privilege to justify itself as free from
taint. Furthermore, he points out that our short-
comings ought to be measured with reference to our
attempts. Our experiment in democracy implies a
faith in political manhood that is unique in history:
we invite the lower orders into the arena of political
duty, from which they are largely excluded abroad;
and if there is some yielding to temptation, there is
also much rising superior to it, resulting in a more
robust political morality. Our author concludes that
the greatest harm done by political corruption is not
in its enabling some men to "acquire fortune and
power rapidly at the expense of others," but rather
in its destruction of the "confidence of men in their
social institutions." This confidence is the life of
political society; corruption, unless checked, means
that society's disintegration and death.
In the chaste style that comes only
lhQuui w"'0/ of early and appreciative study of the
ancient classics, and with an inter-
weaving of quotation and allusion that come readily
to the pen of only him who is versed in all that is
best in literature, Mr. Henry Law Webb has brought
together, under the title, "The Silences of the
Moon" (Lane), some rarely beautiful passages of
self-communing on the meaning and the mystery
of nature, on the great questions of religion and
philosophy, and on sundry minor problems of this
our existence in time and eternity. It is the rich
harvest of a quiet eye that he offers us, but of an
eye that does not merely brood and sleep on his own
heart: it is discriminatingly observant of the beau-
ties of nature as well as open to their spiritual signi-
ficance. "From Nature," he declares, "we may
learn all virtues and true arts; from the poplar its
solitary introspection, and patience from the watch-
ing heron." And again: "Out of ' dumb' matter
we derive all purity of color and most beauties of
line; and to the visible materialisations of Nature
belong the accumulated wisdom and song of all the
world since the Chaldeans first felt their kinship
with the stars; she is the Pallas Athene, in wisdom
eternally in her prime, in beauty immortally fair."
Another sentence, in another strain, must be quoted:
"The mind can never know satiety, for as its desire
is infinite, the highest delight to which it can attain
has a beyond, just as on earth man can never reach
the horizon." And still one more: "A dominant
religion and a sartorial craze pass away in about the
same length of time — the latter in a few weeks,
the former in a few centuries; in eternity the dif-
ference is non-existent." The tone of the book is
wisely and sanely optimistic. "As we are happy,"
believes the writer, "so is the good we do in the
world; no miserable man ever benefited the race."
Suggestions of Pater come agreeably to the reader
as he yields himself to the quiet charm of Mr.
Webb's pages. A passage on the Demeter of
Knidos is especially in Pater's manner. Reminders
also of Mr. W. Compton Leith, from whose " Apolo-
gia Diffidentis " he admiringly quotes, and to whom
he dedicates his own book, are not wanting. There
is in both the same introspective mood, and the same
susceptibility to the poetic appeal of nature. Those
who enjoyed the "Apologia" will take equal if not
even greater delight in " The Silences of the Moon,"
which, whether fortunately or otherwise, lacks the
minute self-analysis that contributes to the peculiar
fascination of the earlier work. Both are master-
pieces, and both, by what may not be wholly a


272
coincidence, are brought out by the same discern-
ing publisher. Mr. Webb's peculiar and striking
title is taken from the second book of the " -lEneid,"
line 255.
spirituaium The late Frank Podmore, already
taueiv well known for his history of Spirit-
comidertd. ualistn and his contributions to the
problems of Psychic Research, has given us in his
last book, called "The Newer Spiritualism " (Holt),
a review of the more recent investigations in pur-
suit of the same purposes. It finds an historical
connection in the older spiritualistic manifestations
of D. D. Home, in whose presence marvels seem
to have occurred, yet who seems to have been
particularly successful in evading actual detection
though not suspicion. The contrast of his sittings
with those more recently held with Eusapia Paladino
shows the considerable increase in the critical spirit
of latter days; and this in turn but reflects a
more thorough understanding of the logic, as well
as the psychology, of this elusive field. Mr. Pod-
more's book takes the topic to the present year;
including a very brief account of the New York
exposures, which in their completeness seem to
have disposed of the Paladino performances. It
may well be that the next generation will regard
the necessity of devoting so admirable a book to
the serious consideration of these phenomena, as
more remarkable than the difficulty of reaching the
sceptical conclusions that are here enforced. Mr.
Podmore concedes that the position of other hy-
potheses than fraud is strong enough to merit the
most careful examination; but that as a result of
such impartial examination, no other hypothesis
holds water, and that, indeed, the positive evi-
dence of fraud is comprehensive enough to carry
over to the whole range of manifestations. The
second half of the volume is devoted to the differ-
ent types of evidence in regard to spiritualistic
communications through entranced mediums, or
through others by way of automatic writing or
speech. Here there can be no question of exposure
in the ordinary sense, but only of the weighing
of evidence of coincidence (combined with an in-
genious use of "fishing" for the data from the
communicators) as opposed to the hypothesis of a
force beyond normal perception. Mr. Podmore is
equally sceptical in regard to the spiritualistic
hypotheses as thus supported; yet he has so charit-
able an attitude toward the hypothesis of telepathy,
that it is difficult to see why the same logic leading
to a distinct conclusion for the one does not equally
obtain for the other. With this exception the book
may be most cordially welcomed for the library-
shelf, where its largest use will be to serve as an
antidote to the notorious examples of modern cre-
dulity, both amongst the scientific and the unscien-
tific. Whether this is to be the last word on Spirit-
ualism, or whether there will again and soon be
necessity to write a further book on "The Newest
Spiritualism," the future alone can decide.
How the Brituh Ju8t one hundred and thirty-five
were driven years ago (March 16,1776) General
out of Bouon. Washington, in command of the
American troops about Boston, made that last ag-
gressive move, the throwing-up of a redoubt at
Nook's Hill, that was received by General Howe as
a notice to quit; and early on the following morn-
ing he embarked his forces, sailed down the harbor,
and thus inaugurated the Evacuation Day which
subsequent generations of patriotic Bostonians have
delighted to celebrate on every recurrent seven-
teenth of March. It is fitting that there should
appear at this season a detailed account, drawn from
authoritative sources, of this historic event. "The
Siege of Boston " (Macmillan), by Mr. Allen French,
furnishes a rapid recapitulation of all that led up to
the British occupation, from the time when Charles
II. abrogated the charter of the colony, and the
hitherto self-governed community became a royal
province, up to the arrival of Gage, in 1774, with
an army at his back, to succeed Hutchinson as gov-
ernor of this fractious handful of King George's
subjects. Thenceforward, with the battles of Lex-
ington and Bunker Hill to engage the reader's
interest, the movements of both British and Amer-
icans become worthy of closer attention, until under
Washington's splendid generalship the redcoats are
driven from the shores of Massachusetts and Boston's
share in the Revolution is practically ended. The
story is well told by Mr. French, but certain topo-
graphical passages might have been rendered clearer
and fuller. For instance the term "Dorchester
Heights" seems not to be sufficiently explained as
indicating, not what is now Dorchester, but a part
of the present South Boston, while South Boston
itself is spoken of as being a mud-flat in 1774. The
headlands then known as Dorchester Heights were
at that time, as now, well above the water-line,
although the lower portions of the peninsula, to-
gether with the adjacent parts now called the South
End, were indeed either mud-flats or totally sub-
merged areas. The book lacks a good map or plan
of the siege operations, showing clearly such strate-
gic points as Copp's Hill, Fort Hill, Beacon Hill,
and the various outlying positions occupied by the
colonial forces. The two small maps provided are
inadequate. Appropriate illustrations are inserted,
footnotes give references to authorities consulted,
and a good analytical index closes the book.
AnEnoiuh Successful as Mr. Seymour Hicks
actor'i amuting has shown himself in entertaining.
reminiscence: both by his acting and by his play-
writing, that portion of the public whose chosen
diversion is the theatre, he has proved himself
hardly less successful in his efforts to amuse the
reading public with a rapid-fire account of his rather
speedy rise from the obscure grade of supernumer-
ary to the luminous height of "star" and popular
favorite. "Seymour Hicks: Twenty-four Years of
an Actor's Life " (Lane) contains more good stories


1911.]
273
THE DIAL
to the page — stories of his own and other actors'
professional experience — than can easily be found
in any similar piece of autobiographic literature.
Without attempting here even the briefest synopsis
of Mr. Hicks's chronicle of his own self-making, we
will quote a bit of repartee which may contain a
useful hint to authors and publishers troubled with
bland requests for free copies of the books by which
they earn their daily bread. "Dear Mr. Terriss,"
wrote a wholesale dealer in certain of the neces-
saries of life to Mr. Hicks's late father-in-law,
"Could you let me have a box or four stalls to see
'The Harbour Lights '? Thanking you in anticipa-
tion, I am yours, etc., etc., etc., J. Armitage." To
which the other replied: "Dear Mr. Armitage, with
all the pleasure in the world, and would you let me
have two dozen eggs, a side of bacon, and a dozen
pots of jam for home use? Thanking you but with-
out the slightest anticipation, I am yours, etc., etc.,
etc., William Terriss." One chapter of his book
the author devotes to the discouragement of would-
be actors, and he gives them much wholesome and
sobering advice, somewhat after the manner of Mr.
Henry Arthur Jones's reply to a person who an-
nounced that he was thinking of playing "Hamlet."
"Are you ?" was the rejoinder. "I should keep on
thinking about it if I were you." A prepossessing
portrait of Mr. Hicks forms the frontispiece to his
volume, and a useful index of names serves as a
tailpiece.
Completion Within the past few months the
0/ a notable cooperative work known as "The
hutoricai work. Political History of England"
(Longmans) has been brought to completion with
the publication of the volume by Mr. A. F. Pollard,
of the University of London, and of that by Dr.
Richard Lodge, of the University of Edinburgh.
The general characteristics of this series, most ably
edited by the Reverend Dr. William Hunt and Mr.
Reginald L. Poole, were fully outlined in The Dial
(Feb. 16, 1906) in a review of the three volumes
which were the first to appear. Somewhat to the
embarrassment of reviewers, the several instalments
have been published entirely without reference to
their chronological order. Thus the three to which
we have just referred—Hunt's (covering the period
1760-1801), Adams's (1066-1216), and Tout's
(1216-1377)—appeared in 1905. The volumes by
Hodgkin (to 1066), Oman (1377-1485), Brodrick
and Fotheringham (1801-1837), and Fisher (1485-
1547), came out in 1906; Montague's (1603-
1660), and Low and Sanders's (1837-1901), in
1907; Leadam's (1702-1760), in 1909; while of
the latest instalments. Pollard's covers the latter
part of the English Reformation (1547-1603), and
that of Dr. Lodge includes the reigns of Charles II.,
James II., and William III. (1660-1702). Both
the editors and the authors (who, with few excep-
tions, are now or in the past have been connected
with the teaching of History in Oxford University)
are to be congratulated upon the success of their
endeavors. While both as to interest and as to
scholarship the volumes necessarily vary, the range
of such variation is very slight in comparison with
the high general level that is maintained. The out-
ward appearance of the work is attractive, and there
are few typographical errors. There are no illus-
trations other than useful maps. To each volume
is appended a bibliography, which the limits of
space render suggestive rather than exhaustive.
While specialists in this or that field of English
history may express different opinions as to partic-
ular matters, all will agree that the completion of
"The Political History of England " is a notable ac-
complishment, eliciting the critical approval of the
scholarly world both in England and in America.
The nobiutv o/ The aboriginal American is pictured
the primitive at his very best by Dr. Charles
red man. Alexander Eastman (Ohiyesa, in his
own Dakota tongue) in a little book entitled "The
Soul of the Indian" (Houghton). It is the religi-
ous side of the Indian's inner life that the author
especially seeks to show us, —" the religious life
of the typical American Indian as it was before he
knew the white man. I have long wished to do
this, because I cannot find that it has ever been
seriously, adequately, and sincerely done. The
religion of the Indian is the last thing about him
that the man of another race will ever understand.''
The Indian's God, it appears from Dr. Eastman's
pages, was (in the Indian's best days) as high and
awful, as mighty and as inscrutable, as the Jehovah
of the Hebrews. He was the Unseen and Eternal,
to whom a daily tribute of wordless devotion was
to be rendered, and whose name was seldom so
much as breathed in even the devoutest frame of
mind; much less was it profanely used even by
the least reverent. What wonder, then, that the
frontier white man, with his ready string of oaths,
astonished and horrified the redskin, and that the
religion of civilization failed to commend itself
unreservedly to his untutored mind? Dr. East-
man's chapters, treating of "The Great Mystery,"
"The Family Altar," "Ceremonial and Symbolic
Worship," "Barbarism and the Moral Code," "The
Unwritten Scriptures," and "The Borderland of
Spirits," are extremely interesting; and if he
unconsciously idealizes his fellow-Indians, it is a
natural and pardonable error. We would gladly
believe that the red man in his golden age was all
that Ohiyesa's eloquence represents him to have
been.
Organized Those communities and nations that
movement! for adopt the most constructive policy
chiid-weifare. toward the welfare of their children,
as future citizens, are likely to be among the most
progressive communities and nations of the earth.
In America the movement for child-welfare has
expressed itself in various special organizations such
as the National Child Labor Committee and the
American Playground Association, and in institu-


274
[April 1,
THE DIAL
tions such as the Juvenile Court. "Society is slowly
beginning to realize that child problems are the
greatest problems of our times." This is evidenced
in the two recent conferences on Child Welfare, and
in the proposed bill for a Federal Childrens' Bureau.
In Mr. George B. Mangold's book on "Child Prob-
lems" (Macmillan), we get a valuable statement of
the principal social child-problems of to-day, with
facts from the most recent sources. The discussion
covers such interesting matters as infant and child
mortality and the education of children, with such
allied questions as recreation, health, and child labor.
The problems of the delinquent child and the de-
pendent and neglected child are so treated as to bring
out the changes in methods, in recent times, from
those of relief to those of cure. These matters are
all discussed from a constructively social point of
view, the chief stress being placed on a study of
underlying causes. Definite suggestions are made
for the treatment of these problems, with special
reference to the more accurate and widely extended
investigation of causes of delinquency, backward-
ness, defectiveness, etc. The need for a Federal
Childrens' Bureau is strongly urged, to collect in-
formation not now available and to coordinate effort
in child-caring. It is not known at present, for
example, how many dependent children there are in
America; the 93,000 in institutions do not include
many in foster homes, or uncared for. Such in-
formation is very desirable, and Mr. Mangold's
book is a distinct contribution to the subject of
which it treats.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Professor Saintsbury's three-volume "History of
English Prosody" is too formidable a work for most
minds and purses; hence the author has been well-
advised to condense its contents into the more man-
ageable " Historical Manual of English Prosody " now
published by the Macmillan Co. This work, "not so
much an abstract as a parallel with a different purpose,"
is well fitted for use as a college text-book, although,
of course, it must be taken with due allowance for its
author's eccentricities of both style and argument. The
volume is provided with a glossary which students
will find particularly useful.
One of those interesting miscellanies that are from
time to time brought together as a testimonial to some
veteran teacher is found in the volume of " Studies in
Language and Literature" (Holt), which is published
as a tribute to the inspiring leadership of Professor
James Morgan Hart, upon the occasion of his seven-
tieth birthday. Professor Hart was one of the earliest
Americans to lay the foundations of an education in
Germany, and his example caused many young scholars
to follow in his footsteps. The papers here collected
are eighteen in number, mostly brief and technical, but
we note a few of interest to the general reader, such as
Dr. E. J. Barley's "George Meredith in America," Dr.
Lane Cooper's "The Power of the Eye in Coleridge,"
Mr. H. L. Fordham's " English and the Law," and Dr.
Frank Thilly's "Contemporary American Philosophy."
Notes.
"The Grain of Dust," the new novel by the late
David Graham Phillips, is announced for publication by
Messrs. Appleton early this month.
Mr. John Spargo is about to issue through Air. B. W.
Huebsch a collection of related essays under the title
of "Sidelights on Contemporary Socialism."
"The Autobiography of William Shakespeare" is
the interesting title of a book by Mr. L. C. Alexander,
which Messrs. Baker & Taylor announce for Spring
issue.
A new edition of M. Maeterlinck's "The Bluebird,"
with an entirely new fifth act added, is in course "of
preparation by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. for early
publication.
A new story by Mr. J. J. Bell, the author of — Wee
Macgreegor," is announced by Messrs. Cassell & Co.
It is a tale of romantic adventure, unlike anything
Mr. Bell has heretofore written.
In view of the marked revival of interest in Samuel
Butler's writings, Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. will soon
publish new and revised editions of this author's "Life
and Habit" and " Unconscious Memory."
Among the books of literary interest to be published
this Spring by the Macmillan Co. are "World Litera-
ture and Its Place in General Culture" by Dr. Richard
G. Moulton, Professor of Literary Theory and Inter-
pretation in the University of Chicago, and "A History
of Classical Philology" by Professor Harry Thurston
Peck.
Dr. Charles A. Eastman, the Sioux Indian author,
has lately returned from a sojourn among the last hunt-
ing Indians of the United States, the Northern Ojibways,
in Minnesota and their brethren over the Canadian
border. Dr. Eastman has been named to represent his
race at the World Congress of Races in London, England,
next summer.
Mr. Johu Reed Scott, author of "The Impostor,"
has recently delivered to the J. B. Lippincott Co. the
manuscript of his new novel. It will be called " In her
Own Right," and will probably be ready by June 1.
Mr. Scott has again laid his scene in Maryland, but
instead of treating of the eighteenth century he deals
with the present.
Mr. Granville Barker, the well-known English play-
wright, has arranged with Mr. Mitchell Kennerley
for American publication of all his books, — past, pre-
sent, and future. The first volume to appear with Mr.
Kennerley's imprint will be "Three Plays," containing
"Waste," "The Marrying of Ann Leete," and "The
Voysey Inheritance."
One of the more important recent French scientific
books is "Les Theories d'Evolution," by M. Yves
Delage, Professor at the Sorbonne and member of the
Institut, and M. Goldsmith, editor of "PAnnee Bio-
logique." An English translation is now being made
by Andre" Tridon, and will be published by Mr. B. W.
Huebsch in the Fall.
The "Memories and Impressions" of Mr. Ford
Madox Hueffer, which Messrs. Harper & Brothers
promise for early issue, is one of the most interesting
biographical announcements of the season. Mr. Hueffer
is a grandson of Madox Brown, the Preraphaelite
painter, and has known more or less intimately most of
the literary and artistic celebrities of his time. Another


1911.]
275
THE DIAL.
book of literary interest soon to be published by the
Harpers is a volume of " Selections from Swinburne's
Poems," based on Swinburne's own choice, with addi-
tions and an Introduction by Mr. Theodore Watts-
Dunton.
This month the Sturgis & Walton Co. will publish
"The Report of the Commission on Country Life,"
heretofore only privately printed. It sums up the rec-
ommendations and conclusions of the Commission that
carried on extensive and systematic investigations into
the conditions of country life with a view to the im-
provement of rural civilization.
The Spring announcement list of Messrs. Small,
Maynard & Co. includes " The Story of the Aeroplane,"
by Claude Grahame-White; "One Way Out," by
William Carleton; "A Prince of Romance," by Stephen
Chalmers; "Captivating Mary Carstairs," by Henry
Second; "The Big League," by Charles E. Van Loan;
and a new edition of " The Ghost," by Arnold Bennett.
Mr. A. C. Benson has recently been appointed to the
Chair of English Literature at Cambridge, founded by
Sir Harold Harmsworth, of which the King is patron.
Particular honor is attached to this appointment in that
Mr. Benson is the first occupant of the Chair. The
Putnams have now in train a work of a critical and
biographical nature on Ruskin, which Mr. Benson re-
cently completed.
The Hon. John Bigelow sailed recently for London.
The aged author, now in his ninety-fourth year, is
going to Europe to rest from prolonged labors on his
"Retrospections," of which the first three volumes
were published last year by the Baker & Taylor Co.,
and of which a later volume is now nearly ready for
the press. On his return from Europe, Mr. Bigelow
plans to complete his book.
Students of the American Civil War will doubtless
welcome Captain Beecham's " Gettysburg: The Pivotal
Battle of the Civil War," which Messrs. McClurg & Co.
have in hand for immediate publication. The author
took part in the battle, as a member of the Second
Wisconsin Infantry, of the famous old " Iron Brigade,"
and the present book was written after a visit the
veteran author recently made to the battlefield.
Mr. Archibald Henderson is publishing shortly, in
England and the United States, two important biog-
raphies,—-one of George Bernard Shaw, and the other
of Mark Twain. Mr. Henderson knew Mark Twain per-
sonally for some years, and intends this biography (or,
as he prefers to call it, this interpretation) of him, as
preliminary to a comprehensive work in which he will
utilize everything literary and pictorial ever published
about Mark Twain in foreign countries as well as in
England and America.
An important work on American military history is
announced for publication by Messrs. Charles Scribner's
Sons in May. It is called "The Revolutionary War
and the Military Policy of the United States," and the
author is General Francis Vinton Greene, who has
given many years of labor to the work. His purpose is
a double one, — first, to trace from the military point
of view the history of the War of Independence, and
then to show how Washington and his experienced
officers, with a nucleus of trained soldiers about which
was organized a large army of volunteers, inaugurated
a definite and permanent military policy for this coun-
try, based on the principle of maintaining a small dis-
ciplined standing force as the core of a great volunteer
army. General Greene's ultimate purpose is to write a
complete history of the American Army as illustrating
this definite military policy; and the above-mentioned
book, though in itself a complete work, is to be first
in a series of three volumes, the second to deal with the
Mexican, Spanish, and other minor wars, and the third
with the Civil War alone.
The Spring announcement list of Messrs. Moffat,
Yard & Co. includes the following titles: "Over the
Border," sketches of travel in Scotland, by William
Winter; "The World of Life," a manifestation of
creative power, directive mind, and ultimate purpose,
by Alfred Russel Wallace; "The Interpretation of
History," by Max Nordau; "The History of Parlia-
mentary Taxation in England," by Shephard Ashman
Morgan; "Gray Days and Gold," by William Winter,
new edition, revised and enlarged; "The Solution of
the Child Labor Problem," by Scott Nearing; "Learning
and Other Essays," by John Jay Chapman; "Treason
and Death of Benedict Arnold," a play for a Greek
theatre, by John Jay Chapman; "Memorial Day,"
an anthology, edited by Robert Haven Schauffler;
"Queenie," the autobiography of an Italian queen bee,
by T. Chalmers Potter; "Basset: A Village Chronicle,"
by S. G. Tallentyre; "When the Red Gods Call,"
by Beatrice Grimshaw; "The House in the Hedge,"
by Ralph Henry Barbour; "Barbara of the Snows," by
Harry Irving Greene; "The Substitute Prisoner,'' by
Max Marcin; "Philistine and Genius," by Boris Sidis;
"Nature's Help to Health," by John Warren Achorn;
"When Mother Lets Us Play," by Angela M. Keyes.
We note among the Spring announcement lists of
the English publishers a number of interesting titles
not as yet arranged for on this side, although most of
them will no doubt ultimately be brought out here also.
Among these titles the following may be especially
mentioned: "Lay Morals, and Other Papers," hitherto
uncollected, by Robert Louis Stevenson; " Wordsworth-
shire," an introduction to a poet's country, by Eric
Robertson, M. A., with numerous illustrations by Arthur
Tucker, R.B.A.; "The Ballad of the White Horse,"
by G. K. Chesterton; "Dramatic Values," by C. E.
Montague; "The Consolations of a Critic," by C. Lewis
Hind, illustrated; "Mark Twain," by Archibald Hen-
derson, illustrated from photographs by Alvin Langdon
Coburn; "Three Plays," comprising "The Elder Son,"
"The Little Dream," and "Justice," by John Gals-
worthy; "The Onward Cry," essays and sermons, by
Stopford A. Brooke; "A History of Painting," by
Haldane MacFall, with an introduction by Frank
Brangwyn, in eight volumes, illustrated with two hun-
dred reproductions in color; "The Painters of Japan,"
by Arthur Morrison, in two volumes, illustrated with
one hundred and twenty reproductions in collotype and
color; "The Life and Letters of Laurence Sterne," by
Lewis Melville, with illustrations; "Oscar Wilde," a
memoir, by Anna Comtesse de Bre'mont; "Modern
Dramatists," by Ashley Dukes; "Shakespeare and his
Love," by Frank Harris; "The Life, Trial, and Death
of Francisco Ferrer," by William Archer, illustrated;
"William Pitt and National Revival," by J. Holland
Rose; "The Biology of the Seasons," by J. Arthur
Thomson, M.A., with illustrations from paintings by
William Smith; "Post Liinina," gathered from the
critical papers of the late Lionel Johnson; "The
Apostle," a drama in three acts, with a prefatory
letter, by George Moore; "Leila," by the late Antonio
Fogazzaro, being a companion volume to "The Saint."


276
[April 1,
THE DIAL
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
April, 1911.
Arotic Boundary. Our. Thomas Bins. World To-day.
Banking Plan, The Aldrich. C. A. Conant. North American.
Bennett. Arnold. Q. W. Harris. Review of Reviews.
Bible, Interpretation of the. O.H.Gilbert. North American.
Boy of To-Morrow, The. Arthur D. Dean. World't Work.
Business Man. Awakening of the. Will Irwin. Century.
Business Men and the Government. A. W. Dunn. World't Work.
California as a Sketching Ground. Mary Brown. Int. Studio.
California, The Orient in. J. T. Bramhall. World To-dav.
Chikie, the Burgomaster Gull. Bristow Adams. Century.
Christ among the Doctors. George Hodges. Atlantic.
Cities. German and American. Frederic Howe. Scribner.
Civilization's Thin Crust. Bay Stannard Baker. American.
Confederate Volunteer in 1861, The. B. H. Mckim. Rev. of Rev:
Constitutional Convention. A National. E.L.Andrews. Forum.
Cowboys Made into Business Men. J. E. Farrow. World To-day.
Criminals, Reformation of. F. M. White. World't Work.
Criticism. W. C. Brownell. Atlantic.
Defective Children in School. Olivia H. Dunbar. Rev. of Rev.
Desert Laboratory, The. Ellsworth Huntington. Harper.
Duelling Code, An International. B. Hendrlck. Atlantic.
Du Maurier, George. Reminiscences of. T. Armstrong. Harper.
Educational Efficiency. Henry D. Bushnell. Atlantic.
Efficiency. The Gospel of — II. W.Taylor. American.
Emerald. On the Trail of the. W. V. Woehlke. World To-day.
Experiences, My—VI. Booker T. Washington. World't Work.
Express Monopoly, The Great—III. A.W. Atwood. American.
Express Rates, Lowering of. C. M. Keys. World't Work.
Fiction, The South in —III. Montrose J. Moses. Bookman.
Fiddle, Lure of the. R. H. Schauffler. Atlantic.
Fine Arts Building in Chicago. The. Elia W. Peattie. Int. Studio.
Fiske, Mrs. and her Influence. W. P. Eaton. Century.
Flying Machines — Why They Fly. W. Kaempffert. Harper.
Fogazzario's Last Romance. Ruth Egerton. North American.
Future, The Unknowable. William Allen White. American.
Gardening. Suburban. Frances Duncan. Century.
Gibraltar, An Inland. Louise Closser Hale. Harper.
Harrison, Mrs. Burton, Recollections of — II. Scribner.
Immigration Policy, A Domestic. F. A. Kellor. No. American.
Infant Industry, Protection of Our. H. A. Austin. Forum.
Inness. George, Landscapes of. Arthur Hoeber. Int. Studio.
Intellectual Nomadism, Norman Douglas. No. Amei-ican.
In the Slum —II. Henry Oyen. World't Work.
Italy, Industrial Progress of. Ernesto Nathan. Century.
Japanese Art of To-Day — V. Jiro Harado. Int. Studio.
Japanese Trade. The Bogey of. Clarence Poe. World't Work.
James, William, as a Man of Letters. John Macy. Rookman.
Judicial Interpretation, Nullifying the Law by. Atlantic.
"Lee, Vernon." Van Wyck Brooks. Forum.
Literature, Selection and Elimination in. E. V. Lucas. A tlantic.
Lumber Conservation and Reciprocity. Rev. of lici t.
Luther, Martin, and his Work—V. A. C. McGiffert. Century.
Manners, The Decay of. Thomas Nelson Page. Century.
Marine Painting. Recent Tendencies in. B. Harrison. .Scribner.
Medical Colleges. Abraham Flexner. World't Work.
Mexican Insurrection, Causes of. James Creelman. No.Amer.
Missionary Outlook, The New. H. W. Horwill. Atlantic.
Mowbray, H. Slddons. Mural Decorations of. Harper.
Mughal to Briton. Price Collier. Scribner.
Municipal Government. Tendency of. G. B.McClellan. Atlantic.
Navy, The. and Its Needs. S. B. Luce. North American.
New York Publio Library, The. John S. Billings. Century.
Operas, Two New. Arthur Farwell. Review of Reviewt.
Parcels Post and the Retailer. Fremont Rider. World't Work.
Peace and Good Will. Paul U. Kellogg. A merican.
Personalty Tax, The. Albert Jay Nock. American.
Poetry. The Worker in. Percy MacKaye. North American.
Porto Rico in Transition. Alfred B. Mason. Century.
Problem. Solution, and Man. Geo. Harvey. Nurth American.
Rabies. The Problem of. F. C. Walsh. Forum.
Reciprocity Agreement and British Colonial Policy. No. Amer.
Roosevelt Dam. Dedication of. C. J. Blanchard. Rev. of Revt.
School Lunches, The Question of. M. J. Mayer. Rev. of Ret t.
Shakespeare on the Stage — II. Macbeth. W. Winter. Century.
Shaw, Bernard, The Serious. Edwin Bjorkman. Rev. of Revt.
Shooting in France. Ethel Rose. Scribner.
ShortrStory Instruction by Mail. G.J.Nathan. Bookman.
Sierra, My First Summer in the. John Muir. Atlantic.
Southern Mill Operatives, Caring for. World To-f>av.
Spring, In Defense of. Edwin L. Sabin. Lippincott.
Stevenson. Robert Louis. New Letters of. Scribner.
Supreme Court, Stories of the. C. F. Cavanagh. Rookman.
Tariff Board, The. James Boyle. Forum.
Text-Book Game, The. George Middleton. Rookman.
Theatre, Disintegration of the. Montrose J. Moses. Forum.
Theatre, The World s Greatest. Ben Greet. World't Work.
Toiler's Life, Brightening the. E. A. Halsey. World To-day.
Tolstoi and Young Russia. Rose Strunsky. A tlantic.
Translations, The Best —II. Calvin Winter. Bookman.
Treasuries. The Watchdogs of the. F. Irving. World To-Day.
Uncle Sam on Police Duty. Arthur W. Dunn. Rev. of Revt.
Younger Generation, The: An Apologia. Anna Hard. Atlantic.
Zolnay, The Sculptor. Rowan Douglas. World To-Day.
List of New Books.
[The following list, containing 96 tides, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
From Memory's Shrine: The Reminiscences of Carmen
Sylva. Translated from the German by Edith Hopkirk.
Illustrated, 8vo, 271 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.50 net.
Mary Wollstorieoraft: A Study in Economics and Romance.
By G. R. Stirling Taylor. Illustrated, 8vo, 210 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.60 net.
Ferdinand Laasalle. By George Brandes. Large 8vo>
230 pages. Macmillan Co. $2. net.
Ingersoll: A Biographical Appreciation. By Herman E*
Klttredge. With photogravure portrait, large 8vo, 981
pages. New York: Dresden Publishing Co.
Colonel Thomas Blood. Crown-Stealer. By Wilbur Cortez
Abbott. With photogravure portrait, 12mo, 95 pages. Yale
University Press.
The Mendelssohn Family, 1729-1847. By Sebastian Hensel;
translated by Carl Klingemann. Second revised edition:
with portraits, large 8vo, 359 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$3. net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Romance of Bookselling. By Frank A. Mumby. Illus-
trated. 8vo. 491 pages. Little, Brown, & Co. $4.50 net.
The Intellectuals: An Experiment in Irish Club-Life. By
Canon Sheehan. 8vo, 387 pages. Longmans, Green, & Co.
$1.50 net.
The Sonl of the Indian: An Interpretation. By Charles
Alexander Eastman. With frontispiece. 16mo, 170 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1. net.
The Frankfort Book Fair: The Francofordiense Emporium
of Henri Estienne. Edited, with historical introduction,
original Latin text with English translation, and notes,
by James Westfall Thompson. Illustrated and decorated,
4to. 204 pages, Chicago: The Caxton Club.
A Study of Greatness In Men. By J. N. Larned. 12mo,
303 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
BOOKS OF VERSE.
Poems and Ballads. By Henry de Vere Stacpoole. lemc
120 pages. Duffleld & Co. $1. net.
Optimos. By Horace Traubel. With photogravure frontis-
piece, 12mo, 871 pages. B. W. Huebsch. $1.50 net.
A Roman Wit: Epigrams of Maritial. By Paul Nixon. 16mo.
119 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1. net.
FICTION.
Robert Kimberly. By Frank A. Spearman. Illustrated in
color, 12mo. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.30 net.
Trevor Lordship. By Mrs. Hubert Barclay. 12mo, 389 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.20 net.
Half Loaves. By Helen Mackay. 12mo, 377 pages. Dufneld
4 Co. $1.80 net.
The Justice of the King. By Hamilton Drummond. Witt
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 335 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.20 net.
A Question of Marriage. By Mrs. George de Home Vaizey.
12mo. 325 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
Forged in Strong: Fires. By John Ironside. With frontifr
piece, 12mo, 318 pages. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.25 net.
The Passionate Elopement. By Com pton Mackenzif-
12mo, 343 pages. John Lane Co. $1.C0.
Out of Russia. By Crittenden Marriott. Illustrated, 12mo.
258 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25 net.
Bawbee Jock. By Amy McLaren. 8vo, 380 pages. G. P. Pot
nam's Sons. $1.35 net.
A Spirit of Mirth. By Peggy Webling. 12mo, 318 pages
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25 net.


1911.J
277
THE
DIAL
The End of a Sonar. By Jeannette Marks. With frontispiece
in color. 12mo. 260 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.15 net.
Captivating Mary Carstairs. By Henry Second. With por-
trait. 12mo. 346 pages. Small. Maynard & Co. $1.30 net.
A Sinner in Israel: A Romance of Modern Jewish Life. By
Pierre Costello. 12mo, 405 pages. John Lane Co. $1.60.
A Frinoe of Romance. By Stephen Chalmers. Illustrated,
12mo. 341 pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $1.20 net.
The Green Curve, and Other Stories. By Ole Luk-Oie. 12mo.
318 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.26 net.
The House of Serravalle. By Richard Bagot. 12mo, 448
pages. John Lane Co. $1.60.
The Honor of the Big Snows. By James Oliver Curwood.
Illustrated in color, 12mo. 316 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co.
$1.25 net.
A Gentleman of the Road. By Horace Bleackley. 12mo.
230 pages. John Lane Co. $1.50.
Eve's Seoond Husband. By Corra Harris. Illustrated.
12mo. 852 pages. Henry Altemus Co. $1.50.
Compensation. By Anne Warwick. 12mo. 333 pages. John
Lane Co. $1.60.
The Sins of the Children: A Study in Social Values. By
Horace W. C. Newte. 12mo, 407 pages. John Lane Co. $1.50.
Love Besieged. By Charles E. Pea roe. With frontispiece in
color, 12mo. 327 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.20 net.
The Bermondsey Twin. By F. J. Randall. 12mo, 328 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.60.
The Professor's Mystery. By Wells Hastings and Brian
Hooker. Illustrated, 12mo, 341 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co.
$1.25 net.
Two Imposters and a Tinker. By Dorothea Conyers.
12mo. 344 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.26 net.
The Parting of the Ways. By Henry Bordeaux; translated
by Louise Seymour Houghton. 12mo, 266 pases. Duffleld
& Co. $1.20 net.
The Brassbounder. By David W. Bone. Illustrated. 12mo.
293 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25 net.
A Book of Sear Dead Women. By Edna Worthies' Under-
wood. 12mo, 327 pages. Little. Brown. & Co. $1.25 net.
The Wastrel. By Arthur D. Howden Smith. With frontis-
piece in color, 12mo, 333 pages. Duffleld & Co. $1.90 net.
The Imprudence of Prue. By Sophie Fisher. Illustrated,
12mo. 357 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.26 net.
Keeping up with Lizzie. By Irving Bacheller. Illustrated.
12mo. 157 paces. Harper & Brothers. $1. net.
A Winter Romance in Poppy Land. By Una Nixon Hop-
kins. Illustrated, 12mo, 207 pages. Richard G. Badger,
$1.26 net.
Four in Family: The Story of How We Look from Where the
Dog Site. By Florida Pope Sumerwell. Illustrated in color,
16mo. 182 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1. net.
The Lass with the Delicate Air. By A. R. Qoring-Thomas.
12mo, 362 pages. John Lane Co. $1.60.
The Heart of the Bush. By Edith Searle Grossman. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 334 pages. John Lane Co. $1.50.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Tosemite Trails: Camp and Pack-Train in the Yosemtte
Region of the Sierra Nevada. By J. Smeaton Chase. Illu-
trated, 8vo, 354 pages. Houghon Mifflin Co. $2. net.
Labrador: Its Discovery, Exploration, and Development. By
W. Q. Goatling. Illustrated, large 8vo. 574 pages. John
Lane Co. $6. net.
Gray Days and Gold. By William Winter. New edition:
illustrated in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 371 pages,
Moffat. Yard & Co. $3. net.
Cathedrals of Spain. By John Allyne Gade. Illustrated,
large 8vo, 279 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $6. net.
Amurath to Amurath. By Gertrude Lowthian Bell. Illus-
trated, large 8vo, 370 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $5. net.
A Saga of the "Sunbeam." By Horace G. Hutchinson.
With portrait, 8vo, 211 pages. Longmans, Green & Co.
$1.75 net.
A Paradise In Portugal. By Mark Sale. 16mo. 168 pages.
Baker St Taylor Co. $1. net.
St. Luke's Garden. By Albert S. Stewart. 12mo. 123 pages.
Sherman. French & Co. $1. net.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The Early Christians in Rome. By Rev. H. D. M. Spence-
Jones. Illustrated in color, etc., large 8vo, 408 pages.
John Lane Co. $4. net.
Christ's Social Remedies. By Harry Earl Montgomery.
12mo, 432 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.60 net.
John the Loyal: Studies in the Ministry of the Baptist. By
A. T. Robertson. 12mo, 325 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.25 net.
The Dilemma of the Modern Christian: How Much Can
He Accept of Traditional Christianity? By Edward H.
Eppens. 12mo, 181 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1.20 net.
The Great Epio of Israel. By Amos Kidder Fiske. A.M.
12mo. 876 pages. Sturgis & Walton Co. $1.60 net.
Protestant Thought before Kant. By Arthur Cushman
McGiffert. 12mo. 261 pages. "Studiesin Theology." Charles
Scribner's Sons. 75 cts. net.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
The Income Tax: A Study of the History, Theory, and Prac-
tice of Income Taxation at Home and Abroad. By Edwin
R. A. Seligman. Large 8vo, 711 pages. Macmillan Co.
$3. net.
A Rational Banking System. By H. M P. Eckhardt. 8vo,
329 pages. Harper &, Brothers. $1.60 net.
Pittsburg Survey Findings. Edited by Paul Underwood
Kellogg. New volumes: The Steel Workers, by John A. Fitch;
Homestead, the Households of a Mill Town, by Margaret F.
Byington. Each illustrated, large 8vo. Charities Publica-
tion Committee. Per volume, $1.50 net.
Soolalism: A Critical Analysis. By O. D. Skelton. 12mo,
329 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net.
War and its Alleged Benefits. By J. Novicow; translated
by Thomas Seltzer. 16mo. 130 pages. Henry Holt & Co.
$1. net.
The Solution of the Child Labor Problem. By Scott
Nearing. 16mo. 146 pages. Moffat, Yard & Co. $1. net.
The History of Parliamentary Taxation in England. By
Shepard Ashman Morgan. Large 8vo, 317 pages. Moffat,
Yard & Co. $2. net.
The Commonsense of Municipal Training. By Bernard
Shaw. New edition, with new preface by the author; 16mo,
120 pages. John Lane Co. 75 cts. net.
From Freedom to Despotism: A Rational Prediction
and Forewarning. By Charles M. Hollingsworth. 12mo,
238 pages. Privately printed. $1.50 net.
NATURE AND OUT-DOOR LIFE.
The Face of the Fields. By Dallas Lore Sharp. l2mo, 250
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
East and West: Comparative Studies of Nature in Eastern
and Western States. By Stanton Davis Kirkham. Illus-
strated.Svo. 280 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75 net.
How to Live in the Country. By E. P. Powell. Illustrated,
8vo. 300 pages. Outing Publishing Co. $1.76 net.
Familiar Trees and their Leaves. By F. Schuyler Mathews.
New edition; illustrated in color, etc., 12mo, 334 pages.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.30 net.
An Outlook to Nature. By L. H. Bailey. New edition;
12mo, 195 pages. "Rural Outlook Series." Macmillan Co.
$1.26 net.
Mountain State Gleanings. By Ignatius Brennan. With
portrait, 12mo. 155 pages. Richard G. Badger. $1.25 net.
PHILOSOPHY.
The World of Life: A Manifestation of Creative Power
Directive Mind, and Ultimate Purpose. By Alfred Russet
Wallace. Large 8vo. 441 pages. Moffat. Yard A Co. $8.60 net.
The Alchemy of Thought. By L. P. Jacks. Large 8vo. 349
pages. Henry Holt & Co. $3. net.
Truth on Trial: An Exposition of the Nature of Truth. By
Paul Cams. Large 8vo, 138 pages. Open Court Publishing
Co. $1. net.
The Value and Dignity of Human Life; as Shown in the
Striving and Suffering of the Individual. By Charles Gray
Shaw, Ph.D. 12mo. 403 pages.'Richard G. Badger. $2.50 net.
MUSIC AND ART.
English Melodies from the 13th to the 18th Century: One
Hundred Songs. Edited, with introduction and historical
notes, by Vincent Jackson, Illustrated and decorated, 8vo,
299 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3. net.
Old English Instruments of Muslo: Their History and
Character. By Francis W. Galpin. Illustrated, large 8vo,
323 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $2.50 net.
How to Visit the Great Picture Galleries. By Esther
Singleton. Illustrated, 16mo. 492 pages. Dodd, Mead A
A False Equation: The Problem of the Great Trust. By
Melville M. Bigelow. 12mo, 262 pages. Little, Brown, A
Co. $1.50 net.


278
[April 1,
THE
DIAL
Uodern Masterpieces of Short Prose Fiotion. Edited,
with introduction and notes, by Alice Vinton Waite and
Edith Mendall Taylor. 12mo, 408 paces. D. Appleton &
C° MISCELLANEOUS.
Love and Marriage. By Ellen Key: translated from the
Swedish by Arthur G. Chater: with Introduction by Have-
lock Ellis. 12mo. 399 paces. Q. P. Putnam'B Sons.
Three Thousand Tears of Mental Healing;. By George
Barton Cutten. Illustrated, 8vo. 318 pages. Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons. $1.50 net.
The Newer Spiritualism. By Frank Podmore. Large 8vo,
820 pages. Henry Holt & Co. 12.75 net.
Errors of Thought in Science, Religion, and Social Life, and
their Evil Influence from Pre-Alphabetic Ages to the Present
Day. By St. George. Large 8vo, 142 pages. Paul Elder &
Co. Paper.
The Mutation Theory: Experiments and Observations on
the Origin of Species in the Vegetable Kingdom. By Hugo
De Vries. Volume II., The Origin of Varieties by Mutation;
translated by Prof. J. B. Farmer and A. D. Darbishire.
Illustrated in color, etc., 8vo, 883 pages. Open Court Pub-
lishing Co. $4. net.
New Illustrated Natural History of the "World. By
Ernest Protheroe. Illustrated in color, etc., large 8vo, 584
pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. (2.50 net.
The Home: Its Work and Influence. By Charlotte Perkins
Oilman. New edition; 12mo, 347 pages. Charlton Co. $1. net.
Modern Inspirational Books. By Orison Swett Marden.
Comprising new editions of: Rising in the World; Pushing
to the Front; The Secret of Achievement. Each with por-
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THE DIAL
a Semi»fRontl)Ig Journal of Hittrarg Criticism, ©t'scuasion, anU Enformatton.
Entered u Second-Clus Hatter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at
Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
-ZVo. 596. APRIL 16, 1911. Vol. L.
Contents.
PAGE
THE BIBLE TERCENTENARY 287
WALTER PATER. Lewis Piaget Shanks .... 289
CASUAL COMMENT 292
The connection between war and poetry. — The de-
struction of a priceless library.—A Greek scholar on
modern Greek. — Mrs. Howe's "Hippolytns." — A
new department in the pnblic library.— New letters
of Robert Louis Stevenson.—A French E. P. Roe.—
The demand for trained librarians.—A wound to the
pride of the Dickens family. — How to be a success-
ful writer. — Mr. Maurice Hewlett's faith in fairies.
— A "complete works" department. — The last of
four gifted brothers. —The greatest auction-sale of
books.— An interesting lawsnit.— How to make the
magazine fund go as far as possible.
A CENSORSHIP OF FICTION, AND SOME
OTHER MATTERS. (Special London Corre-
spondence.) E. H. Lacon Watson 296
COMMUNICATIONS 298
Jane Austen and Winchester Cathedral.
Mrs. M. G. Murray Lane.
Onomato poetics. Caswell A. Mayo.
A SOUL'S STRUGGLE INTO THE LIGHT.
Percy F. Bicknell 299
LET US HAVE PEACE! Grant Showerman ... 300
Angell's The Great Illusion.—Novicow's War and
Its Alleged Benefits. — Chittenden's War or Peace?
THE ELIZABETHAN AND JACOBEAN DRAMA.
Lane Cooper 302
A PHILOSOPHY OF LIFE. T. D. A. Cockerell . . 304
NEW TELLERS OF A TALE OUTWORN. Allen
Wilson Porterfield 306
SPAIN OF TO-DAY. Warren Barton Blake . . . 308
Bensusan's Home Life in Spain. — Fitz-Gerald's
Rambles in Spain. — Hartley's Things Seen in
Spain. — Nixon-Roulet's The Spaniard at Home. —
Miss O'Reilly's Heroic Spain. — Shaw's Spain from
Within.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 309
An account of our national land system. —Sketches
of Parisian politics and literature. — Two plays by
Sweden's greatest dramatic writer. — Early years
and early friends of Carmen Sylva.— Reminiscences
of the English secret service. — Some amusing
audacities in dramatic form. — Chapters on French
themes.—Greatness, genuine and spurious.—Whims
of the passing moment.
BRIEFER MENTION 312
NOTES 312
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 314
THE BIBLE TERCENTENARY.
A high school class in American history had
spent an hour in discussing the struggle between
the pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces about the
year 1850. Among the topics dwelt upon at
length had been Clay's compromise measure
(including the Seventh of March speech)
and the influence of Mrs. Stowe's great novel.
At the close of the hour the instructor read
Whittier's "Ichabod" to his class, without
naming either its author or its subject. Then
he asked (not without hopefulness, although
experience should have taught him better) for
the name of the man about whom the poem
was written. Two answers were elicited: the
first was " Uncle Tom," the second " Abraham
Lincoln." When asked to account for the title
of the poem, that assemblage of ingenuous youth
was of one mind — it must have been suggested
by Ichabod Crane. This strictly veracious nar-
rative has two morals —a pedagogical moral
whose implications, if logically worked out,
would condemn pretty much the whole of the
educational process of which these youngsters
of the average age of eighteen had been made
the victims, and a cultural moral too obvious
to need categorical statement.
The first moral may be reserved for con-
sideration upon other occasions. It strikes at
the tap-root of the teaching problem, and must
be faced sooner or later when sentiment shall
give place to reason, and the delusion of a
"practical" education shall burst like the
bubble that it is. The second moral is just
now borne in upon us by the fact that we are
thinking for the moment about the English
Bible during this third century year of its pub-
lication in the authorized version, and are being
made to realize in many depressing ways that
the Book which is the chief treasure of our
prose literature is to the younger generation a
book with seven seals. There have been many
investigations of late years into the furnishings
of the youthful mind as far as knowledge of
the Scriptures is concerned, and they all come
out in about the same way. The case of the
Yale student (a Jew) who had never heard of
Moses is one of countless cases that would seem
incredible did we not know by melancholy ex-
perience that there is absolutely no limit to the


288
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
ignorance of young people about matters of
the most elementary cultural significance. A
questionnaire of a few years ago, making the
simplest of demands, revealed large numbers
of boys and girls who could not name the first
book of the Bible, who had never heard of
Methuselah, and who did not know where
Christ was born, or who betrayed him, or the
goal of Paul's journey when he experienced
conversion. Testimony of this sort has been
multiplied by thousands of inquirers, and partic-
ularly contributed in voluminous measure by
teachers who have based their inquiries upon
the familiar scriptural allusions with which
English literature is packed. It all goes to
show a widespread and lamentable ignorance of
the Bible which could not have been paralleled
fifty years ago in any part of the English-
speaking world.
On the other hand, the generation which
has so far lapsed from the culture (we are not
now concerned about the faith) of the past has
been exhorted by the most eloquent voices not
to neglect our chief fountain-head of literary
and ethical inspiration. Here, also, testimony
in volume unlimited and of weight not to be
ignored is at our service. The pleas of Carlyle
and Huxley, of Buskin and Arnold, are familiar
and shining examples of this advocacy. Less
familiar, but thoroughly typical of educated
opinion upon this subject, are the words of
R. H. Dana, Jr., which we may reproduce:
"Our ordinary English Bible is the foundation of
our common views of morality, is the basis of our com-
mon civilization, and is the bond of our common lan-
guage; apart from any opinion as to its religious teach-
ings, every American child is entitled to be instructed
in this book, his acquaintance with which is essential
to his understanding of very much that he hears in
public address, or reads in the public press, and this,
though he be of a family which is Protestant or
Catholic, Jewish, Mohammedan, or Buddhist. ... As
a well of pure English, undented, as a fountain of pure,
idiomatic English, it has not its equal in the world.
. . . From the common English Bible, too, we derive
our household words, our phrases and illustrations, the
familiar speech of the people. Our associations are
with its narratives, its parables, its histories, and its
biographies. If a man knew the Bible in its original
Greek and Hebrew by heart, and did not know the
common English version, he would be ignorant of the
speech of the people. In sermons, in public speeches
from the pulpit, the bar and the platform, would come
allusions, references, quotations — that exquisite elec-
trifying by conductors by which the heart of the whole
people is touched by a word, a phrase, in itself nothing,
but everything in the power of conducting — and all
this would be to him an unknown world. ... As a
preparation for life, au acquaintance with the common
English Bible is indispensable."
Another writer, fully appreciative of the share
of the English Bible in our spiritual life, is
Professor Barrett Wendell, who says: "For
better or worse the ideals which underlie our
blundering conscious life must always be the
ideals which underlie the conscious life of the
mother country, and which for centuries have
rectified and purified her blunders. Morally
and religiously these ideals are immortally con-
secrated in King James's version of the Bible."
And Professor Albert S. Cook, writing in the
"Cambridge History of English Literature,"
says with simple truth that " no other book has
so penetrated and permeated the hearts and
speech of the English race as has the Bible.
What Homer was to the Greeks, and the Koran
to the Arabs, that, or something not unlike it,
the Bible has become to the English."
Such quotations might be multiplied indefin-
itely, but to extend them would be " slaying the
slain " for most readers of these pages. They
make it clear that we may enter on behalf of
the Bible the same sort of claim for renewed
attention, now that its life has rounded another
full century, that we would enter in a similar
anniversary year in behalf of Shakespeare or
Milton. But to enter the claim alone, and think
that our whole duty has thus been done, will
be a rather futile performance. Our real obliga-
tion is to endeavor by continuous and unremit-
ting effort to restore the Bible as an English
classic to the possession of the people. Many
persons, admitting the obligation, will shirk it
and salve their consciences at the same time by
suggesting that the burden be put upon the
public schools. It is an easy way of evading
a personal responsibility, and has been applied,
with somewhat startling results, in many other
matters. In the case of the Bible, it would be
about the poorest expedient imaginable, to say
nothing of the fact that in the present contro-
versial temper upon religious subjects it could
not be done without violating certain very funda-
mental principles of fairness between creed and
creed. Given our schools as they are (and their
teachers), we could not hope that teaching, or
even reading, of the Bible would be done reason-
ably, and by methods free from the influence
of any theory of super naturalism. The whole
wretched history of the English political squab-
ble over religious education, with its chatter
about Cowper-Templeism and "simple Bible
teaching," shows us how wise has been the
American policy of an absolutely secularized
system of public education.
It is not now through the schools, any
more than it was through the schools of fifty


1911.]
289
THE
DIAL
or a hundred years ago, that children are to
be made to grow up with Biblical knowledge as
an ineradicable possession. It is to the home
that we must look—supplemented to some
extent by private and voluntary outside agen-
cies— to the home, which means, in the final
analysis, to a reawakening of that sense of
parental responsibility which, as our modern
life has grown more complex and institutional,
seems to have sunk into a sort of lethargy. It
was as the result of influences existing — or at
least originating, in the family circle that our
parents and grandparents came to know their
Bible so well, and thereby became possessed of
the master key to most of the treasure-houses
of our literature. As the New York "Evening
Post" aptly says: "A late and literary study
of the Bible can never make it the instinctive
possession, the man of our counsel, that it was
under the old system of assimilating its con-
tents. Assiduous reading in the family from
earliest days, the memorizing of psalm and
parable and prophecy and beatitude, the listen-
ing to the rolling echoes of Sinai in church on
Sundays, along with the lightnings and smoke
of torment in the Apocalypse — all this was a
process to stamp upon the mind indelibly what
no amount of sophisticated study can yield."
There were elements of waste in the old system,
but how effective it was! In giving it up, the
children of this later generation have saved
much time, and promptly devoted it to frivolous
and mischievous occupations, or at the best to
mean "practical" purposes. But what they
have suffered in consequence is nothing less
than an intellectual and moral calamity.
WALTER PATER.
The new Library Edition of Pater cannot fail to
please the bibliophile. Completed now in ten beau-
tiful volumes, tastefully bound in dark blue cloth, the
quiet dignity of its type and format leaves little to
be desired. Intrinsically, it is the old edition in a
statelier form. No new material has been added,
either textual or editorial; the rest of the unsigned
reviews must still be read in Mr. Mosher's collection.
And after all we need not regret them, for the best
of this literary journalism has been preserved in
the rather mediocre " Essays from the Guardian."
What we shall regret, however, is the omission of
the essay on Dante, and, perhaps even more, the
lack of a memoir or biographical study.
We have as yet no adequate biography of Walter
Pater. Mr. Benson, to be sure, has given us an
aesthetic study, and Mr. Thomas Wright a pains-
taking collection of anecdotes. Here, as in many
another case, the task of the biographer is no easy
one. The anecdotes must be used with caution, for
Pater liked to clothe his sensitiveness with irony.
Did he confess himself in his art, holding to that
ideal of transparent simplicity set forth with such
charm in the Platonic conception of Diaphaneite?
Earliest of all his essays, is it really autobiograph-
ical? Perhaps so. His style, certainly, has no trace
of irony or even humor, and it does have a very
personal warmth. As a critic, of course, he is
thoroughly subjective, his very book-reviews being
limited to the things that pleased him; and no one
can deny the subjective quality of his work in fiction.
In any case, a very definite portrait lies concealed
in these ten volumes, and its details tally singularly
with the facts that one may glean from Mr. Wright's
laborious but inartistic memoir.
The material for this "imaginary portrait" is
widely scattered. "One must read all of Pater,"
says a recent critic; and an unsympathetic reviewer
might rejoice that the total was limited by such artistic
discretion. Yet it might have been smaller still.
Only five of Pater's works—six volumes in this
new Library Edition—were published in book form
during the author's life-time; and, with the possible
exception of " Greek Studies," it is doubtful if any of
the others would have received his sanction in their
present form. All of them have their interest for
us, surely,— even the " Essays from the Guardian";
but it is to the " Renaissance " and "Marius," to the
"Imaginary Portraits " and " Plato and Platonism,"
that the admirer of Pater most frequently turns.
Of these the "Renaissance" is the most impor-
tant for the biographer. Earliest of Pater's works,
written mainly between his twenty-seventh and
thirty-fourth years, it exhibits most clearly what
one might term the fundamental contradiction of
his temperament. The "Renaissance" presents to
us, as none of the later works do, the essential
Pater, a highly imaginative but rather sensuous
nature, curious of a somewhat morbid type of
beauty. The passion of youth asserts itself in these
essays, and the voice of a lyrical poet vibrates
beneath their apparent restraint. Ascesis — an
ascetic control of one's aesthetic attitude and its
artistic expression—was always Pater's intellectual
ideal, and it tended to give him more of a classical
objectivity in his later writings. But here at least
the author of those severer studies, like Denys in
the fable of the fallen god, ungirds the hempen
cincture and caste aside the monastic robe. And
what we find beneath it is not a pagan deity as in
the fable, not a pagan philosopher as we might
expect from "Greek Studies," but a being of our
own age, a follower of Rousseau and the cult of
feeling, a poet who has strayed into the domain of
prose. A modern romanticist,—but, let us add, a
romanticist who has read his Plato and learned the
message of the Greeks, — the force of his imagina-
tion draws him irresistibly to that period of "bril-
liant sins " and "fantastic theories" which we call
the Renaissance.


290
[April 16,
THE DIAL
Romanticism tempered by the study of philoso-
phy—a poet corrected by the discipline of an intel-
lectual ideal! For, after all, the sterner attitude is
not wanting, even here. Earliest of all these stu-
dies, the essay on Winckelmann may serve as a
measure of that ideal, clearly descried but still
imperfectly attained. Like Goethe, Pater found
in Winckelmann an intellectual prototype; he, too,
"penetrated by instinct rather than by understand-
ing, the subtlest principles of the Greek manner."
How different from the attitude of the typical
scholar, even in the Oxford of Benjamin Jowett!
"To penetrate into the antique world by one's pas-
sion, one's temperament" — that surely is only a
poet's privilege, and the imagery of this volume of
essays, sensuous, poetic, never quite subdued to the
sober uses of prose, gives the critic a suspicion of the
many lines of verse—all destroyed after the manner
of Goethe with his Juvenilia — which Mr. Wright
tells us preceded these essays on the Renaissance.
Winckelmann was indeed an effective influence
in the formation of Pater's ideals. The great
German, also, "rejects metaphysics, finding the
true service of philosophy in its power to suggest
questions which help one to detect the passion and
strangeness and dramatic contrasts of life." Such
was to be the service of philosophy for Walter
Pater. His, too, was "a culture in which the moral
instinct, like the religious or political, was merged
in the artistic." He would have liked to "attain
not only as intense but as complete a life as pos-
sible," although he early accepted the limitations
which the aesthetic attitude imposes. And it is
just here that Pater's ideal touches that of Goethe:
the ideal of one "to whom every moment of life
brought its contribution of experimental, individual
knowledge, by whom no touch of the world of form,
colour, and passion was disregarded." Nevertheless,
we must admit that he fell short of Goethe by
mistaking the means for the end.
But we may not discuss Pater's philosophy, even
in so far as it illustrates his artistic theories. We
must pass on to the other essays in this volume. "A
lover of strange souls," he studies Leonardo and
Sandro Botticelli, finding in da Vinci's work, in
the work of the Renaissance generally, that union
of "curiosity" and "the desire of beauty " which
is the keynote, not only of this period and this
particular master, but of the very spirit of romanti-
cism and the work of Pater himself. In the curi-
ously imaginative portrait of Leonardo he reads the
secret of a life "that fascinates or perhaps half
repels"; the fascination of interests not wholly
pleasant being one of the dangers of the romantic
temper, best seen perhaps in Hugo's abuse of the
grotesque. In his later writings Pater largely
overcame this morbidity, evident enough in certain
parts of these essays, pervading the imagery and
manifest in many exotic flowers of style. The
interest in romantic landscape is there, and the
interest in romantic personality, and all the poetry
of Pater's own romanticism is summed up in the
figure by which the incomplete realism of da Vinci's
backgrounds is explained as an effect of tempera-
ment: "through Leonardo's strange veil of sight
things reach him so, in no ordinary night or day.
but as in the faint light of eclipse, or in some brief
interval of falling rain at daybreak, or through
deep water." It is the art of a poet who ha.*
made himself a critic.
So back of the portrait of Leonardo, back of
nearly every portrait in the volume, we see the
figure of the author. His very artistic poise is
that of da Vinci, "careless alike of present and of
future applause." In Pater, too, one might fancy
that "this solitary culture of beauty . . . hung
upon a kind of self-love, and a carelessness in the
work of art of all but art itself." "Out of the
secret places of a unique temperament he brought
strange blossoms and fruits hitherto unknown, and
for him the novel impression conveyed, the ex-
quisite effect woven, counted as an end in itself —
a perfect end."
Well! there we have the defects of the romantic
attitude. That sensitiveness of temperament must
be paid for by some weakness, and the reader need
not pass beyond this essay to find the pitfalls that
threaten a strongly sensuous or emotional mind.
We need not dwell upon them. Only youth can
re-read the "Renaissance" without some moments
of cloying, only the effeminate can enjoy the sug-
gestion of the perfume of the tuberose in its style.
The very affectation of restraint gives relief to these
blemishes, exaggerations of delicacy, "thin and fine
as some sea-shell worn by the wind." The wind, for-
sooth! There is a sense of strain in all such minute-
ness; nothing is left for the imagination to supply.
Yet it must be admitted that in proportion to
the bulk of Pater's writings, faults of this category
are few. They are the defects of his sensibility,
redeemed by the warmth that a poet's feeling can
give to thought under intellectual control. Warmth,
fervor, the force of a personal appeal — these are
the final justification of the romantic attitude; and
after all there is a very real splendor in even this
early volume on the Renaissance. It has the beauty
of atmosphere, a beauty wrought out from within
— the deposit, little cell by cell, of strange thoughts
and fantastic reveries and exquisite passions." Its
defects are the defects of young writers, outgrown
as youth merges into maturity. And while Pater
never quite outgrew his fundamental romanticism, as
we may see from occasional lapses in "Imaginary
Portraits," he did learn to appreciate the value of
the classical restraint. A genuine discipline, the slow
practice of his art repressed the man of feeling ; the
poet gave way to the priest of an aesthetic intellec-
tualism. And it is this ideal, pruning away the
excesses of his early essays, which we find beneath
the measured beauty of "Marius the Epicurean."
How shall an admirer of Pater speak judiciously
of "Marius"? How shall we judge this romance
of the intellectual life? It is true that " Marius " vio-
lates nearly every canon of the novel, yet it is none


1911.J
291
THE
DIAL
the less the finest of Pater's imaginary portraits.
Always deeply autobiographical, it represents both
sides of its reticent author; in its pages we still
find the poet, but the spirit of his apologia is pene-
trated by a fine reserve. We all know that gracious
figure, whose very ardor is touched with ascetic
severity, vain seeker of a philosophy that shall
satisfy both the artist and the puritan within him.
Oxford alone could have produced such a character
— the atmosphere of Oxford and the comely meas-
ure of its cloistered life. So Marias, after all, is
perhaps less an ancient Roman than a type of
modern character. What he really shows us is the
other side of Pater's nature, the child who loved to
play "church " in his tender years, the deeply re-
ligious boy of the school-days at Canterbury. That
early ideal of a priestly vocation, held to, in fact,
until his twentieth year—Pater retained something
of it through all the perplexities of his period of
intellectual revolt, a true ascesis, consonant with
those processes of cold philosophic thought that
led to his final suspension of judgment, cherished
"as if to fit him for that closer vision of truth to
which perchance he might be on the way." Like
Renan's, Pater's mind remained to the end a
cathidrale desaffectie. He felt the aesthetic charm
of religion, no less than the hero of his novel, and
if the final conversion of Marius is a little uncon-
vincing, the attitude involved is surely not so far
to seek in the growth of ritualism everywhere in
the present day.
A real imaginary portrait, "Marius" moves
across a background remarkable for its antiquarian
truth. There is a scholar as well as a poet in
Walter Pater, quite apart from the more formal
scholarship of his "Plato" and "Greek Studies."
In "Marius," however, it is less a formal scholar-
ship than a sense of the picturesque that gives color
to his backgrounds; they are really choice bits of
his travel memories, refined into pictures, always
poetic, and grown really atmospheric with the lapse
of years. Take for instance the description of
"White Nights "—Ad Vigilias Albat. It is in such
rapid sketches of romantic landscape, seen under
broken lights or in strong shadow, that Pater is
often at his best; and the result is like a modern
etching or pen-drawing. Like the great masters of
the line, he knows now to make his accents "tell."
Consider his description of a Roman winter, all
the luxury and color of its life compressed into five
lines: "The habit-makers made a great sale of the
spoil of all such furry creatures as had escaped
wolves and eagles, for presents at the Saturnalia;
and at no time had the winter roses from Carthage
seemed more lustrously yellow and red." Here
indeed we have the art of the etcher, and the single
accent in the picture is as vibrant with color as the
blacks of Daniel Vierge.
There are many such bits in "Imaginary Por-
traits." As portraits, nevertheless, they have a cer-
tain unreality, despite the fact that Pater himself
sat for most of them. Gaston, Watteau, Duke Carl
of Rosenmold,—what are they but the various moods
of Pater's mind, so singular in its comtemplative
ideals, so unreal against the strenuous life of to-day?
Dream-figures all of them, from the wistful Child in
the House to Emerald Uthwart, the children of his
imagination bear the features of their creator; they
are all of them romantic idealists, they are spectators
of life, celibates and dreamers every one. The pathos
of early death is theirs, and the pathos of failure;
they pass across the stage like visions of youth, and
leave the memory of a broken cadence in the air.
Nor are the historical characters, the subjects
of Pater's " Appreciations," more definitely outlined,
except in those aspects of their genius that conform
with their author's interests or his varying moods.
He is not a great critic, after all. A real critic, a
genius like Sainte-Beuve or even Monsieur Anatole
France, Pater would undoubtedly have shown a
wider critical range. A singular narrowness is
traceable in the list of types which attracted him;
not one of England's older classics has a place, save
Shakespeare and Sir Thomas Browne; not one of
the classic writers of France except the tortured
spirit of Pascal. This is the best proof of
Pater's romantic tendencies; a writer who speaks
of the " insipid ornament" of Racine has not pene-
trated the spirit of the Grand Siiele. His interests,
in fine, were elsewhere. Aucassin and Nicolette,
Amis and Amiles, the work of Ronsard or of Mon-
taigne, — it was the romantic note, the touch of
lyrical or personal quality, that mainly attracted
him in his deep love of French literature; and so
he passed over the age of classicism to the subjec-
tive writers of modern times. We may, of course,
set over against this his studies in classical anti-
quity, so important in any complete study of this
writer; but even then we must not forget his in-
sistence upon the romantic aspects of Greek art.
The " Postscript " of "Appreciations" gives us
Pater's justification of this aesthetic attitude, and
the preface of the volume his theory of style. In
this brief article it would be impossible to consider
either. Taken together, these essays constitute the
most valuable part of his studies in English letters.
But the real significance of "Appreciations" lies
in its slightness of texture, its inequality to the
rest of his published work. In the field of modern
literature, Pater's chief interests lay with the Ro-
mance countries; the most important part of his
criticism deals, not with England, but with France
and Italy. His favorite authors, as enumerated by
Mr. Wright, are largely French, and quotations
from the great French writers slip readily from his
pen. This preference is patent even in his English
studies; the essay on Wordsworth alone has seven
references to the literature of France. In the essay
on Style, it is the theory of Flaubert that Pater
elaborates; and we know that for many years he
translated daily a page from Flaubert or from
Sainte-Beuve. How deeply he was influenced by
this may be seen in his Gallicisms: "a poem still
inedited," "the true intention of the myth"; "the


THE
perfect justice of his style" permits him these in-
fractions; and "what has not heen so generally
observed as the excellence of his literary criticism,"
he takes a naive delight in the use of these
"morsels " of preciosity. His theory of the abso-
luteness of art — "art for art's sake"—is an echo
of The"ophile Gautier, and it was Gautier's practice
that taught him his devotion to the dictionary.
His idea of romanticism is, in part, Stendhal's,
his conception of the function of the humanist that
of Sainte-Beuve, while his whole theory of criticism
is colored by the writings of the same great French-
man. No English critic, surely, was ever so per-
meated by French influence as Walter Pater, and
we are not surprised to learn that his summer
travels led him, not to Greece, which curiously
enough he never visited, but to Italy, and prefer-
ably to the grey midland towns of sunny France.
His was a Latin temperament refined by an
Anglo-Saxon mind.
One might pursue the subject further, and spoil
an excellent subject for a doctor's dissertation. But
such malevolence should not tempt the reviewer; he
will merely indicate the importance of the fact in
the appreciation of Pater's influence and place in
English letters. We cannot estimate all that our
literature has gained from contact with Latin culture
and Latin ideals, presented in the work of one who
was so faithful to their artistic spirit. We cannot
know what Pater has done for us in an age de-
voted to Mr. Kipling and Mr. Jack London and the
charms of journalistic prose. We cannot perceive
what the real fineness of his ideal, with its warmth
and color and persuasive force, is doing for us in an
age tending all too swiftly toward a morality either
Stoical or grossly Epicurean, nor whether the
"ascesis " involved in a true discipleship will over-
come the dangers implied in a literal acceptance of
its theory. Fifty years from now, students of lit-
erary history will decide these questions. But we
can admit the disinterested service of his literary
scholarship; we can praise him for resisting the
pressure toward facile production and cheaply
acquired fame. We can recognize, in fine, the
intellectual beauty of his ideal. Will this ideal
survive? The future alone can tell. In the in-
creasing organization of a commercial society, in
the increasing demands of life for utilitarian art, it
may be that we shall come to turn to it as our one
chance of freedom, our one chance of escape from
the tyranny of industrialism—the pleasures of the
intellect and the consolation of the arts. Certainly
we cannot read Pater without enriching our own
intellectual life. We cannot read him unmoved by
his aesthetic rectitude, by his fine reserve towards
experience, by his conception of life itself as the
highest art. Like Plato, his master, Walter Pater
can make us feel a sense of dedication in this de-
votion to the Highest Beauty, as in the mere regard
for fidelity of style to impression he can make us
feel the glow of an ethical grace.
Lkwis Piaget Shanks.
CASUAL COMMENT.
The connection between wae and poetry has
always been close. Those interested in one have,
more than commonly, been interested in the other.
Mr. Hudson Maxim's book, "The Science of
Poetry," is the latest exemplification of this fact
It proposes to record the author's conquest of criti-
cism and his taming and breaking in of the steed
Pegasus. While we have considerable respect for
the insight and good sense Mr. Maxim occasionally
displays, we doubt very much whether the Sphinx
of poetry will sink into the ground at his reading of
its riddle. The book bristles with the technicalities
of modern science. It starts off with an array of
fixed principles all made out of the brain of Herbert
Spencer. It would not be difficult for a meta-
physician to pick holes in most or all of these;
and it is curious that at the moment when many
of the world's greatest scientists are taking the
back track, a writer should base a study of so
immaterial an art as poetry on the positive judg-
ments of evolutionary science. Sir William Crookes.
in a recent address before the London Authors' Club,
threw up the sponge for the atomic theory. "There
is no matter," he admitted. M. Flammarion, the
French astronomer, is a convert to "spookism,"
and the late Cesare Lombroso went down before
the proofs of occult phenomena. Some of the
greatest science builders of the past were uncon-
vinced by their own discoveries. Pascal, one of the
world's great mathematicians, grew to believe that
mathematical axioms were baseless assumptions.
Newton thought that it was impossible for one body
to act upon another at a distance. Faraday urged
arguments against his own Conservation of Energy
theory. But to Mr. Maxim "the exact sciences
have no differences of opinion." He decides that
"a living body is a body of matter." He is sure
that " consciousness is the sense of the awareness of
the other senses." Being a sense it must therefore
have extension, form, organs. Has anybody seen
it? He bases his psychology on William James's
restatement of Locke's tabula rasa theory of the
human mind, which ignores Leibnitz's amendment
of that theory and Kant's confutation of it. Pro-
fessor James, in the passage quoted, propounds, as
unalterable truths, that one born deaf can never be
made to imagine what sound is like, and that one
born blind can have no mental vision. We have in
America to-day a most distinguished contradiction
to these laws in the person of a young woman born
deaf and dumb and blind, who, to judge from her
writings, must be capable of conceiving both sound
and image. Mr. Maxim is particularly hard on the
inspiration-intoxication theory of poetry which ha*
been held by sq many philosophers and poets, from
Plato to Byron. He objects that inventors have
equal claim to any such divine fire. True; and
Stevenson remarked that "neither poetry nor the
plastic arts can compete, sir, for a moment with the


1911.]
293
THE DIAL
finished conduct of a large body of men in the face
of an enemy." But though doubtless more important
than the organization of poetic genius, no one has
yet formulated a law by which great inventors or
military commanders may be produced at will.
This is what Mr. Maxim has done for poetry;
and he exemplifies his "machine method" both by
original verses of his own and by amended versions
of great passages out of Shakespeare and Milton.
We have no wish to criticize these efforts, but we
would ask, "How can Mr. Hudson Maxim be sure
that he is not the victim of inspiration in producing
them?" Poetic frenzy may have slipped in without
his noticing it.
The destruction of a priceless library,
containing rare works that can be replaced only at
vast expense, other books that cannot be replaced
at all, and manuscripts whose loss is obviously irre-
parable, is always a grievous calamity. In the case
of the New York State Library, severely damaged
by fire and water on the twenty-ninth of last month,
when the twenty-five-million-dollar capital building
at Albany was ravaged by flames, it is not alone the
splendid library itself, but also the library school
connected with it, that suffers, thus bringing loss
and some degree of becripplement to the whole
public library system of the country. Probably
some weeks or even months must pass before it can
be known exactly what portion of the State Library,
as well as of the Senate and Assembly libraries, is
a total loss. All three collections contained much
irreplaceable matter. According to the published
statement of the Commissioner of Education, the
State Library numbered at the time of the fire six
hundred thousand volumes, four hundred thousand
pamphlets, and three hundred thousand historical
manuscripts. Even allowing for error or consider-
able exaggeration in these figures, we know that the
library was one of the most valuable in the country,
its department of genealogical works alone being
unequalled, and its early Dutch records having a
priceless worth in the eyes of historical writers and
scholars. By a fortunate prevision of possible dis-
aster, the Commissioner two years ago transferred
from the library to his office safe the original manu-
script of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, that
of "Washington's Farewell Address, also that of
the State Constitution, and fifteen or twenty other
precious documents, together with the Washington
relics owned by the State. A rough estimate of
the library's loss of replaceable books and equip-
ment puts it at two million dollars. But it is the
destruction of so many unique volumes, pamphlets,
and manuscripts, that causes the sorest regret.
• • •
A Greek scholar on modern Greek has
uttered a word of interest to all who concern them-
selves with the question whether it is desirable to
learn the tongue now spoken in Athens, in connec-
tion with or in preparation for the study of ancient
Greek. Mr. Frank B. Sanborn, one of the faithful
few who have kept up their classics since college
days, is moved by the perusal of his London "Hel-
lenic Herald" to lament the deterioration in the
noble tongue of iEschylus and Aristotle. In his
"Boston Literary Letter" to the Springfield
"Republican" he writes: "That gift of effective
expression has not descended with the alphabet to
the children of renowned sires, — if you call the
modern Greeks tliat. Their language went through
stages of descent and transformation; it suffered
by being the vehicle of ecclesiastical dogma and
controversial Christianity, and then by falling
among the medley of barbarian conquerors of the
lands from which the once-planted Greek could not
be extirpated. He stayed, but he was stripped and
bound and flogged, like the victim of banditti else-
where; and the same that happened to the man in
scripture travelling from Jerusalem to Jericho, or
to poor Poe captured by roughs and plug-uglies in
Baltimore, befell the Greek language also. Its fine
draping garments were stolen, and a mass of fustian
and tatters was substituted. The good Samaritans,
who took pity on the fallen dialect, did what they
could, but their oil and wine were not always of
the best sort." Mr. Sanborn admits that the spirit
of poetry still lingers in the Greece of to-day, and
he finds the language of her modern poets less
sadly degenerate than that of her prose writers.
But the charm of modern Greek, so far as it has
charm, lies for most persons in its startling resem-
blance, in general aspect at least, and on the printed
page, to the language of Homer three thousand
years ago.
Mrs. Howe's "Hippolytus," which was pre-
sented at the Tremont Theatre, Boston, on the
afternoon of March 24, by Miss Margaret Anglin
and a selected company, for the benefit of the
Howe memorial fund, has a rather interesting his-
tory. Written half a century ago for immediate
production, and specially adapted to the abilities of
Edwin Booth, who was to have played the title
role, and of Charlotte Cushman, who was to have
taken the part of Phaedra, its rehearsals were
suddenly discontinued because of jealousies on the
stage — that of the old Howard Athenaeum —
concerning the assignment of the Phaedra to Miss
Cushman. The wife of the manager coveted the dis-
tinction of appearing in that character, and the re-
sulting discord resulted in the play's being dropped,
in Mrs. Howe's writing no more for the cantanker-
ous player-folk, and in the near-loss to the world
of a noble effort in dramatic poetry. The piece
remained unpublished and all but forgotten until
Miss Anglin reminded Mrs. Howe of its existence,
asked permission to read it, and undertook to bring
it out. Of the play itself, which is not at all a
slavish imitation of either Euripides or Racine, it
appears that no triumphant run, whether in Mrs.
Howe's own city or elsewhere, can be hoped for it;
but it is a more than creditable piece of work, and
its blank verse rises at times to a dignity and beauty


294
[April 16,
THE DIAL
that increase our admiration for its gifted author.
To be retired to the quiet company of the "closet"
dramas is by no means the worst conceivable fate.
What were Tennyson and Longfellow and Brown-
ing, in this respect, but "closet" dramatists?
■ • ■
A NEW DEPARTMENT IN THE PUBLIC LIBRARY,
or at least one not noted by us before, comes to our
attention in scanning the pages of the " Fourteenth
Annual Report of the Buffalo Public Library." In
addition to the rooms for adult readers and book-
borrowers, and the now indispensable children's
room, the Buffalo librarian, Mr. Walter L. Brown,
reports on the work and the progress of the Inter-
mediate Department. "This," he says, "is intended
for the young people from fourteen to sixteen years
of age, and the books are performing a very useful
service in introducing them to many authors not
found in the children's collections." It is further
added, in connection with the work of this departr
ment, that "the head of the Children's Room, with
some of her assistants, has visited the department
stores in the neighborhood of the main building,
and has invited the young boys and girls employed
there to spend their noon hour in the Library.
Many who had not before used the Library are to
be found there." Obviously it is among the "inter-
mediates," those passing through the critical and
impressionable period of adolescence, that there is
an unequalled opportunity for effective and benefi-
cent work on the part of those striving to increase
the patronage and enlarge the usefulness of the
public library. We should be inclined, however,
to extend the scope of the new department and to
let it include boys and girls up to the age of eighteen
— or say, even, all those that are in their 'teens.
■ • •
New letters of Robert Louis Stevenson, to
the number of some hundred and fifty, will be
embodied in the forthcoming definitive edition of
all the letters of R. L. S., upon which Mr. Sidney
Colvin has long been at work. In this new edition,
comprising four volumes of medium size, the two
separate series of "Letters to his Family and
Friends" and "Vailima Letters," together with
those hitherto unpublished, will be combined and
rearranged in chronological order. A pleasant
foretaste of the new letters is offered to readers of
the April "Scribner's," which contains an even
dozen of them, with running comment by Mr.
Colvin. The specimen letters are widely varied in
date and manner, from a lively narrative of an
early trip to Staff a, Iona, and Earraid, and a whim-
sical analysis of "philosophical carelessness," to the
suggestion of a design for his tomb sent to Mr.
Colvin, and the forcedly cheerful note to James
Walter Ferrier written just after a dangerous illness
in San Francisco. "Humanly attractive and com-
panionable" are Mr. Colvin's adjectives for the
Stevenson letters, new and old, and we cannot better
them. The geniality of the man breathes through
the new letters as through everything else he wrote.
And so the epitaph he composed for himself at the
Bohemian Club in 1880 has been realized in the
happiest sense: "You, who pass this grave, pat
aside hatred; love kindness; be all services remem-
bered in your heart and all offences pardoned; and
as you go down again among the living, let this be
your question: can I make some one happier this
day before I lie down to sleep?"
• • •
A French E. P. Roe has been discovered by
the Paris literary correspondent of the New York
"Times" in the person of that highly readable
novelist whose "Ironmaster" is held in agreeable
remembrance by many American readers of middle
age. Mr. A. F. Sanborn writes: "Georges Ohnet
occupies a position somewhat akin to that which
E. P. Roe occupied in America a generation ago.
His novels usually rank among the 'best sellers,'
but they are not taken seriously in literary circles.
M. Ohnet obviously chafes under this literary ostra-
cism — the more so that he was regarded, at the
outset of his career, as a writer of much promise;
and, now and again, he makes a strenuous effort to
strike out in a new direction, in the hope of lifting
the ban. Such an effort was his 'Route Rouge,'
in which he essayed, three or four years ago, to
make a serious study of the vexed social problem.
Such another effort is his recent historical novel,
'Pour Tuer Bonaparte' . ." Which is worse, to be
taken without seriousness by the critics, but with
seriousness, and eagerness, too, by the great reading
public; or to be taken with seriousness by the
critics, but without seriousness, and perhaps not at
all, by the reading public? Tastes differ, and there
are writers who would dislike to find themselves in
the same class with the "best sellers"; but there
are also writers — as for example, Miss Marie
Corelli and Mr. Hall Caine — who, we imagine,
would think twice before exchanging their pecu-
niarily profitable popularity for any amount of unre-
munerative seriousness at the hands of critics.
The demand for trained librarians has not
yet been exceeded by the supply, and is not likely
soon to be thus exceeded. The library-school grad-
uate does not have to hang out his "shingle " and
wait weary weeks and months for things to move
his way. He commonly steps from his (or more
often her) commencement platform right into a com-
fortable, even though seldom generously remunera-
tive, position that often has been waiting some time
for a properly qualified incumbent. In the current
report of the Carnegie Library at Atlanta it is an-
nounced that the library training school of that
institution has, in the five years of its existence,
graduated fifty-two pupils, all of whom (excepting
four who preferred either some other occupation or
matrimony) are now pursuing the calling for which
they were trained, a good number having found
positions in the South. Twenty-two are in public


1911.]
•295
THE DIAL
libraries, and seventeen in college and normal school
libraries. "The list of trained librarians in Southern
educational institutions," writes Miss Rankin, the
Atlanta librarian, "is particularly gratifying to all
who are interested in the cause of education in the
South. It shows a most commendable desire on the
part of the authorities in charge, to build up the
libraries and make them vital parts of the work of
the schools, which have in the past been greatly
handicapped by the lack of just such facilities."
• • •
A WOUND TO THE PBIDE OF THE DlCKENS
family has been inflicted by the widely circulated
report in connection with the centenary Dickens
stamp, that the novelist's descendants, or the major-
ity of them, are in circumstances the reverse of
affluent. Mr. Henry F. Dickens now feels it in-
cumbent on his father's son to protest against this
false assumption of a pecuniary need which the pro-
ceeds of the stamp sale are to relieve. He had been
assured, at the beginning of the beneficent enterprise,
that the plan was simply to make a tardy atonement
for injustice wrought by defective copyright laws,
as a fitting observance of the novelist's centenary.
And of course it is this country that has been re-
garded as the chief offender in holding back all these
years the thousands of dollars in royalties that should
have gone to Dickens and his heirs. It is some
comfort to learn, from the researches of Mr. La-
bouchere in " Truth," that the author so grievously
defrauded left an estate amounting to the handsome
total of ninety-three thousand pounds, besides a fund
of good proportions set apart under trustees for a
special purpose. It is also reassuring to be told
once more that though there are some needy persons
in the Dickens clan (for every family has its poor
relations), most of the descendants of him whose
birthday we celebrate are well-to-do.
• • •
HOW TO BE A SUCCESSFUL WHITER is a question
that puzzles many, and among them a recent con-
tributor to "Collier's Weekly." In an article on
"The Rewards of Writing" he sorrowfully relates
his own meagrely remunerative experiences of
twenty years, and pathetically exclaims, "I do
wish somebody would tell me how to break into
the promised land." A reply is elicited in another
journal from a penman who complacently describes
his rapid rise from three-quarters of a cent per
word to five cents, and his sanguine hopes of several
additional cents in the near future. And writing
is not his vocation, either, but his avocation — his
evening amusement. Nevertheless he earns by his
pen two hundred and fifty dollars a month, and
has been writing only half as many years as the
unsuccessful writer whom he is telling how to do it.
He reads assiduously, spending as many hours thus
as in writing; and after that it is all as easy as
standing behind a counter and selling ribbon by
the yard, and also considerably more dignified and
remunerative. "I have placed articles and stories,"
he says, "with 35-cent magazines, 15-centers,
10-centers, and juveniles. I have run serials in
newspapers and I have written special articles for
magazine supplements. I began at three-quarters
of a cent a word, lingered at that rate for a con-
siderable period, passed to a cent, then to two cents,
then to three, and some time ago I reached the
point where I could make the rate of five cents a
word for adult fiction and three cents a word for
juvenile material, and get it." He is a diligent
reader of the classics, and he treats us, in closing,
to the following: "Ars longa, vita breva." At
last we have revealed the secret, if not of genius,
at least of literary success (in the market).
• • •
Mr. Maurice Hewlett's faith in fairies is
attested in an interesting study of the "little
people" in a recent number of "The English
Review." "I should like to think that I was to be
the man to write upon this subject seriously," says
Mr. Hewlett, expounding his ideal fairy book,—
based not on literature, not on out-worn traditions
like the fairy godmother, not on the pathetic fallacy
that man is the centre of the universe, but on
experience and a high, fine sense of the mysteries
that lie all about us. Mr. Hewlett has found fairies
asleep, "and so profoundly that my clumsy tread
or breath has not awakened them." He has seen
a fairy playing with a rabbit in a wood. He has
heard of many authentic marriages between fairies
and mortals, and knows the laws that govern the
transmission of the fairy nature. Fairies "are as
swift as swallows on the wing, but not so immersed
in business; they are as inconsequent as bats at
dusk, but not so seemingly frivolous. These dis-
tinctions are subtle, yet very necessary to be made;
and to any one who has seen fairies they will
appeal immediately as being just" All this is
tantalizing. If Mr. Hewlett is not ready to devote
himself to the writing of the great book of the
fairies, he might at least tell us more of his fairy
visions — unless he is afraid of invoking the wrath
of the "little people " by betraying their secrets to
blind and dull-eared humans.
■ • •
A "complete works" department has been
established in the Dubuque Public Library. Library
workers will be interested in the official report that
this department is placed next to the fiction section
and serves as a wholesome enticement away from
exclusive novel-reading to the study of other works.
"The separate volumes are classified as individual
books," explains the, librarian, "but each one is
marked below with the volume number of the com-
plete set. In this way they may later find their
places on the shelves in the general collection, but
for the time being will be kept together as complete
works. This experiment was begun last year, and
the results have been very satisfactory. The in-
crease in circulation of the works other than fiction
is noticeable, and many of the Library readers have
formed the habit of going to the complete works
shelves for their books. The interest aroused by


296
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
the reading of one of the books in a set usually
leads to a request for something else by the same
author." These are all standard authors, in attrac-
tive and serviceable editions, and include at present
(we copy the list) "Aldrich, Bronte, Burns, Dick-
ens, Dumas, Harte, Hawthorne, Hugo, Irving,
Lever, Longfellow, Lowell, Macaulay, Poe, Smol-
lett, Stevenson, Stowe, and Warner."
The last of four gifted brothers, Henry
Mitchell Whitney, librarian of the James Black-
stone Memorial Library of Branford, Conn., died
at the age of sixty-eight on the 26th of last month.
Son of Josiah Dwight Whitney of Northampton,
Mass., and brother to Josiah Dwight, Jr., William
Dwight, and James Lyman Whitney, he was mani-
festly destined to win success in some walk of life.
As a matter of fact he acquitted himself well in
three or four professions, serving with credit in the
Civil War, after that entering the Congregational
ministry and filling several successive pastorates,
including one at Geneva, 111., and one at Beloit,
Wis., holding the professorship of English literature
in Beloit College from 1871 to 1899, and having
charge of the public library at Branford from the
latter date until his sudden death in New Haven
from heart failure three weeks ago. It appears
in reviewing the enviable record of this gifted
New England family that three out of the four
brothers held college professorships while contribut-
ing in other ways to the cause of learning or letters,
and two of them — James Lyman and the subject
of this note — turned finally to librarianship and
ended their days in that calling after rendering
noteworthy service to the profession.
• • •
The greatest auction-sale of books ever
known is about to begin at Anderson's in New
York, where the first part of the famous Hoe
library will come under the hammer on the twenty-
fourth of this month. From then until the fifth of
May two sessions will be held daily, except Satur-
days and Sundays. More than three thousand five
hundred lots will be disposed of in that period, the
entire collection comprising about sixteen thousand
titles. It is in respect to the probable proceeds of
this sale that we have used the word "greatest."
There are said to be as many as ten books and
manuscripts that will undoubtedly bring more than
ten thousand dollars each, and foremost among
these is the vellum copy of -the Gutenberg Latin
Bible printed by Gutenberg and Fust at Maintz in
1450-55. It is described as bound in two folio
volumes, in contemporary oak boards covered with
pigskin. Its only defect is the substitution of
two leaves in facsimile. At the Perkins sale in
1873 this work was sold for seventeen thousand
dollars, and at the Ashburnham sale twenty-four
years later it brought twenty thousand. It will be
offered on the first day of the coming sale.
An interesting literary lawsuit, wherein
M. Anatole France is the defendant, presents a new
legal problem. In 1882 this author, then far less
famous than now, sold to a publisher the manuscript
of a two-volume history of France. Last November
the first proofs of the work were sent to the author
for correction, but they have not yet been returned
to the publisher, who is urgent in his demand that
either they shall be sent back to him properly re-
vised or permission be granted to issue the work
without the author's corrections of proof. Naturally
enough M. France has found his ideas and opinions
of twenty-nine years ago not identical with those he
holds to-day; and he refuses to sanction this belated
appearance of his youthful production. Doubtless
the notable increase in the author's fame since that
far-off date of the purchase of his manuscript has
influenced the publisher in his recent action, and it
would seem hard if he should not be allowed to
realize a little profit, however tardily, from his in-
vestment On the other hand, the author's reluctance
to have the book appear as a new work from his pen
is not to be wondered at. The best solution of the diffi-
culty might be a thorough revision of the book, with
that additional compensation to which the author's
present vogue should entitle him in the book market
HOW TO MAKE THE MAGAZINE FUND GO AS FAR
as possible is an important question with most in-
dividual purchasers and with all libraries and certain
other public institutions. A help toward the selec-
tion of periodicals is furnished by the Connecticut
Public Library Committee in the sixty-sixth number
of its so-called Documents. "Suggestive List of
Periodicals" is the title of the leaflet, which con-
tains the names of fifty-four publications of various
sorts, classified under the heading "Basis for Selec-
tion for Magazines, in Order of Importance, in
Relation to Cost." The list should prove useful to
libraries of moderate means, the selections being
made with regard not only to the current interest
and value of the periodicals, but also to their useful-
ness as works of reference when bound. The names
chosen are grouped under ten heads, — " For Chil-
dren," " For Women," " For Men," " General Liter-
ature," "Literary Magazines," and other captions.
A CENSORSHIP OF FICTION, AND
SOME OTHER MATTERS.
(Special Correspondence of The Dial.)
London, April 5, 1911.
It is now more than a year since the Liberal
Government, led by a variety of causes which have
never been accurately determined, instituted a Joint
Select Committee of the two Houses of Parliament
to enquire into the then pressing question of the
Censorship of Stage Plays. In this country the
Lord Chamberlain, an officer of the Royal House-
hold, is responsible for the morality and respecta-
bility of the plays produced, for in the old days the


1911.]
297
THE
DIAL,
players themselves were part of the king's private
household. At least, I presume that this is the
reason for the Lord Chamberlain's having this pe-
culiar and sometimes rather delicate task on his
hands. Not that he attends to the matter himself:
it is delegated to another officer, known as the
Examiner of Plays, who had absolute power to
forbid the performance of any dramatic work that
failed to come up to his standard of what was
seemly. This important post has been filled of
late years by Mr. G. A. Redford; before him, if I
remember rightly, it was held by a Mr. Piggott, —
but that was so iong ago that I may possibly spell
his name wrong. Against the amiability, morality,
and general capability of these gentlemen even
censored dramatists have said remarkably little;
but it has been urged, with some show of reason,
that the power they possess is too great for any one
man to wield: that they have often, in Biblical
phrase, strained at gnats while cheerfully swallowing
camels; and that, in short, the man who should fill
such a difficult position satisfactorily would need a
combination of qualities never hitherto discoverable
in the person of a single individual. Some sug-
gested recourse to that last refuge of the Englishman
in a difficulty—a committee; others, more bold,
proposed the abolition of the office altogether. Pub-
lic opinion was aroused on the subject; there were
many private gentlemen anxious to ventilate their
views in letters to the press; Mr. Harcourt, a young
and clever member of the Liberal party, took the
matter under his wing, — and the Select Committee
mentioned above was the result.
In Mr. Bernard Shaw's latest volume, "The
Doctor's Dilemma," published two weeks ago, may
be found a preface dealing at considerable length
with the action of this Select Committee. Like all
Mr. Shaw's prefaces, it makes very interesting and
piquant reading, and gives incidentally a reason-
able statement of his own views on the whole ques-
tion of censorship. His own play, "Mrs. Warren's
Profession," had come under the ban of the censor-
ship, and he himself was one of the numerous wit-
nesses called upon to give evidence before the com-
mittee. I cannot but think that the liberty of the
drama might have gained if Mr. Shaw could have
been quietly hocussed and kept in bed while these
examinations were proceeding; for it is evident
from his own amusing account of the matter that
so ardent a revolutionary frightened the committee
out of all its judicial calm. Mr. Shaw, not content
with oral evidence, must needs prepare and present
to this august body a pamphlet setting forth his
opinions on liberty in general; and no doubt some of
the committee heard in his sentences the prophetic
rumble of twentieth-century tumbrils. It was clear,
at any rate, that the majority regarded Mr. Shaw
as a very dangerous person: they returned him his
printed statement and refused to examine him
further; and in the end published a lengthy report
and ceased from their labors, leaving things, for all
practical purposes, just where they were before.
That is to say, they recommended that the Censor's
permission should no longer be obligatory, but they
coupled with this such suggestions that no manager
of a theatre in his senses would dare to produce a
play without that permission. As Mr. Shaw points
out, the license of the Censor is the cheapest and
most efficient insurance possible against subsequent
trouble, and any manager who neglected to secure
it would be a fool for his pains.
This agitation simmered for a while and then
died down, as such agitations do, but it left a legacy.
Since that committee retired from active service
there has been a distinct recrudescence of energy
on the part of those busy people who are in favor
of Morality by Act of Parliament. There was a
Censor of the Drama, — why should there not be
also a Censor of Fiction? Certain novels had been
coming out which the press declared to have a
vicious and immoral tendency. Mr. Wells pro-
duced " Ann Veronica," and the "Spectator," that
eminently sober and respectable weekly which
still possesses a large circulation among lovers of
domestic animals, gave it a slashing review in two
heavy columns. At once there was another rush
on the correspondence columns of the daily press,
and wives of clergymen, headmasters of preparatory
schools, and others demanded loudly that these
things should be stopped. Something had to be done
in the face of this outcry, and the chief circulating
libraries stepped into the breach and instituted a
little censorship of their own. During the last
year or so certain novels have been banned at the
libraries, and in consequence have sold considerably
more copies than if no library censorship had been
in operation. Evidently this plan has not produced
the effect desired and expected by its promoters.
Something more drastic is required before the
stream of fiction can be purified.
Great public movements are almost invariably
initiated in this country by a letter to the " Times,''
and a few days ago a large and influential body, con-
sisting of four peers, four members of the House of
Commons, the wife of the Archbishop of Canterbury,
and about half a dozen headmasters, wTote to that
eminent journal to suggest means for preventing the
sale of a certain sort of fiction. In the end they
wish to procure legislation; in the meanwhile they
hope (in the grandiloquent phrase employed by the
framers of printed correspondence) to "bring a
wholesome pressure to bear" upon publishers, —
a pressure, I understand them to signify, that shall
be wholesome to the general public rather than to
the unhappy publishers. In short, they propose un-
ashamedly a Censorship of Books,—a reimposition of
that "imprimatur" that provided Milton with the
theme of his "Areopagitica." On the face of it,
this seems a curiously retrograde step for anyone
to propose in the twentieth century. But the signa-
tories of the document have at least the courage of
their opinions. They boldly state their conviction
that matter which is "unfit for the perusal of a
modest girl " must likewise do "untold harm to the


298
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
moral character of all readers." Briefly, this is
the Early Victorian view of the "Young Person,"
which we had hardly expected to see revived in the
days of the fifth George. I cannot believe that the
proposal will have any serious consequences, except
to promote a certain amount of rather uninteresting
correspondence in the public press. Possibly it may
induce the police authorities, who are already armed
with sufficient powers, to take proceedings against
one or two publishers for issuing indecent literature.
If we could have any confidence in their judgment
on such points, few of us would grieve over that.
I confess I have often wished that something
could be done to check the publication of trash,
moral or immoral. The appalling rubbish that litters
the bookstalls of our railway stations at the present
time helps us to realise the degradation of modern
taste. To improve this condition of things the only
sensible way is to wait for that taste to improve. It
will improve as time goes on, I have little doubt.
Free education has produced a generation who can
read but are incapable of literary criticism, incapable
even of following the intricacies of a sentence or
paragraph more than a line or two in length. This
is the first crop, so to speak; future generations will,
we hope and believe, have acquired the rudiments
of sound judgment: they will begin where their
fathers left off. In the meantime no sane man pro-
poses that the publication of silly rubbish should be
arbitrarily stopped, because we all recognize the im-
mense difficulty of drawing the line, of saying at
what point the mediocre sinks into the worthless.
Yet, compared with the difficulty of deciding between
morality and immorality, this is as nothing. "An
attack on morals," writes Mr. Shaw, "may turn out
to be the salvation of the race," and he points out
that a hundred years ago nobody could have foreseen
that Tom Paine's centenary would one day be the
subject of a laudatory article in the "Times." Who
can decide to-day what the civilization of the twenty-
first century may think of the works, say, of Mr.
Wells or of Mr. Shaw? Yet the wife of the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury and the six headmasters who
associate themselves with her in this letter would
almost certainly place "Ann Veronica " upon their
Index Expurgatorius, to say nothing of "Mrs.
Warren's Profession" and "The Shewing-up of
Blanco Posnet." We cannot afford to have our
standard of good literature fixed by this self-
appointed committee, large and influential as it
undoubtedly is.
We cannot take their opinion; but neither could
we take the opinion on this subject of the most
enlightened committee procurable in the country.
All censorship is bad; but of two evils a stupid censor
is probably more endurable, less likely to do much
harm, than a clever one. The latter would detect
subtleties that might escape the former's notice. An
acute reader of plays would almost inevitably have
forbidden the performance of Ibsen's works; the
actual reader (I forget whether it was Mr. Redford
or his predecessor) contented himself with the
prohibition of "Ghosts," which Mr. Shaw considers
the least subversive of the Ibsen dramas. And in the
same way, if we are to have any official censorship
of books all lovers of good literature will pray for the
appointment of some amiable but obtuse Philistine
to that office. We should be content with the sup-
pression of the obvious. And, as a matter of fact,
no other appointment would be possible. A man
of any intellectual calibre would certainly be driven
mad by a single quarter's conscientious work, ex-
amining the autumn output of books for cunningly
concealed scraps of false doctrine.
E. H. Lacon Watson.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
JANE AUSTEN AND WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Nearly one hundred years ago (in 1817) there was
laid to rest in the nave of Winchester Cathedral a
gifted woman who has been rightly called " the mother
of the nineteenth century novel." Upon the black
marble slab which marks the spot is inscribed the
name: "Jane Austen."
Of late years, as is well known, the noble fabric
that enshrines her remains has been in great jeopardy,
its very foundations in peril. Colossal efforts for its
preservation have already been made, but the need is
great, and much work must still be done to secure the
safety of this precious inheritance.
Among the many memories by which its stones cry
out to us for help is its association with the talented
novelist, so witty and so wise, who first portrayed for
us in faithful word-pictures the everyday of life. She
has long held a warm place in the hearts of readers
on both sides of the Atlantic, but so far there has been
no outward expression of this wide-spread appreciation.
The time for it has now arrived. Will all who admire
her delicate genre painting contribute for her sake their
quota towards the work of restoring the stately old
Cathedral, — just a pebble, as it were, that the cairn so
raised in her honor may be not only a tribute to Jane
Austen's genius, but the dead Jane Austen's tribute to
the Minster she loved?
Contributions of "pebbles " large or small, will be
willingly received and acknowledged by
(Mrs.) M. G. Murray Lake.
St. Anthony's, Weybridge, Surrey, England,
April 5,1911.
ONOMATOPOETICS.
("To the Editor of The Dial.)
Your reference in a recent issue to the mispronunciation
"aw-ry "reminds me of two or three similar mispronunci-
ations which I fell into as an omnivorous reader while a
lad without opportunity to standardize my pronunciation
aurally. One of these mispronunciations, "rye-bald"
for "rib-aid," has a strong onomatopoetic quality, more
suggestive and effective than the traditional and correct
pronunciation. "Boolk" is also a much larger, fuller,
and heavier word than "bulk." Altogether, these
onomatopoetic mispronunciations appeal strongly to that
not inconsiderable class who speak "by ear" rather
than by note. Caswell A. Mayo.
New York. April 8. 1911.


1911.]
299
THE DIAL,
A Soul's Struggle ento the Light.*
Spiritual things are spiritually discerned.
To many the little book of her soul's history
which Mrs. John Albee has sent out into the
world will have no meaning, and it will touch
in them no responsive chord; but there are
others, not a few, to whom " The Gleam " will
come as a veritable flash of light, a searching
ray revealing to their awed gaze some of the un-
suspected secrets of their inmost selves. And
if the lesson the book teaches is read aright, it
will brace and strengthen and purify the soul
of the reader.
It is a lifelong search for truth, religious and
moral, artistic, economic, hygienic, that Mrs.
Albee's autobiography relates. Born under
the old dispensation, she has slowly worked her
way out into a larger environment and a freer
atmosphere. She has had psychic experiences
and telepathic adventures that might have
turned a less sanely practical person to profes-
sional clairvoyance and all its accompanying
deception of self and others. The late Pro-
fessor James became interested in her peculiar
sensitiveness to certain occult influences, and
has quoted some of her experiences in his lec-
tures. But this is merely by the way. Her
mental and spiritual unfolding, her growth into
an increasing perception of beauty in nature
and in art, her work in the field of design in
industrial art (notably her starting of the rural
rug-making industry), and her active interest
in the arts-and-crafts movement, form the body
and substance of her life-history, which is set
forth with a simple directness and at the same
time with a becoming reticence and restraint
that make her pages nothing short of fascinat-
ing to a sympathetic reader. Her later chap-
ters gain a further interest and beauty from
the writer's whole-hearted and at times heroic
devotion to a husband threatened with death in
one of its most dreaded forms. And the isola-
tion of the two in a little mountain town of
New Hampshire made even more harrowing
the harsh experiences through which they
passed. The reader's interest in Mr. Albee,
the friend of Emerson and the author of a
book of reminiscences of the Concord sage,
strengthens the appeal of Mrs. Albee's nar-
rative. A few passages from her pen will be
•The Gleam. By Helen R. Albee. New York: Henry
Holt & Co.
all that is here needed to send the discerning
reader to the autobiography itself. She refers
often to the inner life and the higher self, —
that part of the inmost being that every intro-
spective person is conscious of as superior to the
vicissitudes of this earthly lot. Near the end
of her book she writes:
"Do you long for a richer experience and a true
knowledge of the inner life? Are you ready to give
real effort and time and study to secure them? Have
you regarded your soul growth as you do astronomy,
mathematics, or any science, and devoted years to its
development; or have you passively waited, hoping
that the kingdom of heaven would take you by storm,
or that in some miraculous hour this inner world
would somehow burst upon your dull mind like a
vision? You will wait in vain if thus you expect to
pluck the flower of the Spirit. 'Strive to enter in; for
strait is the gate and narrow is the way, and few there
be who find it,' says the great Teacher. The trouble
is that many are incredulous of the reality and value
of the higher experiences, and consequently to them
they are not worth any effort. 'Philosophy bakes no
bread,' says Novalis, and the business man may add:
spiritual insight does not pay the grocery bill, and
is therefore unprofitable from the worldly estimate.
When you reach the point of absolute hunger that
cannot be satisfied on the lower plane, then you will
yield all for the pearl of great price. You will
allow no obstacle to interfere; you must and will have
communion at any sacrifice."
Mrs. Albee in her childhood refused to ac-
cept without question the approved forms and
methods of the good people about her. Look-
ing back upon an unhappy attempt to "con-
vert " her before she was old enough to know
the meaning of sin, she writes:
"Growth is mysterious and sacred. Once I sought
to open very gently, but forcibly, a water lily that had
closed before I had a chance to make a sketch of it,
and found it impossible. The next morning all the
other lilies had unfolded naturally in their snowy per-
fection save the one I had tried to force, and there it
floated bruised and blackened and hopelessly mangled
by my too eager fingers. Does not the prying hand of
the zealous proselyter thwart the natural development,
and give a false direction to a budding soul? The sad
part of it is that the results of these unconscious bru-
talities never recoil upon the offender; they arouse
sensitive youth not to any real self-knowledge, but to a
premature, morbid self-analysis. For several years I
suffered the full reaction from the spiritual shock."
Later in life Mrs. Albee received with en-
thusiasm certain suggestions offered by writers
on what has been called the "New Thought."
They seem to have brought her an exhilarating
sense of new powers of mind and will; but the
restraint she exercises in referring to the sub-
ject proves that she did not allow herself to be
swept off her feet. The following passage illus-
trates her belief in the efficacy of a cheerful
and confident faith in the future:


300
[April 16,
THE DIAL
"We undertook to make a summer home out of an
old abandoned farmhouse, and with neither ready
money nor sufficient furniture at our command, it
seemed almost as if we summoned things out of a clear
sky, as if we had gained control of the genii of the
lamp and ring, who fulfilled our wishes. What we
required came in prompt and orderly fashion. There
was no miracle about it, no prayer to high heaven, no
outward mention of our need; but, through natural
ordinary channels, results came."
Mrs. Albee is widely known for the Abnakee
rug industry, wherewith she has brought a new
interest and a fresh perception of beauty into
the monotonous lives of many women living in
the country—and all without any desire or pros-
pect of pecuniary gain for herself. In building
up this industry she has encountered formidable
obstacles and had some extremely trying experi-
ences. But in this as in all other portions of her
active and useful life she has been cheered and
strengthened by " the gleam " of a light not seen
on sea or land, but very real and unmistakable
to the inner eye trained to perceive it. It is
almost an irrelevance, or an impertinence, to
note regretfully, in closing, some lack of care
in the revision of the author's manuscript. A
few slight corrections we wish might have been
made, to render the manner of the book as
excellent as its matter. But it is most cordially
to be recommended to those to whom it is dedi-
cated, — " those who seek truth and fearlessly
follow the light." . „ t>
b Percy F. Bicknell.
Let Us Have Peace!*
That the annexation of rich lands, new ports,
or wealthy industrial areas does not make a
nation, or its individuals, the richer; that it is
impossible for one nation to confiscate the prop-
erty of another, or to exact tribute; that Japan
is the poorer for her victory, and Russia the
richer for defeat; that the indemnity extorted
from France after the Franco-Prussian war
caused the recipient as much damage as it did
the nation that paid it; that a thousand millions
sterling indemnity paid by England to Germany
in the case of a German victory would not en-
rich Germany, but would only embarrass her
. * The Great Illusion. A Study of the Relation of
Military Power in Nations to their Economic and Social
Advantage. By Norman Angell. New York: G. P. Put-
nam's Sons.
War and Its Alleged Benefits. By J. Novicow.
New York: Henry Holt & Co.
War or Peace? A Present-Day Duty and a Future
Hope. By General Hiram M. Chittenden. Chicago:
A. C. McClnrg & Co.
national life; that colonies are an economic dis-
advantage, and that the power of the mother
country over them is really less than the power
she exercises over independent countries; that
there is no connection between military or poli-
tical leadership and economic supremacy, and
that militarism is not a source of economic pros-
perity, but an effect of it; that the use of force
is as harmful to the victor as to the vanquished;
that war makes for the survival of the unfittest
in every respect, not the fittest; that human
nature is not unchanging; — these are some of
the paradoxical theses that Mr. Norman Angell
vigorously maintains in " The Great Illusion."
He is thinking mostly of England and Germany,
but his arguments concern all " fully civilized
rival nations in fully occupied territory." "The
fact of conquering such territory," he says,
"gives the conqueror no material advantages
which he could not have had without con-
quest."
Why, then, the present maintenance and
increase of armaments? Because the world is
the pitiful victim of the Great Illusion that
military strength and political influence have to
do with economic advantage. And why are
men so blind as not to recognize the mistake
that is undermining national and individual
happiness? Simply because they are under the
spell of the idea that a State is analogous to a
person, and are deluded by the use of an ob-
solete terminology, unaware that the conduct of
the world's life has so changed during the last
half century as to render war among enlightened
nations not only needless, but actually impos-
sible. In remote times a State may have been
homogeneous enough to resemble a person, and
property may have been administered in such
a way as not to be out of the reach of the in-
vader, and this may still be true among uncivil-
ized nations; but it is not true of the civilized
nations of to-day, whose commercial relations
are so intricate and interdependent, and whose
possessions, both public and private, are so
largely in the form of paper, and therefore so
intangible, that war would be the height of
economic folly.
Mr. Angell is thus concerned chiefly with the
economic effect of militarism. He starts with
the bald assumption that self-interest is the
basic and controlling influence in social moral-
ity. Convince the world that war does not pay,
and the greatest of all measures has been taken
to promote disarmament and universal peace.
Even in the second part of the book, where he
turns his attention to " The Human Nature of


1911.J
301
THE
DIAL
the Case," and where he leaves unchallenged
and unref uted almost no contention of the mili-
tarist, his argument is nevertheless based prin-
cipally upon economics, and the reader finds
himself not quite satisfied that the psychology
of war has received the consideration it deserves;
he hopes that Mr. Angell is right, and for the
most part believes that he is, but cannot help
entertaining a degree of sympathy with the in-
ternational banker who said to Mr. Angell:
"I do not know what people go to war about,
but I am quite sure it is not about business."
A second defect in Mr. Angell's presentation,
if we may criticize without incurring the charge
of hostility to the cause which he represents,
is that he does not take sufficient account of
private economic selfishness as a cause of mili-
tarism. Nations as a whole may gain nothing
by militarism, and the rank and file of the peo-
ple may lose by it; but those who think have
more than a lively suspicion that individual
citizens in considerable numbers reap immense
profit from war and war preparation. We are
assured by one authority that in England one
person in six is financially interested in militar-
ism. Mr. Angell's book leaves us with the im-
pression that armaments and war are almost
wholly due to the policies of patriotic and well-
meaning, but economically ignorant and slow-
minded, statesmen. Judging, too, from the
expressions of which he makes liberal use in his
references to them — "moonshine," "fustian,"
"rhetoric," "nonsense," "blatant," "profound
illusion," "gross misreading of all the facts in
the case," "simply a parrot-like repetition of
catch-phrases which lack common sense and fly
in the face of facts of everyday experience,"—
the proper education of statesmen would seem
a task almost as difficult as the eradication of
selfishness from the hearts of stockholders and
high-salaried officials. Fortunately, however,
both causes are so plainly operative that we
need not take the trouble to make a choice.
In the compact little book of J. Novicow,
Vice-President of the International Institute
of Sociology, entitled "War and Its Alleged
Benefits," the argument is more evenly dis-
tributed, though hardly more comprehensive.
Physiological, political, intellectual, and moral
effects of war are as fully considered as eco-
nomic effects, the whole briefly and concisely.
The psychology of war, and antagonism and
solidarity, are other topics. War is asserted
to be no real solution of difficulties.
"From the year 1500 B.C. to 1860 A.D. more than
8000 treaties of peace meant to remain in force forever
were concluded. The average time they remained in
force is two years. ... If war is able to decide dif-
ferences, how is it that 8000 wars have settled nothing,
and that in this year of our Lord we feel the necessity
for the eight thousand and first war?"
Novicow, too, finds no difficulty in toppling
over the arguments of the militarist by employ-
ing " the mere say-so of ordinary common sense,"
and exclaims much over the ignorance of those
whose views he combats. The truth of his gen-
eral conclusions is indisputable, but the cock-
sureness of some of his detailed proof begets
the impression that the next writer of a text-
book on logic would not find vain here a search
for the example of fallacy. The pronounced
spirit with which both he and Mr. Angell de-
liver their opinions adds to the inherent interest
of their subject, but will hardly conciliate the
opposition, and is not without its undesirable
effect upon even the friendly reader; but per-
haps the increase of interest will compensate for
the slight loss of sympathy.
It gives us pleasure to turn to a third anti-
militarist work, the volume entitled "War or
Peace," by General Chittenden, of the United
States Army, — a calm and well-balanced dis-
cussion which will command the respect and
the sympathy of every reader. General Chit-
tenden does not approach the economic phase
of war with the keenness of the specialist, but
his measured words are sprung of a thoughtful
life of practical experience in the military ser-'
vice of his country. Under the caption, "Mis-
taken Sanctions," he disposes effectively of the
various time-honored justifications of war. With
Mr. Angell, he insists "that the whole argument
for permanent peace rests upon the fact that
the future of war cannot be judged from its
past. . . . War has outlived its usefulness."
Next, he proceeds to the condemnation of war
as a destroyer of morality, life, and wealth,
and in the succeeding chapter discusses the re-
lation of war preparation to national prosperity
and to the maintenance of peace. The destruc-
tion of the best lives of the nation is properly
made one of the strongest grounds for condem-
nation.* "The Rationale of War," "The
Present Duty," and "The Future Hope" are
the subjects of the remaining chapters, which
are all informed by the same reasonable, sane,
and courteous spirit. General Chittenden is
positive in his convictions, but he is no senti-
mentalist; he looks his enemy in the face and
vanquishes him fairly and squarely, like a
*See President Jordan's excellent "War and Manhood,"
in the " Popular Science Monthly," December, 1910.


302
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
soldier and a gentleman. The familiar class
who are unwilling to grant any concession what-
ever to an opponent, and who are not satisfied
with the judicial, open-minded consideration of
questions in which they are emotionally inter-
ested, may be offended to find him saying that
war in the past has not been without certain
benefits, though he distinguishes the future
from the past; but those who do not believe
that the cause of peace may be helped either by
suppressing the truth or by raising the voice
to a shout will be pleased with his book and
proud of their countryman.
Conscious that something positive and con-
structive is expected of them, both Mr. Angell
and General Chittenden devote some space to
the consideration of the present duty of their
respective nations. Their recommendations are
identical, and come like dashes of cold water
after the warmth engendered by the glowing
argument which precedes. "So long as cur-
rent political philosophy in Europe remains
what it is," says the former, "I would not
urge the reduction of our war budget by a
single sovereign or a single dollar." "Disarm-
ament by this government in advance of other
great powers," says General Chittenden," would
be an unwise—a perilous — policy. The true
line of duty is to maintain and even increase
our military and naval strength, and this on
the grounds (1) of prudent provision against
possible danger, and (2) of strengthening the
position of the United States as a power for
peace." So long as statesmen, or the parties
that force leadership upon them, still base their
reasoning on the assumption that the State is a
person and can benefit by conquest, a nation
that should reduce its armament would invite
the onslaughts of the unscrupulous. In a word,
both authors are in agreement with the corre-
spondent who recently wrote the present re-
viewer: "I have observed that a good big, fat,
sleek, young, active, well-fed bulldog can gen-
erally saunter down the walk without being
much damaged by the horde of yelping curs
that infest the hedges; and I have always
remarked that a poor, sick, weak, and feeble dog
is likely to be torn in pieces."
This is not to give up the struggle for disarm-
ament, however. Mr. Angell continues with
practical suggestions for the future, and Gen-
eral Chittenden adds an inspiring chapter on
"The Future Hope." The campaign for the
enlightenment of public opinion is to go on ; the
mutual understanding of the rank and file of dif-
ferent nations is to be broadened and deepened
by educating them to a consciousness of their
common interests. Before this treatment the
war policy will gradually die away, as naturally
and completely as the policy of religious perse-
cution died in its time.
To this campaign of enlightenment these
three books are a magnificent contribution.
Mr. Angell's book, issued simultaneously in
eleven of the great countries of the world, in-
cluding Japan, with its argument concentrated
on the economic phase of the question, wilJ
stimulate thought especially in the old world by
the audacity of its assaults upon established
lines of reasoning. It should be read in con-
nection with one of the other two.
Grant Showerman.
ELIZABETHAN AND JACOBEAN DRAMA.*
Speaking of the great history of French
literature which has furnished a model for all
similar ventures in the way of collaboration, the
late Gaston Paris remarked: "A search, and
a successful one, has been made for scholars
of recognized ability and special attainments,
whose names in each case assure us of the exact
information and complete grasp of the subject
which the writer possesses in the field that has
been assigned to him."
Though the two latest volumes of "The
Cambridge History of English Literature"
constitute the most noteworthy attempt that
has ever been made to organize our knowledge
of the Elizabethan and Jacobean drama, to-
gether with its origins and its later develop-
ment, no one would be bold enough to affirm
that the separate chapters are in every case
written by scholars already well-known for their
special competence in the subjects which they
have been invited to discuss — not to speak of
the instances in which the first choice among
leading authorities has not been secured for the
treatment of some definite and highly important
topic. Thus, the beginnings of the drama in
the Middle Ages are not dealt with by Mr.
Edmund K. Chambers; nor the life and works
of Shakespeare by Dr. Sidney Lee; nor Shake-
speare's Sonnets by Canon Beeching; nor text-
ual problems connected with the quarto and
folio editions of Shakespeare by Mr. A. W. Pol-
lard; nor the characteristics of Shakespeare's
art by Professor Bradley or Professor Dowden;
* The Cambridoe History op English Literature.
Edited by A. W. Ward and A. R. Waller. Volumes V.
and VI., The Drama to 1642. Cambridge, England: Uni-
versity Press. New York : G. P. Pntnam's Sons.


1911.]
303
THE
DIAL
nor the life and works of Ben Jon son by M.
Castelain. And while we are touching on a
possible oversight here and there, it may be
added that there is no chapter at all on the
language of the Elizabethan dramatists—whose
writings, as Wordsworth said, are "the gar-
dens " of our native tongue: although the earlier
volumes of this history of literature have not
avoided disquisitions upon linguistics. Such a
chapter could doubtless have been obtained
from Professor Vietor or Professor Franz. But
the editors might have contented themselves
with some one nearer home, on the strength of
a general rather than a particular fitness.
The general fitness of the actual collaborators
cannot be disallowed. The names of Ward,
Boas, Moorman, Baker, Symons, Koeppel,
Thorndike, Manly, Neilson, and others, are
sufficiently familiar to students of the drama to
guarantee a substantial trustworthiness in the
volumes to which these scholars have contrib-
uted. Nor could a valid reason be alleged for
discounting at the outset an article upon any
aspect of Elizabethan literature by a writer who
had won recognition mainly in another part of
the field. At the same time, it is disconcerting,
when we turn from a chapter to the appendix
which indicates the sources from which the mate-
rial is drawn, to find that the author hitherto
has written nothing that is closely enough
allied to his present topic to be included in its
bibliography. Whatever the cause may be, too
many of the chapters read like the briefs of a
conscientious attorney, gotten up with the aid
of the best treatises, let us say, upon copyright,
bridge-building, and melancholia; the method
is good, and the information well in hand, but
the insight is not of the sort that comes from a
prolonged intimacy with the subject. Accord-
ingly, the student of English will derive a
peculiar gratification from such chapters as
that by Professor Creizenach on Miracle-Plays
and Moralities, and that on Early English
Tragedy by Professor Cunliffe, which display
the ripe fruit of investigations that were begun,
and commonly known, before the Cambridge
History was dreamt of. On slightly different
grounds, one may also single out the chapter by
Professor Gregory Smith on Marlowe and Kyd
for particular commendation. It does not begin
with the felicity that might be expected from the
editor of " Elizabethan Critical Essays," but it
improves as it advances ; the ten pages (V. 167-
176) of constructive criticism on Marlowe are
so obviously superior to the main treatment of
Shakespeare (V. 186 ff.) by another hand, that
examples of the best and the worst in the two
volumes are brought into sharp contrast.
Professor Saintsbury's two chapters on
Shakespeare are, indeed, very disappointing.
They are clear enough — obscurity is not a
characteristic of his wayward style,—and they
disclose no important errors of fact, at least on
a casual reading; after all, a large part of the
substance is common property. But the atti-
tude of a literary dictator in Shakespearean
biography and criticism will not be welcome to
those who have tried to keep abreast of the
more recent investigations and synthetic studies,
as Professor Saintsbury has not. Nor will a
slap-dash journalistic manner seem more grave
when it is observed in what, as many would
imagine, ought to be the most weighty exposi-
tion in the fourteen volumes of this notable
history. Compared with the discussion of
Shakespeare as a tragic poet in the familiar
book of Professor Bradley, the utterances here
on the art of Shakespeare may be deemed
almost negligible, with the exception, perhaps,
of what is said concerning his versification. Yet
Professor Saintsbury's former inquiries into
metre, and the habitual interest which causes
him to lead up, finally, to Shakespeare's blank
verse—as if this could furnish a worthy climax
in the interpretation of a great dramatist—have
not been enough to prevent an odd bit of con-
fusion on page 244 of Volume V. It is astonish-
ing that any one who has written so copiously
upon metre should identify the terms "weak"
and "feminine," as applied to line-endings.
The most valuable thing in connection with
the sequence of chapters (viii.-xii.) on Shake-
speare is the Bibliography, in twelve sections.
So far as I am aware, it is incomparably the
best collection of titles on the subject now in
print. Of course there are omissions, both
intended and accidental. Professor Root's dis-
sertation on "Classical Mythology in Shake-
speare" (Yale Studies in English, No. XIX.)
ought to have been included under " Sources"
(p. 489); possibly also Mr. Churton Collins's
"Studies in Shakespeare," and one or two
other titles—for example, Carr's " Four Lives
from North's Plutarch." Though the twelve
sections (V., 470-518) could scarcely be
thought of as the catalogue raisonne of works
on Shakespeare for which many an investigator
has been longing, they are an approach to it,
and strengthen the hope that it may ultimately
appear.


304
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
It is pleasant to observe the consideration
that is bestowed throughout these volumes
upon American scholarship, both in the choice
of collaborators and in the tributes which are
paid to authorities like Dr. Furness and Pro-
fessor Schelling. The prefatory acknowledge-
ment which the editors make to the work on
Elizabethan Drama by the latter is refreshing
after the unsympathetic, and even unjust,
remarks about it in the London "Athenaeum."
The simultaneous publication of "The Cam-
bridge History" in this country and England
is, of course, significant of a united interest in a
common object, and a matter of congratulation
for us in America. However, we must regret
the presence of a number of trifling errors in
the Putnam edition which may not occur in
that of the Cambridge University Press.
Chapman's rendering of Ovid's "Banquet of
Sence," for example, appears as a "Banquet
of Sauce" both in the text (VI., 35) and the
Index (VI., 570). And for "bare" (V., 296,
Note 3) we should have "base" as the reading
of the First Folio of Shakespeare in the last
scene of "Othello"; but here it is the sub-
stance of the note that seems to be at fault.
The American printer reproduces the English
orthography of words like color and vigor —
though our form was known to Gray; yet he
makes a single word of some one, and similarly
of any one, though, as "C. S. C." might put it,
someone and anyone were " unknown to Keats."
The printer may be referred to Calverley's
poem entitled " Forever."
There is but one thing more to say. In his
"Tractate on Education," Milton speaks of an
antidote which must be given to the students
who may busy themselves with certain speci-
mens of the Attic drama. Throughout these
monumental volumes on the English drama, the
various specialists and generalizers for the most
part seem to have forgotten, or never to have
recognized, the need of an antidote for some of
the noxious weeds that flourished in the luxu-
riant "gardens of our language." The great
literary critic in the age of Elizabeth recog-
nized this need, and never forgot it. We may
therefore deplore the arrangement through
which the contemporary criticism of the drama
by Sir Philip Sidney and others is chiefly rele-
gated to a different section of this history, and
otherwise receives so little emphasis in compari-
son with the lives of the dramatists and the
chronology of their plays.
Lane Cooper.
A Philosophy of Life.*
Few have lived as long, or to such good pur-
pose, as Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace. To most
of us the Darwinian period, when the battle for
evolution was fought and won, seems already
to belong to a distant past. Yet Wallace and
Hooker, evolutionists who stood fifty years ago
second only to Darwin, are still living and active.
Many years ago Dr. Wallace published his
"Darwinism," containing a summary of the
theory of organic evolution, with a discussion
of the principal facts bearing on the subject.
This has appeared in several editions, and is
still very widely read. The new work, "The
World of Life," is not intended to take its
place, but gives the author's most mature
thoughts on life in general, its meaning and
cause. Being thus a work of philosophy as
well as science, it necessarily covers much de-
batable ground, but the author tells us that
in every case his opinions result from a careful
study of the facts, and whether correct or false,
are at any rate not the fruits of mere inclination
or fancy. The ground covered is so vast that
no two really original writers, cultivating it
during a lifetime, can be expected to garner
the same harvest, nor is it desirable that they
should do so. Hence almost every reader will
find things that he himself would have put dif-
ferently, if only because his temperament and ex-
perience differ from those of the author. Many,
however, will object to Dr. Wallace's opinions
simply because they are largely metaphysical,
forgetting that the dogmatic negations of the
materialistic are in their essence equally so.
On the emotional side, the book is chiefly
notable for its expression of a great delight in
every form of life, from man down; perhaps
richer in quality than that shown by any other
writer. I am inclined to think that Dr. Wallace
is absolutely preeminent in this quality, because
few naturalists have interested themselves in so
many different aspects of life, while those who
are not students of nature simply do not see
many of its manifestations. The best of the
nature-poets may doubtless have depths of feel-
ing, as well as modes of expression, beyond the
power of a biologist, but their writings suffi-
ciently indicate the limitations of their field of
vision. For the ordinary reader I believe this
glow of pleasure in the contemplation of life of
•The World ok Life. A Manifestation of Creati™
Power, Directive Mind, and Ultimate Purpose. By Alfred
Russel Wallace. New York: Moffat, Yard A Co.


1911.]
305
THE
DIAL
every kind is the most precious attribute of the
book, because if it is communicated to him in
any degree he will be enriched for the rest of
his days. Even the statistical data concerning
the number of species of plants in different
areas have a charm for us when we realize with
the author how much beauty and interest
diversity implies, and how this leads to a still
more wonderful diversity of animals dependent
on the plants. As is indicated by the sub-title,
Dr. Wallace regards life as manifesting a
creative power, having the definite purpose of
evolving spiritual beings capable of surviving
death. He does not thereby abandon any part
of the theory of evolution, as set forth in his
earlier writings; but it is well known that in
matters of this kind he differed from Darwin,
who felt unable to formulate metaphysical
theories, or at any rate to give them any prag-
matic value. Logically, according to the ordin-
ary doctrines of science, man is the outcome of
what baa gone before, and might conceivably
have been predicted at any stage of the process
by a being of sufficient reasoning power ac-
quainted with all the facts. The process of
evolution is such that at each stage things fit
together, as it were, and appear as though
made for each other. Man appears on the
scene with conscious purpose, and is unable to
imagine a universe without something of the
kind. Is it altogether a quibble or play of
words to put things this way? Let the lifeless
universe exist for an x period, undergoing
various physical and chemical changes until
life appears, and with it consciousness. At
this last moment value and purpose arise; until
then they simply did not exist. We commonly
hold that whatever produces value has thereby
a value of its own, or in a sense purpose; hence
as a matter of argument it may reasonably be
maintained that life was the purpose of pre-
existent lifeless being. This may be an
"absurdly human" point of view; but being
absurdly human, what are we to do? The
contemplation of such a philosophic system
necessarily arouses in us a sense of its incom-
pleteness; and as though to fill a void, we are
led to believe in some sort of conscious being
or beings presiding over the destinies of the
ostensibly azoic universe. We are in some such
way started on the path. Dr. Wallace follows,
and guided by him we may arrive at a theology
more in harmony with science than those handed
down to us by the churches. Even the doctrine
of the multiplicity of creative agencies, put
forth at the end of the book, may then seem to
have much in its favor, especially as contrasted
with that of a single omnipotent, all-knowing,
unchanging God.
Those who utterly refuse to consider ques-
tions of this kind will thrust all this aside as
so much trash. For some, this limitation of
the intellectual field may be a sort of necessity.
There will, however, be many who with Darwin
are keenly alive to the mystery of things, and
freely acknowledge their personal need of light,
while at the same time refusing consent to a
series of " explanations " which they feel do not
explain, and are not fortified by known facts.
At this point a practical dilemma arises. If
humanity is led to confine its thought entirely
to limited fields, abandoning the celestial
heights entirely to insincere litterati who play
with great questions merely to tickle the pass-
ing fancy, will there be any loss? May we not
answer, that the loss will be tremendous, incal-
culable? Yet this may come about from mere
inertia, aided by fashion, our species " going to
the dogs " in a veritable psychological fashion.
On the other hand, history abundantly shows
how heavy is the burden of a mass of theological
or metaphysical dogma, supported by custom
and tradition, but deadly to the free exercise
of thought. It seems to me that we can only
arrive at a sort of middle road, that of feeling
keenly that things after all have a "meaning,"
that virtue is a reality, not an abstraction, that
somehow the universe has a soul of its own;
while at the same time guarding ourselves con-
tinually against those artificial thought-castles
in which we are so liable to be imprisoned.
Looking at the matter in this way, those of us
who are not prepared to follow Dr. Wallace
in all the intricacies of his personal faith, may
nevertheless feel very strongly that he has done
well in bringing forward his solution of the
riddle of the ages, the result of more than
fifty years of thought. The book contains
many interesting and illuminating discussions
of particular questions, and many expressions
of opinion on debatable points, so that it
will prove stimulating in a variety of ways.
The reviewer is tempted to write at greater
length than space permits. I have been inter-
ested to compare the American and English
editions. Although they contain exactly the
same material, the American book is consider-
ably larger, with 441 pages against the 408 of
the English. The English is on whiter paper,
and the printing is blacker and more even.
In the American edition figures 40 and 41 are
upside down. T. D. A. Cockerell.


308
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
mediocria, sunt mala plura. Now, an author
does not have the same ethical right to tell a
story over and over that a musician has to play
a piece of music over and over. The music
comes and goes like a pleasant thought, but the
book goes babbling on forever. And so, just
as certain states every now and then pass a
game-law, making it illegal to kill, say, any
partridges for the next five years, would it not
likewise be a relief and a potent blessing if all
publishers could combine and pass a law making
it. illegal to write within the next twenty-five
years any more books on certain subjects —
among others,these: Goethe ; the French Revo-
lution ; the Authorship of " Beowulf"; Romanti-
cism ; the Interpretation of the Nibelungenlied;
Napoleon; and Joan of Arc, Her Visions and
Her Voices.
Allen Wilson Porterfield.
Spain of To-ijay.*
Because Spain at one time was the ruling force
in all Europe, if not, indeed, in both hemispheres,
and is so no longer, materialistic critics have some-
times- been tempted to sneer at her as a dead
nation, sterile and insignificant. That point of
view is changing, wherever it once prevailed. First
of all, the picturesqueness of the country as a field
for travel has been discovered:
"Rugged and wild, wind-swept, and bleak, and drear,
She has a ragged splendor all her own."
Spain is made the subject of many returned travel-
lers' narratives — most of them illustrated with
numerous photographs. Nor is that all. The land
that produces a Sorolla and a Zuloaga is conceded
to have a present as well as a past. There is an
interest everywhere to-day in contemporary Span-
ish fiction. Several of the writers whose books we
have now to consider, Mr. Fitz-Gerald and Miss
O'Reilly among them, answer that tedious old ques-
tion, "What has Spain done for civilization?"
very satisfactorily.
Some of the books about Spain published during
the last few months are of American authorship,
and some of English. "Quiet Days in Spain,"
"Things Seen in Spain," "Home Life in Spain,"—
every one of these volumes is obviously Britannic.
•Home Like in Spain. By S. L. Bensusan. Illus-
trated. New York: The Macmillan Co.
Rambles in Spain. By John U. Fitz-Gerald. Illus-
trated. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.
Things Seen in Spain. By C. Gasquoine Hartley.
Illustrated. New York: E. P. Button & Co.
The Spaniard at Home. By Mary F. Nixon-Roulet.
Illustrated. Chicago: A. C. MeClurg & Co.
Hekoic Spain. By E. Boyle O'Reilly. Illustrated.
New York: Duffield & Co.
Spain fkom Within. By Rafael Shaw. Illustrated.
New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.
One can positively see the tweeds and smell the
pipe-tobacco. Yet the last of the three, and the
most important of them, is, at least, the work of
one whose acquaintance with the land of which he
writes is of some twenty years standing. Mr.
Bensusan has been more fortunate than Gautier,
about whom legend says that he first wrote his
travel-book, then crossed the Pyrenees on the
royalties, to see whether the kingdom measured up
to his description of it. Mr. Bensusan, for his
part, writes a pleasant sort of book, with chapters
on Idle Days in the South, and other accounts of
journeyings, but also with more general chapters,
relieved by anecdote and illustration, on such sub-
jects as the Church, the Theatre, the Kitchen,
the Cafe\ the Plaza de Toros, the Literature,
and the Law Courts, of the sunny land. As for
the Home whose life he sets out to describe, it is.
he writes, "all things considered," a very happy
one. One of our other authors, Mrs. Nixon-Roulet,
in speaking of Spain as a land of petticoat-rule
offers a possible explanation. "The most striking
thing about Spanish home life is its mirthfulness,"
adds the same vivacious narrator. But, to return
to Mr. Bensusan, there is also a respect for tradition,
and a simplicity thereof, that favors happiness.
The house is generally built round a central court-
yard, square or oblong in shape, and of larger or
smaller proportions according to whether one is in
the South or the North. If the various floors of
the house are divided among several tenants, it is
by friendly arrangement that lines are stretched
and the family wash hung up; and at the proper
hour the smell of cooking and the clatter of dishes
arises from the several kitchens as evidence that
everyone in Spain eats now and then. What
is more, "everybody having prepared the same
material in the same kind of utensil is now cook-
ing it in accordance with one recipe" — a recipe
that has probably not varied for hundreds of years.
Even the superficial tourist realizes, on his circular
tour, that this is a land ruled by tradition.
It is obviously dangerous to generalize in a
country whose history, if one studies it, one dis-
covers to be the history of a good many different
kingdoms. The strongly marked regionalism of
the land, and its divergences, are brought out by all
our writers. But so is Spain's traditionalism. There
is, of course, a great difference to be observed in the
impression made by the same phenomenon upon the
various witnesses. The Catholic regards the tradi-
tion that is so often an expression of Catholicism
with a favoring eye. And of the books whose titles
are noted in our footnote, Miss Elizabeth Boyle
O'Reilly's "Heroic Spain" may be recommended
as likely to give the reader most pleasure. Here is
a travel-book full of personality. Both the person-
ality of the land visited and that of the traveller find
expression in it. "I would beg every unhurried
traveller to carry in his pocket the ' Romancero del
Cid,' Spain's Epic, and 'Don Quixote,' her great
novel, the truest-hearted book ever written," urges


1911.]
309
THE
Miss O'Reilly. Let us add as a further piece of
advice, in case you are planning a Spanish excur-
sion, "and read 'Heroic Spain' before you engage
passage."
But if Miss O'Reilly's book is altogether charm-
ing, that by Mr. Rafael Shaw is perhaps the most
informing of our little library; and it certainly has
most of journalistic interest. "I have endeavored
to show," writes Mr. Shaw, "what the people of
Spain believe to be the truth about those who exer-
cise authority over them, as gathered from conver-
sation with Spaniards of all classes, but principally
working people, in town and country, and from my
own reading and observation." The resulting vol-
ume is inevitably interesting, even though its pages
sometimes express crude partisanship and radical-
ism. But, whereas most of our other travellers stop
short with describing the railway train, the inn and
its table d'hSte, the Cathedral, and the holy-day
festival, Mr. Shaw takes for his theme taxation, the
economic situation, education, the army, the devotion
of the aristocracy, and the religious laxity of the
working classes. As for Mr. Shaw's reports of the
corruption of the confessional and of the general
unscrupulousness of the Spanish clergy, he himself
admits, after retailing a number of old wives' tales
and not a little servant-girl gossip: "The hostility
of the people towards the priests doubtless colors
their views." Mr. Shaw's views are colored as well:
and not rose-colored. Everywhere he sees the omin-
ous shadow of the Jesuit. But he makes an inter-
esting reporter. He is, also, correct enough in con-
tending that economic, social, and moral abuses have
been associated with Spanish priestcraft and mon-
asticism; but in making no apparent effort to sift
the truth of his horrifies he impairs the value of
what might have proved a much more valuable
contribution to our knowledge of modern Spain.
Warren Barton Blake.
Briefs on New Books.
An account of Professor payson J. Treat's book
our national on "The National Land System"
landtvitem. (E- B, Treat & c0.) embodies the
results of much patient delving in the statutes
and the journals of Congress, and in the American
State Papers. It successfully summarizes the
complicated history of the public lands of the
United States, and of their management, from
1785 to 1820. The first chapter, which treats
of the Origin of the Public Domain, is in the
nature of an introduction. This must account
for the omission of any mention of Thomas
Paine's "Public Good," and the neglect of the
wider relations of the land question to the "States'-
rights conflict " of the later years of the Confedera-
tion. Nor is the second chapter, on the Origins of
the Federal Land System, altogether exhaustive.
With the third chapter, however, Professor Treat
reaches the fundamental and most valuable part of
his work. Here he gives a particularly clear ac-
count of the transitional years of 1787-1789, and
presents a minute and accurate narrative of the
development of the land system after the beginning
of the government of the United States under the
Constitution. Besides correcting some errors in the
hitherto accepted chronology of this development,
Professor Treat presents here and there some
valuable criticisms which are the outcome of his
investigation. Such, for example, is his analysis of
Hamilton's report of 1790 on the disposal of the
public lands. The limit of time set to this volume
is the year 1820, when the credit s_ystem of land
sales was abolished; but many topics of special
interest are carried to a logical conclusion at some
later date. Thus, the "relief" laws are brought
down to 1832, and the land grants for military and
naval service to 1856. In addition there are chap-
ters on the system of surveys, the confirmation of
foreign titles, land grants for education, and special
grants, public and private. The last chapter, upon
the relation of the land system to the westward
movement, constitutes a summary of the whole book,
but seems hardly representative of the full import-
ance of the subject. Throughout, indeed, it is in
the clear analysis of legislation and administration
from a legal and technical standpoint that Professor
Treat's book excels. This is a sufficient accomplish-
ment, marking a welcome advance over the com-
pilation of Donaldson and the ill-arranged though
meritorious work of Shosuke Sato. Except for
these, no other work is comparable to this of Pro-
fessor Treat's for the period which the latter covers.
The volume is enriched by helpful maps, by many
statistical tables taken from official sources, and by
a good bibliography.
Sketchet of "^he recent f*" of the French cab-
Paritian poiitio inet lends a particular interest to
and literature. jjr_ Lawrence Jerrold's journalistic
articles, lately collected and published under the
somewhat arrogant title of "The Real France"
(Lane). "The Obvious Paris" would have been a
far better caption for this little book, which pre-
sents certain aspects of politics and literature in the
French capital, sketching picturesquely the figures
of Messieurs Clemenceau, Briand, Delcasse, and
President Fallieres. "Realism in Politics " is Mr.
Jerrold's characterization of the recent ministry;
and by realism Mr. Jerrold means the passing of
political theorists and the rise of opportunistic
politicians like Messieurs Clemenceau and Briand.
The contest between the blague of the boulevard
and the solidity of French home life, between the
dreams of young socialists and anarchists and the
steady conservative commonsense of the nation in
practical politics, only emphasizes that divorce of
theory and action which is the guarantee of Gallic
freedom of thought. The careful student will sup-
plement this opening chapter by the far more search-
ing analysis of Mr. Brownell ("French Traits").


310
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
Chapters onLourdes and the coal-country—the only
glimpses we get of extra-Parisian France — serve
as a boundary between the discussion of politics and
the last third of the volume, which takes up literary
matters under the chapter-headings "Les Jeunes,"
"The Heirs of Les Jeunes," and "The French
Stage of To-day." "Les Jeunes" were certainly
interesting young men, but our final estimate of
the importance of all this post-Romanticism must be
modified by the fact that Mr. Jerrold was himself
a "Jeune," and "founded at twenty with other
Jeunes, a Jeune Review: The Magazine Inter-
national, in which he published translations into
French of the most Whitmanish of the Leaves of
Grass, and which started a new French literary move-
ment in praise of Nature and Life, and thereupon
died." The quotation is from the English "Who's
Who," but the style is a rather mild analogue of the
careless diction that is the chief defect of Mr.
Jerrold's interesting little volume. But no En-
glishman who "starts a new literary movement" in
France should be expected to remember the tongue
of his fathers.
Txoopiavtbv August Strindberg, the greatest
Sweden't greatest dramatist of Sweden, has been little
dramatic writer. ^nowa jn English-speaking lands,
primarily because of the subject-matter and point
of view of his plays. He is a pessimist, a misogy-
nist, an extreme realist; and these characteristics
have kept him from that wider vogue which other-
wise his remarkable technique and undoubted power
would have won for him. His strange gripping
drama, "The Father," appeared in an English
translation several years ago; but with this excep-
tion, he has been practically inaccessible to English
readers. This lack is now partially supplied by
translations (only fair in quality) of the short one-
act play, "Mother Love," and the longer play, " The
Creditor," also in one-act form. The former piece
is an intensely disagreeable picture of the sordid
sin and loveless attitude of a mother toward her
actress daughter; it spells complete disillusionment
of the writer with regard to one of the holiest of
relations. "The Creditor," regarded abroad as
Strindberg's masterpiece, is terrifying as a study,—
subtle, penetrating, and acid-like in its satire, — of
the husband-wife-lover triangle. The lover in this
case is a former husband, and the climax depicts
him as returning to distill the poison of suspicion
into the mind of husband number two, and bringing
about his tragic death. The profound cynicism of
the thing centres in the woman herself, although
the revenging first husband is a very Mephisto in
his cool and calculating hate. It is easy to believe
in the frightful strength of this play as an acting
piece; but the mind insists on asking, cui bono?
when admiration of its dramatic skill and force has
given way to reflection upon it as a study of life.
It is to be hoped that other dramas, modifying the
drastic impression created by these two, will in
time be added to the list of Strindberg's translated
plays. Mr. Francis J. Ziegler is responsible for
the English versions of '• Mother Love " and "The
Creditor," and Messrs. Brown Brothers of Phila-
delphia publish the books.
Earlv vear, and " Fro'n Memory's Shrine" (Lippin-
earlv friendi of cott Co.) is a collection of pleasant
Carmen Sviva. reminiscences of old friends and girl-
hood experiences from the pen of Queen Elisabeth
of Roumania, better known in literature as " Carmen
Sylva." Among those with whom her chapters deal
occur the names of Clara Schumann, Moritz Arndt,
Bernays, Fanny Lavater, Bunsen, Perthes, Karl
Sohn, and the Valette family. Of a more intimately
autobiographic, character are chapters on "Grand-
mamma," "My Tutors," and "My Brother Otto."
Particularly are we impressed with the range of her
girlhood studies under a certain Herr Sauerwein.
"Sanscrit and Russian were as familiar to him as
the NCo-Latin tongues or Celtic idioms; snatches of
Hungarian song alternated on his lips with verses of
the Persian and Arabic poets; and his reading was
as extensive as his literary taste was sound. . . .
It was Sauerwein's aim to give me something more
than a superficial acquaintance with all that is best
in the literature of the whole world; our course of
reading was in consequence strangely diversified."
It was this book-loving German tutor who first en-
couraged the gifted girl to cultivate her talent for
poetry. Carmen Sylva's readers would have been
glad to have many more details of her life and its
crowded interests and activities. She has kept her-
self too modestly in the background, or behind the
scenes, in her otherwise attractive volume. We hope
she will at some future time again unlock the Shrine
and open its door wider. The translation of the book
from the German has been made by Miss Edith
Hopkirk, formerly the author's secretary. Portraits
accompany the reading matter.
Reminueenco The same attraction that makes the
of the English detective story a favorite form of
tecret terviee. fiction for many novel-readers at-
taches also to the autobiography of an ex-official of
the secret service. "The Lighter Side of my Offi-
cial Life" (Hodder & Stoughton), by Sir Robert
Anderson, K.C.B., is enriched with stories of crim-
inal cunning and of anti-criminal sagacity, recalled
in a backward look over thirty-three years of parti-
cipation in public affairs and in police administra-
tion in England. The author, an Irishman by birth
and education, became attached to the Home Office
in 1868 as adviser in matters relating to political
crime, and was made Assistant Commissioner of
Police of the Metropolis and Head of the Criminal
Investigation Department in 1888. He retired from
service in 1901, after dealing with enough famous
criminal cases to fill many more pages of print than
he has chosen to offer to his readers. It is, as the
title of his book indicates, only the more diverting
incidents that he thus places on record. "And yet,"
he takes occasion to add, " I do not wish to convey


1911.]
311
THE
DIAL
the very false impression that amusement is the pre-
vailing element in Police work. Both my prede-
cessors in office suffered from the strain, and retired
after five years of it. And if I was able to bear it
for thirteen years, and to be 'fitter' on leaving
Scotland Yard than when I entered on the high
duties of the office, this was due mainly to a native
sense of humour and an acquired capacity for turn-
ing away from anxious and engrossing work." He
learned, in short, the lesson left unlearned by so
many, that "to have interests that are infinitely
higher and more absorbing than sublunary matters
of any kind — this, to put it on the lowest ground,
is a mental tonic of inestimable value." A portrait
of the author faces the title-page.
Some amutiny I" me same merry mood in which
nudacMesin he conceived his "Dead Letters,"
dramatic form. Mr Maurice Baring has executed
a series of "Diminutive Dramas" (Houghton)
which, like the earlier work, handle with an amus-
ing freedom, and also with the wit and learning of
a scholar, a considerable number of historic char-
acters, chiefly of ancient Greece and Rome. Con-
tributed originally to the London "Morning Post,"
these pieces all have the brevity and the snap without
which they could not have achieved the success they
seem to have enjoyed. They are but single scenes,
or scraps of scenes, each occupying only five or ten
minutes in the reading, and all but one in comic
vein. The single exception is entitled, " The Death
of Alexander," from an imaginary blank-verse
tragedy of anonymous authorship. This is the least
happy (naturally enough) of the twenty-two " dimin-
utive dramas." Among the best is "The Aulis Diffi-
culty," presenting the domestic confabulation that
preceded the offering of Iphigenia on the altar of
the injured Artemis in order to facilitate the passage
of the Greek fleet to Troy. Naturally the proposed
victim is at first not at all eager to play the leading
part assigned her in this sacrifice. After a trying
interview between father and daughter the mother
enters. "What is this?" demands Clytaemnestra.
"Papa says I must be sacrificed to Artemis," replies
the indignant maiden, " in order that they may have
a smooth passage to Troy, and to prevent Ajax being
sea-sick. I say I won't," and she begins to cry.
Mention at least must be made, in closing, of " The
Blue Harlequin (with apologies to Mr. Maeter-
linck)" and "Xantippe and Socrates." There is
rare sport in Mr. Baring's pages.
Those who remember Miss Betham-
2T>:iZe, Edwards's solid if somewhat prosy
"Home Life in France" must regret
this writer's desertion of the field of fact and per-
sonal impression. Literary criticism is not Miss
Edwards's forte; and even in the popular essay a
background of scholarship is needed. It would be
cruel to compare "Literary Rambles in France"
with similar work by Messrs. Henry James or
Andrew Lang, and the "Literary Rambles" is
certainly superior to the newly-published volume
entitled "French Men, Women, and Books" (Mc-
Clurg). A rather heterogeneous collection of a
dozen articles, the volume begins with an account
of "French Domestic Poetry," which serves as an
introduction to nearly thirty pages of domestic
English versions by the author. Then comes an
account of Balzac's courtship of Mme. Hanska,—
the idealized traditional account accepted before
Mr. Lawton made available in English the revela-
tions of recent French research. English views
and the feminine standpoint are evident here as
throughout the volume, which meanders dully among
such subjects as Barbey d' Aurevilly, Jean Reynaud,
Edmond Demolins, Joseph Reinach, Mary Clarke
(the forgotten love of the forgotten Fauriel),
the brothers Margueritte, and MM. Boylesve and
Bordeaux — acclaimed under the rather inclusive
caption of "The New Fiction." The collection
ends with a review of some recent French estimates
of "la perfide Albion," balanced by an essay in
French, "La France vue de l'Angleterre." Why
such a production as this latter was included in a
popular work is not clear, unless it was to overcome
the prejudice that might arise from numerous petty
errors, the most amusing of which is a triple refer-
ence to the husband of Balzac's inamorata as
"Monsieur de Hanska"!
Oreatnen A sane view of heroes and heroism
genuine and is taken by Mr. J. N. Lamed in
tpurioui. hia volume of lectures entitled "A
Study of Greatness in Men" (Houghton). No
mere efficiency, no amount of force and energy, can
render a man great, in his opinion. Very naturally
he takes issue with Carlyle, in his opening chapter,
on what constitutes greatness, whose factors he
groups under three heads,—the ethical or moral,
the rational or purely intellectual, and the dynamic
or energetic. '• If not aimed by his reason," asks
Mr. Lamed, " inspired by his imagination, motived
by his conscience, wherein do the energies of a
strong man differ from the energies of a beast of
prey?" With these guiding principles in mind, the
author then proceeds to a study of Napoleon, whom
he characterizes at the outset as "a prodigy without
greatness," of Cromwell, whom he calls "imperfect
in greatness," of Washington, who is " impressive in
greatness," and of Lincoln, " simplest in greatness."
As a clear-sighted, dispassionate review of the
achievements of these men, the book is excellent,
and is especially to be commended to young readers,
either as a corrective to Carlyle's brilliant per-
formance in the same field of literature, or as an
independent work.
WMmt o/ Simeon Strunsky, editorial writer
thepattinp on the New York "Evening Post,"
moment. an)j contributor of brief and humor-
ous sketches to that and other journals, has collected
a number of these light and amusing pieces in a
volume bearing the title, borrowed from the "Post,"
of "The Patient Observer" (Dodd). Anything and
everything suggested to this frequenter of the


312
[April 16,
THE DIAL
crowded haunts of men is dexterously worked into
the pattern of his breezy little essays, with plenty
of imagination and clever invention to help out at
need. The style is frankly journalistic — crisp and
"snappy." Here is an illustrative sentence, open-
ing the chapter entitled "60 H. P.": "For the
purpose of getting one's name into the papers, the
acquisition of a high-powered automobile may be
recommended to the man who has never given a
monkey dinner; whose son was never married to a
show-girl in a balloon at 2.30 a.m.; whose son-in-
law is neither a count, a duke, nor a prince, and
does not beat his wife; who has never paid
$100,000 for a Velasquez painted in 1897, or for
a mediaeval Florentine altar-piece made in Dayton,
Ohio." There is in these sketches the zest of life
as it is lived by the many, and they are calculated
to give a keener savor to the common things of
every day.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Mr. W. J. Baltzell's "Dictionary of Musicians,"
published by the Oliver Ditson Co., is a volume of
concise biographies, ranging in length from a paragraph
to a page, calculated to supply a useful means of refer-
ence, particularly to composers and artists now living.
Pronunciations are carefully indicated, which is not
one of the least important features of the work.
Battles are not usually the most important of histori-
cal happenings, but we sometimes wish to put our hands
upou an accurate statement of the esential facts about
some particular battle. For this purpose (in American
history) "From Bunker Hill to Manila Bay," a work
compiled from records in the Library of Congress by
Mr. John F. Dobbs, will be found useful. The arrange-
ment is chronological, and there are numerous illustra-
tions of the pictorial sort. We have had more battles
as a nation than one would imagine, and a large propor-
tion of their names would puzzle even well-informed
readers.
Auerbach's "Das Landhaus am Rhein" is better
worth reading than nine-tenths of the novels that
ordinarily come to hand. In James Davis's transla-
tion, "The Villa on the Rhine," (copyrighted in 1809),
with an introduction by Bayard Taylor, it was first intro-
duced to American readers, and its original publisher
(Holt) now has enough faith in its sterling value to put
out a new edition (two volumes in one), which makes
a book of almost exactly a thousand pages. The type
is rather small for our pampered modern vision, but it
packs a large amount of matter between a single pair
of covers.
Future historians of our Civil War will have recourse
not only to general histories and documents, but to the
more minute records contained in regimental histories
and in the personal reminiscences of individuals who
had their share, however humble, in that great conflict.
Much valuable material of this sort is to be found in
the "History of the 103d Regiment Pennsylvania
Volunteer Infantry," a substantial volume prepared
and published by Luther S. Dickey, Chicago, a veteran
survivor of that historic regiment. The volume con-
tains a moss of interesting matter well arranged, and
presented iu good form, with some good maps and
portraits.
Notes.
Antonio Fogazzaro's last novel, "Leila," completed
shortly before his death, is to be published in this
country by the George H. Doran Co.
"Dr. Quixtus" is announced as the title of Mr.
William J. Locke's new novel, which will run as a mag-
zine serial before its publication in book form.
"She Buildeth Her House " is the title of the new
novel by Mr. Will Levington Comfort, author of
"Routledge Rides Alone," which the J. B. Lippincott
Co. will publish in May.
Mr. Winston Churchill, author of "A Modern
Chronicle," etc., is engaged on a new novel, entitled
"The Greatest of These," which will he published in
the Autumn by the Macmillan Co.
Mr. B. W. Huebsch has concluded arrangements to
bring out in this country an English translation of
Gerhart Hauptmann's new novel, " The Fool in Christ"
(" Der Narr in Christo "), published in Germany late
last Fall.
The volume entitled "Lay Morals and Other Pa-
pers," by Robert Louis Stevenson, consisting of matter
not hitherto available except in the expensive "Edin-
burgh" and " Pentland " editions, will be issued in this
country by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons.
Mrs. Florence L. Barclay, author of "The Rosary"
and "The Mistress of Sheustone," has a third story
in preparation for publication in September. Mean-
while arrangements have been made for the publication
of a German translation of "The Rosary."
Mr. Archibald Henderson's life of Mark Twain,
referred to in our last issue, will be published in this
country next month by the F. A. Stokes Co. Another
interesting volume soon to be issued by this house is
Mr. Ralph Nevill's account of "London Clubs."
"Educational Problems," by Dr. G. Stanley Hall, is
announced for publication early next month by Messrs.
D. Appleton & Co., in two large octavo volumes. This
work is said to contain the ripened results of twenty-
five years of teaching educatiou as an academic subject.
A narrative of thirty odd years of frontier life, cover-
ing every phase of pioneering in the vast region between
the Missouri and the Pacific and from Alaska to Mexico,
is soon to be published by the Messrs. Putnam in Mrs.
Carrie Adell Strahorn's "Fifteen Thousand Miles by
Stage."
A series of French masterpieces covering a period
of nine centuries, to be completed in one hundred vol-
umes, is in preparation by Messrs. J. M. Dent & Sons,
of London. These little books will he published in cloth
at a shilling a volume, and will be issued at the rate
of five a month.
The recent death of Owen Kildare lends interest to
the announcement of his forthcoming novel (written iu
collaboration with Leita Kildare) entitled "Such a
Woman," which depicts the psychological development
of a woman of the slums. The Wessels & Bissell Co.
will publish the book.
Mr. Bruce Rogers, who for fifteen years past has
designed and supervised the production of the finer
books issued from the Riverside Press by Messrs.
Houghton Mifflin Company, has recently left the em-
ploy of that house and will hereafter devote his time
to the making of designs for book decorations, type
faces, book plates, etc., and to the arrangement and
supervision of fine printing. It is to be hoped that Mr.


1911.]
313
THE DIAL,
Rogers will still continue to supervise the series of
limited Riverside Press editions — a series which, in
originality of design and perfection of workmanship,
constitutes perhaps the highest achievement in Amer-
ican book-production.
Mrs. Mary S. Watts, whose "Nathan Burke" was
one of the fiction successes of last year, has just turned
over to her publishers the manuscript of a new novel
entitled "The Legacy." The scene of this story is the
same as that of "Nathan Burke," but the time is the
present and the principal character is a woman.
Dr. William Edgar Geil, author of " The Great Wall
of China " and "A Yankee on the Yangtse," has com-
pleted a new book entitled " The Eighteen Capitals of
China," which the J. B. Lippincott Co. will publish in
May. The volume will contain one hundred illustra-
tions, from the author's own photographs, and twelve
maps.
An instance of the interest taken in Australia in
American-made books is the fact that Messrs. A. C.
McClurg & Co. have recently made shipment to Mel-
bourne of about three thousand volumes. Of course
fiction predominates, but in this particular shipment
were editions of Mr. Joseph Mills Hanson's "Frontier
Ballads" and other miscellaneous titles.
Arrangements have recently been made by which the
Houghton Mifflin Co. become the authorized publishers
of Dr. Wilfred T. Grenfell (excepting one or two pub-
lications which have already been arranged for). All
correspondence relating to serial or other publication
of Dr. Grenfell's works should be addressed to them.
They expect to announce shortly a new volume by the
author of "Adrift on an Ice-Pan."
A new volume of plays by Mr. John Galsworthy is
soon to appear with the Scribner imprint. The con-
tents will include three pieces, — "The Elder Son,"
"The Little Dream," and "Justice." In this connec-
tion, it is interesting to note that the last-named drama
was given its first American presentation recently in
the theatre of Hull House, Chicago, by an amateur com-
pany. The performance was in every way creditable.
Craige Lippincott, president of the J. B. Lippincott
Company, died at his home in Philadelphia on April 6.
He was born in 1846, was educated at the University
of Pennsylvania, and in 1866 entered the publishing
house of which his father was the head, succeeding the
latter as president of the company in 1886. During
the quarter-century since, Mr. Lippincott has been one
of the most prominent and respected figures in the
American publishing world.
Dr. Frederick Taber Cooper has just arranged to
prepare for Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. a volume dealing
with the work of some modern American story-tellers,
— among others, Marion Crawford, Robert Herrick,
Robert W. Chambers, Winston Churchill, David Graham
Phillips, Frank Norris, O. Henry, Owen Wister, Booth
Tarkington; and Ellen Glasgow, Gertrude Atherton,
Sarah Orne Jewett, Mary Johnston, Edith Wharton,
and Kate Douglas Wiggin.
"Lady Charlotte Schreiber's Journals " will be issued
at once by the John Lane Company, in two large octavo
volumes, elaborately illustrated with reproductions of
ceramics and antiques. Much of the porcelain collected
by this remarkable woman and her husband may now
be seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum at South
Kensington The journals from Lady Charlotte Schrei-
ber's own hand describe her many collecting tours from
1869 to 1885. Her son, Mr. Montague Guest, had been
at work upon these two volumes for some time, when
his death took place a little more than a year ago.
There is a short biographical introduction by Mr. Guest,
and annotations on the specimens collected are contri-
buted by Mr. Egan Hew.
Among the Cambridge University Press publications
soon to be issued in this country by Messrs. Putnam
are the following: "About Edwin Drood," an anony-
mous effort to elucidate certain details in the novel
which have hitherto been overlooked or misunderstood;
"Roman Stoicism," by Dr. E. Vernon Arnold, Litt.D.;
"The Theory of Toleration under the Later Stuarts,"
by Mr. A. A. Seaton, M. A.; and a biography of Gilbert
Crispin, Abbot of Westminster, by Rev. J. Armitage
Robinson, D.D., Dean of Westminster.
Mr. Cobden-Sanderson announces four new volumes
as in preparation for early issue from The Doves Press.
These are as follows: "In Principio," the first chapter
of Genesis, reprinted in commemoration of the Tercen-
tenary of the Authorized Version; Goethe's "Die
Leiden des Jungen Werther," printed from the Weimar
text; "A Decade of Years," poems by William
Wordsworth, 1798-1807; and Shakespeare's "Tragedie
of Anthonie and Cleopatra," printed from the text of the
First Folio. All these will appear in editions limited
to 200 or 250 copies each, with a few copies printed on
vellum.
Some Spring publications of Messrs. Scribner's Sons,
not heretofore announced in these columns, are the fol-
lowing: "Isabella of Milan," by Christopher Hare;
"The High Roads of the Alps," by Charles L. Freeston,
F.R.G.S.; "Finland To-day," by George Renwick;
"Florence, Past and Present," by Rev. J. Wood Brown,
M.A.; "Java and Sumatra, and the Other Islands of
the Dutch East Indies," by A. Cabaton. In fiction, we
are promised these four volumes: "Jane Oglander,"
by Mrs. Belloc Lowndes; "The Price," by Francis
Lynde; "Mr. Wycherly's Wards," by Miss L. Allen
Harker; and " Esther Damon," by Cora Older.
An important publishing enterprise has recently been
planned by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co., in conjunction
with Messrs. Williams & Norgate of London. It will
consist of a series of original volumes specially written
by high authorities in the various departments of mod-
ern knowledge, intended not for the student only but
for the general reader, and issued at a very low price
in cloth binding. A hundred volumes have been de-
signed, covering the fields of History, Literature and
Art, Science, Social Science, Philosophy and Religion.
The first set of ten volumes will be issued in May.
Each book will run to about 250 pages, and will con-
tain a bibliography, and illustrations where necessary.
Many of the foremost British and American scholars
have been enlisted in this effort to put the best new
books within reach of the masses of the people. The
library is under the general editorship of Professor
Gilbert Murray, D.Litt., Mr. Herbert Fisher, F.B.A.,
and Professor J. Arthur Thomson.
The first issue of " The American Economic Review,"
published by the American Economic Association, has
just appeared. This new quarterly, which takes the
place of " The Economic Bulletin " and the Monographs
previously published, contains a variety of departments,
—leading articles, reviews with titles and annotations
of new books, abstracts of documents, reports, and
periodicals, and general notes. The four leading articles


314
[April 16,
THE DIAL
in the first number are: "Some Unsettled Problems of
Irrigation," by Professor Katharine Coman; "How Tar-
iffs Should Not Be Made," by Professor F. W. Taussig;
"Seasonal Variations in the New York Money Market,"
by Professor E. W. Kemmerer; "Promotion of Trade
with South America," by Professor David Kinley.
About forty books are reviewed. The periodical entries
number approximately 250 and cover about twenty-five
pages. The reviews, notes, and abstracts are conven-
iently arranged under topical headings, so as to facilitate
reference to any particular branch of economic study.
The Review is conducted by a Board of Editors chosen
by the American Economic Association, and the Manag-
ing Editor is Professor Davis R. Dewey of the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology.
List of New Books.
[The following list, containing 171 titles, includes books
eceived by The Dial since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Anglo-American Memories. By George W. Smaller. M.A.
Illustrated. 8vo. 441 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2. net.
John Bright: A Monograph. By B. Barry O'Brien; with a
preface by Augustine Birrell, M.P. With photogravure
frontispiece, large 8vo. 270 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$3. net.
John Redmond: The Man and the Demand. By L. G.
Redmond-Howard. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo,
352 pages. John Lane Co. $3.50 net.
Charles II. and His Court. By A. C. A. Brett. B.A. Illus
trated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 323 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $3.50 net.
The War Maker: Being the True Story of Captain George B.
Boynton. By Horace Smith. With portrait, 12mo, 415
pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.50 net.
The Autobiography of Shakespeare: A Fragment. Edited
by L. C. Alexander. 8vo, 176 pages. Baker & Taylor Co.
$1.50 net.
Four Tears under Marse Robert. By Robert Stiles. New
edition; with frontispiece. 8vo, 868 pages. New York:
Neale Publishing Co. $2. net.
A Study in Alexander Hamilton. By Fontaine T. Fox.
16mo, 171 pages. New York: Neale Publishing Co. $1.10 net.
Hogarth. By Edward Garnett, Illustrated in color, etc.,18mo,
208 pages. "Popular Library of Art." E. P. Dutton & Co.
76 cts. net.
Thomas Warton: The British Academy Warton Lecture on
English Poetry —I. By W. P. Ker. 8vo. 11 pages. Oxford
University Press. Paper, 25 cts. net.
HISTORT.
The Dawn of Mediterranean Civilization. By Angelo
Mosso; translated from the Italian by Marian C. Harrison.
Illustrated. 4to. 424 pages. Baker & Taylor Co. $4. net.
From Bunker Hill to Manila Bay: A Record of Battles for
American Independence, the Preservation of the Union,
and the Extension of Territory. Compiled by John F.
Dobbs. 8vo. 325 pages. New York: J. F. Dobbs. $2.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Evolution of Literature. By A. S. Mackenzie. Illus-
trated. 8vo, 440 pages. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $2.50 net.
World Literature and Its Place in General Culture. By
Richard G. Moulton, Ph.D. 12mo, 602 pages. Macmillan
Co. $1.75 net.
On Something. By H. Belloc. 16mo, 272 pages. E. P. Dutton
4 Co. $1.25 net.
The Patient Observer. By Simeon 8trunsky. 12mo. 348
pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.20 net.
The Gleam. By Helen R. Albee. 12mo, 312 pages. Henry
Holt & Co. $1.85 net.
The Ashes of a God. Translated from the original manu-
script by F. W. Bain. 12mo. 152 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1.25 net.
An Ethioal Diary. Selected and edited by W. Garrett Horder.
18mo, 284 pages. E. P. Dutton St Co. 75 cts. net.
Montesquieu et l'Esclavage: Etude sur les Originea de
l'opinion Anti-Esclavagiste en France en XVIII. Siecle. By
Russell Parsons Jameson. 8vo, 371 pages. Paris: HacheUe
et Cie. Paper.
Wisdom of the East: The Bustan of Sadi. Translated from
the Persian, with an Introduction, by A. Hart Edwards.
16mo, 124 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. 60 cts. net.
Karl Lebreoht Immermann: A Study in German Romanti-
cism. By Allen Wilson Porterfield. Ph.D. Paper. i«
pages. Columbia University Press.
Father Damlen: An Open Letter to the Reverend Dr. Hyde
of Honolulu from Robert Louis Stevenson. With a State-
ment by Mrs. Stevenson. New edition: 12mo. 46 pages.
Notre Dame, Ind..: Ave Marie Press. 30 cts.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE
The Villa on the Rhine. By Berthold Auerbach: translated
from the German by James Davis: with biographical sketch
by Bayard Taylor. With portrait, 12mo, 990 pages. Henry
Holt St Co. $1.50 net.
Works of Thomas Hardy. Thin paper edition. New volume:
Life's Little Ironies. With frontispiece, 16mo. Harper &
Brothers. Cloth, $1.25: leather, $1.26 net.
The Vision; or, Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise of Dante
Alighieri. Translated by Henry Francis Cary. Illustrated.
12mo. 578 pages. Oxford University Press.
Shelley: Poems Published in 1820. Edited, with introduction
and notes, by A. M. D. Hughes. 12mo, 224 pages. Oxford
University Press.
Men and Women. By Robert Browning; edited by G. E.
Hadow. In two volumes. Vol. I., with Introduction and
notes. 16mo, 350 pages. Oxford University Press.
BOOKS OF VERSE.
A Poet's Anthology of Poems. Compiled by Alfred Noyes.
16mo, 407 pages. Baker St Taylor Co. $1. net.
The Garland of Childhood: A Little Book for All Lovers of
Children. Compiled by Percy Withers. With decorations
in color, 16mo. 338 pages. Henry Holt St Co. $1.50 net.
John Murray's Landfall: A Romance and a Foregleam. By
Henry Nehemiah Dodge. Illustrated in color, etc.. 18mo,
233 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
Bell and Wing. By Frederick Fanning Ayer. Large 8vo.
1266 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
My Three Loves. By Beverley Dandridge Tucker. I6mo, 108
pages. New York: Neale Publishing Co. $1.25.
Songs of the Double Star. By G. Leathern. 16mo, 48 pages.
London: David Nutt. 50 cts. net.
For Truth and Freedom: Poems of Commemoration. By
Armistead C. Gordon. 16mo, 73 pages. New York: Neale
Publishing Co. $1.25.
The Collected Works of Ambrose Bleroe. Vol. IV., Shapes
of Clay. Edited and arranged by the author. 8vo, 376 pages.
New York: Neale Publishing Co. $2.60.
Soldiers of the Light. By Helen Gray Cone. 8vo. 72 pages.
Richard G. Badger. $1. net.
Flowers from the Wayside: A Book of Verse. By Warren
R. Fitch. 12mo, 62 pages. Sherman. French St Co. $1. net'
Mattabesesett; or. The Coming of the Paleface, and Other
Poems. By S. Ward Loper. With portrait. 12mo, 142 pages.
Richard G. Badger. $1.60 net.
Violet Verses. By Lilian Hopwood Ward. 12mo. 63 pages.
Richard G. Badger. $1. net.
Lea Enfants: A Book of Verse in French-Canadian Dialect.
By Gertrude Litchfield. 12mo, 61 pages. Richard G.
Badger. $1. net.
Romanoe of the Universe. By B. T. Stauber. 12mo, 131 pages.
New York: Broadway Publishing Co. $1.
FICTION.
The Patrician. By John Galsworthy. 12mo, 391 pages.
Charles Scrlbner's SonB. $1.35 net.
The Dweller on the Threshold. By Robert Hichens. 12mo,
273 pages. Century Co. $1.10 net.
Klaus Hlnrloh Baas: The Story of a Self-made Man. Br
Gustav Frenssen; translated from the German by Esther
Everett Lape and Elizabeth Fisher Read. 12mo, 440 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.50.
Demeter's Daughter. By Eden Phillpotts. l2mo. 348 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.35 net.
Later Pratt Portraits. By Anna Fuller. Illustrated in color.
12mo. 415 pages. G. P. Putnam's sons. $1.50 net.
Adventure. By Jack London. l2mo. 405 pages. Macmillan
Co. $1.50.


1911.]
315
THE
DIAL,
The Camera Fiend. By E. W. Hornung. Illustrated. 12mo,
346 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.26 net.
Bar-20 Says. By Clarence E. Mulford. With frontispiece in
color, llmo, 412 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.35 net.
While Caroline Was Growing. By Josephine Daskam
Bacon. Illustrated, 12mo, 330 pages. Macmillan Co. 11.60.
What's-His-Name. By George Barr McCutcheon. Illu-
trated in color, 12mo, 248 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co.
$1.20 net.
An Old Maid's Vengeanoe. By Frances Powell. 12mo,
330 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
The Oontessa's Sister. By Gardner Teall. 12mo, 243 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.20 net.
Glamourie. By William Samuel Johnson. 12mo, 295 pages-
Harper & Brothers. $1.20 net.
The Bramble Bush. By Caroline Fuller. Illustrated, 12mo,
308 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.26 net.
The Land Claimers. By John Fleming Wilson. Illustrated,
12mo, 340 pages. Little. Brown & Co. $1.60.
The Return. By Walter de la Mare. 12mo. 854 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
Account Rendered. By E. F. Benson. 12mo, 367 pages.
Doubleday. Page & Co. $1.20 net.
Lord Bellinger: An Autobiography. By Harry Graham.
12mo. 346 pages. Duffield & Co. $1.20 net.
The Road to Avalon. By Coningsby Dawson. Urns, 284
pages. Hodder & Stoughton. $1.20 net.
The Patti of Glory. By Paul L. Haworth. Illustrated, 12nio<
348 pases. Little. Brown & Co. $1.25 net.
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