of the Cali-
fornia Library Association, succinctly reported in
"News Notes of California Libraries," Mr. Robert
E. Cowan of San Francisco presented a paper on
"The Magazines of California." Besides the un-
successful ventures that died a very early death,
there were "The Pioneer," " Hutchinson's California
Magazine," "The Hesperian," and "The California
Mountaineer." Soon afterward appeared "The
Overland Monthly," made illustrious by Bret Harte's
connection with it, and still in existence. Later Cali-
fornia magazines, such as "The Land of Sunshine,'"
"Out West," " Sunset," and " The Pacific Monthly,'


1913]
249
THE
DIAL
are surprisingly numerous for a region comparatively
sparse in its population, and their quality is credit-
able, sometimes even more than that. Many of Cali-
fornia's early periodicals and newspapers have passed
into utter oblivion because, Mr. Cowan says, "the
libraries of early days neglected their opportunities,
and at the present time disaffection is not altogether
unknown. Much of the material for the history of
California has disappeared forever because of the
failure of those in responsibility to heed the fine old
counsel, carpe diem." Perhaps, however, those in
responsibility did heed the counsel, but in a too
Horatian sense. A bibliographical study of Cali-
fornia magazines will accompany Mr. Cowan's paper
when it is printed in the proceedings of the meeting.
All or nothing of an author is the rule of a
certain class of rigorously thorough readers, and
there is something to be said in its favor. Still there
is more than a grain of truth in the assertion made
by Dr. E. Benjamin Andrews in a recent magazine
article on "Education through Reading," that "it is
the mark of a great writer to have uttered a good
deal of trash." Anyone can easily name, in the
works of even his favorite author, certain books or
parts of hooks that hardly add to the writer's fame.
Who is there that reads with enthusiastic delight
Shakespeare's "Pericles," or Scott's "St. Ronan's
Well," or Dickens's "Hard Times," or Victor Hugo's
long-winded digressions in "Les Miserables," or
Browning's "Luria," or Longfellow's "New En-
gland Tragedies"? Voluminous writers must inevi-
tably leave behind them much work inferior to their
best, as they also leave much that is superior to
their worst, and it is pure pedantry to insist on
going straight through any given author after once
beginning him. The mere satisfaction of being able
to say that one has read all of Goethe, or Cowper, or
Crabbe, or Thackeray, or James Fenimore Cooper,
is not worth the labor required to win it, though
many there are who read not for present enjoyment,
but for the future fancied distinction of having read.
President Andrews repeats the story of the young
lady who wished to convey the impression of an
acquaintance with Shakespeare, but when she was
asked if she was familiar with " Romeo and Juliet,"
answered that she had often read "Romeo," but
"Juliet" had always been out when she asked for it
at the library. This recalls the utterance of another
young lady who, after running over the entries under
"Homer"in the card catalogue, proudly declared that
she had read all his works except the opera omnia.
The bookseller's point of view is one that
the librarian ought now and then to try to take,
with an effort of the sympathetic imagination, when
he find himself inclined to clamor too loudly for a
more liberal discount on his purchases. The book-
dealer must live, even though some near-sighted
buyers of his wares may not see the necessity. In
proof of the really considerate treatment accorded
to his library customers by the seller of books,
listen to what Mr. William B. Clarke, the Boston
bibliopole, said to the Massachusetts Library Club
at its recent meeting in the halls of Williams Col-
lege. His informal, heart-to-heart talk tended to
show the exceeding smallness, if not less than noth-
ingness, of the profit made on the sale of new books
to libraries, as at present conducted. From the
spring of 1912 to the spring of 1913 he had kept
a careful record of the cost and sale of all books
furnished to libraries at the regular library discount
of ten per cent on net books and thirty-three and
one-third per cent on others, and the final summing
up demonstrated "a possible gross profit of .207
per cent against a 28 per cent expense; but as fif-
teen and one-half per cent of these books were re-
turned, it left a gross profit on library sales for that
year of .159 per cent against a 28 per cent expense.
Unsalable books increased this loss still more when
sold upon the bargain counter." This may not
represent a fair average of profits realized, the
world over, in supplying libraries with books; but
it is certain that these institutions, with many deal-
ers bidding for their trade, do receive a not illiberal
treatment. . . .
Ornate oratory, such as we associate with the
names of Burke and Chatham and Patrick Henry
and statesmen generally of the eighteenth century,
and such as we were wont to select for purposes of
declamation in our school days, is not common in
these degenerate times of hurry and hustle and hard
common-sense. All the more gladly, therefore, do
we hail its brief revival in our national legislature,
where Representative Gray of Indiana recently re-
lieved the tedium of a long summer's dragging de-
liberation over important issues with the following
poetic effusion: "It has always been my practice to
vote against the previous question where there has
been no opportunity for full discussion. But this
discussion began in the early springtime and has
continued during the long, weary months of a torrid
summer. The birds have nested and flown with
their young; the flowers have bloomed and faded;
the harvests have ripened and been garnered in;
the beetles are already singing the dirges of a dying
year; the fall has come with the sere and yellow
leaf of decay, with wailing winds and naked woods
and meadows brown and sere; the first breath of
winter is upon our cheek to chill us. Looking
squarely at my platform pledges to the people, I
was ready to voce for the previous question." It
need hardly be added that when the vote was taken,
after this poetic burst in favor of the motion, it was
triumphantly carried.
Promiscuous reading, in a sense not usually
attached to the phrase, came up for discussion some
months ago at a meeting of the North Midland
Library Association of England. A paper was read
by the city librarian of Peterborough on the question
of providing separate reading-rooms for women, and
the substance of it was a strong argument for the
mingling of the sexes in their use of the public


250
[Oct. 1
THE DIAL
library's store of printed matter. Many of the older
English libraries and even some of the newer ones
have separate rooms for readers of the sex once
known in that country as "gentle," but the Peter-
borough librarian advocated their abolition for the
following five reasons: the recent educational and
social advance of women has placed them in a posi-
tion where they themselves cease to ask for separate
reading-rooms; to provide such rooms where there is
little or no demand for them would be an unwar-
ranted expenditure; where there are such rooms
they contain only papers and magazines peculiarly
feminine in tone and character (and hence, pre-
sumably, not over-inviting to large numbers of
women readers, or remarkably valuable as litera-
ture); duplication of other reading matter already
available in the general reading-room is in most
cases impossible because of the expense involved;
and, finally, common reading-rooms for both sexes
"tend to promote a better tone, a general raising of
the standard of behaviour, and a keener apprecia-
tion of the whole institution." The editor of the
Baroda "Library Miscellany," commenting on the
Peterborough librarian's paper, shows a far keener
interest in the question than can be felt outside of
India and the East, where the state of women is
such that a special reading-room for their use is often
necessary if they are to frequent the library at all.
Arminius Vambeby, who died September 15 in
his eighty-second year, was a romantically interesting
character as well as a very learned scholar, a daring
explorer, and a prolific writer. Professor of oriental
languages at Pesth University, he possessed a variety
of learning, had been through a multitude of adven-
turous experiences, and was the holder of almost
innumerable degrees and honors and society mem-
berships, such as are boasted by few occupants of
academic chairs. Hermann Bamberger was his
German-Jewish name before he Magyarized it into
Arminius Vambery. Among his best-known books
are "Travels in Central Asia," "History of Bok-
hara," "Arminius Vambery: His Life and Adven-
tures," "The Coming Struggle for India," "The
Story of My Struggles," " Western Culture in Eastern
Lands," and works on the literature, languages, and
ethnography of Central Asia. He was born in pov-
erty and forced to make his own way; by what means
he succeeded in doing it is most interestingly told in
his own autobiographical writings.
Peculiabities of the pat collection of new
fiction in public libraries come to our notice from
time to time, but thus far it seems to have developed
no objectionable traits such as might warrant its dis-
continuance. At Redlands, California, as is recorded
in the Nineteenth Annual Report of the public library
of that city, the original purpose was to let the pay
collection include some of the ephemeral, temporarily
popular fiction that it was thought undesirable to
place permanently on the shelves. But the good
people of Redlands did not view this policy with
unanimous approval, some of the citizens regarding
it as contrary to the intent of a free public library.
Consequently it was decided to offer no books to the
paying patron that were not also placed at the dis-
posal of those unwilling or unable to pay a modest
fee for a special privilege. The little incident is
strikingly illustrative of certain not too amiable qual-
ities in our common human nature. But there is
one slightly redeeming feature to its unloveliness:
on the Pacific coast the copper cent is all but un-
known, so that not even the most rapid reader of a
pay-collection novel could escape the necessity of
parting with at least five cents for the privilege
enjoyed — a difference that would amount to some-
thing considerable in the case of a novel-a-day reader.
The author of "On the Branch," known in
the world of books as "Pierre de Coulevain," but
whom the well-informed cataloguer places under
"F" as "Mile. Favre de Coulevain," leaves many
readers to regret her too-early death. Report avers
that she was born in 1845 at Geneva, a suitable
birthplace for one of her cosmopolitan tastes and
international fame. She was a close observer of
manners and customs, as can be seen in such works
of hers as "LTle Inconnue," in which persons and
things British are subjected to her scrutiny, and
"Noblesse Americaine," a title that explains itself.
"Eve Victorieuse" and "Sur la Branche" are also
among her well-known books. Translations of her
chief works have appeared in English, if not also in
other languages. From at least one of them, "The
Unknown Isle," interesting revelations and hints as
to her personal history may be obtained. "On the
Branch" (rather perplexing in its title) has proved
a popular novel in its English dress—as also in its
original French. . . .
Minutely subdivided literature is clearly
to be found on the shelves of the public library that
makes the following announcement in its latest Bul-
letin: "The reclassification of the library, which
has been going on since last October, divides the
books into ten main divisions, each division is then
divided into ten sub-divisions, and each sub-division
is again divided into ten divisions; making in all
some ten thousand different subject headings under
which the books are classified. The library con-
tains books on all these various subjects. Is there
not one subject in which you are especially inter-
ested?" Who would have thought that the products
of literary inspiration could group themselves so
symmetrically in a great army of books divided and
sub-divided and sub-sub-divided by a constant divi-
sor, ten? And with the increase of specialization
in authorship, as in every other industry, will this
process of sub-division continue until we have, not
ten thousand, but ten times ten thousand little classes
of literature, and presently ten times the latter num-
ber, and so on ad infinitum"? The brain reels at the
thought, and visions arise of mad-houses filled with
ex-cataloguers from all over the library world.


1913]
251
THE DIAL
THE MODERN ENGLISH NOVEL:
SOME TENDENCIES.
(Special Correspondence of The Dial.)
At the beginning of another publishing season, when
the air is darkened with announcements of new books
by the recognized concocters of fiction, it is customary
for the press of this country to give a kindly word or
two to the art of novel-writing. For this is the slack
time of the year: most Londoners are out of town, en-
joying their autumnal holiday; and there is not much
of importance in the way of social or other domestic
news. Parliament is up; the Balkan imbroglio, as a
topic, has lost interest; Mexico is a long way off. Thus
it happens that the hard-worked journalist turns his
attention for a moment to matters of lighter import.
He has made his annual discovery. Last year he found
out that the novel had a tendency to increase in length.
For some time an impassioned controversy was carried
on as to the proper measure of a modern work of fiction.
Should it be eighty thousand words (which had hitherto
been regarded as normal), or something over a hundred
and fifty thousand', as the Caines and Corellis, the Hichens
and Bennetts, appeared to prefer? At length an ingeni-
ous writer settled the matter by putting forward the
unanswerable dictum that a novel should contain just
as many words as were necessary for the adequate treat-
ment of the story. Upon this the throng of popular
novelists who had been contributing their various views
to the discussion went back sadly to their work, wishing
that they had thought of this excellent solution them-
selves. But I do not know that many of them have
acted upon it since.
The discovery that has been made this year opens up,
perhaps, a more interesting question. It is stated that
the love interest is going out of fashion. That is to say,
it is taking a secondary place. A well-known publisher
comes forward to say that very few novels are submitted
to him nowadays in which love, romantic or otherwise,
forms the main motive. It is true that there is still,
generally, a marriage somewhere in the book, but this
no longer stands out as the one and only matter of real
importance in the life of the characters concerned. Our
novelists, it seems, are beginning to acquire a sense of
proportion: they have at last recognized that it may be
possible to interest readers in other subjects — in poli-
tics, or sociology, or Votes for Women. Their characters
may be in love, but they do not waste all their time over
it: they have other things to do in the world besides gazing
at the moon and sighing for each other. All of which is,
no doubt, a considerable step in the right direction.
In the higher circles of fiction we may also con-
gratulate ourselves upon the gradual extinction of the
"happy-ever-after" school. This Victorian formula
had a long and prosperous career, but it cannot be
denied that it began to exasperate the judicious reader.
The fiction monger of that epoch used to conduct his
couple to the altar, after innumerable vicissitudes, and
leave them there at the close of the last chapter, with
the strains of Mendelssohn's Wedding March still ring-
ing in their ears, with the tacit assumption that the real
business of their lives was now over. It was a formula.
The novelist is compelled, by the nature of his craft, to
adopt certain conventions, but it is as well that he should
change them from time to time. Even in our youth we
could never quite believe in this postulate of theirs. It
was too obviously at variance with the stern facts of
human life. Clearly there were many married couples
of our acquaintance whose state of bliss was incomplete.
And, though we could not, by the nature of things, know
very much about the matter, our minds rebelled against
the thought that marriage should descend upon the
happy couple like a rosy mist, cutting them off from
any further participation in the drama of life. We
were convinced that the most interesting period of their
career was just beginning. They had only a superficial
knowledge of each other's characters. They may have
been devotedly attached to the ideals they had formed
in their own minds, but we had a shrewd suspicion that
these would not survive very long the closer analysis of
domestic life. How would she get on with the servants,
and how would he behave under the stress of leaking
water-pipes and kitchen boilers and the noise of fractious
or playful children? Clearly the wedding bells should
come at the beginning of the story rather than the close.
Briefly put, the above is the substance of the position
taken up by our London journal. It touches, as you
may perceive, only the fringe of the subject, and it
is perhaps not strictly fair in its estimate of our Vic-
torian novelists. Some of these adventured, successfully
enough, into the post-matrimonial period, — George
Eliot, for example, wrote "Middlemarch" more than
forty years ago. And, for the rest, a novelist must stop
somewhere, — preferably before the anti-climax. If he
is out to tell a love story, the wedding of hero and heroine
forms a more suitable halting-place than any other.
The Victorian formula is not dead. In all probability
it will last as long as the art of fiction. But I agree
that it is no longer so prevalent as it was. Novelists
have shown a tendency for some time to split up into
sections; and those who still practice the romantic love
story, pure and simple, have dropped to a lower plane
in the estimation of critical readers. They still have
their stars: some writers in this form, Mr. Charles
Garvice, for instance, enjoy as large a sale as many
men with more admired reputations. But they appeal,
if I may say so without offence, to a less sophisticated
circle. From the commercial point of view, it may be
argued that this is by far the best circle to address. It
is large, and growing: year by year the half-educated
mass of the population assists to swell its ranks. We
possess in England at the present time a class of readers
who have just been admitted to the simpler joys of
literature. They are, as yet, easily tired; they do not
want anything that makes the slightest demand upon
their dormant faculty of reason; they require stories
with a sufficiency of exciting interest and as much sen-
timent as can be crowded between the covers of a single
book. To these the romantic love story, in all its pris-
tine simplicity, still makes the strongest appeal, and the
enterprising craftsman who gave them anything else
would soon find the best of reasons for regretting his
temerity. Numerically, the servant girl and the wife
of the small tradesman make up the bulk of our novel-
readers to-day. And they want Romance and plenty
of it: it is for them that our industrious leaders of the
paper-covered book market contrive their entrancing
stories of noblemen who seek their mates, not in the
gilded halls of their peers, but from the flower girls in
Piccadilly Circus or from the beggar maidens who
wander homeless on the Thames Embankment. It does
not concern them that the flower-sellers in the Circus
are mostly ladies of a mature age, and that beggar
maidens are rarely, if ever, to be fouud on the Embank-
ment. Their work has no relation to life as it is: they
depict some imaginary fairyland in which the conven-


252
[Oct. 1
THE DIAJ.
tions of generations of sentimental predecessors take
the place of real facts.
Like most trades, this of the fiction-writer discovers
a tendency to split up into numerous subdivisions. We
still possess a few men who range freely, who seek to
make the Universe their province; but the majority
select their own little patch, cultivating it with only an
occasional incursion into strange fields. Indeed, the
practice of novel-writing is now so universally diffused
that the only chance for a new man is to specialise,—
to make, if possible, a name for himself in some not
too crowded enclosure. Thus we have Mr. Arnold
Bennett, who has done for the "Five Towns " of Staf-
fordshire, the Potteries district, nearly as much as Mr.
Thomas Hardy did for his Wessex. We have had Mr.
Barrie and Mr. S. R. Crockett, and a host of others in
various parts of North Britain; Ireland has been handled
by "G. A. Birmingham," Somerville and Ross, Mr.
Shan F. Bullock, and a goodly band of ardent Celts;
Mr. Eden Phillpotts and Mr. A. T. Quiller-Couch rarely
stir from the little sections of Devon and Cornwall that
they have respectively marked for their own. Wales
and Essex, Yorkshire and the fells of Cumberland,—
each possesses one or more capable writers of fiction
who confine themselves pretty closely to their own par-
ticular districts. And it is not only in locality that we
specialize. There is an increasing tendency for our
authors to confine themselves to a single subject, or
even to a single type of character. Sociology has spread
its tentacles, like some gigantic octopus, over all the
recent novels of Mr. H. 6. Wells, until there is some
danger of the intrusive monster squeezing the life and
interest out of his stories. Dr. Conan Doyle appears to
have got himself entangled with a group of scientists
and sportsmen, seeking adventure after the manner of
the somewhat wooden figures created by the late Jules
Verne. For a long time Mr. W. J. Locke was infected
with the spirit of his Happy Vagabond, just as the
author of " Raffles" seemed unable to get away from
the society of that gentlemanly burglar. And there are,
of course, a whole crowd of more or less capable writers
who confine themselves to detective stories, or to melo-
dramatic serials for the halfpenny papers, or to some
other branch of their art for which they, or their agents,
imagine they possess a special aptitude.
I say their agents, for it is undoubtedly to these
gentlemen that we owe a good deal of this specialization
in modern fiction. Let a man once score a success in a
story, and it is certain that every effort will be made by
his business manager to induce him to work the vein
that he has been fortunate enough to strike until there
is nothing left. It demands considerable force of char-
acter on the part of the author to refuse. From the
commercial point of view, it is no doubt a mistake to
leave a mine that still promises a good yield; from the
artistic standpoint it has often proved a fatal error to
begin attempting to repeat a past success. To imitate
oneself may be morally more defensible than to imitate
others; artistically it is the greater blunder.
The public likes to have some idea of the sort of stuff
it is going to get for its money. This in itself forms a
strong inducement towards specialization. Those of our
authors who feel an irresistible inclination to wander
from the beaten track, to escape from the groove that
the agent or the publisher has marked out for them,
can always find means of regaining their liberty. I have
been acquainted with more than one novelist who em-
ployed pseudonyms when they desired to publish some-
thing in a different genre from their usual work. Others,
with Mr. Wells and Mr. Arnold Bennett, divide their
works into several categories, classifying some of their
stories as fantasies or romances instead of novels. It is
permissible to cultivate more than one field as long as
the boundaries are kept well marked. Perhaps, too, it
would be impossible for any one author to do much more
than this. The serious novelist, as apart from the simple
story-teller, is expected to deal with what he knows:
his imagination should at the least have a basis in solid
experience; and, though some of us have lived strange
lives, we are generally a little at sea when it becomes
a question of dealing convincingly with the more violent
crimes.
Instinctively the author turns to the subjects that he
knows best. And of romantic love there is probably no
extant writer who does not imagine himself to have
sufficient knowledge. Probably it is the most interest-
ing, the most illuminating, experience that has ever
fallen to his lot. This is why the love story, pure and
simple, will never altogether die out. But it is a fact
that we handle it with an increasing subtlety — if we
wish to get a hearing somewhere else than in the ser-
vant8' halU E. H. Lacon Watson.
London, September 20, 191S.
COMMUNICA TION.
THE BRONTE LETTERS.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Base interpretation, reflecting sadly on the life of a
great woman, is, I believe, the result of the publication
of the Bronte letters in the London "Times." The
letters, as I understand, have been construed to disclose
the love of a woman for a man who is indifferent to her,
— so indifferent that he scribbles vulgar memoranda on
her persistent, amorous communications. This unpleas-
ant insinuation, so unworthy of Charlotte Bronte, is
refuted definitely and finally in "Villette " itself. Char-
lotte Bronte never would have offered her love where
it was unwelcome; such an act was opposed to her whole
theory of life. (And, once for all, in this parenthesis, I
disclaim, with the utmost scorn, every speaking suspicion
of what are called "warmer feelings." Women do not
entertain these "warmer feelings" where, from the
commencement, through the whole progress of an ac-
quaintance, they have never once been cheated of the
couviction that to do so would be to commit a mortal
absurdity; nobody ever launches into love unless he has
seen or dreamed the rising of Hope's star over Love's
troubled waters.) Who could doubt the almost quixotic
chastity of the woman who wrote these words ? —
"I could not have expressed . . . such thought —
such scruple — without risk of exciting a tyrannous
self-contempt; of kindling an inward fire of shame so
quenchless, and so devouring, that I think it would soon
have licked up the very life in my veins."
Charlotte Bronte's life was largely mental; she at-
tached a significance, " rooted and active," to friendship,
its evidences and its tokens; a mere letter from a friend
was to her almost as vital as life itself, — a source of
inexpressible joy or unutterable woe. "Villette" fur-
nishes countless proofs of this fact.
Bernard Sobel.
Lafayette, Ind., Sept. 22, 1013.


1913.]
253
THE DIAL
Uj l«to ioohs.
Mr. Saintsbury on the English
Novel,.*
To ride solitary up the tourney field and ring
one's spear in challenge against the Templar's
shield,— something like that it is to differ with
Mr. Saintsbury in literary matters. Not that
he has any of the qualities of Scott's bold, bad
champion; but his equipment in criticism is so
complete, the mass of critical work behind him
so formidable, that the mere blazoning on his
tent, the fluttering of his pennon, are enough to
keep challengers away. How one pair of eyes
could have gathered in the harvest which he has
stacked up and pressed down in his "History
of Criticism" is beyond our feebler powers
to understand. And he displays his acquisi-
tions in a way to enhance their value. He is
not only in literature, but of it. We would
almost rather read Mr. Saintsbury than the
authors he writes about; and in a good many
cases we admit that is what we have done. There
is only one flaw in his panoply. He seems to
have had little metaphysical training,— at least,
like Arnold himself, he scorns philosophy and
bids it begone from the field of criticism, where
innate and educated taste is the only guide and
director. Well, it is possible to lay a course by
the stars and dead reckoning, but the compass
is a handy invention.
Mr. Saintsbury's new book, "The English
Novel," exhibits his immense reading and his
gift of reanimating dry bones, as did his " His-
tory of Criticism.' It would be interesting to
know which course of reading he found most
wearisome, — the forgotten or half-forgotten
critics of Europe, or the dead or little-read
novelists of England. Our first point of quarrel
with him is in regard to the position of the novel
itself in literature. We quote the words with
which he concludes his book:
"In the finest of its already existing examples it
hardly yields in accomplishment even to poetry; in that
great secondary (if secondary) office of all Art—to
redress the apparent injustice, and console for the ap-
parent unkindness of Nature — to serve as a rest and
refreshment between those exactions of life which,
though neither unjust nor unkind, are burdensome, it
has no equal among all the kinds of Art itself."
The second part of this sentence is undoubtedly
true as regards human beings to-day; but it is
only true, we believe, because there has been a
• The English Novel. By George Saintsbury. "Chan-
nels of English Literature." New York: E. P. Dntton
A Co.
general weakening of intellectual fibre, a relax-
ation in the power of attention, largely brought
about by the excessive use of novels themselves,
which have indisposed people for other forms of
art, though these intrinsically may have more con-
solation and refreshment in them. If we could
bring back to life a Greek of the time of Pericles,
or even an Englishman of the time of Pope,
neither one of them might find much consola-
tion or refreshment in the English novel. Pope
concentrated a hundred novels in the Satires
and Epistles, and a contemporary of his might
prefer his portable phrases to the diluted exposi-
tion of human nature in the modern novel. It
must be remembered that the novel has only
been in vogue, been the fashionable form of
literature, for a hundred years. The reign of
the novel began with "Waverley." Great novels
had been written before that, but the form had
always been considered a secondary and inferior
one.
The first part of Mr. Saintsbury's sentence
quoted above we should challenge altogether;
and we believe that he is too good a critic, too
true a judge of literary values, to defend it.
There are three things that make literature val-
uable,— thought, adequate or beautiful verbal
expression, and the creative projection of human
figures. Thought is the common possession of
all forms of literature. You must have some-
thing to say before you can write at all. There
is no reason why a novel should not be as pro-
found as a philosophical treatise or a great drama
or poem. It may be a mere accident that no novel
in existence does rank with the great Bibles of
the world, or with the "Prometheus," "De
Rerum Natura," "Hamlet," or "Faust."
In the matter of expression, it is simply ab-
surd to compare the very best prose of the very
best novels with the verse of the great poets.
These last not only have given us a sensuous
form, music and sculptured perfection, which
always delighted the world, until the flood of
novels washed out of its mind the power of ap-
preciating distinction, but by their superior con-
centration they have made a thousand phrases
which have entered into common parlance where
the novelists have made one.
In creativeness the novel may seem to be
more on a level with other forms of literature;
but even here the palm is not for it. The great
figures of fiction which dominate man's imagi-
nation, which have really swayed and moulded
his life, are almost exclusively the protagonists
of plays or poems. Rama, Rustam, Achilles,
Prometheus, Hamlet, Lear, and fifty others,—


254
[Oct. 1
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these are kings whose reigns have been not over
single countries but over whole continents,whose
dominion has lasted not for a few years but for
many centuries. The novel in its whole period
of existence has projected but one creation that
can rank with them—Don Quixote. That it has
produced one may be an argument that it can
bring forth more ; but until it does so, it is un-
wise to claim for it an equality of accomplish-
ment with poetry. Secondary characters of great
power and charm and beauty the novel has to its
credit in vast numbers, but so has poetry and the
drama. And these secondary characters of
poetry retain a certain superiority. Has any
hero of any French novel whatever exercised as
much influence over the French mind as the hero
of Corneille's play, "Le Cid"? We doubt it.
Has any English heroine fascinated as many
men or reproduced herself in the moods and
manners of as many girls as Shakespeare's
Rosalind? We are quite certain that none has.
What is a novel? Mr. Saintsbury nowhere
definitely defines the genus; but the main pur-
pose and most skilfully executed design of his
book is to aggrandize one of its species,— the
novel of manners as the central type, any aber-
ration from which is a falling away from per-
fection. Why the novel of manners should be
central any more than the comedy of manners
is central in the drama, it would be hard to ex-
plain. Tragedy, romantic comedy, fantastic
comedy, all outrank satirical comedy of con-
temporary life. Few critics would place "The
School for Scandal" on a level with "King
Lear," "The Tempest," or " The Clouds" of
Aristophanes. Is there any reason why it
should be different in the novel? Neither the
name nor the genesis of the novel indicates any
such reason. Novel means something new, and
presumably startling. The first novel we have,
"The Golden Ass " of Apuleius, is a wild and
grotesque tale of adventure. The early novels
of Spain and Italy were of a similar character,
except when they told discreditable tales of
domestic life which we can at least hope were
not a true reflection of average humanity. The
close study of quiet, unexciting contemporary
life is really a late arrival in the novel field,
and even yet it cannot vie in popularity with
other varieties.
But Mr. Saintsbury is determined to see in
this latter type the hoped-for accomplishment
of all that the novel can do. His book is con-
structed to make Jane Austen appear the apex
of the English novel, up to whom everything
previous led, and since whom everything has
sloped down towards the abyss. He gives a
really magnificent exposition of the art of the
eighteenth century novelists, Richardson, Field-
ing, Smollett, and Sterne; but he calls them
"The Four Wheels,"—meaning, we suppose,
the wheels of the chariot which is to bear Jane
Austen to triumph. He slurs over Scott, hurries
past Dickens, and, what is more surprising, half
ignores Thackeray, in order to exalt his favored
queen.
What is the mystery of Jane Austen's superi-
ority? Mr. Saintsbury seems to think that the
life she depicts is more normal than that of any
other novelist, and that she realizes it better.
Now we do not believe that the life of the little
coteries of county families which Jane Austen
gives us is a particle more normal than the life
which Disraeli describes in "Coningsby," or
the life which Herman Melville projects in
"Typee." There are communities existing in
the world to-day that go about like the old
Hindoo sect "sky clothed" and eat their dead
enemies with innocent gusto, but who certainly
consider their lives absolutely normal.
Every literary artist must observe and must
imagine. The life he deals with must go through
the alembic of his brain and suffer a quantitative
and qualitative change there. Miss Bates is no
more "real" than Meg Merrilies. In her way
she is quite as astonishing and as eloquent as
the gypsy. Who ever knew a Miss Bates who
revealed her character with every word she spoke
and never faltered in stroke upon stroke of self-
revelation? Jane Austen gives us the concen-
trated essence of Miss Bates, and we might have
lived with the original twenty years without
knowing her as well as we do in an hour's read-
ing. But this is the secret of all successful
character creation, and Miss Bates is made by
the same formula as Justice Shallow, Sir Toby
Belch, Parson Adams, Dominie Sampson, and
Micawber. The only difference is that she is
not as interesting in herself as these others. In
two characters, Mr. Collins and Lady Catherine
de Burgh, Miss Austen did, by allowing herself
a little more exaggeration than usual, achieve
veritable triumphs. But what we want to insist
on is that all her successful figures are made and
modelled as every other good artist has wrought
his. All of them ride hobby-horses. Mr. Ben-
nett is always the ironical philosopher whose
business it is to extract amusement from his
wife and daughters. Mr. Woodhouse is always
the valitudinarian who invites people to dinner
and then advises them not to eat anything.
Emma is always the intermeddling angel who


1913]
255
THE
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disastrously manages other people's affairs. And
so on. There is no new creative method. The
fact that the hobby-horses ridden by these am-
iable people are rather tame livery hacks, and that
they do not prance and caracole like the steeds
trotted out by My Uncle Toby, Jonathan Old-
buck, Jingle, or Sairey Gamp, does not change
the fact of their truth to type. And the fact
that Miss Austen has only two preeminently fine
creations, whereas Fielding, Scott, and Dickens
have twenty, fifty, one hundred; and the further
fact that the worlds projected by these novelists
are immeasurably larger, nobler, more varied,
than Jane Austen's narrow little domain,—all
this would seem to negative the idea that she is
the culmination and climax of the art of novel-
writing.
We have no share in the second sight which
Mr. Saintsbury as a Scotsman or a dweller in
Scotland ought to be gifted with; but we can
imagine a great critic of the future, a Mr.
Saintsbury of the twenty-first century, writing
of this book something as follows: "In the time
of this critic there raged all over the world a
craze for novels, somewhat analogous to the
tulip mania in Holland or the excitement of
the South Sea Bubble. Vast prices were paid
for these curious and unsubstantial specimens
of literature; and the poet, the dramatist, and
the thinker were relegated into the background.
Especially did the critics of that day dote on
the tame studies of ordinary life such as a
schoolgirl with no experience could easily turn
out. Luckily we have recovered from this
lunacy, and the bloated and formless novel-
thing has been shown its proper place in litera-
ture, while the clear-cut, definite forms of art,
the lyric, the narrative poem, and the drama,
have come into their own. And the novels of
the past, the huge galleons of a vast Armada,
lie scattered or sunk around the shores of that
fair island of Art, which they started out so
proudly to conquer."
Charles Leonard Moore.
The Game of International Politics.*
The running comment on current national
and international affairs embodied in the vol-
ume entitled "Problems of Power," by Mr.
William Morton Fullerton, for several years
a correspondent of the London "Times," makes
stimulating reading, and leaves no doubt that
"Problems of Powkr. A Study of International Pol-
itics from Sadowa to Kirk-Kilisst!. By William Morton
Fullerton. New York: Charles Seribner's Sons.
the author has an intimate knowledge of at
least considerable portions of his subject. But
though the book is written in an easy style, it
will hardly be read by the generality of men
because it presupposes a knowledge of modern
national and world politics that very few pos-
sess.
The treatment is by all odds at its best in the
portions which deal with the domestic affairs,
both political and social, of France. Here the
author's knowledge is evidently based on per-
sonal observation at close range, and conse-
quently what he tells us about the present con-
stitution and government of France, and their
relation to Clericalism and Reaction on the one
hand and Syndicalism and machine politics on
the other, is illuminating in the highest degree.
Mr. Fullerton has also a good deal to say
about other nations and peoples. His remarks
about the United States are worthy of especial
note. The American, having long since been
labelled a dollar-chaser, will be surprised and
probably gratified to find that "idealism is the
most characteristic note of the American char-
acter." However, we do not escape criticism.
In repudiating their war debts the Confederate
States took a step which is paralleled in our
times only by the action of certain Central
American States. The American is too much
given to sport: his newspapers devote as much
space to games as they do to home politics, and
infinitely more than they do to foreign politics.
Like others, the American is growing irreligi-
ous; he is also coming to believe that his fav-
orite theory of equal rights has been tried and
found wanting. He is realizing, though slowly,
that his isolation in international affairs is com-
ing to an end, partly as a result of the taking
of the Philippines, partly and chiefly in conse-
quence of the construction of the Panama Canal.
A further result of the latter enterprise will
probably be that the American will be forced
to conform his favorite principle of the Monroe
Doctrine to the Law of Nations.
The domestic affairs of the several nations
appear in this treatise only to give a basis for
the discussion of international relations. Ob-
viously one cannot in a few lines give an ade-
quate resuml of a study involving a multitude
of details. Mr. Fullerton tells us that Germany
carried on a highly, almost superhumanly, suc-
cessful foreign policy from the time of Bismarck
to 1898, "the critical year." In that period
she managed to draw Austria and presently
Italy into association with her in the form of
the Triple Alliance. Consequently she could


256
[Oct. 1
THE
DIAL
face the French desire for revenge with equan-
imity,— indeed, by virtue of her influence at
St. Petersburg and of England's policy of
"splendid isolation," she was really the dom-
inant factor in all international matters. In
1898 her leadership began to be feared and
presently contested. France and Russia had
already become friendly, the events of the South
African War swept England into association
with them, and presently the Triple Alliance
was confronted with a competent rival in the
Triple Entente. Germany, perceiving the dim-
inution of her influence under these tendencies,
has sought by every device known to diplomacy
to disrupt the Triple Entente,— with the con-
trary result of solidifying it and seeing her own
power decline until it was practically broken
by the course of the recent Balkan War.
"Kirk-Kilisse marks the end of an epoch, the
Bistnarckian, and the beginning of a new era."
International affairs, which in general are
not as satisfactorily treated as the domestic
affairs of France, suffer still further because
they are discussed with a considerable bias.
Mr. Fullerton is a Germanophobe, and he can
find little good proceeding from Berlin.
"While France is still, in the conventional way, loyal
to the appeal of great principles, respectful of accepted
ideals of international law, and of recognized notions
of justice, and correspondingly indifferent to the pure
material aspects of any problem, . . . Germany, the
great modern parvenu power, bereft of all deep-rooted
historical traditions, unrestrained by precedent — save
that of the original sin of Alsace-Lorraine — has been
able to put herself abreast of the time and adopt me-
thods best fitted to a period dominated by economic
interests. . . . But the British principle that' business
is business' has never, even in England, been allowed
to become the sole principle of diplomatic action."
The rhetoric of these sentences is more correct
than their content. There is no less history back
of Germany than of France, and their present
governments are practically of the same age.
And as for the restraint of precedent, it is ludi-
crous to suppose that the precedents represented
by the policies of France under the Bourbons
and Napoleons, or by England's policies in
China, South Africa, or Persia—none of which
give evidence of being better than German
policies—are of a kind to act as a wholesome
restraint. If Germany is without such prece-
dents she is thrice blessed.
This tendency to pronounce the policies of
the several nations good or bad according as
they harmonize or conflict with England's in-
terests runs through the whole volume. For
example, Mr. Fullerton tells us that the United
States ought to abandon the Monroe Doctrine.
But then, being "innocent" in international
matters, we ought to avoid being drawn into
an alliance with Germany; for if this happened
the United States "would have to bear the
responsibility of an act which would upset the
entire balance of power in Europe, and result
in a war involving the interests of the entire
population of our planet."
"Were the Americans of the United States, in the
present state of the world, to succumb to the blandish-
ments of Germany, and accept any exclusive arrange-
ment with that Power, they would be selling their birth-
right, sacrificing the essentials of what has made their
history worth anything in the world's annals, and losing
their ' lives, their fortune and their sacred honor.'"
Horrible, if true! If, however, we withstand
the "blandishments" of Germany, which would
draw us into an international gang of land-
grabbers, and ally ourselves with England and
France, we shall secure the peace of the world;
"for the only influence in the world capable of
putting an end to these predatory methods are
the combined forces of the new British Empire,
and a self-denying United States and France."
(The italics are the reviewer's.) This dictum
does not at all agree with England's recent
seizure of a "sphere of influence" in Persia,—
a high-handed act which makes it apparent that
not only France and the United States, but the
new British Empire as well, should be "self-
denying." Edward B. Krehbiel.
William Morris and His Work.*
A personality as fascinating as that of
William Morris can scarcely fail to attract stu-
dents. Indeed, there is warrant, aside from
the two books we are about to consider, for the
belief that interest in Morris and his thought is
steadily increasing. And this is a hopeful sign;
for his message is important and ought not to
pass unheeded.
Mr. John Drinkwater has endeavored to
estimate with critical exactitude the poetical
achievement of a many-sided artist. His well-
written book is in our opinion the most impor-
tant contribution that has been made to the
criticism of William Morris's poetry, and is,
considered by itself, a notable critical work.
Perhaps the chief thing he does is to insist, with
well-placed emphasis, that Morris, in devoting
* William Morris: A Critical Study. By John
Drinkwater. With portrait. New York: Mitchell Kennerley.
William Morris: A Study in Personality. By
Arthur Compton-Rickett. With Introduction by R. B.
Cunninghame Graham. With portrait. New York: E. P.
Dutton & Co.


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257
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himself to art, was not trying to get as far away
as possible from an unlovely and detested world,
but was by that very devotion doing the best
work possible for that world. Thus his writing
of poetry was not merely a solace, a kind of
evening recreation after the arduous work of
the day, but was a necessary part of the day's
work, as useful and indispensable as any other
labor; and in so treating it, Morris was putting
into practice the teaching of his great master
Ruskin.
Another interesting point which Mr. Drink-
water insists upon, though with less success, is
that Morris, essentially a narrative poet, had a
fine understanding of the essential nature of
dramatic poetry, in which chiefly "the develop-
ment of character and the progress of idea
through the medium of action " are to be shown.
"Sir Peter Harpdon's End" at least demon-
strates this well; but Mr. Drinkwater is forced
to admit that "Love is Enough" is in structure
something of a failure, in that Pharamond,
"instead of passing swiftly from stage to stage
in pursuit of his end and showing us that love is
enough, pauses for long periods to tell us that
love is enough." In other words, Morris, ex-
pressing himself in a somewhat unusual medium,
was carried away by the lyrical impulse, and
made no strong effort to satisfy rigidly the de-
mands of dramatic construction.
On the subject of popular heroes Mr. Drink-
water has some wise remarks (pp. 106 f.) which
deserve to be quoted:
"We decorate and honour our soldiers whose business,
be it to destroy or to be destroyed, is, in any case, con-
nected with destruction; those of our lawyers who are
chiefly concerned with restraint and punishment; our
politicians who spend their time protecting us from as-
saults of neighbours and communities as commercially
rapacious as ourselves, or, in their more enlightened
moments, in adjusting wrongs that are the dregs in the
cup of civilization. The functions of these men may
be necessities of society, but they nevertheless apply to
the small negative aspect of our state and not the great
normal life. It is that which is, rightly, the concern
of our creative artists; but our creative artists are not
decorated and honoured by the nation as such. . . .
Nationally we acclaim the negative and neglect the pos-
itive manifestations of man. Morris's art was, implic-
itly, a challenge to this temper and a means of escape
from it"
Our only criticism of this view is that it is not
half strongly enough put. America is sadly
afflicted with the same disease; her legislators
would rather build battleships than universities
or museums, and while voting pensions recklessly
to the old soldiers, would not give a dime of gov-
ernment money to a starving poet or painter
or teacher. It is this attitude of mind that we
insist should be met by the gospel of Ruskin and
Morris.
Mr. Drinkwater's book contains a few bad
misprints. It was in 1857, not 1875 (p. 46),
that Rossetti conceived the scheme of paint-
ings for the Union. For "Glance" (p. 98)
read "Glauce." For "Hemir" (p. 142) read
"Heimir." For "Feurir" (p. 143) read
"Fenrir." P. 142,1. 2, read: "and of brother,"
etc. On p. 189,1.11, does not the writer mean
"affect"?
Believing that there was still room for a
study dealing with the personality of Morris,
Mr. Arthur Compton Rickett has essayed to fill
the gap. If one is thus led to expect from his
volume a new fund of stories or an anecdotal
biography, one is sure to be disappointed.
Although the author "has sought the firsthand
impressions of as many, as possible, of Morris's
intimates and acquaintances," he has quoted
very few—Sir Philip Burne-Jones, Sir Will-
iam Richmond, Mr. Belford Bax, Mr. Watts-
Dunton, Walter Crane, Wilfrid Scawen Blunt,
and a few others, some anonymous. Nor can it
be said that in this respect we get from his book
much that is really new. For though it may
be true, as he suggests, that "whereas X may
see certain traits clearly, Z will see other points
more vividly," on the other hand it is to be said
that Morris's nature was by no means subtle or
difficult to understand; nor was he in any sense
like Paul, who sought to be all things to all men.
Morris had many interests, and, as some would
put it, many talents, all of which he used. His
activity brought him into contact with many
different types of men; but to all he was much
the same — bluff, hearty, hot-tempered, warm-
hearted, positive, eager to see his ideas and ideals
make headway in the world, a hater of shams,
and above all a lover of beauty. It is not sur-
prising, therefore, that there is no extraordinary
variety in the accounts of him contributed to
this volume by his friends. Yet we would not
be understood as implying that they are devoid
of interest; altogether, the section called "The
Manner of Man" gives us a very pleasing ac-
count of Morris's personality.
In discussing Morris's poetry, Mr. Rickett
remarks that "he was not a great poet; for to
the great poet rhythmic beauty is the one and
inevitable expression of his creative imagina-
tion." We shall not insist that Morris was
a great poet; but the reason was not, we think,
that he expressed himself also in other forms,
as painting and design. It is idle to assert that


258
[Oct. 1
THE
DIAL
because a man can do three things he cannot
do one thing supremely well; it is merely a
vicious post hoc, propter hoc. If Morris missed
the divine spark of the supreme genius, the
cause is not, in our opinion, assignable by
human judgment. Some have alleged that he
was too facile, that he wrote too easily; others
have complained of his excessive narrowness;
still others, of his sham medievalism. That he
was not seriously at fault in any one of these
particulars can, we think, be successfully con-
tended; yet this is not to assert that his place
is with Shakespeare or Homer. Even the Bard
of Avon (it is now permitted us to believe) was
not impeccable, nor did he always write poetry
of supreme loveliness; yet few dispute his su-
premacy. Morris himself excelled others in at
least some points; Mr. Rickett rightly points
out the general clarity, the ease, and the level
excellence of his verse, in which he was superior
to many of his great predecessors.
The least satisfactory chapter in Mr. Rickett's
book is that in which he discusses Morris as a
craftsman. His account of Morris's activities
in design is somewhat bare and meagre. He re-
produces, of course, the prospectus of Morris,
Marshall, Faulkner & Co., but says little as to
the variety or the extent or the success of their
business. We should like to know about some
of the churches and other buildings, public or
private, which have been enriched by their win-
dows or other products; more about the revolu-
tion in popular taste which their work effected.
Moreover, this chapter needs illustrations, which
Miss Cary in her volume fortunately provided.
In fact, the work and influence of Morris as a
designer, the work in which he gloried, calling
himself proudly "a master artisan," has yet to
be adequately described.
Mr. Rickett is more fortunate in setting forth
Morris's views on social reform. Whatever we
may think of Socialism, there can be no doubt
that Morris presents his noblest aspect when
viewed as a teacher of society. Writing ro-
mances or toiling at Merton Abbey was far more
congenial to him; but he saw that before the
beauty he loved could be generally appreciated
and sought after, the whole attitude of society
must be changed, and competition must give
way to cooperation. Competition may be the
life of business; but being based essentially on
selfishness, it inevitably leads to wrong notions
about work and its products. The world has
gone so far in the wrong direction that it will
take a long time to reconstruct things; and
probably some of the notions of the early
Socialists will prove utterly unsuited to the
coming State; but their fundamental conten-
tion seems sound, and we appear to be moving
steadily toward its realization.
To the popularization of the Socialistic creed
Morris undoubtedly contributed much. But it
is not as a Socialist that he will be longest
remembered, or even as a designer and adorner
of our everyday world. When the social abuses
against which he strove shall have been forgot-
ten, when even the buildings which his art
adorned shall have crumbled, men will still, we
believe, delight in the tales in which our modern
Chaucer set forth with imperishable dignity and
grandeur the elemental passions of that romantic
world, ever old yet ever new, which was to him
so real, so possible that he sought constantly to
bring it into actual being — the world of Jason,
and Alcestis, and Paris, and Ogier the Dane,
and Gudrun, and Sigurd, and Brynhild. As a
teller of tales, he stands by himself; and in the
long pageant of time the age which produced
him can never be put to shame.
Clark S. Noethup.
Men and Events in Our Early
Naval, History.*
In narrating in detail the services performed
by our cruisers and privateers in the Revolu-
tionary War, Mr. Gardner W. Allen has per-
formed a patriotic duty. Already favorably
known because of his briefer treatises on our
naval war with France and with the Barbary
Corsairs, the historian follows in this more
ambitious work the methods made familiar in
those volumes. He relies primarily upon official
records, both in this country and in England
and France, piecing these out with personal
letters and diaries and with extracts from the
newspapers of the time, scanty though these
last appear to us to-day. But the story as a
whole is most impressive,—the more so because
the author has included, as far as was possible
with existing materials, the operations of the ves-
sels sailing as privateers under authority of the
several states, outnumbering greatly the ships
commissioned by the Continental Congress.
Of the outbreak of hostilities in New En-
* A Naval History of the American Revolution.
By Gardner W. Allen. In two volumes. Illustrated. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin Co.
The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones. By
Mrs. Reginald de Koven. In two volumes. Illustrated. New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Oliver Hazard Perry and the Battle of Lake Erie.
By James Cooke Mills. Illustrated. Detroit: John Phelps.


1913]
259
THE
DIAL
gland, from Paul Revere's ride to the evacuation
of Boston, every American school-child is made
aware. But who knows of the doughty O'Briens
and their deeds at Machias, Maine, less than
two months after the Concord fight, though
there has been a naval vessel ever since to keep
their name from forgetfulness? Who has ever
heard of the capture of the good ship " Mellish,''
laden with military clothing and stores for
Burgoyne's army, and diverted by Captain Jones
to the uses of Washington's half-clad forces?
Yet the operations of our ships and sailors kept
pace with our land operations from the begin-
ning of the war to the end, and it was a French
fleet that made the victory at Yorktown pos-
sible,—even as the Machias incident bespeaks
the temper of the colonists quite as much as
Lexington, and the loss of the supplies on the
"Mellish" aided in bringing about the surren-
der at Saratoga.
It is in the recital of these seemingly minor
events that Mr. Allen s book is chiefly valuable,
though of course the stress is rather upon the
more sensational and better known deeds of
the navy, as chiefly exemplified in the brilliant
career of John Paul Jones. Poor as we were
in those days, ill-organized as the Congress was
for dealing with naval affairs, it is probable that
more than two thousand privateers sailed forth
under our new flag; and their services were of
prime value to the patriot cause,— not only in
such affairs as that of the "Mellish," but in
causing the British people to exert pressure
upon their government to bring the war to a
close through the commercial losses they thus
sustained and the terror created by the ap-
pearance of hostile craft on the very shores of
Albion's supposedly inviolable isle.
Of the lack of efficiency shown by our gov-
ernments, state and national, Mr. Allen speaks
briefly and wisely. Had the lessons been learned
which are written so largely in our failures
during this early period, there would have been
no second war of independence necessary to free
our ships and sailors from heavy wrongs. For
the rest, the book is clearly and unpretentiously
written, well printed and indexed, and illus-
trated interestingly with scenes and portraits
from contemporary sources.
Mrs. Reginald de Koven, in leaving the field
of fiction for that of accurate historical writing,
has in no way allowed her manifest talents as
an interpreter of character and as a descriptive
writer to lapse, and the result is a welcome
relief from the German method which deems
everything of value in history, however intrin-
sically uninteresting. To deal in the German
way with such a hero of romance as John Paul
Jones would have been futile, and the reader
may well rejoice in Mrs. de Koven's sympathy
for the lover Jones proved himself to be, as well
as fighter. Her painstaking research, evidences
of which abound throughout her two fine octavo
volumes, has brought out the romance of Jones's
private, no less than of his public, life, so that
the work possesses both the fascination of a novel
and the serious value of authentic and fully
documented history.
The historian here has had not only to set
forth accurately the facts of Jones's career, but
to remove a cloud of doubts and false surmises
left from the slipshod work of at least one previ-
ous biographer. The portrait drawn is convinc-
ingly true; if lacking a little in such qualities
of heroism in daily life as we must instinctively
feel to be improbable, it gains greatly in human
qualities. What strikes the reader most, per-
haps, is the tremendous efficiency exhibited by
Jones while afloat, and the even profounder
effort required to secure ships with which to ex-
ercise his manifest talents. A stronger nation
would never have allowed such a genius to
remain ashore a moment longer than necessity
required; as it was, his talents were wasted for
months and years, during which he strove in
vain to obtain a command, — now from Con-
gress, now from the French Crown.
It is through the urgencies he was thus forced
to display that his character loses much of ro-
mantic glamour. Finding himself deprived of
one ship after another at the moment when he
had demonstrated his superiority over every
other American sea-fighter, he was compelled to
resort to the methods of an almost remorseless
creditor to procure another ship and crew, until
it is not too much to say that everything he
accomplished was in spite of conditions rather
than because of them. Considering the wire-
pulling and jealousy he was so persistently
engaged in at home and abroad, his contem-
poraries are hardly to be blamed for regarding
his persistency as a nuisance, contrasted as it
was with their own inertia and lack of vital
enthusiasm.
Notwithstanding the fact that Jones is our
one naval hero of the Revolution, the result of
all this is that the concluding chapters of Mrs.
de Koven's work, dealing with his services to
Russia after the close of our war, are the most


260
[Oct. 1
THE DIAL
engrossing of the entire book, and the gaps left
by earlier biographers and historians are at last
completely filled. The reviewer may be par-
doned an expression of regret that room was
not found for some of the ballads and other
literature dealing with John Paul Jones, who is
here proved to be himself a poet of sorts,—
such pieces as "The Yankee Man-of-War,"
quite the best naval song of the Revolution,
Walt Whitman's "Would you hear of an old-
time sea-fight?" taken down from the lips of an
ancestor who was with Jones on the "Bon-
Homme Richard," as well as more modern verse
dealing with the cruise which bore his body back
for permanent sepulture in the land of his
adoption.
As Jones was the chief naval hero of the
Revolution, so was Oliver Hazard Perry the
foremost figure upon the waters in the second
war with Britain; and Mr. James Cooke Mills
has done well to devote a well-printed and vera-
cious volume to him in this centennial year of
his great victory. The story is vividly told, and
the author's complete sympathy with so inter-
esting a subject adds to its value, — though it
sometimes presses historical fact somewhat hard.
There was little need, for example, to revive the
forgotten tale of Elliott's delinquency on the
memorable day that gave the United States the
command of Lake Erie, or to pass over in com-
plete silence Chauncey's exploit on Lake Ontario,
which was needed to round out Perry's victory.
Nor should Perry's only less distinguished
younger brother, Matthew Calbraith, have re-
mained quite unmentioned. But these are errors
of omission, no more.
It is a deeper matter for regret that someone
did not go over Mr. Mills's work and reduce it
to ordinary rules of grammar and style. What,
for instance, can be made of such a sentence as,
"The gunboats were generally armed with a
single twenty-four pounder, two of which were
stationed off Stonington," or "The frequent up-
risings of which the regency was noted," or
"The heartrending tragedy of the River Raisin
and other localities followed in succession," or
the complete confusion of "creditable" with
"credible"? Similar examples of carelessness
abound, and lead to errors in statement of fact,
— as where on page 104 the " Trippe" is said
to be commanded by Lieutenant Holdup and
on page 145 by Lieutenant Holdup Stevens.
Nor should such a book have been published
without an index.
Wallace Rice.
A Great German Socialist
and Statesman.*
Shortly before the middle of August there
died at Zurich the most eminent of contempo-
rary German socialists, the sole survivor of the
remarkable group of leaders by whom were laid
the foundations of the German Social Democ-
racy a generation and more ago,— August
Ferdinand Bebel. It is a cause for gratulation
among students of social and political move-
ments that before his death Herr Bebel—the
"Red Pope," his adversaries denominated him
— committed to writing his recollections of the
men and measures of the early days of the
German socialist propaganda. There is cause
for regret, however, that the Autobiography in
which these recollections are recorded was com-
pleted (the portion of it, at least, which has
reached print) only to the year 1878; although
if we are not to have the entire work as pro-
jected, the portion which has been printed,
dealing as it does with the remoter and more
formative period in the Social Democracy's
growth, may be assumed to be of the largest
interest and value.
The career of Bebel was one of continued and
inspiring triumph over adversity. The condi-
tions surrounding his boyhood were hard and
narrow. His father, a non-commissioned officer
in the Prussian army, died in 1844, when the
boy was but four years old; his mother died
nine years later. The rudiments of an education
were acquired in a poor-law school at Wetzlar,
but at the age of thirteen the youth was thrown
entirely upon his own resources and prospect
of further schooling had to be abandoned. In
1853 he was apprenticed to a master-turner, and
five years later he began tramping about the
country as a journeyman. In 1860 he appeared
at Leipzig, where steady employment was found
and where, in February, 1861, he attended his
first public meeting of workingmen and joined
his first workingmen's society. In both politics
and industry the times were unsettled, and the
opportunity afforded a restless spirit such as
Bebel to agitate, to argue, and to organize was
unlimited. In May, 1863, Lassalle's "Mani-
festo," commonly regarded as the starting-point
of the German Social Democracy, was published;
and shortly afterwards there was formed the
General German Labor Union, whose purpose
was to make of labor, in accordance with
Lassalle's ideas, an organized power in politics.
'My Life. By August Bebel. With portrait. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.


1913]
261
THE
DIAL,
Bebel, who from 1863 to 1872 served continu-
ously as vice-president of the Leipzig Society for
the Promotion of Knowledge among the Work-
ing Classes, at first opposed the propaganda
for manhood suffrage, on the ground that "the
workers were not yet ripe for it," and long held
out against the general programme of the Las-
salleans. In truth he was not a socialist until,
having occasion to read the writings of the Las-
salleans in order to combat them, he fell under
conviction and was won over. Gradually, how-
ever, he became a socialist of the socialists, a
universal suffragist, and an outspoken enemy of
the entire social order based on capitalism. "I
was a Saul," he says, " and became a Paul; and
a Paul I have remained even unto the evening
of my life, more than ever convinced of the
justice of my beliefs; and so I shall remain to
the end, as long as my strength is left me."
In 1867 Bebel was elected a Labor member
of the North German Diet. In 1871 he was
chosen to a seat in the newly constituted
Reichstag, and, except during one prolonged
interval of imprisonment, and during the years
1881-1883, he was at all times thereafter until
his death a member of Parliament. From the
first he participated actively in debate. He
refused to vote the subsidies asked at the be-
ginning of the war with France, and he opposed
the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine. By his in-
dependence of speech and action he, of course,
incurred the displeasure of the authorities. In
December, 1870, he was imprisoned on a charge
of attempted high treason; and in 1872 he was
tried and condemned to two years of confinement
in a fortress. Released in 1875, he was im-
prisoned again for six months in 1877, on a
charge of libelling Bismarck. These periods
of enforced inactivity, however, but afforded
opportunity for reading and study, and the
Government appears to have arrived at the
conclusion that to add the element of martyr-
dom to the sources of power which the man al-
ready possessed would be a mistaken policy.
At any rate, there was no further interference
with his personal freedom.
The present volume brings us only to the eve
of the attempts on the life of the Emperor in
1878, and the anti-socialistic legislation by
which those unfortunate episodes were followed.
This was also the year in which there took place
the final amalgamation of the several organiza-
tions which have entered into the composition
of the Social Democratic party, so that it affords
a convenient division point in the history of the
great movement with which Bebel's name will
ever be linked. The writer, in summing up the
situation at this point, says:
"The play was ready to begin. It was intended to
be a tragedy, in the coarse of which the Social Dem-
ocratic party was to be sacrificed upon the altar of the
monarchical and capitalistic interests. But, as before,
it did not 'come off'; we turned the tragedy into a
comedy, and the Hercules who came forth to strike us
down with his bludgeon was himself laid low after an
inglorious ten years' war against the hated enemy, and
cumbered the field of battle with his corpse. Whereas
in the old days of the Empire the battle-cry of the ad-
vancing armies was 'To me, Guelph! To me, Ghib-
belline!' it was now 'To me, Bismarck! To me,
Social Democrats!'"
In style, the narrative is simple and straight-
forward ; in substance, it is interesting and often
illuminating. It reveals a forceful, intense, yet
kindly personality; and it tells a story that no
interpreter of modern European affairs can
afford to ignore. Especially instructive are the
comments which are made upon Bismarck's
effort to exploit the interests of labor in the
earlier years of his ministry, the intimate char-
acterizations of Liebknecht, Schweitzer, and
other socialist leaders, and the more or less
incidental portrayal of the habits, ideas, and
aspirations of the German workingman in the
third quarter of the nineteenth century. But
there is nothing in the book that is superfluous,
little that is even unimportant.
Frederic Austin Ogg.
The Philosophy of Crime and
Punishment.*
Gabriel Tarde, whose work on "Penal Philosophy"
has recently been translated for the " Modern Crim-
inal Science Series," was an ornament of the legal
profession, a judge of wide experience, a scholar, a
psychologist, and an eminent sociologist'; his writings
have stimulated thought in every country on the
themes he discussed.
First of all, as a criminologist, Tarde is a severe
critic of the school of Lombroso, whose disciples
have, in Tarde's opinion, over-estimated the import-
ance of the inherited physical causes of anti-social
conduct. The criminal is not a madman; the insane
may injure the person or property of citizens, but
they are not responsible for their deeds and should
be held in safe custody in a hospital. The notion
that the criminal is simply a savage turned loose in
* Penal Philosophy. By Gabriel Tarde. Translated
by Rapelje Howell. With editorial Preface by Edward
Lindsay, and Introduction by Robert H. Ganlt. "Modern
Criminal Science Series." Boston: Little, Brown, & Co.
Crime and Its Repression. By Gustaf Asehaffen-
bnrg. Translated by Adalbert Albrecht. With Preface by
Maurice Parmelee and Introduction by Arthnr C. Train.
"Modern Criminal Science Series." Boston: Little, Brown,
& Co.


262
[Oct. 1
THE DIAJL
modern society, an example of atavism, is dissected
and rejected. Nor is the offender a degenerate,
although degenerates are likely to commit crime.
The theory of epilepsy as a constant cause of crim-
inality is set aside. It is probable that Tarde has not
given due weight to physical defect in this causal
series which ends in crime. Many competent ob-
servers in all lands have been sure that prisoners
are inferior on the average to the group from which
they come; and our author himself does not wholly
reject this factor.
The explanation which, according to Tarde, ac-
counts for the most decisive facts is psychological
and sociological in character. When we have seg-
regated all the imbeciles, epileptics, and lunatics in
educational, medical, and custodial colonies, we shall
still have to deal with a large body of offenders who
are nearly enough normal to be treated as respon-
sible for their actions. The most fundamental dis-
tinction to be made is that between rural and urban
offenders, having as sub-groups violent criminals
and thieves.
Naturally the distinguished advocate of the theory
of imitation, as an explanation of conduct in gen-
eral, seeks to apply this theory to the phenomena
of crime; and while he may overlook other elements,
he certainly makes good use of this unquestioned
fact. Since he wrote the book now published all
the psychologists have been examining his view of
imitation, and their debate still continues. It is
interesting to note some of the methods of applying
the theory. The vices and crimes of to-day which
are found in the lowest orders of the people de-
scended to them from above. "Drunk as a lord"
is a proverb which is now applied to common in-
ebriates, but which points back to the time when
nobles vied with each other in feats of drinking.
Irreligion is copied from the learned and exalted.
Vagabonds are the contemporary representatives of
noble pilgrims and ministers of the Middle Ages.
Poisoning is now a crime of the illiterate; but once
it flourished in palaces. We have professional
murderers because the example was set by rich men
who hired bravos and assassins. The glorification
of war and soldiers bears some of the blame.
Aristotle classed brigandage with agriculture and
stock-raising as a natural industry available to man
for the procuring of his subsistence. Says Tarde:
"If we concede to the economists that all wealth
which is not acquired as the fruit of labor is the
result of plunder, whether brutal or disguised in
some manner, we can form an accurate idea of the
enormously important part played by crime in the
social functions." It would be interesting to have
exact references to the orthodox economists who
claim that all possessors of wealth who have not
come into their possession by their own labor must
therefore be plunderers and parasites. The diffi-
culty is the one which Robert Burns cites, the power
to see ourselves as others see us. "We reproach
the savages who poison their arrows, and we ex-
haust our brains to devise strange engines of de-
struction, grape-shot, torpedoes, which in the twink-
ling of an eye can sink the most formidable vessel
of war and mow down two hundred thousand men
in an hour on a single battlefield." England car-
ried on a campaign against the slave trade abroad,
while it left its women and children to physical
and moral ruin in mine and factory. "There is
nothing to equal the progress of our political and
military inhumanity, unless it be the depth of its
unconsciousness; our newspaper polemics breathe
nothing but deadly hatred; instigation to murder,
the glorification of assassination, no longer astonish
anybody in them. The inroads made by immorality
upon morality, by dishonesty upon honesty, are as
continuous as they are imperceptible. The tendency,
in drawing rooms, seems by preference to be, as we
are aware, to go to the extreme limit of respecta-
bility, and to strive to extend that limit; so much so
that after a certain length of time, in a very lively
society, a person can only continue to be respectable
by saying the most indecent things possible."
In our country these accusations cannot justly be
applied to the majority of the wealthy, either to
their business standards or to their social inter-
course; but there can be no question that idleness
in the second generation of inherited wealth, with-
out any regulating belief in responsibility for earn-
ing income, is producing its natural fruit, and that
the example is pernicious. The crowded city, with
its excitement, its conflicts, its allurements to excess,
furnishes only too many base models for imitation.
The city sets an evil example to the rural population,
and crime spreads to the country by imitation.
Tarde defends the notion of personal responsi-
bility against writers of the positive and naturalistic
school; but he is a determinist to the core. The con-
troversy is an old one, and there is no prospect of its
coming to an end in our time. It may have some
importance; certainly our author states and defends
his system of metaphysics with learning and subtle
ingenuity, although most men will watch the debate
very much as they do the feats of legerdemain, and
go away puzzled and mystified. The point at which
we can agree is that a man of sound mind who com-
mits crime should be treated in a different way from
an insane or feeble-minded person who performs the
same act. Moral detestation is not only natural and
rational, but it is a necessary part of wholesome re-
action against anti-social conduct If burglars and
murderers are simply sick men to be pitied and cured,
if they are not to be made to feel the reprobation
of all right-minded people, we lose one of the most
effective weapons of social defense, and one of the
most powerful incentives to resist temptation. If it
is monstrous to punish an idiot, it is just as monstrous
to look upon a base assassin as simply a victim of
"brainstorm." "When we shall cease to hate and
stigmatize the criminal, crime will multiply."
But this does not mean that society is to pursue
the object of its just reprobation with eternal punish-
ment Wicked and loathsome as he may be, the
criminal remains a person, with the rights and the


1913]
263
THE
DIAL
possibilities of a human being. Sentimentalism has
no place either in relief of the indigent or punish-
ment of the offender. True charity will be careful
to avoid artificial creation of lazy parasites and
malingerers. The administration of justice will re-
form the guilty man, if this is possible; and, if he is
incorrigible, we are wealthy enough to "pay for the
luxury of kindness." This kindness will take the
form of supporting him to the end of his days, if
necessary, at public expense; but he will be deprived
of liberty, compelled to live as a celibate, denied
the coarse pleasures for which he cares most, and
required to work for the daily bread which keeps
him alive.
More important than all this punitive machinery
is the social demand that privileged people spread
among the evil-minded minority an example of their
own honesty. "To improve the guilty, to civilize
bandits, is difficult and costly, and could not be
called a good investment of time and money ex-
pended. But this is an obligatory extravagance";
it will not pay, but it is duty. What will pay is
what Tarde does not fully discuss: a system of pre-
ventive and constructive legislation which will make
reformatory prisons needless as rapidly as possible;
education, training, supervision, and control of neg-
lected children and youth until they are all habitu-
ated to work which earns a living and to recreations
which do not corrupt.
In dealing with the "indeterminate sentence,"
conditional liberation, and the parole system, Tarde
is very unsatisfactory. His allusions to American
experiments do not reveal any knowledge of the
work of our supervision of conditional liberty. This
very successful method must therefore not be judged
by his fragmentary treatment. At the same time,
Tarde does not oppose the tendency to individualize
the treatment and to train convicts for liberty during
a period of surveillance, and he recommends the
principle. "It is thus not while in the cell that
the convict can really gradually begin to improve
morally; it is only after he has left his cell. . . .
Malefactors are game of a particular species, very
hard to capture, which no one knows what to do
with after it has been captured, and which it is as
dangerous to set free as it is embarrassing to keep."
Step by step, with vast patience and skill, the per-
verted man must be helped to walk in freedom, until
law-abiding conduct is second nature and the danger
of relapse has been reduced to a minimum.
In this immensely difficult task of reforming the
morally deformed the supreme factor is a faithful
personnel. Almost any system works well with a
competent administrator; while the best system fails
in the hands of spoilsmen,— incompetent, coarse,
brutal, untrained. It is at this point alone that edu-
cated men can make themselves felt in the adminis-
tration of correctional institutions: they can insist
on the merit system of selecting officers by examin-
ation, probation, professional training, with security
of tenure as long as they give evidence of efficiency.
Tarde insists that modern society can supply such
men. "Our society is better down below than it is
on its surface; it has, like jewel cases, as Joubert
would say,' its velvet on the inside.' It ought to be
possible to bring together in a prison the worst
human brutes and the finest types of men, such men
as Cartouche and Vincent de Paul. Let search be
made for the latter; in the end they will be found."
But they are rarely found by a governor whose prin-
cipal and dominant purpose is to get rid of trained
officers and to instal, with good salaries, his favorite
henchmen, to whom he owes political debts and who
mock at the need of education and training.
Tarde favors the retention of capital punishment
as a means of deterrence and of elimination; but he
confesses that the evidence of intimidating influence
is unsatisfactory, that the judicial killing of a dozen
bad men out of thousands has little value in dimin-
ishing their numbers, that statistics are unreliable
and impossible to interpret. He does not adequately
develop the method of permanent segregation of
dangerous criminals through an extension of the
"indeterminate sentence " with proper judicial con-
trol. In spite of lending his high authority to the
retention of capital punishment, the balanced state-
ment of the facts may fairly be claimed by aboli-
tionists as favorable to their plea. But no instructed
abolitionist wishes to do away with this "rudiment"
of savage ages without at the same time multiplying
and strengthening the measures of social control of
all youth who are forming anti-social habits, and of
retaining in custody not only all incorrigible criminals
but also all degenerates, insane, epileptic, and feeble-
minded persons whose progeny are certain to be a
perpetual menace to the order of society and to secu-
rity of life, property, and morals. By a vigorous and
prolonged effort, with the necessary financial invest-
ment, we could in a few generations have all the
advantages of the natural law of extinction of the
unfit without reverting to the cruel methods of nature.
"So o'er that art which you say adds to nature
la an art which nature makes."
The conclusions of Dr. Gustaf Aschaffenburg, as
embodied in his volume on "Crime and Its Repres-
sion," have long since found numerous advocates in
America, and have been embodied, not without pro-
test, in the so-called "indeterminate sentence" laws
of several states. Yet the eminent author rarely
alludes, even faintly, to American examples; per-
haps, as another German writer has recently said,
because it is unpopular over there to cite the doings
of the young Republic. We are not particularly
wounded by this slight, for history will do us justice;
and the last International Prison Congress recorded
in its proceedings a testimony to our influence on the
world movement.
The eminent author, as a psychiatrist, starts from
the basis of experimental science and not from rules
established by precedents in an unscientific past.
For this reason he is clear and decided where Tarde
hesitates and splits hairs. Yet he is not dogmatic
in his certainty; he bases his conclusions on a wide


264
[Oct. 1
THE
DIAL
study of psychology, forensic medicine, and statistics,
as well as on the judgments of many others,like him-
self, who have had intimate contact with prisoners
in correctional institutions.
Among the causal factors affecting the kind or
quantity of crime are mentioned variations of sea-
sons, race, religion, occupation, alcohol, prostitution,
gambling, and superstition. Poverty and alcohol-
ism are regarded as the chief direct incentives to
harmful conduct. Both socialists and prohibitionists
may draw powerful weapons from this armory.
Among individual factors are considered parentage
and training, education, age, sex, domestic status,
physical and mental conditions of the offenders.
It is noteworthy that this distinguished physician
rejects the idea that the criminal has inherited a
specific criminal nature. Crime is not a disease.
Yet criminals are known to be inferior to ordinary
citizens, both physically and mentally, and they often
inherit part of their defects. Weakness of body,
mind, and will helps to account for the fact that
these particular persons yield to the pressure of
temptation and fall; once fallen it is difficult to keep
them on their feet thereafter. Therefore the protec-
tion of society calls for a vigorous and persistent
policy of elimination. Those who, immediately after
release, go back to theft, burglary, rape, and arson
should be kept under an indeterminate sentence,
and prevented from injuring others, as is done with
the dangerous insane. The short sentence in jail
corrupts the harmless offender and does not reform
the habitual.
Education, economic improvement, and restric-
tion of the drink traffic will have considerable value
as preventive agencies, especially with youth; but
society ought to face the fact that there are many
so weak in body and mind that they cannot be
trusted with freedom in ordinary competitive life.
Eugenic ideas come to light at several points and
deserve attention.
While Dr. Aschaffenburg is safely behind the
most advanced experimental legislation in the
United States, his facts, arguments, and eminent
authority will greatly reinforce the progressive pol-
icy which already has the support of the American
Prison Association and of the American Institute
of Criminal Law and Criminology, as well as of
able representatives in the American Bar Associa-
tions. Chables Richmond Henderson.
Briefs on New Books.
Rambieiin inspiring account of his mental
book-land with development, as promoted by the
a bookiover. reading of all that is best in ancient
and modern literature, is given by Professor Oscar
Kuhns in his book entitled "A One-Sided Autobi-
ography: Containing the Story of My Intellectual
Life" (Eaton & Mains). Preparing himself for
college with no teacher to guide his studies, and
with only the night hours free for the purpose, Mr.
Kuhns was admitted to Wesleyan University with
but few conditions, and there pursued, with an
enthusiasm now become too rare, the old classical
course leading to the bachelor's degree; but he adds
a confession of peculiar significance when he says:
"Yet I do not think I enjoyed the pure delight of
reading in college so much as I did before going
there." Berlin, Paris, and other centres of learning
were afterward visited, and some of the greatest
scholars of the later nineteenth century were listened
to with profit. From first to last, however, Mr.
Kuhns seems to have been his own best guide in
the realm of literature, breaking his own path down
through the ages, and ordering his studies after a
system of his own. His taste in books is truly
catholic, and the range of his reading remarkably
wide, while the intimate, personal touch he gives to
his talk about his favorites imparts a charm to his
chapters such as is not found in every collection of
literary essays. Dante is the author he has studied
most faithfully, taught to others with the greatest
ardor, and read and re-read with the most unfailing
enjoyment—which is all in accord with what he
says of "that phase of my own nature which is per-
haps the deepest of all, a sense of the divine and the
spiritual in and over and beyond all things material
in life." Of his passion for poetry he says he can-
not tell when it began. "Away back in the mist of
childhood years I can see that it existed, and amid
all the vicissitudes of life it has continued to broaden
and deepen, until to-day it seems to include in itself
all the charm I have found in music, or the plastic
arts, in nature, the joys of home and friends, the
beauty of woman, the charm of innocent childhood,
and the deeper aspirations of the soul toward the
spiritual world." Some graceful lines of his own
prefixed to the volume show the author to be himself
not lacking in the accomplishment of verse. Greater
care in verifying quotations and book-titles (slippery
and treacherous things even with the best of mem-
ories) would have improved the book; and more
vigilant proof-reading would have prevented the
occurrence of occasional misprints.
A French "Sprawly" is the only word which
ettimau of adequately characterizes the volume,
Meredith. translated from the French of M.
Constantin Photiades, entitled " George Meredith:
His Life, Genius, and Teaching" (Scribner). M,
Photiades is an enthusiastic admirer of Meredith,
and a minute student of the master's works; but he
has little critical insight, and still less capacity for
synthesis. Fortunately, the book is made up largely
of straight narrative, in which the author is facile,
and of comment upon citations, in which he is often
felicitous. The intervening patches of general criti-
cism contain much mere verbiage, which passes now
and then into undiscriminating adulation with an
amusingly Gallic strain to it. "A Faith on Trial"
is characterized as "a magnificent poem of melan-
choly"; Mr. Thomas Hardy, because of his touching
little elegy on Meredith, becomes "a visionary bathed


1913]
265
THE
DIAL
in purest rays of light." The chapter on "His Life"
is purely factual, though vivacious. That on "His
Genius "resolves itself, after a little beating of wings,
into a careful and interesting summary, in ninety
pages, of "Harry Richmond"; the author's predi-
lection for this novel, with its comparatively light
and superficial narrative, is quite characteristic.
That on His Teaching " is, as might be expected,
the most sprawly of all; it tells the English reader
nothing that is not better told in already existing
books and articles in English. The remaining two
chapters are the best. "A Visit to Flint Cottage,"
apart from its touches of the melodramatic, gives a
picture of Meredith which we should not willingly
do without. The novelist himself does most of the
talking, — on such subjects as Tennyson (whose " In
Memoriam " associates itself in the speaker's mind
with "psychic crises of young clergymen silently
tormented with doubt" but failing not in the end to
conform), the English language as a vehicle for
poetry, FitzGerald's "Omar," Swinburne, the critics
(" each of them is at best but the slave placed near
the conqueror to remind him of his mortal condi-
tion "), the relationship between his own poetry and
prose, the significance of France, etc. These topics
are common, of course, in the recently-published
Letters of Meredith; but the master's remarks dur-
ing this interview are none the less fresh and wel-
come. The chapter on "George Meredith's Art"
contains some thought-provoking things about the
novelist's style. That the defects of this style are
due to Meredith's constant attempt "to sift circum-
stances, to weigh them with care, and with a result
always beneficial to sound judgment and art" is cer-
tainly a truer view than that they arose, as a well-
known American critic has asserted, from confirmed
dilettantism. It is interesting, also, to find a
thoughtful French reader maintaining that "thanks
to the wizard Meredith, English idiom is emanci-
pated"; and that Meredith effected a much-needed
"union of English poetry and English prose." A
final point must be noted in regard to this uneven
book: it exaggerates Meredith's affiliations with the
French. The author quite misses the fundamentally
Anglo-Saxon trend of his hero's temperament; with
the result that Meredith here appears, on the whole,
"an ultra-Gallican gentleman "—like Rente's fiance*,
at whom he pokes such fine fun, for that very quality,
in "Beauchamp'8 Career."
Record, of two Mr- Hu8h B-. C- Pollard's volume,
journalist!inihi "A Busy Time in Mexico: An
land of unrett. Unconventional Record of Mexican
Incident" (Duffield), is appropriately named both
in title and sub-title. A busy and exciting time
the author undoubtedly had; and his record is
"unconventional" to the extent of being inaccurate
in so many particulars as to create the suspicion
that it may be exaggerated in others. It contains,
however, some extremely interesting matter that
has appeared in no previous volume on Mexico,
and its score or more of illustrations are from
photographs hitherto unpublished. It describes the
personal experiences of the author, who first landed
in the state of Chiapas near the Guatemalan fron-
tier; and after some time spent in that region pro-
ceeded to the City of Mexico, arriving there in time
to have his interest awakened in the Madero revolt
He then assumed the r6le of correspondent for
some American newspapers, was present at several
of the skirmishes in the neighborhood of the capital,
and finally left the City of Mexico on one of the
sections of the train which bore ex-President Diaz
to Vera Cruz and into exile. In a postscript writ-
ten apparently in London, he describes the assassi-
nation of Madero and speculates upon the probable
future attitude of the United States toward Mexico.
Had the author prepared himself for his visit to
Mexico, and for writing a book, by a study of Mex-
ican history he would not have slipped into such an
error as the following: "Vera Cruz—the rich city
of the Holy Cross as Drake termed it" It was
Cortez who established the city and named it "La
Villa Rica de la Santa Vera Cruz."—Eminently
appropriate is the characterization of Mexico in the
title of Mr. Henry Baerlein's volume, "Mexico, the
Land of Unrest: Being chiefly an Account of what
Produced the Outbreak of 1910, together with the
Story of the Revolution down to This Day" (Lip-
pincott). But the book fails utterly to fulfil the
promise of its title-page,— much to the disappoint-
ment of the reader eager to know something of
"what produced the outbreak of 1910," and i'the
story of the revolution down to this day." In the
first place, the author's English is at fault, and his
style is cryptic. This may be due to the influence
of his mother tongue; but whatever the cause, the
reader may toil through some of his paragraphs,
extending over six or seven pages and skipping
from one subject to another, and arrive at the end
with a confused feeling as to what it is all about.
The author's position is distinctly anti-Diaz, and
he is hopelessly committed to the previously-pub-
lished accounts of the slavery in Yucatan and the
inhumanity of Diaz. But the character of the book
is little improved by the reproduction of crude car-
icatures from Mexican papers, or by the author's
chapter entitled "Diaz at the Door of Hell," which
reads like an undergraduate skit in a college annual.
It should be said that the book contains a fine map
of Mexico folded within a pocket attached to the
front cover, and a very good collection of illustra-
tions (excepting the caricatures above mentioned).
The appendices contain a useful glossary of Spanish-
American terms and some interesting notes on the
native languages.
Germany is preeminently the land of
in%"™nym socialism. At the general elections of
1912 more than four and a quarter
million votes were cast for socialist candidates, and
one hundred and ten of these candidates were re-
turned to seats in the Reichstag. This, however,
tells but a part of the story. It is true that a large


266
[Oct. 1
THE
DIAL
proportion of those who vote for socialist candidates
are not full-fledged socialists, and furthermore, that
the socialist party as such has never yet been strong
enough to enact a law or to assume an active share
in the administrative system. But on the other hand
it is to be observed that the socialism of the "reds"
does not occupy the field alone. There is also the
socialism of the crown, more restrained and less com-
prehensive, but just as truly socialism; and through-
out a generation this monarchical, or state, socialism
has been carrying the Empire step by step in the
very direction in which the "reds" would have it
go. The pace is not swift, but it is seemingly sure.
German state socialism, as it is familiarly known,
came into being in the day s of Bismarck and comprised
from the outset a programme of state ownership and
other state enterprise intended to alleviate social
distress, to promote public prosperity, and thereby to
cut the ground from under the feet of the Marxians,
Rodbertians, and other extremists. Its protagonists
were Wagner, Schmoller, Schaeffle, and Schonberg,
and its first great convert was the Iron Chancellor
himself. Already in a number of the German states
the principle of the public ownership and control of
railways, mines, and other utilities had found appli-
cation; and beginning with the enactment of the
sickness and accident insurance laws of 1883 and
1884, the Empire, under Bismarck's guidance, em-
barked upon a cautious but far-reaching programme
of socialistic operations. In a modest and well-
wriften volume entitled "Monarchical Socialism in
Germany " (Scribner), Mr. Elmer Roberts describes
the progress and present status of this programme.
He shows what has been done in respect to the state
control of railways and other public utilities, the
development of labor exchanges and the remedying
of unemployment, the taxation of land, the regula-
tion of trusts, the upbuilding of the navy, and a
number of other matters, and he predicts the con-
tinued advance of Germany along the pathway thus
marked out. The impression, indeed, is left with
the reader that, in the main, the notable prosperity
of the German people to-day is attributable to the
following of this course — an impression quite the
contrary of that to be obtained from Mr. Price
Collier's recent book, "Germany and the Germans."
Mr. Roberts has long been a representative of the
Associated Press in Germany, and he writes out of a
considerable fulness of experience and observation.
The trend Under the title, "French Prophets
of religion of Yesterday " (Appleton), Professor
in France. Albert L. Gu^rard of Stanford Uni-
versity has written a most dispassionate and objective
history of French religious and philosophic thought
during the Second Empire, from the standpoint of
its contribution to the solution of the religious ques-
tion in France to-day. And as the question now
being faced in France is, in an acute form, the same
that America will face to-morrow, and that England
is already beginning to face, the valuable lessons of
the book have much more than a merely national
significance. The four main strands of progress
during the era before the new scientific spirit irra-
diated thought were Catholicism, with its literary
analogue in Romanticism and its travesties in the
various cults of evil; Protestantism, which never
had a chance in France because it could only make
a wide enough separation from the authority of
Catholicism to fall into the other extreme of Free
Thought and again be lost; Voltairianism, which is
spiritually barren; and Humanitarianism, which is
only a spasmodic faith mediated by social and polit-
ical crises, and which is powerless as an every-day
guide to the best living. The author traces these
faiths and their failings, exhibits the work of such
critics of their tendencies as Renan, and shows pretty
conclusively that Modernism within the Catholic
church, the present-day hope of so many thinkers,
is an impossible solution of th,e difficulty because it
is at the outset simply a contradiction in terms.
"Shall we close this review on a discord?" he asks,
after showing that supernaturalism is out of the
purview of rational speculation, and that naturalism
alone is not a religion but merely descriptive in its
function. And he can only answer that question by
emphasizing the fact that both supernaturalism and
naturalism point to the aspirations of man. And
that man has aspirations and ever strives to live by
them, is, in this day of criticism and doubt, the only
solid fact to which the religious inquirer may cling
with any degree of certainty and comfort.
Thetiorv Careful study of a fascinating sub-
o/an old ject is manifest in Mr. Hilaire Bel-
Romanroad. ioc'g monograph on "The Stane
Street" (Dutton), in which he presents, first, some
general considerations on Roman roads in Britain,
then takes up "the particular case of the Stane
Street," the general line of the road and its four
divisions or "limbs," the camps or "mansiones"
along its course, its historical character, and the
modern divergences from the ancient highway;
next follows a discussion of certain details in suc-
cessive sections of the road; and, finally, there are
appended notes, a folding map, and a full index.
Sketch maps in abundance are printed with the
text, and landscape drawings, some of them of
much beauty, are furnished by Mr. William Hyde.
Stane Street ran from Chichester to London, or,
more specifically, to London Bridge, and the prob-
able method by which it was surveyed, with the
conjecturable reasons of its occasional deflections
from a straight line, afford matter for research
and surmise of an interesting sort Mr. Belloc
handles his theme with skill and learning, and it
is a pleasure to follow his argument and to ac-
company him in his journey over the historic road,
much of which still appears to be in use, as a
modern macadamized thoroughfare, with certain
stretches not yet brought up to date. In his zeal
to acknowledge English indebtedness to the con-
quering Roman, he goes rather too far when he
asserts that it is impossible "to prove one institu-


1913]
267
THE DIAL
tion or one inherited handling of material things
to have descended to us from the outer barbar-
ism," that is, from non-Roman origins. Surely
our daily speech is full of Anglo-Saxon words in-
dicating the inheritance of both institutions (take
merely the terms home, wedlock, king, earl, knight)
and of the handling of material things (as borne
witness to by such agricultural terms as plough,
hoe, rake, thresh, winnow) from sources other
than Roman and older than the Roman occupation
of Britain or the extension of the Roman dominion
beyond the Alps. However, we would not quarrel
with the author's enthusiasm for his chosen theme,
since to it the book owes its charm as literature.
The recent Mr- Fre<lerick McCormick's "The
revolution Flowery Republic" (Appleton) is a
in China. book of considerable value to one
who wishes a full statement of the details of the re-
cent revolution by which the oldest empire became
over night the youngest republic. Apart from the
narration of facts, however, this study of the revolu-
tion offers little of worth. Moreover, the chronology
of the revolution is not so clear in Mr. McCormick's
treatment as one would like to have it, since the
writer inverts the time order on occasion in his
effort to attain a journalistic realism of style.
Beginning with his own appearance on the scene
after the beginning of the outbreak, he alternates
throughout the book between the reporter's account
of what he sees and the historian's statement of the
main events. This method affords at times interest-
ing sidelights upon incidents and personalities of the
revolution, and at times clear statements of impor-
tant episodes in their proper relation; but the two
styles of narration are not happily blended, and each
blurs the impression made by the other. Indeed, a
decidedly blurred impression is left upon the reader
by the whole book. One never feels quite certain
whether the author possessed accurate and adequate
knowledge of the Chinese people, nor does one know
certainly whether the author's opinion of them and
of their present leaders is on the whole favorable or
unfavorable. Compliments bestowed freely in one
chapter are in full collision with heavy condemnation
in a neighboring section of the treatise, so that the
reader is left with the feeling that the author is a
safe prophet, no matter what turn events may take.
Thettorv of M^r- Henrv C Shelley's readable re-
Marv Stuart hearsal of the ill-fated Mary Stuart's
again retold. g0rrowful life, under the title, "The
Tragedy of Mary Stuart" (Little, Brown & Co.),
differentiates itself from the thousand and one other
narrations of the same famous history in the con-
centration of attention on the fifteen most eventful
and significant months of her "long and weary
pilgrimage" (to quote her own phrase), and the
summary treatment, in the form of prologue and
epilogue, of the less stirring earlier and later years.
The bulk of the book has to do with the murder of
Darnley, the precipitate Bothwell marriage, the im-
prisonment in Lochleven Castle, and the defeat at
Langside, leaving about one-quarter of the volume
to cover the remaining events of Mary's forty-four
years. The author declares himself to be an im-
partial chronicler, not a partisan, and his straight-
forward narrative seems to prove that he is unen-
tangled by the fatal fascinations of his heroine,
although he has been paying her attentions for
nearly two decades. Original sources, he says,
have been consulted in the preparation of his book,
and many are "now utilized as biographical data
for the first time." No notes, however, or bibli-
ographical references are introduced, the evident
purpose being to present the Queen of Scots in a
few clear and telling strokes, with strict avoidance
of irrelevant details. In this Mr. Shelley has suc-
ceeded. The book is well illustrated, chiefly with
portraits.
Engiuhhutorv ^ .H- Gretton' who is engaged
during the latt in writing the history of England
three decade: during the last three decades, has
recently published the first of his two projected
volumes under the comprehensive title, "A Modern
History of the English People" (Small, Maynard
& Co.). The volume covers the period from 1880
to 1898, and is packed with details drawn chiefly
from the files of the London "Times." Mr. Gretton
writes well, and has given us a number of chapters
that are both interesting and valuable; his emphasis
on the importance of the labor movement and his
account of the vicissitudes of trade unionism are to
be especially noted and commended. But his chief
purpose has been to give an account of everything
that interested English society during the period
covered, and this has led him to include a mass of
really trivial details that have only a passing interest
and had but a slight effect on the course of events.
One of his chapters is headed "Ireland, Egypt—
and Jumbo"; and more than a page is given to the
importance of the popular song, "Ta-ra-ra-boom-
de-ay," as indicating the state of English taste in
the early nineties. There are many other indications
of erratic judgment on the author's part which ob-
scure the real excellences of his work.
BRIEFER MENTION.
In a certain very popular novel, with a very popular
hero, that hero's name is not once disclosed, but he is
always spoken of as "the Virginian." In Miss Marie
L. Marsh's juvenile chronicle, "Auburn and Freckles"
(Browne & Howell Co.), the chief character is likewise
nameless; he is always "the freckled boy." His ad-
ventures are varied, amusing, and unfailingly boylike.
One cannot tell beforehand what he will do, but it is
sure to be something delightfully characteristic of a
red-headed, freckle-faced boy with the instincts proper
to his kind. His friends help to give variety to the
narrative; and there is very little danger that any
reader, adult or juvenile, will go to sleep over its pages.
The freckled boy is a thoroughly likable youngster,
worthy of a place in the same class with Tom Sawyer


268
[Oct. 1
THE
DIAL
and Tom Bailey and the rest of our boy-favorites in lit-
erature. The writer's rendering of boy-talk is success-
ful, neither over-done nor falling short of verisimilitude;
but in one place there occurs a curiously awkward
attempt to represent the abbreviated corruption of
"without," which of course should be "'thout," and
not " 'thought," as we find it printed.
That Oscar Wilde's poems should be included in so
popular and standard a series as the " Astor Poets"
(Crowell) is emphatic proof of the secure plaoe that he
now occupies in literature. The edition is evidently
complete, including as it does the "Uncollected Poems"
first published in the complete English edition de luxe,
and the exquisite "poems in prose." Mr. Nathan Has-
kell Dole contributes a biographical introduction which,
good as it is, would be still better if it were half as long.
It seems to us a pity to perpetuate in such a place as
this so many of the more or less apocryphal anecdotes
of Wilde's foibles and extravagances. It is his greatness,
rather than his littleness, that should be emphasized.
The low price at which the volume is issued, together
with its attractive and careful typography, should make
this a favorite edition.
The discriminating few who have found delight in
that exquisite bit of writing, "The Roadmender," will
be glad to learn something of its author in the little
volume entitled "Michael Fairless: Her Life and Writ-
ings" (Dutton). Under the pseudonym of " Michael
Fairless" was concealed the gentle personality of Miss
Margaret Fairless Barber, a gifted Englishwoman who
died at thirty-two after several years of acute physical
suffering. "The Roadmender was written during
her last months, as were also her two other books —
"The Gathering of Brother Hilarius " and " The Gray
Brethren." In the volume now published, her sister,
Mrs. Haggard, supplies a slender biographical chapter;
while her literary executor, Mrs. Dowson, contributes
the critical portion. Two portraits of " Michael Fair-
less " add to the interest of this record of a rarely gifted
personality.
In the guise of a fable or folk-tale of ingenious con-
struction, Mr. C. H. Robinson relates the history of the
part supposed to have been played by fire in the raising
of primitive man from his lowest level to one appre-
ciably higher. "Longhead: The Story of the First
Fire" (Page) traces the fortunes of the observant and
inventive hero, the dolichocephalous Longhead, and his
somewhat similarly gifted spouse, Broken Tooth, after
his accidental discovery, in which a fortunate stroke of
lightning plays a prominent part, of the singular nature
of fire and some of its useful properties. How the dis-
covery leads eventually to the rudimentary beginnings
of domestic and social life, of cooperation, the useful
arts, government, and even religion, is agreeably pic-
tured, with some forcing of the motive or underlying
thought, perhaps, but with no detriment to the interest
of the tale. The author's use of "brachiocephalic"
("arm-headed," if it means anything) instead of
"brachycephalic," as the antonym of " dolichocephalic"
or "dolichocephalous," is a little surprising; and in this
connection one might question whether there were any
long-skulled men among those most nearly brutal an-
cestors of ours of whom Longhead is supposed to have
been one. But the story is a good and instructive piece
of imaginative anthropology for the young, and its
illustrations by Mr. Charles Livingston Bull are in
harmony with the text.
Notes.
"To-day and Yesterday in New Rochelle," by Dr.
J. Pettit Gaylord, is soon to be issued in an illustrated
volume by William R. Jenkins Co.
Mr. J. E. Patterson, the English author of sea stories
and poems, has a new novel entitled "His Father's
Wife " nearly ready for publication.
"Anthony Trollope: His Work, Associates, and
Originals," by Mr. T. H. S. Escott, is an interesting
biographical announcement of the John Lane Co.
A volume of "Last Poems," by the late Julia C. R.
Dorr, made up of recent magazine contributions and some
unpublished work, is announced by Messrs. Scribner.
Two novels just added to Messrs. Putnam's autumn
list are "Wanderfoot" by Miss Cynthia Stockley, and
"The Lure of the Little Drum" by Miss Margaret
Peterson.
"The Story of Waitstill Baxter," Mrs. Kate Douglas
Wiggin's forthcoming novel, will have for its back-
ground the Maine village so familiar to readers of
"Rebecca."
The much-extolled series of historical dramas entitled
"The Renaissance" by Arthur Count Gobineau will be
published during the autumn by Messrs. Putnam in a
volume edited by Mr. Oscar Levy.
Mr. Archibald Henderson's forthcoming volume,
"European Dramatists," will consider the work of six
representative playwrights — Ibsen, Strindberg, Oscar
Wilde, M. Maeterlinck, Mr. Bernard Shaw, and Mr.
Granville Barker.
Mr. H.G.Wells's forthcoming novel, "The Passionate
Friends," recounts the love affairs of one Stephen Strat-
ton, and is supposed to be written by him with the object
of assisting a son to avoid dangers similar to those which
he has experienced.
Miss Marjorie Patterson, author of the just-published
theatrical novel entitled "The Dust of the Road," is a
young American girl of considerable stage experience —
gained chiefly as a member of Mr. Benson's English
Shakespearean company.
Mr. Vilhjalmur Stefdnsson's "My Life with the
Eskimo " is scheduled for publication in October. The
book is said to be a fascinating record of description
and adventure, and at the same time a contribution of
importance to scientific literature.
The "novel of the season " for many readers will be
Mr. Galsworthy's "The Dark Flower," which Messrs.
Scribner plan to issue this month. To those who have
followed its serial publication, it has seemed much the
strongest work yet put forth by this writer.
A volume of collected verse by Mr. Brian Hooker
appears on the autumn list of the Yale University
Press. Mr. Hooker wrote the opera "Mona," which,
set to music by Professor Horatio W. Parker, won the
Metropolitan Opera Company's prize in 1911 for the
best opera written in English by an American.
The first volume of "A History of England," by
Professor Edward P. Cheney, is nearly ready. There
are to be two volumes of this work, covering the period
from the defeat of the Armada to the death of Elizabeth,
and containing an account of English institutions during
the later sixteenth and earlier seventeenth centuries.
The autumn announcement list of The Open Court
Publishing Co. includes the following: "The History
of Japanese Mathematics," by Dr. David Eugene Smith


1913]
269
THE DIAL
and Professor Yoshio Mikami; "The Cabala: Its In-
fluence on Judaism and Christianity," and " Jesus in the
Talmud," by Mr. Bernhard Pick; "The Philosophy of
Nietzsche," "The Principle of Mechanicalism," and
"The Principle of Relativity," all by Dr. Paul Cams.
"Unvisited Places of Old Europe," an illustrated
travel book by Mr. Robert Shackleton, is announced
for early issue by the Penn Publishing Co. To their
series of "Popular Handbooks" the same publishers
will soon add two new titles — " English Writers " by
Mr. R. V. Gilbert, and "Stories of the Operas" by
Miss Ethel Shubert.
The " Seven Seas" edition of Mr. Rudyard Kipling's
complete works is announced by Messrs. Doubleday,
Page & Co., in twenty-three handsomely-printed vol-
umes. Some new material, including " Letters to the
Family," etc., will appear here for the first time. The
edition is limited to 1050 sets, each of which will be
signed by the author.
An elaborate and important "Encyclopaedia of the
Philosophical Sciences" is being projected by the Mae-
millan Co. The work is edited by Professor Wilhelm
Windelband, Dr. Arnold Ruge, and Sir Henry Jones.
The articles are written by some of the most eminent
philosophical thinkers of the day. A first volume on
Logic, to appear this month, contains contributions by
Arnold Ruge, Wilhelm Windelband, Josiah Royce, and
various other philosophical scholars, both European and
American.
By the death of Alphonso Gerald Newcomer, which
occurred at Stanford University on September 15, there
is lost to American scholarship a prominent and honor-
able name and to The Dial one of its ablest and most
valued contributors. Professor Newcomer was born in
1864, and after being educated at Michigan and Cornell
was for two or three years instructor at Knox College.
For the past twenty-two years, however, he has been
associated with the English department of Stanford,
occupying the chair of English since 1906. His pub-
lished books include the following: "Practical Course
in English Composition"; "Elements of Rhetoric";
"Selections from Landor" (edited); "American Liter-
ature"; "Rhetoric in Practice" (with S. S. Seward,
Jr.); "English Literature"; and "Twelve Centuries of
English Poetry and Prose" (with Alice E. Andrews).
Professor Newcomer's last contribution to The Dial
was a review of Mr. Frank Harris's "The Women of
Shakespeare," published in our issue of March 16 last.
Topics in Leading Periodicals.
October, 1918.
Asquith, the Master Statesman. George Harvey. No. Amer.
Auto-comradeship. Robert H. SchaufHer . . . Century
Balkans, Settlement in the. Roland G. Usher . . Forum
Bartlett, P. W., Recent Work of. William Walton Scribner
Beauty, The Gospel of — II. Nicholas V. Lindsay Forum
Bohemian Club Grove Play, The. H. E. Cory . . Forum
Business Man, Some American Novelists and the — II.
William A. Gill Atlantic
Catskills, The. John Burroughs Century
Character, Capitalizing. John L. Mathews . . . Harper
China, The Strong Man of. P. H. Patchin World's Work
Chincoteague, The Island of. Maude R. Warren . Harper
Christianizing the World. Carl Crow . . World's Work
Cleveland's Federated Givers. C.W.Williams Rev. of Revs.
Coal Insurrection, The West Virginia. C.F.Carter N.Amer.
Colombia, In Justice to. Earl Harding . . World's Work
Courts, Humors of the. Charles Dillon . . . American
Currency Legislation. Samuel Untermyer No. American
Currency Legislation: Criticism and Suggestions.
Paul M. Warburg North American
Currency Legislation: Origin, Plan, and Purpose.
Robert L. Owen North American
Democracy, Old-World. Carl S. Hansen .... Forum
Drama League, The, of New York. John Corhin Scribner
Elephant. The African. Theodore Roosevelt . . Scribner
Equality, The Goal of. William J. Tucker . . Atlantic
Eskimos, Christianizing the. VilhjalmurStefansson. Harper
Farms, Money for the. R. W. Moss . . . World's Work
Forests of Usefulness. H. S. Graves . . . World's Work
Freemantle, All the Way to. Norman Duncan . . Harper
Goethals, Master Engineer of the Panama Canal.
Ray Stannard Baker American
Hansen, America's First Plant Explorer. W. P.
Kirkwood . Review of Reviews
Hay-Bam Idyl. A. John Burroughs Atlantic
Homesteader, Letters of a. Elinore Rupert . . Atlantic
India and Self-Government. H.Fielding-Hall . .Atlantic
Insurance that Prevents Fire. Frank
Williams World's Work
Japanese, The - Are They Unfriendly? H. C.
Ridgely Forum
Justice, Swift and Cheap—I. G.W.Alger. World's Work
Labor, Cheap, Our Expensive. Arno Dosch World's Work
Labor, Monopoly of. J. Laurence Laughlin . . Atlantic
Life, Loneliness of. Mowry Saben Forum
McAdoo. Burton J. Hendrick World's Work
Madero, The Conspiracy against. Dolores Butterfield Forum
Mexican Problem, A British View of the. Sydney
Brooks North American
Mexico as It Is. Louis C. Simonds Atlantic
Middle West, A Farming Village of the. A. L. Gesell Amer.
Morphine Habit, Victories over the. P. C. Macfarlane Amer.
Mummies, The Pottery of. Millicent Todd . . . Forum
Municipal Problems of New York. H. Brufere Rev. of Revs.
Nemours, a French Town. Roger Boutet de Monvel Century
New England, Rural, An Awakening in. C. D.
Leupp World's Work
Oil, The Age of. Lewis R. Freeman . Review of Reviews
Optimism, A Discord in. Thomas P. Beyer . . . Forum
Paderewski at Home. Abbie H. C. Finck . . . Century
Paris. Theodore Dreiser Century
Peacemakers, World's, A Meeting-Place for the.
O. S. Straus Review of Reviews
Players, The New Generation of. Walter P.
Eaton American
Portugal, the New Republic. C. L. Freeston . . Scrt'6ner
Practical, Philosophy of the. Douglas Ainslie. No. Amer.
Prices, High, and the Theorists. Fabian
Franklin North American
Prisoner, The. Winifred L. Taylor Scribner
Progressive Party, The. Theodore Roosevelt . . Century
Saloon, The Church Militant against the. F. P.
Stockbridge World's Work
Science and Mystery. Harry E. Fosdick . . . Atlantic
Semmes, Raphael. Gamaliel Bradford, Jr. . . . Atlantic
Sex, The Third American. George Cram Cook . . Forum
Slavery, A Forgotten, of Colonial Days. Marcus W.
Jernegan Harper
Slums, The Poet of the. Frank E. Hill .... Forum
Social Nemesis and Social Salvation. Anna G.
Spencer Forum
Stephens, James, and the Poetry of the Day.
Robert Shafer Forum
Tariff, The New. N. I. Stone . . . Review of Reviews
"Thiers Fondation," The. D.J.Hill . Review of Reviews
Thompson, Francis. Darrell Figgis . . North American
Tow-path, An Old American. R. Le Gallienne . Harper
Trout-Fishing in Normandy. Ethel Rose . . . Scribner
Truth, Boundaries of. Katharine F. Gerould . . Atlantic
United States, Foreign Trade of the. James D.
Whelpley Century
Whitman, Walt. Albert Schinz Lippincott


270
[Oct. 1
THE DIAL
Announcements of Pall Books.
The length of The Dial's annual list of books
announced for Fall publication, contained in our last
(Sept. 16) issue, made it necessary to carry over to
the present number the following entries, comprising
the full list of Text-Books and Juvenile announce-
ments of the season.
BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
A Short History of the United States, by John
Spencer Bassett, $2.50.—Handbook of Exposition,
by R. A. Jelliffe.—General Biology, by James
Francis Abbott.—Guide to the Study of Animal
Ecology, by Charles C. Adams, $1.25 net.—The
Fungi Which Cause Plant Disease, by F. L. Stev-
ens, illus.—Industrial Chemistry for Engineering
Students, by H. K. Benson.—Elementary House-
hold Chemistry, by J. F. Snell.—Textiles, a hand-
book for the student and the consumer, by Mary
S. Woolman and Ellen B. MeGowan.—Definitions
in Physics, by K. E. Guthe.—Analytic Geometry,
by Alexander Ziwet and L. A. Hopkins, edited by
E. R. Hedrick.—Introduction to Biology, by M. A.
Bigelow and Anna N. Bigelow.—Text book on
Domestic Science, by Matilda G. Campbell.—A
Laboratory Manual in Physics, by N. Henry
Black.—Oral Expression, by W. Palmer Smith.—
Oral Composition, by Cornelia C. Ward.—The
Chemistry of Plnnt and Animal Life, by Harry
Snyder, third revised edition.—The Essentials of
Composition as Applied to Art, by John V. Van
Pelt, new edition.—Geometrical Optics, by James
P. C. Southall, second edition, $5.50 net.—The
Calculus, by Ellery Williams Davis, assisted by
William Charles Brenke, edited by Earle Raymond
Hedrick, edition de luxe, $2.40 net.—Students'
History of the United States, by Edward Chan-
ning, revised edition.—Commercial Correspondence
and Postal Information, by Carl Lewis Altmaier,
revised edition.—Pocket American and English
Classics, new titles: A Collection of Short Stor-
ies, edited by L. A. Pittenger; George Eliot's Mill
on the Floss, edited by Ida Ausherman; Jane
Austen's Sense and Sensibility, edited by Edwin
L. Miller; Holmes' Autocrat of the Breakfast
Table, edited by M. C. Rounds: Selections from
Trevelyan's Life of Macaulay, edited by J. D.
Barley; Selections from Lockhart's Life of Scott,
edited by O. L. Reid; Selections from Boswell's
Life of Johnson, edited by Mary Watson; Selec-
tions for Oral Expression, edited by Claude M.
Fuess.—Intensive Studies in American Literature,
by Alma Blount.—A Text-Book of Gardening, by
Allen French.—Principles of Agriculture through
the Home and School Garden, by Cyril H. Steb-
bins.—Tarr and McMurry's Geographies, new vols.:
Pennsylvania; Michigan; Idaho; Oregon.—The
Continents and Their People, by James Franklin
Chamberlain and Arthur Henry Chamberlain, new
vol.: South America, illus., 55 cts.—The Pupils'
Arithmetic, by James C. Byrnes, Julia Richman,
and John S. Roberts; Book V., seventh year,
40 cts.; Book VI., A Complete Arithmetic, sixth,
seventh, and eighth years, 55 cts.—The Gilbert
Arithmetics, by Charles H. Gleason and Charles B.
Gilbert, 50 cts.—Every Child's Series, supplemen-
tary readers, new vol.: When Great Folks Were
Little Folks, by Dorothy Donnell Calhoun. (Mac-
millan Co.)
Chief Middle English Poets, an anthology, by Jessie
L. Weston.—Newspaper Writing and Editing, by
Willard G. Bleyer, Ph.D.—Modern Prose and Poetry
for Secondary Schools, by Margaret Ashmun.—
Representative Cities of the United States, a
geographical and industrial reader for grammar
schools, by Caroline W. Hotchkiss.—Riverside
Educational Series, new titles: Selected Lyrics
from Wordsworth, Keats, and Shelley, edited by
Charles Swain Thomas; Selected Lyrics from Dry-
den, Collins, Gray, Cowper, and Burns, edited by
Charles Swain Thomas; Southern Poems, edited
by Charles W. Kent; Two Speeches on Copyright,
by Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay, and Ad-
dress at Cooper Union, by Abraham Lincoln, edited
by Edwin L. Miller, A.M.; Selections from the
Prose Works of Matthew Arnold, edited, with
introduction and notes, by William Savage John-
son, Ph.D.; The Coming of Arthur, The Holy
Grail, and the Passing of Arthur, by Alfred, Lord
Tennyson, edited by Franklin T. Baker; College
Life, by Le Baron Russell Briggs.—Summer, by
Dallas Lore Sharp, illus. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
A History of the United States, by H. E. Bourne and
E. J. Benton.—Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet,
edited by Robert A. Law.—Tennyson's Idylls of
the King, including Gareth and Lynctte, Lancelot
and Elaine, and the Passing of Arthur, edited by
Arthur Beatty.—Macaulay's Lays of Ancient
Rome, edited by Martha Hale Shackford.—Fresh-
man Rhetoric, by John R. Slater.—Gide's Political
Economy, a new translation from the latest French
revision.—Farquhar's The Recruiting Officer and
Beaux's Stratagem, edited by L. A. Strauss.—
Burkhardt's Theory of Analytic Functions of a
Complex Variable, trans, from the fourth German
edition by S. E. Rasor.—Second Course in Algebra,
by Webster Wells and Walter W. Hart.—Practical
Course in English, Book II., by Mary F. Hyde.—
Fifth Reader, by Emma K. Gordon.—Fifth Reader,
by Margaret W. Haliburton.—Fourth Reader, by
Margaret W. Haliburton.—Business English, by
Rose Buhlig.—Hygiene for Girls, by C. R. Rich-
ards.—Frensscn's Jorn Uhl, edited by W. W.
Florer.-—Rogge's Der grosse Preussenkonig, with
notes and vocabulary by W. A. Adams.—Spiel-
hagen's Das Skellet im Hause., with notes and
vocabulary by M. M. Skinner.—Heyse's L'Arrabiata,
with notes and vocabulary by R. W. Dcering.—
Hauff's Der Zwerg Nase, with notes and vocabulary
by 0. R. Patzwald and C. W. Robson.—Stern's Die
Wiedertilufer, with notes and vocabulary by F. B.
Sturm.—Aus der Zugendzeit, with notes and
vocabulary by E. Betz.—Ein Charakterbild von
Deutschland, by M. B. Evans and Elizabeth Mer-
haut.—Gruss aus Deutschland, an elementary
reader, by C. H. Holzwarth.—Zweites Lesebuch. for
use in grade schools, by M. Schmidhoefer.—Bal-
zac's Eugenie Grandet, with notes and vocabulary
by A. G. H. Spies.—La France Qui Travaille, with
vocabulary by R. P. Jago.—Mes Premiers Pas, a
beginning French book for young children. (D. C.
Heath & Co.)
An Introduction to Political Parties and Practical
Politics, by P. Orman Ray, $1.50.—Readings in
American History, by James A. James.—Stories
of Early American History, a supplementary his-
tory reader, by Wilbur F. Gordy.—Drawing and
Constructive Work for Elementary Schools, by
Frank H. Collins, four titles: Manual. $1.20; First
Series, 90 cts.; Second Series, 35 cts.: Third Series,
GO cts.—American Readers, books seven and eight,
by Myron T. Pritchard.—First German Reader, by
Max Walter and Carl A. Krause, illus., 90 cts.
(Charles Scribner's Sons.)
The College Chaucer, edited, with notes and glossary,
by Henry Noble MacCracken, Ph.D., $1.25 net.
(Yale University Press.)


1913]
271
THE
DIAL
Materials for the Study of Elementary Economics,
by members of the department of Political Econ-
omy, $2.75 net.—The Elements of Debating, a
manual for use in high schools and academies, by
Leverett S. Lyon, 75 cts. net. (University of Chi-
cago Press.)
American Literature, by William J. Long.—Selections
from Hazlitt, edited by Will David Howe.—Selected
Readings in English History, by Harriett E. Tuell
and Roy W. Hatch.—Allen's Industrial Studies:
Europe, by Nellie B. Allen.—Garden Farming, by
Lee Cleveland Corbett.—Our Domestic Birds, by
John Henry Robinson.—Easy German Poetry for
Beginners, edited by Chester W. Colhnann, 40 cts.
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The Reciter's Second Treasury of Verse, by Ernest
Pertwee, $1.50 net.—Matter, Form, and Style, by
Hardress O'Grady, 60 cts. net.—The Story of Our
Country, Books One and Two, by Henry W. Elson,
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45 cts.; Part II., 50 cts.—The Ideal Speller for
Grammar Grades, by Frances Ward Richards and
Edgar Lincoln YVillard.—Granny's Wonderful Chair,
by Frances Browne, school edition, 45 cts.—Nichol's
New Arithmetical Problems, by Wilbur F. Nichols,
45 cts. (E. P. Dutton & Co.)
The Barnes English Texts Series, edited by Edwin
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Ferdinand Q. Blanchard; Julius Caesar, edited by
Charles A. Dawson; The Merchant of Venice,
edited by Charles R. Gaston; Macbeth, edited by
Clarence A. Vail; Silas Marner, edited by Edwin
Fairley.—Music Notation and Terminology, by
Karl W. Gehrkens, illus., $1.50 net. (A. S. Barnes
Co.)
Source Problems on the French Revolution; by Fred
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from the books and pictures by William Hamilton
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The Making of an Oration, a manual of the rhetoric
of oratory, by Clark Mills Brink, $1.50 net.—
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larged edition, $1.50. (A. C. McClurg & Co.)
A Reader of Scientific and Technical Spanish, with
vocabulary and notes, by C. De W. Willcox, illus.,
$1.75 net. (Sturgis & Walton Co.)
Lippincott's Fourth Reader, by Homer P. Lewis and
Elizabeth Lewis, illus. in color, etc., 60 cts. (J. B.
Lippincott Co.)
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Wonderful Escapes by Americans, by William Stone
Booth, $2. net.—The Young Sharpshooter, by
Everett T. Tomlinson, illus., $1.50.—The Man with
the Iron Hand, by John C. Parish, illus., $1.25 net.
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Plays for the Home, by Augusta Stevenson, Illus.,
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Twins, by Lucy Fitch Perkins, illus., $1. net.—The
Golden Dog, by Clara Louise Burnham, illus.,
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each illus., 50 cts. net. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
The Children's Blue Bird, adapted for children from
the play of Maurice Maeterlinck by Georgette Le
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Alexander Teixeira de Mattos, illus. by Herbert
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M. Peck, $2. net.—Snow White, a fairy play in
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Literature, by Ida Prentice VVhitcomb, illus.,
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illus. in color, $1. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
The Responsibilities of Buddie, by Anna Chapin Ray,
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E. Channon, illus., $1.50.—The Freshman Eight,
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ter's Bear Hunt, by Chauncey J. Hawkins, illus.,
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idge, new editions, 5 vols., each illus., per set $7.50;
per vol. $1.50.—In My Nursery, rhymes, chimes,
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edition, illus., $1. net. (Little, Brown & Co.)
Around the End, by Ralph Henry Barbour, illus. in
color, $1.35 net.—Country Cousins, by Ellen Doug-
las Deland, illus. in color, $1.30 net.—The Texan
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Torn Book, a picture book in colors, by A. Z.
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Vance Thompson, pictures by Oliver Herford,
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Alys in Happyland. by Una Macdonald. illus., $1.50.—
Famous Frontiersmen and Heroes of the Border,
by Charles H. L. Johnston, illus., $1.50.—Ralph


272
[Oct. 1
THE DIAL
Somerby at Panama, by Francis Raleigh, illus.,
$1.50—Hawk, the Young Osage, by C. H. Robin-
son, illus., $1.25.—The Martie Twins, by Alice E.
Allen, illus., $1.25.—The Little Cousins of Long
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of Long Ago; Our Little Viking Cousin of Long
Ago; each illus., 60 cts.—The Little Cousin Series,
new vols.: Our Little Servian Cousin, by Clara
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Luna May Innes, each illus., 60 cts. (L. C. Page
& Co.)
The Bible Story and Its Teaching for Children, by
Baroness Freda De Knoop, illus. in color, $2.50.—
The Book of the Sagas, by Alice S. Hoffman, illus.
in color, by Gordon Browne, $2.50.—Boys and Girls,
verse by James W. Foley, drawings by Reginald
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on the lakes of the Canadian border, illus., $1.35 net.
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Series edited by Florence Converse new vols.: In
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There She Blows! by James Cooper Wheeler, new
edition, with introduction by F. A. Lucas, illus.,
$1.20 net.—Tales from Children from Many Lands,
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etc., 50 cts. net. (E. P. Dutton & Co.)
The Romance of Scientific Discovery, by Charles R.
Gibson, illus., $1.50 net.—Heroes of the Indian
Mutiny, by Edward Gilliat, M.A., illus., $1.50 net.
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wegian by H. L. Braekstad, with introduction by
Edmund W. Gosse, illus., $1.50 net.—Messmates,
by William O. Stevens, illus.. $1.25 net.—On the
Plains with Custer, by Edwin L. Sabin, illus. in
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Treasure Mountain, by Edwin L. Sabin, illus., $1.50.
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Boys' Life of General Sheridan, by Warren Lee
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In the Days of Lionheart, by Wallace Gandy, illus.,
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Tanglewood Tales, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, illus.
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Beyond the Old Frontier, adventures of Indian fight-
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When I Was a Little Girl, by Zona Gale, illus. in
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Young Alaskans in the Rockies, by Emerson Hough,
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Farmer, making good on the land, by Garrard
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Square Classics, new vol.: Robinson Crusoe, by
Daniel Defoe, illus. in color by Elenore Plaisted


1913]
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Abbott, $1. net.—Classics Retold for Children, new
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Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens; each re-
told for children by Alice F. Jackson, illus. in
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Nancy Lee's Spring Term, by Margaret Warde, illus.,
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jorie on Beacon Hill, by Alice Turner Curtis, illus.,
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Dunn, illus., $1.25.—Billy To-morrow's Chums, by


274
[Oct. 1
THE
DIAL
Sarali Pratt Carr, illus., $1.25.—Flamehair the
Skald, a tale of the days of Hardrede, by H. Bed-
ford-Jones, illus., $1.20 net.—The Trail to El
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(A. C. McClurg & Co.)
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You Are a Girl, by Lily Rice Foxcroft, illus.,
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mons, by Vernon Gibberd, 60 cts. net.—The Chil-
dren's Christmas Tree, by Frances W. Danielson,
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The Happy Prince, and other tales, by Oscar Wilde,
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Hans Andersen's Fairy Tales, illus. in color, etc., by
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sonal Problems of Ambitious Boys, by Jeremiah
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The Strange Story Book, by Mrs. Lang, edited by
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When Mother Lets Us Series, new vol.: When
Mother Lets Us Act, by Stella G. S. Perrv, illus.,
75 cts. net. (Moffat, Yard & Co.)
IjIST of New Books.
[The following list, containing 1S9 titles, includes books
received by The Dial since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Letter* and Recollections of Alexander Agnsslsi
With a Sketch of His Life and Work. Edited by
G. R. Agassiz. Illustrated in photogravure, etc.,
large 8vo. 454 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
13.50 net.
Robert Fulton, Engineer and Art lot: His Life and
Works. By H. W. Dickinson. Illustrated in
photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 333 pages. John
Lane Co. $3. net.
Autobiography of George Dewey, Admiral of the
Navy. Illustrated In photogravure, etc., large
8vo, 337 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net.
The Life Work of Edward A. Moseley In the Service
of Humanity. By James Morgan. Illustrated in
photogravure, 8vo, 378 pages. Macmillan Co.
$2. net.
A Confederate Gtrl'a Diary. By Sarah Morgan Daw-
son; with Introduction by Warrington Dawson.
Illustrated, 8vo, 441 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$2. net.
The Married Life of Queen Victoria. By Clare Jer-
rold. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 399
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Madame Tnllien, Notre Dame de Thermidor: From
the Last Days of the French Revolution until
Her Death as Princess de Chimay in 1835. By L.
Gastine; translated from the French by J. Lewis
May. Illustrated In photogravure, etc., 8vo, 348
pages. John Lane Co. $3.50 net.
Godoyi The Queen's Favourite. By Edmund D'Au-
vergne. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., large
8vo, 330 pages. Richard G. Badger. $4. net.
The Early Life of Murk Rutherford (W. Hale
White). By Himself. With portrait, 16mo, 91
pages. Oxford University Press. $1. net.
D'Eon de Beaumonti His Life and Times. Compiled
chiefly from unpublished papers and letters by
Octave Homberg and Fernand Jousselln, and
now translated into English by Alfred Rleu.
Illustrated, 8vo, 275 pages. Richard G.' Badger.
$2. net.
The Tragedy of Isabella II. By Francis Grlbble.
Illustrated in photogravure, 8vo, 308 pages.
Richard G. Badger.
HISTORY.
The History of English Patriotism. By Esme Wlng-
fleld-Stratford. In 2 volumes; with photogra-
vure frontispieces, 8vo. John Lane Co. $7.50 net.
One Hundred Years of Peace. By Henry Cabot
Lodge. Illustrated, 12mo, 136 pages. Macmillan
Co. $1.25 net.
Greek Imperialism. By William Scott Ferguson.
8vo, 268 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $2. net.
A Short History of the United States. By John
Spencer Bassett, Ph.D. With maps, large 8vo,
885 pages. Macmillan Co. $2.50 net.
Source Problems on the French Revolution. By
Fred Morrow Fling, Ph.D., and Helene Dresser
Fling, M.A. 12mo, 338 pages. Harper & Broth-
ers. $1.10 net.
Lincoln and Slavery. By Albert E. Pillsbury. 12mo,
97 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. 75 cts. net.


1913]
275
THE
DIAJL
GE.VEHAL LITERATURE.
Ten More Plays of Shakespeare. By Stopford A.
Brooke. Large 8vo, 314 pages. Henry Holt &
Co. $2.25 net.
Lyric Poetry. By Ernest Rhys. 8vo, 374 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
New Letters of an Idle Man. By Hermann Jack-
son Warner; edited by George Edward Wood-
berry, 8vo, 300 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1.50 net.
The New American Drama. By Richard Burton.
12mo, 277 pages. Thomas Y. Crowell Co. $1.26 net.
The Publisher. By Robert Sterling Yard. 12mo,
180 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. II. net.
Learned Societies and English Literary Scholarship
in Great Britain and the United States. By Har-
rison Ross Steeves, Ph.D. 8vo, 245 pages. Co-
lumbia University Press. $1.50 net.
The Plain Han and His Wife. By Arnold Bennett.
12mo, 110 pages. George H. Doran Co. 75 cts. net.
Out of the Dark i Essays, Letters, and Addresses on
Physical and Social Vision. By Helen Keller.
With portrait, 12mo, 282 pages. Doubleday,
Page & Co. $1. net.
A History of English Balladry, and Other Studies.
By Frank Egbert Bryant. With portrait, 12mo,
443 pages. Richard G. Badger. $2. net.
A Pilgrimage of Pleasure i Essays and Studies. By
Algernon Charles Swinburne. 8vo, 181 pages.
$2.50 net.
The Round Table. By James Russell Lowell. 8vo,
241 pages. Richard G. Badger. $2.50 net.
The Anarchist Ideal, and Other Essays. By R M.
Wenley. 12mo, 274 pages. Richard G. Badger.
$1.25 net.
Towards Liberty. By Lucy Re-Bartlett 16mo,
74 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. 40 cts. net.
NEW EDITIONS OP STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Poems and Ballads of Robert Louis Stevenson.
Complete edition. With photogravure portrait,
8vo, 367 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2. net.
Loeb Classical Library. Edited by T. E. Page, M.A.,
and W. H. D. Rouse, L1U.D. New volumes:
Cicero's Letters to Attlcus, with an English
translation by E. O. Wlnstedt, M.A., Vol. II.; Ap-
plan's Roman History, with an English transla-
tion by Horace White, LLD., Vol. IV.; Petronius,
with an English translation by Michael Hesel-
tlne, and Seneca's Apocolocyntosis, with an Eng-
lish translation by W. H. D. Rouse, LItt.D.; each
12mo. Macmlllan Co. Per volume, $1.60 net.
The Idiot i A Novel In Four Parts. By Fyodor
Dostoevsky; from the Russian by Constance
Garnett. 12mo, 620 pages. Macmlllan Co.
$1.50 net.
Tristan and Isolda (Tristan und Isolde): A Dra-
matic Poem. By Richard Wagner; freely trans-
lated In poetic, narrative form by Oliver Huckel.
With frontispiece, 12mo, 73 pages. Thomas Y.
Crowell Co. 75 cts. net.
Selected Poems. By Sir Walter Scott. Illustrated,
16mo, 592 pages. Oxford University Press.
FICTION.
The Business of Life, By Robert W. Chambers.
Illustrated by Charles Dana Gibson, 12mo, 618
pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.40 net.
The Way Home. By Basil King, author of "The
Inner Shrine." Illustrated, 12mo, 547 pages.
Harper & Brothers. $1.35 net.
The Golden Road. By L M. Montgomery. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 369 pages. L. C.
Page & Co. $1.25 net.
His Great Adventure. By Robert Herrick. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 408 pages. Macmll-
lan Co. $1.35 net.
The Hand of the Mighty. By Vaughan Kester.
With portrait, 12mo, 412 pages. Bobbs-Merrlll
Co. $1.35 net.
The Spotted Panther. By James Francis Dwyer.
Illustrated In color, 12mo, 293 pages. Double-
day, Page & Co. $1.25 net.
The End of Her Honeymoon. By Mrs. Belloc
Lowndes. 12mo, 235 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.25 net.
Merrllle Dawes. By Frank H. Spearman. Illus-
trated In color, 12mo, 382 pages. Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons. $1.35 net.
By the Open Sea. By August Strindberg; trans-
lated from the Swedish by Ellle Schleussner
12mo, 324 pages. B. W. Huebsch. $1.25 net.
The Soul of Mellcent. By James Branch Cabell.
Illustrated in color by Howard Pyle, 8vo 213
pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.50 net.
Squire Phln. By Holman Day. With frontispiece,
12mo, 393 pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.25 net.
The Dust of the Road. By Marjorie Patterson.
With frontispiece in color, l2mo, 321 pages
Henry Holt & Co. $1.30 net
The Q,ueat of the Dream. By Edna Klngsley Wal-
lace. 12mo, 292 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50 net.
November Joei Detective of the Woods. By H
Hesketh Prlchard. Illustrated, 12mo, 349 pages
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
Diamond Cut Diamond. By Jane Bunker. Illus-
trated. 12mo, 387 pages. Bobbs-Merrlll Co
$1.26 net
The Desired Woman. By Will N. Harben. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 407 pages. Harper & Brothers
$1.30 net.
A Little Green World) A Village Comedy. By J E
Buckrose. With frontispiece in color, 12mo 367
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
The Dominie of Harlem. By Arnold Mulder. 12mo
385 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.25 net
The Adventures of Captain O'Shea. By Ralph D
Paine. 12mo, 424 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.35 net.
The Taste of Apples. By Jennette Lee. Illustrated
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The Law-Brlngers. By G. B. Lancaster. 12mo, 487
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.35 net.
The Honour of the Clintons. By Archibald Mar-
shall. 12mo, 375 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co
$1.35 net
The Argyle Case. By Arthur Hornblow; founded
on the play by Harriet Ford and Harvey J.
O'Higgins, and written in cooperation with
William J. Burns. With frontispiece, 12mo, 250
pages. Harper & Brothers. $1.25 net.
Jack Chantyi A Story of Athabasca. By Hulbert
Footner. Illustrated In color, etc., 12mo, 337
pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.25 net.
The Morning's Wan A Romance. By C. E. Mon-
tague. 12mo, 311 pages. Henry Holt & Co.
$1.35 net.
Marsh Lights. By Helen Huntington. 12mo, 396
pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.35 net.
Cuptnln Protheroe's Fortune, By Oswald Kendall.
Illustrated, 12mo, 321 pages. A. C. McClurg &
Co. $1.25 net.
The Confessions of Arsene Lupin. By Maurice Le-
blanc; translated from the French by Teixelra
de Mattos. Illustrated, 12mo, 327 pages. Double-
day, Page & Co. $1.26 net.
The Fire Within. By Patricia Wentworth. 12mo,
268 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net.
Picture Tales from Welsh Hills. By Bertha Thomas.
12mo, 261 pages. F. G. Browne & Co. $1.25 net.
A Modern Eve. By May Edglnton. 12mo, 361
pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.25 net.
The Lady Elect: A Chinese Romance. By Norman
Hinsdale Pitman. Illustrated, 12mo, 308 pages.
Fleming H. Revell Co. $1.25 net.
Madeleine at Her Mirror. A Woman's Diary. By
Marcelle Tinayre; translated from the French
by Winifred Stephens. 12mo, 288 pages. John
Lane Co. $1.25 net.
Anne, Actressi The Romance of a Star. By Juliet
G. Sager. 12mo, 346 pages. F. A. Stokes Co.
$1.25 net.
Dirk, A South African. By Annabella Bruce
Marchand. 12mo, 380 pages. Longmans, Green
& Co. $1.35 net.


THE
DIAL [Oct. l
The Outlaw. By David Hennessey. 12mo, 349
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
The Happy Ship. By Stephen French Whitman.
Illustrated, 12mo, 262 pages. McBride, Nast &
Co. $1.25 net.
The Fate of Felix Brand. By Florence Finch
Kelly. Illustrated in color, etc., 12mo, 352 pages.
John C. Winston Co. $1.20 net.
Bradford Hortoni Man. By Richard S. Holmes.
12mo, 306 pages. Fleming H. Revell Co.
$1.25 net.
The Insidious Dr. Fn-Mauchu. By Sax Rohmer.
12mo, 383 pages. McBride, Nast & Co. $1.25 net.
Circe's Daughter. By Priscilla Craven. 12mo, 373
pages. Duffleld & Co. $1.25 net.
The Man Who Saw Wrong. By Jacob Fisher. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 357 pages. John C.
Winston Co. $1.20 net.
The Millionaire. By Edwin Bateman Morris. Illus-
trated in color, etc., 12mo, 354 pages. Penn
Publishing Co. $1.25 net.
The Heart of the Desert, (Kut-Le of the Desert).
By Honorfi Wlllsie. Second edition; with fron-
tispiece in color, 12mo, 313 pages. F. A. Stokes
Co. $1.25 net.
Glory of Youth. By Temple Bailey. Illustrated in
color, etc., 12mo, 331 pages. Penn Publishing
Co. $1.25 net.
Lot Barrow. By Viola Meynell. 12mo, 286 pages.
Richard G. Badger. $1.25 net
Fanny of the Forty Frocks. By Frances Aymar
Mathews. With frontispiece in color, 12mo, 366
pages. John C. Winston Co. $1.20 net.
Refractory Husbands. By Mary Stewart Cutting.
12mo, 233 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1. net.
The Golden Rule Dolllvers. By Margaret Cameron.
With frontispiece in color, 12mo, 188 pages.
Harper & Brothers. $1. net.
Samantha on the Woman Question. By Marietta
Holley. With frontispiece, 12mo, 192 pages.
Fleming H. Revell Co. $1. net.
Dave's Daughter. By Patience Bevier Cole. 12mo,
256 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1. net.
When Fools Rush In. By William Richard Here-
ford. Illustrated, 12mo, 289 pages. Bobbs-Mer-
rill Co. $1. net.
The Luck o' Lady Joani A Fairy Tale for Women.
By Josephine Daskam Bacon. Illustrated, 12mo,
58 pages. F. G. Browne & Co. 50 cts. net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
The Country of Sir Walter Scott. By Charles S.
Olcott. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo,
415 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $3. net.
African Camp Fires. By Stewart Edward White.
Illustrated, 12mo, 378 pages. Doubleday, Page
& Co. $1.50 net.
With the Russian Pllgrrlms to Jerusalem. By
Stephen Graham. Illustrated, large 8vo, 306
pages. Macmlllan Co. $2.75 net.
A Venetian June. By Anna Fuller. Illustrated In
color by Frederick S. Coburn, large 8vo, 317
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3. net.
Beyond the Old Frontier: Adventures of Indian-
flghters, Hunters, and Fur-traders. By George
Bird Grinnell. Illustrated, 8vo, 374 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
The Seine i From Havre to Paris. By Sir Edward
Thorpe. Illustrated, 8vo, 493 pages. Macmlllan
Co. $4. net.
Along France's River of Romancei The Loire. By
Douglas Goldring. Illustrated in color, etc., 8vo,
332 pages. McBride, Nast & Co. $2.75 net.
Old Countries Discovered Anewi A Motor Book for
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1913]
277
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[Oct. 1
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THE DIAL
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THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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OCTOBER 16, 1913. Vol. LV.
■ Contents.
PAGE
A FAMOUS VICTORY 291
THE AUTHOR OF " EREWHON." Charles Leonard
Moore 293
CASUAL COMMENT 295
Genius in the treadmill. —Linguistic vandalism.—
Two views of Plato. — Library lessons for the pub-
lic—The first Rollo book.—The Heger-Brontfe-
correspondence. — " The three best foods for fancy."
— Juvenilized science. — Deafness to the call of
Italian culture. — The literature of special libraries.
— Futile literary industry. — An emperor's books.
COMMUNICATIONS 298
Alphonso Gerald Newcomer. Kaymond Macdonald
Alden.
In Memory of Professor Newcomer. Edgar Lee
Masters.
Indian Censorship. Erving Winslow.
A POET IN EPISTOLARY MOOD. Percy F. Bicknell :t00
THE PIVOTAL PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR.
William E. Dodd 301
JANE AUSTEN'S HOME LIFE. W. E. Simonds . 303
BYZANTINE AND ROMANESQUE ARCHITECT-
URE. Sidney Fiske Kimball 306
DIVERSE ASPECTS OF BOTANY. T. D. A.
Cockerell . . , 307
Oliver's Makers of British Botany. — Ganong's The
Living Plant. — Knight and Step's Popular Botany.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 309
An appraisal of the Nietzschean philosophy. — More
pages from the diary of Lady Shelley. — Further
letters of a restless man of leisure. —The abode of
gentle mirth and tranquil thoughts. — Some fresh
chronicles of the Regency. — An English statesman
and gentleman. — The ill-fated son of Napoleon HI.
— The perennial problem of the boy. — An out-of-
the-way corner of Canada.
BRIEFER MENTION 312
NOTES 313
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 314
A FAMOUS VICTORY.
The enactment of the new tariff law, which
went into effect on an early day in the present
month, may fairly be described as a famous
victory—a victory for the forces that are assail-
ing the citadel of corruption and special privi-
lege. Even little Peterkin could be made to
understand the reasons why it deserves this
title. We can share to the full in the exultation
felt by President Wilson in the solemn moment
when he affixed his signature to the act, saying,
as he did so:
"I feel a peculiar pleasure in what I have just done by
way of taking part in the completion of a great piece of
business. It is a pleasure which is hard to express in words
which are adequate to express the feeling; because the
feeling that I have is that we have done the rank and
file of the people of this country a great sendee. I have
a feeling of profound gratitude that, working with the
splendid men who have carried this thing through with
studious attention and doing justice all around, I should
have had part in serving the people of this country as
we have been striving to serve them ever since I can
remember."
It is, indeed, "a great piece of business " to have
dealt such a body blow to the intrenched inter-
ests that have so long set the common welfare
at defiance, and, with the rancid patriotism and
nauseous hypocrisy of their defence of an inde-
fensible system, have for so long made the worse
appear the better reason to the muddled public
intelligence. Of a truth, the plea for protec-
tionism is revolting to the trained mind, and the
shifts to which its advocates have been reduced
in recent years have provided a startling object-
lesson of the tenacity of irrationalism. There
never were but two arguments in its favor hav-
ing about them a shred of logical respectability
— the infant industry argument, and the argu-
ment that a country should be self-sustaining in
the necessaries of existence—and both of these
have been so ludicrously inapplicable to our
practice of protectionism during the last half-
century that its hardened defenders have been
almost ashamed to use them. Instead of them,
we have had the pauper labor argument, and the
bread line argument, and the dumping argument,
and the cheap man argument, and the foreigner-
pays-the-tax argument, all of them so ineffably
silly that they have strained the enormous capa-
city of the ordinary mind to be humbugged.
Now, at least, the air is partly cleared, and


292
[Oct. 16
THE
DIAL
a large share of the ill-gotten gains which the
beneficiaries of the old vicious system have been
pocketing under the sanction of law has been
turned back into the channels of competitive
industry, and the injured fill our ears with
dismal prophesyings. But we must not forget,
in all our satisfaction about what has been
accomplished, that the victory is by no means
complete, and must be regarded as only a first
step — although a long one—toward the desired
goal. The new tariff law is still a highly pro-
tective measure, and its schedules contain many
duties that our daughters of the horse-leech in
the days before the Civil War would have re-
garded as higher than there was any use in
demanding. A tariff law that continues to tax
any foreign products (except luxuries) fifty
per cent and upwards is by no means a matter
for unqualified self-congratulation on the part
of the consumer, who may still indignantly ask:
"Why should the law force me to buy from the
domestic producer something which I want, and
pay him this enormous tribute, when it is offered
me elsewhere at a reasonable price?" The
question is insistent, and will not down; it is a
question quite as pertinent under the new law as
it was under the outrageous provisions of the old
one. All we have thus far done has been to
make a sort of compromise between the social-
istic policy of protectionism and the policy of
taxation which takes into account only the
principles of equitable incidence and adequate
revenue, and between these policies a lasting
compromise is no more possible than between
darkness and light, or between evil and good.
There are certain tariff matters with which
a journal like ours is especially concerned which
loom much larger in the consciousness than their
political or financial importance would warrant.
As citizens of the republic, we are concerned
with such things as the cotton and woollen and
lumber schedules; as conductors of a journal
having for its special field the interests of culture,
we are much more largely concerned with such
matters as the tariff on books and works of art,
and with the provisions that affect the comfort
of returning travellers. We have called the
tariff on books the meanest of taxes, and we
deeply regret that it will continue to retard the
progress of education and culture. The Presi-
dent cannot be held guiltless of the perpetuation
of this enormity, for no one can doubt that the
firmness which he displayed in his demand for
free wool and free sugar could have obtained
for us free books without the least difficulty.
And there is a sense in which free books are
more important than either free wool or free
sugar. That they are withheld is a fact that
has about it a shameful and humiliating quality
that does not attach to an unjustifiable tax upon
a merely commercial product. If a President
who stands for scholarship more distinctly than
any we have had since the early Virginian dy-
nasty can fail us so lamentably, the case seems
indeed hopeless. It is true that, after an ener-
getic protest, the indecent attempt to take books
in foreign languages from the free list has been
abandoned, that English Bibles and text-books
are now admitted free, and that the tax on En-
glish books in general has been reduced from
twenty-five to fifteen per cent, but these are only
palliations of a grievous offence. A tax of one
per cent upon them would be almost as obnox-
ious as the higher one now in force, because any
tax at all means that an English book cannot
be sent to an American scholar by post without
being held up at the custom-house, and this fact,
far rather than the increased price, is the head and
front of the offending. As for books imported
by booksellers, the lowered tax means a possible
lowering of the price by two cents in the shilling,
and we may be fairly sure that the individual
purchaser will not get even that small benefit.
The victory of the forces that have been de-
manding untaxed works of art is indeed a no-
table one. The opposition to this enlightened
measure was of so unreasoning and pigheaded
a description that it seemed hopeless to seek to
overcome it. But the hopeless was accom-
plished, thanks to the strong concerted attack
made upon this proposed monstrosity of taxa-
tion. At the risk of seeming to be engaged in
the unnecessary task of slaying the slain, we
will make the following quotations from the
brief of Mr. John Quinn, acting as counsel for
the American artists in their demand not to be
protected by an over-zealous government:
"The art of every age is the flowering of all the sci-
entific and all the philosophic thought of its own day
and time. It quickens vitality and intensifies the love
of beauty and increases the joy of life. The plea that
I make for free contemporary fine art is a plea that art
may be brought within the reach of people of modest
means and not remain the trading commodity of
wealthy art-dealers or become merely the hobby or the
exclusive possession of the rich."
"As was pointed out in my brief, we are the only or
substantially the only civilized country that taxes art.
We spend hundreds of thousands and even millions on
museums, art galleries, art commissions, municipal,
state and national, and yet the Finance Committee of
the Senate proposes to erect a Chinese wall fifty feet
high against the importation of modern, vital, living,
creative art."
"It is an absurdity to argue that art is merely a


1913]
293
THE
DIAL
luxury. It is a degradation to treat it as though it
were something like opium or a drug or an adulterated
food or like a contagious disease, and it is uncivilized
and reactionary to consider it merely as a means of
raising a little revenue, as if it were leather or wool or
machinery or tobacco or bananas or cotton goods or
like any other articles of utility that need 'protection1
or afford a chance to raise a little revenue from."
Even our benighted senatorial law-makers had
to yield to such persuasions as these, and with
respect to our national attitude toward art we
may now at last be reckoned among the civil-
ized countries. But we still belong with the
barbarians in the matter of books, and in the
matter of those tariff provisions which now
make the return from abroad a terror to every
American traveller. No American who has
ever learned by personal experience the contrast
between the treatment of the tourist in Euro-
pean and American custom-houses has not
blushed for his country; and if the numbers of
such returning tourists were only large enough,
we should not long have to endure an admin-
istrative system which regards every one of
them as an object of suspicion, and which re-
quires, in addition to a personal declaration of
innocence, an inquisitive investigation to deter-
mine the truth of that declaration.
THE AUTHOR OF «EREWHON."
Is there any certain recipe for contemporary
reputation? Catching on to coat-tails is as good a
counsel as any. It is as valuable for the catchee as
for the catcher; for if enough people of parts can
be induced to form a train, their light, singly perhaps
indiscernable, may together flare out in our sky like
a comet which " fires the length of Ophiuchus huge."
Such a combination of brillancies is not only pardon-
able but laudable. Meier-Graefe said that the Pre-
Raphaelite movement in England was a criminal
conspiracy. But this is shooting way beyond the
mark. Natural sympathy caused the members of the
group to gravitate together, and they did a needed
work. Only, for awhile, their preoccupation with
themselves, the flood of books and articles which
they poured forth about each other, threw everything
else in England into obscurity. The movement was
not really the central fact of the time, but it had the
appearance of being so; and other great names or
great issues were eclipsed.
The pioneers, the originators among men, have,
however, usually a solitary lot. Luck, or just hitting
the right moment, may sometimes get them an imme-
diate following; but more often theirs is a lonely
fight with the world. Like Winkelried, they must
gather the spears of the Philistines into their breasts
in order to make a way for the Children of Light.
And too often those who follow them into the breach
are pseudo Children of Light,—Children of Light
for revenue only, who give an additional stab to the
leader who has made their victory possible.
But when such a leader is comfortably dead, then
his struggle and his obscurity are at an end. He is
treasure trove for the whole world. A few explorers
discover him at first, and they bring back and exhibit
the nuggets of rich ore in which his work abounded.
Then there is a Klondike rush to his "diggings,"
as there was not long ago to Nietzsche.
The recently published "Note Books" of Samuel
Butler show plainly enough that their writer died
in the modest assurance that he was of this order of
men, and would, intellectually, "cut up rich." This
interesting miscellany of fragments, notes, diaries,
essays, bears a striking resemblance to the "Parerga"
of Schopenhauer. There is the same solitary attitude
of disdain for his contemporaries, and very much
the same views of life, death, genius, and greatness.
Unfortunately, Schopenhauer came first, and the
massy brilliancy of his prose is beyond anything the
Englishman has achieved. "Can you emit sparks?"
is the first question we ask of a writer of this kind.
Unquestionably Butler can and does emit sparks;
but compared with the broad, vigorous flashes of
Schopenhauer, they are small and dim. His ideas
resemble the older man's as the second infusion of
tea-leaves in the pot resembles the first brew. Or his
mind might be compared to a sieve into which all
the thoughts of his great contemporaries in science
and philosophy have been poured: the lesser thoughts
get through and into his books, but the larger ones
remain behind unused. We may adopt what attitude
we please towards Schopenhauer and Nietzsche: we
may call the first the Apostle of Gloom and the sec-
ond the Prophet of Unrighteousness; but the fact
remains that they startle, astound, and wake us up.
They are capable of giving the world those electric
shocks that resurrect it Butler's battery of magnetic
truths is only a respectable one, and we think that
in England alone there are several of his contem-
poraries who surpass him in novelty and force of
opinion. In science his study of heredity and habit
may have more originality than we can see in it when
considered along with the investigations of Darwin,
Galton, and Von Hartmann; but it is certainly not
epoch-making.
Butler indulged himself in a number of opinions
which can hardly be called anything but crochets.
One of these was that the English school of music is
the finest in the world, and that Handel is not only
the greatest of all musicians, but the greatest man
who has ever worked in any of the arts. That is a
question of taste; and if a person chooses to have a
taste of that kind there is nothing more to say ex-
cept that he is not likely to be of a prevailing party.
Another of his crochets was that the Odyssey was
written by a woman. That is a question of fact;
and as there are no facts adducible to prove it, and
all tradition and the acceptance of ages being against
it, the theory must be waved aside.
Again and again, in his " Note Books" and else-


294
[Oct. 16
THE DIAL
where, Butler shows himself sensitive to the charge
of being a man of one book. "Erewhon" was the
one success of his career, and it came early. That
he could have repeated this success and won contem-
porary literary fame is probable; but be branched off
into painting, music, and other kinds of achievement
Towards the end of his life he essayed the modern
novel of manners in "The Way of All Flesh." This,
however, was published posthumously, and any vogue
it may have had came too late to console him. There
were undoubtedly in his character a lofty indifference
to practical results and a high disdain of literary
quackery. But there was also a lack of verve and
flow and continuity, which explains the scantiness
of his product and the paucity of his repute.
Mr. George Bernard Shaw suggests that "The
Way of All Flesh" is a masterpiece. It is not neces-
sary to state, therefore, that it belongs to the school
of fiction which holds up life by the tail, like a strug-
gling puppy, and not to the school which places life
on a pedestal for study and admiration. This school
might be called that of the Dropped Veil, for it prides
itself on tearing away all illusion from existence.
As most of the great philosophies of the world main-
tain that all existence is illusion, this kind of fiction
cannot have a very sound philosophical basis. Most
of us hug our illusions, and get enough interest and
amusement out of life to make us want to live. But
the new fiction preaches to us that it would have been
money in our pockets if we had never been born.
It is not that it deals with more forbidden material
than the older fiction, with worse vices and crimes,
with more terrible outlooks upon time and eternity.
That would be an impossible feat, for all the secrets
of evil have long been embodied in immortal verse
and prose. But the new fiction goes about its work
of being bad in a hard didactic way, which, though
it convinces us that the Devil is dull and Evil is only
another word for ennui, makes its novels and plays
as repulsive as tracts, and kills all joy in us. The
joy of festival and the joy of battle, the delight of
the senses and the heroism of the soul,—these surely
are the things that literature should convey to us
and convince us of.
With the best will in the world to be what they
call brutally true, the new fictionists are continually
having to make concessions to romanticism. The
whole plot of "The Way of All Flesh" is an instance
of this. It bears a distant resemblance to the plot
of "Wilhelm Meister." In both books the hero
is set loose to flounder about in the world, get into
bad company, and fall into evil ways. In " Wilhelm
Meister" there is a certain College of Guardians
which watches and directs Wilhelm's course unknown
to him, and only lets him out as it were on a leash.
In Butler's book this business is assumed by an
older relative, who holds a large fortune secretly in
trust for the hero, and who steers him through his
misadventures. Of course this is playing the game
of realism with loaded dice. It is making Achilles
invulnerable, and then patting him on the back for
being brave.
Butler's hard, tight style prevents his portraits
from having much literary lure; but in one char-
acter, a reincarnation of Mrs. Quickly, he nearly
arrives at a creation. The girl Ellen is painted in
hard, bright colors; but as we have spoken of
*' Wilhelm Meister" we may compare her with
Philina, in order to see how charm and mystery and
illusion are needed to make anything that is living.
Mr. Pontifex, the hero's father, is almost the raison
d'itre of the book; but he bores us as much as he
did his son. As a clergyman he is not as prepos-
terous as Mr. Collins; as a father he is not more
erring than Mr. Bennet; but whereas custom can-
not stale the infinite variety of Jane Austen's men,
we have not the patience to read Mr. Pontifex's
record through.
So, in the end, to explain Butler's confidence in
his immortality, and the importance his disciples
seem to attach to him, we are driven back to the
book which the world did in some measure accept.
The central idea of "Erewhon," that of a country
where human nature runs on different lines than it
does with us, is of course as old as literature. It
appears in Aristophanes, Lucian, the "Arabian
Nights," Sir Thomas More, Lord Bacon, Swift,
John Buncle, and many others, down to recent times
when the theme has become almost as prolific in its
varied inventions as that other but somewhat similar
one of an imaginary European kingdom. The mould
has always been the same, but it has been filled up
with different material. Sometimes it has been
purely idealistic, sometimes fantastic, sometimes
satirical. "Erewhon" combines all three of these
elements. We are inclined to think that its ideal-
ism, its doctrine of the simple life and a return to
nature, rather conflicts with its satire. The end of
the book has forgotten its beginning.
It will probably be granted that Swift's "Gul-
liver's Travels" is the central and best book in this
type of literature. "Erewhon," we should say, can
fairly claim second place. Written fifty years ago,
its satire is not only fresh and effective, but it deals
with problems and ideas which are only now begin-
ning to stir in the world's mind. There is a curious
mixture in the book of ironical satire on modern
civilization and a suggested new philosophy of life.
The Erewhonian notions about health and crime
have not been put into practice by any society the
world has known, though they may be in a meas-
ure anticipatory of the Nietzschean programme.
But Butler's satire on our double standard of Chris-
tian and commercial morality, in his description of
the "Musical Banks"; his exposure of our higher
education in the account of the Colleges of Unrea-
Bon, with their "hypothetical" language; his rev-
elations about the mythological figures which the
Erewhonians worshipped but did not believe in;
and his approving comment on Goddess Ydgrun,
whom we take to mean Good Sense or Good Form,—
all these inventions are deadly thrusts at civilization
as it exists to-day.
But the most important thing in the book is the


1918]
295
THE DIAL
theory as to the danger of machinery. While
Butler was in New Zealand he wrote and published
there an essay entitled "Darwin among the Ma-
chines," and this became the germ of "Erewhon."
Briefly, the theory is that machines tend to become
a super-race which will in time enslave and crush
out the men who make them. The Erewhonians
are convinced of this, and destroy all their up-to-date
machinery. We think that Swift would have dem-
onstrated the horror of these Frankenstein monsters
in a more concrete way than Butler has done; but
the latter is to be credited with foreseeing a long
time ago a very real danger which threatens hu-
manity. Machines may never acquire mind and
volition, as he suggests they will, but without that
they can come near to ruining humanity.
On the whole, we must take leave of Samuel
Butler with assurances of distinguished respect.
He was perhaps too much of a scientist to be a
great philosopher, and too much of a dilettante to
be a great scientist, but as a satirist he has hit the
blot again and again. The grim irony with which
the hero of *' Erewhon " is made to tell his project
for capturing an 1 selling into slavery his kindly
Erewhonian hosts, in order that they may be con-
verted to Christianity, is worthy of Swift himself.
Charles Leonard Moore.
CASUAL COMMENT.
Genius in the treadmill is always a pathetic
spectacle, however beneficial it may ultimately prove
to soaring genius to be forcibly held down to earth
for a certain disciplinary period. In the letters
(reviewed on another page) of him who, as Mr.
Gilder expressed it in his fine tribute to the poet,
gave us "the thrill of a brave new song" and "lovely
thoughts and mighty thoughts and thoughts that
linger long," we have frequent glimpses of the song-
ster fretting at the necessity that holds him a bond-
slave in the "Chicago themery "—this, of course, re-
fers to his instructorship in English at the University
of Chicago — when he longs to go "galumphing o'er
twin-peaked Parnassus." A few passages from the
letters will fill in this picture of William Vaughn
Moody beating, with not quite impotent hands, the
bars of his prison cell. He did gain his freedom after
some years of drudgery, but meanwhile he eased
the tension by many a half-serious, half-humorous,
and always amusingly extravagant outburst like the
following: "If my lines were cast in other places,—
even other places in this gigantic ink-blot of a town
— I could make shift to enjoy my breath. I should
make a very happy and efficient peanut-vender on
Clark or Randolph Street, because the rush and noise
of the blood in the city's pulse would continually
solicit and engage me. The life of a motor-man is
not without exhilarating and even romantic features,
and an imaginative boot-black is lord of unskirted
realms." Again, referring to some vacation hack-
writing, he says: "Promptly at 9 o'clock each morn-
ing I put on blinders, stuff my ears with wax, and
strap myself to the desk, in order to do my day's
stint on a text-book on English Literature (God save
the mark!) which I have to get a certain portion of
done this month." A later letter shows the writer
once more at his post. "It has been the very devil
to get down to work again, after my long and keenly-
relished holiday. Chicago seemed uglier and grim-
mer than I had believed possible. There was nothing
to do but shut my eyes, put my sensibilities in the
lower drawer, and sail in. Gradually the beneficent
numbness of drudgery is stealing over me, and that
unilluminated dogged patience which constitutes my
substitute for moral courage is beginning to possess
what in other seasons I am wont to refer to exuber-
antly as my soul." Moody was never lacking in
"sand" (a favorite term of his), and moreover he
was supported by an underlying sense of the essential
fairness of the fates in their dealings with him, as
witness the following: "Chicago is several kinds of
hell, but I won't weary you with asseverations that
I am being shamefully victimized by fate; you wont
believe it, and besides it's a lie. I am merely paying
the market rates for my bread and beer, commodities
for which many a better man has been villainously
overcharged." ...
Linguistic vandalism works its ravages in every
age and clime, asserts the sagely observant author
of "New Letters of an Idle Man" (noticed more
particularly in another column). A paragraph from
a letter of his written in 1885 is even more timely
now than it was then. He writes: "I was amazed
by the extracts from your German friend's letter;
and besides, they were interesting as showing how
prone is the human mind in all countries to the same
kind of idiocies in regard to spelling and that kind
of thing, although at present there is doubtless less
Blodsinn on the whole in Germany than among us
Americans, who in regard to the English language
seem to me obstinately bent upon improving it the
wrong way. Let us add what we will to the lan-
guage, but let us not change it: for no good can
come of change: nay, rather much harm: for do we
not thus lose connection with the Past? and all our
magnificent Earlier Literature is swept into the
limbo of Gibberish,—the limbo I mean like unto
that in which Chaucer doth languish. By all means
take up this topic in your next Monthly Lecture.
The topic is of ethical import. It connects itself
with the sanctity of Inherited Good, and the vast
moral blessing of having conscious root in the Past.
It is only gorillas that devour their own offspring,
only savages that pass away without leaving trace
of their existence. Deepening and preserving race-
consciousness, so to speak, is of ethical import. The
more civilized is a race, the more it will keep in its
consciousness the whole sweep of its Past To pre-
serve the language is to preserve this sweep of the
Past. What good does it do to write scepter instead
of sceptre? go on in this way and a book two hun-
dred years old is a strange thing to us; keep on
writing sceptre and we keep on being conscious of


296
[Oct 16
THE
DIAL
possessing the whole Past of our Literature as an
integral and familiar possession." That was uttered
two decades before the bursting of the storm now
venting its fury—impotently, let us hope—on our
written speech. One can imagine how much more
vehemently the writer would express himself on the
same subject to-day.
Two views of Plato, strikingly opposite,
chanced to present themselves in two notable books
that were recently taken up for recreation and re-
freshment, and they well illustrate in how great a
measure the subjective element enters into all ap-
praisal of books and authors. In Professor Oscar
Raima's "Story of my Intellectual Life" (the sub-
title and the more accurately descriptive title of his
"One-Sided Autobiography"), memorable among
the books of the year, he says, in comparing Emer-
son and Plato: "Similar to this feeling of intense
delight which I have found in Emerson is my expe-
rience with Plato, only in a far deeper sense; for
the faults of Emerson—loose connection, staccato
style, lack of philosophical system—are absent from
the Greek, whose dialogues are as marvellous in re-
gard to form, wit, gentle humor, and dramatic and
poetic power, as they are true, deep, far-reaching,
and fraught, on every page, with a sense of the abid-
ing and eternal." In contrast with the emphasis
here laid upon Plato's "form," his freedom from
"loose connection" and from "lack of philosophical
system," there must now be cited a passage from
the second book referred to above, the elaborate
"Life and Letters of Benjamin Jowett," by Dr.
Evelyn Abltott and Dr. Lewis Campbell, in which
it is said of Plato in Jowett's translation that "he
was brought before us in his strength and his weak-
ness: the poetry, the imagination, the elevation of
thought shone out through the English; and on the
other hand tlie sophistry of argument, the uncertainty
and indeiiniteness of the conclusions, the contradic-
tion of various points of view, were not less appar-
ent." This is not quite so strong as Mr. Frederic
Harrison's outspoken verdict, already quoted by us:
"I care for Plato's metaphysics as little as I care
for the rhapsodical gammon of Professor Bergson
or Miss Marie Corelli"; but it certainly conveys a
different impression of Plato's peculiar merits from
that gained in reading Professor Kuhns. Luckily,
however, we can all go directly to Plato himself.
• • •
Library lessons for the public, but without
entrance examination or graduation certificate, are
among the possibilities of the future; yes, even
among the actualities of the present. In the "Wis-
consin Library Bulletin" Miss Maud van Buren
describes certain new and promising "publicity
methods" that are being tried in various places.
For instance, "interest in the new public library of
St. Louis continues to such an extent, and so many
visitors desire to be shown through the building, that
it has been decided to give special attention to visitors
on one evening in every month. On that evening
an effort is made to show the whole building to
visitors, including parts of it that are not usually
open to the public, such as the stock room, the cata-
logue and work rooms, the bindery, etc." Then
follow some suggestions. "Why not, in the case of
a new building, attracting many visitors, make these
special evenings occasions for taking your public into
your confidence? The layman knows little of the
'inner workings' of a library, and because of his
ignorance he is likely to undervalue its importance
and the work of the librarian. Here is an oppor-
tunity to explain the various processes through which
a book must go before the patron gets it The
arrangement of the books on the shelves, special
collections, the use of the catalogue, the Reader's
guide, the clipping and picture collections, and other
features not on the surface, might have attention
called to them at this time." This throwing open of
the penetralia and laying bare of the sacred mys-
teries would have horrified all librarians a century
ago and some librarians even a quarter-century ago;
but, as has already been remarked by someone else,
tempora mutantur et nos mutamur in Mis.
• • •
The first Rollo book was not, as many might
suppose, written by Jacob Abbott; it was the product
of Xenophon's pen, and was called "Cyropsadia."
So we are informed by Mr. Gamaliel Bradford, Jr.,
who writes of the innocent cause of our schoolboy tears
and groans over th<t" Anabasis " in an article entitled
"A Gentleman of Athens," which appears in the
October "Yale Review." Rollo was a royal person-
age in the Greek initial number of the Rollo series.
His name was Cyrus, and he became King of Persia.
He had some of the traits of the best New England
ancestry, and he was always punctual to the second
with his beautifully appropriate platitudes. Inured
to the rigors of a rather meagrely-spread board at
home, whenever he was sent on a visit to his opulent
grandpa, the King of Media, he was treated to goodies
without stint by that indulgent old gentleman. But
in true Rolloesque fashion Cyrus would remark:
"Grandpa, what a bother your meals must be, if you
have to reach for all these dishes and taste so many
kinds of drinks." "What!" exclaims the aston-
ished grandsire, "don't you find this much better
than your food at home?" "Oh, no," replies Rollo;
"the road to repletion is much shorter and easier
with us than with you. Bread and meat take us
right where we wish to go, whereas, though you are
going to the same place, you travel a long way about
before you get there." What could a royal grandpa
reply to this? In such wise, or very nearly, does
Mr. Bradford introduce us to some pleasant aspects
of him who has conducted so many unwilling youths
in that wearisome march up from the sea.
• • •
The Hkger-Bronte correspondence, or the
four recently unearthed and published letters from
Charlotte Bronte to her Brussels teacher, should
not too hastily be taken to prove "a consuming
adoration" (the London '* Book Monthly's" words)
on Miss Bronte's part for Professor Heger. The


1913]
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THE DIAL
reported willingness of Monsieur Heger himself
from the very first to encourage belief in such an
infatuation has always disinclined the reflective to
place any confidence in the absurd story; and Mr.
Clement K. Shorter's "Charlotte Bronte and Her
Circle," with its authoritative account of the whole
affair and its citations from Charlotte Bronte's own
letters to reinforce his assertions, ought to have
forever silenced the gossips who found pleasure in
picturing in a compromising or at least undignified
attitude the author of -'The Professor," the austere
young woman who with her youngest sister rushed
up to London on one memorable occasion to rescue
her pen name and that of the other brothers Bell"
from the imputation of ever so slight a deception
in the pursuit of their literary calling. Marion
Harbin I's short and carefully-written book on Char-
lotte Bronte in her Haworth home gives in a few
words, based on authoritative documents, all that
one needs to know about the Brussels affair, and if
anyone is shown in an unSecoming light it is cer-
tainly not the English literary celebrity whom the
Belgian schoolmaster was not averse to having ap-
pear as subjugated by his invincible charms. So,
at any rate, as the careful an I conciliatory Franklin
would say, it appears to us at present.
• • •
"The three best foods for fancy," said Mr.
Walter R. Nursey, Inspector of Ontario Public Libra-
ries, at the late at nual convention of the Ontario
Library Association, '-are the spoken story, the
drama, and the novel. The sanest, the most whole-
some, the most accessible of these is the novel. It
is as cruel to deprive a growing boy or budding
girl of an abundance of wholesome, enjoyable fic-
tion as it is to debar them from butter on their
bread. But remember that a child should be taught
to think of the labor it has cost to produce a book.
Never to turn down its leaves, never to place it
upon the table face downward, and never to read
with dirty or inky fingers." Then followed the
obvious but always timely truth that "you cannot
develop heroes and heroines on 'mush.' Many chil-
dren's books are too puerile in style and too limited
inlan^uage." The fairy tale received high praise,
perhaps too high praise, from Mr. Nursey, who
quoted Dr. Felix Adler's assertion that "the fac-
ulty of putting oneself in the place of others may be
cultivated by means of fairy tales," and thus the
child's sympathies are "aroused in a variety of
forms." True enough, but let the young reader
take heed lest he be of those
"Who, dabbling in the fonnt of Bctive tears,
And nursed by mealv-iuonth'd philanthropies,
Divorce the Feeling from her mate the Deed."
• • •
Juvenilized science, or the simple and attrac-
tive treatment of more or less difficult subjects for
the entertainment and, indirectly, the instruction of
children, is something far more common in the book
world to day than it was a hundred, or fifty, or even
ten years ago. "Wireless Telegraphy for Amateurs
and Students" will engage the willing attention of
almost any wide-awake boy; "The Child's Day"
succeeds even in presenting the subject of hygiene
in a manner not repulsive to children; and "Lessons
for Junior Citizens" teaches the principles of civil
government so that, though babes may not cry for
the book, it need not draw tears from the young
people who are required to read it These three out
of many such books are mentioned by Miss Elizabeth
McCracken in her late work on "The American
Child," in which she says, not without a little exag-
geration: "It is safe to say that there is practically
no subject so mature that it is not now the theme
of a book, or a score of books, written especially for
children. Every one of the numerous publishing
houses in the United States issues yearly as many
good volumes of this particular type as are submitted.
A century ago a new writer was most likely to win
the interest of a publisher by sending him a manu-
script subtitled, 'A Novel.' At the present time a
beginner can more quickly awaken the interest of a
publisher by submitting a manuscript the title of
which contains the words, 'For Children.'"
• • •
Deafness to the call of Italian culture is
charged against the extra-Italian world by Mr.
Douglas Ainslie in his "Introduction to Croce's
Philosophy of the Practical," contributed to the
October "North American Review." It may be
well to ponder seriously, or as seriously as it de-
serves, his plaint that "the Alps continue to be a
barrier, and the thought of France and of Germany
reaches us, as a rule, far more rapidly than that of
the home of all the arts and of civilization, as we
may call that Italy which contains within it the
classical Greater Greece. A striking instance of
this relatively more rapid distribution of French
thought is afforded by the celebrated Lundis of
Sainte-Beuve, so familiar to many readers; yet a
critic greater in depth than Sainte-Beuve was writ-
ing at the same period — greater in philosophical
vision of the relations of things, for the vision of
Sainte-Beuve rarely rose above the psychological
plun". For one reader acquainted with the History
of Italian Literature of de Sanctis, a hundred are
familiar with the Lundis of Sain'e- Beuve." Never-
theless, Mr. Ainslie finds that since the publication
of his translation from the Italian philosopher
named above "there has been some movement in
the direction of the study of Italian thought and
culture, which I advocated in the Introduction to
that work." With the continuation of his scholarly
undertaking, still in progress, there may be a still
further turning of errant footsteps toward the home
of all the arts. ...
The literature of special libraries, that is,
the books and pamphlets—and there are likely to be
more pamphlets than books—on the library shelves,
is not always or often what some readers would call
literature at all. It is certainly not belles lettres.
Nevertheless, in looking over the current number of


298
[Oct. 16
THE
DIAL
the periodical, "Special Libraries," one meets with
a few book-titles not devoid of interest even to lovers
of literature not so rigidly special as that commonly
handled by the special librarian. In the library of
the Prudential Insurance Company, for instance, a
library containing more than 150,000 volumes and
pamphlets, the statistician of the company selects
certain rare works for mention, the most ancient of
which is the Latin treatise of 1622, " De Mercatura:
Decisiones et Tractatus Varii, et de Rebus ad Earn
Pertinentibus." Another venerable tome is the " Lex
Mercatoria Rediviva," by Wyndham Beawes, pub-
lished in London, 1752. One year earlier in date is
Malachv Postlethwayt's "Dictionary of Trade and
Commerce," and sufficiently ancient is John Wesk-
ett's "Complete Digest of the Theory of Insurance,"
London, 1781. Among early American books on
insurance, the shelves of the Prudential Company
hold "An Account of Charitable Corporations for
the Relief of Widows and Children," Philadelphia,
1769, and the exceedingly rare "Plan of a Society
for Making Provision for Widows by Annuities for
the Remainder of Life," Boston, 1772. Even to such
a strictly commercial theme as insurance the long,
descriptive, sometimes quaint titles of eighteenth
century treatises on that subject impart an interest
not to be found in the curt names chosen for the
publications of to-day.
• a a
Futile literary industry has been engaged in,
the more's the pity, by thousands of penmen since
the invention of writing. A visit to the British
Museum reading-room, with its concentric circles of
desks all filled with busy persons engaged, in most
instances, in writing or in the studies preliminary
to writing, must prompt the query, How much of
all this flow of ink is shed to any good purpose or
with any lasting result? In a recently-printed
"Short History of the Library Company of Phila-
delphia," by Mr. George Maurice Abbot, librarian,
are to be found some personal reminiscences of the
writer's long connection with the famous old institu-
tion founded by Franklin and his fellow-members
of the "Junto." Among these recollections occurs
the following: "Queer people from time to time
have made a practice of coming to the Library. . . .
One was known as the old Swede; he came every
day for years, kept pen and ink in the John Dickin-
son reading desk, and appeared to be taking notes,
all day busily writing, but, strange to say, rarely
asking for a book. Finally he came no more, and
in the Dickinson desk was found only an old pen,
some dried ink, and a roll of manuscript meaning
nothing." Who knows but that, like Mr. Casaubon
in "Middlemarch," he fully believed himself to be
preparing an epoch-making contribution to human
knowledge?
An emperor's books may distinguish themselves
from other books by means of elaborate bindings and
an imperial book-plate; otherwise they are likely
to be not so very different from the books in any
well-appointed library. Those who attend the great
book-trade exhibition at Leipzig next year will have
the pleasure of viewing the library of the reigning
German Emperor, a collection of about six thousand
volumes, two-thirds of which have been acquired by
their owner in the quarter-century since his acces-
sion. It is not a large library for a monarch, or
even for a wealthy private individual, and it is con-
siderably smaller than it would be but for the Kaiser's
characteristic discard of about half the thirty-five
hundred volumes handed down to him by his Hohen-
zollern predecessors. After eliminating what seemed
to him to be mere rubbish he made from time to time
additions to the extent of four thousand or more
works, and the enlarged and modernized collection
is now catalogued under twelve general subject-
headings, — encyclopaedias and dictionaries, juris-
prudence, economics and social science, colonial
literature, arch eulogy and mythology, universal
history, history of the Hohenzollerns, biography
and correspondence, military science, geography
and ethnography, German literature, and art works.
The book plate to be found in each volume was, of
course, " made in Germany," being designed by the
artist Herr Ernst Doeppler, and shows the imperial
arras with the inscription, "Ex libris Wilhelm II.,
Imperatoris Regis."
COMMUNICA TIONS.
ALPHONSO GERALD NEWCOMER.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
You will perhaps not find it amiss to give place for a
few words regarding the late Professor A. G Newcomer
in addition to the note in your issue of October 1. It
was my good fortune to be a colleague of Mr. New-
comer's for ten years, and during a good part of that
period to share the same office with him. Never was
there a man more truly a colleague, as there was never
one more truly a teacher. And uever has there come
into my experience his equal for the meekness and
modesty which adorn scholarship but which are none
too commonly noticed in philologist, critic, or pedagogue.
His first letter to me, written before we had met, when
1 was about to join his department as a comparatively
inexperienced teacher, was an offer to turn over to me
a certain course in a subject with which he knew I bad
been concerned, graciously offering as reason, not the
obvious fact that it was one of the few things I was
competent to teach, but the belief that he had not yet
found the right way to handle that difficult theme.
Years later, I remember, when we were one day discuss-
ing the impatience of the younger men over the slow-
ness with which promotions were coming, Mr. Newcomer
remarked that in earlier days they had been won more
easily, adding: "I have often thought how little I de-
served mine." In twenty years of academic life 1 have
never heard this sentiment uttered sincerely by any
other colleague.
The same modesty of temper preserved in him that
open-mindedness of outlook which keeps criticism sweet
and makes possible continued acquisition and growth at
an age when many scholars have ceased to do aught but
reiterate and defend what they discovered when young.
This temper may be exemplified by a characteristic


1913]
299
THE DIAL
passage from a private letter written by Mr. Newcomer
at a time when we were both doing some work on Shake-
speare's sonnets — a subject where it is almost a matter
of course to revile one's predecessors in the field.
"I am now engaged in reading Massey's work — a
stupendous volume; a little diffuse, but so earnest and
interesting I cannot skim. And though I believe Massey
is quite discredited now, his theory is a most engaging
one. At any rate I think I shall be repaid for perusing
him, for his analysis is so exhaustive that I shall at least
get a good baptism in thts apparently soundless ocean.
At present, you can imagine, my eyes are full of water
and sand, and I am gasping for breath. I find temporary
comfort in turning to Wyndham, and repeating, after
him, that after all the poetry is the main thing, the story
a minor matter. And yet, all those circumstantial de-
tails mull have a story behind them."
The past year was Mr. Newcomer's sabbatical, and
he spent the greater part of his absence in the Mediter-
ranean countries. His health failed so early that he
was unable to carry out a good part of the externals of
his programme, and when I saw him after his return it
was natural to commiserate him on the spoiling of his
long-looked-for journey. But he assured me, with his
always unfailing cheerfulness, that there had been no
disappointment; true, he could not go about as he had
hoped, or even enjoy the expected intercourse with
friends, but Italy had accomplished its old ministry for
his inner life, — it had been a rich experience. "I
should have wished to do no differently," he said, "if I
could have foreseen everything. I am wholly content
with the journey, and wholly content that it is done,
and that I can live with the memory, at home." There,
in his California home, under his rose-vines, it was my
privilege to say good-bye to him only a few days, as it
proved, before the end. He had been reading a volume
of Maeterlinck's tragedies when I came in, and showed
it to me with his eager smile. Not just the book, I
remarked, which some of us would choose as a source
of good cheer in invalidism. "Perhaps not," he said,
"but how beautiful!" This gust of what is beautiful
— coupled always, to be sure, with discernment and
restraint—made him both the teacher and the critic
that he was. He fulfilled, in other words, the wise
saying which he once contributed to a discussion of the
teaching of English (" The Nation," vol. 85, p. 301):
"As for the inner spirit of literature, which we have
so long hungered and striven to teach, may it not be
largely trusted to find its way? The teacher who really
feels it will never be able to conceal his feeling. The
radiation that reaches him will be radiated in turn, the
communicable communicated to so many as are ready
to share in that grace."
Raymond Macdonald Alden.
University qf Illinois, Oct. 5, WIS'.
IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR NEWCOMER.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Your issue of October 1 brought me the news of
Professor A. G. Newcomer's death. He was my teacher
in Greek in Kuox College, and I could not help but con-
trast the fresh delight of those studies under his inspir-
ing companionship with the shadow that falls in thinking
that his work is done. What aspirations and industry
under many difficulties! With these feelings I have
written the little tribute to his memory which follows.
Comrade and friend, what way is yours.
What heights in heaven do you climb,
Now that the immanent flesh immures
No more your steps in space and time?
I was a boy when you were young,
When truth was nan and fame to seek;
You taught me what the Scian sung
Of fallen Troy in golden Greek.
In Spring's enchanted long ago,
In days of April clond and sun.
We scaled Armenia's peaks of snow
Along the page of Xenophon.
Now 'tis September— in my heart,
For loss of yon, an Autumn time.
Here lie the volumes of your art.
True annalist of prose and rhyme.
Your labor's done,— closed is the book,
Idle the once industrious pen.
And vacant the secluded nook
Where once you gleaned the thoughts of men.
Where the march ended was it May?
Where earth, some ocean-girdled cliff?
There, gazing, did your eye survey
Life's many-pictured hieroglyph?
Glad for the battle nobly borne,
Up to the Shadow's goigon kiss.
To wake in some new April morn
Upon your hope's Anabasis.
The sword and shield are hard to bear,
The greaves hang heavy on the knee;
But, soldier of the soul, declare
What was your vision of the sea!
Edgar Lee Masters.
Chicago, Oct. 2, 191S.
INDIAN CENSORSHIP.
(To the Editor of The Dial.)
Some of Mr. Wilfrid Blnnt's books about Egypt
were recently ordered from the London publisher, Mr.
Fisher Unwin, by a bookselling firm in Lahore, India.
The parcel containing them was opened, Mr. Blunt's
books were abstracted, and, after several months,
returned mutilated to the shipper, in an unsaleable con-
dition, certain passages having been officially marked
as "objectionable." Concerning the circumstance, Mr.
Blunt writes as follows to '• India":
"It is a good example of the queer shifts to which
a despotic Government is put which pretends not to be
despotic yet governs by despotic methods. In Russia
a book censorship is openly and directly exercised at
the frontiers, and we, in England, call it an abuse of
power when our books and periodicals are returned to
us with passages officially deleted. In India the same
thing is done, but the Government, by a trick, evades
its responsibility. My books, it appears now, are 'not
prohibited' in India; only prevented from entering the
country in a saleable condition. I would remark that
the volumes in question are no new publications, but
have been many years issued and gone through several
editions; they contain almost nothing about India. One
of the passages most freely underlined is a reprint of
my poem, 'The Wind and the Whirlwind,' an ancient
protest in verse against the bombardment of Alexandria,
published as long ago as 1883."
Erving Winslow.
Boston, Mass., Oct. 6, 191$.


300
[Oct. 16
THE DIAL
Cbe Beta llooks.
A Pobt in Epistolary Mood.*
Instead of wasting words in a vain attempt
to describe the rare flavor of " Some Letters of
William Vaughn Moody," which the poet's in-
timate friend and cordial admirer, Mr. Daniel
Gregory Mason, has so acceptably edited, the
best plan will be to give the reader some liberal
tastes of the volume here and there, and then
trust to his running hotfoot in quest of the
complete book in order to appease the hunger
to which the foretastes will have but imparted
a keener edge. The feast will leave him with
only one regret, that it could not have been pro-
longed; but he will endeavor to console himself
by recalling the good old maxim, that it is better
to rise from table with an appetite than with a
sense of surfeit.
The letters extend over the last seventeen
years of the poet's too-short life, beginning in
1892, when he was twenty-three years old, and
ending in 1909, when he had just entered upon
his forty-first year. First we see him fretting,
good-humoredly, in the bondage of tutorship
and lectureship at Harvard and Chicago, where
he corrected themes, discoursed on the beauties
of English poetry, and counted the days till he
could throw aside blue pencil and lecture notes
and woo the muse in some congenial retreat, in
Italy, England, or elsewhere. In course of time,
and as his efforts in poetry and the drama gained
recognition, he worked himself free of the hated
thraldom; but even while Pegasus wore the har-
ness and the galls were still raw, he evidently
found a sort of Carlylean relish in the very
extravagance of those picturesquely emphatic
epithets with which he knew so well how to
depict his spiritual sufferings. For instance,
he writes to Professor Robert Moras Lovett,
his college mate and close friend, in this wise
from Cambridge, where he was teaching English
composition:
"The midyears [examinations] have left me limp as
a rag, and have convinced me that, instead of an amiable
divorce such as you suggest, Philology and Minerva are
destined to part with mutual scorn and vituperation, if
indeed their feud does not result in pistols and pillow-
chokings. If you want to rescue either of them you
must come on in March as you promise, for I will not
answer for their lives a day later than the twentieth."
But when Cambridge had been exchanged
for Chicago, the venerable elms and time-stained
* Some Letters of William Vaughn Moody. Edited,
with an Introduction, by Daniel Gregory Mason. With por-
traits. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
buildings of Harvard for the raw newness of the
great western university, there was eloquent re-
gret, a sorrow's crown of sorrow, in his vivid
remembrance of happier things. To Mrs.
Marks, who was then Miss Josephine Preston
Peabody, he writes from the city by the lake:
"Cambridge—mellow and autumnal—begins already
to take on really mythic colors — to loom symbolic,
under the stress of this relentless prairie light and vast
featureless horizon ... I do not know what this place
is going to do for me, but I am sure of its potency —its
alchemical power to change and transmute. It is ap-
pallingly ugly for one thing — so ugly that the double
curtain of night and sleep does not screen the aching
sense. For another thing it is absorbing — crude juice
of life — intellectual and social protoplasm Far aloft
hovers phantom Poetry, no longer my delicate familiar.
But I dream of another coming of hers, a new com-
panionship more valorous and simple-hearted."
A little later we read of at least a brief visi-
tation, in which the poem that later became
"Jetsam" was conceived. "Which reminds
me," he says, a propos of nothing, in a letter
to Mr. Mason, "that, having a few hours last
week for ecstatic contemplation of my navel, I
emitted a more or less piercing yawp there-
concerning, in the form of a new treatment of
the moon theme." Not only lecturing and
theme-correcting, but also hack-work for pub-
lishers took the time he would fain have devoted
wholly to original composition. Also, at times,
the charms of some fair one seem to have dis-
quieted him. In the following passage the
"Uncle Horace" referred to is the late Mr.
Scudder, for whom Moody was doing some edi-
torial work as a pot-boiler:
"I have been brutally busy since getting back, on
Uncle Horace's book, so that all my schemes of spirit-
ual conquest are done up in moth-balls for the time
being. . . . One o'clock midnight, and the morrow
flames responsibility. Hire a typewriter—marry one
if necessary — and we will annihilate space. I have a
creature to tell you about — but a Creature I"
Six months later, to the same trusted friend,
Mr. Mason, he writes again in similar strain,
this time giving in prose form the substance,
or rather the airy unsubstantialitv, with much of
the imagery, that later became " Dawn Parley,"
a poetic rhapsody rejected for some unknown
reason when he came to make up the "Poems"
of 1901. Mrs. Moody says he felt that "The
Golden Journey" made it superfluous, as we
learn from a note of Mr. Mason's. Here is the
semi-humorous, semi-sentimental prose version:
"I have had an enormous little adventure since I
wrote last. Another Girl, of course. This time a
Westerner par excellence—a Californian, dating men-
tally from the age of Rousseau and Chateaubriaud, with
geysers and cloud bursts of romanticism, not to say


1913]
301
THE
DIAL
sentimentality; dating spiritually from the Age of Gold,
or some remoter purity, some Promethean dawn, some
first foam-birth in hyperborean seas. She likes Gib-
son's drawings, adores Munsey's, and sings ' Don't be
CrosB, Dear' with awful unction. After this you will
not believe me when I say that she gave me the most
unbearable shiver of rapture at recognition of essential
girlhood that I for a long time remember. Well, have
you ever slept under the same roof with such a person,
in the country, and wakened at that moment before
dawn when in the 'spectral uncompounded light' the
spirit is least capable of defense, when it feels only a
membrane separating it from the shock of joy and woe
as they stream from the passionate dayspriug, and have
you felt the sense of that common shelter like a caress,
heard through walls and doors the rise and fall of her
breast as an ineffable rhythm swaying the sun? If you
have you can realize the gone feeling that possessed
me when she said (interpreting my own gloomy guess)
that my kind was not her kind, that my language was
not her language, and that her soul could only be stu-
dious to avoid mine, as the bird flying southward in
spring avoids the hunter. I bowed assent and came
home. I now nurse memories and grow elegiac."
Less than a month afterward he writes again to
the same correspondent, enclosing what he calls
"a reaction on a recent notable Experience."
To complete this little story of a poem in the
making, let us reproduce the verses, especially
as they are omitted from the familiar collection
of his works. The title, as already stated, is
"Dawn Parley." ,
"I woke upon the edge of day, ,
The east was wild with racing light,
All meek and wild my spirit lay
Star-shaken with delight.
"I said, 'This moment she doth wake
Within the chamber next but one,
She sees the morning-glory shake
Its trumpets to the sun.'
"A bird that had his headstrong say
Outside my casement, frilled and went;
All wild and wan my spirit lay
With sudden anguish rent.
"For yesternight I laid my brain
And all my soul's dim banded powers
Open to her, who said, < T is plain
Thy ways are none of ours.
'"Though nobly good to thine and thee,
To us thy ways are strange and drear;
I go with my sweet friends to be,
And thou must tarry here.'
"Above the hurry of the light
All meek and wild my spirit hung,
From ihe far hills I scared the night
And in the zenith sung,
"«OI playmates of her heedless hours,
Her eyes ye never more may see:
My brain and all my soul's dim powers
Possess her utterly.'"
So bold and dexterous an artist in words as
Moody one will not meet again in many months.
There is notable pruning of extravagances as
years sober the mind, but to the very end he
was panting to achieve fresh triumphs in the
manner of handling his medium. He says to
one of his friendly critics: "I think you are not
tolerant enough of the instinct for conquest in
language, the attempt to push out its boundaries,
to win for it continually some new swiftness,
some rare compression, to distil from it a more
opaline drop."
Mr. Mason's Introduction, written in loyal
affection and admiration for his friend, forms an
important part of the volume, and has no little of
the glow and shimmer of the pages that follow.
In speaking of Moody's endless pains with the
manuscript of his poems, his corrections upon
corrections, layers deep, Mr. Mason likens his
much-emended lines to " the pediments of ruined
temples, with columns of words risingat irregular
intervals to unequal heights"—exciting a nat-
ural query in the reader whether pediment is not
here inadvertently made to do duty for pedestal
or some similar word. On the whole, it is a
satisfaction, a delight even, to have this volume
of Moody's informal prose, as an object lesson
in the making of a poet and a commentary on
some of his poems. Its high-hearted, vigorous,
always finely imaginative style cannot but make
young readers rejoice in their youth, and older
ones feel their thinner blood pulsing a little more
quickly in their veins. Two portraits of Moody
in his early manhood, with a facsimile page of
his manuscript, enrich the volume.
Percy F. Bicknell.
The Pivotal Period of the Civil War.*
The task of continuing the late John C.
Ropes's admirable work on the Civil War, two
volumes of which had appeared at the time of
the author's death in 1899, was assigned to
Colonel William Roscoe Livermore; and the
first instalment of the continuation has re-
cently been published in two volumes, covering
the campaigns of 1863 up to .Inly 10. Colonel
Livermore is an officer of the Uuited States
army, a member of the Massachusetts Military
Historical Society, and the author of several
*Thk Story of the Civil Wab. By William Rosooe
Livermore. (In continuation of the work of John Codman
Ropes.) Volume III., The Campaigns of 1863 to July 10,
together with the Operations on the Mississippi from April,
1862. In two parts, with maps and plans. New York:
Q. P. Putnam's Sons.


802
[Oct. 16
THE DIAL
books on the art and science of war. There is
every evidence that his work is as careful and
painstaking in method, as full and unbiased in
treatment, as the most exacting critic might
require. The official records of the Union and
Confederate armies have been studied and di-
gested with all diligence; and, as far as the
present reviewer can judge, every other trust-
worthy source of importance has been consulted
and properly evaluated. It may be said at once
that Colonel Livermore has shown himself
worthy to continue the work of Colonel Ropes,
whose untimely death left his task but well
begun.
The author's point of view, as stated in the
Introduction, is frankly warlike. He says:
"In the struggle for existence, great nations are
crowding upon each other. Universal peace will not be
possible until conflicting interests shall have been ad-
justed All nations but our own are preparing for
defense. By neglecting to bear our share of the
burden, we are insulting the rest of the civilized world
upon whom we now rely for our safety in the hope that
each nation will hold the other in check, and save us
from all trouble and expense. . . . The history of the
Civil War is useful in keeping alive the military inter-
est of the present generation so that the next may have
some civil history to record."
On this reasoning one should regret the extra-
ordinary "peace developments" of the last few
months; for if all the nations should continue
their arbitration agreements and expand the
operations of the Hague tribunal, it would seem
that the "necessary wars" may not come, and
in that case succeeding generations will have no
civil history to record. It is an interesting
result of military thinking in the United States
that the Civil War should now be regarded as
a thing for which thanks should be rendered,
since it has been the means of keeping alive
the warlike passions, or at any rate a pride in
successful conflict.
In volume one of this second part of the
general work of Ropes and Livermore there is
a careful analysis of the positions of the con-
tending forces in the Civil War. The import-
ance to both sides of Vicksburg, Chattanooga,
and Richmond is clearly shown. The difficul-
ties of the tasks of the contending generals are
made more evident than in previous works.
As to the numbers of men engaged, there is no
disposition to under-estimate the Federals and
over-estimate the Confederates,—a weakness of
most writers on the war. Colonel Livermore
places the Union strength on January 1.1863,
at 547,100 men, the Confederate at 272.100.
That is to say, the armies of Grant, Rosen-
cranz, and Hooker were more tban twice as
strong in human material as those of Pember-
ton, Bragg, and Lee. This is almost conceding
the contention of the South that it was out-
numbered "three to one." English military
critics, like Henderson and Wood and Edmonds,
in their admirable studies of the war, have
made similar estimates. It is clear to all that
the long-standing quarrel between North and
South as to numbers of men engaged is about
to terminate with judgment in favor of the South-
ern claims.
Of the commanders and their personal quali-
fications, Colonel Livermore says less than might
be wished; but it must be recalled that Ropes
has already given us many character sketches
of the leading generals, — though he wrote with
less sympathy for the Southerners than the
present author would have shown. Lee receives
some attention, and his place of primacy among
all the generals of the war is acknowledged,— he
is characterized as "the greatest captain of his
age." General Grant is not so highly praised,
though his work at Vicksburg is compared
to that of Napoleon at Ulm. It should be
said, however, that this comparison is quoted
from Halleck, and is not offered as the author's
opinion. Pernberton had no conception of the
problem which it was his business to solve at
Vicksburg; nor does Joseph E. Johnston win
from Colonel Livermore any of the high praise
which General Sherman awarded him after the
war was over.
The battle of Gettysburg receives the most
detailed study and analysis, about one-fifth of
the work being given to the account of that
sanguinary conflict. The claim is made and
ably supported that Meade in Pennsylvania,
and not Grant at Vicksburg, secured the life of
the American nation, because Lee "bore the
fortunes of the Confederacy on his saddle bow,"
and he who struck at Lee and his army struck
at the true objective. The number of men who
took part in the battle are again given according
to the disputed Confederate estimates, — that is,
Meade had 96,000 and Lee only 76,000. These
figures are not very different from those cited
by Mr. Rhodes, the general historian of the war.
The question of who was to blame for the Con-
federate disaster on the third day of the battle
is no nearer a settlement in Colonel Livermore's
pages than it has been before. The Englishmen,
Wood and Edmonds, in their brief but admirable
work, say bluntly that Longstreet must bear the
blame; and they go so far as to criticize Lee
because he failed to order a court martial. This
is the view of most Southern writers,—though


1913] THE DIAL. S03
Lee never gave an opinion on the subject, either
in his report of the battle or, as far as the present
reviewer has been able to ascertain, in his later
conversations or private correspondence. In
fact, the great Confederate general assumed re-
sponsibility for all the errors of that fatal day;
and in view of the unparalleled boldness of some
of his orders this seems not unjust, as Colonel
Livermore makes plain. In this, the keen and
discerning Southern general, E. P. Alexander,
chief of artillery of the Confederate army, sus-
tains the author; and most Northern writers
are of the same opinion. Gettysburg was the
gigantic blunder of a great soldier. The reason
is plain. Lee had beaten McClellan, Pope,
Burnside, and Hooker in quick succession; he
thought himself invincible and his army thought
itself invincible, and both army and commander
stood ready for any hazardous task. The
Southern people also spurred their greatest war
machine onward, seeking battle on Northern
soil and expecting victory. The outcome is
known to everyone: the Confederacy there be-
gan its downward career.
Meade's failure to attack Lee on the 4th of
July is explained by Colonel Livermore much
to the credit of the sturdy Northern leader.
He knew the risk, and dreaded the effect on
Northern opinion of a possible defeat. He and
his officers were so accustomed to defeat that
they thought it best to maintain the prestige
won by the three-days' fighting, and endeavor
thus to reinspire the Northern people, who had
grown sick of disaster. This is the reasoning
which Colonel Livermore thinks occupied the
mind of Meade. Other writers have made out
the same case for the hero of Gettysburg, and
possibly this is the correct view. But it admits
the interpretation that the head of a victorious
army, a third stronger than the defeated foe,
was afraid of Lee; that victory had not been
expected, and that the risk of a second encounter
was too great to take. It shows the prestige of
the Southern commander, and tends to prove
that the war was not so near its end as is claimed
by the very men who justify Meade. In war
much depends upon a single throw of the dice,
and it was altogether likely that the army of
Northern Virginia would yet regain its high
position and win the coveted Southern indepen-
dence.
There are many interesting questions raised
in these pages which one would like to discuss
at length, did space permit. It only remains to
say that all who desire a fair and straightforward
account of the military movements of 1863 need
but turn to these volumes. And all who know
the earlier work of Colonel Hopes will rejoice
that the same spirit and the same keen intelli-
gence which distinguished the author of the
first part of the work also pervade the pages of
Colonel Livermore's continuation.
William E. Dodd.
Jane Austen's Home Life.*
Jane Austen is in the foreground again. As
a matter of fact, "poor little Jane," as some
unfriendly critics have gratuitously called her,
has never been very far in the background at
any time during the past thirty or forty years.
Since the publication in 1870 of the Memoir by
her nephew, J. E. Ansten-Leigh, no less than
eight biographies of the novelist have appeared,
to say nothing of introductions, sketches, criti-
cisms, and appreciations, which it might be diffi-
cult to count. It may be of interest to add that
at least ten important editions of the novels
have been published since 1880. Now we have
a fresh narrative of Jane Austen's life,— a
"Family Record" as its authors describe it,—
by the son and the grandson of the author of the
Memoir. It is a volume of four hundred pages,
with a charming portrait and with an appendix
which contains variant readings and corrections
of the text of the novels, also a partial bibli-
ography.
The publication of this work is justified by
its authors on the ground that the earlier nar-
rative failed to take account of Jane Austen's
life on its emotional and romantic side; more-
over, as they claim, its author "hardly knew
how much she bad gone into society, or how
much, with a certain characteristic aloofness,
she had enjoyed it"; and, thirdly, the uneventful
nature of the author's life they think has been
exaggerated. These are interesting points cer-
tainly, and thoroughly important; for tradition
has imaged Jane Austen as unromantic and
unemotional, shut in by the narrow environment
of a small and isolated Hampshire village, lead-
ing a secluded life, with few social opportunities,
shy, ignorant of the world and indifferent to its
great events.
The early home of Jane Austen at Steventon
does naturally suggest retirement if not isolation.
It is in a shallow valley among low-lying hills;
the rectory, elm-shaded, is at the end of a row
of cottages; the church, small and solitary but
•Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters. A Family
Record. By William Ansten-Leigh and Richard Arthur
Austen-Leigh. With portrait. New York: K. P. Dutton A Co.


304
[Oct. 16
THE
DIAL
interesting because of its age (it dates from the
tenth or eleventh century), stands beyond the
village; aged hawthorns blossom in the church-
yard, and a lone yew, as ancient as the church,
droops above the graves. This was Jane Aus-
ten's home for five and twenty years; here she
planned and wrote "Northanger Abbey" and the
sketches, later revised and amplified in "Sense
and Sensibility" and "Pride and Prejudice."
We think instinctively of that other rectory at
Haworth where the Brontes, a generation later,
lived their precocious childhood; but the atmos-
phere of the Yorkshire moors was different from
that of the Hampshire downs, and there was
nothing abnormal in the life at Steventon rec-
tory. Rev. George Austen was a man of placid
disposition, serenely tempered; Mrs. Austen
was positive, shrewd, determined. From her
mother, Jane inherited her acute insight into
character, her energy and her sense of humor;
her refinement of intellect, her appreciation of
literary achievement, and her serenity came from
her father. There were eight children in the
home, of whom Jane was the seventh; her oldest
brother was ten years her senior, and Cassandra,
her only sister, was two years older than herself.
Thus closely drawn together by their ages, the
two Bitten were inseparable until death parted
them, each regarding the other as her second
self. It was a pleasant country home, with a
touch of the farm in its activities. The Rector
kept his horses, and Mrs. Austen supervised a
dairy and a poultry yard. The boys were en-
thusiastic lovers of sport; two of them afterward
entered the navy and each attained the rank of
admiral. While the girls were still young the
older brothers had completed their course at
Oxford and were at home assisting in the edu-
cation of the sisters. Jane was given a taste of
boarding-school life between the ages of seven
and nine, but she appears rather to have accom-
panied Cassandra because she could not endure
the separation from her sister than for any more
serious purpose. It was always a reading house-
hold, and reference is frequent in the memoir to
the books and authors of the day. The children
were fond of amateur theatricals, and acted plays
with elaborate preparation, using the barn as a
theatre in summer, the dining-room in winter.
Socially, the Austens were the most import-
ant family in the village; they enjoyed the best
society in the countryside, and exercised a liberal
hospitality in the entertainment of friends and
relatives. Their circle of acquaintances was
large, and life was far from dull. As Cassandra
and Jane grew older they found apparently no
lack of amusement such as naturally appeals to
young people, in the way of parties, balls, and
the regular monthly assembly held at Basing-
stoke. Under date of January 9, 1796, Jane
writes to her sister, in a characteristically lively
strain:
"You scold me so much in the nice long letter which
I have this moment received from you, that I am almost
afraid to tell you how my Irish friend and I behaved.
Imagine to yourself everything most profligate and
shockiug in the way of dancing and sitting down to-
gether. I can expose myself, however, only once more,
because he leaves the country soon after next Friday,
on which day we are to have a dance at Ashe after all.
He is a very gentlemanlike, good-looking, pleasant young
man, I assure you. But as to our having ever met,
except at the three last balls, I cannot say much; for he
is so excessively laughed at about me at Ashe, that he
is ashamed of coming to Steventon, and ran away when
we called on Mrs. Lefroy a few days ago."
The youth referred to, Tom Lefroy, was the
nephew of a dear friend of the Austens, the
wife of the rector in the neighboring parish of
Ashe. This " very gentlemanlike, good-looking,
pleasant young man" was afterward Chief Jus-
tice of Ireland; he was not the hero of Jane
Austen's one actual romance.
It will be readily seen that Jane Austen's
girlhood was by no means solitary, nor was it
quite untouched by the stimulus of outside
events. Two years previous to the date of the
letter quoted here, the quiet life of the rectory
was disturbed by an incident which must have
brought the grim tragedy of the French Revo-
lution very forcibly to the imagination of this
impressionable girl, then eighteen. A cousin
of the Austens had married a French nobleman
who, in 1794, was guillotined at Paris. His
wife, the countess, had been intimately asso-
ciated with the family at Steventon, had visited
them shortly before her husband's arrest, and
may possibly have been at Steventon when the
execution took place.
Moreover, we must not think of the experi-
ences even of these earlier years as limited by
the narrow boundaries of a country village.
Jane had had her first glimpse of London at
twelve years of age. There were numerous con-
nections of the family with whom visits were
constantly being exchanged. One of the elder
brothers settled in London, another inherited
an extensive estate in Kent. Cassandra and
Jane were often in these homes, sometimes to-
gether, sometimes singly, and a varied society
was thus opened to them. The popular and
lively resort of Bath was distant but two days'
easy travel by post chaise. A brother of Mrs.
Austen, a gentleman of ample means and ad-


1913]
305
THE DIAL
dieted to gout, was frequently at Bath, and it
was a common occurrence for Jane and Cas-
sandra to be entertained by their uncle and
aunt. That Miss Austen made effective use of
what she observed in the society of this lively
resort is evident to her readers. In 1801, on
account of the Rector's failing health, the home
at Steventon was broken up and the entire
family removed to Bath, residing there until
after Mr. Austen's death in 1805. It was prob-
ably about the period of this change in their
affairs that the one serious romantic episode
occurred in the life of the novelist. The facts
are obscure; the circumstances, even the name
of Jane's lover, are unknown. The meeting
apparently took place one summer when Jane
and Cassandra were at the seashore; the gentle-
man died of some sudden illness within a few
months, of the beginning of their acquaintance.
By a strange coincidence, Cassandra's only love-
affair was terminated in the same pathetic way.
Jane Austen's literary activities began early;
she had written stories and dramatic sketches
before she was sixteen, but these contained
nothing notable except their style, which was
pure and simple; the sense of humor which
they betrayed was already keen. In later life
Miss Austen expressed the wish that she had
read more and written less; there is, however,
no good reason why we should coincide in this
opinion, which was, after all, only a bit of advice
to a little girl of twelve over-fond of scrib-
bling. At all events Jane slipped easily into the
first stages of serious composition before she
was twenty. The family were great novel-
readers,— "and not ashamed of being so."
The name of Jane Austen appears in the list of
subscribers to "Camilla," published in 1796.
It is even possible that she may have met
Madame d'Arblay, who, from 1793. to 1797,
lived in the adjoining county of Surrey, a neigh-
bor and intimate friend of cousins of the Austens
with whom Jane visited. In "Sense and Sen-
sibility" one may find traces perhaps of the
author'8 interest in " Evelina." The fact that
Jane's first version of her novel, the " Elinor
and Marianne," followed the epistolary form is
significant of the writer's respect for these earlier
English novels, — especially for the works of
Richardson.
Jane Austen was singularly objective in all
her literary work. She never intrudes. There
is a reminiscence of her own early efforts at
self-education in the account of Elizabeth Ben-
net's girlhood, and a reminder of her own
feelings at the breaking-up of the home at
Steventon in the grief of Marianne at leaving
Norland. There is also a suggestion of the
school days at Reading in the description of
Mrs. Goddard's school in "Emma." The only
probable portrait is that of one of the sailor
brothers in the character of William Price, in
"Mansfield Park"; but these are almost the
only allusions of a purely personal nature in all
her works. Writing to her sister in 1798, she
speaks severely of a certain novel which offended
her literary sense in this respect.
"Never did any book carry more internal evidence
of its author. Every sentiment is completely Kgerton's.
There is very little story, and what there is is told in
a strange, unconnected way. There are many char-
acters introduced, apparently merely to be delineated."
This criticism is particularly interesting as it
antedates the revision of her first two novels,
and was written while she was busy on the first
draft of "Northanger Abbey."
The last eight years of Jane Austen's life
were spent at Chawton, where Mrs. Austen and
her daughters lived in a pleasant country house
on the estate of one of her sons. Not far from
Steventon, the scene of her first productive
period, the novelist here resumed her literary
work with serious purpose. It was at Chawton
that her first two novels were finally prepared
for the press, and here that "Mansfield Park,"
"Emma," and " Persuasion " were written. In
the general sitting-room at Chawton, Miss Aus-
ten did most of her literary work, subject to
interruptions from servants, children, and visit-
ors, writing on small sheets of paper which
could be easily slipped under her blotting-pad
whenever the creaking swing-door gave notice
that anyone was coming. Modest and shy in
regard to her work, and altogether indifferent
to fame, she evaded publicity; few outside the
circle of her relatives learned her secret while
she lived.
At this day it is unnecessary to discuss Jane
Austen's place in literature, or to weigh her
work to estimate its values, human or artistic.
She herself once spoke of "the little bit, two
inches wide, of ivory on which I work with so
fine a brush, as produces little effect after much
labor "; no one has described her process better.
She used material which was familiar and which
she understood; she loved the field in which
she found it. To her niece, whose literary am-
bition had found expression at an early age, she
said:
"You are now collecting your people delightfully,
getting them exactly into such a spot as is the delight
of my life. Three or four families in a country village
is the very thing to work on, and I hope you will write


306
[Oct. 16
THE
DIAL
a great deal more, and make full use of them while
they are so favorably arranged."
Such depreciation of Miss Austen's accom-
plishment as exists is based upon what she did
not do rather than upon what she did, — an
unsound basis for criticism of one who achieved
so much. One might justly criticise her favorite
poets, Cowper and Crabbe, because they did
not write otherwise than they did.
The "Life and Letters " now published has
its chief merit in bringing the youth of Jane
Austen and the period of her first literary de-
velopment more vividly to light. In giving
proper emphasis to the emotional and social
side of her nature the authors of the book have
really helped us to understand her better; there
is no question that they have corrected some
erroneous impressions regarding this most inter-
esting personality. W. E. Simonds.
Byzantine and Romanesque
Architecture.*
The receding waves of enthusiasm for single
architectural styles or for a restricted hierarchy
of styles are laying bare a broad margin for
appreciation and legitimate individual prefer-
ence. The day is still not wholly past when
critics, by rigid exclusion of all architecture not
perfect in structural expression, limit their ad-
miration to the Greek and the Gothic, or even
to the masterpieces of these styles, the Parthenon
and the cathedral of Amiens. An increasing
tolerance, the result of keener vision, is now,
however, permitting the enrollment of one ex-
onerated style after another under the old shib-
boleth "Reason in Architecture." The motto
has not been changed, but the reasons accepted
are more numerous and varied. Roman archi-
tecture, Renaissance, baroque, and modern
architecture, all have been recently defended,
and, if not wholly free from the stigma of incom-
plete structural logic, have been justified as
possessing high qualities.
In his latest work, "Byzantine and Roman-
esque Architecture," Mr. Thomas Graham
Jackson, the veteran English architect and
writer, appears as one of the champions of these
two relatively neglected styles, which, though
they have escaped positive condemnation, have
usually been contrasted unfavorably with the
Gothic. Instances could be multiplied in which
•Byzantine and Romanesque Architectubh. By
Thomas Graham JackBon, R. A. In two volumes. Illustrated.
Cambridge University Press. University of Chicago Press,
American agents.
he contravenes the traditional view. Speaking
of the French Romanesque of Auvergne, he says:
"After spending some weeks among the robust
round-arched churches that we have been de-
scribing, one finds the Gothic of the cathedral
of Clermont thin and unsatisfactory . . . one
misses the broad simplicity, the generous solidity
of column, arch, and wall, the grandeur of un-
broken surface that gives the earlier Romanesque
a dignity, and at the same time a geniality that
one fails to find in the more scientific construc-
tion of the later style." Again, in the conclud-
ing chapter: "Inferior as they are in science,
the solidity of the Romanesque buildings with
their sturdy columns and massive proportions
will often satisfy the artist eye better than the
more slender and ingenious constructions of a
later day, when the architect economized sub-
stance almost as closely as the engineer."
That this is not an isolated preference, but an
instance of changing critical sentiment, is illus-
trated by similar relaxation of purist rigors
against Roman architecture, from which the
Romanesque took its departure.
"It is quite true that ornament rises in value in pro-
portion as it illustrates and emphasizes the construction;
and the converse is also true that ornament is indefen-
sible when it falsifies or conceals it. But to the latter
charge, at all events, the Roman architect need not plead
guilty: his wall decoration by columns and entablatures
deceives nobody; no one would take them for the main
supports of the building. ... It does not do to apply
the canon of utility too rigidly to every decorative
feature in architecture. The objection which is raised
against Roman architecture on Ruskinite principles
might with equal force be taken to much that we admire
in Gothic. . . . The Gothic spire itself is an extrava-
gance if we look merely to its original function as a
covering to the tower. While on the one hand we should
try to make decoration as significant as we can, it is
clear that if the test of utility is pedantically enforced,
there will be an end of architecture altogether."
It is by a freedom from bigotry and preconcep-
tion, of which this ability to see freshly is an
evidence, that Mr. Jackson makes his chief con-
tribution to the discussion of his subject.
In other ways the book is often disappointing.
The author frequently seems unaware of cur-
rent controversies which one might reasonably
expect to find discussed. The only reference
to purposed irregularities, or refinements, in the
laying out of the buildings considered is a brief
mention of those in the facade of the cathedral
of Pisa, based upon Ruskin's early observa-
tions. With Mr. William H. Goodyear's ex-
tended researches on this monument and the
others of its group he seems unacquainted.
Mr. Goodyear's demonstration, published some
years ago, that the campanile at Pisa was from


1913]
307
THE
DIAL
the beginning intended to lean was sufficiently
plausible to convince many scholars, including
those attached to the Italian government, yet
Mr. Jackson speaks simply of the "accident"
of its leaning. It is interesting to note, how-
ever, that he, like Mr. Goodyear, considers the
inclination an artistic merit, and thus furnishes
a disinterested corroboration of the motive
assigned for building the tower in this manner.
Of Professor C. H. Moore's ideas on mediaeval
church architecture and the origins of Gothic
he seems equally unregardful. To treat the
pointed arch as the fundamental differentia of
Gothic seems nowadays rather naive.
These instances open the way to a general
discussion of Mr. Jackson's method and its
bearing on the value of his work. His confessed
limitation to buildings, or at least to classes of
buildings, which he has visited and studied
himself is praiseworthy for caution, but makes
the work a partial collection of monographs
rather than a well rounded history. This would
not be so serious if seeming unfamiliarity with
some of the omitted classes of monuments did
not tend to impair the authority of certain of
his generalizations. Discussion of the recipro-
cal influences of Byzantium and Italy without
thorough knowledge of the churches of Greece
and of South Italy can scarcely carry conviction.
The great amount of matter descriptive of sin-
gle monuments included tends to obscure the
general historic outline. Much of it, though
doubtless based on personal observation, merely
repeats information which is common property,
and even when fresh facts are presented it is
questionable if the place and the manner of
presentation are of the best. A series of topo-
graphical works for the local styles most dis-
cussed, such as the Byzantine of Constantinople
and Salonica, or the Romanesque of Great
Britain, similar to the same author's admirable
"Dalmatia," would seem a more suitable form.
Freed from the mass of description, the his-
torical introductions and summaries emerge as
the most interesting parts of the book. By
newer or better readings of history, they often
healthily correct superficial views advanced by
previous historians of the relation of art to
environment. Among such suggestive analyses,
those of the condition of Italy in post-Roman
times, and of the circumstances surrounding
the building of the great French churches seem
especially just.
The illustrations show few unfamiliar monu-
ments, but they are frequently taken from un-
hackneyed points of view and show details
which are little known. The author's sketches,
some of them made more than fifty years ago,
have often an added value through showing
buildings as they formerly stood. The rich-
ness of sketchbooks from which such an uncon-
templated selection could be made is a testimony
to the breadth of personal observation on which
Mr. Jackson so much depends. The expressed
prejudice against photography, however, is
scarcely borne out by the relative clearness and
superior authenticity of the photographs repro-
duced.
As covering the same general field, the book
invites comparison with Mr. Arthur Kingsley
Porter's recent work,"Mediaeval Architecture,"
though this latter is intentionally confined to
styles in the main line of development towards
Gothic. Mr. Porter's thread of narrative and
generalization is much easier to follow than
Mr. Jackson's; his descriptions of single monu-
ments are wisely relegated to appended lists.
With its rich provision of bibliographies and
abstracts from archaeological literature, it re-
sembles the German "Handbiicher," summar-
izing the state of knowledge concerning its
subject. Mr. Jackson's book, in contrast, is
essentially personal, and derives its mellowness
from years of life and experience. Though
difficult to classify as to form, it is welcome as
preserving a knowledge of the buildings dis-
cussed which is scarcely to be equalled for
intimacy among our own generation or the gen-
eration of our fathers.
Sidney Fiske Kimball.
Diverse Aspects of Botany.*
The title of Professor F. W. Oliver's recent
volume, "Makers of British Botany," should
rather have been, "British Makers of Botany."
The book contains brief biographies of men
who did indeed live in Britain, but who studied
the botany of the world. For this reason, the
work is of interest, not only in the British
Islands, but wherever students have occasion
to follow in the footsteps of such illustrious
masters as the Hookers, father and son, Lind-
ley, Harvey, Berkeley, Williamson, and the
rest. The chapters have been written by various
well-known botanists, and with two exceptions
* Makbks of British Botany. Edited by F.W. (Mirer.
Cambridge University Press. New York: (J. P. Putnam's
Sons.
The Living Plant. By William F. Qanong. Illus-
trated. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
Popular. Botany. By A. E. Knight and Edward Step.
In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: Henry Holt & Co.


308
[Oct. 16
THE
DIAL
each is devoted primarily to the life of a single
man. There is some advantage in this, since
each author is discussed by one who is expert
in the branch of botany he especially cultivated;
but taken all together, the treatment necessarily
lacks continuity and unity. Perhaps the strong-
est impression gained after reading this series
of biographies is that science progresses in very
different ways and through the labors of very
different men. In one case we observe what
seems like a dignified and orderly pageant of
progress; in another, erratic and irregular out-
bursts, in which real contributions to knowledge
are mixed with quite other matters. Here we
see the eminent official, honored and well paid;
there the patient amateur, who does what he
can, for the love of it, in the intervals of a busy
life. All have scientific zeal; but their other
possessions, mental and material, may be infin-
itely diverse. All who would be students should
read such a book as this, if only to perceive
that the aristocratic level in science cuts nearly
at right angles to the more familiar social strata.
It is this which stultifies even academic distinc-
tions in the long run.
Dr. William F. Ganong, professor of botany
in Smith College, has long been known as an
ardent and independent worker, especially de-
voted to the pedagogy of his subject. He now
extends the scope of his endeavor, and produces
a book, " The Living Plant," designed not for
experts, or even for college classes, bat for the
great multitude of those who desire a readable
and intelligible account of the principles of
botany. So, he says, "I have been at more
pains to be clear than to be brief, assuming on
the part of my reader no great knowledge of
the subject, but a large willingness to take
trouble to learn." He has also frankly faced
the philosophical questions underlying all bio-
logical studies, and arrives at a position which
he calls "supervitalism." To those who see
only mechanism in all life-phenomena, this atti-
tude will be abhorrent, and Dr. Ganong will be
accused of exhibiting superficial vagueness in
place of the precision expected of a scientific
man. Others will remember that the great root
of superstition has been the desire to find simple
explanations, short-cuts to the understanding
of nature's mysteries. Hearing in thunder the
angry growls of Zeus, one had no occasion to
know anything about electricity. Is it not pos-
sible, to say the least, that in our modern zeal
for complete "explanation" we may merely
flatten out and smooth down our mental con-
cepts, leaving nature herself as rugged as before?
So if Dr. Ganong seems a little ambiguous in his
philosophy, it is not necessary to suppose that
he himself knows exactly what he means; the
point is, that there is something he and we can
feel and yet not understand. Those who insist
most loudly that they stick to " facts," and are
content with "known causes," end by making
those "facts" and "causes" do all the work;
a proceeding quite analogous to that of the men
of old, who explained what they could by no
possibility then understand, by overworking
"facts" already familiar to them. To return
to Dr. Ganong's book: it is an excellent intro-
duction to botany, readable and clear. It is
illustrated by a number of useful figures and
diagrams. From the standpoint of a beginner,
it has perhaps one fault: the discussions are
too general, without sufficient citation of partic-
ular cases. On account of this, notwithstanding
a high degree of lucidity, it may sometimes be
difficult to hold the attention. The student
cannot be so precipitately synthetic.
Messrs. Knight and Step's "Popular Bot-
any," originally published in England and now
reissued in this country, is a large two-volume
work, with (to quote literally from the title-page)
"721 beautiful illustrations and 18 colored
plates." It is a cleverly written popular compi-
lation, prepared by men who know much about
the subject. The authors have taken a great
deal of trouble to search out interesting passages
in various writings and quote them at length,
thus enlivening their narrative. The very nu-
merous illustrations are of unequal merit. The
plate facing the title-page of the first volume
represents a tropical African plant, drawn by
Sir H. H. Johnston, and is truly magnificent.
The text-figures include very many excellent
reproductions fiom photographs, and a large
number of very poor drawings, that of the Leaf
Butterfly (Vol. I., p. 4) being positively scandal-
ous. A very remarkable picture occupies p. 67
of the first volume; it represents a giant cactus
of Mexico, clearly from a photograph, but some
enterprising artist has added a drawing of a
Mexican, on such a scale as to make the cactus
seem enormously larger than it really was. The
legend beneath states that the spines are long
enough to be used as toothpicks, which is true
enough; but they appear about as long as the arm
of the man figured! Such fake pictures ought
not to be published. After making these criti-
cisms, it is only fair to add that they have to do
only with relatively minor features of an excel-
lent book.
T. D. A. Cockereli,.


1913]
309
THE DIAL,
Briefs on New Books.
Anapprauaiof In view of the oltra-generous treat-
the Nicutchean ment already accorded to the creator
phtiotophu. of the Uebermerueh, Mr. Georges
Chattei-ton Hill's "The Philosophy of Nietzsche:
An Exposition and an Appreciation" (Appleton)
reveals at once sublimated faith on the part of the
writer and profitable experience on the part of the
publisher. This revelation is much the more strik-
ing since the manuscript of the book was finished
eight years ago, and since but two of its thirteen
chapters contain anything that would have been
essentially new for the readers of 1905,—and even
these have been anticipated, if not superseded, in
the meanwhile. All serious students of Nietzsche
know that heroism, sincerity, and refinement were his
three most prominent traits, and that he looked upon
the State, the moral law, science, and Christianity
as exasperating hindrances in the development of his
ideal class. An elaboration of these ideas, coupled
with a brief account of his life, fills Book One of the
present work. Book Two goes over the now hard-
trodden ground of will, knowledge, master and
slave, superman; and compares Nietzsche with Max
Stirner, after having appraised the former. It is
these two sections that one reads with the interest of
near-novelty. Mr. Hill finds Nietzsche and Stirner
alike in their idealization of force, their belief in
the will of power, their doctrine of the integral life,
their faith in the preeminence of the voluntary over
the purely intellectual sentiments, and their exalta-
tion of the individual. Both were individualists,—
Nietzsche for the sake of the race, his inferior pro-
totype for the sake of the individual; while Stirner
admired a Cesare Borgia as such, Nietzsche admired
him as the type of a race to come. But with all of
Mr. Hill's able comparison, it is a pity to see him re-
ferring to such works on Stirner as those of Mackay
and ReVlaire and leaving S. T. Byington's classic
translation (1907), with its excellent introduction
by J. L. Walker, out of consideration. In this one
respect at least, Mr. Hill should have revised his
treatise to date. But with his general evaluation of
Nietzsche no one will quarrel. It is a delight to
read, at last, something sensible on Nietzsche's un-
qualified denunciation of Christianity; it is helpful
to ponder over Mr. Hill's discussion of genius which
Nietzsche had and of erudition which he did not
have; it is refreshing to meet with a sound exposi-
tion of Nietzsche's personality, the most powerful
stimulant against the corroding isms of the present
day. Nietzsche cried out aloud both to those who
were asleep and at ease and to those who were un-
wisely energetic; and the echo of his cries may still
be heard and heeded. It is invigorating to have such
human reminders around, though too many of them
would soon rob each one of his effectiveness. Albeit
Nietzsche did not add to our stock of positive knowl-
edge, he did increase our interest in the full life and
the deep ideal. Mr. Hill has gone into this part of
his study with uncommonly fruitful results. De-
spite his fondness for such words as "hemiplegic,"
"unicity," "theorician," "diathesis," "mironeism,"
— words that perturb the linguistically trepid,—the
entire discussion is dear, thorough, and reasonably
nntechnical. And only once, in "Neitzsche " on page
139, has the proof-reader seemed to nod.
More page, from The 8econd volume of the « Diary of
the diary of Frances, Lady Shelley" ( Scribner)
Lady Shelley, appears after the lapse of one year
since the publication of the first, and takes np the
story where the earlier one dropped it—in the year
1817. As Perey Bysshe Shelley was then living
and writing his best poetry, and was only six years
younger than the diarist, there is a natural expecta-
tion that we shall be favored with some signs of her
pride in his accomplishment. On the contrary, there
is but one allusion to him,—"my husband's young
kinsman, Percy Shelley, who seems disposed to
become a poet. When I spoke to Mr. Scott [Sir
Walter Scott] about him he told me he seemed to
possess great talent; but I have no means of judg-
ing of this myself, as I have not seen any of his
productions." Yet this was the very year (1819)
in which Shelley was writing the most radiant of
Utopian visions, " Prometheus Unbound"; the great-
est of tragedies since Shakespeare, "The Cenci''; and
the most perfect of English lyrics, the '* Ode to the
West Wind." There is also a copy of a long letter
from Scott to Shelley, acknowledging the receipt of
some poems submitted to the former for judgment,
which contains such smug advice as this: "They
are a little too wordy, and there is too much the air
to make the most of everything. . . . Upon the
whole, I think your specimen augurs very favorably
of your talents. . . . But, above all, be in no hurry
to publish. A name in poetry is soon lost, but it is:
very difficult to regain it." However, there is no
lack of interest for the reader who seeks for glimpses
of men who were helping to make history in the
eventful years between 1817 and 1873. Lady
Shelley was the chosen companion and acknowl-
edged friend of the Duke of Wellington. Notwith-
standing a temporary breach in their confidential
relations, which was afterwards mended, he was
always the object of her hero-worship. They ex-
changed frequent visits; on one occasion he draws
for her a plan of the battle of Orthes, on the knee
of his breeches; for her, he consents to have his
picture painted by Hayter, a reproduction of which
now appears for the first time as the frontispiece of
this volume. We learn of his devotion to his mother,
notwithstanding that she used to snub him as a boy
because he was shy, and had not the dash and charm
which distinguished his elder brother. With Queen
Victoria, Lady Shelley was on such intimate terms
that the Queen stood by her death-bed, and it was
to her that she uttered almost her last words, — "I
should be completely satisfied to die, Your Majesty,
if I might be allowed to kiss your hand." The seven
illustrations are all new and interesting.


310
[Oct. 16
THE
DIAL
rurthrr letter, Tne authorship or the rambling,
of a rettieu amusing, always intimately personal
man of leitwe. letters published about two years
ago under the title, "European Years," is now
divulged in Professor Woodberry's preface to a
second selection of letters from the same pen; and
the name, already an open secret, is Hermann Jack-
son Warner. "New Letters of an Idle Man"
(Houghton) will be found no less worth reading
than the preceding collection, although a little dif-
ferent in tone. As the editor of both volumes says,
the later one " illustrates the subtle way in which a
letter-writer responds to his invisible correspondent
by an unconscious mood in himself, pre-established
by 'auld acquaintance'; this packet is of a lighter
sort, is more indulgent to whim and weariness, and
an etymological interest takes the place of political
economy." By reason of their greater indulgence to
the writer's whim and weariness, these letters, which
are all addressed to an apparently intimate friend,
designated in print as " H," and, one conjectures from
internal evidence, a Bowdoin professor, are even more
frankly and carelessly revealing, in what they dis-
close of the "idle man's " amiable personality, than
were those first published. The second packet seems
to have been brought to light as a result of the
**rummaging in old desks" occasioned, Mr. Wood-
berry says, by the publication of the first; and there
is cause for satisfaction that the rummaging was so
fruitful. From the autumn of 188 L to the summer
of 1899 the letters continue with few long breaks,
the years 1884 and 1896 being the only ones left
blank; and the writer's wanderings in those two
decades were from Europe to America and back
again, to Japan and China, India and Egypt and
Greece, to the Bahamas and to England, with winters
in Italy, summers in Germany, sojourns in Switzer-
land, and other restless hitherings and thitherings,
as Mrs. Carlyle might put it The writer is the
same companionable soul, the same lover of ease and
good living, and as "far gone in indolence and
pipes" as in the earlier volume. But he is always
a wide reader, and he comments shrewdly and fear-
lessly on what he reads. The "New Letters" will
not disappoint the lover of epistolary literature.
The abode of Richer and riper, more mellow, more
ttentie mirth and genially tolerant, more filled with
tranquil thoughtt tne aim wisdom of life, and marked
by even more abundant felicities of style than his
former volumes, Mr. Arthur Christopher Benson's
"Joyous Gard" (Putnam) carries with it an atmos-
phere of tranquil mirth, of kindly humor, of sage
reflection, of wise observation, and of large charity
and good will, that makes it a book thoroughly
wholesome in its stimulus, restful and yet persuasive
in its non-insistent plea for the best things of the spirit,
and always sane and quietly optimistic in its outlook
on the great drama of human existence. The title is,
ef course, suggested by Sir Launcelot's castle into
which, as is related in the "Morte d'Arthur," he
retired for rest and recreation and pleasant dis-
course when the exigencies of war and business
permitted; and the book argues the desirability and
possibility of a similar stronghold of the mind for
each one of us to seek in moments of leisure, in
order thus to keep alive in the soul whatever of
beauty and spirituality and intellectuality it can
make its own. Not as a duty, however, is this to
be regarded, but as a pleasure and an increasing
delight. The substance of the volume is divided
into twenty-seven short chapters or essays, all in
the vein agreeably familiar to Mr. Benson's readers,
but enriched with fresh thought, new incidents, apt
illustrations. He makes the chief end of man not
exactly that laid down in the Shorter Catechism.
"For the end of life," he says, "is that we should
do humble and common things in a fine and cour-
teous manner, and mix with simple affairs, not
condescendingly or disdainfully, but with all the
eagerness and modesty of the true knight" Poetry
he defines as *' the discerning of beauty," whether
the beautiful things be seen or heard or hidden
deep in the mind and soul; a fine definition, but
not likely to drive out those other narrower ones
which are also needed. Deploring a certain disre-
spect for knowledge in England, the writer makes
this rather startling statement: "There is, indeed,
a land in which knowledge is respected, and that is
America. If we do not take care, the high culture
will desert our shores, like Astrsea's flying hem,
and take her way Westward, with the course of
Empire." And in the same mood he censures the
English worship of wealth. In good round terms
the author assails -'the detestable Puritan fibre"
that induces a distrust of any discipline that is not
dark and gloomy. But opinions and principles and
theories are not the sole substance of the book; few
representatives of the studious life have Mr. Ben-
son's store of personal reminiscence and fund of
concrete illustration.
Somefreth ^ne °* tne mo8t curious characters
chroniciet of of that interregnum between Louis
the Regency. XIV. and Louis XV. known as the
Regency was the eccentric Duchesse du Maine,
granddaughter of the Grand Condi, daughter of
the fantastic family tyrant Henri Jules de Bourbon,
and wife of the illegitimate son of the Grand Mon-
arch, who at one time had prospects of becoming
Regent or even of reaching the throne itself. The
miniature rival of the Versailles Court which Mme.
du Maine established at Sceaux, while it had no
political significance, does not lack a certain literary
interest, involving as it does the names of Voltaire,
Fontenelle, and other writers not yet forgotten.
The vigorous and piquant memoirs and correspond-
ence of a life-long member of the little Court,
Madame de Staal Delaunay, have been culled and
edited by Mr. B. S. H. Lombardini, and the result
now appears in a volume entitled "Rival French
Courts" (Macmillan). The life of Mme. de Staal
was a strange and melancholy one. As a child she
won the heart of a lady who pampered and cuddled


1913]
311
THE
DIAL
her for years, but who died in the girl's early
twenties, leaving her entirely without means or
protection. A whimsical notable, the Duchess de
la Fertl, filled with admiration for the young wo-
man's qualities of mind, set about securing her a
place as lady of waiting with the Duchesse du
Maine, but, becoming angry with her while nego-
tiations were in progress, wreaked the most exqui-
site revenge by obtaining for her a servant's place
instead. The poor girl dared not refuse it, and for
years one of the finest intelligences of the genera-
tion occupied itself with menial service about the
person of the "Queen of Sceaux." In the course
of time, however, she rose to the rank and place
for which she was originally intended, married a
Swiss captain, and died greatly respected and ad-
mired. The Memoirs show certain notable qualities
of mind and heart in their author, a literary charm
that ranks them with their better-known contempo-
raries, the letters of Mme. de SeVigne" and the
chronicle of St Simon, a gift of objective imparti-
ality, a patient self-control which is more than ad-
mirable, and a capacity for admiring and loving
which under other circumstances would have made
a beautiful character. The frequent harshness of
judgment and the gradual development of a pessi-
mistic philosophy are entirely explicable from the
circumstances of a life of drudgery and ill-treat-
ment, — although it must be admitted that if the
witty serving-woman had not found the life of
courts absolutely necessary to her existence, she
might have escaped and been happier amid quieter
surroundings. The title of the book does not make
it clear that the treatment is confined almost entirely
to the private and literary Court at Sceaux, and
deals very incidentally with the real Court at Ver-
sailles.
AnEnalith I* has long been understood that a
ttatetman vast amount of valuable information
and gentleman. for tne gtudent of history lies hidden
in the archives of prominent English families. The
Historical Manuscripts Commission has succeeded
in bringing much of this material to light; but many
collections still remain unexplored. Some has also
been published through unofficial agencies, chiefly
as a result of the newer literary fashion which calls
for extensive citations of documentary materials in
history and biography. "Why may not the Life of
Windham be written from his letters?" wrote one
of his friends in 1831. The suggestion has recently
been acted upon, and now we have such a biography
in "The Windham Papers" (Small, Maynard &
Co.). This work is in two volumes, and is made up
almost exclusively of letters written by and to Will-
iam Windham, who was one of the more eminent
English statesmen of the Napoleonic age, though,
"by the irony of events, he is now best remembered
as the successful advocate of bull-baiting." Among
the correspondents represented in this collection are
George III., Pitt, Fox, Burke, Canning, Castlereagh,
Cobbett, and many more. From the confidential
letters of such men we should expect to gather much
new information, and we are not disappointed. In
1783 Windham entered public life as chief secretary
for Ireland; the next year he entered parliament;
ten years later he entered Pitt's cabinet as chief of
the war office; in 1806 he joined the ministry of "all
the talents" as secretary for war and the colonies.
He was therefore for a long time in close touch with
political affairs and in the secrets of the government
during a momentous period, and his correspondence
is a valuable supplement to the public documents of
the time. But" high-souled Windham" (as Macaulay
called him) was more than an official and politician:
Lord Rosebery, who has written the Introduction
to "The Windham Papers," says that he "was the
finest English gentleman of his or perhaps of all
time." Such a man would have many interesting
friends, and his correspondence has an added value
in the light that it sheds on the lives and personalities
of such men and women as Dr. Johnson, Fanny
Burney, Mrs. Siddons, Lord Nelson, and others.
Lord Rosebery's Introduction is chiefly devoted to
a study of Windham's character as a politician: he
finds him a follower of Johnson and Burke,— the
one was his guide in religion, the other in pol-
itics. As to the identity of the editor of the Papers,
the volumes furnish no clue. A number of excel-
lent illustrations, chiefly portraits, add much to
the interest of the work.
No one knows what the son of
o?»" N?P°le°n HI- might have accom-
plished had he lived; but the chances
are that he would have had no more influence upon
French affairs than that excellent gentleman his
cousin, who succeeded to the Napoleonic Pretender-
ship at the Prince Imperial's death. Empires have
always ended by bringing ruin to France, and the
gallant but hasty youth who sacrificed his life gratui-
tously in one of England's dubious African quarrels
would probably not have been able to induce his
country to forget the past. However this may be,
the Prince Imperial was a charming character, and
his life and death are touchingly told by his old tutor,
Augustin Filon, in a volume whose first purpose is
evidently political, but which is not ostentatiously
different from other sympathetic biographies with no
ulterior motive. M. Filon's acquaintance with the
Prince began when, in 1867, he was set to supervise
an ingenious but wholly unsuccessful arrangement
for giving the boy a public school education without
exposing him to humiliation and danger by sending
him to a public school,—which very difficult pro-
cedure was attempted by employing various lycie
professors to visit him, assign the lessons which their
classes were studying at the same time, and give him
a relative ranking along with the rest. Things went
much better after the downfall of the Empire, in
1870, had reduced the boy to the rank of a private
citizen and allowed him to attend school in England
on nearly the same basis as other boys. It is clear


312
[Oct. 16
THE DIAL
that although he was slow in developing, the Prince
Imperial possessed both intellectual alertness and
strength of character, and that the depreciatory esti-
mate which the Republican press of France set upon
him was dictated entirely by political considerations.
He remained under the charge of his tutor until he
graduated from the Woolwich Military Academy
and entered the British regular army in 1875, so
that his biographer was in constant personal contact
with the Prince during the most significant third of
his short life. Neither the interest of the book as
a biography nor its value as political propaganda is
heightened by the unpleasant pages in which various
brave British officers,—and not alone the question-
able Captain Carey, who commanded the squad in
the attack in which the young man was killed,— are
bitterly criticized for allowing him to meet his death.
There are two sides to the question at worst, and it
would have been better to obey the appeal of the
bereaved mother: "Enough of recrimination; may
the remembrance of his death join in a common re-
gret all who loved him, and may no one suffer either
in reputation or in material interests—I who can
desire nothing more in this world make this a last
request." The volume is issued in handsome form
by Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co.
The perennial The 801,1 of goodness in things evil
problem of does not escape the discernment of
the bov. President William De Witt Hyde in
his book for educators and parents, "The Quest of
the Best" (Crowell); observingly he distils it out,
and though he affirms that "boys are by nature bad,"
he proceeds to show that their very badness is but
goodness in the making. The six lectures in the
book were delivered last May before the First Gen-
eral Assembly of Association Workers with Boys,
at Culver, Indiana. Their method of preparation
was novel and effective. With the six members of
"English 10 " at Bowdoin, for the year 1912-13, the
topics to be handled were gone over and subjected to
a sort of joint and several treatment in both writing
and oral discussion, the result "in several instances
being their [the students'] work precisely as they
wrote it." Although Dr. Hyde has printed as the
first sentence of his introduction the provocative
announcement that "This is a book for the top shelf,
out of the boy's reach," it is safe to say that not even
the bad boy of his conception will feel irresistibly
impelled to pluck and eat the forbidden fruit from
that top shelf; a first taste would be enough for him.
In other words, the treatment of the theme is serious
and scholarly, though not unpractical. Its six heads
are: "Natural Badness the Germ of Goodness,"
"Artificial Goodness the Repression of Badness,"
"The Quest of the Best," "Missing the Best: Sins
of Excess and Defect," "The Personal Motive and
the Social Medium," and "The Birthright of the
Child." President Hyde here again proves that he
knows how to hit the nail on the head: his style is
vigorous, his thought practical, his applications apt
and telling.
Anouuouhe- An entertaining and informative
way comer book about a little-known region is
o/Canada. Mr John Ma80n Clarke's "The
Heart of Gaspe*: Sketches in the Gulf of St. Law-
rence" (Macmillan). Mr. Clarke's interest in the
remote and inaccessible peninsula which the French
call Gaspesie is primarily that of the geologist, but
it is also that of a geologist who sees and is able to
make us see the grace and dignity and significance
of the gigantic cliffs that guard this rugged land,
and the character of the kindly and hospitable
fisher-folk whose villages cling to their feet He
tells us something, also, of the history of the coast,
the landing of Jacques Cartier, the early missions,
attempts at colonization, and the development of
the cod-fisheries — still the principal, one might
almost say the only, industry of the Gaspe shore.
He describes the famous Perce Rock, Bonaventure
Island with its colonies of gannets, murres, kitti-
wakes, and puffins, the marvellous peninsula of
Forillon, and the sea-wracked Magdalen Islands.
Altogether Mr. Clarke has told, with the charm that
comes of genuine enthusiasm, the story of an out-
of-the-way corner of Canada and of its unhurried
and untroubled inhabitants. The tired worker
seeking a quiet spot as remote as possible from the
city, and content with plain food and simple sur-
roundings, might easily go farther and fare worse.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The handsome "Imperial Edition" of Sir Gilbert
Parker's collected works, which Messrs. Scribner have
had in course of publication for some time past, is now
completed for the time being by the addition of " The
Judgment House " and a volume of poetry. From " A
Lover's Diary," in the latter collection, Sir Gilbert has
abstracted some twenty-five sonnets which have always
been objectionable in his eyes; and has added, evidently
rather reluctantly, "a book of youth and memory and
impressionism in verse "entitled " Embers," which was
privately printed many years ago. The eighteen volumes
comprising this edition make a dignified and impressive
appearance, and the writer who lives to see his work
given such a setting may well be considered fortunate.
"Psychology" seems to have become the preferred
term for any sort of talk about human functions or
attributes. In "The Psychology of Laughter" (Ap-
pleton), Dr. Boris Sidis offers an assortment of things
he considers funny, strung along on a thin thread of
commentary. The commentary makes clear the author's
ethical prejudices, but fails to indicate anything specific
or fresh concerning the nature of laughter. The excuse,
apparently, is that the book is intended to be " popular,"
but it is far from clear that there is any necessary rela-
tion between popularity and inadequacy. Of the cur-
rent theories of laughter, Dr. Sidis mentions Bergson's
and Freud's. He disagrees with both, but offers no
substitute of his own; and he ignores entirely or is
ignorant of Sully's important " Essay on Laughter " and
the work done in laboratories at California and Harvard
on the nature of the comic and its bearing on laughter.
One gets the impression that this book, like Moses's
razors in "The Vicar of Wakefield," was made to sell.


1913]
313
THE
DIAL,
Notes.
A collected edition, in five volumes, of Mr. Edmund
Gosse's essays is being brought out in London.
Mr. Galsworthy's new play, "The Fugitive," will
soon be published in book form by Messrs. Scribner.
"When Ghost Meets Ghost" is the title chosen for
Mr. William De Morgan's new novel, — which, by the
way, is not to appear until early next year.
Mr. Yosbio Markino, author of " A Japanese Artist
in London, has ready for immediate publication a new
book entitled " My Recollections and Reflections."
An authorized version of Strindberg's novel of the
Baltic Islands, " On the Seaboard," has been made by
Dr. Elizabeth Clarke Westergren, and will be published
shortly by the Stewart & Kidd Co.
Two of the season's most important novels, Mrs.
Humphry Ward's "The Coryston Family" and Mr.
H. G. Wells's " The Passionate Friends," will be pub-
lished this month by Messrs. Harper.
Two immediately forthcoming volumes in Mr. B. W.
Huebsch's valuable little "Art of Life Series" are
"The Use of Leisure" by Mr. Temple Scott, and
"Marriage and Divorce " by Rev. John Haynes Holmes.
The need for a thoroughly up-to-date guide-book to
Japan is about to be met by Messrs. Houghton Mifflin
Co., who have in active preparation such a work, written
by Mr. T. Philip Terry, author of a standard "Guide
to Mexico."
The announcement of an immediately forthcoming
volume of poems by Mr. Arthur Symons, to be entitled
"The Knave of Hearts," gives happy indication of Mr.
Symons's return to literature, after an absence of several
years, due to physical break-down.
Jane Austen is at last to be given place in the "En-
glish Men of Letters " series. The volume dealing with
her has been prepared by Mr. F. Warre Cornish, Vice-
Provost of Eton College. We understand that Mr.
Clement K. Shorter has in preparation a book on Mrs.
Gaskell for the same series.
A new one-volume edition of the works of Tennyson
is promised by Messrs. Macmillan. It will contain a
specially prepared memoir of the poet by his son, the
valuable author's notes which have hitherto appeared
only in the "Eversley" issue, and a photogravure
portrait from the painting by Watts.
Among forthcoming books on the stage we look for-
ward with interest to the volume by Professor Boyer
of Princeton, on "The Villain as Hero in Elizabethan
Drama." Professor Boyer, we are told, threshes out
the problem of the influence of Machiavellianism on the
Elizabethan dramatists, beginning with Marlowe.
Three books of importance, not hitherto announced
in these columns, to be published by Messrs. Harper
this month are the following: " Familiar Spanish Trav-
els," by Mr. W. D. Howells; "The Story of a Page,"
an account of the development of the New York
"World" by Mr. John L. Heaton; and "Miracles of
Science," by Mr. Henry Smith Williams.
Following their success with the English version of
M. Rolland's "Jean-Christophe," Messrs. Holt & Co.
are about to undertake an even more extensive venture
in a translation of Andersen NexO's Danish tetralogy,
"Pelle the Conqueror." Professor Otto Jespersen is
responsible for the English rendering; and the first vol-
ume, entitled " Boyhood," will appear immediately.
A revised edition of Miss May Sinclair's "The Three
Brontes," originally published last year, is announced
by Messrs. Houghton Mifflin Co. A notable feature of
this edition will be a new Introduction in which Miss
Sinclair deals vigorously with the questions aroused by
the recent publication in a London newspaper of the cor-
respondence between Charlotte Bronte and M. Heger.
Mr. Abraham Flexner's "Prostitution in Europe,"
the second of the series published by the Century Co.
for the Bureau of Social Hygiene, will contain a full
and detailed account of the operations and results of
Europe's different methods of dealing with the problem
of prostitution. Arrangements have been made in
advance of publication for translation into French and
German.
Mr. Thomas Hardy's publishers have in active prep-
aration a new volume of this writer's short stories, to be
entitled "A Changed Man, and Other Stories." At least
two of the stories —" The Romantic Adventures of a
Milkmaid "and " What the Shepherd Saw "—have been
published in pirated editions in the United States in
separate pamphlet volumes, but these have long been
out of print.
The Laurentian Publishers is the style of a new Chi-
cago publishing house, whose purpose it is to specialize
in books by local writers. The initial publication will
be "The Beginning of Grand Opera in Chicago," by
Mr. Karleton Hackett, musical critic of the Chicago
"Evening Post." This volume will contain a history
of Grand Opera in Chicago during its first decade,
1850 to 1859.
A third and concluding part of the late A. Growoll's
invaluable work, "The Profession of Bookselling," will
be issued shortly from the office of "The Publishers'
Weekly." This third part covers such subjects as the
Correspondence Department, the Salesman, the Com-
mercial Traveller, and the Old Book Trade; and the
chapters dealing with these subjects show the same
careful investigation, high ideals, and shrewd judgment
for which Mr. Growoll always stood in the trade to
which he literally gave most of the waking moments of
his life.
Lovers of verse will be glad to learn that Messrs.
Macmillan are planning to issue a new volume by the
poet who chooses to be known as "A. E." It will
bear the title " Collected Poems," and will consist of a
selection from "Homeward," "Songs by the Way,"
"The Earth Breath," and "The Divine Vision," to-
gether with some new verses. The author has included
only that portion of his work which, to use his own
words, he would wish his friends to read. He has,
however, made but slight alterations in the poems
retained.
Among the autumn publications of Messrs. Longmans,
Green, & Co. not previously announced are the follow-
ing; "Essays on Men and Matters," by Mr. Wilfrid
Ward; "Carduoci: A Selection of His Poems, with
Verse Translations, Notes, and Three Introductory
Essays," by Mr. G. L. Bickersteth; "My Art and My
Friends," by Sir Frederic H. Cowen; "Lord Lyons: A
Record of British Diplomacy," by the Right Hon. Lord
Newton; "Shakespeare's Stories," by Miss Constance
Maud; and a new and revised edition of " Painting in
the Far East," by Mr. Laurence Binyon.
On October 23 the new Graduate College of Prince-
ton and the Cleveland Memorial Tower will be dedi-
cated. The Cleveland Tower, which is built iuto the


314
[Oct. 16
THE
DIAL
Graduate College, has been erected by national sub-
scription. On that day the Princeton University Press
will publish in three volumes the Stafford Little lec-
tures which Mr. Cleveland delivered at Princeton in
1900, 1901, and 1904. The titles of the three vol-
umes are " The Independence of the Executive," " The
Venezuelan Boundary Controversy," and "The Gov-
ernment in the Chicago Strike of 1894." On this same
date the Press will also publish "The Graduate Col-
lege of Princeton," by Dr. Andrew F. West, illustrated
with twelve full-page drawings by Mr. John P. Cuyler.
The prose romances of William Morris will soon be
accessible in a cheap form, as Messrs Longmans, Green
& Co. announce that they intend to issue them in their
well-known " Pocket Library." In October will be issued
« A Dream of John Ball," "A Tale of the House of
the Wolfings," and "The Roots of the Mountains";
to be followed in November by " The Wood Beyond the
World," "The Well at the World's End," and "The
Story of the Glittering Plain." Early next year the
series will be completed by the publication of "The
Water of the Wondrous Isles" and "The Sundering
Flood."
The first number of "War and Peace," which is
described as "a Norman Angell Monthly," will appear
in England this month. Its object will be to meet the
demand for a saner discussion of vital international
questions and to spread the philosophy of " The Great
Illusion." The organ will be strictly non-partisan; it is to
be published under the segis of the Garton Foundation,
of which Mr. Balfour is one of the trustees; whilst
amongst its first contributors will be Lord Loreburn,
Mr. G. K. Chesterton, Mr. G. P. Gooch, Mr. F. W. Hirst,
Professor L. T. Hobhouse, Mr. Arthur Ponsonby, Mr.
Stephen Reynolds, and Mr. Alfred Noyes. Norman
Angell himself will contribute a regular column giving
advice to workers in the movement. News from abroad
will be a feature; readers will be kept in touch with
what is being done by all the various peace societies;
and current international politics will be subjected to a
reasoned examination free from the slavery of outworn
phrases and metaphors.
An illustrated volume by Mr. Arnold Bennett, entitled
"Paris Nights and Other Impressions of Places and
People," heads Messrs. George H. Doran Co.'s autumn
list. Of especial interest, also, are the following:
"Robert Louis Stevenson's Edinburgh Days," by Miss
E. Blantyre Simpson; "Madame Royale," translated
from the French of M. Ernest Daudet by Mrs. Rodolph
Stawell; "The Ancient Painted Glass of England," by
Mr. Phillip Nelson; "My Father: Personal and Spir-
itual Experiences," by Miss Estelle W. Stead; "Fires
and Fire-Fighters," by Mr. John Kenlon; "How to
Read Shakespeare," by Professor James Stalker; "The
Spiritual Drama iu the Life of Thackeray," by Mr.
Nathaniel Wright Stephenson; "Lost in the Arctic:
Being the Story of the 'Alabama' Expedition, 1909-
1912," by Captain Ejnar Mikkelsen; "Wild Life across
the World," by Mr. Cherry Kearton; "Game Fishes of
the World," by Mr. Charles F. Holder; "Rome of the
Pilgrims and Martyrs," by Miss Ethel Ross Barker;
"The Man of Egypt," by Mr. Clayton Sedgwick Cooper;
"A South American Tour," by Miss Annie S. Peck;
"Expositions of Dante," by Mr. John S. Carroll; " The
Great Adventure," a play by Mr. Arnold Bennett; "The
Upholstered Cage: The Problem of the Unmarried
Daughter," by Miss Josephine P. Knowles; "These
Shifting Scenes," by Mr. Charles Edward Russell; and
"The Passing of the Dragon: The Story of the Shensi
Revolution and Relief Expedition," by Mr. J. C. Keyte.
Of chief interest among the books planned for au-
tumn issue by the Oxford University Press are the
following: "Life of Miguel de Cervantes," by Mr.
J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly; "Medwin's Life of Shelley"
(Medwin's unpublished second edition), edited by Mr.
H.Buxton Forman; "Facsimiles of Twelve Early English
Manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge," edited by Mr. W. W. Greg; "Oxford Libra-
ries," by Mr. Strickland Gibson; "Rustic Speech and
Folk-Lore," by Miss Elizabeth May Wright; "Irish
Witchcraft and Demonology," by Mr. St. J. D. Sey-
mour; "Ancient Eugenics," by Mr. A. G. Roper; "An
Introduction to English Church Architecture," by Mr.
Francis Bond; "Ancient Memorial Brasses," by Mr. E.
Beaumont; "The Beginnings of Buddhist Art," by Mr.
A. Foucher; "The Philistines: Their History and Civ-
ilization," by Mr. R. A. S. Macalister; "English His-
torical Literature in the Fifteenth Century," by Mr.
C. L. Kingsford; "England's Parnassus, 1600," edited
by Mr. Charles Crawford; "The Collected Papers of
Henry Sweet," edited by Mr. H. C. Wyld; "Essays
and Studies by Members of the English Association,"
Volume IV., collected by Mr. C. H. Herford; " Essays
in Legal History," edited by Mr. Paul Vinogradoff;
"Stoics and Sceptics," by Mr. E. R. Be van; "The Ox-
ford Book of Spanish Verse," compiled by Mr. J.
Fitzmaurice-Kelly; " A Companion to Classical Texts,"
by Mr. F. W. Hall; "Elizabethan Rogues and Vaga-
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erature," by Mr. Frank Aydelotte; "The Primitive
Church and Reunion," by Mr. W. Sanday; "A History
of Chess," by Mr. H. J. R. Murray; and "Roman
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[The following lift, containing S65 titles, includes books
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ited and revised by George David Gilbert. Illus-
trated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 461 pages. John
Lane Co. $4.50 net.


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[Oct. 16
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1913]
317
THE
DIAL
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318
[Oct. 16
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Poet Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
Nc. 667. NOVEMBER 1, 1913. Vol. LV.
Contents.
PAOB
S.EVA INDIGNATIO 341
THE NEW BRONTE LETTERS. May Sinclair . . 343
CASUAL COMMENT 346
The pursuit of learning under difficulties. — Those
who have no use for public libraries. — Coordinating
English with other studies. — A successful teacher
of English literature. — A sad lack of good books
for girls. — Training for citizenship. — What to read
about Japan. — Simplification and mystification. —
Mr. Hall Caine's protest. — Library economy in
bookbuying.
COMMUNICATION 349
Milton's Epitaph on Shakespeare. Sir Edwin
Durning-Lawrence.
STAGE MEMORIES OF SIXTY YEARS. Percy F.
Bichull 350
DISEASE AND GENIUS. Charles Leonard Moore . 361
TRUMBULL OF ILLINOIS. W. B. Johruon ... 353
THE KITTREDGE ANNIVERSARY VOLUME.
Edward Payson Morton 388
NAPOLEONIC CENTENARIES. Henry E. Bourne 356
Labaume's The Crime of 1812 and Its Retribution.
— Petre's Napoleon's Last Campaign in Germany.—
Watson's A Polish Exile with Napoleon. — Rose's
The Personality of Napoleon.
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ... 358
Ian Hay's Happy-Go-Lucky. — Caine's The Woman
Thou Gavest Me. —Cannan's Round the Corner.—
Edgar's The Red Colonel.-Mitchell's Westways.—
King's The Way Home. — Beach's The Iron Trail.
— Nicholson's Otherwise Phyllis.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 361
The spiritual development of a great Unitarian.—
Reconciling religion and Darwinism. — Greek art as
the expression of Greek life.— A girl's diary in war-
time.— Studies in English by an American scholar.
— New gleanings from the prose of Swinburne.—
Walks and talks in music land.—An Admiral's recol-
lections of two wars.—One who sided with the under
dog. — Short sketches of Welsh life and character.
BRIEFER MENTION 365
NOTES 366
TOPICS IN NOVEMBER PERIODICALS .... 367
LIST OF NEW BOOKS 368
SJSVA INDIGNATIO.
Indignation is one of the noblest of passions,
because it connotes a burning desire to right
some enormous human wrong, a flaming resent-
ment against some outrageous miscarriage of
justice, a deep craving for the realization of
righteousness among men. Wherever the weak
are oppressed, or the fundamental liberties of
mankind are endangered, this passion springs
up in generous hearts, and impels them to fitting
words and deeds in defence of the threatened
palladium. It is to such hearts that the poet
appeals when he says:
"Whoso takes the world's life on him, and his own
lays down,
He, dying so, lives,"
and it is when he invokes such ardors that the
poet fulfils one of his highest functions. But
those to whom it is given to know this passion
pay heavily for the endowment. For it possesses
them as with the tearing force of the avalanche,
or the devastating fury of the forest fire. The
tranquil satisfactions and comfortable joys of
normally-ordered existence are not for them,
and their only hope of peace is that expressed
by Swift when he wrote for his own tombstone
the terrible epitaph: Ubi sceva indignatio
ulterius cor lacerare nequit.
If we were to expunge from the world's
literature the note of indignation, the resulting
impoverishment would be incalculably great.
To the apostles of the discredited gospel of
Vart pour I'art the loss might seem insignificant,
but it would be immeasurable to those for whom
literature is no fabrication of the stud