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Genealogy of Jefferson Davis and of Samuel Davies.
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THE DIAL
2 JSrmi'JHontrjlg Journal of Et'trrarg Critici'am, QiacuaBfon, ano Enformation.
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Clam Hatter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 597.
MAY 1, 1911.
Vol. L.
Contents.
PAGE
IDOLS OF EDUCATION 333
THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF THE ELDER
MR. WELLER. Charles Leonard Moore ... 335
CASUAL COMMENT 337
The modernity of Thackeray. — More about the
Orchard House.—A stern arraignment of the drama
of ideas. — The infinite variety of the "one way
out." — A monument to the business capacity of
men of letters.— The death of the " Hoosier School-
master."— The reader of serious books. — Some
books one would like to own. — The advantages of
nntrammeled imagination.—The proposed Canadian
copyright act. — The increasing importance of the
public library. — Mr. Brownell on " Criticism." — A
misused adjective. — The close of the Astor Li-
brary.— The valedictory of the small college's
benefactor. — The A. L. A, conference.
PROBLEMS OF MODERN EDUCATION. Joseph
Jastrow 341
WITH THE PRE-RAPHAELITES AND OTHER
VICTORIAN CELEBRITLES. Percy F. Biclc-
nell 345
DISENGAGING THE ESSENCE OF GREEK
POETRY. Fred B. R. Hellems 349
A GREAT EDUCATIONAL REFERENCE WORK.
M. V. O'Shea 352
MR. CHESTERTON'S GARGOYLES. Edith Kellogg
Dtinton 352
SOCIAL TENDENCIES IN ENGLAND AND
AMERICA. H. Parker Willis 354
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 355
A psychic adventure. — English methods for the
study of German style. — The philosophy of a scien-
tist. — A banner year in educational advance, — The
story of the piano. — A great English statesman and
reformer.—An educational remedy for governmental
ills. — A Harvard graduate's year in a coal-mine. —
Mind cure through the ages.
BRIEFER MENTION 358
NOTES 359
EDUCATIONAL BOOKS OF THE SPRING ... 360
(A classified list of three hundred publications of
the present season.)
TOPICS IN MAY PERIODICALS 364
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 364
IDOLS OF EDUCATION.
It used to be said that the ideal of education
was to know something of everything and
everything of something. But the conditions
of modern university culture seem to have
created for us the newer ideal recently phrased
as follows: "One must know too much about
some one thing, and nothing about everything
else: that is true scholarship." Those who have
much acquaintance with scholars of the type
that our modern specialism tends to produce,
and that is fostered, almost to the exclusion of
any other, by the academic standards upheld in
the eyes of students, know how frequently this
newer ideal is exemplified, and how slight is the
exaggeration of the satire. The most elementary
matters, facts and phrases and allusions which
are the common coin of really cultivated minds,
are apt to be received with wide-eyed wonder
by men whose accomplishments, in their own
departments, are of national or world-wide
repute. Abreast of the latest developments of
their Fach, pedantically informed concerning
its minutest details, these men are blissfully
innocent of all sorts of matters that were once
held to to be essential elements of culture.
The system of water-tight compartments is so
nicely fitted that there is little leakage, and it is
thought something of a reproach to the scholar
if he permit the contents of his own compart-
ment to become diluted by tricklings from any
other.
This ideal of personal obligation to the ex-
actions of modern scholarship creates a curious
sort of academic aristocracy. Its members
recognize one another alike by the symbols
usually attached to their names and by certain
tricks of speech or manner which betoken their
entire self-sufficiency and confidence in the
superiority of their caste. These are the signs
of a free masonry jealous of its prerogative, and
determined that no rank outsider shall share in
its arcane mysteries. When its initiates fore-
gather, either in casual groups or formally upon
stated occasions, they put themselves in mutual
touch by the use of passwords so subtly man-
aged that an accidental intruder upon their
fellowship finds himself isolated and as it
were encysted with only a dim realization of
the process to which he has been subjected.


334
[May 1,
THE
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For this class there is only one point of view,
and whoever for a single tentative moment ven-
tures to occupy any other lays himself open to
suspicion. So narrow are the specialties rep-
resented by these men that even when they are
assembled in their organized councils they are
apt to bore one another, because their bond of
union is not so much an intelligent comprehen-
sion of the papers to which they listen as it is
a sense of class-consciousness and a comfortable
conviction that they are all of the very elect.
Meanwhile, the world at large goes on its way
unperturbed, and, if it pays any attention at
all to their rites and posturings, is likely to
dismiss the subject with an irreverent jest
such as that of the wit who recently queried:
"Exchange professors? Why not give them
away?"
The intellectual world which these men
create for themselves is not a real world at all,
but a cloistered corner of existence into which
the sunlight of liberal culture finds it difficult
to penetrate, and in which only pallid growths
may flourish. It is cut off from the common
interests of mankind, and has little sympathy
with the causes that should enlist the best
thought and the most earnest endeavor of nor-
mal humanity. Let one of its inmates show a
deep concern for the vital issues of social or
ethical science, let him bring his special knowl-
edge to bear upon the problems of conduct by
means of the press or the platform, and his
fellows at once view him askance, as a traitor
to his caste and a violator of its tradition. He
becomes discredited as a seeker for notoriety,
and is dubbed " popularizer," which is the last
word of contempt in the scholastic world. The
ideal of knowledge for its own sake, pursued
into the remotest confines of minute or abstruse
investigation, is a fine and inspiring one, but
it is made even finer and more inspiring when
it is associated with the ideal of service, and
when service, not to the few but to the many,
is kept constantly in view as the ultimate goal
of all intellectual activity. We fear that this
ideal finds little to feed upon in the arid soil of
the Seminar and the journal devoted to the
interests of the Fach.
While it is doubtless true than knowledge
is best advanced by extreme specialization, it
is also true that the specialist tends to become
something considerably less than a man, and
that lie is in danger, from his very zeal for
learning, of missing the best part of life. Edu-
cation does not mean much when it gets far
away from the root signification of the word,
and our modern training for the higher scholar-
ship is only too apt to result in atrophy of the
affective and aesthetic faculties. There is a
certain satisfaction in having "settled Hoti's
business" once for all, but it is possible to
have gained it at too heavy a cost. Scholars
presumably have — or once had — souls like
other people, and it is a rather serious thing
to lose them, even if thereby a whole world of
pedantry be gained.
Carlyle once said: "It is not because of his
toils that I lament for the poor, but what I do
grieve over is that the lamp of his soul should
go out." If there is one thing more grievous
than to see the lamp go out in the scholar's soul
it is to see the lamp in the child's soul left un-
kindled. A wilful default of oxygen is the
cause in both cases, but in that of the scholar
it is his own will that cuts off the supply and
thus quenches the light, while in that of the
child it is the will of his misguided elders that
forbids its kindling. This offence against child-
hood is the most damnable that can be imagined,
and yet it is constantly committed by those in
whose hands lies the shaping of systems of
public education. Thus we may witness work-
ing at both ends of the educational scale forces
which in the last analysis tend to rob the soul
of its birthright, and which flout all the funda-
mental teachings of the wise — from Plato to
Matthew Arnold — who have told us the deeper
meaning of education. Such are the "idols"
in whose worship we have gone so far astray
from the true faith.
Nothing could be more wrongheaded, in our
opinion, than the prevailing notion that our
schools should be made more " practical," noth-
ing more mischievous than the displacement,
now everywhere going on, of school pursuits
that contribute to the nurture of the spirit by
exercises and activities that have in view only
bread-and-butter aims. This spirit of narrow
utilitarianism infects the whole educational
organism, and the "job" is taken to be the
final cause of going to school at all. The
would-be doctor of philosophy in the university,
the student in the college or high school, and
the child in the elementary grades, are all
thinking of the " jobs " they hope to get when
they have finished the distasteful work of pre-
paring for them. They are encouraged in this
low aim by their parents, who are older and
should be wiser, and by the pressure of public
opinion everywhere. As we have said before,
this condition is peculiarly lamentable in the
lower schools, where droves of hapless children


1911.]
335
THE
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are herded into " vocational " courses of study
when they might be storing their minds with
the riches of science and history and literature.
The short-sighted pettiness of all this finds ex-
pression in a passage both just and eloquent
which we quote from the London "Nation" as
a fitting supplement to our own remarks.
"We are allowing these lads and girls between
fifteen and eighteen, at the time of life when the mind
is singularly plastic, with a zest for discovery, and
a generous passion for new impressions, to devote
themselves almost exclusively to 'bread-and-butter'
studies. It is a deplorable and perverted aristocratic
prejudice which misleads us. We think of the liberal
studies as the natural monopoly of the leisured and the
well-to-do. We fail to realise that precisely in propor-
tion as his daily life must plunge a manual worker in
the deadening monotony of the mill's routine, is he
forced to seek far outside it the interests which can
bring to his mind a human dignity and a contact with
eternal things. A just society would offer to the mill-
hand the mental distractions which it squanders ou the
idle children of his landlord and his employer, not be-
cause he needs 'accomplishments' for his wage-earning,
but because his mind must be bent without them to the
inhuman service of the machines it tends. It is only a
mechanical pedagogue who can think of the disinterested
studies as something difficult and external and remote
from the life that even the poorest worker leads. Over
his head, also, are the stars, and under his feet the
rocks. He, too, can understand the movements of a
bee, or the unfolding of a flower. It is not beyond
him to learn enough of history to prefer the novel of
Scott to the serial in his evening paper. The govern-
ing classes have reached that stage of enlightenment
at which they understand that the wealth of nations
demands industrial efficiency and bodily fitness in the
worker, and of these they make the exclusive idols
of the schools. They have not yet realised that the
organised pursuit of wealth, which has destroyed the
joy of craftsmanship and driven the worker from
the soil, has imposed also on the national school the
obligation of aiding the minds which pass through it
to reach the exits from the cave."
THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF THE
ELDER MR. WELLER.
"I took a great deal o' pains with his eddicatiori,
sir; let him run in the streets when he was wery
young and shift for hisself." The brilliant result of
that coarse of training was the character who sup-
plies most of the wit and commonsense of "The
Pickwick Papers." And, it may be added in pass-
ing, the education of the creator of that character
was carried out almost on the same plan.
It is a dangerous ideal, perhaps; but it begins to
look as though mankind would have to revert to it,
in defense of the young who under the present edu-
cational system are so assisted and pampered and
petted that they cannot stand alone; who, like Stras-
burg geese, are stuffed with carefully prepared learn-
ing until the only result to them is enlarged and
languid livers. In the United States, at least, it is
apparent that we are not getting the value we ought
from our enormous expenditure for education. We
are not getting value in the happiness and pros-
perity of the people at large, nor in the production
of great men, whose flowering seems to be almost
the final purpose of human existence.
For the first of these contentions we may point
to the recent pinch of high prices which has reduced
the standard of living all over the land. After
every other explanation that can be offered for the
rise in the cost of living, the fact remains that our
educational system has been turning out far too
many people who want to live by their wits (of
course in an honorable sense), and left far too few
who are willing to live by their hands. The inhab-
itants of the Scilly Islands are said to live by tak-
ing in each other's wash; but surely we cannot all
get an income by doctoring each other's infirmities,
pleading each other's law cases, or criticising each
other's criticism.
That our recent rage for education has not been
favorable to the production or maintenance of genius,
may be regarded by a democracy as a good thing.
Certain nations, England for instance, have been
hardly more than plants for the manufacture of
great men. We may possibly say that we do not
want any more of that. If nature has been so
unjust as to privilege certain minds, it is our busi-
ness to even thingB up and give everybody a chance.
And in politics, at least, our late lack of stars of the
first lustre is due to lack of opportunity. We can-
not have great generals without great wars, or
mighty statesmen without mighty issues. It is
difficult for the people themselves to take a deep
heart-interest in the tariff, and we cannot expect
politicians to rise to greatness on the wings of ad
valorem duties. But in the arts and sciences there
is no such excuse, and it is generally regarded
that,
"Our builders are with want of genius cursed,
The second temple is not like the first."
If we have preeminent stars in these fields, they
are lost in the Milky Way of mediocrity.
What is education? Goethe said that the longer
he lived the more he believed in the qualities born
in men and the less he cared for those that are
acquired or stuck on. We cannot educe or draw
out of people something that they have not in them.
Unless all history is at fault, really great parts are
sparsely distributed, and when they do occur they
are just as likely to be drawn out by the contact
with life, the struggle to exhibit themselves, as by
an ordered and overlooked course of training.
Emerson thought it was better for a young man to
be thrown into a vortex of exciting action and to
be made to swim, than for him to go through college.
We need not be afraid that talent will fail of
learning. The real workman will get at his tools.
Lincoln will walk forty miles for his copy of
Plutarch, and will study it by the pine-knot fire.
Whitney will invent his cotton gin though he never


336
[May 1,
THE DIAL
saw a cotton field in his life. The electric spark
of genius is developed by resistance. Men are
much like mules; if you want them to enter a cer-
tain field you must fence them out of it.
Widespread education is certainly unfavorable to
the development of genius or remarkable talent.
Greatness, as it were, is put in commission. As
every one has a little tincture of talent, no one is
allowed to possess a monopoly. There is a story of
a Roman poet under the Empire who sent some
verses to a rich man whom he wished to secure for
a patron. The latter returned them with the com-
ment that he himself wrote poetry and did not
admit that anyone save Homer was his superior.
We have taught everybody to write verses, and
poetry is despised. Colleges, High Schools, and
Correspondence Courses are making every man his
own artist and architect and engineer, so that the
world will soon be able to do without the profes-
sional product altogether.
If the loss to the world were only the obelizing
and obliteration of genius we might let it pass.
Perhaps mankind may learn to do without genius.
Perhaps the mariner by some new trained instinct
for locality may be able to dispense with compass
and lighthouses. But education seems to be robbing
the masses of the power to appreciate the products
of education. The comment is on everyone's tongue
that the world of to-day has but a languid interest
in things of the mind. There is probably three
times as much effort and bustle and fuss about edu-
cation now, proportionately, as there was sixty years
ago. Yet there was proportionately ten times as
much mental alertness then. Then were the palmy
days of the drama. The tragedies of Shakespeare
and Schiller and Hugo met with an appreciation
and applause that they do not begin to receive now.
The same class of audiences to-day flock to the
moving picture shows. Then the actor's art was in
its zenith. Great players drew after them more
than a third part of the population. Then litera-
ture was a matter of universal interest. The latest
oracle from Concord was discussed everywhere;
the blue and gold editions of Longfellow and Whit-
tier were in most households; Dickens could make
a triumphal tour through the country. Then our
artists received prices for canvasses which are the
despair of painters of to-day. Then music and
dancing, as exemplified by Jenny Lind and Taglioni,
created an enthusiasm that is difficult to imagine
now. And of course the politics of those times
were far more tremendous than ours. Looking
back, it is impossible to resist the conclusion that
our people were far more vividly alive then than
they are to-day. Possibly many causes have con-
tributed to the deadening of our sensibilities; but
one of these causes, at least, must be the extension
of education.
The amount of education which the average per-
son takes, which enters his system and becomes a
part of him, is very small. How many men who
went through college thirty years ago can do a
problem of Euclid or construe a sentence of Greek
or a paragraph of Latin? The Chancellor of the
University of Cambridge, Lord Rayleigh, in a re-
cent speech said: "I rejoice in the number of
successful mathematicians which our University
graduates, but I cannot help wondering what be-
comes of them all in general society. It is rare
to meet anyone who has any knowledge of science,
and I might say even of arithmetic. I remember
a few years ago being stopped in the street by an
acquaintance who had lived some while in India,
and I think was getting out statistics on Indian af-
fairs, who told me that he had been on the point of
writing to me to know whether I could recommend
someone to him who could do a calculation for him.
I said, 'Well, what sort of a calculation is it?' He
said 'Only a rule of three. I cannot do it myself
and I cannot find anybody who can do it. Perhaps
"among your acquaintances of the scientific world
you might know somebody who could help me.'"
The fact is, the main difference between most edu-
cated and uneducated men is that the former know
of the existence of certain provinces of learning of
which the latter are ignorant. They have, like
Moses, been taken up on a height and shown the
Promised Land, but they have declined the ordeal
of conquering it. But as the young woman in
Moliere's play says, "It is understood here that we
all speak Greek."
Of course each of the several professions, arts,
and sciences requires a special training without
which it cannot be successfully practiced. But the
contention is, in the first place, that we are turning
out too many practitioners of these branches of
learning to give them all the thorough training
they should have; and, in the second place, that
in the eye of absolute truth many of these sciences
are "not what they are cracked up to be." Their
votaries quarrel so much among themselves, expose
so much of the hollowness of their respective mys-
teries, that common people begin to believe it is
better to be ignorant than to know a great deal that
is not so.
The higher education of women, though by no
means the new thing it is supposed to be, has
probably had a wider extension than ever before.
Some authorities are concerned over the physical
effect of intense application to study by women;
In exceptional cases their fears may be justified,
but there is something in the nature of women that
will generally prevent their taking much harm from
education. They stand for the individual, the in-
stinctive, and refuse to be formalized and flattened
out and drilled and trained as men permit them-
selves to be. Bhavabhuti, a Hindoo poet of twelve
centuries ago, put an eternal truth in a couplet, —
"Nature itself gives women wit;
Men learn from books a little bit."
What, then, is the moral of these rather rambling
remarks. This: that we are forcing the season in
education in America and getting a hot-house pro-
duct rather than a hardy natural growth. That


1911.]
337
THE DIAL
there should be a universal diffusion of the elements
of education no one doubts. But here the State
should stop. Whatever more is wanted should be
left to the free initiative of the individual. People
rarely value what they get for nothing. In the
matter of manual training, it might be well to re-
turn to the apprentice system, in both the shop and
the farm. And the gathering of all kinds and
degrees of workers into guilds, for inspiration, ap-
preciation, and support, might be encouraged. From
such associations has come much of the best work
of the world. Charles Leonard Moore.
CASUAL COMMENT.
The modernity of Thackeray is remarked
upon by Professor Saintsbury in the course of a
judicious appreciation of the novelist contributed to
the Thackeray Centenary Number of the London
"Bookman," which also prints an article on
"Thackeray and Thackeray's London," by Mr.
Lewis Melville. "Beginnings of centuries," says
Professor Saintsbury, ''have often had a quaint
habit, like other children, of regarding their imme-
diate elders as removed from them by almost im-
passable gulfs. But the fact remains that every
person who is still middle-aged, besides those who
are no longer so, was an actual contemporary of
Thackeray, and that while the general atmosphere,
say of 'My Novel' itself, has an indefinable but
distinctly perceptible old-worldness about it, large
passages of ' The Newcomes' might, with the slight-
est changes of mere ' furniture' in slang, etc., have
been written to-day. It must take another genera-
tion or two before men can—at least before most of
them can—take even such a comparatively achro-
matic estimate as they can take (and this is by no
means quite ' dry-lighted ') of Scott or Miss Austen,
much less such a one as can be taken of Fielding;
least of all such as can be taken of Milton or of
Shakespeare." This moves one to query whether
the authors whom we thoroughly enjoy ever do
become "achromatic" to us. Even Shakespeare
himself and, to go much further back, Aristophanes
and Lucian, and whole passages in Homer, are as
vivid and present to their hearty admirers as is the
latest popular novelist to his particular public. On
the other hand, there must be many who even now
see Thackeray in as dry and colorless a light as the
most impartial criticism could require. But why,
pray, is "The Bookman" in such haste with its
centenary number — three months ahead of time?
• ■ «
More about the Orchard House, where
Louisa Alcott wrote her " Little Women," and where
the Concord School of Philosophy held its sessions,
may not be out of place, in view of the growing
interest manifested in its proposed restoration and
preservation as a memorial to the famous father and
still more famous daughter who once lived there.
Built, as is supposed, under the protectorate of
Oliver Cromwell, it boasts an antiquity exceeded by
that of comparatively few houses in America. Its
present name became attached to it late in its his-
tory, being derived from the old apple orchard
planted half a century before the Alcott family took
possession. The quick-witted Louisa, given on occa-
sion to satire and feeling keenly the family's failures
in various experiments, suggested "Apple Slump"
as an appropriate name. "All-Cottage" was pro-
posed by some one else (Mr. Sanborn, we believe)
as a tribute both to the tenant and to the great god
Pan, whose worship, it was thought, might perhaps
be suggested in the couplet composed by Ellery
Channing and painted by May Alcott over the fire-
place in her father's study:—
"The hills are reared, the valleys scooped in vain,
If Learning's altars vanish from the plain."
But the name "Orchard House" became its ac-
cepted designation when the School of Philosophy
took temporary possession of the building and its
pleasant grounds thirty years ago. The hope of
having the house put in order for a memorial recep-
tion on the nineteenth of April — the most glorious
day in Concord's calendar—was disappointed. But
a later date, when the tide of summer tourists is at
the flood, will suit the convenience of a larger num-
ber of visitors.
• • •
A stern arraignment of the drama of
ideas is contained in an interesting article by Mr.
W. L. George, in the April "English Review."
As offset to the seven cardinal sins of the conven-
tional dramatist, Mr. George makes a list of ten of
which he holds the playwrights of ideas as a body
guilty: to wit, " the shadowy plot, the play without
a climax, hypertrophy of the atmosphere, sentiment
(sometimes), garrulousness, the exaggerated type,
inveterate gloom (sometimes optimism), obscurity,
length, and shapeless purpose." It is not because
the drama of ideas is too good that it fails, Mr.
George declares; it is not yet good enough.
"Strife," is gloomy and cruel; "Getting Married"
is not a play at all; Miss Robins's Votes for
Women " lives only in one gorgeous tableau ; "The
Passing of the Third Floor Back," " The Madras
House," "The Servant in the House," and "Mid-
Channel" all lack climax; '' What Every Woman
Knows," Mr. Fagan's "The Earth," and Mr.
Bennett's "What the Public Wants" are over-
sentimental. Mr. Shaw is generally all talk and
no action; Mr. Granville Barker is also too loqua-
cious. John Synge, Mr. Yeats, and sometimes Mr.
Shaw and Mr. Barker, are obscure and esoteric.
Mr. Galsworthy's only fault is gloom. Mr. George
ranks the last-named writer as unquestionably a
great dramatist, while he bases his hopes for the
future chiefly upon Mr. Masefield and Mr. Bennett,
with the unaccountable Mr. Shaw in the offing,
capable of anything and sure to do the unexpected.
Mr. George's discussion of the modern drama is


338
[May 1,
THE
DIAL
vital and interesting. Like all argument involving
a question of taste it is vulnerable here and there;
but the point we particularly wish to take exception
to is the surprising assumption on which the whole
arraignment is based; namely, that plays of ideas
always fail on the stage. Granted that Mr. George's
examples are fairly chosen, anybody can pick from
them three or four conspicuous successes in the
theatres on this side of the Atlantic. Is America,
then, more hospitable to the drama of ideas, or less
sensitive to poor dramatic construction, than London?
And why does Mr. George absolutely ignore Amer-
ican triumphs in reckoning the assets and achieve-
ments of the virile drama?
The infinite variety of the "one way out,"
which is never the same way for any two persons, is
emphasized in an open letter from Mr. William
Carleton (author of that vivid and appealing bit of
autobiography entitled "One Way Out") to one
of his critics. "I suppose," he says in closing,
"that Poor Richard, and ages before him Solomon,
wrote down in simple and terse language wise epi-
grams enough to have brought about the millen-
nium had they been followed. I suppose that every
old man learns enough in the progress of his life to
guide any youngster along the path to happiness
and fortune could he impart it. But each of us
seems to have to learn for himself, and a great many
of us learn too late. I do n't expect anyone to follow
the road I took, but if only from having watched
me a few will learn some of the things I learned
and put them into practice in their own way I shall
be very glad. A house in the country, a flat in the
tenements, a tent in the woods—it doesn't much
matter so long as the dweller therein comes to know
how really simple the essentials for life and happi-
ness and f ortune are — and how accessible they are
to those who go after them in independent fashion."
It is noteworthy, although not surprising, how much
more persuasive (or "convincing" might be the
better word) such pictures of real experience with
elemental things as Mr. Carleton has presented are
to the reader than any amount of abstract laudation
of the simple life. Among recent notable books
that impress the value of the elemental and the
genuine and the unconventional, more or less after
the manner of "One Way Out," are Mr. Edward
A. Steiner's "Against the Current," and Mr. Alex-
ander Irvine's "From the Bottom Up."
A MONUMENT TO THE BUSINESS CAPACITY OF
men of letters has its history briefly and inter-
estingly told in the April "National Review." Mr.
C. Hagberg Wright describes "The Beginnings of
the London Library," tracing those beginnings
back to that hot June afternoon in 1840 when
Carlyle, wearied with the delay and red tape inci-
dental to the prosecution of his researches at the
British Museum, strolled down Piccadilly and,
turning into one of the streets in Mayfair, knocked
at the door of the brilliant and accomplished Lady
Stanley of Alderley. Being admitted, he found a
company of not too sympathetic listeners to his
woes, but one containing such men of light and
leading as Hallam, Maurice, and Gladstone, who
seem at last to have been aroused by the vehement
eloquence called forth by their very indifference.
The subsequent forming of a library committee,
which included Carlyle, Lord Clarendon, John
Forster, Arthur Helps, George Cornewall Lewis,
Monckton Milnes, James Spedding, Gladstone, and
others, and the early opening of the library itself,
with its later rapid development, and its policy and
methods, are the matters chiefly dealt with by Mr.
Wright. To hold steadfastly to its original aims
and ideals, the London Library has not found an
easy task. "It needed and needs all the dogged
obstinacy of the librarians, backed as they have
been by their committees, to resist the clamour, not
to mention the personal attacks, of the impatient
readers." In other words, the London Library,
organized by scholars and writers and men of wide
culture, always has been and wishes to remain
something better than a mere circulating library
for novel-readers.
The death of the "Hoosier Schoolmaster,"
George Cary Eggleston, the model for his brother
Edward's most celebrated creation in fiction, fol-
lows all too soon the publication, last year, of
his autobiographic "Recollections." The Virginia
ancestry of the two brothers and the Southern up
bringing of the younger one go far to explain the
latter's warm espousal of the Confederate cause in
the Civil War. The elder brother, though physi-
cally incapacitated for military service, was almost
as ardent a sympathizer with the North. This dif-
ference, however, appears not to have affected the
brotherly love of the two Egglestons. The long and
varied journalistic and editorial service of George
Cary Eggleston, particularly his connection with
"Hearth and Home," the New York "Evening
Post," the "Commercial Advertiser," and "The
World," need only be mentioned here, as his auto-
biography has recently told the whole story. Some
of the best of the books he so rapidly produced
while engaged in journalism, and afterward, are
"A Rebel's Recollections," "The Big Brother,"
"Southern Soldier Stories," "A Captain in the
Ranks," and " The Warrens of Virginia" His is a
pleasing narrative style, but in his art as a novelist
one can discover many flaws without exercising a
very searching scrutiny. His brother Edward, from
the comparative seclusion enforced by a delicate
constitution, sent forth works of the imagination
that far excel his own efforts in that field.
• • •
The reader of serious books, especially the
rapid and omnivorous reader who draws in quick
succession from the public library a great number
of learned works in all departments of science, is a
joy to the heart of the public librarian endeavoring
to diminish the relative prominence of fiction eircn-


1911.]
339
THE
DIAL
lation in his annual report. From Leavenworth,
Kansas, there comes a word of cheer to those who
lament the frivolous taste of the average reader.
By nearly two per cent has this taste been elevated
in Leavenworth during the past year. In other
words non-fiction has gained in circulation over fic-
tion by that encouraging amount. At the same
time there chances to come from the other side of
the globe a word of comfort to those librarians
whose statistics display a decided increase in the
public appetite for story-books. "Do not worry,"
says Mr. Arthur Spurgeon, the English publisher,
in a public address on "Literature and the Com-
monwealth," "when you read that an overwhelming
percentage of books taken out of public libraries
are novels. If they bring a dash of colour into lives
that are drab and grey, do not regret the fact, but
be thankful that such an excellent result can be at-
tained with so little expenditure of public money."
The ideal reader would perhaps be one who could
read and digest and enjoy four books (in poetry,
history, philosophy, and science) with only the
sprinkling of sauce furnished by a single good
novel. Twenty per cent fiction to eighty of non-
fiction: will that ever be the record achieved by
any public library? Probably not, and probably we
need not strive too hard to bring it about.
Some books one would like to own come to
one's notice in the library of the late E. Dwight
Church of Brooklyn, which has just passed into the
possession of Mr. Henry Edward Huntington of
Los Angeles. The price paid is said to have
been over a million dollars, and the thirty-thousand-
dollar catalogue of the collection inclines one to
believe this is not an exaggeration. Nor do we
question the assertion that this is the largest single
transaction in rare books that has ever taken place.
Now as to a few of the treasures enumerated among
the early printed works, the manuscripts, and the
autographs. What lover of Charles Lamb would
not barter his birthright for the fine collection of
Eliana, with its autograph letters, including the
gentle Elia's marriage proposal to Miss Kelly? And
there is a copy of the first edition of " Don Quixote,"
and the original manuscript of Franklin's "Auto-
biography," whose market value is estimated at fifty
thousand dollars, and Washington's genealogy writ-
ten in his own hand; also a copy of the first edition
of "The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of
Robinson Crusoe," and one of Walton's "Compleat
Angler" in the original binding, and other good
things innumerable. Who would not be willing to
assume the cares and anxieties of great wealth in
order to become possessed of some of these ines-
timable treasures?
The advantages of untrammeled imagina-
tion over a rigid adherence to fact, in fiction-
writing, are illustrated in an amusing anecdote
with which Mr. Arnold Bennett closes his preface
(which merits an unabridged reading) to the new
American edition of his acknowledged masterpiece,
"The Old Wives' Tale." After detailing the genesis
and growth of that novel, he concludes: "It has
been asserted that unless I had actually been pre-
sent at a public execution, I could not have written
the chapter in which Sophia assists at the Auxerre
solemnity. I have not been present at a public
execution, and the whole of my information about
public executions was derived from a series of
articles on them which I read in the Paris Matin.
Mr. Frank Harris, discussing my book in Vanity
Fair, said it was clear that I had not seen an ex-
ecution (or words to that effect), and he proceeded
to give his own description of an execution. It was
a brief but terribly convincing bit of writing, quite
characteristic and quite worthy of the author of
'Montes the Matador' and of a man who had been
almost everywhere and seen almost everything. I
comprehended how far short I had fallen of the truth!
I wrote to Mr. Frank Harris, regretting that his
description had not been printed before I wrote
mine, as I should assuredly have used it, and of
course I admitted that I had never witnessed an
execution. He simply replied, ' Neither have I.'"
The proposed Canadian Copyright Act con-
tains certain clauses of lively interest to authors
and publishers of our own country. Hitherto our
northern neighbor has practically had no independ-
ent copyright law, but has enjoyed the benefit of
British legislation as a member of the Empire.
Henceforward, however, if the proposed law is
enacted, copyright in the Dominion will require
that the copyrighted work be manufactured there,
with certain reservations in favor of English copy-
righted books, which, by some process little more
complex than registration at Ottawa, will be entitled
to the protection of the Canadian law. Further-
more, " the Governor in Council may make arrange-
ments with foreign countries whereby the subjects
or citizens thereof may obtain copyright protection
in Canada upon such terms and subject to such
conditions as may be specified in the order." Thus,
until some sort of reciprocity agreement can be
arrived at between Canada and the United States,
the latter will be barred out from what has long
been a profitable trade, both in American books
copyrighted in England and in English books copy-
righted here. In copyright legislation and in the
passage of Canadian reciprocity acts this country
moves with a truly majestic deliberation.
• ■ •
The increasing importance op the public
library becomes apparent even to the least care-
ful observer. The recent erection of fine library
buildings, especially in the eastern States, serves
as a visible indication and reminder of this import-
ance. The magnificent New York structure, the
stately New Bedford building, the new and spacious
quarters just provided for the Connecticut State
Library, the Hay Memorial at Brown University,
and the chastely-beautiful white marble edifice


342
[May 1,
THE DIAL
and Dr. Hall's substance and doctrine will
keep his readers and keep them interested.
Dr. Hall relates that when, in the early
eighties, he gave his first lectures on pedagogy
under the auspices of Harvard University, he
was introduced by President Eliot somewhat
as follows: "I have never had much faith in
pedagogy, for it has seemed to me too often
only to make mediocrity and the commonplace
respectable. Here is a young man who has
studied this science and is fresh from Germany,
its home"; — the implication being: "Let him
convince you—and me—if he can." Presi-
dent Eliot remained unconverted,—and despite
the warranted triumphant tone of the preface
to the present work, the original educational
problem as to the possibility, place, and value
of pedagogy remains unsolved, — though with
very different reservations.
It has been said that Sociology grew up in
the irregular residual area where the frontiers
of the surrounding sciences failed to meet, that
it homesteaded there and gradually staked out
claims over large tracts of the adjoining ter-
ritory. Yet if the subject matter of these vol-
umes belongs by right of inheritance, dower,
conquest, or settlement to pedagogy, sociology
is a modest claimant. Obviously the bounda-
ries of the sciences are as artificial as the cur-
riculum ; and may be quite properly pragmat-
ically conceived in terms of convenience. But
there is danger in the looseness as well as in
the constraints of conception, and a yet more
practical danger in encouraging the appropri-
ations of areas of specialized thought and effort,
under the warrant of an unguardedly liberal
franchise. There is presumably not another
man in the country who could acquire the first-
hand command of this range of knowledge, and
at the same time possess the training of the
supporting disciplines to give weight to his
opinion and grasp to his attack of concrete
problems. Will not the patent of authority, so
deservedly earned by one, lead to its assumption
by others of the "pedagogical" calling, in
order "to make mediocrity and the common-
place respectable"?
It is not fair, however tempting and however
much some of its advocates invite it, to praise
pedagogy with faint damns; nor need the
reviewer choose the thorny path of answering
questions, when the roseate one of asking them
is still open. The history of the term shows
merely that words may be used to cast a slur,
to honor, and, more neutrally, to describe.
The Greek slave who led his master's children
to school seems to some still to represent the
best service that a pedagogue can perform; to
others he still seems rightly defined as a pedant,
grown ambitious, prosperous, or presutnptious;
to yet others, he is an unabashed or accredited
professor of pedagogy. W hat he professes, if
he belongs to Dr. Hall's profession, is the study
of the child, and of the influences, potential,
actual, and desirable, surrounding its develop-
ment and maturing in this complex, socialized,
organized, institutionalized, experience-satura-
ted, yet withal natural, world of ours. Educa-
tion takes these comprehensive findings and
applies them to the shaping of the child's mind
to an efficient conformity with accepted ideals.
The groundwork of it all is, persistently and
consistently, psychology. Child nature must
be known intimately, directly, naturally. What
the child would naturally do, feel, say, want,
think, long for, or rebel against, must condition
what can be made out of him in these respects.
Pedagogy studies, investigates, quizzes, "ques-
tionnaires," observes, experiments, and then
diagnoses. It pronounces upon educational
procedures by standards thus derived, by the
insight thus conferred. It aims to do con-
sciously, analytically, explicitly, what the im-
plicit subconscious, fused emotional impression-
ism and rational groping of the natural folk-
consciousness has imperfectly and with disaster
in terms of error and waste, yet creditably,
accomplished.
In addition there is technical pedagogics,—
the study of those specific processes, profici-
ences, and complexes, which serve as the in-
struments of education, and whose efficiency
must pass the assay test of pedagogy. The
three R's must be analyzed, and the language-
processes psychologically interpreted, the tech-
nique of mathematics reviewed, the meaning of
history examined, the potency of drawing or
geography formulated. Yet the instrument
implies a service, and the service a goal. So
the special and undisputed fields lead back to
the general and contested ones; and it is ever
the whole child and the whole educational
procedure that make the problem. For the
illumination of the professional aspects of
pedagogical questions usually so crudely and
unintelligently attacked, Dr. Hall's volumes
are invaluable and will promptly assume a
standard place.
As an educationalist, Dr. Hall is a radical;
he is so because his loyalty is to a much older
conservatism than that sanctioned by a brief
tradition, — the conservatism of nature. Man,


1911.]
341
THE DIAL
Fboblems of Modern Education.*
In the presence of Dr. Hall's two formidable
yet engaging volumes of educational essays, the
first duty of the reviewer is to indicate their
scope and trend. Their crowded and varied con-
tent represents the cumulative harvest in many
and rich fields, in turn winnowed and ground
into the raw material out of which is to be
prepared by the skilful, according to their pre-
ferred recipes, the staff of the educational life.
Although presented as lectures to teachers and
special students of education, the appeal of
speaker to hearer in this instance needs little
concession to be transferred from writer to
reader; indeed, the more reflective reaction of
the latter has the advantage.
The first volume is devoted to a smaller group
of larger problems. It begins with rather heavy
guns levelled at the Kindergarten; and con-
siders next most sympathetically the values, for
the educational procedure, of Dancing, Panto-
mime, and Music. Central in the volume, and
not far from this position in the didactic per-
spective, is the treatment of Moral Education,—
the worldly problem of good conduct, flanked
on the one side by the saintly perplexities of
Religious Training and the diabolical outcrop
of Children's Lies. Almost equally large in
the perspective, and certain to impress many
as quite out of focus in the picture, is the truly
formidable chapter on "The Pedagogy of Sex."
The concluding topic is a direct, practical, and
convincing appeal for that comprehensive need,
if not panacea, of the day and the generation,—
Industrial Education.
The second volume contains more specialized
studies. The Child Welfare Agencies in and
out of the school are surveyed, together with
considerations from another approach akin to
those set forth in Dr. Hall's former great work
on Adolescence. "The Budding Girl " has the
honor of a chapter to herself in the debut of
volume two. The religious interest reappears
in "Missionary Pedagogy " and " Sunday Ob-
servance." An engaging text, "The German
Teacher Teaches," introduces the series of ped-
agogical applications that follow. These cover
the subject of ways and means and purposes in
the pursuit — and so much of capture as the
, * Educational Pkoblems. By G. Stanley Hall, Ph.D.,
I LL.D., President of Clark University. In two volumes. New
\ York: D. Appleton & Co.
chase yields—of Modern Languages, History,
Mathematics, Reading, Drawing, Geography.
A critical review, which does not spare the sting-
ing rod to spoil the too complacent educational
systems, is centered upon the problem of the
High School, and branches out to the more
public interests of the Press and Citizenship.
The readers — and they are many, and of
many kinds — of Dr. Hall's "Adolescence," in
either its original or its abridged (or, as it has
been dubbed, the expurgated) edition, will be
prepared for the plan, presentation, and style
of the present chapters. There is here greater
variety in all respects; yet the standard is the
same. Many of the chapters — such as those
on Moral Education, Industrial Education,
Child Welfare, etc., — contain incorporated
sub-chapters in fine print, full of compilations
of data bearing upon the fauna and flora of the
educational world, gathered with patience from
all lands, languages, and sorts and conditions
of writers and views. The encyclopedic scope
of the volumes is superhuman. The reference
value of the summaries of educational move-
ments, appliances, experiments, data, results,
and conclusions makes the work indispensa-
ble to every self-respecting educational library.
In this stupendous task Dr. Hall has wisely and
appreciatively used the aid of many of his ardent
disciples and assistants. The argumentative
appeal is often scattered by these interpolated
compilations; but the whole is a dual-purpose
work, and must in the nature of the case be
many things to many seekers after truth. Even
though this emphasis of the tentative and the
temporal will the sooner leave the discussions out
of relation to advancing changes, it will the more
directly influence the pedagogical practice of the
future,—which is the author's cherished hope.
Dr. Hall's style cannot be covered or dis-
covered in a sentence, — even in a long and
involved and equipped-for-all-emergencies sen-
tence, such as he is fond of constructing. The
style reflects the purpose. But in travel
through countries or sciences or literatures, a
too crowded bag or kit is an illusory conven-
ience. The increase of equipment is offset by
the trouble of finding what is wanted without
examining the whole confused content. How-
ever, the style, like the presentation, is the
author's venture; and the pertinent word of
the hour should be sharply addressed to book-
reviewers, who conceive their task as a mandate
to display their personal sensibilities. It is an
admirable discipline for keeping readers catholic
to expose them to many styles of many minds:


344
[May 1,
THE D1AJ.
ing benefits of mastery. "Industrial education
brings a far greater good to a far greater num-
ber." It also brings it in a better way. The
boy respects the man who can do things and
will show him how; such teaching is real and
masterly, not schoolmasterly. "Anything is
cultural that arouses the ambitions of young
people to do their best." "To put thought into
work is to idealise existence." This text is so
large, so pertinent to our national wastefulness,
municipal unkemptness, trade incompetency,
that it may serve for years of sermons.
"America to-day needs a new educational dis-
pensation."
These are a few of the main propositions of
the work: its corollaries are many and signifi-
cant. Because emotion sets the key of educa-
tion, music is its most effective expression; but
appreciation and feeling, not wooden perform-
ance, should be its purpose. Because education
must be natural, the whole elaborate method-
ology, sheltering the dulness of teachers, from
the symbolic pap of the Froebelites (who culti-
vate children in pots instead of in gardens) to
the futile apologetics of the forced-respiration
classicists or the dessicated pabulum of the his-
tory lesson-setters with their " antiquated busy-
work on kippered events," are all false, delusive,
and ensnaring. Because education must be real,
teachers must be full-blooded men and women,
teaching real things in real ways; and they
must feel and know how. Germans know how,
and German methods show how. Yet there is
hope. "We need nothing less than a great edu-
cational revival all along the line, and I believe
that it has already begun and that a greater
transformation than we have ever had impends."
Without attempting further to suggest the
many positive and vital positions vigorously
advocated by Dr. Hall, let the concluding con-
siderations be devoted to the initial and perva-
sive problem of the source of substantiated
ideals and their guidance to substantial results.
That the rationalization and coordination of
educational procedures in needed and valid, is
clear. Teachers cannot be like factory-hands,
each making one sixty-fourth of a shoe. But
will the confusion of cross-purposes, and the
drifting of no purpose, and the distraction of
shallow purpose, yield to the wisdom of ped-
agogy and its statistical tables and inquisitive
analyses? If interest and devotion to these
topics be the test, and the " Babel-babble" of
professional educators gathered in convention
be the evidence, scepticism is warranted. In-
deed, the exposure to half-baked theories, and
the amateurish confidence in the efficacy of
platforms, are no imaginary obstructions to the
development of a true pedagogical sense and a
worthy educational judgment. One of the cen-
tral theories in Dr. Hall's philosophy of educa-
tion is that of recapitulation: that the child
follows and should follow the course of the
racial development, and that this gives the clue
to our efforts as well as to our interpretations.
The theory is suggestive, often helpful. At
times one can cite parallel chapters in the two
revelations, — rarely chapter and verse. In
the hands of the cautious and the learned, the
principle is relatively safe,—though Dr. Hall's
use of it has exposed him to legitimate criticism;
but in the hands of the students of pedagogy
it becomes a bid for shallowness, and a blind.
The same applies differently but quite as insidi-
ously to many other favorite tenets of pedagogy.
The fate of pedagogy depends upon the manner
of men who become its leaders. The insight
and judgment which they display will give the
temper to their teachings and set the tone of
their influence. That the study of pedagogy
does not of itself confer these benefits, that
indeed these benefits arise from virtues of other
disciplines and are far from being the natural
or acquired prerogatives of pedagogues, is
still the conviction of many competent judges.
How far, then, are the conclusions of these
volumes the result of the author's general
wisdom and culture, as well as of his personal
predilections, and how far do they follow from
the data collected? Will the same data in other
hands yield the same conclusions, and be equally
worthy of regard?
Let these queries stand without prejudice.
The essential need is the culture and poise that
can see largely, temperately, and penetratingly.
As against the present chance method of plac-
ing in control of educational interests, from
county superintendent to university president,
men of limited, one-sided, and wholly uncor-
rected proficiency, the advocates of pedagogy
have a strong case. Certainly these volumes
set forth the arduous conditions that must be
satisfied to qualify for a worthy opinion on
educational matters. If by so doing, they will
check the stream of vapid rhetoric, ignorant
boasting, crude culture, puerile and petty
system-making, and self-seeking promoting
that make up the mass of current educational
speech and thought, they will perform one of
several Herculean labors,—for of such propor-
tion seems the scale of present-day Educational
Problems. Joseph Jastrow.


1911.]
345
THE DIAL
With the Pre-raphaelites axd Other
Victorian Celebrities.*
The delightful and surprising thing about
Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer's "Memories and
Impressions," a few chapters of which have
already whetted the appetite of "Harper's
Magazine" readers, is that, although still in
his thirties (having been born in 1873), Mr.
Hueffer can bring us so many personal reminis-
cences of such Victorian celebrities as Carlyle,
Ruskin, Burne-Jones, Holman Hunt, the
Rossettis, Swinburne, Whistler, Ford Madox
Brown, William Morris, Millais, and Meredith.
Even if some of his memories are of the deriv-
ative nature of Edward Everett Hale's, whereby
that venerable author was able to produce a
book covering a round century of recollections,
his narrative is none the worse for that reason.
Being the grandson of Ford Madox Brown,
whose artistic genius seems to have been insuf-
ficiently recognized in his lifetime, and the son
of Francis Hueffer (or, more properly, Franz
Hiiffer),aWestphalian of encyclopaedic learning
and an extraordinary command of languages,
the author came into the world with such en-
dowments, of varied sorts, as to generate high
hopes in his elders that he would develop into a
genius of the first rank. Against the parentally
prescribed career of a genius, however, he him-
self early offered vehement objections, and took
his fortunes into his own hands, with some note-
worthy results that afford interesting matter
for certain portions of his book.
As it is the abundance of new and amusing
anecdotes, rather than the philosophical reflec-
tions prompted by the incidents related, that
constitutes the main attraction of Mr. Hueffer's
chapters, and as these anecdotes bring the Pre-
Raphaelites before us in the veritable warmth
and glow of flesh-and-blood reality, we can do the
reader no better service than to reproduce a
few of the more characteristic manifestations of
genial idiosyncrasy, as noted by the observant
author. First, of the Pre-Raphaelite poets as
a body, he says what many a reader of their
verses must have said to himself at times, and
at least half in earnest:
"They took themselves with such extreme serious-
ness— these Pre-Raphaelite poets — and nevertheless
I have always fancied that they are responsible for the
death of English poetry. My father once wrote of
Rossetti that he put down the thoughts of Dante in the
language of Shakespeare; and the words seem to me
* Mkmories and Impressions. A Study in Atmospheres.
By Ford Madox Hueffer. Illustrated. New York: Harper
& Brothers.
to be extremely true and extremely damning. For what
is wanted of a poet is that he should express his own
thoughts in the language of his own time. This, with
perhaps the solitary exception of Christina Rossetti, the
Pre-Raphaelite poets never thought of."
But an assertion far two sweeping follows soon
after, to the effect that ever since Rossetti's day
"the idea has been inherent in the mind of the
English writer that writing was a matter of
digging for obsolete words with which to ex-
press ideas forever dead and gone."
Of Christina Rossetti, Mr. Hueffer's favorite
among the nineteenth-century poets (despite
her connection with the Pre-Raphaelites), he
presents a pathetically beautiful picture. The
marriage connection that united the two families
gave him abundant opportunity to cultivate
Christina's acquaintance. Most engaging is
her modest shrinking from any open recogni-
tion of her merit.
"Ruskin pooh-poohed her because she was not
important. And I fancy he disliked her intuitively
because importance was the last thing in this world
that she would have desired. I remember informing
her shortly after the death of Lord Tennyson that there
was a strong movement, or at any rate a very strong
feeling abroad, that the Laureateship should be con-
ferred upon her. She shuddered. And I think that
she gave evidence then to as strong an emotion as I
ever knew in her. The idea of such a position of
eminence filled her with real horror. She wanted to
be obscure, and to be an obscure handmaiden of the
Lord, as fervently as she desired to be exactly correct
in her language. Exaggerations really pained her. I
remember that when I told her that I had met hun-
dreds of people who thought the appointment would be
most appropriate, she pinned me down until she had
extracted from me the confession that not more than
nine persons had spoken to me on the subject."
The author's father, a brilliant and versatile
man of letters, and a music critic of authority, is
the subject of an amusing anecdote illustrating
his unusual powers of memory and his extraor-
dinary audacity. The story refers to the arrival
of a certain Prussian prince at Berlin, where
young Hiiffer was about to take his degree.
"One evening my father was sitting upon his balcony,
while next door the worthy rector [of the University]
read the address that he was afterward to deliver to
the prince. Apparently the younger members of the
institution addressed the prince before the dons. At
any rate, my father, having heard it only once, de-
livered word for word the rector's speech to his Royal
Highness. The result was that the poor man, who
spoke only with difficulty, had not a single word to say,
and my father was forthwith expelled without his degree.
Being, though freakish, a person of spirit, that same
day he took the express to Gottingen and, as a result,
in the evening he telegraphed his mother: ' Have passed
for doctor with honors at Gottingen,' to the consterna-
tion of his parents, who had not yet heard of his ex-
pulsion from Berlin."


346
[May 1,
THE DIAL
Certain glaring improbabilities, especially the
incredible celerity with which the journey to
Gottingen and the securing of a degree were
accomplished, in the same day with a necessarily
tedious public function at the Berlin university,
make it impossible to accept the story in its
present form; but one is ready to believe
extraordinary things of a man who, while his
native tongue was German, acted for many
years as music critic to the London "Times,"
London correspondent to the Frankfurter
Zeitung, London music correspondent to Le
Menestrel of Paris and to the Rome Tribuna,
and was at the same time an authority on the
Troubadours and the Romance languages, and
the author of poems in the Provencal dialect.
A homely detail, delightfully characteristic,
is brought out in connection with Ford Madox
Brown's patronage of Whistler, whose etchings
the older artist especially admired. Going on
a certain occasion to a tea party at the Whistlers'
in Chelsea, Mr. Brown " was met in the hall by
Mrs. Whistler, who begged him to go to the
poulterer's and purchase a pound of butter. The
bread was cut, but there was nothing to put
upon it. There was no money in the house, the
poulterer had cut off his credit, and, Mrs.
Whistler said, she dare not send her husband,
for he would certainly punch the tradesman's
head." It was a troubled and more or less
quarrelsome (genially and good-naturedly quar-
relsome) existence led by the artists and the
authors with whom Mr. Hueffer was brought
in daily contact during his boyhood, which
appears to have been largely spent in his grand-
father's large old house at No. 120 Fitzroy
Square, — the very house once occupied by Col-
onel Newcome, if we are to credit the combined
testimony of Thackeray and Mr. Hueffer. The
admirable part, however, of the turbulent con-
duct of all these irritable bards and fractious
painters was that, however hotly they abused
one another to one another, they loyally cham-
pioned the common cause and defended their
comrades against assaults from without.
In the latter part of his book the author gives
expression to some unexpectedly pessimistic
opinions concerning modern ideals, modern liter-
ature and art, and modern literary methods. He
professes to find the commercial instinct pre-
dominant in writers, and the beautiful enthusi-
asms all dead and buried. Surely Mr. Hueffer
is not yet old enough to be entitled to the priv-
ileges of a laudator temporis acti. It must be
the buoyancy of youth that makes him indulge
in this luxury of lamentation, an indulgence
common to all of us before we thoroughly learn
how many hard knocks and how many cruel
disillusionments we can receive without appre-
ciably diminishing the zest of life. However,
let us quote from one of his despondent pages,
if only for variety's sake:
"And along with all this there has gone the tremen-
dous increase in the cost of living and the enormous
increase of the public indifference to anything in the
nature of the arts. This last — and possibly both of
these factors—began with the firing of the first shot
in the Boer War. That was the end of everything—of
the Fre-Raphaelites, of the Henley gang, of the New
Humor, of the Victorian Great Figure, and of the last
traces of the medieval superstition that man might save
his soul by the reading of good books."
If it were not that so many others, in all
ages, had solemnly assured their contemporaries
that the bottom had dropped out of everything,
we should be alarmed by the foregoing and other
passages in the same key. As it is, we shall con-
tinue to take hopeful pleasure in life and in
literature, including in the latter Mr. Hueffer's
excellent book. A single regret tempers our
satisfaction, and that is' that Mr. Hueffer has
not more of his aunt Christina's passionate de-
sire to be "exactly correct" in the use of lan-
guage,— a little more of the Pre-Raphaelites'
fondness for digging into the old authors for
lessons in style. Not all those who lived before
the blessed seventies and eighties are dead yet.
Pekcy F. Bicknell.
Disengaging the Essence of Greek
Poetry.*
Most lovers of life and literature experience
an occasional mood of rebellion against the
pervading tyranny of Greek influence on the
history of culture. It is so irritatingly unes-
capable. And in the development of art one
feels instinctively challenged when the ivory
sceptre of perfection seems to be transformed
into the iron mace of authority. But rebel as
we will, we finally submit. We may hold out
against both mace and sceptre; but we must
yield our homage to the divine right of vital
charm. And back of all criticism and praise
lies that final mystery. A thousand eulogists
may insist that it was the gift of the Greek to
combine direct naturalness with formal perfec-
tion, to reconcile spontaneity with discipline;
that it was their privilege never to do too much
or too little: that they of all artists attained
•Lectures on Greek Poetry. By J. W. Mackail.
New York: Longmans, Green. & Co.


1911.]
347
THE DIAL
unity, harmony, and simplicity. All of this is
true. But at the end we are prone to say that
the Greek writer of verse or worker in stone
wrought and achieved by the grace of Athena,
and to feel that the Virgin Goddess has never
vouchsafed a full explanation of her largess.
Howbeit, each generation of men may receive
a new message from Greek poetry, for each
generation sees with new eyes and hears with
new ears. Furthermore, a thoughtful student
will now and then discover some tiny secret
that has escaped his predecessors; and once in
a thousand years the supreme critic will arise
and reveal some new and splendid vista. But
in the realm of literary criticism the genuinely
apocalyptic vision can be granted but seldom,
so we may well be grateful for the loving, care-
ful presentation of any profound scholar who is
at the same time a gifted writer and is willing
to speak to our heart as. well as to our brain.
This is the sort of critic we have in Professor
J. W. Mackail, who is just retiring from the
chair of Poetry in the University of Oxford.
The immediate predecessor of the present vol-
ume was "The Springs of Helicon," a study
in the progress of English poetry from Chaucer
to Milton. Some of Professor Mackail's earlier
works were his delightful "Select Epigrams
from the Greek Anthology," his fine biography
of William Morris, and an unpretentious but
admirable History of Latin Literature—offered
as "a last tribute to the memory of my dear
friend and master," Professor William Sellar.
And the names of Morris and Sellar are of
special significance for the present volume,
inasmuch as almost every page therein reveals
the influence of the great socialist-poet and of
the polished classical critic; of the former by
its insistence on the close relation between life
and art, and by frequent explicit mention; of
the latter in its masterly style and its literary
judgments. But I do not mean that there is
anything like imitation or borrowing; the in-
influence is purely spiritual, if I may so word
the thought, and in every way helpful.
In his "Lectures on Greek Poetry," Profes-
sor Mackail is "dealing with one chapter in
the larger and more comprehensive study of the
Progress of Poetry. That study regards poetry,
from first to last, and in all its contemporary or
successive incarnations, as a continuous function
of life, of which it is at once an interpretation
and a pattern." And these words, "an inter-
pretation and pattern of life" occur so re-
peatedly throughout the volume, that there can
be no possible doubt that they are intended to
give us the leit motiv, promptly and unmistak-
ably. As to the method followed, we may let
our author speak for himself:
"In < The Springs of Helicon,' I dealt with the prog-
ress of poetry in England as, in the course of its evolu-
tion, it took shape in the work of three great poets,
Chaucer, Spenser, and Milton. In these three poets,
at long intervals, the movement of poetry became as it
were visible and incarnate. Each absorbed into himself,
and communicated to his own age, and to us, the effec-
tive integrated meaning of poetry as it had then been
reached. The rest of English poetry, during the three
centuries in question, places itself in relation to them.
They supply key-notes, points of arrival and points of
departure, for the whole of English poetry regarded as
a continuous, progressive, and organic evolution.
"This volume of lectures proceeds on a somewhat
analogous method. It does not on the one hand make
any attempt to give a general history of Greek poetry,
or any complete review of the work of the Greek poets;
nor on the other hand does it deal with its subjects by
abstraction and generalization; and it treats of the
poetical movement which was part of the life, and is
still part of the vitalizing force of Hellenism, mainly
as that movement was embodied or manifested in the
work of single poets."
In accordance with this plan the author gives
us three chapters on Homer; two on the lyric
poets; and one chapter each on Sophocles, Theo-
critus and the Idyl, and Apollonius Rhodius.
His treatment of the Homeric question is
the treatment of a literary man who is not in-
terested primarily in archieological controversy
but in "the two things that really matter, the
Biad and the Odyssey." However, it is sig-
nificant that after all the extremes of polemics
he can quietly take the position that the Iliad,
essentially the Biad as we now possess it, is the
work of one poet. By the beginning of the
ninth century B.C. the potentialities of epic
poetry had been created by thousands of singers
and countless songs. "Then the epic poet came.
Somewhere on the Ionian coast or among the
adjacent islands, in a sky sown with the dust
of stars, a great planet rose. Homer conceived
and executed the Biad." We are a long way
from the romantic criticism that regarded the
Homeric poems as a sortof unconscious outwork-
ing of the folk soul, or even from the confident
separatism that still dismisses unity of author-
ship with a contemptuous shrug. Professor
Mackail not only accepts this unity for the
Iliad, but even admits the possibility that the
Odyssey may be a later work of the same
author, although he thinks a separate author-
ship more probable. In this connection he
points out some fruitful analogies from "the
works of the most Homeric of English poets"
—William Morris, and from Milton. On the
whole our author says little about Homer that is


348
[Mayl,
THE DIAL
really new. Indeed, what is there left to be
said? But he does write enjoyably and finely,
and there is real suggestiveness in his parallel
between the periods represented by the Homeric
poems and by the Arthurian cycle. One will
seldom read seventy-nine pages on the same
themes with equal pleasure.
After Homer a strange confusion sets in for
Greek history. We have grown to know that
old Epic world fairly well; and we naturally
know historic Greece, beginning, let us say, with
the age of tyrants. But the intervening cen-
turies are provokingly dark. It must have been
a period of rude and rapid reconstruction, not
so cataclysmic in either political or literary
history as our critic assumes, but still a period
of hurrying change. People were migrating
hither and thither; new centres of civilization
and power were arising; new political forms and
civic institutions were moulding society. We
are getting ready for the Sparta and Athens
and other states of historical times. And in the
course of literature there was much the same sort
of confused activity, destruction, and devel-
opment, until we find that in Ionia and the
islands the forms of iambic, elegiac, and melic
poetry are ready for the master hand. But
while we know a little of the process, and may
conjecture more, the period is relatively dark, so
that our critic is fairly justified in saying that
the splendid epic sunset is followed by a night
of one or more centuries.
"And then the sleepless magnificent dawn
awakes the nightingales." With this line, a
sort of immortal waif, Professor Mackail passes
to lyric poetry. It strikes a high note, but
throughout the chapter on " The Age of Free-
dom " the note is admirably sustained. Here our
author is the same marvellous critic that one
learned to honor in his " Selections from the
Greek Anthology," and we can do no better
service than to quote a few of his sentences
about Sappho:
'* Only in the very greatest poets, and in these when
they are at their best, do we find this inexplicable and
overwhelming simplicity, the outcome of faultless in-
stinct acting on elemental emotion. It is the ultimate
magic of art. We read a few simple words simply put
together; we admire them and pass on; and then we
find that there is some witchery in them that makes us
go back, and again back, and yet again back, to make
sure that we have not missed something, to try to
find what it is in them that moves us so. We dilute
and dilate them (the phrase is that of Swinburne in
speaking of his own attempts to render the fragments
of Sappho into English); we lavish our utmost re-
sources on trying to express some mere fraction of the
beauty we find iu them; and in the end we find that
we have merely blurred and confused what we have
been trying to elucidate, that tho magic and mystery
still seem, as they seemed at first, just beyond our
reach."
But I must utter one note of warning. Let
not the ordinary mortal, who is fairly at home
in the classic tongues, hope to equal our author's
enjoyment of the music of the Lesbian night-
ingale in her tuneful native song. It is a ques-
tion how many modern scholars can hear Greek
as Professor Mackail hears it. Indeed, one
sceptic has openly doubted whether anybody
ever attains such a delicate and accurate appre-
ciation of the sound of an alien tongue as is
implied by Professor Mackail in some of his
criticism. However, one could name a few
enthusiasts who believe they have attained this
perfection; and in such a case the sweet delu-
sion, if delusion it be, is almost the same as the
reality.
It would be a pleasure to take up the re-
maining chapters in detail; but perhaps the
foregoing will serve to indicate our author's
method and strength, and I must omit much of
what I should like to say. Obviously, the
danger of Professor Mackail's plan is that he
may choose his particular poets unwisely, or
neglect to indicate the thread connecting period
with period. In the latter respect he has done
all that the plan allows, and in the former he
has been felicitous with one exception. But to
me that exception seems important and regret-
table, for he has limited his treatment of Greek
drama to Sophocles. The period is familiar to
all of us, and for Professor Mackail the crucial
question was whether it was possible to find one
poet who might be taken as the sole representa-
tive of this remarkable age. He answers un-
hesitatingly. "Attic poetry is the drama: and
the Attic drama is Sophocles; for Sophocles is
the single poet who embodied actually and com-
pletely the spirit of Athens." But if Greek
poetry is to justify Mr. Mackail's keynote and
be an interpretation of Greek life, we must
dissent most vigorously from his conclusion.
Doubtless most of us would vote that Sophocles
be awarded the tragic prize; nor can we ever
forget the line wherein Professor Mackail's
illustrious predecessor declared that the singer
of sweet Colonus, and its child, saw life steadily
and saw it whole. But no treatment of dramatic
poetry in relation to the Athenian spirit, and to
the subsequent influence of that spirit on the
Mediterranean world and later thought, can
be in any measure satisfying without some ade-
quate discussion of Aristophanes and Euripides.


1911.]
349
THE DIAL
It is true that these two dramatists are rather
uncanny children to deal with; but our author
is himself aware of the lamentable incomplete-
ness due to their omission, and I have no doubt
that his powerful hand would have fitted them
into his plan. As it is, one must feel that his
treatment of the drama as the representative
literary product of the period remains unfinished
and unsatisfactory. To anyone who reads our
author's chapter on Sophocles this criticism
will seem a bit ungrateful; for the chapter is
simply admirable from beginning to end. In-
deed, its very excellence is an answer to Pro-
fessor MackaiTs plea as to space; for any lover
of Greek literature would be grateful for the
additional sixty or seventy pages. I append a
few sentences just to show what we are missing:
"And thug to the Electra, as to the whole marvel
and mystery of life embodied in the poetry of Sopho-
cles, there is no solution; for a solution would imply
that there was something beyond life and greater than
life. Or if we can speak of a solution, it is simply this,
that life goes on, renews itself, and moves triumphantly
forward for ever; in a word, that life is. One might
almost say that to his art, ethics and religion, the
problem set and solved or declared insoluble by the
thinkers, do not matter. . . . With a power, an ease, a
skill which are the culminating achievement of the
Greek genius, he employs the endless miracle of
language to express and interpret, to set out in clear
faultless pattern, the fathomless miracle of life."
The rest of the book is marked off by the
words, "After Athens," a really felicitous
touch, for it sums up the feeling of all readers
of poetry. From the Athenian drama our au-
thor moves to the varied poetry of Alexandria,
hinting as he passes at those last notes of "Hel-
lenic poetry in its full purity and authentic
tone" that came appropriately from outlying
lands. The Alexandrians he treats as "the
interpreters of Hellas and forerunners of
Ausonia." And with that summary I must
content myself, merely noting that he appre-
ciates and succeeds in bringing out the real
services of those Hellenistic workers and writ-
ers. I may allow myself, however, one brief
comment. Professor Mackail shares a common
difficulty of students of this period. "The
extraordinary and long-continuing popularity
of the Phaenomena and Diosemeia has long
been one of the puzzles of literary criticism."
It seems perfectly clear to me that the answer
is to be found in the subject matter, not in the
negative merits of style as enumerated in the
text. These centuries were interested in scien-
tific questions, and men read these treatises
singly as being accessible and on the whole
more readable than any others.
The last chapter, on " Apollonius of Rhodes
and the Romantic Epic," derives new interest
mainly from the frequent references to William
Morris. Unfortunately, I am a rather blind
admirer of Morris, so I am probably prejudiced;
but it does seem to me that this introduction
of the modern poet has a genuinely vivifying
effect. It is hard to grow enthusiastic about
Apollonius. Nobody reads him except under
duress; but he did furnish material for the
"Aeneid" and for the "Life and Death of
Jason," and so abides as a sort of warning
that one should never despise tiresome things
or people.
In conclusion, may I say that the volume
before me seems important and admirable? I
should presume to differ from many minor
conclusions; but it is the work of a reviewer
to give the general effect of a book, rather
than to quarrel about details. Here and there
are tiny touches of over-refining or even of
pedantry; but they do not constitute a material
blemish. I think a little is lost by not leaving
the studies as frankly separate lectures; but
on the other hand much has been gained. The
work is by no means intended for readers who
have not already wandered freely among the
fields and flowers of Greek poetry. But for
those who have so wandered the author has
done much. If he has not altogether succeeded
in "disengaging the essence " of Greek poetry,
he has encouraged his readers to attempt to
disengage it for themselves. And after all,
this may well prove to be the more valuable
service. Fred B. R. Hellems.
A Great Educational Reference
Work.*
For a number of years, students of education
in America have been discussing the advisability
and the feasibility of preparing an educational
cyclopedia. The need of a work of this kind
has been felt more or less keenly; but until
recently those who have been interested in the
enterprise have not been able to agree upon
the character and the scope of such an under-
taking. Some have felt that it should cover
every aspect of education, while others have
maintained that such a treatment would neces-
sarily be too general to diffuse. The present
cyclopedia, however, has been worked out on
* A Cyclopedia of Education. Edited by Paul Monroe,
with the assistance of departmental editors, and more than
a thousand individual contributors. Volume I. New York:
The Macmillan Co.


350
[May 1,
THE DIAL,
the extensive rather than the intensive plan.
The aim has been to treat all phases of educa-
tion, but not to discuss any topic in an ex-
haustive way. In this first volume there are
articles on the following divisions of the general
field: educational history; educational biog-
raphy; the administration of education; the
supervision of instruction; psychology; school
architecture; the hygiene of studies; educa-
tional institutions; systems of schools, native
and foreign; methods of teaching; and what
might be called the philosophy of education.
About ninety of the most distinguished edu-
cators in America, and fourteen or fifteen in
foreign countries (mainly in England and
Scotland), have prepared the articles for this vol-
ume. The majority of these writers are univer-
sally regarded as the highest authorities in their
respective departments; but there are a few
names that are new in educational literature.
The editor states that the purpose in the
preparation of the cyclopedia has been to make
a work of reference that may be of service to
students of educational theory, to practical
teachers, and to professional men — ministers,
editors, and others—whose interest in education
is only general. To this end each of the main
divisions of education has been placed under
the supervision of an expert; and it was in-
tended that the complete work should furnish
a condensed text-book on educational theory,
the history of education, the administration of
education, educational methods, and so on.
Following the discussion of each important sub-
ject, there are listed a number of references,
so that one who is interested in a topic may
pursue it further at his pleasure.
To the present writer it seems that certain
divisions of education have been especially well
treated in this first volume of the cyclopedia.
Topics relating to the history of education,
educational biography, school systems, the ad-
ministration of education, and the hygiene of
studies appear to have been given particular
attention; and they seem, on the whole, to be
treated in a more effective way than topics
relating to the theory of education, educational
methods, and the like. This is due to the fact
that it is easier to secure definite data upon the
former than upon the latter group of topics.
When it comes to treating scientifically and
effectively the principles of education and edu-
cational methods in very limited space, the
makers of cyclopedias encounter tremendous
difficulties. In the present volume, the space
devoted to these latter subjects seems inade-
quate in view of their importance and their
complexity; and the present reviewer feels that
on this account their treatment is not in some
respects satisfactory. Take, for instance, the
article on " Art in Education." Its historical
and psychological foundations, its present posi-
tion in the curriculum of studies, and the
methods of teaching art in the schools are con-
sidered; and the discussion of all these topics
occupies not over nine pages of the cyclopedia.
During the last few years, there have appeared
numerous volumes dealing with the methods of
teaching art, to say nothing about the history,
the psychology, and the philosophy of art, and
its place in an educational system. The article
in the cyclopedia is in no sense a resume of
this literature, but rather a fragmentary view
of the fields covered. For the student of edu-
cation the treatment will seem rather common-
place; and for the novice it is too general,
non-concrete, and non-specific to be of service.
Again, the article on Arithmetic treats the
history of the subject as a science, its general
nature, the history of methods of teaching it,
and its present status in the curriculum,—all
in less than four pages of the cyclopedia. At
the same time four pages are given to education
in the Argentine Republic, over four pages to
the history and organization of education in
Arkansas, and about as much space to the his-
tory and organization of education in Arizona.
Over thirteen pages are devoted to a discus-
sion of education in Belgium. These instances
are cited merely in illustration of the topics
upon which the cyclopedia lays stress, many of
which will be of very slight interest to the
*' rank and file of the teaching profession,"
whose needs the cyclopedia is designed to meet.
As intimated at the outset, educational men
differ regarding the aim which should be kept
in view in a cyclopedia of education. Those
who hold that it should give general informa-
tion, which may be of service to the man who
is neither a specialist nor a practical teacher,
will feel that the present cyclopedia has been
wrought out on the right plan; but for one
who believes that it should strive to influence
practice, to help the teacher at the point of
contact in teaching, to bring to his aid all that
is known regarding the tendencies, interests,
and social and intellectual needs of childhood
and youth, and the most economical and effec-
tive methods of securing educative reaction
from pupils, — such a person will feel that the
present work leaves something to be desired in
this regard. The article on Arithmetic, for


1911.]
351
THE
DIAL
instance, to which reference has been made,
(and it is one of the best of the articles relating
to educational values and methods) offers little
if anything that the practical teacher can utilize.
If teachers could be made to read the historical
part of the article, it might suggest to them
the order in which the child must assimilate
the subject; but yet the treatment is so very
general, owing to limitations of space, that it
does not bear concretely and definitely enough
upon the actual processes of teaching to appeal
to the practitioner. Scarcely a word is said
regarding the proper methods of teaching this
subject. A few suggestions are offered in re-
spect to the place of arithmetic in the curricu-
lum; but these suggestions are of doubtful
value, because it is possible they are not in
accord with contemporary tendencies in respect
to the position which this subject should occupy
in a modern curriculum. To be specific, the
article says (page 207) that while there is
some attempt to curtail the arithmetic in the
elementary school, omitting it from the first
school year, yet this is "a doctrinaire idea that
is not taken very seriously." But the next
article, dealing with the hygiene of arithmetic,
takes direct issue with this statement, present-
ing arguments against beginning arithmetic in
the first grade. It says (page 209) that accord-
ing to our present knowledge of hygiene in the
teaching of arithmetic, "formal instruction in
this subject should not be begun before the age
of eight or ten." Any teacher needing light
upon the teaching of arithmetic to first-grade
children would be rather more confused after
reading these articles than he was before. It
is doubtful if this confusion would have resulted
if the articles had been worked out in greater
detail, for the authors are the highest authorities
on these subjects. But the subjects are too
complex to be treated in so brief a way.
To illustrate this point further, mention may
be made of the article on Algebra. This subject
is treated in regard to its general nature, its his-
tory, and its present status in the curriculum, in
a little over two pages. In dealing with present
tendencies in regard to the subject, the article
states in effect that there are tendencies at work
which are likely to lead to the extension of alge-
bra in the schools. At present algebra is taught
for a year and a half in most high schools; and
according to this article, there is likelihood that
in the future it will be extended over a longer
period. During the past few years, the writer
of this review has visited many secondary
schools in various parts of the country, and in
his opinion the statement that the time given to
algebra is likely in the future to be extended is
fundamentally erroneous. On the contrary,
there seems in many sections of our country to
be a disposition to curtail the time devoted to this
subject. In some cities, action has been taken
looking toward making algebra elective in the
secondary schools. In at least one state in the
Middle West, the superintendents of the state
are debating a proposal to shorten algebra to one
year, and to make it elective. The appearance
of new text-books in which arithmetic, algebra,
and geometry are taught to some extent simul-
taneously and interrelatedly, indicates a dispo-
sition to minimize pure algebra, so to speak, and
to make it become of service to arithmetic and
geometry. It seems probable that a teacher in
reading this article would get a wrong concep-
tion of what the developing views in this country
actually are in respect to the educative value of
this branch.
Qf course, when it comes to treating contem-
porary tendencies in a cyclopedia, authors are
on insecure ground; and yet this is precisely
the phase of education that needs most to be
effectively handled in order that practice may
be affected beneficially. Those who deal with
tendencies ought to have had an opportunity to
come into intimate contact with teaching and
teachers in various sections of the country in
order to determine what the prevailing senti-
ment is in regard to values and methods. The
fact that we speak of tendencies indicates that
they have not become well enough defined, so
that one may consult literature in order to learn
definitely what they are.
Voume I. of the cyclopedia will be of value
primarily to those who want to secure general
information regarding educational biographies,
institutions, the history of education, and the
meaning of psychological and educational terms.
It will meet the needs of the layman who wishes
a brief survey of topics in any of the divisions
of education, but who does not want to go far
into any topic, and who has no need to apply in
actual practice what he gains in his reading.
It will be of value also to the student of edu-
cation who may wish to have at hand accurate
information upon the general phases of a great
variety of educational subjects. In sum, the
book will be valuable for the information it
gives, rather than for its scientific treatment of
any topic, or the light it throws upon the prob-
lems arising in actual schoolroom situations.
In order that it should be of great value to
the "rank and file of the teaching profession,"


352
[Mayl,
THE
DIAL
it would be necessary to change its character
somewhat in succeeding volumes, treating the
science and art of teaching in greater detail,
and saving space by eliminating articles that
can be of interest to only a very small number
of teachers,—such articles, for instance, as the
one on Archaeology, which is just as well treated
in other cyclopedias, and it hardly seems neces-
sary to incorporate it in a cyclopedia of education.
The nearest approach to the treatment of
concrete school conditions and needs seems to
be in the articles on school architecture and
the hygiene of teaching. Such a term as
"Adjustment," say, which has recently come
to occupy so important a place in educational
literature, ought to be treated in some detail;
but as a matter of fact, it is here disposed of
in two hundred words. Such subjects as Child
Study, Adolescence, and the like ought, it
seems, to be given generous space in a work
aiming to influence contemporary thought and
practice in teaching, rather than simply to pre-
sent established knowledge of general interest.
It appears to the present reviewer that it is
these great interests which are now in the process
of taking definite shape that ought to be given
primary place in a cyclopedia of education, in
order that tendencies may be influenced and
directed by an effective statement of the best
wisdom in the world in respect to such matters.
Due emphasis should be put upon the effective
statement of educational truths. A book on
education ought to observe psychological meth-
ods of exposition and illustration in its own
content. Pictures, diagrams, and especially a
wealth of concrete detail ought to be freely
employed; effective method demands these
aids to understanding, and these essentials for
the awakening of interest on the part of the
novice. It may be hoped that in future vol-
umes of "The Cyclopedia of Education " more
liberal use will be made of graphic and other
aids in exposition.
Every one will grant that great credit is due
the editor, his associates, and the publishers
for undertaking a work of this magnitude in so
scholarly and dignified a way. It is safe to
say that this cyclopedia will go quite beyond
anything that has yet been done in any language
in the direction of summing up in an authorita-
tive manner what is established about education
in all its varied phases. American teachers
have a right to take pride in the fact that a
work of this importance should be initiated
and carried through in this country.
M. V. O'Shea.
MR. ClIESTERTON'S Gargoyi.es.*
About a book of Mr. Chesterton's the reading
public needs to know nowadays but one thing:
is it Mr. Chesterton in gay mood or serious?
A part of the reading public needs not even
that crumb of interesting information; it has
no use for Mr. Chesterton in any mood what-
ever. Of the rest, some enjoy him in every
mood; some prefer him in the studied solemnity
of "Orthodoxy " and " What's Wrong with the
World"; others are bitterly disappointed when-
ever, by choosing to be problematical, he misses
a half-yearly opportunity of being whimsical,—
of diverting us into by-paths of delicious non-
sense, of teaching us how to spend such leisure
moments as the strenuous spirit of the times
leaves us for the enjoyment of what M.
Maeterlinck has delightfully called the "Little
Happinesses" of our humdrum lives. It is
perhaps already evident that we prefer Mr.
Chesterton frivolous; a preference which we
strongly suspect Mr. Chesterton of sharing.
Mr. Chesterton's new book of clever incon-
sequentialities is entitled "Alarms and Discur-
sions." In a very amusing preface he explains
that he wanted to call it " Gargoyles."
"Traces of such an intention can still be detected
(I fear) in the second essay. Some time ago I tried to
write an unobtrusive sociological essay called ' What is
Wrong.' Somehow or other it turned into a tremendous
philippic called 'What's Wrong with the World,' with a
photograph of myself outside; a photograph I swear I
had never seen before and am far from anxious to see
again. Such things arise from the dulness and languor
of authors, as compared with the hope and romantic
ardour of publishers. In this [the present] case the
publisher provided the title: and if he had provided
the book too I dare say it would have been much more
entertaining."
The publisher's title, if not as original and
thought-provoking as " Gargoyles," is still suffi-
ciently apposite. There are naturally plenty of
"Discursions" in the book; also a reasonable
number of "Alarms," including at least one
each for reactionary dukes, theorizing anar-
chists, and over-confident criminologists, besides
several for careless motorists, and a varied as-
sortment for the casual reader, who has not
hitherto had his eyes opened to the many " wild
and wonderful things that you can learn by
stopping at home " —in the enlivening societv
of G. K. C.
Those persons who are wont to complain of
a wearisome sameness in Mr. Chesterton's topsy-
turvy mental processes and attitudes, may be
* Alarms and Discursions. By Gilbert K. Chesterfaa.
New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.


1911.]
353
THE DIAL
relieved to hear that he has recently made one
tremendous change in his habits. He, who is
"a Cockney not only on principle, but with
savage pride," who considers Nature-worship
"more morally dangerous than the most vulgar
man-worship of the cities," who prefers green-
grocers to greens, and supports his preferences
by calling attention to the fact that when you
want to compliment a man upon his solid worth
you call him not a turnip, but, in the nobler
Cockney metaphor, a brick,—despite all these
theories Mr. Chesterton has finally struck his
colors. He has abandoned London for a Country
Seat. This estate includes a garden, in which
Mr. Chesterton does not dig. "When I find
a Country Seat," he announces blithely, " I sit
in it." But the roses in the garden appeal to
their owner as "royal and dangerous"; the
vegetables suggest observations on the spiritual
value of the image of eating, and that leads to
an enthusiastic encomium upon cheese; while
a raid of little black pigs upon the premises
serves to introduce a particularly cogent discus-
sion of Futurism, fools, and prigs.
Some of Mr. Chesterton's best frivolities
are to be found in his latest volume. There is,
for example, his illuminating division of human-
ity into "The Three Kinds of Men": People,
who have queer ideas that they cannot express;
Poets, who make these popular sentiments seem
as strange and delicate and satisfying as they
really are by expressing them, whether in prose
or poetry; and Prigs, who "rise above the
people by refusing to understand them: by say-
ing that all their dim, strange preferences are
prejudices and superstitions."
There is, again, his approving analysis of
"The Strangeness of Luxury " to normal minds,
as typified by the harassed little seamstress from
Harrow Road, who, being equally unfamiliar
with meadows and motor-cars, will find the first
only "pleasant, free, and a little lonely" and
the second magical and monstrous,—quite prop-
erly, since motoring is almost as magical as going
to the moon, and quite as monstrous as riding
an avalanche — " another swift, successful, and
thrilling way of coming down a hill." Parti-
cularly complete and satisfying, as is becoming
in a projected title-essay, is the treatment of
"Gargoyles," which involves neatly epigram-
matic definitions of Greek and Gothic art, of
realism and romanticism, and, finally, of Ches-
tertonian journalism, — that is, Chestertonian
"Gargoyles."
"The finest lengths of the Elgin marbles consist of
splendid horses going to the temple of a virgin.
Christianity, with its gargoyles and grotesques, really
amounted to saying this: that a donkey could go before
all the horses of the world when it was really going to the
temple. Romance means a holy donkey going to the tem-
ple. Realism means a lost donkey going nowhere. . .
"I am a medievalist and not a modern. That is, I
really have a notion of why I have collected all the
nonsensical things there are. I have not the patience
nor perhaps the constructive intelligence to state the
connecting link between all these chaotic papers. But
it could be stated. This row of shapeless and ungainly
monsters which I now set before the reader does not
consist of separate idols cut out capriciously in lonely
valleys or various islands. These monsters are meant
for the gargoyles of a definite cathedral. I have to
carve the gargoyles, because I can carve nothing else; I
leave to others the angels and the arches and the spires.
But I am very sure of the style of the architecture and
of the consecration of the church."
The people who dislike Mr. Chesterton are
the people who would consider gargoyles mean-
ingless and unnecessary. But to some churches
some gargoyles are very necessary—on a rainy
day. Likewise is Mr. Chesterton very useful
to some of us, in some moods. According to
the mood we are in, he can make life interesting
or at least tolerable, when all other resources
fail. When the splendid dreams of the poets
are far beyond our reach, when we are tired of
strenuous convictions, and out of tune with
"sweetness and light," then it is Mr. Chester-
ton's turn. Mr. Henry James has provided
for such occasions a world of interesting people;
Mr. Chesterton discovers the same subtle
possibilities, the same unsuspected depths of
bravery and beauty in facts and things. Mr.
James is a glorifier of plain people. Most of
ns are doomed to live most of our lives "In a
Cage"; Mr. James shows us the undreamed-of
advantages of a cage for watching the human
drama. Mr. Chesterton discovers to us "the
wild and wonderful things that you can learn
by stopping at home "; and the romantic quality
of Mr. Chesterton's common things matches
the romantic quality of Mr. James's every-day
people. Mr. Chesterton plumes himself on
being bluff and downright and simple; in
method he is, but in matter never — as no one
probably knows better than he. Once in a
while Mr. Chesterton's method is annoying ; so
very often is Mr. James's. But we forgive them
both their little idiosyncrasies for the sake of
the service they do to romance, — to "Little
Romance," we might call it, paraphrasing
M. Maeterlinck, in distinction from the greater
and finer romance that is not possible or signi-
ficant for some of us, every day.
No portrait of Mr. Chesterton embellishes
the new volume. It is a pity that it did not


354
[May 1,
THE
DIAL
occur to his publishers to utilize a new one,
recently published, which shows him sitting in
the garden of his Country Seat at Beaconsfield.
Perhaps Mr. Chesterton objected; perhaps he
has seen this new portrait and "is far from
anxious to see it again." But, taken in connec-
tion with the sparkling humor of "Alarms and
Discursions," its atmosphere of suburban peace
and comfortable every-day serenity has a sym-
bolic value that it is an artistic crime not to
have utilized. Edith Kellogg Dunton.
Social Tendencies in England
and America.*
Mr. Hobson's volume entitled "A Modern
Outlook" is a reprint of essays on social ques-
tions which have appeared at intervals during
the past three years in the London " Nation."
A rough grouping into five sections has been
made. One section deals with a variety of topics
classed as "Life and Letters"; another with
"The Woman of the Future"; a third with
"American Traits"; a fourth with " The Church
of the Future"; while a fifth is given the com-
prehensive heading, "Of Politics." It is true,
however, that there are at once more harmony
and more diversity in the contents of the volume
than the classification and grouping would indi-
cate. Diverse as are their subjects, these frag-
ments of discussion and commentary possess an
unusual unity of spirit throughout; while the
titles assigned them, as well as their subject
matter, would permit many to be placed about
as well in one of the formal sections of the vol-
ume as in another.
Considered collectively, the essays constitute
a general and inclusive criticism upon existing
human relationships, — an analysis of many
current questions by a method of which the
author is an undoubted master. He has a self-
consistent social philosophy of his own, as well
as exact reasoning powers, and his attempt is
simplyto interpret existing phenomena inacoolly
critical and drily logical light. If it be possible
to state Mr. Hobson's mode of analysis in a few
words, it may be described as the application
of enlightened commonsense; and if it be pos-
sible to state his general motive or animating
purpose briefly, it may be said to be that of ex-
posing and ridiculing sham. The book will
be valuable throughout the English-speaking
world because of its biting and austere comment
* A Modern Outlook . Studies of English and American
Tendencies. By J. A. Hobson. London: Herbert it Daniel.
Boston: Dana Estes & Co.
upon many ideas, movements, and currently-
accepted beliefs that are in themselves founded
upon erroneous theories.
It would not be possible to " review," in the
ordinary sense of the term, a volume composed
of so many more or less separate units. The
division of the work that will perhaps be read
with the most interest in the United States is
that which deals directly with conditions in this
country. In this section are essays on such
topics as "The American Woman," "Is
America Heading for Aristocracy?" "The
Boom Child" (an analysis of ex-President
Roosevelt), and others. Possibly the most
suggestive of the number is the discussion of
aristocracy in the United States. Mr. Hobson's
view is that the social problem of the future in
our country will assume form as an effort on
the part of the workers to prevent the perma-
nent establishment of an oligarchy of wealth
based upon a new proletariat of subject races.
He notes with anxiety the ingress of millions
of depressed laborers supplying our industries
with raw, cheap, and submissive labor, — an
ingress which he considers essential to the main-
tenance of our modern feudal system. Material
well-being, culture, travel, and leisure would in
great measure pervade this oligarchy, while the
gradual and only semi-conscious development of
institutions and standards designed to promote
class feeling and prevent the easy rise of men
from the ranks of the workers into those of the
rulers and directors of industrial society fills
him with alarm.
In all this, there is of course nothing
new. Yet what Mr. Hobson has to say is
extraordinarily suggestive, — made so by the
piquant and incisive method of statement and
the keen criticism of the pretentious which are
characteristic of most of this author's work.
"A Modern Outlook " is not an original inves-
tigation; it is a volume that presents the inter-
pretations and syntheses of an original mind in
the field of social and economic science. Every
page is informed with a sound philosophy, and
the essays into which the treatment is broken
are short enough to permit consideration from
the busiest man of affairs.
H. Parker Willis.
The centenary of Harriet Beecher Stowe's birth,
which falls on June 14 next, will be marked by the
publication of a new biography, written by Mr. Charles
Edward Stowe, the novelist's son, and Mr. Lyman
Beecher Stowe, her grandson. Messrs. Houghton
Mifflin Co. will publish the volume, which will contain
several portraits.


1911.]
355
THE
DIAL
Briefs on New Books.
Two English ladies who prefer
a/vZaurr. anonymity, deeming it" a great ven-
ture to speak openly of a personal
experience," have discovered that the neighborhood
of the Petit Trianon at Versailles is haunted. They
made the discovery in broad daylight on a hot
August afternoon in the year 1901. They record
this discovery circumstantially in a book called
"An Adventure" (Macmillan). They came upon
buildings and grottos and groves that are not there
now, but correspond to the indications on the older
maps; they were spoken to by attendants of the
days of the Revolution; and one of them caught a
glimpse of Marie Antoinette, passing her by at the
time as a strange lady apparently sketching, and
apparelled as the memoirs of her modiste show her
to have been in the year 1792. On a second
occasion, in January, 1902, one of the ladies re-
experienced the adventure, — saw some men with
a cart accoutred as in older days; heard voices and
the rustle of unseen figures moving among the
trees, and the strains of music afterwards identified
as composed in the late eighteenth century. They
then researched zealously and devotedly among
archives and memoirs, and added many a detail
showing that their retrospective vision was historic-
ally correct. There is no explanation: "It is not
our business to explain or to understand — nor do
we understand — what happened to p'jt us into
communication with so many true facts, which,
nine years ago, no one could have told us in their
entirety." They suggest that they may have "in-
advertently entered within an act of the Queen's
memory when alive"; and the revery that Marie
Antoinette may have entertained while a prisoner of
the Assembly, uncertain of her fate, is reproduced
at length to confirm the adequacy of the hypothesis.
It is a strange tale to bear the imprint of Macmillan
and the date of 1911. Those for whom psychic
research is a portentous and solemn matter will read
it with a thrill. Those inclined to scoff will note that
the vision occurred to two tired English tourists in
the afternoon, before the restoration to normality
which is the sovereign virtue of a cup of tea. The
tolerant will be reminded of the deep philosophy of
the tale of the Snark, which likewise has "a flavor
of the Will-o'-the-Wisp." Research is a wonderful
invention, as the Baconian-Shakespearians have
demonstrated.
"They sought it with thimbles, they sought it with care;
They pursued it with forks and with hope,"
and they found what they sought. The hypotheses
offered are ingenious, ranging from second-sight,
(" One of us has to own to having powers of second
sight, etc., deliberately undeveloped "), to the possi-
bility of a dramatic tableau arranged by a cinema-
tographic promoter. "Do all that you know, and
try all that you don't." But the dire possibility
ever remains:
"Beware of the day,
If your Snark be a Boojum! For then
You will softly and suddenly vanish away
And never be met with again."
Baffling though the mystery of the adventure re-
mains, and though the travellers have not been
spirited away but remain to tell the tale ten years
later, the most acceptable hypothesis is still that
"The Snark was a Boojum, you see."
Enoiuh method, Ml German prose should mean more
for the ttudv of to the thoughtful student after read-
German ttyie. mg jlr. Ludwig Lewisohn's work on
"German Style" (Holt). The book has but 184
pages; in fact, its main fault is its brevity. That
the first selection should be from Luther and the last
from Nietzsche is logical enough, but it is regret-
table that, besides these, only Lessing and Goethe
and Heine should be represented. Mr. Lewisohn
analyzes prose style from the triple standpoint of
structure, diction, and rhythm; and he claims for
his scheme the virtues of originality, simplicity, and
inclusiveness. It is simple and inclusive, certainly,
but it is original somewhat in the sense that Shake-
speare is original, despite the efforts of Brooke,
Greene, and Lodge; for he formulates his scheme
in the concluding paragraph of a brief discussion
of the theory of Style, in which the names of De
Quincey, Flaubert, Goethe, Hegel, Heine, Helm-
holtz, Lessing, Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Swift, and
Thucydides loom large. He justifies his book on
the ground that, from this point of view, English
has been "sedulously cultivated," while German
has " scarcely been touched." This statement is, in
a sense, more antithetic than accurate. From the
days of Puttenham (1589) and Opitz (1624), the
question has been one of difference in method.
English style has been studied as an art; German
style has been investigated as a science. Such men
as Pater, Newman, Stevenson, Mr. Frederic Har-
rison, and Professor Saintsbury, have been writing
appreciative studies on the beauties of English style;
while even men like Fassler, Sievers, Unser, Hein-
zel, Meyer, Petrich, and Steinert, to say nothing of
the many who have written statistical dissertations,
have been analyzing and classifying the individual
elements of German style. But such a treatment
looks too much like algebra, and is repellent even
to the advanced student. Mr. Lewisohn has happily
adopted the English method. He compares English
and German again in his historical outline, showing
that when the one was on the crest of the wave the
other was in the trough of the sea. Germany, for
example, was enjoying in the fourteenth century
the subtle expressiveness of Eckhart, Tauler, and
Seuse; while England had to be content with the
formless "Ayenbite of Inwyt" and the diffuse
Mandeville. On the other hand, in the sixteenth
century England was enjoying the limpid charm of
Sidney and Hooker, while Germany was struggling
along with "Till Eulenspiegel" and "Die Schild-
bttrger." The discussion is excellent, written in a


356
[Mayl,
THE
DIAL
bright and clear style; but to treat seven centuries
of German prose in twelve pages necessitates a
brevity that would have been questioned even by
Larousse. The part of the notes on which too much
stress can easily be laid is that pertaining to rhythm.
If Nietzsche's prose is sometimes more rhythmical
than Lessing's verse, no revolutionary conclusion
should be jumped at as a result of this apparent
anomaly. Root-accent plays an enormous role in
German. Some writers have a rhythmical mind,
others have not. If we hear one German say, " Wir
wollen heute in die Schule gehen," and another,
"Heute wollen wir zur Schule gehen," we must not
at once insist that the former is much given to speak-
ing in iambics, while the latter runs to trochaics. It
is not to be inferred that Mr. Lewisohn has made
too much of this point; but he has compiled such
an interesting list of examples of rhythmical prose
that the enthusiastic student may try to carry it too
far.
Professor Wilhelm Ostwald is every-
ofl^miS?" where recognized as one of the great
leaders in the scientific advance of
the last quarter-century. Withdrawing some years
ago from active work in the science (physical
chemistry) which he had in large part created, and
in still larger part put upon a sound foundation, he
has turned his energies into other and very differ-
ent fields, — notably philosophy and the fine arts.
In philosophy, Professor Ostwald's work has at-
tracted wide attention, and on its own merits rather
than because of his reputation as a scientist. The
result of a small portion of his activity in this direc-
tion is presented in "Natural Philosophy" (Holt),
a book first published as Volume I. of Reclam's
"Bttcher der Naturwissenschaft," and now trans-
lated by Mr. Thomas Seltzer. The purpose of this
volume is to discuss the philosophic basis and im-
port of the natural sciences. The first part deals
with a general theory of knowledge, and is followed
by sections dealing severally with "Logic, the
Science of the Manifold and Mathematics," "The
Physical Sciences," and "The Biologic Sciences."
The treatment is very elementary, and the style
has all the clearness and simplicity for which Pro-
fessor Ostwald's popular writings are famous. The
work brings out little in matters of detail that is
essentially new, — though the point of view that puts
the energy concept in so important, indeed com-
manding, a place is original. For the beginner
just entering upon the study of science the book
will prove a stimulating and helpful introduction to
the scientific method. For the general reader the
most interesting part of the book will be the last,
which deals with the higher relations of the biol-
ogical sciences. It is not without significance that
a scientist approaching the matter along the path
of pure reason should reach the following conclu-
sion: "At present mankind is in a state of develop-
ment in which progress depends much less upon
the leadership of a few distinguished individuals
than upon the collective labour of all workers. . ..
We are living at a time when men are gradually
approximating one another very closely in their
natures, and when the social organization demands
and strives for as thorough an equalization as pos-
sible in the conditions of existence of all men."
A banner year ^ Brumbaugh, editor of "Lippin-
in educational cott's Educational Series," believes
advance. ^nat «the educational developments
of the past year surpass in significance those of
any preceding year." If this be conceded, a detailed
account of what was accomplished in that year,
such as is contained in Dr. John Palmer Garber's
"Annals of Educational Progress in 1910," which
constitutes the eighth volume of the above-named
series, should prove interesting reading and at the
same time inspire sanguine hopes for the future of
humanity. And, indeed, Dr. Garber's book, which
is a compact and remarkably comprehensive volume,
more than fulfils expectation. Not only topically,
but also geographically, does it survey the spacious
domain of twentieth-century education at the end
of its first decade, making sufficiently clear what is
the general trend of educational development, and
devoting appropriate attention to the now engrossing
subject of vocational training. Among miscellane-
ous items of interest with which the book closes are
to be found paragraphs on such general topics as
postal savings banks, old age pensions, irrigation.
Professor Wallace's Shakespeare discoveries, forest
fires, and "the city beautiful." More space might
well have been given to the comparatively new bnt
very important subject of open-air schools; how-
ever, the reader can easily turn to Mr. Leonard P.
Ayres's excellent book of that title, published a year
ago. In the chapter on foreign educational move-
ments, a picture of Mexican progress and peaceful
prosperity is given that fails to correspond exactly
with present regrettable conditions. One cannot
but wish that Dr. Garber's highly readable and
scholarly work had avoided the harsh vulgarism of
like in the sense of as. So slight a blemish, how-
ever, weighs as nothing in the scale against the
solid merits of the book, which performs a highly
useful function not undertaken, so far as we know,
by any rival publication.
The history of the invention and per-
The itorv fection of the piano has in it all the
of the piano. r
elements of a romance. In his boos
on "The Pianoforte and Its Music," published as
a final volume in the "Music Lovers' Library"
(Scribner), this history is clearly and interestingly
presented by Mr. Henry Edward Krehbiel, to whom
music in this country is already under many obliga-
tions. He takes us back to the savage, who, bend-
ing his ear to the twang of his bow, learned the
secret of sound as the expression of emotion and
thought. He takes us through the age-long process
until the strings are set in a frame with a key-board:
then gradually from clavichord and virginal, from


1911.]
357
THE
DIAL
spinet and harpsichord, the modern piano emerges
into the light of day. Of all the musical instru-
ments thus far discovered, the piano on the whole
serves mankind the best. It is a veritable epitome
of music. Under the right manipulation it can sing
like the violin or the human voice; it can also
reproduce the effects and harmonies of the orchestra.
In many respects it is the instrument of instruments.
The composers have adopted it for their very own,
and have made it the repository of their deep insight
and fine imagination. The organ has been a dan-
gerous rival, and the orchestra with its individualiza-
tion of parts has felt a decided superiority; but the
piano, after all, is an intimate friend, and ever re-
sponds to the touch that appeals to it. Mr. Krehbiel
makes us acquainted with its comprehensive litera-
ture; he shows us how on its developing forms were
played the folk songs and dances dear to learned and
unlearned alike; then how the great men — Bach,
Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms — employed it as the
means of setting forth their noble messages; how
Chopin, Schumann, and Liszt drew from it a musi-
cal investiture of the restless modern consciousness;
how Grieg and Tschaikowky made it the mouth-
piece of hopes and ideas distinctively national; how
Debussy and his fellow impressionists produced from
it their new and surprising effects. The musical
reader will find this book both entertaining and
valuable.
a great Enaii.h The beautifully printed monograph
iiautman and on John Bright, from the pen of
reformer. Mr. R. Barry O'Brien, is not a
formal biography of this great champion of the
peoples' interests. It is instead a series of chap-
ters, most of them rather brief, on Bright's connec-
tion with the great movements of his time, to which
his active and militant energies were freely given.
Among these movements were the abolition of the
Corn Laws, in which Bright and Peel were so in-
timately associated; Irish reforms (though Bright
opposed Home Rule); the Crimean War, which he
bitterly opposed; and Parliamentary Reform.
There is also a chapter on the American Civil War
as it appeared to the British, showing Bright as
one of the few prominent Englishmen who saw the
real meaning of the war. The personal traits and
characteristics of this sturdy fighter are bound to
interest the reader. He was a man of fine spirit,
charming in his home and among his friends, yet
really solitary in his inner life. He was outspoken
to the point of rudeness in social life as well as
m his speeches; yet offense was rarely taken, for
his sincerity and severe simplicity were everywhere
recognized. His great oratorical power is unsur-
passed in the whole course of British eloquence, if
indeed it has ever been equalled. A fearless fighter
with a passion for justice and this great gift of
eloquence could not fail to play a great part in the
history of his time. A preface by Mr. Augustine
Birrell, taking the form of an appreciation, two fine
portraits, and some facsimile letters, add to the
interest of the volume. (Houghton.)
An educational The Pr°blem for solution that Pro-
remedv for fessor Melville M. Bigelow, Dean
governmental ill,. of tne Boston University Law
School, presents in "A False Equation" (Little,
Brown, & Co.) can best be indicated in his own
words, taken from the body of his book. "The
fundamental question is, how to uproot the habit of
a people and plant another in its place. Can the
False Equation be set aside for another which
shall truly express the aim of the State and give
equilibrium to the insecure arch? The State is in a
strait betwixt two difficulties. On the one hand is
privilege in the form of monopoly, moving forward
at a rate which exceeds the movement of the State
to keep it under control; on the other are the
disintegrating forces moving at a similar rate and
tending more and more to weaken public authority.
What is to be done to enable the State to control
the hostile forces and make good the Great Trust
it has assumed?" The book's sub-title, "The
Problem of the Great Trust," will now have been
explained to the reader of the foregoing. To meet
the demands of the critical situation, says the author,
"men must be produced," by improved methods of
education. "The current idea ... is that the
object of education is simply to furnish the mind;
fashioning the brain has no meaning or but the
vaguest. It has yet to be learned that fashioning
the brain is more important than providing it with
furniture, however useful the latter." This is not
quite fair and just to modern pedagogy, which has
learned that cramming is not educating, and that
the perfecting of the mental machine is of prime
importance. Nevertheless, Dr. Bigelow's book is
timely and valuable, and will have amply justified
itself to the world if it prompts others to attempt a
more detailed solution of the problem stated than
can be expected from a single thinker within the
limits of one small volume.
A Harvard ^en days after his graduation from
graduate's year Harvard, Mr. Joseph Husband en-
in ° co"l-mi"e- tered the business of coal-mining at
the very bottom—four hundred feet below the sur-
face of the earth. His record of twelve months'
eventful and, at the last, extremely perilous experi-
ence is told in a small volume entitled "A Year in
a Coal-Mine" (Houghton). The mine was in Illi-
nois, the miners were of twenty or thirty different
nationalities, the incidents of the year were varied
and sometimes thrilling, and came to a close in a
grand conflagration of the subterranean passages
and chambers of bituminous fuel, which at last
necessitated the sealing and abandonment of the
mine. Rescue work and fire-fighting constituted
a large part of the author's strenuous labors in the
latter months of this arduous apprenticeship, and
one reads between the lines that Mr. Husband
showed himself a good deal of a hero, in a quiet
and unobtrusive way, when disaster and sudden
death swooped down upon the scene of his toil.
The habits and superstitions of the miner, and


358
[May 1,
THE
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many of the mysteries of mining itself, as conducted
in the soft-coal districts of the middle West, are
graphically revealed in the straightforward fashion
of one who has something to say and is bent on
getting it said with no waste of words. A portrait
of the author, in mining costume and grimy with
toil, faces the title-page.
Mind cure Dr- George B. Cutten, author of
through "The Psychological Phenomena of
the age». Christianity " and "The Psychology
of Alchoholism," has extended his studies in applied
psychology by a survey of "Three Thousand Years
of Mental Healing" ( Scribner). It is a book written
for those who run as they read. Yet such personally-
conducted tours through famous and interesting
regions of thought and practice perform a service
for the labor-and-thought-saving tourist. In early
faith-cures, the religious element dominated, as it
dominated again when the realm of the intellectual
endeavor was Christianized in dogma, while yet
awaiting a spiritualization of outlook and, later, the
practical poise of scientific insight. The traditional
survivals and revivals of the old amid the new ap-
pear in the world-wide forms of the use of relics,
amulets, charms, and systematized practices, the
account of which in various lands and times con-
tribute much of the material to the survey; as do
in equal measure the records of the methods and
triumphs of healers, from the saints to those of the
present day. The more detailed perspective natur-
ally falls to recent periods and procedures. Dr.
Cutten's survey is creditable in its adaptation to the
popular interests of miscellaneous readers. It has
no claim to a more critical approval.
BRIEFER MEN TION.
There cannot be too many children's books of the
type illustrated by Mr. Francis Storr's "Half a Hun-
dred Hero Tales of Ulysses and the Men of Old"
(Holt). Despite the best efforts of educators, our
children are growing up in amazing ignorance of the
great world-stories, mainly for the reason that the
school is left to do the work proper to the home. The
present volume is of English origin, and the work of
various modern hands, with a savor of distinction im-
parted by the inclusion of Hawthorne's immortal ver-
sions of the classical legends.
Messrs. Elias C. Hills and Silvano G. Morley have
collected into a volume published by Messrs. Henry
Holt & Co., " Las Mejores Foesias Liricas de la Lengua
Castellana." There are seventy-six examples in all, the
collection starting off with half a dozen romances.
We note with special interest that Spanish America is
represented to the extent of nearly one-third of the
volume. There are poems from Argentina, Colombia,
Cuba, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. It
is a Nicaraguan poet, Don Rube"n Dario, who pays his
respects to Mr. Roosevelt in the following language,
which we hope is not prophetic:
"Eres los Estados Unidos,
Eres el f uturo invasor
De la America ingenua que tiene sangre indigena,
Que aun reza it Jesucristo y aim habla en espailol."
Dr. Monroe N. Wetmore's " Index Verborum Vergil-
ianus " (Yale University Press) is one of those works of
scholarship combined with painstaking industry which
we trust are suitably rewarded in heaven, knowing well
that they will not be on earth. Eight years have gone
to its making. The author originally planned a still
larger "Lexicon Yergilianum," and the work was far
advanced when he found the ground cut from under his
feet by a German (whose name we will not advertise),
whose code of scholarly ethics seems to have varied
somewhat widely from the standard usually set for
scholars who are at the same time honorable gentlemen.
Messrs. Ginn & Co. publish as English texts, "David
Copperfield," edited by Professor Philo M. Buck, Jr.;
"The Deerslayer," abridged and edited by Mr. M. F.
Lansing; and Parkman's "The Oregon Trail," edited
by Professor William E. Leonard. The Charles £.
Merrill Co. publish " The Oregon Trail," edited by Mr.
Clarence W. Vail; « As You Like It," edited by Pro-
fessor Brainerd Kellogg; and "Macbeth," also edited
by Professor Kellogg. Messrs. Scott, Foresman &
Co. publish " Cranford," edited by Professor Albert E.
Hancock; and Stevenson's "An Inland Voyage and
Travels with a Donkey," edited by Mr. Arthur W.
Leonard.
Professor William Allan Neilson has met a great
need in college courses, as well as rendered a service to
the general reader, by bringing together in convenient
form the principal plays of "The Chief Elizabethan
Dramatists" exclusive of Shakespeare. This with Dr.
Neilson's edition of Shakespeare, published by the same
firm (Houghton), will furnish a text sufficient for a
good knowledge of the greatest period of our dramatic
literature. The critical material consists of foot-notes
explaining unusual words, of short additional notes on
the plays, and of brief bibliographies. The additional
notes touch upon dates, editions, sources, and the most
notable characteristics of the plays. They are models
of conciseness.
A group of recent text-books in the sciences gives us
"Elements of Geology," by Professors Eliot Black-
welder and Harlan H. Barrows; " Essentials of Biology
Presented in Problems," by Mr. George William
Hunter; and "A Laboratory Manual for the Solution
of Problems in Biology," by Mr. Richard W. Sharpe.
These three are publications of the American Book Co.
From the Macmillan Co. we have a revised edition of
the "Elements of Zoology," by Dr. Charles B. Daven-
port and Miss Gertrude C. Davenport, an elementary
work whose usefulness has borne the test of ten years
or so. From the J. B. Lippiucott Co. we have an
"Industrial and Commercial Geography," the work of
Mr. Charles Morris.
We do not like to see foreign classics abridged, even
for the purpose of making them available as language
texts in school and college. Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co.
evidently are not of this opinion, for they have just
published abridgments of three important French books,
"Les Travailleurs de la Mer," edited by Professor E. F.
Langley; "Les Trois Mousquetaires," edited by Mr.
I. H. B. Spiers; and "Tartarin de Tarascon," edited
by Mr. Richmond L. Hawkins. It is not exactly the
same treatment that they have applied to an Italian
classic — "I Promessi Sposi,"— for in this case we are
given the first eight chapters nearly complete, upon the
theory that they constitute a story by themselves. The
editing of this volume is done by Dr. J. Geddes, Jr.,
and Dr. E. H. Wilkins.


1911.]
359
THE
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Notes.
A new collection of Mr. Sewell Ford's clever
"Torchy" stories will be published immediately by
Mr. Edward J. Clode.
Miss Lilian Whiting has just completed a book on
"The Brownings: Their Life and Art," in which she
will utilize some new material supplied by their son,
Mr. Barrett Browning. The book will come from
Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co. in the Autumn.
During the present month Messrs. Little, Brown, &
Co. will issue "The Danger Zone of Europe," a book
by Mr. H. Charles Woods, F. R. G. S., dealing with
political problems in the near East; and "Crime: Its
Causes and Remedies," by the late Cesare Lombroso.
"The Glory of Clementina" is the title of Mr. W. J.
Locke's new novel,—not "Dr. Quixtus," as was incor-
rectly stated in our last issue. The story is to run seri-
ally in the "Saturday Evening Post," and in August
will be published in book form by the John Lane Com-
pany.
A description of perhaps the most exciting Presidential
campaign in American history is announced by the
Macmillan Co. in « The Presidential Campaign of 1860,"
by Mr. Emerson David Fite, author of "Social and
Industrial Conditions in the North during the Civil
War."
Lieutenant Arthur A. Clappe, of the Royal Military
School of Music and sometime teacher of music at the
United States Military Academy, West Point, is prep-
aring for Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. a book on "The
Wind-Band and Its Instruments," which will be fully
illustrated.
American publishing rights of two successful novels
of the English season,— " The Early History of Jacob
Stahl" by Mr. J. D. Beresford, and "The Old Dance
Master" by Mr. William Romaine Paterson (whose
previous novels have been published under his pen
name, "Benjamin Swift"), have just been acquired by
Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co.
It is welcome news that a new book by Mr. J. M.
Barrie may be expected in the Autumn. It is now
nearly ten years since Mr. Barrie definitely turned aside
from the making of books to the making of plays.
Some time ago a rumor was afloat that Mr. Barrie was
thinking of telling the world what happened when
Wendy grew up, and it is likely that this will be the
subject of his coming book.
A volume by Mr. Clinton Rogers Woodruff, Secretary
of the National Municipal League, entitled "City Gov-
ernment by Commission," is announced by Messrs. D.
Appleton & Co. The book will give in compact form
a definition and description of this rapidly spreading
system, a discussion of the principles underlying it, and
an account of its actual operation, as well as of the
results which have followed its application.
Some forthcoming publications of Messrs. Putnam's
Sons, not previously announced, are three novels,—
"The Claw" by Miss Cynthia Stockley, "The Story
of Quamin" by Mrs. William H. Drummond, and
"The Revolt at Roskelly's" by Mr. William Caine;
and, among miscellaneous titles, "The Pioneer Irish of
Onondaga" by Dr. Theresa Bannan, "Old Indian
Trails" by Miss Mary Schaffer, and "Indian Place
Names of Long Island" by Mr. William W. Tooker.
"Modern Universities and their Government," the
most important article in the educational supplement
of the London " Times " of April 4, is not so restricted
in view or local in character as to render it unprofitable
reading on this side of the Atlantic. The relation of
faculty to trustees, the status of the professor, his mode
of appointment, and the security or insecurity of his
tenure of office, are questions of perennial interest in
our academic circles; and on some of these the above-
named article throws at least a ray of side-light.
Some time ago Dr. David Starr Jordan, in the course
of a lecture on "International Arbitration," disclosed
the fact that "Norman Angell," author of "The Great
Illusion," is the pseudonym of Mr. Ralph Lane, of the
Paris " Daily Mail." This statement now receives con-
firmation from " Norman Angell" himself, who in a
letter to his publishers gives them permission to reveal
his identity. '"Norman Angell'" he says, "is some-
thing more than a non-de-plnme; it is part of my name,
the whole of it being Ralph Norman Angell Lane; a
part of our family being known as Angell-Lane."
Publication of the first volume of the "Cambridge
Medieval History" has been definitely fixed for June
next. The scheme of the work was laid down by Pro-
fessor Bury, and its general editorship has been en-
trusted to Professor Gwatkin and Professor Whitney.
It aims to cover the whole field of mediaeval history in
the light of the most recent research, and on a fuller
scale than has ever before been attempted. The first
volume treats of "The Christian Roman Empire and
the Foundation of the Teutonic Kingdoms," and con-
tains chapters by Professor Gwatkin, Principal Lind-
say, Dr. Ludwig Schmidt, Professor Vinogradoff, Miss
Gardner, and other authorities on the period.
A reference work that librarians and dramatic stu-
dents should find of unique value is announced by the
Boston Book Co. in the "Dramatic Index for 1910,"
covering articles and illustrations concerning the stage
and its players in the periodicals of America and Eng-
land, with a record of books on the drama, and of
texts of plays published during 1910. The same firm
also announces the "Annual Magazine Subject-Index
for 1910," a subject-index to a selected list of American
and English periodicals and Society publications not
elsewhere indexed. Both these works are edited by
Mr. Frederick W. Faxon, and compiled with the
cooperation of librarians.
At the opening session of the Hoe sale, at Anderson's
galleries in New York last week, a copy of the Guten-
berg Bible was sold for $50,000, — probably the high-
est price ever paid for any book. The purchaser was
Mr. Henry E. Huntington of Los Angeles. Next to
the Gutenberg Bible, the Book of St. Albans, compiled
by Juliana Berners and published by Caxton in 1486,
brought the highest price — $12,000. This was also
bought by Mr. Huntington. The tenth book of the
History of the Ethiopians, by Heliodorus, printed in
Basle, Switzerland, by Icannein Oporinum in 1552 and
bound by Grolier, went to Mr. Walter M. Hill of
Chicago for $5000. A history of Italy by Francesco
Guicciardini, bound by Nicholas Eve in 1561, with a
full length portrait in mosaic of morocco and vellum of
Henry III., was bought for $2600 by Mr. Huntington.
The total sales for the day were $134,866 for 379
numbers.
According to "The Outlook," Count Tolstoy left
behind him, in a more or less finished state, two hitherto
unpublished dramas; three short novels, one of which
dates from his best literary period; and a large amount
of interesting matter which was included in the first


360
[May 1,
THE DIAL
drafts of his sketches and novels, but which was subse-
quently stricken out either because it could not pass the
press censorship, because it was thought by the Countess
Tolstoy to be objectionable, or because it did not meet
the approval of the magazine editors to whom it was
originally submitted. The dramas are entitled, "A
Learned Woman" and "A Living Corpse." The latter
is to be put on the stage of the Fine Arts Theatre in
Moscow next Winter, and arrangements have been
made for its production in the principal cities of west-
ern Europe. The stories are "Tikhon and Malanie,"
"Father Sergie," and "Hadji Murad," a tale of the
Caucasus.
The Society of College Teachers of Education has
entered into an agreement with the University of Chi-
cago Press whereby the editorial management of " The
School Review" will henceforth be under the control
of an Editorial Committee elected by the Society.
This Editorial Committee consists of Professors M. V.
O'Shea, E. O. Holland, William C. Bagley, Frederick
E. Bolton, and Paul H. Hanus. To this Editorial
Committee representing the Society of College Teachers
of Education has been added Professors Willard C.
Gore, Frank N. Freeman, and Franklin W. Johnson,
all of the faculty of the School of Education of the
University of Chicago. Professor Gore has been elected
by the Committee managing editor of the Review. As
a result of this agreement, " The School Review" will
become the organ of the Society of College Teachers
of Education. It is planned to make it of service to
all who are concerned in any way with secondary edu-
cation in this country. It has been decided also to
publish in connection with*the Review a series of sup-
plementary monographs dealing in a detailed scientific
way with problems of secondary education.
Industrial training has come to be regarded as one
of the most important features in the education of
adolescent youth, in school and out; and an urgent
problem with parents to-day is how to present the in-
dustrial occupations to the child in a way to attract and
interest him, and to utilize his self-activity by directive
rather than by coercive measures, so that the work will
hold the free joyousness of play. It is in the effort
to solve this problem that " The Children's Library of
Work and Play " has been planned by Messrs. Double-
day, Page & Co. The library, which has been four
years in preparation, is complete in ten volumes, fully
illustrated, embracing Carpentry and Woodwork, Me-
chanics — Indoor and Out, Metal Work, Housekeeping,
Needlecraft, Household Decoration, Gardening and
Farming, Outdoor Sports and Games, Electricity for
Everyday Uses, and Outdoor Work. The authors, who
are special workers in their respective fields, have when-
ever possible arranged the material in narrative form,
telling of the many useful things done by boys and
girls who are characters in the story and explaining in
a practical way and in clear detail how they have done
them. The aim has been to engage the interest of the
youthful reader first in the story, and through that to
lead him unconsciously to an understanding of the funda-
mental principles involved in the various activities. As
a guide to the many useful things a child can do and as
a stimulus to interest in life activities the books will be
welcome to parents who are seeking the right method
by which to meet the child's play need and his desire to
investigate, and to gratify his creative faculty in a way
that shall insure precision and its resultant rectitude of
character.
Educational Books of the
Spring Season.
The following classified list comprises the chief
educational publications of the present Spring
season, — those issued since February 1, and those
to be issued during the next few weeks. Some
three hundred titles, representing the output of
twenty-five publishers, are included. It is believed
that this list, constituting as it does a classified sum-
mary of the educational publications of the entire
Spring season, will prove of value and interest to
every educational worker.
Educational Theory and Practice.
Educational Problems, by G. Stanley Hall, 2 vols.,
$7.50. (D. Appleton & Co.)
A Cyclopedia of Education, edited by Paul Monroe,
Ph.D., with the assistance of departmental editors
and more than one thousand individual contributors,
$5. per volume.—Principles of Education, by W.
Franklin Jones.—The Training of Teachers for
Secondary Schools in Germany and the United
States, by John Franklin Brown, Ph.D., $1.25 —
Educational Values, by W. C. Bagley.—Craftsman-
ship in Teaching, by W. C. Bagley, $1.25. (Mae-
millan Co.)
Administration of the College Curriculum, by William
Trufant Foster, $1.50.—Biverside Educational Mon-
ographs, new volumes: The Recitation, by George
Herbert Betts, 60 cts.—The Vocational Guidance of
Youth, by Meyer Blooinfield, 60 cts.; Teaching
Poetry in the Grades, by Agnes G. Smith and
Margaret W. Haliburton, 60 cts.; Bidividuality, bv
E. L. Thorndike, 35 cts. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
Annals of Educational Progress during the year 1910,
a report upon the current educational activities
throughout the world, by John Palmer Garber, $1.25.
(J. B. Lippincott Co.)
Education and Life, a book for teachers and parents,
by Edith Greer.—Home, School, and Life, by Edith
Greer.—Education as Growth, or The Culture of
Character, by L. H. Jones. (Ginn & Co.)
The Development of Personality as the Chief Aim of
Education, by Thiselton Mark, $1.—The Higher
Education as a Training for Business, by Harry
Pratt Judson, 50 cts. (Univ. of Chicago Press.)
A False Equation, the problem of the great trust, b;
Melville M. Bigelow, $1.50. (Little, Brown & Co.)
Systematic Moral Education, with daily lessons in
ethics, by John King Clark, $1. (A. S. Barnes
& Co.)
The Teacher and the Times, by B. A. Saunders. (C.
W. Bardeen.)
Primer of Practical Teaching, by J. A. Green and
C. Birchenough. (Longmans, Green & Co.)
Sweet's Public Education in California, $1. (Ameri-
can Book Co.)
Cloister Chords, an educator's year book, by Sister
M. Fides Shepperson, 50 cts. (Ainsworth & Co.)
English Language and Literature.
An Introduction to the English Classics, by W. P.
Trent, C. L. Hanson, and W. P. Brewster.—The
Beacon Primer, by J. H. Fassett. (Ginn & Co.)
English Language, by James P. Kinard and Sarai
Withers, Book I., Language and Literature, 40 tts.;
Book II., English Grammar and Composition, 55 cts.
—Modern English, Book I., by Henry P. Emerson
and Ida C. Bender, New York State Edition, 50
cts. (Macmillan Co.)


1911.]
361
THE
DIAL
Halleck's History of American Literature, $1.25.—
Sheran's Textbook in English Literature for Catho-
lic Schools, $1.25.—Argumentation and Debate, by
Joseph Villers Denney, Carson S. Duncan, and
Frank C. McKinney, $1.25.—Brook's English Com-
position, Book II.—Speaking and Writing, by Max-
well, Johnston, and Barnum, Book III., 25 cts.
(American Book Co.)
The Riverside Readers, consisting of a Primer and
five Readers, edited by James H. Van Sickle and
Wilhelmina Seegmiller, assisted by Frances Jen-
kins.—A Study of Versification, by Brander Mat-
thews, $1.25. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
High School Exercises in Grammar, by M. Maud, 75
cts.—Writing and Speaking, by Charles L. Bald-
win, Parts I and II, 70 cts. each.—Horace Mann
Fourth Reader, edited by Walter L. Hervey and
Melvin Hix, 60 cts. (Longmans, Green & Co.)
Progressive Road to Reading, by Burchill, Ettinger,
and Shimer, Book Four, 50 cts.—Mother Goose
Primer. (Silver, Burdett & Co.)
Elementary Course in English, by James Fleming
Horic. (Uniy. of Chicago Press.)
An Elementary English Grammar, by A. E. Sharp.
(Wm. R. Jenkins Co.)
A Reader for the Fifth Gradii, edited by C. F. Car-
roll and S. C. Brooks, 45 cts. (D. Appleton & Co.)
Commonsense Speller, by W. L. West, Grades Two,
Three, Four and Five, 18 cts., Grades Six and
Seven, 20 cts. (Newson & Co.)
Composition-Literature, by F. N. Scott and J. V.
Denney, revised edition. (Allyn & Bacon.)
Annotated Texts.
Early English Verse, edited by Henry S. Pancoast
and J. D. Sparth.-—Specimens of Letter-Writing,
edited by Laura E. Lockwood and Amy R. Kelly.—
English Readings for Schools, edited by Wilbur L.
Cross, first vols.: Arnold's Sohrab and Rustum and
Other Poems, edited by Walter S. Hinchman; Bun-
van's Pilgrims' Progress, Part I., edited by John
H. Gardner; Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, edited by
Wilbur L. Cross; Scott's Lady of the Lake, edited
by Alfred M. Hitchcock; Shakespeare's Macbeth,
edited by Felix E. Schelling; Shakespeare's Mer-
chant of Venice, edited by Frederick E. Pierce;
Shakespeare's Julius Cesar, edited by Ashley H.
Thorndike; Shakespeare's As You Like It, edited
by John W. Cunliffe and George Roy Elliott; Se-
lections from Browning, edited by Charles W.
Hodell; Burke's On Conciliation, edited by Daniel
Thompson; George Eliot's Silas Marner, edited by
Ellen E. Garrigues; Irving's Sketch Book, edited
by Arthur W. Leonard; Old Testament Narratives,
edited by George H. Nettleton; Stevenson's Treas-
ure Island, edited by Stuart P. Sherman; Washing-
ton's Farewell Address and Webster's First Bunker
Hill Oration, edited by William E. Simonds; Selec-
tions from Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley, and
Keats, edited by James W. Linn. (Henry Holt &
Co.)
Selections from Robert Louis Stevenson, edited by
Henry S. Canby.—Scribner English Classics, new
volumes: George Eliot's Silas Marner, Stevenson's
Treasure Island, Inland Voyage, and Travels with a
Donkey, Selections from The Spectator. (Charles
Scribner's Sons.)
Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, edited by
George B. Aiton.—Adventures of a Brownie, by
Dinah Maria Mulock Craik, edited by Marion Fos-
ter Washburn.—A Dog of Flanders, by Louisa de
la Ramee, edited by Rose Swart.—Kingsley's Water
Babies, edited by George B. Aiton. (Rand, Me-
Nally & Co.)
Browning's Men and Women, edited by G. E. Hadow,
90 cts.—Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, edited
by W. D. Christie, 50 cts.—Macaulay's Essay on
Addison, edited by G. E. Hadow, 40 cts.—Ma-
caulay's Essay on Clive, edited by Vincent A. Smith,
M. A., with maps, 50 cts. (Oxford Univ. Press.)
Merrill's English Texts, new volumes: Tennyson's
Idylls of the King, and Byron's Childe Harold,
Canto IV., and The Prisoner of Chillon.—MerriU's
Story Books, new volumes: Lewis Carroll's Alice's
Adventures in Wonderland, and Craik's Bow Wow
and Mew Mew, 30 cts. each. (Charles E. Merrill
Co.)
Gateway Series of English Texts, new volumes: Stev-
enson's Inland Voyage, and Travels with a Donkey,
40 cts.—Washington's Farewell Address, and Web-
ster's First Bunker Hill Oration, 30 cts.—Eclectic
English Classics, new and cheaper edition, 48 titles,
cloth, 20 cts. each, (American Book Co.)
Standard English Classics, new volumes: Selections
from Huxley; Selections from the Letters, Speeches,
and State Papers of Lincoln; Selections from the
Old Testament; Stevenson's An Inland Voyage and
Travels with a Donkey; Thackeray's English Humor-
ists of the Eighteenth Century. (Ginn & Co.)
The Chief Elizabethan Dramatists, exclusive of
Shakespeare, edited by William A. Neilson, $2.75.
(Houghton Mifflin Co.)
Shakespeare's Works, First Folio edition, edited by
Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke, new volumes:
Henry IV., Parts 1 and 2, 75 cts each. (T. Y.
Crowell & Co.)
Malory's King Arthur and His Knights, edited by
Henry B. Lathrop, $1.50. (Baker & Taylor Co.)
Modern Masterpieces of Short Prose Fiction, edited
by Alice V. Waite and Edith M. Taylor, $1.50. (D.
Appleton & Co.)
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Les Origines de la France Contemporaine.—Cicero's


362
[Mayl,
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1911] THE DIAL 363
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English for Italians, by Edith Waller. (Wm. B. Jen-
kins Co.)


364
[Mayl,
THE DIAL
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
May. 1911.
Alaska's Transportation Problem. F.L. Nelson. World To-day.
Angellier, Ansuste, the Poet. Ernest Dimnet. No. American.
Animal Intelligence. M. E. Hagcerty. Atlantic.
Armaments and Arbitration. A. T. Maban. North American.
Bible Tercentenary, The. Patterson 8myth. Rev. of Rev.
Boy of To-Morrow, The. Eugene M. Gallup. World'M Work.
Brangwyn, Frank, and his Etchings. W. 8. Sparrow. Scribner.
Bread. Robert Kennedy Duncan. Harper.
Business. American. The Politics of. Sidney Brooks. No. Amer.
Buxton, Human Interest of. W. D. Howells. No. American.
China, Industrial Future of. Edward A. Ross. Century.
Civil War, Cavalry of the. Theo. F. Rodenbough. Rev. of Rev*.
Dog, The, as a Teacher. John Franklin Genung. Harper.
Dore, Gustav. W. A. Bradley. Bookman.
Dreams, New Art of Interpreting. Edward M. Weyer. Forum.
Expenditure, Federal, under Modern Conditions. Atlantic.
Farmer, American, and Canadian Reciprocity. Forum.
Fiction, Old and New. Margaret Sherwood. A tlantic.
Fillmore. Millard. W. E. Griffls. Harper.
Financial Feudalism and a Central Bank. E.D.Fisher. Forum.
Fourth of July, A Right. Lee F. Hanmer. World't Work.
Galsworthy, John. Edwin Bjorkman. Review of Reviewt.
Generations, The Two Present.'Randolph S. Bourne. Atlantic.
Government, The, and Business Methods — II. World't Work.
Hospitality. Francis E. Leupp. Atlantic.
House, Leadership in the. G. B. McClellan. Scribner.
Ibsen-Myth, The. Edwin Bjorkman. Forum.
Immigration Problem, The Urgent. J. W. Jenks. World't Work.
Industrial Indemnity. Will Irwin. Century.
Insanity, The Prevention of. Homer Folks. Rev. of Revt.
Insurance, Fire, High Rates of. Chas. F. Carter. Rev. of Revt.
Insurgency, The Meaning of. Ray Stannard Baker. American.
Johnson, Tom L., Country's Debt to. E. W.Bemis. Rev.of Revt.
Judges, The Recall of. Albert Fink. North American.
Lightfoot, Bishop. Arthur C. Benson. North A merican.
Luther. Martin, and his Work—VI A. C. MoGiffert. Century.
Maharaja, His Highness the. Price Collier. Scribner.
Management. Scientific, Principles of. F. W. Taylor. American.
Minister, Country, Plight of the. A. A. Mackenzie. Century.
Montessorl, Maria: An Educational Wonder-Worker. McClure.
Naval Policy, America's. Harry D. Brandyce. Forum.
Opera in English. Lawrence Oilman. North American.
Oregon, The People's Power in. W.G. Eggleston. World't Work.
Painting, The Classic Spirit in. Kenyon Cox. Scribner.
Patagonian Pampas, Titans of the. C. W. Furlong. American.
Persia, Southern, Trip through. A. W. Dubois. World To-Day.
Ptranesi: Etcher and Architect. Frederick Keppel. Century.
Plots, Persistency and Integrity of. Ellen Duvall. Atlantic.
Production in Germany and America. W. H. Dooley. Atlantic.
Rabat: The Inaccessible City. Sydney Adamson. Harper.
Railroad Rate Decision, The. J. Shirley Eaton. No. American.
Railroads, Federal Regulation of. C. H. Marshall. Rev.of Revt.
Reciprocity Agreement. The. G.E.Foster. North American.
Republican Embarrassments. Medill McCormick. No. Amer.
Schools. Open Air, for Abnormal Children. World To-day.
Scott's Novels, The Orphans of. N.P.Dunn. Atlantic.
Sewage, The Purification of. R. Bergengren. World To-day.
"Richard the Third " on the Stage. William Winter. Century.
Skyscraper, The. Edgar Allan Forbes. World't Work.
Socialism and National Efficiency. J. O. Fagan. Atlantic.
Socialism. Prepare for. J. X. Lamed. Atlantic.
Stand-Pat Intellect, The. Ida M. Tarbell. American.
Stowe. Harriet Beecher. Girlhood of. McClure.
Strang, William: Painter and Etcher. C. H. Caffin. Harper.
Taf t and his Programme. Richard Hooker. North A merican.
Talking Machine as Educator. W. D. Wegefarth. Lippincott.
Tangier, An Artist's Vignettes of. Sydney Adamson. Century.
Tariff Question. A B C of the. Andrew Carnegie. Century.
Taxes, Canadian and American. Albert Jay Nock. American.
Theatre, Regeneration of the. Montrose J. Moses. Forum.
Unthrift, American. Charles T. Rogers. Atlantic.
Volcano. At Close Quarters with a. R.Harding. World To^lay.
Wagner, The Mystery of. W. J. Henderson. Bookman.
Wall Street, Growth of. J. Moody and G. K. Turner. McClure.
War, The Coming European. Daniel L. Hanson. World To-dav.
Waterways. European: Their Lesson for America. Rev. of Revt.
Wharton. Edith. Calvin Winter. Bookman.
Wilde, Oscar, in Paris. Arthur Ransome. Bookman.
Wilderness, Battle of the: A Revery. Morris Behalf. Atlantic.
Wilson. Woodrow. W. B. Hale. World't Work.
Women of the Caesars, The. Guglielmo Ferrero. Century.
Workers' Xeed of More Leis nre. Temple Scott. Forum.
Y. M. C. A., Foreign Work of the. E. A. Halsey. World To^lay.
LiiST of New Books.
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Lady Charlotte Schrelber's Journals: Confidences of a
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Memories and Impressions. By Ford Madox Hueffer.
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Mark Twain. By Archibald Henderson. Illustrated
in color, etc., from photographs by Alvln Langdon
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$1.50 net.
Memoirs of a Manager. By Daniel Frohman. Illus-
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Louis XIV and Madame de Maintenon. By Charlotte.
Lady Blennerhassett. Illustrated, 8vo, 323 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.75 net.
Wagner at Home. By Judith Gautler; translated from
the French by Effle Dunreith Massie. Illustrated,
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Henry II: His Court and Times. By H. Noel Will-
iams. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, S71
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Timothy Flint: Pioneer Missionary, Author, Editor.
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trated, 8vo, 331 pages. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark
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Heroines of Genoa and the Rlvleras. By EdgcumtH
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ner's Sons. $3.50 net.
Isabella of Milan, Princess D'Aragona. and Wife of
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In-Waiting, as Set Forth by Christopher Hare. Il-
lustrated In photogravure, etc., 8vo, 307 pages
Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net.
HISTORY.
France In the American Revolution. By James Ereck
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Gettysburg: The Pivotal Battle of the Civil War. By
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The House of Hohenzollern: Two Centuries of Court
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England under the Hanoverians. By C. Grant Robert-
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The Moravian Records. Edited by Archer Butler Hul-
bert and William Nathaniel Schwarze, Ph. D. Vol
I., David Zelsberger's History of the Northern
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GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Letters of Richard Henry Lee. Collected and
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1762-1778. With portrait, 8vo, 467 pages. Macniilas
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Sir Perceval of Galles: A Study of the Sources of the
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Masks and Minstrels of New Germany. By Perdval
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Key-Notes of Optimism. By Calvin Weiss l*d&
A. M. 12mo, 152 pages. Sherman, French & Cu-
ll, net.
The Divine Archer. By F. J. Gould. WMth decoration!
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No. 598. MAY 16, 1911. Vol. L.
Contents.
PAGE
THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON 375
A FAMOUS POEM AND ITS AUTHOR .... 377
CASUAL COMMENT 379
The test of a good book for children. — The mathe-
matical measurement of human greatness.—Locking
the stable door before the horse is stolen. — Six mil-
lion per cent increase in book Talues. — A library's
presiding genius. — Dr. Johnson's London house. —
Where library books are in extraordinary demand.
— What constitutes vulgarity in literature. — The
perilous state of our national archives.—The persist-
ence of plots. — Collector's mania extraordinary.—
The appointment of California county librarians. —
M. Maeterlinck in reflective mood. — Dartmouth's
plans for a new library building. — The class-day
rejuvenescence of the gray-beard alumnus. — Impor-
tant library legislation.
COMMUNICATIONS 383
Leon S<5ch(5, the "Anecdotalist" of French Ro-
manticism. Albert Schinz.
Recent Tendencies in the Japanese Language.
Ernest W. Clement.
A FRIEND'S PORTRAIT OF JOHN LA FAROE.
Frederick W. Goolcin 385
THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE NINETEENTH
CENTURY. Carl Becker 387
ENGLISH AND SCOTTISH RAMBLES OF A
POET. Percy F. Bickntll 391
THE NEEDLESS MAKING OF LAWS. David T.
Thomas 393
CURIOSITIES OF DRESS IN ENGLAND. Arthur
Howard Noll 394
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 396
Old English musical instruments. — A tribute to our
greatest hnmorist. — Essays for an idle hour. —
Observations of an American in the Far East.—
Rambles in and about the land of books. — Excur-
sions to the world of dreams.—A redoubtable soldier
of fortune. — Women and the poets. — Rome under
Sixtus the fifth.
BRIEFER MENTION 399
NOTES 400
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 401
THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON.
A life of eighty-seven rich years of service —
the kind of service that goes hand in hand with
ripe scholarship and liberal culture—was ended
on the ninth of this month, when Colonel Hig-
ginson died at his home in Cambridge. Fit-
tingly, in commemoration of one of the most
distinctive aspects of his activity in behalf of
human welfare, his body was borne three days
later into his old parish church by six members
of the race that he had chosen to lead in the
Civil War, and whose cause he had championed
from the early years of the abolition movement.
J ust such a life as that which he led, and which
fate so happily prolonged, will hardly be pos-
sible for any future American, so completely
have the conditions which moulded it passed
away from our national life. The New England
culture of which Higginson was the fine flower
is a thing now to be studied in old memoirs
rather than by direct observation; its noble
tradition of plain living and high thinking is
now hardly to be found anywhere. Where,
for example, shall we look for families whose
parents read to their children the whole series
of the "Waverley" novels, or in which boys
are made ready to enter Harvard at the age of
thirteen? Higginson could boast of both these
things, and of many others of like import; it is
by reading of them that we come to understand
what manner of man he came to be.
Those early days, and the many that came
after, were days of serious and unremitting
application to worthy tasks, but they do not
give us the impression of a child parted from
his birthright of natural and wholesome growth.
In the retrospect, they appeared to Higginson
himself as "Cheerful Yesterdays," and it is
clear that he never thought that he would have
preferred them to be other than they were.
Their cheer was anything but that of careless-
ness or indolence; it sprang from the conscious-
ness of duties performed and high aims realized.
Those yesterdays were strenuous as well as
cheerful, as we may read in the record of his
militant abolitionism in the pulpit, his active
participation in the rescue of fugitive slaves
and the conquest of Kansas for freedom, and
his leadership of a "black regiment" when the


376
[May 16,
THE DIAL
gage of open battle was cast. The war over
and its purposes accomplished — the Union
preserved and slavery ended, — he transferred
to the arena of civil life all the ardor and
energy that he had put to more active uses,
and fought for many good causes with tongue
and pen no less valiantly than he had been
fighting with less spiritual weapons. And the
light that ever guided him was that which was
apostrophized in his own lines "To Duty":
"Light of dim mornings; shield from heat and cold;
Balm for all ailments; substitute for praise;
Comrade of those who plod in lonely ways
(Ways that wax lonelier as the years wax old);
Tonic for fears; check to the over-bold;
Nurse, whose calm hand its strong restriction lays;
Kind, but resistless, on our wayward days;
Mart, whose high wisdom at vast price is sold."
"Can it be," he says to the ideal thus variously
symbolized, "thine other name is Heaven?"
The affirmative answer to the question is im-
plicit in every page that he wrote.
Not many years ago, Higginson wrote as fol-
lows of his desires for his fellow-countrymen:
"Personally, I should like to live to see interna-
tional arbitration secured, civil-service reform com-
pleted, free trade established; to And the legal and
educational rights of the two sexes equalized; to know
that all cities are as honestly governed as that in which
I dwell; to see natural monoplies owned by the public,
not in private hands; to see drunkenness extirpated; to
live under absolute as well as nominal religious free-
dom; to perceive American literature to be thoroughly
emancipated from that habit of colonial deference
which still hampers it. Yet it is something to believe
it possible that, after the progress already made on the
whole in these several directions, some future genera-
tion may see the fulfilment of what remains."
This statement offers an epitome of the in-
terests of his later life, although it is far from
exhaustive, and makes no mention, for example,
of his vehement protest against the wanton and
wicked policy of imperialism into which our
nation was plunged a dozen years ago, to the
grief and indignation of all who held fast to
the political ideals which had hitherto been their
pride. He who had been a fighter against slavery
on our own soil could not take any other stand
than that of a resolute opponent of such human
oppression abroad as that which still weighs in-
tolerably upon the conscience of all Americans
of the old-fashioned intellectual build. Some
of his ideals are still far from accomplishment,
but we can take comfort in knowing that prog-
ress has been made along most of the lines
specified, and in the thought that an existence
which offered no causes worth fighting for would
be an insipid and colorless affair.
The story of Higginson's life may be read
with much amplitude of detail in his many
books. His ancestry was uncompromisingly
puritan, and his education began many genera-
tions before he was born. He was less than
eighteen when he was graduated from Harvard
in 1841, and only twenty-three when he left
the Divinity School in 1847. His first pastorate
was in the Unitarian church of Newburyport,
where he preached Garrisonianism to the disgust
of such of his parishioners as Francis Todd and
Caleb Cushing. In 1852 he organized a free
church at Worcester, remaining in charge for
six years. His active service in the army was
during the years 1862-64, when he resigned
for disability, and took up his residence at New-
port. In 1878, he removed to Cambridge,
where he passed the remainder of his years,
except for his lecture journeys and his visits to
Europe. He was twice married, and his second
wife survives him, together with one daughter.
Higginson's place in American literature is
high and altogether honorable. "My literary
life, such as it has been," he modestly says,
"affords no lesson greatly worth recording,
unless it be the facility with which a taste
for books be transmitted and accumulated from
one generation to another, and then developed
into a lifelong pursuit by a literary environ-
ment." This is not exactly an adequate state-
ment in which to sum up the productivity of a
writer whose published volumes number be-
tween thirty and forty, and who must be
reckoned as one of the half dozen leading essay-
ists of American literature. One novel, several
collections of poems, and numerous biographies
and histories, are included in the list, besides
the dozen or more volumes of essays in the
form of comment and reminiscence. So grace-
ful and polished a writer in this kind is now
hardly left to us, or one so stimulating, so rich
in suggestiveness, or so inspired by the highest
ideals of thought and conduct. With Higgin-
son's death, the chapter of our older New
England literature is indeed closed. We may
no longer look to the neighborhood of Boston
for our literary veterans, but must turn rather
to New York, where Mr. John Bigelow is living
at an unaccountable age, and Mr. Andrew D.
White still ripens in wisdom; or to Philadelphia,
where Dr. S. Weir Mitchell has safely rounded
the eighties, and Dr. Horace H. Furness is fast
nearing them. Such geographical sh if tings of
interest are not the least important features in
the history of any literature.


1911.]
377
THE
DIAL,
A FAMOUS POEM AND ITS AUTHOB.
In the well-known anthology of "Famous Single
and Fugitive Poems," edited by Mr. Rossiter
Johnson and published by Messrs. Henry Holt &
Co. (New York, 1880), appear these familiar lines:
A HUNDRED YEARS TO COME.
"Oh, where will be the birds that sing,
A hundred years to come 1
The flowers that now in beauty spring,
A hundred years to come?
The rosy lip, the lofty brow,
The heart that beats so gayly now,—
Oh, where will be love's beaming eye,
Joy's pleasant smile and sorrow's sigh,
A hundred years to oome?
"Who '11 press for gold this crowded street,
A hundred years to come 1
Who '11 tread yon church with willing feet,
A hundred years to come?
Pale, trembling age, and fiery youth,
And childhood with its brow of truth,
The rich and poor, on land and sea,—■
Where will the mighty millions be,
A hundred years to come?
"We all within our graves shall sleep,
A hundred years to come;
No living soul for us shall weep,
A hundred years to come;
But other men our lands shall till,
And others then our streets shall fill,
While other birds shall sing as gay,
As bright the sunshine as to-day,
A hundred years to come."
As has happened with many another famous
fugitive poem, the authorship of this one has been
made a matter of dispute. It has been "cribbed"
unconscionably, and has appeared in print under a
wildly assorted variety of names, from that of its
real author to that of C. F. Browne ("Artemus
Ward " the humorist!). In Mr. Johnson's anthology
the poem is credited to William Goldsmith Brown;
and with this for a starting-point an attempt is now
made to search out the history of the poem and
establish the facts of its origin. A note to the
poem, in the volume referred to, says that it was
"published originally in 'The Mother's Journal,'
Philadelphia." A search in the Periodical Division
of the Library of Congress has resulted in the dis-
covery of the poem in the "Mother's Journal and
Family Visitant" for November, 1848 (Vol. 13,
No. 11, p. 332), where, as afterwards in Mr.
Johnson's anthology, it was attributed to William
Goldsmith Brown. This establishes an early date
of its publication, but probably not the earliest; as
it is believed to have appeared previously in a news-
paper at Brandon, Vt., with which Mr. Brown was
connected and in which many of his poems were first
published. A manuscript copy of the poem, in his
handwriting, is still preserved, dated by him 1839.
It would seem strange that a poem which has
been a popular favorite for more than half a cen-
tury, whose authorship was established by publica-
tion sixty years ago and confirmed repeatedly in
standard anthologies and books of various kinds,
including the Biographical Record of the Kappa
Alpha Society of its author's college (Williams),
should now have its authorship questioned. But it
is questioned, and in a way that cannot be ignored.
A volume entitled "The Fugitives, a Sheaf of
Verses, by H. L. Spencer" (St John, N. B., 1909)
has been published, in which, in large and assertive
print, we find, as the opening poem, "A Hundred
Years to Come." A few pages of biography, by
A. M. Belding, give some details of Mr. Spencer's
life, in which we are informed that "there has even
been a dispute as to the authorship of his most
famous poem, 'A Hundred Years to Come,' whose
pathos and haunting melody have made it one of
the immortals in the realms of American verse."
Mr. Spencer was born in 1829; and in 1848—the
year when this poem was published under Mr.
Brown's name in the Philadelphia magazine—he
was a bookseller's clerk in Rutland, Vt, not far
from where Mr. Brown then lived. The production
of such a poem by a youth of nineteen would have
been indeed remarkable. We understand Mr.
Spencer is still living; and while we would not
willingly disturb the repose and feebleness of his
advanced age by a controversy which must needs
involve a question of personal integrity, yet the
issue is one which he himself has raised, and the
examination of it becomes unavoidable. We shall
give only an outline of the known facts in the case.
Over fifty years ago there was published a very
interesting anthology, known to all literary Ver-
monters, called "Poets and Poetry of Vermont,"
compiled by Abby Maria Hemenway (Rutland,
1858). In this book, William Goldsmith Brown
is represented by four poems, one of which, entitled
"Vermont," is the opening piece of the volume,
and another is "A Hundred Years to Come." In
the same volume Mr. H. L. Spencer is represented
by a single piece, which is called "Rosa Bell." If
Mr. Spencer was, as he now claims, the author of
"A Hundred Years to Come," it seems strange
that he should not have been represented by that
poem in this anthology, instead of by a greatly
inferior piece, while the poem which he now claims
as his was allowed to appear in the same volume
under the name of a different author — apparently
with no protest from him; as a "Revised Edition"
of the book appeared a few years later, in Boston,
with no change in the authorship of this poem.
And if his claim is true, what, it may be asked,
would the astute and vigilant Miss Hemenway
have been doing while such a literary fraud was
perpetrated under her editorial nose? With ample
opportunity for knowing all the facts, she evidently
had confidence in Mr. Brown, as her preface gives
him special mention for his aid in the preparation
of her collection.
Miss Hemenway's volume incidentally furnishes
the key to further and more important evidence.
In a biographical note on Mr. Spencer, she men-
tions that he "published a small volume of poems


378
[May 16,
THE
DIAL
in Rutland in 1850." This volume has been dis-
covered in the Harris Collection of Brown Univer-
sity Library—in which, if anywhere, obscure books
of American verse may be found; and an examina-
tion of it (Poems by Hiram Ladd Spencer, Rutland,
1850) shows that it does not contain "A Hundred
Years to Come," which Mr. Spencer now claims to
have written several years earlier, but that it does
contain the following:
THE YEAES.
"Oh, where will be the birds that sing,
When a hundred years are flown?
The sweet flowers that are blossoming,
When a hundred years are gone?
The happy child,
The spirit wild,
The silvery tone
Of some loved one,
Oh, where will be the spirit free
And the smiles of love that now we see,
When a hundred years are gone?
"And who will know where we have dwelt,
When a hundred years have flown?
What thrill of grief and joy we've felt,
When a hundred years are gone?
Our smiles and tears,
Our hopes and fears,
Our hours of grief,
Of pleasure brief;
Oh, who will note our smiles and tears,
Our joys and griefs, our hopes and fears,
When a hundred years are flown?
"Our graves will all forgotten be
When a hundred years are flown;
No one will think of you or me,
When a hundred years are gone;
And our bright dreams,
Like summer beams,
Will all decay
And pass away;
And this gay world will busy be,
And give no thought to yon or me,
When a hundred years are flown."
There is little that need be said after reading
these lines. The question of the authorship of "A
Hundred Years to Come" remains where it was
before Mr. Spencer made his unfortunate appear-
ance as a claimant. The derivation of his piece—
published two years after Mr. Brown's had appeared
in print — is obvious to anyone who will take the
trouble to compare the two. How they became con-
fused in the mind of the author of the later one —
whether by some trick of a sportive and giddy muse,
a gradual obsession of the mental faculties with con-
fusion of optical and ethical perceptions, a mix-up
in the functions of absorption and reconstruction, so
that from taking one poem as the model for another
he came by degrees to fancy he had written both,
or was unable to tell just which one he did write,—
these are matters we are not especially concerned
with here. The essential thing is to have settled a
question as to the authorship of an admired poem
long a favorite and likely long to remain a favorite
with lovers of simple and genuine poetry.
William Goldsmith Brown, the author of this
poem, was born in Whitingham, Vermont, in 1812,
was educated at Williams College, and spent many
of his mature years as a teacher and an editor in his
native State and in Massachusetts. He began writ-
ing verse at an early age, and kept it up through
life. Hundreds of his poems have been printed in
newspapers and periodicals, and some of them —
like "A Hundred Years to Come " and "Mother,
Home, and Heaven "—have been set to music, and
have found, as song or poem, a warm place in the
people's heart. The one last named, though long
familiar, may be given space here.
MOTHER, HOME, AND HEAVEN.
"Three words fall sweetly on my soul,
As music from an angel's lyre,
That bid my spirit spurn control,
And upward to its source aspire;
The sweetest sounds to mortals given
Are heard in Mother, Home, and Heaven.
"Dear Mother! — ne'er shall I forget
Thy brow, thine eye, thy pleasant smile;
Though in the sea of death hath set
Thy star of life, my guide awhile,
Oh, never shall thy form depart
From the bright pictures in my heart.
"And like a bird that from the flowers
Wing-weary seeks her wonted nest,
My spirit, e'en in manhood's hours,
Turns back in childhood's Home to rest;
The cottage, garden, hill, and stream,
Still linger like a pleasant dream.
"And while to one engulfing grave
By Time's swift tide we 're driven,
How sweet the thought that every wave
But bears us nearer Heaven!
There we shall meet, when life is o'er,
In that blest Home, to part no more."
Reference has been made in this article to Mr.
Brown's opening poem in the "Poets and Poetry
of Vermont," in which he pays sincere and eloquent
tribute to his native State. This stirring piece,
written and published more than sixty years ago,
may be said to be the accepted State poem of
Vermont; and few States can lay claim to a better
one. It is so fine in spirit and so strong in expres-
sion that it seems well worth giving here as illus-
trating another phase of its author's poetic powers.
VERMONT.
"Land of the river and the rock,
Of lofty hill and lowly glen,
Live thunderbolts thy mountains mock;
Well hast thou nursed by tempests' shock
Thy race of iron men.
"Far from the city's crowded mart,
From Fashion's shrine and Mammon's show,
With beaming eye and loving heart
In cottage homes they dwell apart,
Free as the winds that blow.
"Of all the sister States that make
This mighty Union broad and strong,
From Southern gulf to Northern lake,
There's none that Autumn days awake
To sweeter harvest song.
"And when the cold winds round them blow,
Father, and son, and aged sire,


1911.]
379
THE DIAL
Defiant of the drifting snow,
With hearts and hearths alike aglow,
Laugh round their wintry fire.
"When Freedom from her home was driven,
Mid vine-clad vales of Switzerland,
She sought the glorious Alps of heaven,
And there, mid cliffs by lightnings riven,
Gathered her hero band.
"And still nut rings her freedom-song,
Amid the glaciers sparkling there,
At Sabbath bell, as peasants throng
Their mountain fastnesses along,
Happy, and free as air.
"And if, through Southern power and pride,
This broad, free land, in future time
Shall hear the slave-roll by the side
Of Bunker's shaft, that marks where died
Her sons in strife sublime, —
"Lo! as the bugle echo thrills,
New England's sons shall rally then,
And build their homes by mountain rills,
Far np among her wild green hills,
And sing free songs again.
"The hills were made for freedom: they
Break at a breath the tyrant's rod;
Chains clank in valleys, — there the prey
Writhes 'neath Oppression's heel alway:
Hills bow to none but God!"
Mr. Brown's power of verse-writing was remark-
ably preserved to an advanced age. His birthdays
were the occasions of his writing special poems,
which showed a clearness of thought, a tenderness
of sentiment, and a felicity of expression, that
called out surprise and admiration from those who
read them. One such poem, written when he was
past ninety (he died in Wisconsin, in 1906, at the
age of ninety-four) contains a passage which may be
quoted as indicating his poetic gifts, his tender and
sympathetic nature, and his gentle and helpful life.
"If I have put one wounded bird
Back in its little nest.
If I have spoken one kindly word
To give some sad heart rest,
If I have made one tear-drop less,
Or soothed one pang of pain,
If one is left my name to bless,
I have not lived in vain."
CASUAL COMMENT.
The test of a good book fob children must
have been long and eagerly and more or less un-
successfully sought by many a children's librarian.
The supreme test adopted by the juvenile depart-
ment of the Brooklyn Public Library, and rather
well formulated in the preface to a carefully pre-
pared and very useful list of " Books for Boys and
Girls" just issued by the Library, is described as
follows: "The first test we apply to any book for
children is that of moral tone. By this we do not
mean the story of the drunkard-reforming child
saint of Sunday-School library books so edifyingly
contrasted with the naughty boy who goes fishing
on the Sabbath and comes to a bad end; nor the
golden-curled, lace-collared, polite little prig who
adorns the pages of scores of 'little child shall lead
them' stories of the present. Not pages slashed
with cutlasses reeking with gore, not hairbreadth
escapes and feats of superhuman daring does
the children's librarian condemn, but heroes
pre-eminent in lying and trickery, in smartness
and swagger, in the loafer's reliance upon luck;
books which subtly teach a lad to measure a man's
value and success by his money-making ability. If
a book arouses in a child admiration for courage,
honor, endurance, manliness or womanliness, faith-
fulness, pluck, gentleness, then it is a moral book,
whether it be a story of pirates, as 'Treasure
Island,' of a schoolboy, as 'Tom Brown's School
Days,' of a mythical hero, as 'The Story of Sieg-
fried," of a hero of song, as 'Horatius,' or a girls'
home story, as 'Little Women.'" After all, the
best and surest touchstone is a small reader himself
or herself; hut unfortunately this is a test not
always practically applicable in the buying of new
books for the juvenile department.
The mathematical measurement of human
greatness, like the repeatedly attempted statistical
evaluation of literature, has its fascinations for
those who fondly imagine that spiritual realities can
be weighed and measured, analyzed and dissected,
and then labeled with a formula exactly expressing
their nature and their comparative worth. In a late
number of "Science," Dr. Frederick Adams Woods
of the Mass. Institute of Technology discourses at
some length on "Historiometry as an Exact Sci-
ence," including under historiometry " that class of
researches in which the facts of history have been
subjected to statistical treatment according to some
method of measurement more or less objective or
impersonal in its nature." In his application of his
method to biography, and, specifically, to a testing
of the familiar assertion that Massachusetts has
produced more eminent men in proportion to her
white population than any other State of the Union,
Dr. Woods displays skill and patient research. But,
after all, however earnest the endeavor to attain the
purely objective, and to exclude all subjective sug-
gestion in this estimate of men, the result is merely
a shifting of ultimate responsibility on to others'
shoulders. The statistical use of biographical dic-
tionaries and of handbooks like "Who's Who " can
never succeed in eliminating the element of prejudice
or fallibility; for the compilers of all such reference
books are themselves human beings and liable to
personal bias. Nevertheless some approach to dis-
passionateness of judgment may doubtless be made
by this averaging of many opinions. All this recalls,
incidentally, an ingenious treatise from the pen of
Dr. Frederic Lyman Wells, published two years
ago by the Science Press as number seven in its
series known as "Archives of Psychology." The
paper was entitled " A Statistical Study of Literary


380
[May 16,
THE
DIAL
Merit," and was a minute investigation and tabu-
lation of the peculiar properties of ten leading
American authors. But after getting the gist of
the thing neatly packed into an algebraic formula,
the author added this delightful confession: "It is
a not uncommon observation that we often form
judgments for which we cannot give satisfactory
reasons, and it is perhaps not less common to
observe that these judgments are about as likely to
be correct as those for which we can. . . . We are
more accurate in our opinions than in our reasons
for them."
• • ■
Locking the stable door before the horse
is stolen is evidently what the Connecticut State
Librarian and the Connecticut legislators believe
in. The new State Library building, or rather
the combined State Library, Memorial Hall, and
Supreme Court building, which has sprung into
existence at Hartford within the short space of two
years and a half, and apparently without any such
misappropriation of funds as usually attends the
erection of our public buildings, is a happy birth
that owes its timely conception to the brain of the
State Librarian, Mr. George S. Godard. It was he
who years ago noted the rapid growth and inade-
quate housing of the precious collection of books
and pamphlets and manuscripts under his care.
The capital building, as in many another State, had
provided quarters, cramped and exposed to risks of
fire, for the library. But before such a catastrophe
as that at Albany overtook it, a suitable structure
for its reception was carefully planned and hand-
somely executed. Among the valuable records
preserved in the vaults of the library are the trans-
actions between the first settlers and the Indians,
recorded on parchment and with the signatures, or
marks, of redskin chiefs side by side with the white
man's sign manual. There may be seen the great
Mugwump's private mark; and, if the visitor desires,
Mr. Godard will explain the connection between
this aboriginal Mugwump and the more recent rep-
resentative of the species. He may also get sight
of precious autographs—of William and Mary, of
Queen Anne, of the four Georges, and of Joseph
Addison,—and learn the whole history of the
Connecticut legislature, which is said to have given
the world the first written state constitution. But
the Library and its finely appointed home cannot
be described in a paragraph. They should be
visited in person.
Six million per cent increase in book
values, if realized within a single lifetime, would
make a book-dealer rich beyond the wildest dreams
of avarice. Something more than that percentage
of profit (distributed among many dealers in the
course of two centuries) has been achieved by the
Hoe copy of Malory's "Morte d'Arthur," the only
perfect copy known of the Caxton issue of 1485,
which in 1695 is said to have commanded a price
about equivalent to sixty-eight cents of our money.
Even in little more than a quarter of a century it
has risen in value nearly four hundred and thirty-
nine per cent, its last sale at auction (before the
present sale) having taken place in 1885, when it
was bought in by Bernard Quaritch for Mrs. Nor-
ton Q. Pope of Brooklyn, at whose death it was ac-
quired by Mr. Hoe for an amount not made public.
The late winning bid of forty-two thousand eight
hundred dollars, on the part of Mr. J. P. Morgan,
is accounted the second highest in the annals of
bibliopoly, the highest being that of fifty thousand
dollars for the Gutenberg Bible acquired at the
same sale by Mr. Huntington of Los Angeles. An
even more astonishing record, in its way, was made
by the Greek grammar of Constantinus Lascaris,
which elicited a bid of twenty-three hundred dollars
after having cost Mr. Hoe but three hundred and
forty in 1891. Some yet more startling and rapid
jumps in value are reported from this sale, all
largely accounted for, no doubt, by the recent re-
markable growth of our plutocracy.
• • •
A library's presiding genius ought to be and
commonly is the head librarian, though sometimes
the name applies more properly to the chairman of
the board of trustees. At the Pratt Institute Free
Library, of which we doubt not Mr. Edward F.
Stevens, the librarian, is the real as well as the
officially designated head, the circulating depart-
ment has a genius loci of its own, more appropriate
to the reading-room perhaps, which is thus described
in the current quarterly Bulletin of the institution:
"Visitors to the library are attracted by the figure
of Thackeray which stands in a prominent position
in the Circulating Department. It is a replica of a
statuette by Sir Edgar Boehm now in the National
Portrait Gallery in London. It shows Thackeray
as he used to be observed in the Reform Club
standing in the smoking room,' his back to the fire,
his legs rather wide apart, his hands thrust into
his trousers pockets, his head stiffly thrown back
while he joined in the talk of the men in the semi-
circle of chairs in front of him.'" Patrons of the
library are invited to read and re-read their Thack-
eray and all about him in this centennial year of his
birth, and in the reading-room will be found "an
exhaustive Thackeray bibliography as well as a
nearly complete file of Punch," to which periodical
the artist-humorist contributed from 1843 to 1854,
and of which he not untruthfully, though not quite
grammatically, said: "There never was before
published so many volumes that contained so much
cause for laughing and so little cause for blushing,
so many jokes and so little harm."
Dr. Johnson's London house, Number 17
Gough Square, has been bought by Mr. Cecil
Harmsworth with the benevolent intention of giv-
ing it to his country as a national memorial to •
great man. Just what steps will be taken for its
restoration or preservation, and whether it will be
converted into a Johnson museum or maintained
without the addition of any such collection of


1911.]
381
THE DIAL
Johnsoniana, remains to be determined. But the
house where the great Dictionary was begun and
finished, where "The Rambler" was conceived,
and where many other works of Johnson's were
written, must long continue to be an object of in-
terest to visitors. By turning to Carlyle's famous
essay on Boswell's Life of Johnson, one can get a
glimpse of the building as it was in 1832—"a
stout, old-fashioned, oak-balustraded house." "The
actual occupant," says Carlyle, "an elderly, well-
washed, decent-looking man, invited us to enter;
and courteously undertook to be cicerone; though
in his memory lay nothing but the foolishest
jumble and hallucination." A clearer-headed, better-
informed guide to the rooms of chief interest in
the house should now be found, if possible, and
installed.
■ • •
Where library books are in extraordinary
demand, and where one may breathe the still air of
delightful studies, enjoy an existence free from the
ordinary cares of life, be fed, clothed, and sheltered
with no drain upon one's pocket, and at the same
time undergo (if one will) a thorough moral regen-
eration — this delectable retreat is to be found in
every State of our Union, though its charms appeal
as yet to comparatively few. With an average
population of seven hundred and three in the year
1909, the Minnesota State Prison reported a circu-
lation of its six thousand library books amounting
to nearly twenty-three thousand, or about thirty-two
per capita. Is not that enough to make an unincar-
cerated librarian turn green with envy? Suppose
the city of Cleveland, with its half-million inhab-
itants, to have a proportional circulation of public
library books: that would mean some sixteen million
volumes a year. As a matter of fact, it can boast
a circulation of about one-ninth that amount, and
as compared with other cities of the same size
and even larger that is a remarkably good record.
When it comes the time of year to issue annual
reports, who would not wish to be a State Prison
librarian? To these and other pleasant reflections
we are moved by a perusal of the current Biennial
Report of the Minnesota Public Library Commission,
a well-printed, well-illustrated, and otherwise attract-
ive pamphlet.
What constitutes vulgarity in literature
will never be determined in so many words, any
more than what constitutes beauty or truth or charm
or romance. What is one man's vulgarity is another
man's refinement, as may be illustrated by a few
quotations from the newly-published correspondence
of the late John Oliver Hobbes (as Mrs. Craigie is
best known in the world of letters). She calls
Thackeray not simply vulgar, but "atrociously so,"
whereas Dickens is labeled "not vulgar." In a
quick succession of unhesitating judgments she de-
clares that " Dr. Arnold was not vulgar. Matthew
Arnold was vulgar. Burns was not vulgar. Carlyle
was a little vulgar. Froude was not vulgar. Motley
was not vulgar. Macaulay was not vulgar. John-
son was not vulgar. Addison was vulgar." And
further: "William Morris—vulgarity itself. Lord
Lytton—rather vulgar. Stevenson—vulgar, very."
Who, then, we ask in bewilderment, is free from
vulgarity if Matthew-Arnold and Addison and
William Morris and Stevenson are vulgar? Or has
vulgarity no objective reality, and must we conclude,
Hamlet-like, that there is nothing either refined or
vulgar but thinking makes it so?
• • •
The perilous state of our national ar-
chives, scattered as they are in many buildings, and
in hardly an instance adequately safeguarded against
fire, demands the erection of a special building at
Washington to receive into its safe keeping those
state papers and other documents whose historic
value is priceless, and which have accumulated in
larger quantity than has similar material in any of
the single States, not excepting New York with its
now charred remains of one of the most precious
collections in America. The disastrous consequences
of governmental neglect in this matter in the past
are notorious. In 1800 the archives of the War
Department were burned; in 1833 the most valu-
able of the Treasury Department's archives met with
a like fate; and in 1877 there was a similar disaster
in the Patent Office. The reckless throwing away
of manuscript matter in the Capitol, to provide
quarters for the soldiers in our Civil War, and the
subsequent looting of the archives of the House of
Representatives on the part of autograph-hunters,
are well known. A national archives building, of
fireproof construction, and a properly qualified
superintendent of archives are among the urgent
needs of the hour.
• • •
The persistence of plots comes up again
for brief discussion in a contribution to the May
"Atlantic" from the pen of Miss Ellen Duvall. She
begins with a reference to Goethe's citation of Gozzi
as authority for the assertion that only thirty-six
dramatic situations are possible, and Schiller's rejoin-
der that he could think of but fourteen ; and she ends
with the regret that the supersubtle Venetian left no
record of those thirty-six situations. As she makes
no mention of Polti's little book (called to our
readers' attention by two correspondents in our
issue of March 1) in which a complete catalogue
of these situations is attempted, it may be that she
is not acquainted with it. In the body of her essay
she displays ingenuity in fitting to her scheme of
simple love plots, triangular love plots, and quadran-
gular love plots, various masterpieces of romance.
This is a fascinating field for research and for
philosophical disquisition, and one in which both
the monist, with his passion for unity, and the
pluralist, with his love of diversity, can probably find
about equal support for their pet theories. There
is as yet no exact science of plots, although there
does exist, and ever will, the sublime art of weaving
them.


382
[May 16,
THE DIAL
Collector's mama extraordinary exhibits
itself in the passion for abbreviations that has long
held possession of Mr. W. T. Rogers, F. R. L. S.,
sub-librarian, until recently, at . the Inner Temple,
London. "For over thirty years," confesses Mr.
Rogers, "I have been collecting abbreviations in
my spare time. Hardly a day passes by in which
I do not add one or two to my stock. A few days
ago, for instance, as I was hurrying along near the
Strand I saw the letters 'I. C. S. P.' on some offices.
I wonder what proportion of the passers-by know
that this indicates the offices of the Incorporated
Church Scouts Patrols! Another day I brought
back the magic letters 'S. S.M.I. F. and G.', but
have not yet been able to discover their hidden
meaning." Mr. Rogers does not pursue his fad
purely for the fad's sake. He is about to publish
a dictionary of abbreviations, which will be a sub-
stantial volume of about eight hundred pages, and
will have a specially valuable appendix contain-
ing "all the legal abbreviations," treated with a
scrupulous accuracy never before bestowed on the
subject. The book will appear, it is hoped, in
August, and is likely to take high rank among the
products of plodding industry.
The appointment of California county
librarians, under the requirements of the new
county library law approved Feb. 25, 1911, is to be
made only upon certificate of qualification from the
State board of library examiners. An examination
open to all applicants, who may be of either sex
and may come from any quarter of the globe, will
be held at the Hotel Maryland, Pasadena, Monday,
May 22, 1911, at two o'clock in the afternoon under
the supervision of Miss Mary L. Sutliff, head
cataloguer of the State Library, the examiners being
Mr. James L. Gillis, librarian of the State Library,
Mr. William R. Watson, librarian of the San Fran-
cisco Public Library, and Mr. Purd B. Wright, who
has recently resigned as librarian of the Los Angeles
Public Library in preparation for his removal to
Kansas City, whose public library system he is to
take charge of. The examination at Pasadena falls
within the week of the A. L. A. conference.
M. Maeterlinck in reflective mood is re-
ported in the Paris Figaro by M. Francois Poncet-
ton. Among a variety of topics touched upon
reminiscently or meditatively was one of especial
interest to those play-goers who have seen "The
Blue Bird." Speaking of the staging of the piece,
its author said: "It was a daily struggle for three
solid months. It called for unremitting energy.
Everything had to be done over and over again,
despite most earnest advice to the contrary. And
the children! Oh, the world of gentle discipline it
took to train them! But they are perfect. At
Moscow we could not find any children, though
every one tried to help us. We were obliged to
take young men, and we cut a row of deep grooves
across the stage for them to move in. With trail-
ing draperies, they managed in this way to look
like children. But actors walking always along a
fixed line had the appearance of mannikins. In
Paris, thanks to these fine children, there was life
and go." One is sorry to learn that M. Maeterlinck's
beloved bees have fallen victims to the rigors of
the Norman climate, and his hives are empty.
Dartmouth's plans for a new library build-
ing formed a part of the substance of President
Nichols's recent address before the Dartmouth
alumni of Western Massachusetts at their annual
banquet in Springfield. The trustees of the college
are considering ways and means, and at their latest
meeting they discussed plans for a structure to cost
a quarter of a million dollars and to call for an addi-
tional quarter-million for equipment and endowment
The present building was provided when the whole
student body did not exceed three hundred and
seventy-five — a smaller number than that of last
autumn's entering class, — and the four years' cur-
riculum was a very simple and invariable programme
contrasted with the manifold courses now offered.
The class-day rejuvenescence of the gray-
beard alumnus is truly a pleasing spectacle to
the beholder and a delightful experience to the old
"grad" himself. To be young again just for one
day is well worth the price of an excursion ticket
from Galveston to Cambridge, or from Seattle to
New Haven. But for whole classes of ten or fifteen
or perhaps twenty years' remove from the com-
mencement platform to parade the campus attired
as clowns and blowing penny whistles, does at times
almost make the judicious grieve. Accordingly we
learn not without a measure of approval that the
Yale Alumni Day festivities this year are not to be
diversified by excessive indulgence in puerilities on
the part of the sedate. In the procession to the
ball-game only the triennial and possibly the sex-
ennial class will wear fantastic costumes, the older
men being expected to content themselves with
more sober attire. This timely hint from Yale
deserves to be heeded elsewhere.
• • •
Important library legislation is reported
from Indiana. The General Assembly has acted
favorably upon every definite recommendation made
by the State Library Association at its meeting of
last October. The most important enactment was
that providing for an Indiana Centennial Commis-
sion to "formulate plans for the celebration of the cen-
tennial of the admission of Indiana into the Union by
the erection of a State building, and its dedication
in 1916, to be known as the Indiana Educational
Building." The building, if erected, as now seems
likely, will house the State Library and Museum,
the Public Library Commission, and the educational
and scientific offices of the Commonwealth. The
next General Assembly will pass upon the plans
submitted by the Centennial Commission.


1911. J
383
THE DIAL
COMM UNICA TIONS.
LEON SECHE, THE "ANECDOTALIST" OF
FRENCH ROMANTICISM.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The champions of dry-as-dust erudition have tried
hard to discredit the use of the anecdote in literature.
Entertaining or interesting writers are branded as
■'popular" and dismissed with contempt. Literature
must be austere, or not be at all. This absurd prejudice
had assumed a very strong hold on modern generations
under the double influence of the methods of natural
sciences held up as models in all domains of research,—
and the minute, pulverizing scholarship of the Germans.
There are, however, indisputable signs of a reaction; and,
indeed, really sensible writers have never ceased to realize
that anecdotes are to literature and history exactly what
natural facts are to sciences; and moreover that they are
as valuable information as any for the true historian.
Let us recall what has long been termed Prosper
Menmee's paradox: "I love in history," he says in his
"Chronique de Charles IX.," "nothing but anecdotes;
and among anecdotes, I prefer those in which I think
that 1 can find a true picture of the customs and people
of a given epoch. This taste is not very noble; but, I
confess it with shame, I would gladly give Thucidides
for the authentic Memoires of Aspasia or of a slave of
Pericles." Barbey d'Aurevilly said about the same
thing in the following: "The anecdote is the very con-
centration of history, when one knows how to choose it
and how to place it." None understood better the value
of the anecdote than Taine, the grave and the great.
And, only recently, M. Jules Lemaitre made some re-
marks of the same order in speaking of Sainte-Beuve.
Indeed, what did Sainte-Beuve do in his famous
"Lundis " but spread the anecdote method long ago in
us« by Tallemant des Reaux, La None, Saint Simon?
And why not go back to Diogenes of Laertes, or Plu-
tarch (see the latter's introductory words to his Life
of Alexander)?
Of course, it will not be sufficient to tell anecdotes in
order to be a good historian or a good judge in literary
matters; it is with the anecdote as with any other tool, —
it must be handled properly.
Now, it is interesting to remark that in France (the
mother country and the leading country of literary
criticism) the period that has been for the first time
studied scientifically by contemporaries, the period of
Romanticism, is known almost exclusively by the anec-
dote method. And again interesting is the fact that we
owe by far the most considerable part of those valuable
documents to one scholar, M. Leon Seclie". M. SecM
has devoted his time and money for years to the untir-
ing searching of archives, libraries, and private corre-
spondence. It is thought that, in his many publications,
some pages are not very relevant; but who is competent
to decide whether any document may not sooner or
later be relevant? The fact is that for one who studies
away from Parisian libraries, M. Secne^'s books are
treasures. His latest volume is on Delphine Gay,* " La
Muse de la Patrie," who married Emile de Girardin,
the famous director of " La Presse," a paper that did
much for the progress of letters in those days.
* Delphine Gay: Mme. de Girardin dans ses rapports
avee Lamartine, Victor Hugo, Balzac, Rachel, Jules San-
dean, Dumas, Eugene Sue, et George Sand. Paris: Mer-
enre de France, 1910.
In one of his previous volumes, "Le Ce'nacle de la
Muse Francaise," M. Se'che' had devoted a chapter to
Delphine Gay as a writer. Here he deals more espe-
cially with the woman. And indeed as a woman she
is more interesting than as a writer. Moreover, no
matter how creditable Delphine's successes as a poet
or as a dramatic author were at the time, there can be
no doubt but that a considerable part of these successes
was due to the grateful devotion of so many literary
friends. In a way her beauty and her personal charms
were an obstacle to greater achievements as an author.
Even if she had wanted to give more time and labor to
her writings, her friends, who were so anxious to enjoy
her society, would have prevented her from securing
the quiet indispensable for creations of lasting fame.
This is the impression one gets from the revelations
made by M. Se'che'. Besides, her mother had warned
her: "If you want to be taken seriously, give the
example yourself. ... Be a woman as regards your
gowns, and a man as regards grammar." She tried
hard, and Soumet was proud of his pupil's achieve-
ments. But Balzac's fear was not wholly unfounded:
"Be in the execution in turn poetical and ironical; but
have a uniform style, and then you will leave behind
you that distressing distance that people are accustomed
to find between sexes (speaking from the literary point
of view); for I, for one, do not consider that either
Madame de Stael or Madame George Sand has suc-
ceeded in the task." Lamartine also, the most sincere
admirer among all of Delphine's friends, had soon diag-
nosed the case: "Her verses are what I like least about
her. However, she has a nice feminine talent; but the
'feminine' is terrible in poetry."
What Delphine did perfectly was the "Chronique
Parisienne," published in her husband's newspaper
under the name of Vicomte de Launay,—an account of
Parisian life under the July Monarchy that compares
with Madame de Se'vigne"s account of the seventeenth-
century society. This, and two short comedies, "La
joie fait peur " and "Le chapeau de l'horloger," remain
her best achievements as a writer. She was too intel-
ligent not to understand; to a lady who once compli-
mented her on her poetry she answered: "It should
rather be my duty to compliment you, madame; it is
better for us women to inspire poems than to write
them?"
But what a woman she was! How she knew how to
encourage and help the brilliant men of her time, how
often she brought back peace when feelings had been
hurt, how splendidly she made use of her social position
as the wife of de Girardin to make all those genial
people work in harmony for good causes! With every
one she was different, and yet always the same good
cordial woman. Her correspondence, — to Hugo, to
Balzac, to Rachel, for instance, — shows admirably
that adaptability.
Of course, all her preferences went to Lamartine;
and does not that speak in her favor too? She was
for him another Elvire, the Elvire of the years of
maturity. She never concealed her feeling for him,
from the day when she wrote that beautiful poem:
"Quel est done le secret de mes vagues alarmes?
Est-ce un nouveau malheur qu'il me faut pressentir?
D'ou vient qu'hier mes yeux ont versd taut de larmes
En le voyant partir?"
until the day when her will showed that her last thought
had been for "le Dieu." He on his side was more
reserved; but no more beautiful lines were written by


384
[May 16.
THE
DIAL
him than those inspired by this noble woman, and tell-
ing " l'immutabilit^i d'une reconnaissance surnaturelle ":
"Day after day, when I pass on that empty Place des
Champs Elys^es where her dwelling was, more like a
temple torn down by death, I grow pale and my eyes
look upward. One does not meet often in this world
so good a heart and so vast an intelligence."
Lofty is the tone of the whole book, because lofty
was the woman who inspired it. There is no more
agreeable way of being introduced into the history of
French Romanticism than through M. Se'ch^'s pages.
We cannot but admire his power of adding so much
charm to so much erudition. Albert Sciiinz.
Bryn Mawr College, May 6, 1911.
RECENT TENDENCIES IN THE JAPANESE
LANGUAGE.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
The changes now rapidly taking place in the Jap-
anese language and literature are interesting and
suggestive. The writer of the "Monthly Summary of
Japanese Current Literature" in the "Japan Mail"
of Yokohama has recently called attention to one
significant phase in the evolution of the Japanese
language. He calls the present "a talking age" in
Japan, and shows how this is aiding what is known as
the gembun-itchi movement, aiming to bring into closer
harmony the written and the spoken languages. The
best way to set this forth is to make several quotations
from his article, as follows:
"The extent to which talking has taken the place of
writing in Modern Japan is quite phenomenal. In preparing
these Summaries, we are in the habit of looking through a
very large number of magazines and other publications, and
we find that most of the material furnished by the compilers
of magazines consists of the reproduction of speeches or lec-
tures delivered, which have been taken down by stenogra-
phers, or of talks which interviewers have had with promi-
nent men. It has to be remembered that writing ont
articles intended for publication in magazines in this conn-
try [Japan], owing to the nature of the language, must
necessarily occupy much time; whereas in fifteen or twenty
minutes a fluent talker can give a Japanese note-taker or
stenographer, as the case may be, sufficient material to
make a good long magazine article."
"There is perhaps no country in the world where so
much reliance is placed on the tongue in collecting material
for newspapers, magazines, and books as is the case in Japan.
One of the results of this fashion is that high-class Japanese,
who in former days were remarkably reticent, have become
quite loquacious."
"Another result of the practice we are discussing is the
increasing importance attached to colloquial speech and
the decay of interest in stilted classical phraseology. Mr.
Natsume Soseki is doing grand work by bringing out novel
after novel in which the dialogues given are all written in
high-class modern colloquial. By reading a book like * Jfon,'
the latest of his stories, students of the Japanese language
can see at once how great are the capabilities of modern
colloquial Japanese when manipulated by a past master like
Natsume. In this talking age, if any one desires to study
some of the finest specimens of Japanese conversation to be
found in modern literature, let him read two or three of the
best of Natsume's novels."
By an interesting coincidence, the same issue of the
weekly edition of the "Japan Mail" contains an article
on " Japanese Translations," in which Baron Suematsu,
a fine English scholar, is quoted as saying:
"If a man who is able to read and write Japanese and
a European language equally well (no such man exists, of
course), were to compare the two languages, he would find
that expressing Japanese thought in that European tongue
or translating from Japanese into the same is much easier
than expressing European thought in Japanese or translating
into that tongue. This, no doubt, is partly owing to the
radical difference of structure between Japanese sentences
and those of European tongues; but it is also partly to be
attributed to the fact that our language has not yet reached
the high state of development to which European tongues
have attained."
In the same article, Mr. Togawa, who has recently
published a translation of some of Emerson's essays, is
quoted as follows:
"I don't consider that I have succeeded in reproducing
the original truly and clearly. ... Of course, it is possible
that in some cases I did not fully comprehend the meaning
of the English phrases I was rendering. As for Emerson's
ideas, they have never appeared to me to be very abstruse or
mystical. By me he is not regarded as a profound thinker.
But he had a chatty way of expressing his thoughts, and the
mistake I made in translating him was to try to give his idea*
in our ordinary book language. This language has had its
uses and it may still be profitably employed for a long time;
but 7 am of opinion that it does not bear comparison with good
Japanese colloquial for the conveyance of Western thought to
the Japanese mind."*
The writer of the article says that "Mr. Togawa is
regarded as an expert translator, and hence, on this
point, . . . his testimony is very valuable"; and he
quotes another sentence of Mr. Togawa's to the same
purport, I. «., "it seems to me that our book style is
unsuited for the transmission of modern thought," He
then adds the following:
"We could quote a great many other Japanese writers in
support of this opinion. To us it appears as if within the
next few decades high-class colloquial Japanese will be the
only language employed by most newspaper and magazine
writers. That this language has even to-day reached a very
high state of development is abundantly shown in the works
of leading Japanese novelists. Japanese colloquial, when
skilfully used, for purposes of vivid and minute description,
for satire and repartee, in suggestiveness and lucidity and
general charm is, in our opinion, not surpassed by any spoken
tongue in existence."
Still another interesting phase of this linguistic
change will appear in connection with oratory. Now,
it may not be proper to say that oratory is a "lost art"
in Japan; for it never really existed. Calligraphy,
as developed in connection with the Chinese idiographs,
became a "fine art"; but oratory has been compara-
tively artless. The common style of oratory is rhetori-
cal and unimpressive. A more fervid style has been
developed in the Christian pulpit, and is being developed
in political meetings and assemblies. Even in the
House of Representatives the number of real orators
is very small. The development of oratory has been
hindered by the servitude of the Japanese language to
classical and conventional modes of expression. Under
such circumstances, the evolution of a peculiar oratori-
cal style has been well-nigh impossible. The rules of
rhetoric have hampered the full expression of ideas in
a way to stir the feelings and move the will. Speeches
have been too much like the reading of written essays.
They have appealed to reason more than to feeling.
The use of colloquial is growing more common in
oratory, which thereby becomes more fervid. Now,
with a still more general popularization and elevation
of colloquial, there is a good opportunity for a more
vital oratory in Japan. Ernest W. Clement.
Rochester, N. Y., May S, 1911.
* The italics are mine. — E. W. C.


1911.]
385
THE DIAL
Uj leto ioohs.
A Friend's Portrait of
John La Farge.*
John La Farge was one of the rare men
who make a deep impression upon all who are
privileged to know them. Over and above the
sum of his achievement — and his achievment
was notable — was his personality. Though
identified with his art so closely that it is im-
possible to think of him apart from it, never-
theless in retrospect the man himself seems
greater than what he accomplished. It was
strength and indomitable individuality that lay
behind his gentle manner and quiet reserve.
One could not be long in his presence without
feeling this, as well as his sensitiveness to all
refining influences. The impalpable armor of
aloofness which he habitually wore was not a
thing put on, as it were, from lack of sympathy
with his fellows, but an instinctive protection to
his working hours and against the physical strain
of uncongenial intercourse: when he chose to
lay it aside he showed himself the most delight-
ful of companions, alert, thoughtful, and keenly
interested in all artistic and intellectual things.
The story of the life of such a man could
be told only by one who knew him well. The
memoir and study prepared by Mr. Cortissoz
is fitly described by the author as a portrait
drawn " with grateful loyalty to a master in the
things of the mind," and is avowedly written
in affection. It is the outcome of more than
twenty years of close friendship "never even
momentarily disturbed by so much as the
shadow of a shadow." In a measure it is the
fulfilment of a purpose in which Mr. La Farge
shared. Some years ago Mr. Cortissoz planned
a volume in which the criticism he had devoted
to his friend's work should be brought together.
La Farge received the idea with cordial sym-
pathy, and agreed to supply such biographical
details as were thought essential. "As time
went on," we are told, "he developed an intense
interest in the book, coming to regard it as
a kind of repository for the recollections and
reflections which, in other circumstances, he
might have embodied in a book of his own."
These reminiscences, jotted down now and
then as they came to his mind, have been incor-
porated in the memoir of which they form a
considerable part. They show, as nothing elSe
could, La Farge's mental attitude toward his
•John La Fakoe. A Memoir and a Study. By Royal
Cortissoz. Illustrated. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
work, and they impart also to the biography
a certain authoritative sanction. Incidentally
they relieve the constantly recurrent note of
admiration which, though well deserved, might
otherwise seem a bit too insistent.
Of formal biography the book contains very
little. Beyond the bare statement that La Farge
was married in 1860 to Miss Margaret Mason
Perry, there is no reference to his domestic
life, and his children are not mentioned. The
course of his artistic development is, however,
traced in detail, and enough is told about his
father's family, and that of his mother, to indi-
cate the influences that surrounded him in his
youth and did much to mould his character.
There are slight but fascinating glimpses of his
father, a "retired soldier, who had brought
from his native Charente a certain keen and
rationalizing temperament, and had learned in
his European battles under Napoleon, as well as
in his bitter experience at San Domingo, to deal
with life with a kind of imaginative practical-
ity"; and of the family life centered around
the neighborhood of Washington Square in
that " Old New York," to which he clung with
deep attachment as long as he lived. Not less
attractive is the picture of his maternal grand-
father, M. Binsse de Saint-Victor, who had in
early life been a wealthy planter in San Do-
mingo, but being ruined by the revolution, had
fled with his wife and children to the United
States, where he supported himself by teaching
and painting.
Unlike most distinguished artists, La Farge
did not discover until he was quite grown up that
he wished to be a painter. In his youth his sur-
roundings were such as to make him look upon
his interest in art quite as a matter of course.
His education, however, began at a very early
age. This is the story, as told in his own words:
"The influences which I felt as a little boy were those
of the paintings and works of art that surrounded me at
home. Some reached further back than the early
Napoleonic period, the beginning of the nineteenth
century. There "were on the walls a sea-piece by
Vernet; some imitation historical story, that of Daniel,
charming, however, in color, by Lemoyne; two great
battle scenes, now ascribed to Salvator; a large paint-
ing of Noah and his sons, ascribed to Sebastiano del
Piombo; some, indeed many, Dutch paintings of various
authors and excellence, among them a beautiful Solomon
Ruysdael which I yet see occasionally. All this and
the very furniture and hangings of the Empire parlor
did not belong to the Victorian epoch in which I was
growing up.
"It so happened that my very first teachings were
those of the eighteenth century and my training has
covered almost a century and a half.
"I was just six years old and I had wished to learn


386
[May 16,
THE DIAL
to draw and paint for whatever was to come of it, a
mere boy's wish. My father took me to my grandfather,
the father of my mother, who had for some time been
a painter, especially of miniatures, and not a bad one.
I never knew exactly how he came by his training. . . .
To bim I came to get my first lessons of art, which
were sadly prosaic and which would have driven me
away if it had not been that my father insisted upon
my carrying out anything that I had proposed to do.
The teaching was as mechanical as it could be, and was
rightly based upon the notion that a boy ought to be
taught so as to know his trade."
This teaching appears to have been continued
until La Farge went to college, where his pro-
fessor in English led him to study the literary
and historical side of art. After college he
began the study of law, but to help a French
artist he took some lessons in painting from
him. This revived his interest in art, and led
to a visit to Europe in 1856. He was then in
his twenty-first year, and highly impressionable.
In Paris he was introduced to artistic and lit-
erary circles by his cousin Paul de Saint-Victor,
then a notable figure in the world of letters.
Largely to please his father, who wished him to
learn the practice of painting, he entered the
studio of Couture, but being "impatient to
paint according to school ways" he did not
stay more than a couple of weeks. Then fol-
lowed a tour through Northern Italy with his
cousin Paul; visits to Munich, Dresden, and
Copenhagen; and, after a little time spent in
Belgium and England, he returned to America
and to reading law.
The months spent in Europe, however, and
especially the stimulating contact with the en-
thusiastic adherents of the romantic movement,
had given direction to his thoughts, and he soon
began to perceive his true vocation. Still he
did not break away from his legal studies at
once. He began by taking a room in the Studio
Building in Tenth Street, where he occasionally
"tried to paint," as he says, "on a small and
amateurish scale." While debating whether
to go back to Paris for a course of vigorous
training, a meeting with William M. Hunt,
who had been a favorite and brilliant pupil of
Couture's, caused him to enter Hunt's studio
at Newport as a pupil. La Farge's account of
his work under Hunt's tutelage is of especial
interest. Master and pupil were constantly
trying experiments, striving to penetrate the
secrets of natural phenomena, and to discover the
best methods of representing their visual aspects.
It was a period upon which La Farge always
loved to dwell. Already the love of knowledge,
which Mr. Cortissoz denominates his ruling pas-
sion, had laid firm hold of him. It held him to
the end of his life: as long as he was able to
work he never tired of trying experiments.
This mental attitude led, a few years later,
to the invention of opaline glass, with which
his name is indissolubly associated, and to the
splendid glass work of which he was the supreme
master. Whatever differences of opinion there
may be as to his work as a painter, no qualified
judge can question the statement that as a
designer of windows he has had no rival in
modern times. As Mr. Cortissoz points out,
his glass work has something more important
than novelty and technical excellence.
"It is the character of his glass that counts. At
the roots of that character was La Farge's understand-
ing of the true office of convention in art. Convention
has for generations suffered in repute because it has so
often been the refuge of the slack intelligence, but to
La Farge it was a precious instrument. Books and
photographs were at his hand and he carried in his
brain a kind of anthology of all the decorative styles;
but not if he had tried could he have used them in the
wooden, literal way of the unimaginative artist."
The commission given him by his friend Van
Brunt to do one of the windows for Memorial
Hall at Harvard was destined to affect the
whole course of his life. It was while engaged
upon it that the discovery of opaline glass was
made, and through his close attention to the
details of the manufacture of the windows he
designed that he had a severe illness from a
form of lead poisoning which in 1866 brought
him near to death's door, and left after-effects
from which he never wholly recovered. Indeed,
his whole life afterward was an almost constant
struggle against physical disability, and his
work was carried on under circumstances that
would not have been possible to one of less
courageous spirit. There is reason to think
that more than anything else it was the quality
of his designs for glass work that caused the
architect Richardson to select La Farge to
undertake the decoration of Trinity Church,
Boston. And as other important commissions
resulted from the successful accomplishment of
that notable work, it was thus that he came to
devote himself to mural decoration and became
a recognized leader in that field.
The praise that Mr. Cortissoz gives to La
Farge's glass is none too high. His estimate
of him as a painter is more open to question.
To some of those who admire his works it ap-
pears that in composition of line they do not
always touch the highest note. In spite of the
clearness of the artist's vision and bis appre-
ciation of the merits of the art of the Orient,
he was essentially a realist, and as such found
it difficult to adopt a treatment of forms in


1911.]
387
THE
DIAL
which literal rendering of detail was sacrificed
to rhythmic unity. Because of this his paintings
often lose much of their beauty when repro-
duced in black and white, as the illustrations
to this volume attest; and we miss in them the
very splendid line quality that characterizes a
few of his early drawings, such as his " Bishop
Hatto," his " Giant," and his " Wolf Charmer,"
all of which are masterpieces in their way.
Truly, as Mr. Cortissoz says:
"His fame is largely that of a great colorist, who
made his mark in monumental mural decorations and
in windows of stained glass. In both these fields he
was wont to illustrate noble objects, and the loftiness of
his ideas was also made known through his easel pictures
and through his essays and addresses on painting."
It is only fair to state that in bestowing a
large meed of generous appreciation upon his
friend's work, Mr. Cortissoz disclaims any
attempt at finality of judgment as to his stand-
ing as an artist. On the whole, the critical
estimates made in the memoir are sound and
well considered. But of more worth is the ten-
der and affectionate presentment of a man who
was of no common mould. From his own knowl-
edge the writer of this review can testify to the
accuracy of the " Study for a Portrait," as the
opening chapter is styled. It is a beautiful
picture, which those who knew La Farge cannot
fail to treasure. One passage from it may be
quoted for the light it sheds upon a phase of
the master's personality not known to the world
at large:
"I have heard some brilliant talkers, Whistler
amongst them, but I have never heard one even re-
motely comparable to La Farge. He knew nothing of
the glittering, phrase-making habit of the merely clever
man, to whom the condensation of a bit of repartee into
an epigram is a triumph. < I am not a clever man,' he
once said to me, 1 but sometimes I do clever things. I
think when that happens it is the work of the daemon
of Socrates.' He gave me a droll instance. He was
dictating to a typewriter who made a mess of the names
of some Chinese gods. 'Like a flash I said to her,
"Miss X., you have put in here the name of your best
man." She blushed violently and admitted it.' He
paused. 'They often do that,' he added, with one of
his understanding smiles. There were often, by the
way, such flashes of innocent fun as this in his conver-
sation, but he held you, of course, on a far higher
plane. There he practised a serene eloquence, ranging
over fields so spacious that in addition to the weighty
substance of his talk he stimulated the listener as with
a sense of large issues, of brave venturings into seas of
thought. He had seen the world, he had known a mul-
titude of men and things, and this rich experience
reacted upon his nature. But his complexity was a
central possession, it was of the very texture of his soul.
There went with it, too, a peculiar poise, a strange, self-
centered calm. His pronounced sympathy for the East
was easily understood. He liked its attitude of contem-
plation. His own habit was meditative. But where his
individuality made a still further claim was in the direc-
tion of a tremendous intellectual and spiritual activity.
"To sit with him in fervid talk on a thousand things
was to feel, presently, that he flung out a myriad invis-
ible tentacles of understanding, electric filaments which
in an instant identified him with the subject of his
thought and made him free of its innermost secrets.
And what he gathered through these magical processes
he brought back and put before you, slowly, with an
almost oracular deliberation, but in such living words
and with such an artistic balancing of his periods that
you saw what he saw, felt what he felt, and waited in
positively tense enjoyment for the unfolding of the
next mental picture."
It was in such ways as this that John La Farge
revealed himself to his friends; and to them he
was ever, as Mr. Cortissoz has happily said,
"a lambent flame of inspiration."
Frederick W. Gookin.
The Foundations of the Nineteenth
Century.*
Mr. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, author
of "The Foundations of the Nineteenth Cen-
tury," was born in England, the son of Admiral
W. C. Chamberlain. His education was never-
theless received almost entirely in France and
Germany, and by residence abroad he has
almost, if not quite, ceased to be an Englishman.
His earliest works —" Notes sur Lohengrin,"
"Das Drama Richard Wagners," and "Re-
cherches sur la seve ascendante " — reveal the
catholicity of his interest as well as something
of his mastery of the languages of Europe.
His reputation was made by the publication of
a Life of Wagner, and immensely enhanced
by the work now translated into English —
"Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts,"
published in 1899, of which three editions were
exhausted in three years, and eight editions
have appeared up to the present time. There is
nothing surprising, however, in the success of the
work. We are not accustomed to expect books
of striking originality from historians, and when
one appears the shock is the more keenly felt.
The present work is nevertheless much more
than a mere novelty, revealing as it does on
every page wide and accurate knowledge, mas-
terly grasp of an immense subject, the profound
reflection of a powerful mind, and courage —
the confidence of a man who has something more
than opinions that are "well documented." Mr.
Chamberlain modestly disclaims any unusual
•The Foundations of thk Nineteenth Century.
By Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Translated from the
German by John Lees, M.A., D.Lit. (Kdin.). With an
Introduction by Lord Redesdale, G.C.V.O., K.C.B. In two
volumes. New York: John Lane Co.


388
[May 16,
THE DIAL
knowledge, but his book reveals an astonishing
familiarity with the history, the literature, the
art and philosophy of Europe, and with the his-
tory of science and of scientific method. Yet it
is no mere classified note-book that he gives us.
There is no musty smell of old folios here, nor
odor of midnight oil. Everything has passed
through a renovating mind, and comes out fresh
and vital. It is indeed time, as Lord Redesdale
says," that England should see the book clothed
in the native language of its author."
Those — if there be any such — who still
think that virtue and vice are products like
sugar and vitriol, and that history is only the
manifestation of the mechanism of nature as
conceived by science; or that races count for
nothing and that great men are only links —
large links possibly, but still only links — in an
unbreakable chain; that the historian—pros-
trating himself before something that wants to
be known and expanding himself sensitively
that nothing may be lost on his thin surface
and film — is concerned only to ascertain ob-
jectively and to record with indifference exactly
what happened; those who think with Walter
Pater that "all periods, types, schools of taste,
are in themselves equal," thus judging the his-
torical fact by the fact's existence, or erecting,
for purposes of evaluation, some mythically
vague standard of "Progress ";—those who are
wedded to all or any of these prevailing notions
will find that Mr. Chamberlain's book has little
meaning for them: a collection of wild vagaries,
let them not read it! "What is the book?"
asks Lord Redesdale. "Is it history, a philo-
sophical treatise, a metaphysical inquiry? I
confess I know not." You will not find any
ready-made pigeon hole into which it can be
easily slipped — and forgotten. It is not one of
those books made to be labeled: — " serviceable
compendium," "indispensable to the scholar,"
"adapted to the general reader," " contribution
to knowledge." No, none of these shop-worn
phrases is applicable. The book seeks to carry
conviction, and desires only to be understood.
Let us, therefore, in order to understand
it, drop all our notions of history and place
ourselves at the author's point of view. And
first of all, painful as it may be, let us forget
that there is such a thing as objectivity. Ob-
jectivity, Mr. Chamberlain scorns, at least if
objectivity means a pale neutrality. He has
not formed his judgments "from the Aristo-
phanic cloud-cockoo-land of a supernatural
objectivity." "Even an enemy can appreciate
honest frankness. When it is a question of
the dearest possessions of the heart, I prefer,
like the Teutons, to rush naked to battle, with
the sentiments that God has given me, rather
than to march to the field adorned in the
artificial armour of a science which proves
nothing, or in the toga of an empty rhetoric
which reconciles everything." Note well this
last phrase. Mr. Chamberlain does not wish
to reconcile everything. History is not made
by the passive resistance of dead wills. There
are real prizes to be won, ideals to be fought
for, "dearest possessions of the heart" to be
cherished. "What is the good of 'objective
phrases'?" If there is nothing worth fighting
for in the present, the past has no human value;
if there is something worth fighting for, the
past acquires new meaning and fresh vitality
by being seen in perspective. History, like
life, as Professor Miinsterberg would say, has
to do with "will attitudes"; and the historian
is concerned, not with mechanical adaptations,
but with purposes, the conflict of irreconcilable
ideals. Mr. Chamberlain does not stand aside
from this conflict and observe with Olympian
calm the interplay of forces in order to pre-
sent us with the impotent conclusion that what
happened was the only thing that could have
happened. On the contrary, he distinguishes
for us the Manichean principles of light and
darkness that are at work in history, and bids
us manfully enter the struggle which is ever
renewed and of which the issue is ever uncertain.
Now it is clear that one cannot treat history
in this fashion without some touchstone for
estimating the importance of the historical fact;
one must have a real standard of value, a stand-
ard that is something more than an algebraic
function of the fact's extension in time and
space. Mr. Chamberlain has such a standard.
The thing that is permanent in history, the
thing therefore of highest value, he finds to be
culture. By culture he means art (including
poetry and music) and philosophy—philosophy
in the sense of Weltanschauung, a perception
of the problems of life, a kind of theory of life
in the most general sense, and therefore em-
bracing religion and ethics. Culture is quite
distinct from civilization, which is a thing of
the moment, and from science, which gives us
control over nature but explains nothing, being
rather only the ever more and more detailed
exposition of something Unknowable. Now
culture is valuable because through it, and
particularly through art, which is the quintes-
sence of culture, man "employs the elements,
which nature offers him, to create for himself


1911.]
389
THE DIAL
a new world of semblance." By this creative
"shaping" man disengages himself, as it were,
from nature, ceases to be a part of the mechani-
cally ordered universe, and becomes the arbiter
of his destiny. Only through culture in this
high sense does man "enter into the daylight
of life," only thus do his actions acquire higher
value than the actions of other animals.
But do not suppose that culture, like know-
ledge or precious metals, is something that can
be accumulated and stored up and bequeathed
to succeeding ages, so that the sum of it at the
disposal of humanity is always increasing. We
are not the " heirs of all the ages " in any such
fashion as that. The culture of the Greeks, for
example, is something absolutely inseparable
from the Greeks themselves,—an intimate per-
sonal possession of those who created it, incom-
municable and inimitable. We cannot borrow
it or use it: we can of course enjoy it; it serves
as an inspiration, possessing both the stimulus
and the restraint of a noble example. Like
personality, culture is the expression of some-
thing essentially individual, in respect to par-
ticular ideas or works of art, the creation of
the individual genius, and in respect to more
complete conceptions of life embodied in a har-
moniously developed philosophy, art, and re-
ligion, the creation of distinct, individualized
"races " or nations. Culture apart from par-
ticular races or nations, a culture of humanity
for example, is a pure abstraction and perfectly
useless at that, " as if we could all—Egyptians,
Chinese, Congo Negroes, Teutons—be cast into
one pot; whereas in every sphere of life we
see that even our nearest relations — Greeks,
Romans, Indians, Iranians — pass through a
perfectly individual and peculiar course of de-
velopment." History is to be judged, therefore,
by this standard: culture being the highest good,
and possible only through the free self-expression
of the individual and the individual race, the
importance of any period or people depends
upon the extent to which this freedom is real-
ized and the quality of the culture which it is
able to produce. If this reminds anyone of
Kant, Mr. Chamberlain will not object; he has
a great admiration for Kant, and compares him
with Christ as a supremely great emancipator
of the human spirit.
Now this reckless use of the term "race"
will irritate many people, and it ought to be
said perhaps that Mr. Chamberlain knows all
that has been written about the " Aryan Myth."
But for the historian the practical fact is that
perfectly distinct groups of men with peculiar
capacities and ideals have made European his-
tory. That each of these groups — Greeks,
Romans, English, French — is a mixture of
many peoples is quite true; but in each case
the original elements have combined to form a
new and stable product, a unified and homoge-
nous group. For the historian's purpose, Mr.
Chamberlain contends, these groups may well be
called races. "What kind of thing is this orig-
inally 'psychologically uniform race' of which
Renan speaks? Probably a near relation of
Haeckel's human apes." Whatever it is, it has
no importance for the historian, the conclusions
of these eminent scholars being, for him, singu-
larly irrelevant. "The great scholar Renan
sees the English human thoroughbred, so to
speak, rising before his eyes: the ages of his-
tory are before him. What does he deduce
therefrom? He says: since the Englishman of
to-day is neither the Celt of Caesar's time, nor
the Anglo-Saxon of Hengist, nor the Dane of
Knut, nor the Norman of the Conqueror, but
the outcome of a crossing between all four, one
cannot speak of an English race at all. That
is to say because the English race, like every
other race of which we have any knowledge,
has grown historically, because it is something
peculiar and absolutely new, therefore it does
not exist! In truth, nothing beats the logic of
the scholar!" So far as the term has any
practical meaning, Mr. Chamberlain thinks,
history reveals a movement from " racelessness
(to ever clearer distinctness of race."
It is possible, within the limits of this article,
to suggest only in barest outline how the history
of Europe, or rather " that past which is still
living," appears when surveyed from the high
vantage point of these general ideas. Three
things of undying importance were achieved in
the period of classical antiquity: the culture
of the Greeks, the Roman conception of law
and the State, and the revelation of Christ;
achievements, in the case of the Greeks and the
Romans, of distinct races, in the case of Christ,
of the preeminent individual. The Romans, it
is true, produced no culture in the highest sense.
Yet the "Roman, too, is an artist of mighty
creating power—an artist in the clear, plastic
shaping of the complicated machine of the
state." Greater than the work of either Greek
or Roman was the revelation of Christ, the
birth of Christ being incomparably the most
important event in human history. In a single
sentence, " the kingdom of God is within you,"
he revealed once for all the essence of all true
religion. His teaching is absolutely hostile to


390
[May 16,
THE
DIAL
historical and materialistic religions, such as that
of the Jews, and to religions in which salvation
is based upon a prescribed system of good works,
such as that of Roman Catholicism. It is hostile
to them because it asserts, while they deny, the
inestimable worth of the individual: "His out-
ward lot does not correspond to his inner worth;
and thus it is that life becomes tragic, and only
by tragedy does history receive a purely human
purport." The supreme significance of the work
of the Greeks and Romans, and of Christ, Mr.
Chamberlain sums up thus: "In art and philo-
sophy man becomes conscious of himself, in
contrast to nature, as an intellectual being; in
marriage and law he becomes conscious of himself
as a social being, in Christ as a moral being."
Thus by the beginning of the Christian era man
had already " entered into the daylight of life."
But now come evil days. The Romans,
gaining the whole world, lost their own soul.
"The spirit of Rome," as Jhering says, "is an
acid": and unfortunately so, for no race or
nation was able to resist the corrosive action of
that dissolvent, and the Mediterranean world
sank back into that abomination of abomina-
tions, a "Chaos of Peoples." Fit only for
slavery, nothing worthy could be expected of
that raceless horde. "Mongrels held the whip
hand," and constructed, out of the decadent
Roman conception of Caesarism which replaced
the true Roman ideal of the state, and the his-
torical and materialistic religion of the Jews
which was grafted on to the religion of Christ,
and the systematizing scholastic principle
inherent in Aristotle, that ingenious instru-
ment of bondage, the neo-Roman-ecclesiastical-
Imperium. Inspired by the doctrines credo ut
intelligam and quod principi placuit leges
vigorem habet, it was and could not but be the
most irreconcilable enemy of all individualism
in thought and conduct. This, then, is the
tragedy of European history, "that the in-
herited culture of antiquity . . . was not
transmitted to us by a definite people but by a
nationless mixture without physiognomy . . .
by the raceless chaos of the decaying Roman
empire. Our whole intellectual development is
still under the curse of this unfortunate inter-
mediary stage; it is this that supplies weapons
to the anti-national, anti-racial powers even in
the nineteenth century."
And what saved us from this degrading
bondage? Why, the entry of the Teutons
into western Europe. From that day to this
our history becomes, "in a certain sense," "a
struggle between Teuton and non-Teuton, be-
tween Germanic sentiment and anti-Germanic
disposition, a struggle which is waged partly
externally, philosophy against philosophy, partly
internally, in the breast of the Teuton himself."
In the so-called Middle Ages (Mr. Chamberlain
has done away with the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance, the most misleading conceptions
imaginable) the struggle took the form of a
conflict between the principles of nationalism
and universal empire. The Reformation, pri-
marily a political movement, freed the nations
from Roman control, and since then the suc-
cessful assertion of Teutonic individuality and
nationality in science, industry, politics, relig-
ion, art, — the rise of a new world and a new
culture, the Teutonic,— is the cardinal fact of
western history. The French Revolution was
not the beginning of a new era, but the begin-
ning of the end of Roman domination, although
even in the nineteenth century anti-Teutonic
forces, such as socialism and the neo-scholastic
movement, are still operative.
The force with which the author presents his
argument, the wealth of information, the keen
insight, the persuasive conviction which he
brings to its support, must be taken for granted:
the bare skeleton which we offer here gives no
hint of what is really most vital in the book.
I scarcely feel justified, therefore, in offering
any criticism. Yet to press the facts into his
formula, Mr. Chamberlain is seemingly forced
to depart somewhat from his own theory of
race. He tells us, indeed, that he uses the
term Teutonic — der Germane — in a very
broad sense, including under it Celts and Slavs.
"We Teutons," who have kept the faith and
fought the good fight against the Chaos of Peo-
ples, become frequently wonderfully attenuated,
often dissolving, in fact, into the thin air of an
abstract conception. The struggle between
Teuton and non-Teuton is almost identical
with the opposition between the ideal of the
Roman Church and the ideal of freedom : who-
ever opposes Rome is a Teuton, whoever sup-
ports it is a non-Teuton; so that Dante is a
Teuton, and Louis XIV. is sometimes one, as
in 1682, and sometimes not, as in 1685. And
when Mr. Chamberlain publishes his book on
the nineteenth century—as he gives us reason
to hope that he will—we may expect to see the
Italians emerge from the Chaos of Peoples
under the leadership of that splendid Teuton,
Camillo di Cavour. Certainly the opposition
between liberty and authority, between nation-
alism and universalism, between nominalism
and realism, is a formula which simplifies and


1911.]
391
THE
DIAL
illuminates much of European history during
the last thousand years. Probably no other
single ^formula is equally useful. But when we
substitute Teuton for liberty, nationalism, and
nominalism, Chaos of Peoples for authority,
universalism, and realism, the terms must be
understood so elastically that they have scarcely
any meaning at all. We seem, therefore, to be
confronted with a dilemma: the Teuton race, by
the author's own definitionof race,becomes either
an abstraction or else a new Chaos of Peoples.
However, it is not necessary to think with
Mr. Chamberlain that we Teutons are the
people and that wisdom will die with us, in
order to find his book of value. It is of great
value,—among historical works, likely to rank
with the most significant of the nineteenth
century. Its high value does not reside in the
most general theories, the universal formulas,
along which the main argument travels, but
rather in the suggestive and penetrating things
said by the way. One despairs of conveying
any adequate idea of the intellectual mastery of
many diverse subjects which the book reveals, or
of the profound reflection by which the author
has avoided the taint of erudition without ceas-
ing to be learned, or the penetrating insight
and the keen analysis, the brilliant originality,
the trenchant humor, which give the work its
distinction and its fascination. It should not be
one of the books that are, as Emile Faguet says
of the Encyclopedic, more celebrated than
known. It should be read. But it should be read
with an open mind. If the reader can drop
for the moment any notions of history, science,
religion, art or politics that he may have formed,
he will assuredly find it, as Lord Redeedale
has found it, "a simple delight—fulfilling the
highest function of which a teacher is capable,
that of awakening thought and driving it into
new channels." Cakl Becker.
English and Scottish Rambles
or a Poet.*
Uniform with the new, enlarged, and illus-
trated edition of Mr. William Winter's "Shake-
speare's England," published last autumn, there
now issue from the same publishing house a
much amplified and handsomely illustrated edi-
tion of " Gray Days and Gold " and a new work
entitled " Over the Border." The former book,
in its original trigesimo-secundo form, "has
•Gray Days and Gold. By William Winter. Illus-
trated. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co.
Over the Border. By William Winter. Illustrated.
New York: Moffat, Yard & Co.
passed through more than fifteen large editions,"
writes Mr. Winter in his new preface, at the
same time making a slight bibliographical mis-
take in ascribing the date 1892 to the first
American issue of the little classic, which
really appeared in the Christmas holiday season
of 1890. In reshaping his material, the author
has withdrawn the sketches of Scottish travel
and replaced them with several papers on En-
glish themes, first published in "Old Shrines
and Ivy " (now long out of print), and has added
other sketches not before collected. A great
deal of re-writing and correcting has also been
done, so that the new "Gray Days and Gold"
has comparatively little of the old about it
excepting the sunshine of the author's manner
and the freshness of his view of the hoary and
the historic.
Into the new book, "Over the Border,"
have gone chapters of the old that pictured
scenes north of the Cheviot Hills, and also
others subsequently written and taking the
reader into the Highlands and to storm-bound
Iona. While in the two preceding volumes of
this set the evident purpose was to interweave a
thread of Shakespearean interest, in the third
or Scottish volume it is, appropriately enough,
the author of "Waverley" who is made to
supply the warp of association for Mr. Winter's
woof of narrative and description.
Turning to one of the distinctly Shake-
spearean chapters of the " Gray Days," a chap-
ter entitled " Rambles in Arden," we have not
loDg to hunt before hitting upon a bit of gold
of the author's thought and fancy. A ramble
to Wootton, six miles from Stratford, moves
him to the following reflections:
"The actual life of all places, when you come to
know it well, proves to be, for the most part, conven-
tional, commonplace, and petty. Human beings, with
here and there an exception, are dull, each, in that
respect, resembling the other, and each needlessly
laborious to increase the resemblance. In this regard
all parts of the world are alike, and therefore the
happiest traveller is he who keeps mostly alone, and
uses his eyes, and communes with his thoughts. The
actual life of Wootton is, doubtless, much like that of
other hamlets, a bickering tenor of church squabbles,
village gossip, and discontented grumbling, diversified
with feeding, drinking, cricket, golf, lawn tennis, matri-
mony, birth, and death. But as I looked around upon
the group of nestling cottages, the broad meadows,
green and cool in the shadow of densely mantled trees,
and the ancient church, gray and faded with antiquity,
slowly crumbling amid the everlasting vitality of Na-
ture, I felt that here, perhaps, might be discovered a
permanent haven of refuge from the incessant platitude
and triviality of ordinary experience and the empty
strife and din of the world."
Of course another visitor to the places in Mr.


392
[May 16,
THE DIAL
Winter's itinerary might easily find the peo-
ple, individually and collectively, vastly more
interesting than the historic scenes and noble
buildings which have kindled the writer's en-
thusiasm. Few have the faculty of seeing all
that there is to see and enjoy in a tour of
England, or of any other country. Confining
ourselves, therefore, to what most appeals to
our present conductor, let us take a look at the
renovated Shakespeare Church, of which, in a
chapter not found in the earlier editions of his
work, the author takes occasion to say:
"Now that so many old things have been made new,
the devotees of Shakespeare may be asked what it is
of which they think they have reason to complain.
Their answer is ready. They wanted to have the
church repaired; they did not want to have it rebuilt.
The Shakespeare Church is a national monument.
More than that, — it is a literary shrine for all the
world. There was an indescribable poetic charm about
the old edifice, which had been bestowed upon it not by
art, but by time. That charm should have been left
untouched. Nothing should ever have been done to
impair it. The building had acquired character. It
had become venerable with age, storied with associa-
tion, and picturesque with quaintness. . . . Above all,
it had enshrined, for nearly three hundred years, the
ashes of the greatest poet that ever lived. All that
was asked was that it should be left alone. To repair
it in certain particulars became a necessity, but to alter
it was to do an irreparable harm. That harm has
been done; and it is that which the Shakespeare en-
thusiast resents and deplores."-
Then follow the author's expressions of
"amazement and sorrow" as he surveys the
"modern improvements," and his description
of the more striking of these changes, which
are more or less familiar to all who have visited
Stratford and its church since 18&2.
In another newly-added chapter, on Tenny-
son, Mr. Winter gives eloquent utterance to his
admiration for the poet, without trying, appar-
ently, to string him on to the Shakespearean
thread of the book; but that matters not. The
secret of Tennyson's greatness reveals itself to
him somewhat as follows:
"The transcendent attributes of power that Tenny-
son's poems disclose are heart and imagination. Their
vitality of feeling, never shown in discord or tumult,
but always present, like the central heat of the sun, is
colossal, and, looking back on the current of his years
and the incessant fertility of his achievement, it is not
less than marvellous that such intense emotion should
have kept itself alive in him for so long a time. Al-
most to the end his voice was a clarion and his pen was
fire. In his poem of 'Locksley Hall Sixty Years After'
there is the same strain of noble, impassioned feeling,—
loftier, grander, more predominant and more august,
if possible,— that burns in the 'Locksley Hall' of his
vigorous, splendid youth. He did not need to go out
of himself for inspiration. The flame leaped from
within. The altar was never darkened and never cold.
Every influence that the experience and environment
of his life could liberate became tremulous with sensi-
bility and eloquent with meaning, the moment it touched
his mind. It was as if tie wandering breeze derived
warmth, fragrance, and deathless melody from only
sweeping the strings of the harp that had been placed
to receive its caress."
As a companion piece to this we select from
the second of the two volumes under review a
passage from Mr. Winter's glowing tribute to
the genius of Scott:
"If ever there was a man who lived to be and not to
seem, that man was Walter Scott. He made no
pretensions. He claimed nothing, but he simply and
earnestly earned all. His means were the oldest and
the best,—self-respect, hard work, and fidelity to duty.
The development of his nature was slow, but it was
thorough and it was salutary. He was not hampered
by precocity and he was not spoiled by conceit. He
acted according to himself, honoring his individuality
and obeying the inward monitor of his genius. But,
combined with the delicate instinct of a gentleman, be
had the wise insight, foresight, and patience of a phil-
osopher, and therefore he respected the individuality
of others, the established facts of life, and the settled
conventions of society. His mind was neither embit-
tered by revolt nor sickened by delusion.
A very readable chapter of "Over the
Border" is devoted to a sojourn, lengthened
by stress of weather from a few hours to five
days, in the island of Iona, which is described
as three miles long by one and a half wide at
its widest, and as supporting a population of
about two hundred, who maintain a church and
a school, and, in the school building, a library
of nearly five hundred volumes, to which Mr.
Winter has added another hundred. In further
description of this happy land we read:
"The inhabitants are generally religious and are
orderly, courteous, and gentle. No physician dwells
in the place and no resident of it is ever sick. Heath
may come by drowning or by other accident, but, as a
rule, the people live until they are worn out, and so
expire, naturally, from extreme age. The Gaelic lang-
guage, although it is dying away in the Highlands, is
still spoken in Iona. The minister, preaching on alter-
nate Sundays at Iona and at Bunessan, in Mull, speaks
in English first, and then repeats his discourse in Gaelic,
or be reverses that order, and for both sermons he has
an audience. It was my good fortune to hear his dis-
course in company with about fifty other persons, seated
on wooden benches in a whitewashed room, and I have
not heard a preacher more devout, earnest, sincere, and
simple. . . . The Presbyterian house of worship was
built in 1830, and it is a primitive sort of structure,
now much dilapidated; but in every attribute that should
appertain to the character of a clergyman its minister
would do honor to the finest church in the kingdom."
Not only in this journey to the Hebrides,
but also in a visit to Lichfield (described in the
other volume) does the author cross the track
of Dr. Johnson, to whom he pays appropriate
tribute, to the advantage and entertainment of


1911.]
393
THE
DIAL
the reader. Other men of letters encountered
in his pages, and probably far more interesting
to him, are Moore, Byron, Wordsworth, Gray,
Burns, and Matthew Arnold. There is occa-
sional appropriate use of poetic quotation, ac-
cording to Mr. Winter's pleasant custom, but
the group of original poems appended to the
earlier edition of "Gray Days and Gold" is
not found in this latest issue, possibly because
these poems have in the meantime been ac-
corded a more fitting place in the author's
complete poetical works. The abundant views
and portraits in the two volumes combine with
the large and clear typography and beautiful
binding to make the books as satisfying in
appearance as they are excellent in literary
quality. Percy F. Bicknell.
Tub Needless Making of Laws.*
A few years ago, when Judge Alton B. Parker,
in the midst of so much anti-trust agitation
and legislation, declared that very little trust
legislation was needed and that the corporations
could be controlled by the enforcement of the
common law by state judiciary, he was practi-
cally laughed out of court. After reading Pro-
fessor Stimson's treatise on "Popular Law-
Making," one may still not agree with Judge
Parker, but one will at least see that there is
something to be said on his side of the contro-
versy. The author certainly shows that ills popu-
larly supposed to be modern are hoary with age,
and that the laws intended to check these evils
are but re-statements of acts of Parliament passed
centuries ago, or re-statements of the common
law. For example, he shows that "all contracts
in unreasonable restraint of trade were always
unlawful in England and are so therefore by
our common law." The first use of the expres-
sion " restraint of trade " occurs in 1436, when
companies were forbidden to charge prices for
their wares "for their own profit and to the
common hurt of the people."
The only necessity then, thinks Professor
Stimson, for anti-trust legislation by Congress
is merely to extend the principles of the com-
mon law to inter-state commerce and to impose
proper penalties. So far, he thinks, " we have
found nothing new, either in remedy or offense."
Indeed, we are still behind our ancestors; for
they made an exception of reasonable restraint
•Popular Law-Makino. A Study of the Origin, His-
tory, and Present Tendencies of Law-Making by Statute.
By Frederick Jesup Stimson. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons.
of trade, but the Sherman act does not. In
the matter of penalties, we simply fine the Beef
Trust the paltry sum of $25,000, though the
forestaller of 1352 must forfeit the surplus over
cost to the crown and suffer imprisonment for
two years. However, it should be added that
the Federal Government is at last waking up
to the inadequacy of fines and is giving more
attention to criminal prosecutions.
A few examples to illustrate the similarity
between ancient and modern legislation will be
of interest. One of the greatest evils we have
had to fight has been the discrimination in rates
for transportation; back in the fourteenth cen-
tury a ferryman was punished for charging less
for the ferriage of a large drove of sheep than
for a smaller number, " contrary to the common
custom of the realm." To-day we look with a
sort of admiring wonder on a Leiter or a Patton
when he attempts to "corner" any particular
commodity — at least we did until very re-
cently; in the middle ages this was called
"forestalling " or " regrating," and was a great
offense, — indeed, Bishop Hatto paid for it with
his life. Happily, we are getting back to the
mediaeval idea, and the demand for legislation
against gambling in "futures" to "the com-
mon hurt of the people" is becoming more
insistent, especially on the part of the cotton
planter in the South and the consumers of
wheat bread. Certainly it ought to apply to
such staple articles of food as beef, pork, and
wheat. The "Iowa idea," thought to have
been originated by Senator Cummins, that
when a trust gets complete control of any in-
dustry its surplus profits should be forfeited to
the state, either by means of a franchise tax or
by abolishing the tariff on that article, dates
back to a fourteenth-century statute which
declared that all who bought up all the foreign
product of any article must forfeit all the profits
to the state. If to the Oklahoma law requiring
hotels to furnish sheets nine feet long, we add
the statute of 1495 regulating abuses in stuffing
feather beds, perhaps legislation on that subject
will be complete.
In this striking way Professor Stimson has
brought before the reader the similarity be-
tween the evils and the legislation of the past
and present. But even where not enlivened in
this way, the book is no mere enumeration of
dry facts. It sets forth in a readable style the
early laws relating to labor, such as fixing
wages, compulsory labor, trades unions, etc.,
and the laws against combinations in restraint
of trade and against trusts. Far more atten-


394
•[May 16,
THE
DIAL
tion is given to modern, especially American,
legislation. Here we have, in very concise and
usable form, the main legislation on property
rights, rates and prices, monopolies, corpora-
tions, and the whole problem of labor. Nor
does the author merely summarize the laws;
he also enlivens them with discriminating com-
ment and criticism.
The Dartmouth College case exercised a
beneficent influence in its day in strengthen-
ing nationalism; but it also had a baneful
influence in strengthening vested interests.
Mainly because of the former, perhaps, it has
exercised a strange sort of fascination over our
'udges, so that they have been unwilling to
reverse it by name, though they have rendered
a number of decisions not only inconsistent
with it, but diametrically opposed to it. For
example, Massachusetts granted a perpetual
franchise to a corporation to make beer (1827),
and later passed a law that no corporation
should make beer; likewise, Minnesota granted
a perpetual franchise to a railroad to fix its
own fares, and then took away the right, and
the later laws were upheld in both cases. In
this way, under the police power, of which the
states cannot divest themselves, we are making
waste paper of the Dartmouth College decision,
Fletcher vs. Peck, and other cases which pur-
ported to be based on that clause of the Con-
stitution which forbids any state to pass any
law impairing the obligation of a contract.
Also, if a citizen of Pennsylvania who marries
his cousin in Delaware and then returns to
Pennsylvania finds his marriage void and him-
self guilty of a criminal offense, it looks as if
we were tearing to tatters that clause which
says that full faith and credit shall be given in
each state to the public acts, records, and judi-
cial proceedings of the several states.
Some of the author's conclusions will hardly
be accepted by many. Most people probably
will not go so far as he in assuming that the
common law is adequate to the ills of to-day,
considering the tremendous economic and social
changes which have taken place since it was
fixed, unless we are to allow our judges to go
on making common law. Strangely enough,
he would reject the Sherman anti-trust law
because it "dispenses with a jury and throws
unnecessarily upon the court — a distant high
court of appeals — the burden of determining
a complicated and voluminous mass of fact."
Surely a court, even a distant court of appeals,
is more competent to do this than an ordinary
jury "of the vicinage."
While this book is very readable, some of
the English to which it introduces us must be
the king's, for the writer cannot believe that it is
Taf t's—that is, American. If he should venture
to say " certain definite named trades," surely he
would not perpetrate " the very most skilful," or
write "while the Buffalo case at most only a
geographical one." David Y. Thomas.
Curiosities of Dress in England.*
A study of the costumes of past ages is of
more than ordinary interest to a large number
of people, including artists, actors, and students
of history and literature; and probably in no
other country can this study be pursued with
more satisfactory results than in England, where
there has never been a distinctive national cos-
tume adopted and maintained, where fashions
have undergone many changes, and in the fif-
teenth and sixteenth centuries reached the high-
est pitch of extravagance as regards sleeves,
farthingales, collars, shoes, and head-dress.
Hitherto among the numerous writers upon the
subject, Mr. F. W. Fairholt has been regarded
as the greatest authority, and his work on
"Costume in England" is still cited by
whoever enters the field of his studies. The
authors of the two volumes before us have
adopted distinct modes of treatment of appar-
ently the same subject, namely, the changing
fashions of dress to which the people of England
of the various classes were from time to time
subjected from the earliest historic period down
to the nineteenth century; and the success to
which each has attained in presenting a history
of costumes suggests that the history of dress
is not an exact science and the field is still open
for students to develop other phases of a very
broad subject.
Mr. Clinch's view-point is clearly that of the
antiquary, and his effort is to describe the dress
of all classes of people. He is accordingly
inclined to use with caution the illustrative
material derived from effigies found on monu-
mental sculptures and memorial brasses; for
he finds that costume is made to represent in
such memorials, symbolically and convention-
ally, the rank and the profession or coudition
* English Costume, from Prehistoric Times to the
End of the Eighteenth Century. By George Clinch, FJS.A.
Scot., F.G.S. Illustrated. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
British Costumes during XIX Centuries (Civil snd
Ecclesiastical). By Mrs. Charles H. Ashdowu, Lecturer
upon Costume and Mediieval Head-dresses, Expert Ailviwr
upon costumes to several of the great Pageants, etc. Ilia*
trated. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.


1911.]
395
THE DIAL
of life of the wearer, and not his ordinary
every-day dress. So, while not neglecting the
special formal and professional dress of the
period of which he writes, but wishing to be
more accurate in his description of the dress of
the people in their less self-conscious hours, he
relies more upon contemporary illuminations
and paintings which depict the people when not
on dress-parade and while pursuing their ordin-
ary avocations. He finds documentary evidence
of what people wore, in ancient wills and in-
ventories, which not only give the names of
articles of dress now obsolete, but describe them
and tell of what materials they were made. He
is fortunate also in many cases to find in
museums actual costumes, preserved from re-
mote times, upon which he can bestow a careful
study. So, after presenting in three chapters
the data available regarding the dress of the
prehistoric inhabitants of the island, and show-
ing something of the development of clothing,
and the influence of the Roman, Anglo-Saxon,
and Norman occupation of the country upon the
dress of the people, he classifies the later dress
of the English by centuries, from the twelfth
to the eighteenth inclusive, and devotes a chap-
ter to each century. Such a classification is
purely arbitrary and conventional, and fails to
account for the influences operating from time
to time to change the fashion of clothing, both
for men and women, to a remarkable degree;
yet it seems to serve his convenience, his pur-
pose apparently being to describe accurately
the dress worn at a certain period without at-
tempting to give the reason for its taking that
form at that particular time. His remaining
chapters are devoted to a consideration of
Mediaeval and later garments; Military, Eccle-
siastical, Monastic, Academic, and Legal cos-
tume; Coronation and Parliamentary robes,
and the robes of the orders of Chivalry, etc.,—
the matter for these chapters being arranged in
encyclopaedic form and generally in alphabetical
order.
Mrs. Ashdown's point of view is that of an
expert adviser in the various great pageants
which have taken place in England of late years.
It is the spectacular value of the costumes of
the past which attracts her attention, and she
pays great respect to the memorial brasses,
regarding them as furnishing more authentic
information of the dress of the people than all
other sources put together. Her classification
of fashions is by the reigning sovereigns, which
seems rational, for a change of sovereign un-
doubtedly resulted in changes in the fashions
of dress; and she attempts a classification of
the costume of ladies based upon the style of
head-dress, without, however, giving a very
plausible reason therefor. With exceeding
patience, she describes in order the changes of
fashion which took place in each succeeding
reign in the attire of both men and women.
Ecclesiastical costume she treats in a separate
division of her book, confining her comments
to that of the Saxon and Angevin periods, end-
ing with the latter part of the thirteenth cen-
tury when the various articles of ecclesiastical
dress are supposed to have been fully developed.
A glossary of less than five pages at the end of
the text explains the nature of the materials
used for clothing in the Middle Ages, some of
the names of which have become obsolete.
Both books include under the term "cos-
tume " everything resorted to for the adornment
of the person—rings, bracelets, chains, jewelry,
and even the dressing of the hair and the trim-
ming of the beard ; and both give due attention
to garments for purposes of official, profes-
sional, or ecclesiastical distinction. It is curious
to note, however, that while both writers refer
more or less explicitly to the sumptuary laws of
the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries,
which prohibited handicraftsmen and yeomen
from wearing clothes of greater value than
"40 shillings the whole cloth," and restricting
the "use of cloth of gold or purple colour"
and purple silk to the King and his immediate
family, they scarcely mention the act passed
in 1679 requiring the burial of the dead in
woollen, intended to lessen "the importation of
linen from beyond the seas, and for the encour-
agement of the woollen and paper manufac-
tures of the Kingdom," which must have had a
marked effect upon the costume of the people.
The value of these volumes is greatly en-
hanced by their illustrations. These are princi-
pally sketches, drawings, and photographs
from tombs and brasses, from miniatures in
illuminated manuscripts, and from historical
paintings and portraits; to which are added, in
Mrs. Ashdown's book, colored plates photo-
graphed from "examples" worn by models.
Altogether, there are about seven hundred illus-
trations; and these, with the descriptive text,
glossaries, and other aids, provide the reader
with the means of forming mental pictures of the
men and women mentioned by English writers
from the time of Chaucer down, and of appre-
ciating the ridiculous extravagancies to which
the fashions of dress at times carried the English
people. Arthur Howard Noll.


396
[May 16,
THE DIAL
Briefs on New Books.
OM Enaiith Music is now evidently turning from
mutical creation to reflection, from produc-
irutrument*. tjon to analysis. While the era of
creation- is not over, it seems clear that the method
of the masters is beginning to be subjected to criti-
cal study, and the historical evolution of music is
entering upon the scientific phase of its understand-
ing and exposition. So the study of the origin and
development of musical instruments has assumed
new proportions and significance. The great na-
tions have produced orchestras individualized and
differentiated; the instruments have not been the
same; the effects have been varied. It has been
an achievement of comparatively recent times to
establish an orchestra that is inclusive and dominant.
In Mr. Francis W. Galpin's "Old English Instru-
ments of Music" (McClurg) we have a treatment
of the subject in every way adequate and at the
same time interesting. The author has given us an
important chapter in the evolution of the modern
orchestra; he has put under contribution sculpture,
architecture, painting, as well as the printed sources
of information; he has delved in old libraries and
conned difficult manuscripts; he has examined
ancient scores requiring translation into the
modern notation; he has visited the museums,
with their collections of crude and tentative
instruments. The result is decidedly noteworthy.
Mr. Galpin says: "The musical development of the
human race has been divided by some writers into
three stages. In the first our forefathers delighted
themselves with the rhythmic beat of the drum, in
the second they made merry with the cheerful
strains of the pipe, in the third they began to
appreciate the subtle refinements of the stringed
instrument." In the execution of his theme Mr.
Galpin follows the reverse order. He treats first
of the old English stringed instruments, — rote,
crowd, rebec, mandore, virginal; then he discusses
the wind instruments, — recorders, shawms, sack-
buts, organs positive and portative; next the percus-
sion instruments, primitive and least important, —
tabers, nakers, cymbals, chimes; finally the con-
sort, — the way in which these instruments were
brought together, making an orchestra so specialized
that it may be denominated an English orchestra.
The story is carried to the middle of the eighteenth
century, when the early and narrowly distinctive
features of the consort developed into the splendid
resources of mature music, — the orchestra to whose
highest achievements we are listening now. The
subject is elaborated with a wealth of illuminating
material and references to other lands and times,
an intimate acquaintance with the literature of the
changing instruments, that imply the devotion of
many years. The publishers have fully seconded
the work of the author, and enhanced each topic
with admirable and curious illustrations. The book
is further enriched with a copious and valuable
bibliography.
A tribute to From childhood's happy hour to the
our greatett present time, Mr. Archibald Hen-
humorot. derson has been an eager reader of
Mark Twain, to whom he now pays worthy tribute
in a very readable study of his life and work,
entitled simply, "Mark Twain" (Stokes). "My
personal association with Mr. Clemens," he relates
in his preface, "comparatively brief though it was
— an ocean voyage, meetings here and there, a
brief stay as a guest in his home — gave me at last
the justification for paying the debt which, with the
years, had grown greater and more insistently
obligatory. I felt both relief and pleasure when
he authorized me to pay that debt by writing an
interpretation of his life and work." He groups
his matter under four headings, — "The Man,"
"The Humorist," "The World-Famed Genius," and
"Philosopher, Moralist, Sociologist." In the first
of these sections he carries the biographical outline
to the point where Mr. Howells has taken it up in
"My Mark Twain," and in all of them he draws
skilfully both on his personal memories of the
humorist and on a variety of less direct but not
necessarily less authentic sources of information.
Naturally the tenor of his pages is prevailingly
panegyric, and few readers will not delight to go
all the way with him in his praise of one whom he
links with Walt Whitman as distinctly and su-
premely American in his contribution to universal
literature. But he need not in the same breath
have ascribed only "derivative genius " to Emerson
and Hawthorne. From Mr. Henderson's memories
of Mark Twain, which contribute no little to the
charm of his books, the following may here be
quoted: "Samuel Langhorne Clemens impressed
me as the most complete and human individual I
have ever known. He was not a great thinker;
his views were not ' advanced.' The glory of his
temperament was its splendid sanity, balance, and
normality. The homeliest virtues of life were his—
the republican virtue of simplicity; the domestic
virtue of .personal purity and passionately simple
regard for the sanctity of the marriage bond; the
civic virtue of public honesty; the business virtue
of stainless private honor. Mark Twain was one
of the supreme literary geniuses of his time. But
he was something more than this. He was not
simply a great genius: he was a great man." Oc-
casional strange words or usages arrest the attention
in Mr. Henderson's pages, — as "inveigh" in the
sense of " inveigle"; and intransigiance, with un-
accountable accent; and "comedic"; and "remi-
niscential," with its archaic and superfluous final
syllable. Excellent portraits of Mark Twain, in-
cluding several in colors, are supplied by Mr. Alvin
Langdon Coburn, and a fifteen-page bibliography
is appended.
Mr. Hilaire Belloc's essays, like
Z'SllZr. those of Mr. E. V. Lucas, are of
the Elian tradition. Airy persiflage;
ironic mockery; speculation, witty, idealistic, curious,
but never strenuous; quaint fancies; shyly casual


1911.]
397
THE
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confessions,—these are the elements out of which
Mr. Belloc moulds his dainty trifles, plainly the
diversions of his active mind, as they are meant,
later, for the diversion of sympathetic readers. Mr.
Belloc travels, sketches French cathedrals or English
woodlands, communes with follow-tourists and his
own soul, wonders, with sober cheerfulness, about the
deeper meanings of life, and constructs allegories to
satirize some of its follies. Having, in other years,
trifled entertainingly "On Nothing" and "On
Everything," he now resourcefully puts forth a vol-
ume " On Something" (Dutton). Its table of con-
tents is, as always with Mr. Belloc, inviting: "A
Plea for the Simple Drama," "On Unknown
People," "The Monkey Question: An Appeal to
Common Sense," "On Bridges," "The Way to
Fairyland," "The Tree of Knowledge,"—these are
titles that tempt to a further consideration of the
small volume whose dainty size and gay cover give
it an appropriately festal spring-tide air. Here
are no Chestertonian paradoxes, no double-edged
SGavian humors, none of Mr. "Wells's shifting dis-
satisfactions with things as they are. Mr. Belloc
finds the world on the whole pretty good; to him
the things you cannot understand are not causes for
complaint but objects of interest; the things you do
not like furnish agreeable contrasts to those you do.
For instance, a lying guide-book in a hotel at Palina
leads Mr. Belloc to the planning of a delectable
guide-book by himself, wherein shall be recorded
valuable truths about hotels where the landlords are
nice, about the difficulties of negotiating harbors
in small craft, the joy of climbing ordinary moun-
tains, and "how to make men pleasant to you ac-
cording to their climate and country." In compar-
ing the delights of historical study with those of
travel, Mr. Belloc notes that both attract by "the
element of discovery and surprise, notably in little
details." We suspect that Mr. Belloc might accept
the same formula as summarizing his pleasure in
life, and consequently as the keynote to his liter-
ary expression. Those who prefer the well-beaten
tracks, the large effects, and the grand manner, will
not care for Mr. Belloc. But leisurely collectors
of the small oddities, the obscure finenesses, and
the little-considered savours and qualities of life
will welcome "On Something," and will even
respectfully suggest the pleasant possibility of
another year's sheaf of sketches "On Something
More."
Ob.ervation. of 11 is a far CI7 fr0m" The Sou.thern
an American in South" to "The Obvious Orient,"
the Far Man. yet professor Albert Bushnell Hart
emerges from the new field covered by the latter
volume (Appleton) with his reputation as a careful
observer and impartial critic still unimpaired. Not
everyone who travels the broad highway around
the world can write a book en route. Fortunately
there are few who set themselves such a task. And
yet the observations and impressions of one of our
foremost students of history and politics are bound
to be of interest and value to those who would study
so many-sided a subject as the Far East. Profes-
sor Hart spent the greater part of a year during
1908-9 on a world tour from east to west. At the
time he contributed a series of special articles to
the Boston "Transcript," and the present volume
reproduces these articles with certain editorial
changes. Beginning with the American Northwest,
to which six chapters are devoted, the narrative
includes notes on Japan, China, the Philippines,
Straits Settlements, Ceylon, and Egypt. The chap-
ters on Japan and China show that Professor Hart
had exceptional opportunities for investigation, and
that he availed himself of them, — a day in a court
in Shanghai, for, example, affords the material for
a most interesting chapter. Valuable also are the
chapters on Japanese politics and Chinese adminis-
tration. Throughout this discussion the author's
attitude is notably fair and generous. "The ad-
vantages of peace and a respectful treatment and
recognition of the greatness of Japan and China,
are national assets which should be carefully con-
served by American statesmen." In the Philip-
pines Professor Hart was impressed with the great
improvements of the past ten years and with the
admirable administration which the amateur
colonizers have established there. "Not a State in
the Union has such good articulation between the
central authority and the local, such safeguards
against robbery of the treasury and also against
the crime of putting weak and incompetent men
into power. Probably no State in the Union has
brought about such changes in the order and
prosperity of the community in a single period of
ten years." "Certainly it is a genuinely altruistic
attempt to carry Western civilization where it is
sorely needed." Chapters on " The Pax Britannica,"
"The Paradise of Ceylon," and "The Delusions of
Egypt" conclude a volume which is always good
reading and which presents a considerable body of
useful information. Some of the statements, how-
ever, are not altogether trustworthy, the editing
having failed to remove a number of minor errors.
Ramble, in Frankly pleading guilty to the charge
and about the of " rambling along with the irrespon-
landofbook,. gjbility and indirection of a child
playing hookey," Mr. Adrian Hoffman Joline dis-
courses wittily, and with abundance of illustrative
anecdote, on a pleasing variety of more or less
bookish or learned topics in his volume of "Edge-
hill Essays" (Badger). Eight papers, beginning
with a delightfully aimless saunter "About the
Bookshelves," continuing with talks about auto-
graphs and their collectors, about Mark Akenside
and Francis Jeffrey, and ending with a disquisition
on manners and another on the American college
of to-day, make up this welcome successor to Mr.
Joline's previously published volumes in the same
general class of literature. He modestly hesitates
to style himself an essayist, since, as Henley has
declared, "essayists, like poets, are born and not
made." Nevertheless he here proves himself, more


398
[May 16,
THE DIAL
convincingly than ever before, an essayist of the
most pleasantly recreative sort. That he believes in
both work and recreation, appears from the follow-
ing, chosen at random as agreeably representative
of his style: "All work and no play makes Jack a
dull boy, we know; but all play and no work makes
Jack a very stupid and silly boy, and Jill comes
tumbling after." The longest chapter in the book
is that on Jeffrey, which is reinforced with frequent
and ample quotation and displays no little research.
Most characteristic of the author's felicitous style
are such shorter essays as the opening and closing
ones, and warmly to be commended is his defense of
the good old-fashioned college education of the time
when Flancus was consul and science and the voca-
tional courses had not become rampant. "No one
can justly be called a scholar," asserts Mr. Joline,
"who has no knowledge whatever of Greek or
Latin." As is only natural in the unstudied pages of
so rapid a writer, slight slips of the pen are not in-
frequent,—as " George Chesterton " when Gilbert is
undoubtedly meant, meo judice," and "millinium."
One is amused by the rambling essayist's incidental
allusion to his "abhorrence of all discursiveness."
A more wittily and agreeably discursive author we
have seldom had the happiness to encounter.
Exertion, to Dream books vary from the penny
the world dreadful type to the doctor's disserta-
of dreamt. tvm. The public has a considerable
interest in knowing what dreams are, and the in-
dividual has a particular interest in inquiring what
his dreams mean. Dreams are like stories: the ones
we ourselves tell are the best, and those of others
strangely dull. The personal interest distorts the
interpretation of dreams; and yet all expeditions to
the world of dreams must be personally conducted.
To satisfy the popular tourist's interests, and yet do
justice to the scientific explorations, requires the
combined services, in one, of a guide, philosopher,
and friend, — the sympathy of the last being
especially necessary in the nebulous law of dreams.
Mr. Havelock Ellis's "The World of Dreams"
(Houghton) answers these purposes rather better
than any similar volume yet issued. The analysis
of dreams proceeds psychologically, is presented
freshly and with due appreciation of recent contri-
butions, and the conclusions are judiciously stated.
The style is popular, the coordination good, the illus-
trations apt, the freedom from misleading sugges-
tions commendable. The most widely discussed
of recent dream theories is that bearing the name
of Dr. Freud. He holds that dreams are saturated
or flavored with motive, albeit frequently composed
of emotions suppressed and content disguised.
Dreams are not trivial, because the seemingly trivial
is significant, and may be ominous. Dreams reveal,
and reveal the subconscious; the under-world debris
of rejected material becomes the corner stone of the
dream temple. The abnormal evidence for the
view is rather striking, the normal less so.- Mr.
Ellis judges both fairly. Dreams offer no single
formula of exposition; they are of many minds. It
takes a series of chapters to set forth the elements,
the emotions, the logic, the sensations, the symbol-
ism, the memory, the motives of dreams. The
most comprehensive principle is the oneness, amid
diversity and contrast, of the dreaming and the
waking thinker. Mr. Ellis's book is not a system-
atic account of the psychology of dreams, and still
less of the dream-processes. It is a judicious selec-
tion of excursions to the world of dreams, well
suited to guide and reward the reader's interest
It is not too much to say that in
tom™ou"Le. "The War Maker" (McClurg),
which is offered as "the true story
of Captain George B. Boynton," Mr. Horace Smith
presents as extraordinary and thrilling a narrative
of filibustering and military and naval adventure
of various sorts as can be found in recent literature.
Taken down from the lips of Boynton himself,
shortly before his peaceful death in New York last
January, the story is told in the first person wilh
all the jaunty arrogance, the unblushing complac-
ency in more than questionable exploits, the exulta-
tion in dare-deviltry, that distinguish his forty years
of violence and bloodshed and hair-breadth escape
from death in many forms. "Snicker-snack " goes
his "vorpal blade " through all sorts of formidable
foes, and he ever comes "galumphing back " with
the joyousness of him who slew the Jabberwock.
Many of his deeds have long since become matters
of history, and it is also known that the name he
has made famous round the world is an assumed
one. Who he really was, beyond the fact that he
was the son of a wealthy New York surgeon, and
was born in 1842, remains still to be discovered.
His story contains love and romance as well
as blockade-running, pirate-chasing, slave-dealing,
revolution-fomenting, and many other kinds of des-
perate adventure. He is said to be the original of
Mr. Richard Harding Davis's " Soldier of Fortune,"
and from him Mr. Guy Boothby got the framework
of his novel, "The Beautiful White Devil." This
latter personage appears in Mr. Smith's book as the
leading character in a chapter of unusual interest.
Emphatically, "The War Maker" is a book for
lovers of adventure to read.
Whoever attempts to bring within
m?'poeund the c°rapa(S8 of one volume a satis-
factory exposition of the influence
that women have exerted upon poets is a bold, not
to say a rash, man. But when Mr. Edward Thomas
in his " Feminine Influence on the Poets" (Lane)
gives space to a chapter on "Women as Poets,"
and considers such topics as the "Inspiration of
Poetry," "Women, Nature, and Poetry," and the
like, besides devoting five chapters to women as
mothers, friends, mistresses, and patronesses in
their influence upon poets,—then he is sinking into
dilettanteism. It is manifestly impossible to con-
sider within a single volume even the chief poets


1911.]
399
THE
DIAL
in this respect. Very few of them did not feel in
one way or another the influence of women, and
merely to point out that fact with a few not strik-
ingly original comments does not add much to our
comprehension of what feminine influence means.
It was one thing to the poet of the court of love,
another to the Elizabethan sonnetteer and the
Caroline lyrist, still another (if not almost negli-
gible) to the neo-classicist, and something quite
different to the romanticist. It would be interest-
ing and not without profit to analyze these various
influences, as shown in the works of the leading
poets of their periods. Mr. Thomas merely hints
at the differences,—as when he points out the char-
acteristic flavor of Spenser's "Epithalamium," but
he does not treat the subject as much more than a
personal matter between the poet and his friend or
mistress, or whatever she was to him. The work
does not come to a head or give any unified impres-
sion of what this influence has meant in the de-
velopment of poetry. We hear much of the eternal
Mary Fitton, of Cowper's mother, of Shelley's
Harriet and her successors in his idealized affec-
tion, of Wordsworth's Dorothy, and of Byron's
polyglot rout; but with all these the biographies
have made us familiar to the point of weariness.
What we should like to have, and what Mr. Thomas
has by no means given us, is a comprehensive treat-
ment of what feminine influence has meant in the
making of poetry or in the marring of it.
In his study entitled " Sixtine Rome"
%%:,Xwk. (Baker & Taylor Co.) Dr. J. A. F.
Orbaan writes about the papal city,
not in the days of Sixtus IV., as many laymen
would expect, but of Sixtus V., who was at the head
of the Church for five years, beginning with 1585.
Although he was an old man at his succession, his
restless energy made tremendous changes in Rome
during his brief incumbency, and the modern visitor
to the city encounters his work at every turn. Un-
fortunately, his constructive zeal was not tempered
by any wise concern for the monuments of antiquity,
and he often found himself building with one hand
and tearing down with the other. But he was in-
cessantly active, and he did "change the face of
Rome." To his activity, and to various topics aris-
ing more or less naturally, Dr. Orbaan devotes
nearly three hundred pages, grouping them under
the captions: "Porta Furba" (the aqueducts and
fountains), "The Sixtine Chapel in Santa Maria
Maggiore," "The Vatican Library," "Domenico
Fontana" (describing the career of this versatile
architect, with a detailed account of the famous set-
ting up of the obelisk in the square of St. Peter's),
and "The Destruction of the Septizonium." The
author is genuinely interested in his subject, and has
worked over his evidence with patient enthusiasm.
But it is not easy to say that he has manifested a
just sense of proportion. Furthermore, much of the
material presented is such as would be of significance
only to readers who are specially interested in the
period, whereas the presentation obviously keeps the
general reader in mind; so that the volume incurs
the danger of not being technical enough for the
close student or popular enough for the many. The
illustrations and typography are excellent.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Mr. W. P. Jervis, author of "The Encyclopedia of
Ceramics and other works on the potter's art, has
arranged in book form a series of interesting papers
on pottery-making and its history, first printed serially,
under the general title "A Pottery Primer." The book
is issued by the O'Gorman Publishing Co., New York.
The "Centenary " edition of Dickens, now in course
of publication by the Messrs. Scribner, is to occupy
thirty-six volumes, twelve of which are now at hand.
Its features are a generous page, a readable typography,
the reproduction of the original illustrations and pre-
faces, and, not least important, the moderate price of one
dollar a volume. It is as good value for the money
as is often to be had.
A study in German romanticism having Karl Lebrecht
Immermann for its central figure is the work of Dr.
Allen Wilson Porterfield, and is published at the
Columbia University Press. As Professor Calvin
Thomas says of Immermann in his introductory note,
"the many-sidedness of his talent, his sensitiveness to
every breeze that blew, his eager experimentation,
make him especially interesting as a mirror of the
Romantic epoch."
A volume of "Scenes from Eighteenth Century
Comedies," edited by Miss A. Barter, is published
(with educational intent) by the Macmillan Co. There
are included scenes from "She Stoops to Conquer"
and "The Rivals," and scenes from the less familiar
"The West Indian" by Richard Cumberland, "The
Belle's Stratagem " by Mrs. Cowley, and "The Heir
at Law" by George Colman the younger. There are a
few notes, besides a brief introduction.
So wide-spread has become the collecting of antique
furniture and antique objects of all sorts, that a book of
advice is now offered by Mr. F. Frankfort Moore called
"The Common Sense Collector " (Hodder & Stoughton).
It appeals not to those persons who collect for the
sake of owning a collection, but to those who collect
for the sake of beautifying their own homes. Many of
these latter will not have a great deal of money to
spend, and therefore must try to get full value for every
penny. Mr. Moore's volume tells them "How to
Begin," "How to Buy," discusses the matter of "Odd
Lots," and offers some "Common Sense Cautions."
Fifty-one illustrations are included of articles owned or
rooms furnished by the author, based on the policy out-
lined in the book.
In commemoration of the Bible tercentenary, the
Oxford University Press has published an exact reprint
in roman type, page for page, of the authorized version
as published in 1611. The work is edited by Mr.
Alfred W. Pollard, who supplies an elaborate biblio-
graphical and historical introduction. The work is
printed on Oxford India paper. It must not be for-
gotten that the books of the Apocrypha were included
in this original edition. At the same time, Mr. Pollard
has edited a companion work entitled " Records of the


400
[May 16,
THE DIAL
English Bible," which gives reproductions of no less
than sixty-three documents, beginning with Wyclif and
Tyndale, relating to the history of Bible translation
into English. Some of the documents have never
before been printed, and the collection constitutes a
source book of the greatest value.
Two teachers in Wellesley College, Miss Alice Vinton
Waite and Miss Edith Mendall Taylor, have pub-
lished through the Messrs. Appleton a volume entitled
"Modern Masterpieces of Short Prose Fiction." The
book is intended for students. It includes fourteen
stories, of which six are Continental, four English, and
four American, besides two of the familiar folk-tales of
Joel Chandler Harris. It also contains, for some inex-
plicable reason, a translation of Ibsen's " Doll's House."
A new translation of the "Antigone," by Professor
Joseph Edward Harry, is published by the Robert
Clarke Co. The translation was made for a special
performance of the tragedy given a few weeks ago in
Cincinnati. It bears the impress of Jebb, and is marked
by a few borrowings from Shakespearean phraseology.
We have at the same time a translation of the " (Edipus
Rex," by the hand of Professor Gilbert Murray, pub-
lished at the Oxford University Press. The translator
has dealt somewhat more literally with his Sophocles
than with his Euripides, but we do not notice that he has
become less felicitous as a writer of English poetry. A
third classical translation comes to us from the Houghton
Mifflin Co.,'and gives us the epigrams of Martial, trans-
lated by Mr. Paul Nixon. This little volume is called
"A Roman Wit," a title for which Mr. Nixon gives
satisfactory account, being no little of a wit himself.
The latest number in the series of pamphlets on
"Modern American Library Economy as illustrated by
the Newark, N. J., Free Public Library" is devoted to
"The Business Branch," and is prepared by Mr. John
Cotton Dana and Miss Sarah B. Ball, the latter being
the librarian in charge of the branch. "As far as
we know," writes Mr. Dana, "this is the first attempt
to meet the needs of business men by placing a branch
of a public library in the center of a city and supplying
it with books and other material useful to those engaged
in trade, manufacture, transportation, insurance, finance,
and the like." The recent rapid growth of special librar-
ies and the awakening of interest in their activities
make especially timely the appearance of this pioneer
work on the subject. It covers seventy-three pages and
shows the same care in text and illustrations as do its pre-
decessors in the series. (Elm Tree Press, Newark, N.J.)
Thomas Love Peacock died nearly half a century
ago, and it is difficult to adjust our minds to the fact
that the friend of Shelley outlived the poet so long.
But we supposed at least that the whole of Peacock's
work was in our hands, only now learning that the
British Museum is the custodian of a large amount of
unpublished matter, from which three plays, hitherto
unknown, have been rescued. Dr. A. B. Young,
Peacock's biographer, is the one to whom we are
indebted for "The Plays of Thomas Love Peacock,"
now published by Mr. David Nutt. In one sense, the
discovery is not surprising, considering Peacock's well-
known predilection for things of the stage. The plays
are entitled " The Dilettanti," " The Circle of Loda " (in
verse), and "The Three Doctors." They are not
positively dated, but they are approximately a hundred
years old. All Peacockians (and they are many) will
be delighted with this trouvaille, so unexpected as well
so welcome.
Notes.
In the new novel, " Marjorie," upon which he is now
at work, Mr. H. G. Wells is said to be turning his
attention to the problems of household economy.
An interesting booklet dealing with the life and
writings of Mr. Maurice Hewlett is issued by Messrs.
Charles Scribner's Sons for gratuitous circulation.
Mr. Ridgwell Cullum's "The Trail of the Axe," a
story of the lumber camps of Western Canada, will be
published immediately by Messrs. George W. Jacobs
& Co.
Mr. John Masefield's novel," The Street of To-day,"
which is attracting marked attention from the English
reviewers, will appear in this country with the Dutton
imprint.
"Replanning Small Cities: Six Typical Studies,"
by Mr. John Nolen, Fellow of the American Society
of Landscape Architects, is announced by Mr. B. W.
Huebsch.
The seventh volume of the "Cambridge History
of English Literature," dealing specifically with "The
Caroline Age," will be published by Messrs. Putnam
within a few weeks.
"Our Country and its People," a new geographical
reader by Professor Will S. Monroe and Miss Anna
Buckbee, is announced for publication this month by
Messrs. Harper & Brothers.
"The Journal of a Recluse," an anonymous volume
which has attracted considerable attention during the
two years since its publication, turns out to be not a
translation from the French, as was generally supposed
but the work of an American woman.
A series of lectures that will give rise to an interest-
ing volume are those to be delivered at the Sorbonne
by Professor W. H. Schofield, according to the custom
now established by which a Harvard Professor annually
gives a course of lectures in Paris. Professor Schofield
intends to treat of the idea of a gentleman in the course
of English literature, and he will illustrate his theme
mainly by reference to Chaucer, Malory, Spenser, and
Shakespeare.
A posthumous book by the late William James,
entitled " Some Problems in Philosophy: A Beginning
of an Introduction to Philosophy," is to be issued im-
mediately by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. This
house also announces "The Comic Spirit in George
Meredith," by Mr. Joseph Warren Beach; and "Half
a Man: The Status of the Negro in New York," by
Mary White Ovington, with a "foreword" by Dr.
Franz Boas.
Mr. C. R. L. Fletcher and Mr. Rudyard Kipling
have written a new school history of England from the
earliest times to 1911. The prose narrative is the
work of Mr. Fletcher, and Mr. Kipling contributes
twenty-three new poems, specially written to illustrate
periods and episodes in the tale. Pictures in color
and black-and-white will be provided by Mr. Henry
Ford. The volume is to be published shortly by the
Oxford University Press.
It will be of interest to all admirers of Thackerav
to learn of the discovery by Lady Ritchie of two
unfinished MSS. by her father, One, entitled "The
Knights of Borsellen," is part of a mediaeval romance,
accompanied by the author's own drawings ; while the
other MS., "Cockney Travels," describes tours in the
west of England by coach and rail, in about 1842. This


1911.]
401
THE DIAL
new material, which will have its first American pub-
lication in "Harper's Magazine," will subsequently be
included in the "Centenary Biographical Edition" of
Thackeray's works.
The first ten volumes in Messrs. Holt's " Home Uni-
versity Library of Modern Knowledge," recently an-
nounced in these columns, will be the following: "The
French Revolution," by Hilaire Belloc; "The Irish
Nationality," by Mrs. J. R. Green; "Shakespeare," by
John Masefield; "A History of War and Peace," by
G. H. Perris; "The Socialist Movement," by J.
Ramsay MacDonald; "The Stock Exchange," by F. W.
Hirst; "Modern Geography," by Marion Newbegin;
"Polar Exploration," by W. S. Bruce; "Parliament,"
by Sir Courtenay P. Ilbert; and "The Evolution of
Plants," by D. fl. Scott. Similar groups of ten vol-
umes will appear in June, September, and November
of this year, and quarterly thereafter until at least one
hundred volumes have been issued. Professor William
T. Brewster, of Columbia University, is the American
editor of the series.
The Oxford University Press announces for issue
this month "The 1911 Bible," containing the Author-
ized Version of 1611, with the text carefully corrected
and amended by American scholars. It was felt that
in preparing an edition commemorative of the Tercen-
tenary of the Authorized Version, occasion might fitly
be found for a careful scrutiny of the text with a view
of correcting, in the light of the best modern research,
such passages as are recognized by scholars as in any
measure misleading, or needlessly obscure. This
scrutiny was committed to a committee of thirty-four
eminent Hebrew and Greek scholars, representing all
of the great evangelical bodies, and many prominent
universities and schools of divinity. The result of their
labors is, therefore, neither a new translation nor a re-
vision, but a scholarly and carefully corrected text of
the historic English Bible, the time-honored Authorized
Version.
The "Autobiographical Memoirs of Richard Wag-
ner," to be published in this country by Messrs. Dodd,
Mead & Co., will appear in two volumes, comprising
the great composer's reminiscences from 1813 to 1864,
based on diaries and notes kept uninterruptedly after
1835. The way in which this remarkable autobiography
came to be written and kept secret for forty years is a
matter of more than usual interest. Between the years
1868 and 1873 Wagner compiled his memoirs from
diaries and other memoranda which he had kept for
thirty-five years. As these memoirs were extremely
frank and discussed not only the affairs of the author,
but the affairs and characteristics of prominent people
of the time who were well known to the writer, Wagner
took the utmost precautions to keep his work a secret.
As it was impossible at that time to secure duplicate
copies by means of a typewriter, the book was set up
by French compositors who did not understand German.
Twelve copies were printed and the type was then dis-
tributed. Of these twelve copies, eight were entrusted
to Frau Cosima Wagner and four copies were distributed
among the author's nearest and dearest friends. The
greatest care was exercised in the event of the death
of any of these five people that the closely guarded
memoirs should be turned over to one of the survivors.
In this way, the secret was kept so closely that although
Wagner died twenty-eight years ago, very few people,
even in Germany, have known that his autobiography
was in existence.
List of New Books.
[The following list, containing 212 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
John La Farge: A Memoir and a Study. By Royal
Cortlssoz. Illustrated In photogravure, 8vo, 268
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $4. net.
Tintoretto. By Evelyn March Phllllpps. Illustrated,
172 pages. Charles Scrlbner's Sons. $4. net.
From Rough Rider to President. By Max Kullnlck;
translated from the German by Frederick von Relth-
dorf, Ph. D. With frontispiece, 12mo, 289 pages.
A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.50 net.
Reminiscences of an Athlete: Twenty Years on Track
and Field. By Ellery H. Clark. Illustrated. 12mo,
196 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 1847-1865. By Ward
Hill Lamon; edited by Dorothy Lamon Telllard.
Illustrated. 12mo, 337 pages. Washington: Pub-
lished by the Editor. $1.50.
Queen Margot, Wife of Henry of Navarre. By H.
Noel Williams. With photogravure portrait, 8vo,
409 pages. Charles Scrlbner's Sons. $2. net.
The Real Captain Kldd. By Sir Cornelius Neale Dal-
ton. 12mo, 335 pages. Duffleld & Co. $1.25 net.
Dr. Henry Coward, the Pioneer Chorus Master. By
J. A. Rodgers. Illustrated. 12mo, 101 pages. John
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