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126
[March 1,
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LONGMANS, GREEN, & Co.'s NEW BOOKS
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Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie:
An Account of Count SAMUEL TELEKI'S Exploring and Hunting Expedition in
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of it is not in merely transporting the nineteenth-century reader to the certainly, has been able to set forth a depiction of it in colors bo vivid
sixteenth, that he may see life as it was then, but in transforming him and so entirely in consonance with the truth. ...
.. The characters in
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in perfect touch with sympathy." — N. Y. World.
fascinating in its fine flavor of adventure." — Beacon, Boston.
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romantic fashion. . . The great personages of the time-Henry III. of Valois, Henry IV., Rosny, Rambouillet, Turenne --- are brought in skil-
fully, and the tragic and varied history of the time forms a splendid frame in which to set the picture of Marsac's love and courage. .
The
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What Necessity Knows.
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qualities as they were exhibited in ‘Beggars All.' "What Necessity Knows' is one of the novels that must be read. It is easy to predict for
Miss Dougall a very distinct place among the writers of English fiction." — Boston Beacon.
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thoughtful, yet the story is not distinctively one of moral purpose. The play of character and the clash of purpose are finely wrought out.
What gives the book its highest value is really the author's deep knowledge of motive and character. The reader continually comes across keen
observations and subtle expressions that not infrequently recall George Eliot. The novel is one that is worth reading a second time." - Outlook,
New York.
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1894.]
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127
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128
[March 1, 1894.
THE DIAL
D. APPLETON
&
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NEW
BOOKS.
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London Telegraph.
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may well dispense with the perusual of previous authorities.
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fair." - London Chronicle.
THE STORY OF THE SUN.
By Sir ROBERT S. BALL, F.R.S., author of "An Atlas of
Astronomy," "The Cause of an Ice Age," etc. 8vo, cloth,
$5.00.
Professor Ball's entertaining style is known to so large a
number of readers of his popular astronomical works that this
volume, which brings together the results of all the latest in-
vestigations concerning the sun, will find a ready welcome.
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trait. 12mo, cloth, $2.00.
“Few stories in history are more romantic than that of Catharine
II. of Russia, with its mysterious incidents and thrilling episodes; few
characters present more curious problems. This volume, in which
the Empress is the grand central figure, gives striking pictures of the
condition of the contemporary Russia which she did so much to mold
as well as to expand. Indeed, with her vices, and with all her
faults, as M. Waliszewski has sketched her portrait, we can hardly
help liking as well as admiring her." — London Times.
HOW TO STUDY AND TEACH HISTORY,
With Particular Reference to the History of the United States.
By B. A. HINSDALE, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of the Sci-
ence and the Art of Teaching in the University of Michigan,
author of “Schools and Studies," etc. Vol. 25, Interna-
tional Education Series. 12mo, cloth, $1.50.
The aim of this book is practical, and it was written with
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portant and valuable volumes in the series.
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAGE
.
.
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THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage MODERN LANGUAGE TEACHING
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
AND SPRACHMEISTEREI.
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or
The friends of modern language instruction
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ;
have reason to congratulate themselves upon
and SAMPLE COPT on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished the progress made during recent years in that
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, No. 24 Adams Street, Chicago.
department of education. Nearly every Amer-
ican college of any standing has a corps of
No. 185. MARCH 1, 1894. Vol. XVI. trained instructors in French and German at
least, if not in Italian and Spanish also. That
CONTENTS.
these instructors take their work seriously is
shown by the grammatical and philological
LANGUAGE TEACHING AND SPRACHMEIS-
TEREI
manuals, and by the carefully-edited modern
129
language texts that they have been preparing
THE SUPPRESSION OF “FOREIGN IDEAS" 131
in such numbers since 1880, and that pub-
ENGLISH AT HARVARD. Barrett Wendell
131
lishers have found it profitable to produce.
COMMUNICATIONS
133 Twenty years ago, the only manuals availa-
The “Pure Saxon " of Burns's “Cotter." A. C.
ble for the use of the instructor in this coun.
Barrows.
World's Columbian Exposition Latin. J.T. Hatfield.
try were works of the Ahn-Otto-Fasquelle-
Edwin Booth in Berlin. Josiah R. Smith.
Ollendorf type, and texts of a very few among
Lowell's " Baffled Decuman." J. W. E.
the most hackneyed of the classics. Now, the
AN EARNEST LATITUDINARIAN. C. A. L. instructor has his choice among many scien-
Richards
134
tific manuals, and among still more attractive
THE MYTHICAL WELSH DISCOVERY OF
and interesting texts. Moreover, those of our
AMERICA. Rasmus B. Anderson
138
teachers who take seriously the work of modern
REMBRANDT AGAIN. John C. Van Dyke
139
language instruction have now carried on for ten
THE RELIGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES. years an association - the Modern Language
Arthur Howard Noll .
141
Association of America---which has been justi-
THE FRESHEST VOICE AMONG LATIN POETS. fied by its works, and which stands in the front
William C. Lawton
142
rank of the learned societies of this country.
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne
144
The pedagogical section of this Association
Maarten's The Greater Glory.-Hyne's The Recipe for
Diamonds.-Rutherford's Catharine Furze.-Moore's
held a meeting a few weeks ago for the discus-
A Gray Eye or So.-Miss Harraden's Ships That Pass sion of the important subject of methods of in-
in the Night.-Stuart's A Woman of Forty, - Mrs. struction. Mr. E. H. Babbitt reported this
Campbell-Praed's Christina Chard.-Miss Long's Ap-
prentices to Destiny.- Battershall's A Daughter of meeting for the February “ Educational Re.
this World. - Harte's A Protegée of Jack Hamlin's. veiw," and from his report we extract a passage
- Doyle's Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes.-Harland's
that we have read with peculiar satisfaction :
Mademoiselle Miss.- Stockton's The Watchmaker's
Wife.- Halévy's Parisian Points of View.
“ Dr. Rambeau made the point that in Ger-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
147
many the Sprachmeister, whose business is to
Ancient authorship as studied by a modern publisher. impart a practical knowledge of the spoken
-The study of books in college libraries. - Compact language, is classified with the music and danc-
and readable compendia of European history.-More
essays by Mr. Birrell.- A study of written constitu-
ing master, where he belongs, and has no more
tions. — A summer out-of-doors in England. -Com to do with the work of liberal education than
plete edition of the writings of Thomas Paine.-Ger-
they. There is even more reason why he should
man literature in America. -Henry IV. and the Hu-
guenots.-A new life of Catherine II. of Russia.
be so classified in this country; the Sprach-
BRIEFER MENTION ..
meister and his methods have no more place
. . 151
in our higher schools and colleges than teach-
THE “ANTIGONE" AT TORONTO. M. L. D'Ooge 152
ers of piano-playing and type-writing. But
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY
152
the fact is, that when a generation ago modern
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
languages were first thought of among us as a
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
155 factor in a liberal education, the Sprachmeister
.
.
•
.
.


130
[March 1,
THE DIAL
upon a limited
were the only people in the country who could lic upon which most of our lower schools, and
teach them, and had to be taken to do the work many of our colleges, depend for their support.
in the colleges. Some of them rose to the oc There are few departments of our secondary
casion and became real educators, with a true instruction in which reform is more needed than
sense of the relations of their work, but many in that now under consideration, for the waste
more did not, and so the modern language in- of time and energy at present going on is sim-
struction in this country is still tinged with ply enormous. The serious objects of modern
Sprachmeisterei to an extent which seriously language teaching are being neglected in a vast
impairs its usefulness and dignity.” In con number of high schools, in order that children
nection with these remarks Dr. Rambeau fur-
may be taught to chatter
range
ther stated that “the public, even the educa of useless subjects in a language that nine-
tional public, still believes that the only end tenths of them will never have
any
real occa-
and aim of studying a modern language is the sion to employ. As long as our schools pre-
ability to speak it,” and the following surpris- tend to be educational institutions, it is their
ing note is attached : “In a paper on the edu- business to educate, and not to encourage
cational value of modern languages, read re merely ornamental accomplishments; to keep
cently before the Middle States Association of in view the needs, not the vanities, of the human
Colleges and Preparatory Schools, the view re soul. The real objects of modern language
ferred to was taken apparently as a matter of work
are, of course, to get access to a new lit-
course, and no one challenged it in the discus- erature, and to reach a better realization, by
sion which followed."
translation and comparative study, of the his-
That the condition of things in the Middle tory, the resources, and the force of English
and Western States is not quite as desperate speech. The recent report of the Committee
as would appear from the note above quoted of Ten very properly emphasizes these objects,
may be illustrated by the fact that a similar and the influence of the Modern Language As-
School and College Conference was held at the sociation is almost wholly in the direction of
University of Chicago last November, and that their accomplishment. But the inertia of the
the paper read upon the subject of modern lan- public consciousness should be reckoned with,
guage teaching (to which subject the Confer- and educational effort must not relax. Every
ence was largely given over) expressed views year our universities are sending out young men
entirely in agreement with those of Dr. Ram- and women who understand what modern lan-
beau. These views, while they evoked dissent guage teaching should be, and who are compe-
from a few belated educators (mostly from the tent to undertake it. It is the business of our
country districts), seemed to meet the approval schools to secure these people as teachers, impos-
of the majority of those engaged in the Con- ing no vexatious restrictions upon their work,
ference. The paper in question has just been and to relegate the Sprachmeister to his proper
published in “ The School Review." A per- function of coaching people who wish to go
tinent passage in this paper states the difficulty abroad or to shine in a society which accepts
that our modern language instructor (at least the gilding for the pure metal. He certainly
below the college has as yet hardly begun to has no business in the school unless he is will-
overcome, and that should be made the object ing to abandon the methods demanded of him
of a persistent and unwearying crusade on the by his private pupils, and rise to the educa-
part of all who have at heart the success of this tional occasion offered by connection with an
important branch of education. The passage institution for serious training.
speaks of “that great divergence of educated
from common opinion which every educator
must squarely face, for the popular verdict says
THE SUPPRESSION OF “ FOREIGN
that students of a foreign language should learn
IDEAS."
to speak it, wbile the educator as emphatic-
ally asserts that they should learn to read it,
The educated opinion of this country is practically
and that it makes little difference whether they
unanimous in favoring a removal of the stupid tariff
learn to speak it or not.” This is the educa-
upon English books, but Mr. Henry Carey Baird
(of Philadelphia) is "agin it." Some of his ob-
tional, as distinguished from the Sprachmeister, jections are stated in a letter to “The Publishers'
view of the question, and it will take a great Weekly," which journal recently placed itself in
deal of hammering to get it into the heads of
very distinct terms upon the side of free books. We
the well-meaning but not highly-intelligent pub- | quote a significant passage from Mr. Baird's letter :


1894.)
131
THE DIAL
In a
:
“ The idea that taxation is necessary to the very ex one year, and seven assistants,— a total of twenty.
istence of society, and that no productive industry in a During the present year these teachers have in
country can escape it, seems to be wholly overlooked
charge nine courses and seventeen half-courses. A
and ignored by those theorists, like yourself, who would
whole course at Harvard meets three hours a week
benefit students and others while sacrificing the fun-
damental rights of domestic producers.
throughout the year; and a half-course either three
word, the policy which you advocate is highly unjust,
hours a week for half the year, or once a week for
because it would discriminate against the American pub-
the whole. In addition to the courses actually in
lisher. As for the student himself, and for the State,
progress, one course and seven half-courses an-
it may be said with entire truth that many of these for nounced by the department of English are not given
eign books, which you would allow him the privilege of this year, but have been given in the past, and will
importing free, would teach him doctrines which are be given in the future, alternating with some of
utterly antagonistic to the best interests of American those now in hand. Statistics as to the number of
society, such free importation, in that case, thus being students enrolled this year are not readily available.
against public policy. The fact is, this country, through
The forthcoming report of the Dean of the Faculty
the medium of the college, is being honeycombed and
of Arts and Sciences shows that the state of affairs
our civilization is being threatened with destruction, by
last
reason of the absorbing of foreign ideas, especially En-
which
year, may be taken as typical, was as fol-
glish, and of an economic character. Rather would I
lows: In nine full courses, including the English
put a prohibitive tariff on books containing such ideas Composition prescribed for Freshmen—which num-
than admit those books free of duty.”
bered 499_there were 52 Graduate Students, 113
Partisans of Mr. Baird's type are not usually as out-
Seniors, 119 Juniors, 136 Sophomores, 377 Fresh-
spoken as this. As a rule, while mentally carrying
men, 88 Special Students, 62 Scientific Students,
to its logical conclusion their fundamental assump-
1 Divinity Student, and 3 Law Students,- a total
tion that all ideas not in accordance with their own
of 952 enrollments. In thirteen half-courses — in-
should be suppressed, they contrive to cover their cluding the courses in English Composition pre-
intolerance with the veil of some sort of rhetorical
scribed for Sophomores and for Juniors, which to-
verbiage. But Mr. Baird scorns such subterfuges, gether numbered 648,- there were 58 Graduate
and the expression of his fanaticism is refreshingly Students, 188 Seniors, 382 Juniors, 281 Sopho-
frank. In spite of his protest, and of his curious
mores, 12 Freshmen, 51 Special Students, 25 Scien-
notions of public policy,” we imagine that the
tific Students, 1 Divinity Student, 3 Law Students,
honeycombing work of enlightenment will go on,
and 1 Student of Agriculture,-a total of 998 en-
whatever superstructure may suffer from the pro-
rollments. No statistics are available as to how
The age and country in which he lives must
many of these students were enrolled in more than
seem sadly out of joint. He should have been born
one of the courses under consideration. These figures,
a Chinaman or a Mohammedan. As the latter, he
then, are valuable chiefly in showing the amount of
would have gloated over the destruction of all books teaching, in terms of courses and half-courses, actu-
that did not agree with the Koran ; and as the ally demanded from the teachers. It may be added,
former, he would have occupied the most approved however, that no Freshman is commonly admitted
patriotic standpoint in seeking to protect his nation
to an elective course in English, while for the reg-
from the deadly invasions of foreign culture. As an
ular half-course in English Composition prescribed
American Mr. Baird is distinctly misplaced, and as
for Sophomores there is an alternative elective full
a modern he is as decidedly out of date. Our tariff
course in the same subject, in which last year 122
laws have been made to accomplish many purposes
Sophomores were enrolled. The full course in En-
besides that of providing revenue for the govern-
glish Composition prescribed for Freshmen, and the
ment, but this is the first time, to our knowledge,
half-courses in the same subject prescribed for the
that anyone has proposed that they should also as two years following, comprise all the required work
sume the function of an intellectual censorship.
in English at Harvard.
In the course prescribed for Freshmen, Professor
A. S. Hill's “ Principles of Rhetoric ” is used as a
text-book. Lectures based thereon are given, and
ENGLISH AT HARVARD.*
also lectures dealing with some aspects of English
During the present year the teachers of English
Literature. Of these lectures students are required
at Harvard are three professors, two assistant pro-
to write summaries. Besides this written work,
fessors, three instructors appointed for terms of
every member of the class writes a composition in
more than one year, five instructors appointed for
the class-room once a week; and these compositions
are carefully criticised by the teachers. In the half-
* This article is the third of an extended series on the Teach-
ing of English at American Colleges and Universities, begun
course prescribed for Sophomores, lectures are given
in THE DIAL of February 1, with English at Yale Uni on Exposition, Argument, Description, and Narra-
versity, by Professor Albert S. Cook, and continued (Febru tion; and during the year the students write twelve
ary 16) with English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran-
themes, of from five hundred to a thousand words.
der Matthews. The fourth number of the series will be on
These are carefully criticised by teachers, and gen-
English at Stanford University, by Professor Melville B. An-
derson ; and the fifth, on English at Cornell University, by erally rewritten by the students, with this criticism
Professor James M. Hart.- [EDR. DIAL.]
in mind. In the half-course prescribed for Juniors
cess.


132
[March 1,
THE DIAL
an ele-
there are lectures on Argument; and the students In the courses in Composition, prescribed and
make one formal analysis of a masterpiece of argu elective alike, little importance is attached to theo-
mentative composition, and write four arguments-retical knowledge of rhetoric as distinguished from
known as “ forensics". of from a thousand to fif constant practice in writing under the most minute
teen hundred words. Each of these is preceded by practicable criticism. In the two full elective courses
a brief, which is criticised by a teacher before the given this year, the students write both daily themes
forensic is written. The forensics themselves are of about a hundred words, and fortnightly themes
also carefully criticised, and frequently rewritten. of from five hundred to a thousand words. This
All teachers engaged in these courses keep frequent work is frequently discussed in person with the teach-
office hours for personal conference with their pupils.ers, who for this purpose keep office hours,— quite
Apart from these courses, all the work in English distinct from regular class-room appointments, —
at Harvard is elective. This year the English pre- averaging five hours a week. It will be seen, then,
scribed for Freshmen is divided into three distinct that the use of text-books, as distinguished from
courses, somewhat differing in detail. This leaves personal instruction, is reduced to a minimum. The
six elective courses and fifteen elective half-courses text-books actually in use have been written for the
to be accounted for. Of these, only one —
purposes in hand by the teachers who use them.
mentary half-course in Anglo-Saxon can be called Of the courses in linguistics and in literature
purely linguistic. Three courses and five half- alike it may be said that no text-books are generally
courses may be described as both linguistic and lit- used.
used. In linguistics the student must naturally
erary These deal with various specimens of En- provide himself with a good standard copy of the
glish literature from Beowulf to Milton, in each text under consideration ; but the better part of the
case attending both to the literary meaning of the comments on these texts is supplied by the actual
matter in hand and to grammatical details in the teachers. In literature the student is always sent
broadest sense of the term. One full course and directly to the works of the writers under considera-
five half-courses may be described as literary, de tion. Of these he is often required to read so much
manding a great amount of reading and critical as to make the purchase of the works in question
work, but paying no attention to linguistic detail. impracticable. In such event students commonly
These deal with various periods of English Litera read in the college library, where as many copies
ture, from the Sixteenth Century to the present as possible of the works under consideration are re-
time. In the broader sense of the term, all these served for their use. In no course in literature is
courses/linguistic and literary alike—may be called any regular text-book employed.
philological. Of the remaining work, two courses In the matter of methods, it has long been held
and two half-courses are in English Composition; by the teachers of English at Harvard that each
one half-course is in Elocution; and one consists of
teacher's best method is his own. When a course
oral discussion of topics in history and economics. is given into a man's charge, then, he is absolutely
There is no sharp distinction, then, between lit- free to conduct it in any way he chooses. The
erary courses and linguistic. In the past, however, natural result is such wide divergence of method in
the faculty has held that a full course should gener detail that no valuable generalization concerning
ally involve some linguistic study. The single full such detail can be made. One man finds recita-
course given this year in literature apart from lin tions useful, generally interspersed with frequent
guistics is a division of a very advanced one in comment; another lectures ; a third prefers per-
special research. Of the teachers, one professor, sonal conference; a fourth finds the best results
one assistant professor, and one instructor concern coming from properly directed discussions of special
themselves wholly with the work classified as both topics by his class,- and so on. Furthermore, in
literary and linguistic. All the remaining teachers certain cases, the methods of the same teacher may
concern themselves more or less with Composition, greatly vary with different classes and at different
either prescribed or elective. The courses in liter- times. On only two points, perhaps, may definite
ature apart from linguistics are this year in charge agreement among the teachers be asserted: the first
of four of these teachers—one professor, one assist is that a candidate for honors in English, in addition
ant professor, and two instructors.
to very high proficiency in six elective courses, ought
Last year the largest elective courses were in to know at least the elements of Anglo-Saxon, ought
Composition, when the most elementary numbered to have made some study of pure literature, and
154, and the next 148. The largest course among ought to write respectably; the second is that the
those both linguistic and literary was one in Shake best educational results are attainable by such free
speare, which numbered 111; the largest half and mutually cordial efforts of teachers differing
course in literature, which dealt with the Eighteenth widely in attainment and temperament as we at
Century, numbered 122. In general, the courses deal- present enjoy.
ing either linguistically or otherwise with the earlier It may be added that the Secretary of Harvard
periods of English Literature were small and mature. University will gladly send to any applicant a pam-
One, which dealt with Early English Metrical Ro- phlet describing in detail our courses in English ;
mances, numbered only six, all graduate students. and that any teacher of English at Harvard will
--


1894.]
133
THE DIAL
gladly explain his actual methods to any properly
EDWIN BOOTH IN BERLIN.
accredited inquirer. Persons seriously interested
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
in these methods, then, will probably find a visit to
Harvard instructive.
In Mr. Bispham's deeply-interesting selections from
BARRETT WENDELL. Mr. Booth's letters, published in the December “Cent-
Assistant Professor of English at Harvard College.
ury,” he refers to the great actor's “ meager account of
his German experiences.” I was in Leipzig during the
winter of 1882–3, and can testify to “the wonderful
enthusiasm his acting created wherever he went." In
COMMUNICATIONS.
my diary for that winter, under date of January 13,
THE "PURE SAXON" OF BURNS'S “COTTER.”
1883, I find the following entry:
« It is a little odd to American eyes to see, in the
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
amusement columns of the Berlin newspapers,
adver-
In his article on “Transplanted Genius,” page 72.of
tisements setting forth that Mr. Edwin Booth, the
THE DIAL for February 1, Mr. S. R. Elliott writes:
American tragedian' is playing · Hamlet' at the Resid-
“Certain critics have assumed that Burns was a poet who
enz Theater. But that is just what he is going; and
could write in two languages, and was not, therefore, limited
to his original field; and they assume this because the same
winning a gratifying triumph. The opening performance
hand that drew the masterpiece 'Tam-o-Shanter' was also
of his two weeks' engagement took place last Wednes-
responsible for one of the sweetest idyls in the English lan- day evening, and was attended by a large and bril-
guage, 'The Cotter's Saturday Night,' written in the purest liant audience. The American colony was out in full
Saxon and in the Spenserian stanza. But ab! it was the same force, with Minister Sargent and Mrs. Sargent at the
Bobby Burns writing of the same people, and trying to show, head. The Crown Prince was also present, and remained
for once, that his pathos needed no dialect to give verisimili until after the scene with Ophelia, when he withdrew,
tude. The scenes he describes are everywhere familiar to his
expressing to the manager his regret at not being able
boyhood and throughout his brief manhood ; in short, he never
to see the rest of a performance · which had given him
wrote save of what he knew too well."
such intense pleasure.' But he made it up by coming
is to be found in the dedication, which tills the first the.mart Boothis conception and rendition of · Hamlet
stanza, in the reflections that fill stanzas nine and ten, (a play, be it remembered, by no means unfamiliar to
and in the conclnding stanzas. The body of the poem,
the description of the cotter and of his family, begins and the critical public in Berlin. He was repeatedly
German audiences) have completely captured the critics
with the second stanza, which reads:
recalled during the progress of the play; at the close of
“November chill blaws loud wi' angry sugh ;
the performance he bad to appear four times and ac-
The short'ning winter day is near a close ;
The miry beasts retreating frae the pleugh;
knowledge the enthusiastic greetings. As for the press,
The black’ning trains o' craws to their repose :
it is unanimous in its praise. The Norddeutscher Zeitung
The toil-worn Cotter frae his labor goes.”
says: Mr. Booth's Hamlet is a creation of flesh and blood;
This is very far from being “pure Saxon.” If, as
not such as we have been accustomed to in Germany.
some have been wont to assert, the passages composed
What he did last night was sufficient to show that he is
in pure English are decidedly inferior to the others, the
fully entitled to the great reputation which has pre-
ceded him. The noblesse and retiring modesty with
poem furnishes an instance in confirmation of Mr. El-
which he received all manifestations of favor made a
liott's thesis. It shows that, to do his best, Burns must
needs use his mother-tongue, as well as handle familiar
winning impression.' His repertoire, I hear, will be en-
subjects. This makes Mr. Elliott's paragraph the more
tirely Shakespearian. He had thought of having · Riche-
lieu ' translated, but has been dissuaded therefrom by
inexplicable.
A. C. BARROWS.
his friend Friedrich Haase, who convinced him that it
Iowa Agricultural College, Feb. 15, 1894.
would be a mistake."
JOSIAH R. SMITH.
Ohio State University, Columbus, Feb. 6, 1894.
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION LATIN.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
LOWELL'S “BAFFLED DECUMAN."
In reading this morning of the burning of the Colon-
nade at the Fair Grounds, a bright ray of cheer comes
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
over me in the thought that perhaps the Latin inscrip-
The reference by your correspondent (DIAL, Feb. 16,
tion on the adjacent obelisk was thereby removed from
p. 103) to Lowell's use of the word decuman in his
poem
the public gaze.
Here follows the interesting text:
“ The Cathedral,” and the puzzlement of his critics on
ANNIS QVADRINGENTIS POSTEAQVAM CHRISTOPHORVS
its first appearance twenty years ago, has brought to
mind a paragraph in the facetiæ department of a prom-
COLUMBUS INCOGNITUM ANTEA ORBEM TERRARUM AMER-
ICAM CENTIBUS [sic !] APERVIT HANC (sic!] IN LOCUM
inent periodical of that time, which might have amused
Mr. Lowell as a curiosity of criticism, and as such may
CONVENIVNT HOMINES OMNIVM FERE NATIONVM QUID
be worth reprinting:
QUISQUE IN ARTIBVS OVID (sic!!!] IN INVENTIS REBVS
QUID IN AGRICULTVRA FRAESTITERIT (sic!] AMICO CER-
“ The other evening, in returning home, what time
TAMINE INTER SE COMPARANTES.
our streets and sidewalks were glare with ice, we ob-
If a Freshman student of mine should put up such
served a chap endeavoring to scale an inclined plane,
work as this in a recitation, I should send him out of the
and at the same time he gave evidences of an uneasy
room. Is it unseemly to suggest to our honorable Com-
stomach. Hailing him, we asked, “What are you about ?'
missioners that, before again setting up a monument to
Whereto he replied, in the language of Lowell,-
be read by the nations of the earth, they get themselves
*Spume-sliding down the baffled decuman.'
edited ?
JAMES T. HATFIELD.
He evidently was the first to interpret the line !”
J. W. F.
-Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Il., Feb. 15,11894.
Boston, Feb. 20, 1894.


134
[March 1,
THE DIAL
He was
from the stage. The fifty years are ended, and
The New Books.
it is a life of Arnold's biographer which sums
up the gains and losses of the long campaign.
AN EARNEST LATITUDINARIAN.* To be sure, there remains a Memorial of Jow-
ett to be written, and Pusey's Life is incom-
It is a dozen years since Arthur Penrhyn plete. But we know from the volumes already
Stanley, much loved and honored, sank to rest
issued what Dr. Pusey's Life is likely, and un-
in the Deanery at Westminster. His biography likely, to give us ; and Dr. Jowett, as scholar
has been delayed by a series of misadventures.
and educator rather than ecclesiastic or theo-
His closest friend, Hugh Pearson, who might logian, has been on a side-track rather than the
have written it, followed Stanley within a
main line. But Stanley all his days was in the
twelvemonth. His travelling companion and thick of everything.
Whatever the event or
frequent co-worker, Sir George Grove, found
the pressure of other duties incompatible with spectacle of his period, he was either on the
stage as an actor, or an eager participant as
the task which the Dean had hoped that he
spectator in the front row of seats.
would undertake. Mr. Walrond, to whom the
Born in the highest ranks of English society,
work fell, died while arranging and assimilat-
ing his superabundant materials. Dean Brad. Bishop of Norwich in Stanley's early youth,
the son of a clergyman who was to become
ley began a Life on so prodigious a scale that from the first Arthur Stanley was an unusual
he was compelled to abandon it. Finally, Mr.
Rowland Prothero was put in possession of
child, of a highly nervous organization and an
almost feminine sweetness of nature.
Dean Bradley's notes and Dean Stanley's pa-
known at home as “the little sylph"and “Prince
pers, with the result which lies before us. It
Pitiful.” Sent to a private school at nine years
proves well worth waiting for. At first one is
old, his heart was in his books rather than his
tempted to suspect that less space might have
been occupied. The humors of the Tractarian play. He read Southey and Dryden and Shake-
controversy on both sides of it have had un-
speare and Plutarch, from copies bought with
his pocket-money. He wrote odes to
usual publicity, and may fairly be considered
“The humming-bird bright,
to be exhausted. Mr. Prothero's comments
The screech-owl of the night,
upon Stanley's career, elucidative and sympa-
And the stork snow-white."
thetic as they are, might sometimes be short He“ screamed with rapture” at the first sight
ened. A smaller number of Stanley's letters of big waves at sea, and fairly “ danced in
might have as clearly revealed his delightful ecstasy” at the vision of a mountain peak above
personality. A reviewer must find fault some the clouds. He had an early reputation as a
where, and so it may be said that the board teller of stories, and the gift probably stood
sometimes groans under the profusion of the him in good stead when he entered Rugby, a
banquet. That
may
be taken for an official
slim and delicate boy, at the age of thirteen.
judgment. But personally the critic has read
Dr. Arnold had just been made Head-Master,
and rejoiced in every page from title to finis, and Arthur came at once under his influence.
and holds with the French gourmand who said A word from one of Stanley's schoolmates sug-
“ Too much is not enough.'
gests the secret of Arnold's gift as an in-
It is curious that Stanley, living and dead, structor.
should have had almost the first and almost
“What struck me was the way in which Arnold re-
the last word in the long debate between Tract ferred to the upper boys' on matters of criticism, or
arianism and Broad Churchmanship, between points of history. Stanley, what do you think about
the men who looked backward and those who
that?' Vaughan, how would you construe that?' fold-
looked forward for the golden age of the Church.
ing his gown and leaning upon the table and looking
towards them with such respect, shown in the very tones
Half a century ago the premature death of Dr.
of his voice."
Arnold gave his favorite pupil an opportunity Happy in such a teacher, Arthur quickly rose
to choose his part and impress his master's mind in the ranks of the school; prize after prize fell
on the more earnest and thoughtful spirits of into his hands; and when, having won the Bal-
the generation which to-day has nearly passed liol scholarship, he came up for his last award
* THE LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF ARTHUR PENRHYN for Greek verses, he had the delight of hear-
STANLEY, late Dean of Westminster. By Rowland E. Pro ing from his revered master's lips : “Stanley,
thero, with the coöperation and sanction of the Very Rev. G.
I have now given you from this place every
G. Bradley. In two volumes. New York: Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons.
prize that can be given, and I cannot let it


1894.]
135
THE DIAL
-
pass without thanking you for the honor you betwixt two” as to his theological position. He
have reflected upon the school." The tone of was drawn to Newman, he was still held by Ar-
unfeigned “respect " is very
audible. Masters nold. “A magnificent and consistent system
like Arnold are very apt to secure pupils like of Sacramentarian teaching appealed to his
Stanley.
imagination and historic sense, while “the voice
Before going to Oxford, Stanley visited Ar of St. Paul's Epistles” called him, " loud and
nold at Allan Bank, and the Hares, his kins- clear,” in the opposite direction. The struggle
folk, at Hurstmonceanx. He saw Wordsworth, was brief and decisive. The earliest fathers
an old man, rather untidily dressed, with a face once for all triumphed over any later authori-
of great mildness, who talked of trees and ties. A Tory and High Churchman by his
shrubs, told merry stories, was not dictatorial, nerves, his affections, his sympathies, Stanley
and did not engross the conversation. He was a liberal in Church and State by virtue of
saw John Sterling, and heard him preach, “very his reason and conscience. When his feelings
fine, the next best to Arnold.” He read Cole- led one way and his sober judgment another,
ridge's “Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit,” Stanley knew where to go, however painful the
still in manuscript, and judged its merits and wrench of the decision. But finding, as he said
defects
very wisely.
He heard read aloud some a little later, the character of the Liberals
verses from a fledgeling poet, just flayed by the “miserably unsatisfactory," and "to act with
“Quarterly,”—Alfred Tennyson. He caught the Newmanites impossible,” he struck across
the reforming temper of his hosts at Hurst-country for himself, and from the hour of Ar-
monceaux, and wrote to Vaughan :
nold's death called no man master. That death
“ Alas, that a church that has so divine a service should
occurred in June, 1842. Stunned by the aw-
keep its long list of Articles. I am strengthened more ful shock at first, Stanley roused himself to
than ever in my opinion that there is only needed, that comfort the desolated household. Presently,
there only should be, one, viz., • I believe that Christ is
at their request, he threw himself heart and soul
both God and Man.''
into the work of preparing Arnold's biography,
That was the mood of Arthur Stanley always. To be entrusted with it had been a dream of
On that brief platform he was ready to stand his boyhood. He entered on his task with a
with all believers.
fine prescience as to what the record of such a
It was in October, 1834, that he went up to life might be. For two years, his toil was great,
Oxford. The first Sunday he heard Dr. Pusey almost “ an agony.” The result was adequate.
upon the Song of Solomon. “ It was very long He produced one of the half-dozen best biog-
and disproportioned ; most of it learned and raphies in the English tongue. It is singularly
clever.” The length and the learning and the free from the faults of an unpractised writer,
disproportion are all quite credible. Pusey It is more reserved and sober in style than any
was already a recognized leader. The Tract- of Stanley’s after works. Its author was not
arian movement had begun, and the more earn yet thirty years old.
est minds of the University were mainly drawn Meanwhile, after some scruples as to the
to it. It attracted Stanley, who respected damnatory clauses of the Athanasian creed and
Pusey, loved to quote Keble, and admired New the strictness of clerical subscription, Stan-
The spell of Arnold was no longer as ley had been ordained deacon and priest, and
dominating as it had been. Stanley was grow appointed college lecturer and tutor at Oxford.
ing in independence, beginning to measure and The atmosphere of the University was at this
judge those whom most profoundly he rever time dense with storm and overcharged with
enced. He could disapprove of the temper of electricity. The fall of the Whigs, the issue
Arnold's fierce diatribe upon - The Oxford
• The Oxford of “ Tract No. 90," the suspension of Dr. Pusey,
Malignants.” He was becoming less a student the publication of Ward's * Ideal Church,” the
of books, more an observer of men. For this degradation from his doctorate of its author,
reason, perhaps, his university career was less the stir about Hampden's lectures, the volcanic
brilliant than that at Rugby had been. It was eruption of party spirit on his nomination to
only on the third trial that he won the Ireland the See of Hereford, the lapsing of Ward and of
scholarship, though he took his “first-class ” Newman to Rome, made the life of an Oxford
and gained a fellowship, not in his own college. fellow at this period a series of shocks and
It had been hinted to him that his opinions jars and surprises, most uncongenial to Stan-
were under suspicion, and that failure there ley's pacific temperament. Yet, for all his love
was probable. He was at this time in “ a strait of peace, he would not slink out of the field of
man.


136
[March 1,
THE DIAL
contest where only sure and lasting peace was learned to honor a father with whom he had
to be won. He was a chivalric champion of not overmuch in common. “The crash, the
most diverse causes. Show him a victim of gloom, the uprooting, and the void ” left by the
injustice anywhere, forthwith, sword in hand, death were at first overwhelming. Stanley for
though with olive-branch always waving upon a season was driven forth from his books into
his crest, he would spring to his rescue. He practical business cares for his mother and sis-
stood by Ward and Pusey as gallantly as he ters in the breaking up of their home, and
stood by Arnold and Hampden. His foes were learned “to sympathize more than ever before
never men, but falsehoods and cruelties and with the working part of the world in every-
wrongs in whatever armor. Always he held day life.” The burden soon grew heavier.
with those who sought for the widest liberty Within three months both his brothers died,
and the most generous inclusiveness. He would and, succeeding to the small family estate, he
ever strive to make the visible and the invisible could no longer hold his fellowship. He had
Church coterminous. As much as might be, he just declined the deanery at Carlisle. He was
passed out of the arena of controversy and presently glad to accept the post of Canon at
busied himself with his books and his pupils. Canterbury, and make his home there for half
He knew how to make the page of his text-
a dozen years.
book “glow with the light of wisdom and po Before this, all England was shaken with the
etry.” The charm of his teaching was “sim Gorham controversy. For Stanley it was not
ply irresistible.” He gave his students “ his a question of the meaning of baptism, but of
heart and his best gifts," as well as large pe the right of his clerical brethren to resist a test
cuniary aid, freely and delicately bestowed upon imposed by a Bishop without color of law, and
those who needed it. It is curious to know the larger question still, should the English
that the ready and copious writer of after-years Church be rent and a large body of its devoted
at this time shrank from sermonizing, declaring clergy be driven forth from it. He took his ar-
that he could see his way to twelve sermons dent part in the struggle, fighting, as always,
and no more.” He had not yet discovered, as for what he believed to be liberty and peace.
a naive student once said, “what a surprising But he recognized that “no man ever threw
number of good texts there are in the Bible!” himself into controversy without regretting the
His flow was a little checked, perhaps, by feel plunge.” “I have had some misgivings,” he
ing himself under suspicion from a clerical gen wrote, “about my article (in the “Edinburgh"].
eration which dreaded German theology in the I fear St. John would hardly have approved of
lump and knew no distinction between Strauss it”; and “I am a real St. John's man,” he
and Ewald. There are men to-day who draw might have added, in the words of our own
no line between Voltaire and Renan. For his Muhlenburg. Yet St. John was at times nota-
own part, Stanley was “ fearless, and could af- bly plain of speech. There are junctures when
ford to be bold.” Assuming no party badge, charity does not forbid even an apostle to say
uttering no clamorous war-cry, fighting with " thou fool” or “this is the deceiver and the
his own sling and stone, he found few to stand antichrist." Stanley's conscience was a sensi-
beside him. Detesting, as Arnold did and tive organ. How droll his scruples must seem
Paul did, the spirit of party, there was danger to some modern hammerers of heresy, who, shar-
that he might become “ a bigot against intol- ing the temper of the Puritans without their
erance.” Mr. Prothero says that he did ; but convictions, are ready to hew Agag in pieces
the epigram is not quite just. Stanley would before the Lord, in the columns of church
allow no diversities of temper or opinion to
newspapers ! So intense is their zeal for the
sever him from anyone who followed Christ, as inspiration of the Bible that they even trans-
the Way, the Truth, and the Life. When mute its warnings into examples, and when it
Dr. Liddon and Dr. Pusey would hardly own says, as in the ninth commandment for exam-
that Maurice and Jowett and Stanley were dis- ple, “ Thou shalt not,” reply thankfully “ I will,
ciples of their Christ, still Stanley urgently of Lord.” It were not strange if Stanley's gen-
fered them the pulpit of the Abbey to freely tle tolerance should supply them a fresh occa-
preach their Gospel. His charity could span sion to blaspheme.
all chasms of opinion. He had no doubt that From this time on, Stanley's life — at Can-
truth would prevail.
terbury from 1851 to 1857, at Oxford as Pro-
In 1849 Bishop Stanley died, sincerely fessor of Ecclesiastical History until 1863, and
mourned throughout his diocese. His son had for the eighteen years that followed at West-


1894.]
137
THE DIAL
minster, was mainly that of the ardent stu Church of England was the less imperilled be-
dent and brilliant writer of Church History. cause he had done his best to lift its life a little
There were frequent episodes of travel, there above the moods of party; to interpret its
were dashes into the arena of Convocation, there formularies largely, in the spirit rather than
were the diversions of society. He accom the letter; to draw representatives of opposed
panied the Prince of Wales to Egypt and Pal- opinions into a bond of peace; to free church-
estine. He married the Duke of Edinburgh men from the overbearing weight of hard ec-
in the Imperial Chapel at St. Petersburg. He clesiasticism; to uphold the Living Spirit
visited America, and was the guest of Phil against spectres evoked from the darkest ages
lips Brooks. But mainly he was scholar and of Christian history; to point courageously
author. Having written the best religious biog- forward, not with melancholy backward, for the
raphy in our language, he proceeded to write ideal of the Church.
brilliant volumes upon Canterbury as its Canon What a rich life it had been rich in love
and upon Westminster as its Dean. He wrote and honors, in service and reward! The boy
the best volume extant in English upon Sinai who won all hearts and all the prizes, kept on
and Palestine. He wrote luminous lectures winning them to the end. The Queen's friend,
on the Eastern Church and the Scottish Church, the favored guest of princes, the cherished com-
and traced the whole course of Hebrew history panion of scholars and men of letters, won the
from Abraham to the Maccabees, treading in devotion of the working.men, whom he loved to
Ewald's steps and anticipating some of Renan’s lead through the aisles of the Abbey, interpret-
conclusions. He made the Old Testament a ing as they went its monuments and descant-
living book. Men of all schools profit by his ing on its history. Did he ever make an en-
labors. His volumes, with their clear, rich, emy? If he did, he probably soon converted
flowing style, and wealth of illustration, have him into a friend. Canon Wordsworth pro-
become classics. Everybody helps himself to tested against his appointment as Dean of
their contents without shame, knowing that Westminster. He avenged himself by paying
the theft will be recognized, condoned, and im- tribute in his earliest sermon to good work
itated. Those who regard their author as anath which the protesting Canon had done. His
ema still illuminate their sermons with his Chapter sometimes opposed him, but they could
glowing descriptions, and pay unwilling tribute not make him quarrel with them. He respected
to his fame.
their consciences, while asserting firmly the
For a few years the Dean's life at West- right of his own.
minster was brightened by a late but most for He had his faults, like other men. He be-
tunate marriage. Then the brief blessing was wailed his “fatal irresolution,” but it only dis.
withdrawn, and Stanley, the lonelier for the turbed himself and his inner circle. He per-
experience of a perfect companionship, lived haps loved peace even idolatrously, and in his
on and labored on, somewhat wearily. Loving concern for charity risked seeming indifference
friends ministered to him. Travel and society to truth. He would refuse to see the great gulf
more or less dulled his pain. It was after his fixed between him and those over against him,
wife's death that he visited this country, and which narrower eyes saw very well.
He too
found a tonic influence in (what Bryce noted much identified the English Establishment with
afterwards) the special hopefulness of Amer- the Church of Christ. His ministry was more
ican life. But his work was done. The causes to the Church at large than to individual men.
he had championed had won their way. Men An aristocrat by temper and circumstance, he
spoke their thought with freedom and were was more optimistic than if his lot had been less
tolerant of differences that once had sharply favorably cast. He was curiously dependent
divided them. The progress of the higher crit-
of the higher crit- upon others in all his minor habitudes. There
icism had made what had been heresies received was a “quaint, pathetic helplessness” about
opinions. The Bible which he loved, the He- him, half vexing, half endearing. With all
brew history which he had illuminated, were his gentleness he was pugnacious, and thought
become more familiar and more precious for peace worth seeking at the cannon's mouth.
his labors. Their inspiration was altogether But he enriched the life and literature of his
unimpaired, though he had brushed away the time. In all his encounters he never dodged,
dust and cobwebs from the covers of the sacred nor struck an unfair blow. He spared his en-
volume and recognized the existence of fly- emies, he championed his friends. Those who
specks on its ancient and precious pages. The scarce confessed him a disciple were won by


138
[March 1,
THE DIAL
on
his works, though they had been frightened by Non-discovery of America by Madoc, it was
his words. The churches of all English speak- not on the given subject, and must therefore
ing lands are the better for his living. The be excluded from the competition. This led to
heresies of the hour become the orthodoxy of a bitter contest, the echoes of which are still
the
ages. The
memory
of Arthur Penrhyn reverberating in the world's press. The most
Stanley will endure and be precious so long as competent member of the committee, the dis-
men love and value tolerance and peace. And tinguished scholar Silvan Evans, resigned, and
some do still.
C. A. L. RICHARDS. disgraceful scenes took place at the Eisteddfod.
The fourth centenary celebration in honor of
Columbus seemed an opportune time for giving
the manuscript of Mr. Stephens to the public;
THE MYTHICAL WELSH DISCOVERY OF
AMERICA. *
and this has been done through the capable ed-
itorship of Mr. Llywarch Reynolds, the author
The question of the Welsh discovery of having carefully revised the work before his
America has engaged the attention of the pub- death.
lic more or less for the last three hundred years. The book is divided into three parts, the
The theory was first enunciated by Humphrey
first presenting all the literature of the subject,
Lloyd, in the sixteenth century; and since then
and leaving the statements, without note or
there have been continually-recurring discus- comment, to make their own impression on the
sions of the subject, both in the native press reader ; the second passing in review the opin-
of Wales and elsewhere. In the exhaustive
In the exhaustive ions of the various writers who have treated the
bibliography prepared by Mr. Paul Barron' subject pro and con, and thus exhibiting the
Watson and published in the writer's “ Amer-
impressions produced by the facts
upon
other
ica not Discovered by Columbus," Mr. Watson
minds; and the third giving a critical discus-
gives' no 'less than fifty-one books and essays
sion of the whole subject by the author. Ву
“ Discovery by the Welsh ”; and this list this method there is of course involved no lit-
does not include the vast amount of literature
tle diffuseness, the same facts being marshalled
on the subject which has appeared from time
for three different purposes ; but the result is
to time in Wales.
The work of Mr. Stephens was written for and the treatment made absolutely exhaustive.
that the subject is discussed in all its bearings,
competition at the celebrated Llangollen Eis-
A personal reference at this point may be per-
teddfod, held on September 21, 1858, and the
mitted. In 1874, when I prepared my little
three following days. The subject for compe-
book on the Norse discovery of America in the
tition was announced in these terms: “ For the
tenth and eleventh centuries, I had examined,
best essay upon the Discovery of America in
though rather superficially, some of the writers
the twelfth century by Prince Madoc ap Owain
who held the discovery of Madoc to be a dem-
Gwynedd, prize £20 and a silver star.” Six onstrated fact; and while I had no means of
making a thorough study of the question, I
truth of the Welsh tradition. In the remaining came to look upon the Welsh claim as not only
essay, under the assumed name of “Gwenerth
possible but even probable, and accordingly
Engydlym,” Mr. Stephens, after presenting an stated in that work that “ It is generally be-
almost exhaustive summary of the literature of lieved, and not without reason, that the ances-
the subject, and marshalling all the evidence
tors of the Welsh, under the leadership of
usually cited for and against the Cambrian Madoc, made a settlement in this country about
story, subjected them to a rigid criticism, and
the year 1170.” But after reading Mr. Ste-
finally declared himself a disbeliever in the tale, phens's exhaustive work, with its overwhelming
“How Madoc from the shores of Britain spread
The adventurous sail."
weight of argument, I am bound to revise my
It is this essay which is now given to the pub- former opinion, and to say that he has not left
lic in a sumptuous volume. The Eisteddfod
a single shred of supposed evidence unrefuted.
committee to award the prize being aware of
I believe no candid reader can rise from the
the existence of this negative essay, decided perusal of “ Madoc” with any other impression
that, it being not on the Discovery but on the
than that the story is not founded on facts.
The supposed discovery is not an historic nar-
An EssAY ON THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY MADOC
rative, but merely a legend which has had its
AP OWEN GWINEDD, in the Twelfth Century. By Thomas
Stephens. Edited by Llywarch Reynolds. New York : Long- day and must henceforth be put in its proper
mans, Green, & Co.
place in the list with the Welsh “Mabinogion."
essays were sent in, five of which assumed them


1894.]
139
THE DIAL
The Welsh, on whose minds the Madoc story because he painted his mother with a Bible in
has taken a firm hold and has had all the force of her hand, in lieu of some other book, is not
a patriotic sentiment, should not regret that it sufficient proof to warrant any such inference,
has at length been effectually relegated to the or to account for the fact that Rembrandt so
domain of fiction. Mr. Stephens's work, with all often painted Bible stories in his pictures.
its iconoclasm, shows that the Welsh race pos Would M. Michel argue that all painters who
sesses men capable of self-analysis and histor- painted religious pictures were “pious brought
ical criticism. And, indeed, the Welsh have up” at their mothers' knee, we wonder? And
an abundance of other things of which they may if the argument hold good, why was not Rem-
well be proud. They speak one of the parent brandt's mother a pagan Greek teaching Greek
languages of the world, a language which holds mythingy to her son, since he painted myth-
an enviable position in comparative philology.ological as well as Biblical subjects? There
They have an ancient literature, which scholars are a great string of these “ perhapses” and
in every land are translating and illustrating. “ probablys” running through the first volume,
They have an honorable history, much of which which are interesting enough as speculations,
yet lies hid in bardic materials. The Welsh - but the pity of them is that the next writer
furnished the Norman Trouvères with the ma of a Rembrandt life will put them down as ab-
terial for the Arthurian and British romances. solute facts, and in a few years we shall have
Spenser found among the Welsh the materials a house-of-cards history of Rembrandt that will
for "The Faërie Queen"; and without Welsh eventually have to be knocked down just as M.
traditions Shakespeare could not have written Michel has knocked down the Rembrandt his-
his immortal “ Lear” or “Cymbeline.” While tories of the past. That is the way history and
Welshmen can lay no claim to the glories and biography are made, and it accounts very well
renown that belong to Leif Erikson and Co for the continual re-making that has been go-
lumbus as discoverers of America, they have ing on since the world began.
secured many a place of honor in the annals of And, after all, what is the use of all this.
the United States. The clinging to the Madoc study into the minutiæ of a life like Rem-
legend in the future can only tend to lower brandt's ? People are interested in him as a
Welshmen's reputation as truthful men, and painter, not a man of the world. His was not
thus injure their credit as a people of sterling a life of action, or of any great social or polit-
worth. Mr. Stephens's verdict must be ac ical importance. He was not a Napoleon, a
cepted as final.
RASMUS B. ANDERSON.
Mirabeau, or even a romantic Antonello da
Messina, or a travelled Rubens.
His life was
quiet, sedate, and thoroughly Dutch, not dif-
fering essentially from that of his contempo-
REMBRANDT AGAIN.*
raries. Born of middle-class parents, at Ley-
The oft-told story of Agassiz reconstructing den, in 1606, he was the fifth of six children.
the skeleton of a rare fish from one small bone
We know nothing of his boyhood, and little
brought to him by a fisherman, is applicable
more of his education. He was sent to the uni-
to the new life of Rembrandt by Emile Michel. versity, but at fifteen he had decided to become
There are only one or two bones in the whole
a painter and was a pupil of Swanenburch. In
life of Rembrandt, but M. Michel has made a
1624 he went to Amsterdam, and for about six
complete skeleton from them, and not only put months was a pupil of Lastman. This ended his
blood and brains into it, but has clothed it with apprenticeship at painting ; and as for his skill
moral, social, and religious qualities. Unfor as an etcher, no one knows who taught it to
tunately, M. Michel's historic method is not so
him or whether he just picked it up through
satisfying as Agassiz's scientific method ; and
native genius. He returned to Leyden, estab-
the reader may indulge in some doubts about
lished himself as an independent artist, and
the basic statements which start as guesses and
soon rose to fame, money, and some pupils.
finally end up as uncontroverted facts.
Then, in 1631, he went back to Amsterdam,
Perhaps ” Rembrandt learned a great deal to live there permanently and to become the
about Bible story from his mother's knee ; but people's painter of the time. In 1634 he mar-
ried Saskia van Uylenborch, a young woman
*REMBRANDT: His Life, His Work, and His Time. By of better family and more money than he pos-
Emile Michel. From the French by Florence Simmonds.
Edited by Frederick Wedmore. In two volumes, illustrated.
sessed, with whom he lived happily up to the
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
time of her death. In 1639 he bought, and


140
[March 1,
THE DIAL
fitted
up
with
many objects of art, the much art, and from the art drew the character of the
talked about house in the Breestraat. He was
man. If his sympathy has sometimes made
then at the height of his fame, making money him a partisan, it is not to be wondered at, since
and spending it lavishly, devoted to his art and his cause was a good one.
his wife, and to all appearance serenely happy.
For Rembrandt was a remarkable man in
In 1642 Saskia died, leaving Rembrandt a year the annals of art, a superb etcher and a su-
old son, Titus, and the bulk of her property, preme painter, whose like it is not probable we
which was considerable. From that time began shall see again. Primarily he was a portrait
the decline of his fame and his prosperity, but painter. The single figure was more consonant
not of his art. He worked on in the Breestraat with his art-methods than the composed group.
house, and took for a mistress and model his That was probably due to several causes. He
house-servant, Hendrickje Stoffels. Careless was no lover of the traditional or academic,
ness and extravagance in money matters fol and never followed school formulæ in compo-
lowed, and in 1656 he was declared a bank- sition to any extent. His composition was his
rupt and sold out of house and home—the art own, and it was sometimes good and sometimes
collections going for a song to the Jews and bad. He had not a particle of what has been
hawkers. He then wandered from pillar to called "style,” had no care for line as line, and
post about Amsterdam, domiciled in various was uniquely individual in the picturesque.
places, and protected from his creditors in a With peculiar methods that became dominant
measure by the efforts of Titus and Hendrickje. in his art and were opposed to classic compo-
About 1664 Hendrickje died, and in 1668 Ti. sition, he often distorted lights and shadows,
tus too passed away. The painter, outclassed and built up certain portions of a composition
in popular esteem by the peddling little men of by dragging down other portions; and this,
the paint-brush who had arisen, steeped in pov while a forceful method of procedure with the
erty and comparative obscurity, aged and quite single figure, as his portraits attest, was not
forsaken, at last gave up the struggle and died perhaps the best method of handling composed
in 1669.
groups, as a number of his large figure-pieces
Such are the bare facts of a commonplace attest. His mastery of light-and-shade rather
life; and the only thing that makes them at militated against his composition, just as it
all interesting to us is that this life was led by bleached and often falsified his color. Fine in
one of the greatest painters of any time or many instances as a colorist, he was proue to
country. Undoubtedly his sorrows and trials destroy the purity and value of tones by sub-
had their effect upon his art, for he was a man ordination; and, positive as he was in hand-
of much feeling, - and herein lies the answer ling, he at times lapsed into heaviness and inef-
to our previous question and the chief value of fectual kneading.
M. Michel's extensive researches. He has fol. Mentally, he was a man keen to observe, as-
lowed chronologically Rembrandt's life and similate, and synthesize. His conception was
work, showing his varying styles of art and localized with his own people and time (he
their probable origin in the varying circum never built up the imaginary or followed Italy),
stances of his life. Some of this is strained in and yet into types taken from the streets and
inference to the breaking point, and still more
shops of Amsterdam he infused the very larg-
is mere over-subtile conjecture; but it is read est humanity through his inherent sympathy
able, and often suggestive. There is matter
with man. Dramatic, even tragic, he was at
more pertinent in the discussion of dates, and times, and yet showed it less in vehement ac-
attributions, and all that, because M. Michel tion than in passionate expression. He had a
had the pictures to work from. Besides this,
Besides this, way of striking universal truths through the
the author has brought together an exhaustive human face, a turned head, bent body, or out-
mass of shrewd criticism reviewing every im stretched hand, that was powerful in the ex-
portant work that Rembrandt ever etched or treme. His people have great dignity and
painted, and illuminating it not only by the character, and we are made to feel that they
text, but by a vast number of plates and repro are types of the Dutch race — people of sub-
ductions. Probably no one was better qualified stantial physique, slow in thought and impulse,
to do this work than M. Michel. He was in yet capable of feeling, comprehending, enjoy-
perfect sympathy with his subject before he ing, suffering. His landscapes, again, are a
began to write, had studied it for years, was synthesis of all Dutch landscape, a grouping
surrounded and saturated with Rembrandt's of the great truths of light, space, and air.


1894.]
141
THE DIAL
--
;
Whatever he turned his mind upon was treated the author and compiler sets out upon the most
with that breadth of view that overlooks the interesting portion of his volume, the introduc-
little and grasps the great. He painted many tion, embracing fifty-two pages and divided into
subjects, dating from 1627 to the time of his fourteen sections, wherein, after sketching the
death, and at first was a little sharp in detail effort made, amid the greatest difficulties, to
and cold in coloring. After 1654 he grew much develop the ecclesiastical department of the late
broader in handling and warmer in coloring ; Census, he comments upon the “ Variety in
tending, toward the end of his life, to rather Religion," “Denominational Titles," and the
hot tones. His domestic troubles served only “Causes of Division.” He does this with con-
to heighten and deepen his art, and perhaps siderable humor, though he furnishes much
his best canvases were painted under stress of food for sober reflection for those whose minds
circumstances and in sadness of heart. His are fixed upon the subject of Christian Unity.
life is another proof, if needed, that the great- It is to lighten the statistician's labors by se-
est truths and beauties are to be seen only curing a scientific nomenclature, that Dr. Car-
through tears. Too bad for the man! but the roll chiefly favors reunion; and he drolly adds:
world—the same ungrateful, selfish world that “ And why such reunion has not taken place
has always lighted its torch at the funeral pyres in scores of instances, I cannot explain, except
of genius
is the gainer.
by the prevalence of the doctrine of the perse-
These two quartos are handsomely gotten up
verance of saints. It must be that the saints
in the matter of paper, printing, and binding; of the sects think they ought to persevere in
and the upwards of three hundred illustrations sectarian division."
are a mine in themselves, giving as they do the One must needs have a well developed sense
best of the master's work. Both as a readable of humor to deal statistically, and without losing
book and as a book of reference, no Rembrandt- temper, with the difficulties presented in having
lover's library can be complete without it. Mr. to classify four distinct bodies of " Brethren,
Frederick Wedmore has edited it, and compiled popularly known as, yet disclaiming the name
for it several serviceable indexes, with knowl. of, “ Plymouth Brethren (who can only be
edge and discrimination ; and the task of trans- | distinguished by the Roman numerals I., II.,
lating from the French seems to have fallen III., IV.), twelve varieties of Presbyterians,
into good hands.
JOHN C. VAN DYKE.
thirteen of Baptists, and seventeen of Method-
ists. And among them all, the only denomi-
national title which Dr. Carroll finds to be
really definitive is that of the “Old Two-Seed-
THE RELIGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.* in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Baptists." By re-
To inaugurate a series of denominational his: ducing the one hundred and forty-three denom-
tories illustrative of the religious development inations he encounters to “denominational fam-
of our country, Dr. H. K. Carroll has under-ilies," he still has forty-two such families on
taken to give, in a handsome octavo volume of his hands, while we venture to assert that
many
440 pages, entitled “ The Religious Forces of
of the members of these families would repu-
the United States," some of the results of his diate the parentage he has assigned to them.
investigations on behalf of the Eleventh United His attempt to create a “Catholic” family to
States Census. He anticipates to some extent include the Roman Catholics, the Greek Cath-
the eleven volumes which are to follow his and olics (Uniates), the Russian Orthodox, the
give the history of twenty more or less flour-
Greek Orthodox, the Armenians, the Old Cath-
ishing religious denominations; but, deriving olics, and the Reformed Catholics, and leaving
his material wholly from the Census bulletins
out the Protestant Episcopalians” (who daily
(not yet published), his purpose is to describe assert their belief in the Holy Catholic Church,
and classify all denominations so as to give a
and frankly admit that if their church be not
clear idea of the character and strength of the Catholic it has no right to exist), is a curious
religious forces of the United States.” Thus
blunder.
As might be expected, Dr. Carroll brings
* AMERICAN CHURCH HISTORY. VOLUME I., THE RELI-
GIOUS FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES, Enumerated, Clas-
to light many religious curiosities. He includes
sified and Described on the Basis of the Government Census in his Census Report one denomination with
of 1890. With an Introduction on the condition and character as few as twenty-five members; and with re-
of American Christianity. By H. K. Carroll, LL.D., in charge
of the Division of Churches, Eleventh Census. New York:
luctance excludes one with twenty-one members,
The Christian Literature Co.
because unorganized, its twenty-one members


142
[March 1,
THE DIAL
being in three different States. If the author's list of the readings in the two oldest of these
ability to maintain such absolute impartiality, copies, from which he evidently believes all
in his dealing with the various denominations, others are in turn derived. That will appar-
as not to betray his sympathy with any partic-ently suffice, at least for all who accept this
ular one, were the grounds upon which the theory as to the younger copies : which theory
Superintendent of the Eleventh Census made is, however, vigorously combatted by Mr. Ellis
choice of Dr. Carroll to take charge of the Divi. in the last edition of his work. Almost any col-
sion of Churches, the choice is fully justified lege student will doubtless be more than satis-
by the book before us. But there are other fied with this much apparatus criticus.
indications of the wisdom of the selection ; and The book is, then, timely, attractive, and
while we await the appearance of the Census apparently by a competent hand. It is likely
Report, this summary furnishes some racy as to restore Catullus to college curricula, much
well as some more serious (though always en more widely than he is now read. This is a
tertaining and instructive) reading.
pleasant prospect, for his voice is far more di-
ARTHUR HOWARD NOLL. rect, genuine, human, so to speak, than any
other that has reached us from the Roman
world. As has been said of him before, he
also represents, more fully than perhaps any
THE FRESHEST VOICE AMONG LATIN
POETS. *
other poet, what youth can accomplish — and
what it cannot. He arouses in almost every
English students of Catullus have hitherto youthful reader a feeling which the other Latin
been dependent chiefly on the two learned and poets rarely call forth : enthusiastic sympathy.
costly volumes of Mr. Robinson Ellis. For
All this gives us the better right to qualify
class-room use there has been available a se our welcome with frank criticism of certain
verely sifted selection of the most proper verses, minor details.
with useful notes, by Mr. F. P. Simpson, in We find no statement at all of the relation of
the ugly little scarlet covers of Macmillan's this edition to its predecessors. But Ellis, in
Classical Series. There was a strongly-felt particular, like Mayor for Juvenal and Munro
need for a complete edition of moderate size
for Lucretius, has so preëmpted Catullus in
and agreeable form. We think Professor Mer.
a monumental work, that an English editor
rill's work will satisfactorily fill this need. It should at least either acknowledge a heavy in-
is especially pleasant to welcome an edition of debtedness, or claim independence in explicit
a classic, by an American scholar, which is
There are valuable German investi-
neither " based on "nor translated from any gations (like those of Schwabe) which Pro-
German book. This pleasure has, unhappily, | fessor Merrill undoubtedly utilized largely, and
the added charm of extreme rarity. Mr. Mer also useful school editions (by Riese and others)
rill has also the courage of his individuality, which he should have consulted. If this silence
and usually prefers to state his own under is a rule of the series, so much the worse.
standing of his author, rather than to compile Certain qualities of Catullus—his audacity,
from earlier editors. Further, he appreciates his fiery rebelliousness against authorities and
the fact that Catullus lives as a poet, and as dignitaries, his irrepressible sense of the gro-
such he interprets him, with sympathy and tesque, his fury in love and hate,-are so om-
hearty interest. Of course the requirements nipresent that no poem, no line, can be safely
of a school-book, and especially of a series, set interpreted where they are left out of the ac-
limits to this latter quality of an editor, but it count. Few among our expounders of the
shines through in frequent brief comments classics are fitted by age and temper to appre-
and especially in the cautious reconstruction of ciate such qualities fully. Perhaps Professor
Catullus's life and poetic development, which Merrill does not always give them due weight.
fills
pp.
xii.-xxxvi.
Thus, on the famous poem of seven lines de-
It is well known that we are dependent for voted to Marcus Cicero (c. 49), we are told
this poet upon copies of a single old MS. which with full assurance: “ It is, however, mistak-
was discovered early in the fourteenth century, enly understood by many critics to be iron-
-- and subsequently disappeared again. Pro- ical in tone." We venture to assert that every
fessor Merrill gives (pp. 227–263) a careful wide-awake lad who reads those seven verses,
* CATULLUS. By Elmer T. Merrill, of Wesleyan University.
or has ever read them, joins in the grin they
were meant to call forth.
Boston : Ginn & Co.


1894.)
143
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And first, a priori. Did Catullus ever else As evidence that in private, at least, among
where show respect, simple and sincere respect, the enlightened, the absurd side of the Rom-
to anyone? To the greatest generals and po ulus-myth was appreciated and familiarly han-
litical powers—e.g., Pompey and Cæsar? The dled, we need only cite Cicero's own expression
terrible scars left by the verses of No. 29 are (Atticum, act II. 1-8): “ Cato talks as though
the answer.
Or to his dearest friends — and we were living in Plato's Utopia, and not, as
to himself? The foul and extravagant figures we are, in the rogue's asylum of Romulus."
of 28 lie close at hand. To the woman that (Jeans.)
had dominated his life? Here it is surely As to “pessimus poeta,” our editor says:
needless to quote.
66 Odi et amo," he could “Catullus also speaks of himself with excess-
say, if ever any soul incarnated might. The ive modesty in addressing his patron Nepos in
meaning of " Diligo” he never learned. What I.” Well, yes. He makes his bow to his ma-
father can read without something like disgust, ture, eminent, learned friend (not without a
remembering what the loves of Catullus and mocking sigh over the learning):
Clodia had really been, his worse than auda-
“This dainty little book and new,
cious words:
Just polished with the pumice, who
"Then my regard for thee
Shall now receive ?
Was such as is a father's for his sons !”
-Cornelius, you !
That Catullus's poems were circulated when
“For these my trifles even then
You counted of some value, when
written, can be proved, if need be, from Sue-
You only of Italian men
tonius's statement: “ Cæsar, conscious that he
"Into three volumes dared to cast
was himself indelibly branded by the verses,"
The story of all ages past :
etc. The “catchy" hendecasyllables of the
Learned, -oh Jupiter, - and vast!"
audacious young Provincial were surely laughed Perhaps there is a touch of Shelley's royal mod-
over in clubs, if not set to music and sung in esty, as he slips the little roll into Nepos’ hand,
the streets. Thus the poem No. 21 has no
“So take it, prize it as you may";
other purpose than to call down ridicule upon but the murmured prayer as he turns,
a rival in love :
“And, gracious virgin, this I pray:
Aurelius, sire of starvelings thou, -
That it may live beyond our day!”
Nor only those existing now,-
is surely a far cry from “pessimus poeta.” It
Of all who lived in ages gone,
is less blunt than the assurance of Catullus's
Or shall until the years are done."
distant kinsman,
(The rest is abusive words which our speech
“Nennt man die grössten Namen,
cannot render.) Shortly after, in a brief poem
So wird auch der meine genannt,"
to the
young Juventius, over whose charms the
but Catullus, like Heine, sinned little through
quarrel with Aurelius had arisen, he repeats
self-depreciation. Possibly modest Mark Tully
the refrain :
smiled indulgently, and thought the compli-
“Of all Juventii thou'rt the flower:
ment not ill-turned; but certainly the bad boys
Nor only of this present hour :-
Of all who lived in ages gone,
laughed — so loudly, perhaps, that even pater
Or shall until the years are done.”
patrice had an uneasy suspicion, as he passed
(And a rival is assailed, somewhat less coarsely, on, that the fast young cantores Euphorionis
in the few remaining verses of this poem also.) sometimes made game of pompous dignitaries.
With another day comes a less reprehensible But we have a more serious final exception
grievance. “ What injury has the great orator to take. Catullus, of all men, never hesitated
done
you, Catullus ?” " He has tried to pa-
to say what he meant. It is perilous for a
tronize the impecunious young Transpadane, commentator to assume that he does not mean
a thing no man shall ever do ! And the town the thing he says. Exempli gratia : the poem
shall hear me thank him!” To cut off all in honor of the yacht which had brought her
doubt, the freshest voice among Latin poets master safe home from the Black Sea is a
chooses to employ a third time the tag all Rome general favorite. Now this voyage may have
knew by heart:
been in 56 B.C. Catullus's death is generally
"Most eloquent, Marcus Tullius,
set about 54,—though only because no later al-
Art thou of the sons of Romulus ;
lusions can be positively cited from his poems.
Of all who lived in ages gone,
Or shall until the years are done.
Dean Smith has discussed this poem in “ Har-
Catullus thanks you heartily:
vard Studies ” (Vol. III.), with great inge-
The wretchedest of poets he;
As far of poets wretchedest,
nuity and thoroughness. He insists that the
As thou'rt of all men patron best."
craft could not be spoken of as “ growing old”


144
[March 1,
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only two or three years after her first voyage. promontory, and, anchoring under its shadow,
Alas, the Dean surely never owned a yacht, dedicated his craft to them, she was so much
then! Again, the voyage began at Amastris the safer and fitter to bear the “pious bard."
on the Euxine ; while in another
poem
Catul This, we submit, Catullus says plainly enough.
lus takes leave of his fellow-officers at Nicæa, Who shall correct him?
two hundred and fifty miles nearer home. This
WILLIAM C. LAWTON.
is as if an Englishman returning home from
Bangor should take ship at New York! Hence
Professor Smith puts the voyage back into the
RECENT FICTION.*
generation before the poet, assigning it to some
roving friend of Catullus's father. The chief Among the novels accumulated during the past
objection to all this is that it destroys the only few weeks there is no difficulty in selecting the one
sentiment and significance the poem ever had. that stands out above all the others, and comes as
Professor Merrill praises, and rejects, this near to being a masterpiece as this degenerate age
presentation by his editor-in-chief, and puts
of English fiction will permit any novel to do. And,
forth another theory, presumably a new one.
strange to say, although written in English, it is
The poem, he tells us, is a dedicatory inscrip-
not the work of an English novelist at all, but of
tion, written not for the real yacht, but for a
that genial Dutchman who calls himself “Maar-
ten Maartens,” and whose name was absolutely
miniature model thereof, consecrated in a tem unknown to the literary public of four years ago.
ple of Castor and Pollux, as a thank-offering. “The Greater Glory” is an ambitious work, but
Both scholars deny that the poet could have in performance it justifies both the scale
upon
which
brought his vessel home to his beloved Sermi it was planned and the aims which it sought to ac-
one on the Lago di Garda, because it would complish. Let us hasten to say, lest the words just
have been extravagant, and Catullus came home used should be misunderstood, that the story is not
from Bithynia poor.
didactic in any narrow or obtrusive sense, but that
As to the sentiment of the matter, I appeal
it merely exhibits the moral purpose of all great
with confidence to lovers of poetry and of
fiction, and seeks to set the realities of life over
against the conventions and the shams, to contrast
yachting. But on matters of fact, we have just
its superficial aspects with its profound inner sig-
one source of information : the verses of Cat-
nificance. Readers of “God's Fool" will remem-
ullus. He does jest elsewhere of his purse-full ber how effectively the author had already pur-
of cobwebs, of his mean and stingy commander sued this method, how distinctly he had kept this
in-chief in the Orient, etc. But the poverty of contrast in view. “The Greater Glory” produces
this lord of several country-seats, this leader of the same general impression, and has the advantage
young Rome, is of the jaunty and gentlemanly
* THE GREATER GLORY. A Story of High Life. By Maar-
sort. Of course his income is narrow. He ten Maartens. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
craves a fortune to fling away on a banquet,
THE RECIPE FOR DIAMONDS. By C. J. Cutcliffe Hyne.
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
an amour, a pearl.
CATHARINE FURZE. By Mark Rutherford. New York:
Catullus clung to his Italian promontory — Macmillan & Co.
especially when far away from it. He loved that A GRAY EYE OR So. By Frank Frankfort Moore. New
yacht-at least in retrospect. He would have
York: D. Appleton & Co.
them together. It would be costly, difficult,
SHIPS THAT PASS IN THE NIGHT. By Beatrice Harraden.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
unheard of, to work her up the Po and Mincio A WOMAN OF FORTY. A Monograph. By Esmé Stuart.
to Garda ? Reasons enough, surely, these, why
New York: D. Appleton & Co.
the thing must be done! What old Assian,
CHRISTINA CHARD. By Mrs. Campbell-Praed. New York:
D. Appleton & Co.
staid and stout and come to forty year though
A DAUGHTER OF THIS WORLD. By Fletcher Battershall.
he be, would not give more than he can afford New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
to see the dear unmanageable old Mezethra rot-
APPRENTICES TO DESTINY. By Lily A. Long. New York:
Merrill & Baker.
ting at a Yankee wharf-side, instead of by the
A PROTEGÉE OF JACK HAMLIN'S, AND OTHER STORIES.
mole of Mitylene?
By Bret Harte. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
But the poet was rarely at home on Sermi MEMOIRS OF SHERLOCK HOLMES. By A. Conan Doyle.
New York: Harper & Brothers.
one, rarely at leisure to sail when there; and
MADEMOISELLE Miss. By Henry Harland. New York:
Garda was but a landlocked millpond to the Lovell, Coryell & Co.
craft built to brave the Pontus's storms and the THE WATCHMAKER'S WIFE, AND OTHER STORIES. By
Frank R. Stockton, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
cliffs of the Propontis. And so “ Senet quiete,”
PARISIAN POINTS OF VIEW. By Ludovic Halévy. Trans-
“ In peace she's growing old.” If he built
lated by Edith V. B. Matthews. New York: Harper &
shrine to the Sailors' Friends upon his windy Brothers.
..
--


1894.]
145
THE DIAL
of dealing with more natural conditions. There “ Catharine Furze” is a book written under the
was a trace of the repulsive in the former story, stress of religious emotion, and will appeal to the
and the attention of its readers was too much di reflective mind. Yet it may hardly be described
verted by the curious psychological questionings as a novel with a purpose, unless we admit as a pur-
that could not fail to be suggested by the character pose its tacit plea for the importance of the relig-
of the reine Thor who was the hero. The hero of ious motive as a determining factor in everyday
“ The Greater Glory” has all five of his senses, and life. It is a simple and depressing story of English
is none the less a hero in the spiritual sense. Lov- village people and ways half a century ago. There
able in childhood as in manhood, his growth from is something of strength in its delineation of the
the one stage to the other is depicted with subtle titular character, and of one or two others, but the
psychological insight. As for the Baron, with his old book claims more attention for its obvious sincer-
world notions of faith and duty and honor, we pity ity than for any artistic quality of structure or char-
the reader who can stand by his deathbed with un acterization.
dimmed eyes, or without feeling the better for having In reading “A Gray Eye or So” one is struck
lived with him. He is instinctively enshrined in the by the lack of development in the characters. They
memory along with Colonel Newcome and the good are absolutely the same from first to last, although
Bishop of Hugo's best known novel.“ The Greater the narrative covers time enough to affect their des-
Glory” is far from being a perfect work of fiction tinies very materially, and although it is the privi.
—there are few such in the world—and its defects lege, if not the duty, of the novelist to foreshorten
are easily discernible. It is confused in structure, both in time and space. The gravest defect of the
and its architectural analogue would be some irreg- story is offered by the hero, who commits an act of
ular Gothic cathedral with unrestrained grotesque unspeakable villainy quite out of keeping with the
ornamentation. In style, also, it is lacking, being general tenor of his character. This is bad enough,
over-colloquial and addicted to mannerism. But it and that he should have been forgiven for it is worse
gives us such a picture of manners and morals as still. A pervasive element of dry satire contrib-
only the greater novelists are capable of drawing, utes not a little to the interest of this book, for it
and it is informed throughout with a nobility of is interesting, although it must be condemned by
sentiment that makes of it a singularly helpful and any exacting standard of literary art.
The con-
wholesome piece of literature.
trasted types, fixed though they are, supply an ex-
Is there something in the atmosphere of the Ba- cellent diversity, and the conversations are nearly
learic Islands to stimulate the imagination and in- always cleverly managed. If one will forget for
cite to the spinning of wild and preposterous yarns? an hour his critical standards, he
may
extract much
Twice within a few months we have read novels entertainment from the book.
having their scene in those islands, and in each case Miss Harraden’s “Ships that Pass in the Night'
the plot has been something distinctly out of the is a novel, or rather a nouvelle, that is fairly de-
common. “ The Recipe for Diamonds” was, ac serving of the success that it has already obtained.
cording to Mr.Cutcliffe Hyne, formulated by no less It is well-written, and excellent in characterization.
distinguished a character than Raymond Lully, and There are but few figures on the canvas-only two
by him intrusted to the keeping of an underground
of any consequence—and they are essentially vital
Minorcan vault. To this spot certain modern ad in delineation. In the character of the hero, Miss
venturers, taking their cue from an ancient manu Harraden has attempted the task so triumphantly
script, were led, and the secret was caught by a pho- performed in Charlotte Brontë's “ Villette”: that
tographic plate. The original inscription being then of leading us finally to understand and to admire a
destroyed, the undeveloped plate remained in sole
man who is at first, and to a superficial observer,
possession, and this plate, unfortunately, lost the almost repellant. Her title is suggested by the
record forever by exposure. So the reader is left quatrain,
none the wiser for it all, and the adventurers get “Ships that pass in the night, and speak each other in passing,
nothing for their pains but a small jar of diamonds, Only a signal shown, and a distant voice in the darkness ;
made by the aforesaid Raymond Lully, and buried
So on the ocean of life we pass and speak one another,
Only a look and a voice, then darkness again and silence."
with the recipe as evidence that it had been a real
working formula. This outline of the story gives A
And it might almost equally well have taken for a
but a slight notion of its exciting character, and no
text Matthew Arnold's more beautiful lines :
notion at all of the cleverness with which its char-
“Yes! in the sea of life enisled,
With echoing straits between us thrown,
acters and its incidents are fitted together. It is as
Dotting the shoreless, watery wild,
good, in a way, as many of Mr. Kipling's many in-
We mortals million live alone.
ventions, and there is not a little art in its elaborate
The islands feel the enclasping flow,
artlessness. It brings one into contact with life
And then their endless bounds they know."
itself, which is a more worthy task than that of Readers who can feel the pathos of either passage
making reflections, however subtly analytical, about will understand the motive of Miss Harraden's En-
life. The reader may be assured that his interest gadine idyl without reading it. We should not,
will not be permitted to flag, if he once takes up however, advise them to take it thus vicariously,
the book for the amusement of an idle hour.
for it is well worth an hour's attention.
7


146
[March 1,
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“ A Woman of Forty” is not, a priori, the most latter half of the book. We could spare both the
prepossessing of heroines, but Miss Stuart has made villainy and the social complications that have been
such a heroine interesting, although we are glad so incongruously attached to the promising central
that the metal more attractive of a maiden less el theme. The character of Father Axon, the mystic,
derly by half finally wins the day, and carries off is impressively presented, although with a certain
the allegiance of the young New Zealander who is tinge of the melodramatic that does not add to its
given us for a hero. The story is a very slight strength. The hero is a somewhat colorless creatior,
structure, not unpleasing as a sketch of English so but the heroine is interesting enough to make up
cial life, but written in a style that is often diffuse for his defects.
and slovenly. On the third page we find such a One of the minor characters in Miss Long's “ Ap-
sentence as, “ They demeaned themselves to beg prentices to Destiny” is a woman who writes novels.
that their special pictures might be one of his ex Speaking of the problems of her profession, she re-
hibited portraits.” One does not often trap so in marks: “For one thing, there is the little fact that
excusable a vulgarism and so gross a solecism within book-reviewers are mostly men and the readers
the limits of one brief phrase.
mostly women. If you write with an eye to getting
Mrs. Campbell-Praed's latest novel is an excit- good notices your book isn't read, and if you write
ing but vastly improbable tale. The characters, for readers the superior critics sniff at you.” This
from the Australian heroine to the least of her is amusing, if exaggerated, but we venture to con-
numerous devoted admirers, are stilted and unnat tribute a trifle towards the disproof of the proposi-
ural in most of their actions, and few of them suc tion. For Miss Long's story is clearly written for
ceed in arousing either sympathy or respect. The readers, even for the most feminine of them, yet far
padding of the book takes the form of drawing- from us be the thought of “sniffing" at so clever
room and dinner-table conversation, always on tap and genuine a book. There are, indeed, two or
for the novelist of impoverished ideas; and, con three characters that are imperfectly developed, that
sidered as mental food, about as satisfactory as have not been properly fitted into the economy of
sawdust to the physical appetite. Perhaps the best the structure, and there are some wordy pages that
thing in this novel is the sketch of a fashionable a more experienced writer would have condensed or
London painter, whose conversation is a delightful omitted; but Miss Long displays so unquestionable
burlesque of the jargon of his guild.
a talent for enjoyable and wholesome narrative that
Mr. Battershall's story, “A Daughter of the we are not disposed to carp at her defects. One of
World,” combines a psychological problem, a study
the characters, however, the woman who rejects the
in villainy, and a social sketch, and does not very man whom she loves to marry him whom she ab-
happily weld together these disparate themes. Its hors, we find hard to accept. The motives that
leading motive remotely suggests Tourguénieff's might impel to such conduct are not distinctly enough
“Faust.” The heroine is a young woman who has
displayed to make it seem reasonable. The book
lost her mother in childhood, and who lives a se-
toys with socialism to a certain extent -- almost
cluded life with her father, in his country home. enough to make it a novel of tendency,-- but the
The latter, knowing his daughter to have inherited dangerous fascination of that subject for generous
an unusually sensitive and emotional nature, seeks
and over-emotional minds has not, in the present
to secure for her a tranquil future by keeping her a case, precluded the other interests that are needful
child. With this object in view, he entrusts her for variety's sake, nor has it greatly distorted the
education to a priest, who is really a disciple of
writer's sympathies from a just appreciation of the
Molinos and a mystic, who becomes her sole teacher
social problem.
and guide, and whose system is directed towards A volume of stories by Mr. Bret Harte easily
the one end of repressing her natural instincts, and takes precedence over any other collection of fiction
of leading her in the ways of quietism. The plan in miniature likely to be included in a two months'
bids fair to prove successful, when a disturbing ele survey of current novelists' work. There are six
ment enters her life in the shape of a young man,
stories in Mr. Harte's new volume, five of them Cal-
whom first sympathy, and afterwards love, impels ifornian, and the other Glaswegian (let us say) in
to save her from the consequences of this unnatural theme. The Californian stories are a little thin,
discipline. In this effort he is successful, but the perhaps, but they have the incomparable freshness
outcome is not tragic, as in the Russian masterpiece
and interest that the author can give to the simplest
that has been mentioned. The young woman, after
sort of a tale. Jack Hamlin and Yuba Bill are
a period of storm and stress, during which she dis old friends of ours, and the other characters are of
appears from view, becomes a successful singer, and sufficiently familiar type. “The Heir of the Mc-
in this character once more meets the man who Hulishes ” is a story in which the author has turned
stood at the turning-point of her life years before. to account his experiences as our consular represent-
The end is both natural and commonplace. We ative in Scotland, and his light sure touch is shown
think the writer has weakened his story by super-
at its best in this delightful sketch.
adding upon its fundamental structure the stock The stream of Mr. Harte's stories, we have every
situations and incidents that mostly make up
the reason to expect, may flow on forever, but Dr.


1894.)
147
THE DIAL
owner.
Doyle's stories, as far as they relate to one Sher possessor with the predacious instincts of its whilom
lock Holmes, appear to have reached an end with
It would take a reader of unusual alertness
the volume of "Memoirs” now published, for the to anticipate the twists and turns of Mr. Stockton's
artistic and imaginative detective finds his match at fancy, or to forecast the outcome of one of his en-
last in the person of a villain bearing the appropri- tertaining inventions.
ate name of Moriarty. The cliff by the Swiss Falls We have often wondered why the inimitable short
of Reichenbach are the scene of the closing catas stories of M. Ludovic Halévy should have been
trophe, which ends the careers of both Sherlock
missed by the busy tribe of translators. With the
Holmes and the only man who ever successfully possible exception of “ La Famille Cardinal” (which
outwitted him. The story of this disaster is the ought, perhaps, to be left in the original as an in-
last of the dozen contained in the new volume, centive to the mastery of the French language, if
which is quite as thrilling as any of its predecessors. not for other reasons), they richly deserved putting
Apropos of this closing story, we notice that Mr. into English, and we are glad that a selection of
J. M. Barrie has recently published an amusing them has now been gracefully done by Edith V.
skit, scare-headed as follows: “ The Late Sherlock
B. Matthews. Nine stories are included in this
Holmes. Sensational Arrest. Watson Accused of volume, which is one of the “Odd Number" series.
the Crime.” The following is a characteristic ex We find, among others, “Only a Waltz,” “The
tract from Mr. Barrie's jeu d'esprit :
Most Beautiful Woman in Paris,” “ The Insurgent,”
“ The public cannot have forgotten that Holmes used and "In the Express.” Professor Brander Mat-
to amuse himself in this room with pistol practice. He thews supplies, a brief introduction, which happily
was such a scientific shot that one evening while Wat-
sketches the literary portrait of M. Halévy, placing
son was writing he fired all round the latter's head,
shaving him by the infinitesimal part of an inch. The
stress upon his dramatic faculty, his amiable irony,
result is a portrait on the wall in pistol shots of Watson,
and his gentle optimism. The whole thing, introduc-
which is considered an excellent likeness. It is under tion and translation, is exceptionally well done, and
stood that, following the example set in the Ardlamont the volume ought to prove the most popular of the
case, this picture will be produced in court. It is also series to which it belongs.
in contemplation to bring over the Falls of Reichenbach
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
for the same purpose.”
We may also hope, after all, that the rumor re-
ported by Mr. Barrie, according to which
“Mr. Sherlock Holmes, at the entreaty of the whole
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
British public, has returned to Baker Street, and is at
present solving the problem of The Adventure of the Ancient authorship In these days of contention, perhaps
Novelist and His Old Man of the Sea,'”
as studied by a over-contention, about the relations
modern publisher. of publishers and authors, and their
is not wholly without foundation.
rights and wrongs as regards each other, it is pleas-
Of Mr. Henry Harland's five stories, that which ant to see one who has acquired experience and
comes first on the title-page, “ Mademoiselle Miss,"
standing as a publisher essaying also the role of
far outranks the others. It is a variation upon the authorship, thus identifying himself, at least in feel.
text, to the pure all things are pure, for it tells how ing, with both classes, and by his widened range of
an English girl, happily innocent of any other than sympathies and experience helping to bridge the
Ollendorfian French, falls among a set of étudiants gap that too often separates them or makes their
and étudiantes in a most disreputable pension of attitudes antagonistic. In the case of Mr. George
the Latin Quarter, lives with them in a joyous cama. Haven Putnam, our present instance, there is little
raderie unsullied by the consciousness of any evil, enough chance of disagreement, since the author is
and by her very artlessness subdues them into as his own publisher, and the relations are presumably
devoted a band of worshippers as ever gathered those of entire harmony; yet the gain from broad-
about a pure girl's shrine. The story is a little im ened experience and standpoint must still be pres-
possible, but it is very charming. Of the others,
ent. Mr. Putnam is already well known as a
“ The Funeral March of a Marionette” is a char-
writer on copyright and other practical literary sub-
acter study of some subtlety, and “A Sleeveless
jects; and his present volume, “ Authors and Their
Errand” a semi-humorous sketch with a sadly cyn Public in Ancient Times," is the expansion of a
ical moral.
monograph by him in the cause of International
Seven of Mr. Stockton's stories, each having its Copyright, to which he has been much devoted.
quota of delicious absurdities and matter-of-fact The work is a complete and compendious history
statements of the unexpected, make up a volume of authorship before the introduction of printing.
that cannot fail to amuse. The story of “ Asaph,” Beginning with the earliest graphic forms of liter-
the village loafer who works with his head, is irre ature, as traced in the tablets of baked-clay found
sistibly droll, and hardly less so is that of “ The by Layard in the ruins of the palaces of Sennacherib
Watchmaker's Wife,” who so unexpectedly comes and Asshurbanipal (Sardanapalus) in ancient Nin-
down from the skies, or that of “ The Knife that eveh, he follows its later records in the papyri
Killed Po Hancy,” and afterwards inoculates its found in Egyptian tombs and preserved by the


148
[March 1,
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Greeks when they had Egypt under their control, and breezy manner. They open with a plea for
and thence traces its development onward through the university study of books from a bibliographical
the more familiar achievements of Greece and Rome. point of view, which naturally leads to the question
This current of progress he follows step by step, of finding room for such additional work. This
until (the Hebrew and Christian literature inter- gives the author an opportunity to assail existing
vening) the monkish rule cast its shadow over the methods, especially in the teaching of the classical
stream, and classic glory was all but blotted out by languages. At this point the Mather family are
the destroying hand of bigotry — a hand strong, brought in, and their example does yeoman service
grimy, and relentless in its killing grasp. The for the argument. Within eighty years, eight of
record closes with the fifteenth century, when the them were graduated from Harvard, having entered
invention of printing from movable types vanquished at the average age of less than thirteen. They all
priestly hierarchy and put a stop to its avowed pol- had to speak Latin as an entrance condition, and
icy of suppressing reason in the interests of blind most of them spoke Greek and Hebrew as well.
faith ; and thus a new literature began its enduring Cotton spoke all three when he entered college at
sway, part of its task being to gather up and pre the
age
of eleven and a half, and besides this “he
serve the scattered fragments of the older writings. had composed many Latin treatises, had read Cicero,
In this beneficent task, Mr. Putnam's book takes Ovid, Virgil, and Terence; had finished the Greek
its modest but indispensable part. It covers a field New Testament; and had read portions of Homer
hitherto unreaped or reaped but scantily, and offers and Socrates.” More than six hundred books were
many curious and suggestive results of the author's printed by members of the Mather family, and (here
research. The long struggle for the mere physical the bibliophile appears) “ their cost in the markets of
materials with which to perpetuate thought forms the world exceeds that of the writings of any other
in itself a most interesting story. The baked-clay five families which have ever lived in America.” The
was awkward, crude, and cumbersome; hieroglyphs substance of Dr. Poole's charges against the clas-
on exposed surfaces are enduring only in the dry sical instruction of to-day is that Greek and Latin
unchanging air of Egypt; papyrus has its season are not taught as living languages, but are made a
of decay, and its insect enemies; parchment will sort of stalking-horse for the investigation of syn-
mould, and mice will eat it; brass plates are costly, tactical complexities and philological niceties. He
and will rust at last. Only paper—frail, perishable probably goes too far in assuming that a language
paper, the dried pulp of vegetable fibres — forms (ancient or modern) to be really known must be
man's true dependence; for its cheapness makes it learned as a spoken language.
We believe the
plentiful, and by its plentifulness the copies of writ- speaking of a foreign language to be a mere knack,
ings become scattered far and wide, so that though superadded upon the real knowledge obtained from
one copy a year may perish, an edition of six thou its study, but hardly bringing a perceptible incre-
sand copies may endure for a period outlasting re ment of culture, or of penetration into the meaning
corded time. Other chapters in the history are not of the language in question. But there are many
less interesting. They are often enlivened with ways of making a language seem dead to its stu-
anecdotes and pat quotations, of which the follow dents besides that of getting along without the du-
ing is an illustration : “You have not treated me bious aid of viva voce chatter, and it is against these
fairly,' writes Alexander to Aristotle, “in including ways in general that the author invokes the wrath
with your published works the papers prepared for of the Goddess of Common Sense. At all events,
my instruction. For if the scholarly writings by Dr. Poole is a stanch defender of the classics, and
means of which I was educated become the common his reply to those who call them fetiches is, in sub-
property of the world, in what manner shall I be stance: Begin to study them earlier, and learn them
intellectually distinguished above ordinary mor more thoroughly than you now do. One other point
tals ?'” How, indeed ? might well be echoed by in this address calls for a word of comment. The
devotees of the modern “limited edition.” The argument against existing college methods is rein-
method of treatment renders Mr. Putnam's volume forced by some statistics of college attendance,
eminently readable, while the story that it tells which seem to show a decline in the ratio of stu-
gives one a new sense of the value of that best and dents to total population. As far as Dr. Poole's
cheapest thing in the world, a printed book. figures go they are substantially correct, but they
do not go far enough. He gives figures for the pe-
Dr. William Frederick Poole, in ac riod from 1840 to 1880, showing a decline of nearly
The study of books
cepting the invitation of the North fifty per cent in college attendance relative to pop-
in college libraries.
western University to deliver the Phi ulation. He then adds: “The disparity is doubt-
Beta Kappa address of last June, chose for his sub less greater now.” But a recent investigation of
ject “The University Library and the University this subject made by Mr. Merritt Starr shows a re-
Curriculum.” The address is now published (Revell) markable reaction. The decline in (relative) col-
in book form, and makes excellent reading, as those lege attendance kept on until 1887, but since then
acquainted with THE DIAL hardly need to be told. there has been a steady annual gain, and the figures
Dr. Poole could not write a dull page if he tried, for 1892 bring the record up to the point that had
and these particular pages are in his most vigorous
been reached in 1860. In a word, the losses of a


1894.]
149
THE DIAL
noritten
quarter-century have been offset by the gains of five and kept an excellent, if not dainty, table. The
years. Perhaps the moral of all this is that the money it saved in a ball-room it spent upon a green-
more vital educational methods championed by Dr. house. Its horses were fat, and its coachman in-
Poole already have a stronger hold upon the col- variably present at family prayers. Its pet virtue
leges than he imagined, and that his attack is made was church twice on Sunday, and its peculiar hor-
upon a system already moribund, if not defunct. rors theatrical entertainments, dancing, and three-
penny points. Outside its garden wall lived the
That long-suffering person, the "gen-
Compact and read-
poor, who, if virtuous, were forever curtsying to the
able compendia of eral reader,” does not always have ground or wearing neat uniforms, except when ex-
European history.
reason to be grateful for the efforts piring upon truckle-beds beseeching God to bless the
made to supply his shelves with compendia of the young ladies of the Grange or the Manor House, as
world's knowledge. But he should welcome the new the case might be.” In another paper Mr. Birrell
series of volumes entitled “Periods of European His says a few sensible words touching the importation
tory” (Macmillan), for they will provide him if
of “McKinleyism” into literature: “The fact is,
the names of their authors count for anything, and it is a weak point in certain American writers of
if the volume now published may be taken as a meas the patriotic school' to be forever dragging in and
ure of those to follow—with a compact and readable puffing the native article, just because it is native
narrative from the fall of the Western Empire to the and for no other reason whatever; as if it mattered
present time. The volume first published covers the an atom whether an author whom, whilst you are
period from 476 to 918; that is, to the accession to discussing literature, you find it convenient to quote
the German throne of Henry the Fowler, which was born in Boston, Lincoln, or Boston, Massachu-
marked the turning-point in Teutonic (and conse setts. One wearies of it indescribably.” One does
quently European) fortunes or misfortunes. Mr. indeed ; and we suspect most of our readers will
Charles Oman is the author of this volume, being go on preferring Wordsworth and Tennyson to Joel
peculiarly fitted for the task by his previous work Barlow, and Holmes and Lowell to the “Sweet
as historian of the Byzantine Empire. Its special Singers” of their own respective townships, na-
features are, perhaps, besides the attention paid to tional and local patriotism to the contrary notwith-
Byzantine annals, its account of the Lombard kings, standing.
and its story of the Mohammedan invasions of Italy
and Sicily in the ninth century. If we may judge
A study of
M. Charles Bourgeaud's “ Etablisse-
from this opening volume, English history is not to
ment et Revision des Constitutions
constitutions.
come within the scope of the work. At all events,
en Amérique et en Europe" (Paris :
there is hardly any mention of Britain in Mr. Oman's
Thorin) is a solid piece of work that won in 1892
pages. Professor Tout has undertaken the second
(and well deserved) the Rossi Prize of the Paris Fac-
volume, which will take us to the
ulté de Droit. It is now published in a series that in-
1272. The
year
others are in the hands of scholars almost equally
cludes translations from the English of the principal
well known.
works of Maine and Sir Frederick Pollock, so that
it has no reason to complain of its company. The
We need scarcely bespeak a welcome work is a study of the written constitutions of his-
More essays by
Mr. Birrell.
for Mr. Augustine Birrell's latest tory, from the Connecticut “ Fundamental Orders
sheaf of essays, “ Men, Women, and of 1639 to the latest experiments of the Latin-
Books" (Scribner), an alluring little volume, gen American republics, with reference to their estab-
erally similar in form and contents to his “Obiter lishment and the provisions made for their amend-
Dicta” and “ Res Judicatæ.” We own to a hearty ment or revision. After an introductory discussion
liking for Mr. Birrell — for his wholesome views, of the written constitution, mainly illustrated by
for his neat and pointed way of putting them, and early American examples, the constitutions of the
for his ability to say a sensible, even a wise, thing present century are taken up seriatim. The funda-
in a light and humorous way. In the present vol mental division made by M. Bourgeaud is between
ume there are in all nineteen titles, “ Dean Swift,' the group of charters or " constitutional facts” and
“Dr. Johnson,” “Sterne,” “ John Gay,” “ Hannah the group of truly popular constitutions; that is,
More," “ Marie Bashkirtseff,” “Poets Laureate,' constitutions which start out from popular sover-
etc.; rather hackneyed themes some of them, but eignty as an admitted principle. Under the first
one does not mind that with Mr. Birrell. The pa head are discussed the German, Latin, and Scan-
per on Hannah More, though a little caustic, is de dinavian constitutions; under the second, the con-
licious — almost as good as Lamb. The author stitutions of France, Switzerland, and the United
starts out by saying that Hannah is one of the States. The author is to be particularly commended
most detestable writers that ever held a pen,” and for having made a careful study of State constitu-
that “she flounders like a huge conger-eel in an tions in this country. Most foreign writers ignore
ocean of dingy morality,” after which he proceeds them altogether, although they are in many respects
to depict the “class” to which she belonged : “This more instructive than the Federal Constitution it-
class may be imperfectly described as the well-to-do self. In connection with his analysis of the Amer..
Christian.' It inhabited snug places in the country, ican constitutional convention and its functions, the


150
[March 1,
THE DIAL
author quotes from Jameson and from Professor rect ascent changed to an oblique one; the lark
von Holst's criticism of Jameson's work. He adds had ceased drilling a passage through the air, and,
in a note that Professor von Holst, having ac impelled by the momentum acquired in its long
cepted a chair in the University of Chicago, "va involved race up the skies, it slid without effort
pouvoir lire ailleurs
que
dans ses livres." The En high into the blue. The descent was a continua-
glish Constitution, being unwritten and at any time tion of the ascending slide, its wings remaining mo-
amendable by mere act of Parliament, does not tionless, until, near the earth, they were employed
come within the scope of M. Bourgeaud's work. as brakes to avoid destruction. And all the while
But the fact that his attention is confined to the the powerful song went on, filling the air." The
written constitution does not blind him to the fact passage has a ring of the observant Jefferies, and
that there are many things, even in the fundamen the reader may profitably compare it with Shelley's
tal law of a country, to be sought outside the text and Wordsworth's immortal Odes to this “ pilgrim
of any constitutional document. In a pregnant pass- of the skies.” The little book is artistically made,
age he asserts “ que les constitutions écrites ne sont and there is a frontispiece fairly rivalling in oddity
pas l'unique mesure des institutions politiques d'un the quaint eccentricities of Madox Brown and E.
pays, qu'elles formulent plus qu'elles ne créent, et Burne-Jones.
qu'il ne faut pas chercher dans leurs articles toutes
The first volume of the four in which
Complete edition
les normes constitutionelles." And he continues
of the writings of Mr. Moncure D. Conway intends to
as follows: “La déclaration des droits de l'homme Thomas Paine.
publish - The Writings of Thomas
et du citoyen n'est pas inscrite en les lois de 1875. Paine" (Putnam) has, after a considerable delay,
Aucun décret de l'Assemblée de Versailles ne l'a
been published, uniform with the biography of Paine
confirmée. Qui oserait soutenir cependant qu'elle by the same hand. It includes papers written be-
ne fait point partie de la constitution actuelle de la tween 1774 and 1779, the most important of them
République ? Ses principes pénètrent la legislation, being “ Common Sense” and “ The Crisis." These
dominent la vie publique des Français."
are so well known that mere mention of their in-
clusion is sufficient. Less familiar are the essays
A Summer
A captivating little book of English
reprinted from “The Pennsylvania Magazine" and
out-of-doors origin, that seems as one reads it
in England.
other periodicals of the time. They include “Af-
to exhale the odors and reflect the
rican Slavery in America," Paine's first essay,
hues of the fields and hedgerows, parks and gar-
claimed by Mr. Conway to give Paine the title of
dens, through which its author leads us, is John
" the first American Abolitionist "'; “The Maga-
Davidson's “A Summer Itinerary” (Boston: Cope-
zine in America,” introductory of “The Pennsyl-
land & Day). In it Mr. Davidson presents, with
vania Magazine,” which Paine edited for fifty
much felicity of phrase and fancy, “some notes and
pounds a year; “ The Life and Death of Lord
impressions of the remarkable spring and summer
Clive”; “ The Forester's Letters ”; and Paine's
of 1893.” The “ Itinerary" embraces Blackheath,
letter of May 16, 1778, to Franklin in Paris. As
Greenwich, Epping Forest, the parks and rural en-
the editor remarks, “No apology is needed for an
virons of London in general, the banks of the Lea,
edition of Thomas Paine's writings, but rather for
Kew Gardens, the Chilterns, etc.; and the volume
the tardiness of their appearance.' The work of
closes with “ A Ballad of a Musician,” a production
collecting them has not been easy, and their value,
which, like the prose, has a savor quite its own. to the student of American history alone, is hardly
Mr. Davidson's writing bears throughout the hall-
mark of originality, and it has a charm, born partly
exaggerated by Mr. Conway when he says that
“there was no witness with better opportunities of
of thought and partly of diction, that is hard to de-
information, one more sleeplessly vigilant, or more
fine. There is, perhaps, at times a hint of self- thoroughly representative of public sentiment dur-
consciousness, of phrasing that is the fruit of rep-
ing the twelve momentous years in which the Amer-
etition and experiment; but we need not quarrel
with that. Even Ik. Walton, the type of literary
ican government was founded” than Thomas Paine.
innocency, has been caught, once at least, hammer-
A substantial volume called “Deutsch
ing out his “artless” phrases with all the fore-
German literature in Amerika” (Chicago : Eyller) is
thought and deliberation of a Donne. A fair sam-
a first instalment of “ Beiträge zur
ple of our author's directer descriptions is his pic- Geschichte der Deutsch-Amerikanischen Literatur,"
ture of a lark—not so poetical, certainly, as Jeremy by Dr. G. A. Zimmermann, Superintendent of Ger-
Taylor's or Walton's, but graphic enough: “Then man in the public schools of Chicago. This volume
came a withered heath; and out of it, almost from is devoted to “ Episch-Lyrische Poesie." It is really
between the itinerant's feet, a lark with hissing but the beginning of a comprehensive work (under-
wings shot up like a rocket. Right underneath it taken by the Germania Männerchor of Chicago)
he watched its ascent; he had never had such an which is intended to illustrate the achievements of
opportunity before. It wedged its way up spirally; the German-American not only in literature, but in
and as distance gradually hid the corkscrew motion, music, painting, sculpture, and architecture as well.
it seemed to be climbing a stair, moving from side Dr. Zimmermann's introductory sketch of German
to side like a skater. At a certain height the di literature in America is very interesting. The
in America.


1894.]
151
THE DIAL
was
history of the subject begins with 1520, when a author, we learn, has availed himself of these and
German adventurer who came over in the train of other hitherto unexplored sources with a freedom
Cortez wrote an account of his experiences. The of selection and expression that has resulted in the
manuscript of this “ Zeitung aus Yucatan prohibition of his book in Russia - from which it
discovered about forty years ago, and published at would seem that the national ability to digest the
Amsterdam. The next date recorded is 1532, when political facts of Russian history is in rather a weak
Nikolaus Federman described his adventures in Ven and infantile stage as yet. Catherine's personal
ezuela. This work was actually printed in 1536. record would certainly bear fumigating; but we
Three other sixteenth-century writings are chron find nothing in M. Waliszewski's book especially
icled, all dealing with South America. These facts provocative of dynamite. Human society presents
are curious, but they do not directly concern the no more pitiful spectacle than this of a government,
subject of the work before us, which deals essen secular or religious, slinking perpetually into the
tially with the literary production of Germans who shadow, blinking the light of advancing knowledge,
have settled in America. In the work proper, three and striving to perpetuate its outworn or partly out-
periods are distinguished: a religious, from 1625 to worn rule by blindfolding the eyes of its depend-
1825; a political, from 1825 to 1850; and the ants to discreditable truths in its past history. M.
period of immigration subsequent to the latter date. Waliszewski is a lively and graphic narrator, and
The religious period was barren, and three names he has been acceptably translated. There is an in-
serve to illustrate it. The political period gives us teresting frontispiece portrait of Catherine.
a score of “Vor-achtundvierziger," and half as many
more of the “ Achtundvierziger ” themselves. Franz
Lieber, Friedrich Hassaurek, Niklas Müller, and
Eduard Dorsch are among the better known names
BRIEFER MENTION.
of this period. In the closing period, about a hun-
There seems to be no doubt that Thoreau has become
dred and fifty names are represented. The life of
an American classic. The fact is emphasized by the “Riv-
each author is briefly told, and from one to half a erside" edition of his writings, now complete in ten vol-
dozen of his poems are printed. The work is one umes (Houghton.) The last of these volumes to be pub-
of much interest, and its preparation must have re lished are “Excursions in Field and Forest” and “Mis-
quired great industry.
cellanies.” The fornier includes “ A Yankee in Canada."
and one or two pieces not before printed in book form.
The latest volume in the “Heroes of The latter opens with Emerson's sketch, which is fol.
Henry IV. and
the Nations" series (Putnam) is an
lowed by a number of essays representative of “the
the Huguenots.
excellent account of “Henry of Na-
somewhat less known Thoreau, the student of human
life, of literature, and religion.' Last of all, the vol-
varre and the Huguenots in France," by Mr. P. F.
ume presents translations from Æschylus and Pindar,
Willert. A pervert and traitor in the eyes of the and a few original poems. The index to the entire edi-
Protestants and a victim to the knife of a Catholic tion, which appears in this volume, doubles the useful-
fanatic, Henry the Fourth presents a character dif ness of the work to the student.
ficult to judge fairly and calmly. Mr. Willert's Mr. William R. Jenkins has published three useful
estimate is just and appreciative. He sees in the books for teachers of the French language. Perhaps
great Bourbon neither an impossible hero nor an the most valuable of the three is M. A. de Rougemont's
unprincipled voluptuary, but a coarse vigorous man
“ Manuel de la Littérature Français," which covers, cur-
of action, versatile, daring, and honestly desirous
sorily, the last three centuries, and includes extracts,
of the welfare of his kingdom, with an openness of
biographies, notes, and questions. M. Paul Bercy's
“ French Reader" is designed for advanced classes, and
manner and an unfeigned humanity that led even
his enemies to confess that he had “ sublime vir-
is made up of complete stories to the number of thirty,
by such nineteenth century authors as Mendès, Mau-
tues.” “ There was that about him which, what-
passant, Coppée, Halévy, Droz, Daudet, and Bourget.
ever he did, prevented his appearing mean or hate The third publication is a "College Preparatory French
ful, and it is not without reason that, of all kings | Grammar," by M. Charles P. Du Croquet. It includes
who have occupied the French throne, Henry of lessons for a year's work, selections, and all sorts of ex-
Navarre still retains the first place in the memory ercises, winding up with a number of specimen college
and affection of his people."
examination papers.
Volume XXXVI. of the “ Dictionary of National
A new life of
Lack of the conventional ingredients Biography.” (Macmillan) opens with an article on Mal-
Catherine II. of romance will scarcely be predi- thus, by Mr. Leslie Stephen, and carries us through the
of Russia.
cated of R. Waliszewski's " Romance Masons, of whom William, the poet, is also discussed
of an Empress” (Appleton), a Life of Catherine II.
by Mr. Stephen's competent pen. The most noticeable
of Russia. Materials for a detailed study of the
of the literary biographies is Mr. Sidney Lee's “Mar-
lowe,” which fills ten pages. Even this liberal measure
northern Semiramis have only of late years been
is exceeded, however, by Mr. T. F. Henderson's “ Mary
forthcoming ; now, out of the seventy-two volumes
Stuart,” which gets no less than eighteen pages, and is
of documents published by the Russian Imperial much the longest biography in the volume. Volume
Historical Society, there are scarcely twenty not XXXVII. of the “ Dictionary” extends from Masque-
directly bearing on the history of her reign. The rier to Millyng. Mr. Robert Boyle writes on Massinger;


152
[March 1,
THE DIAL
Mr. Joseph Knight on Charles Mathews, Charles James scenery was borrowed from the Vassar representation,
Mathews, Lucia Elizabeth Mathews, and Madame Ves. and the text was furnished by Messrs. Ginn & Company.
tris; Dr. Richard Garnett on Charles Robert Maturin; As at Vassar, the chorus and the actors stood on the same
Mr. Leslie Stephen on Frederick Denison Maurice, Con- level, the Greek orchestra serving at the same time
yers Middleton, James Mill, and John Stuart Mill; Mr. as the proscenium. No one will claim that the “ Antig-
R. T. Glazebrook, F.R.S., on James Clerk Maxwell; one" affords a fair test of the soundness of the Dörp-
Mr. Thomas Bayne on William Julius Mickle; and Prof. feld theory of the Greek stage as applied to the natural-
C. H. Herford on Thomas Middleton, the dramatist. ness and effectiveness of the representation; yet all, we
“ Pictures from Greek Life and Story" (Putnam) is think, will be ready to admit that even in such a play
the title of the latest of the popular books on ancient as this, in which chorus and actors do not come into
· history which Mr. A. J. Church continues to send forth what may be called hand to hand contact, the pathos and
with a regularity that would weary a less facile book power of many of the scenes would be diminished were
maker. In this volume the author succeeds fairly well the hero or heroine to be separated from those who are
in the attempt to “present a few picturesque scenes appealed to for sympathy and counsel by the space re-
from Greek story” in the period between Solon and quired for the Vitruvian stage.
Epaminondas, although the picturesqueness is sometimes
The well-trained Chorus of fifteen elders was aided
more apparent in the titles of the sketches than in the in the singing by an effective supplementary chorus of
narrative itself. There are numerous illustrations after forty voices. Mendelssohn's music, written for Don-
the antique.
ner's German translation and adapted to the Greek by
It is gratifying to see that the renewed interest in Professor Ramsay Wright, was admirably rendered.
Greek institutions aroused by the discovery of Aris The Chorus proper indicated by pantomime the senti-
totle's treatise on the Constitution of Athens has again
ment of the odes perhaps too palpably. How far the
borne fruit in America, this time in a monograph by
Greeks employed pantomime and action in the choric
Dr. George Willis Botsford on “ The Development of stasima is a matter of conjecture. The hyporchema,
the Athenian Constitution,” recently issued as the fourth
in which Dionysus is celebrated as a patron god of
number of the Cornell Studies in Classical Philology
Thebes, was a very realistic Bacchic dance; it was well
(Ginn). Taking the patriarchal family as the starting- done, possibly too well done, and here more than any-
point of his work, Dr. Botsford describes in detail the where else there was an appeal to the modern love of
constituent elements of Greek society, and traces their
the spectacular.
development at Athens down to the beginning of the
In the absence of stage directions, there is always
Peloponnesian war. The material is discussed in a care room for differences of interpretation; and if we had
ful and scholarly manner, and the study deserves a such directions, would these differences be any the less ?
creditable place in the rapidly growing literature of the
Many interpreters make the guard too much of a clown,
subject.
over-emphasize the wrath and excitement of Teiresias,
and make colorless the thrilling narrative of the messen-
ger who announces the self-inflicted death of Eurydice.
THE “ANTIGONE” AT TORONTO.
The simple dignity and true pathos of this noble
The representation of a Greek play in its native dress
drama asserted their power over minds accustomed to
is not yet so common an event as not to excite unusual
the complex and unnatural realism of the sensational
interest, though apparently it is becoming a more fre-
drama. Again was proof given of the eternal human-
ness of our Sophocles, the royal,” who could bring un-
quent occurrence in spite of the growth of a tendency
to look upon Greek as an obsolescent and useless study.
der the spell of his genius a company of “barbarians
It is less than a year ago that the “Antigone
to whom the accents of his Attic tongue were as unintel-
brought out at Vassar College; and the recent celebra-
ligible as the confused and harsh cries of the birds that
flocked about Teiresias on the seat of
tion of the quarter-centennial of the University of Ne-
augury.
· braska was made academic by the rendering of scenes
MARTIN L. D'OOGE.
from the “ Electra " and the “ Antigone."
University of Michigan, Feb. 26, 1894.
When we saw, a fortnight ago, large placards posted
about the streets of Toronto, annou
nouncing the perform-
ance of the “ Antigone" in Greek by students of the
University, under the special patronage of the Governor LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLAXY.
General and the Countess of Aberdeen, we wondered
The Jowett Memorial Fund now amounts to nearly
whether the Zeitgeist would applauding look on with-
out receiving at least a sop to placate him. The rep-
fifty thousand dollars.
resentation, which was given on three successive even-
Professor C. H. Herford's translation of “Brand”
ings before large audiences in the Academy of Music,
will soon be published by Messrs. Chas. Scribner's Sons.
was successful in so many ways, and the concessions to
A new edition, considerably enlarged, of Miss S. H.
the notions of the modern stage manager were so few,
Killikelly’s “Curious Questions" will soon be published
that the University and its friends have good reason for
by Messrs. Eichbaum & Co., of Pittsburg.
self-gratulation.
Is it possible that University Extension is of age ?
Those of us who were from “the States” could not It seems so, for Mr. T. J. Lawrence proposes a celebra-
be expected to admire the English sound of the Greek tion this year of the twenty-first anniversary of the
vowels; but this might be regarded as a matter of pro movement.
vincial prejudice. What seemed more strange to us Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. announce a “ History of
was the peculiar rhythm by which the iambic trimeter the United States Navy," by Mr. E. S. Maclay; " Ben-
was given the effect of the choliambus verse, the last efits Forgot," by the late Wolcott Balestier; "A Ward
syllable of the line being treated as short, giving the in Chancery,” by Mrs. Alexander; and “Cleopatra,” by
verse an unexpected close as though it were lame. The Dr. Ebers.
was
-


1894.]
153
THE DIAL
form upon
When the decease of Tyndall was announced, no fewer titled “The Principles of Philosophy; or, Logic, Phys-
than six editors of magazines telegraphed to Professor ics, and Psychics, considered as a Unity, in the light of
Huxley for an article. Mr. Knowles, of “The Nine the Nineteenth century.” The first volume, now ready
teenth Century," was slightly quicker than the rest, and for the press, will be “ A Review of the Leading Ideas
secured the prize.
of the Nineteenth Century." Mr. Peirce also issues a
Of 352 cities and towns in the State of Massachu- prospectus of a limited edition, to be printed in two
setts, no less than 234 have free public libraries con colors, of “The Epistle of Pierre Pelerin de Maricourt
trolled by the municipality. Libraries partly or wholly to Sygur de Faucaucourt, Soldier, On the Lodestone.”
under private control exist in 74 more of the towns, The original treatise dates from 1269, and “occupies a
leaving only 44 with no public libraries at all.
unique position in the history of the human mind, being
The Converse medals of the Pennsylvania Academy
without exception the earliest work of experimental
of the Fine Arts have been awarded to Mr. D. Ridg-
science that has come down to us.” The transcript of
way Knight and Mr. Alexander Harrison. Messrs. Peter Peregrinus's text has been made afresh from a
Whistler and Sargent are the fortunate recipients of
contemporary MS. in the Paris Library, and is repro-
the Temple medals which were awarded by the same
duced in black-letter, together with a translation and
institution.
notes.
Mr. Henry Harland will act as literary editor of “The
After a private and somewhat vicarious existence of
Yellow Book," the new quarterly to be published in
seven years “ The Hobby Horse” has been granted a
London by Messrs. Mathews and Lane. Each number
new lease of life, and will continue to be issued quar-
of this magazine will be a 320-page book, having the
terly in a limited edition to subscribers only. It will
outward guise of a French novel. Subjects of the day
be under the editorship of Mr. Herbert P. Horne, and
will be expressly excluded from the pages of this enter-
besides its illustrations the magazine will contain arti-
prise, and only untimely topics will find favor with the cles upon Literature, Music, Painting, Sculpture, Archi-
editors.
tecture, and the Decorative Arts; Poems; Essays; Fic-
tion; and original designs, choicely printed in quarto
While Hungary was engaged, a few weeks ago, in
handmade
paper.
In its list of contributors
celebrating the fiftieth year of Jokai's literary produc-
we find such well-known names as Mr. Wilfrid Blunt,
tivity, Spain was engaged in bestowing all sorts of hon-
Sir E. Burne-Jones, Mr. Austin Dobson, Sir Frederick
ors upon Señor Nuñez de Arce. He was dined by the
Leighton, Messrs. W. M. Rossetti, John Ruskin, J. H.
Sociedad de Escritores y Artistas of Madrid, and toasted
Shorthouse, Frederick Wedmore, and Oscar Wilde. The
by Señor Echegaray. Deputations from all over Spain
American market will be supplied by Messrs. Copeland
were sent to him, together with wreaths of gold, silver,
& Day, 69 Cornhill, Boston. Number 1 of the new
and laurel. His early plays were revived in the thea-
series contains, among other articles, a short story by
tres, and streets in Toledo and Valladolid were rechris-
tened with his name.
Mr. Ernest Dowson; essays “ In the Life of Inigo
Altogether, he must have been
highly gratified by the nu erous evidences of his popu-
Jones,” by the editor, and the “Musical Instruments of
the Angels in Early Italian Art," by Mr. A. J. Hipkins;
larity.
and poems by the editor, Mr. Selwyn Image, and Mr.
Among the many Spring announcements of Messrs. Laurence Binyon.
Macmillan & Co., we notice with peculiar interest Mr.
A. W. Pollard's edition of “The Canterbury Tales”; EARLY LITERARY DAYS IN CALIFORNIA.
the second volume of Professor Bryce's “ American
Commonwealth”; “ Katharine Lauderdale,” a novel by
Mr. Bret Harte gives the following example of liter-
ary criticism as she was wrote in California some thirty
Mr. F. Marion Crawford; a two-volume edition of “The
Letters of Edward FitzGerald”; Professor Freeman's
years ago. Mr. Harte had just published a volume of
selected verse from Californian writers: “A well-known
Oxford lectures on Western Europe in the fifth and
mining weekly, which I here poetically veil under the
eighth centuries; “Chronological Outlines of American
title of the Red Dog Jay Hawk,' was first to swoop
Literature," by Mr. Selden L. Whitcomb; a translation
down upon the tuneful and unsuspecting quarry. At
of Wülcker's “ History of Anglo-Saxon Literature ";
this century-end of fastidious and complaisant criticism,
and the nine volumes in the dollar edition of Dickens,
it may be interesting to recall the direct style of the
making the series complete.
Californian 6 sixties ': «The hogwash and “purp”-stuff
Mr. Conlson Kernahan, a young English writer, pub- | ladled out from the slop-bucket of Messrs. & Co.
lished not long ago “A Book of Strange Sins," which of 'Frisco, by some lop-eared Eastern apprentice, and
a great many people bought in the expectation of find called “A Compilation of Californian Verse,” might be
ing something racy. The contents of the book were, in passed over, so far as criticism goes. A club in the
fact, perfectly inoffensive, but it seems that one of its hands of any able-bodied citizen of Red Dog and a steam-
critics (possibly one who reviewed it by title) described boat ticket to the Bay, cheerfully contributed from this
it as unfit for publication. Mr. Kernahan's way of office, would be all-sufficient. But when an imported
meeting the attack is novel. Instead of bringing suit
greenhorn dares to call his flapdoodle mixture “Cali-
for libel, he offers to submit his work to the arbitration
fornian," it is an insult to the State that has produced
of six Wesleyan Methodist ministers, agreeing that if the gifted “Yellow Hammer," whose lofty flights have
two out of six say there is anything in it which “ought from time to time dazzled our readers in the columns
never to have seen the light” he will pay £100 to some of the “ Jay Hawk.” That this complacent editorial
charitable institution. This shows Mr. Kernahan to be
jackass, browsing among the dock and thistles which
of an exceedingly peaceful and conciliatory disposition; he has served up in this volume, should make no allu-
it also shows him to have an eye for a good advertise sion to California's greatest bard, is rather a confession
ment.
of his idiocy than a slur upon the genius of our esteemed
Mr. Charles S. Peirce, of Milford, Pa., issues a pros contributor.' I turned hurriedly to my pile of rejected
pectus of a work in twelve volumes (each distinct) en contributions—the nom de plume of • Yellow Hammer'


154
[March 1,
THE DIAL
did not appear among them; certainly I had never heard
of its existence. Later, when a friend showed me one
of that gifted bard's pieces, I was inwardly relieved."
“I thought of the great poet's abandonment of Lib-
eralism at an unlucky juncture, and no repaying conse-
quence that I could ever see. But once call my fancy-
portrait Wordsworth, and how much more ought one to
say! There is my apology, dear friends, and your ac-
ceptance of it will confirm me.— Truly yours,
ROBERT BROWNING.”
Since the anxious inquirer in this latest case was par-
ticularly troubled by the reference to the “mild and
magnificent eye” of the “ Lost Leader," and could not
reconcile the description with what he knew of Words-
worth, another correspondent contributes this passage
from Hazlitt:
“ His manner of reading his own poetry is particu-
larly imposing; and in his favourite passages his eye beams
with preternatural lustre, and the meaning labours slowly
up from his swelling breast."
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
March, 1894 (First List).
VERSES BY MR. SWINBURNE TO MR. WILLIAM MORRIS.
Mr. Swinburne's forthcoming volume of poems is in-
scribed to Mr. William Morris by a copy of verses in
the poet's best dedicatory manner. We reprint the
closing stanzas, about one-third of the entire poem:
“Truth, winged and enkindled with rapture
And sense of the radiance of yore,
Fulfilled you with power to recapture
What never might singer before
The life, the delight, and the sorrow
Of troublous and chivalrous years
That knew not of night or of morrow,
Of hopes or of fears.
“But wider the wing and the vision
That quicken the spirit have spread
Since memory beheld with derision
Man's hope to be more than his dead.
From the mists and the snows and the thunders
Your spirit has brought for us forth
Light, music, and joy in the wonders
And charms of the north.
“The wars and the woes and the glories
That quicken and lighten and rain
From the clouds of its chronicled stories,
The passion, the pride, and the pain,
Whose echoes were mute and the token
Was lost of the spells that they spake,
Rise bright at your bidding, unbroken
Of ages that break.
“For you, and for none of us other,
Time is not: the dead that must live
Hold commune with you as a brother
By grace of the life that you give.
The hes that was in them is in you,
Their soul in your spirit endures :
The strength of their song is the sinew
Of this that is yours.
“ Hence is it that life, everlasting
As light and as music, abides
In the sound of the surge of it, casting
Sound back to the surge of the tides,
Till sons of the sons of the Norsemen
Watch, hurtling to windward and lee,
Round England, unbacked of her horsemen,
The steeds of the sea."
Animals, Industries of. Illus. F. Houssay. Pop. Science.
Artists, Some Rising. Illus. Magazine of Art.
Bees and Buckwheat. Charles C. Abbott. Lippincott.
Biology and Ethics. Sir James C. Browne. Pop. Science.
Cable Street-Railway, The. Illus. P. G. Hubert, Jr. Scribner.
Catullus, The Poetry of. William C. Lawton. Dial.
Charilaos Tricoupis. Jeremiah W. Jenks. Atlantic.
Child-Study in the Hospital. Dr. H. D. Chapin. Forum.
Dramatic Criticism, Bram Stoker. North American.
English at Harvard. Barrett Wendell. Dial.
Farmer, The Northern. Illus. Octave Thanet. Scribner,
Fiction, Recent Books of. W. M. Payne. Dial.
Florida, Subtropical. Illus. C. R. Dodge. Scribner.
Fossil Man. Illus. J. G. Rothermel. Popular Science.
Gothenburg System and Our Liquor Traffic. Forum.
High Buildings. Illus. Barr Ferree. Scribner.
Ibsen, Henrik. Annie Nathan Meyer. Lippincott.
Ice Age and Its Work. A. R. Wallace. Pop. Science.
Illusions in Art. Illus. T.J. Gullick. Magazine of Art.
Income Tax, The. D. A. Wells and U.S. Hall. Forum.
Lowell in his Letters. John W. Chadwick. Forum.
Massage and the Muscles. D. Graham. Pop. Science.
Mayas, Customs and Superstitions of. Popular Science.
Milton Visiting Galileo. Illus. P. G. Hamerton. Scribner.
Monopolies and the Workingman. R. T. Ely. No. American.
Musical Idea, The. Edith Brower. Atlantic.
“Nationalism."
.” Edward Bellamy and W. G. Sumner. Forum.
Negro, The New England. Jane De F. Shelton. Harper.
“Old Masters" at the Royal Academy. Illus. Mag. of Art.
Prohibitive Liquor Laws. Appleton Morgan. Pop. Science.
Public Roads, Evolution of. Chas. McIlvaine. Lippincott.
Railroad Failures, Recent. Simon Sterne. Forum.
Religions of the U.S., The. A. H. Noll. Dial.
Rembrandt. John C. Van Dyke. Dial.
Richardson, H. H., Architect. Illus. Magazine of Art.
Right-Handedness, Origin of. J. Mark Baldwin. Pop. Sci.
River and Harbor Improvement. N. C. Blanchard. No. Am.
Russian and his Jew, The. Illus. Poultney Bigelow. Harper.
Saddle-Horse, Training of a. J. G. Speed. Lippincott.
Sapphic Secret, The. Maurice Thompson. Atlantic.
Sea-Island Hurricanes. Illus. Joel Chandler Harris. Scribner.
Secondary Education in the U.S. N. M. Butler. Atlantic.
Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, Life of. Dial.
Steel-Working. Illus. R. R. Bowker. Harper.
Torture, European Law of. A. W. Barber. Pop. Science.
Tuberculosis. T. Mitchell Pruddin, M.D. Harper.
Tyndall, John. Thomas H. Huxley. Popular Science.
War in Europe, Outlook for. Archibald Forbes. No. Am.
Welsh Discovery of America. R. B. Anderson. Dial.
Woman Question, New Aspect of. Sarah Grand. No. Amer.
BROWNING'S “LOST LEADER.'
Who was Browning's “ Lost Leader”? is a question
that crops out as regularly as “ Who are the characters
in Tennyson's • Dream of Fair Women'?” Its latest
appearance is in the London “Literary World," where
it elicits a number of communications, one of which is
interesting enough to quote. It is a letter written by
Browning in 1875.
“ Dear Friends - Your letter has made a round to
reach me, hence the delay in replying to it, which you
will, therefore, pardon. I have been asked the question
you put to me though never asked so poetically and
so pleasantly - I suppose a score of times, and I can
only answer, with something of shame and contrition,
that I undoubtedly had Wordsworth in my mind, but
simply as a 'model'; you know, an artist takes one or
two striking traits in the features of his model,' and
uses them to start his fancy on a flight which may end
far enough from the good man or woman who happens
to be sitting' for nose and eyes.


1894.)
155
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, embracing 45 titles, includes all books
recerved by THE DIAL since last issue.]
HISTORY.
The Christian Recovery of Spain: Being the Story of
Spain from the Moorish Conquest to the Fall of Granada
(711-1492 A. D.). By Henry Edward Watts. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 315. Putnam's “Story of the Nations." $1.50.
BIOGRAPHY.
The Private Life of Napoleon. By Arthur Levy; trans.
by Stephen Louis Simeon. 2 vols., with portraits, 8vo,
uncut. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $10.
Oliver Wendell Holmes. By Walter Jerrold. With por-
trait, 16mo, pp. 144. Macmillan & Co. 90 cts.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Orations and Addresses of George William Curtis. Edited,
by Charles Eliot Norton. Vol. II., Address and Reports
on the Reform of the Civil Service of the United States.
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 527. Harper & Bros. $3.50.
In the Footprints of Charles Lamb. By Benjamin Ellis
Martin, author of “Old Chelsea." Illus., 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 195. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Parisian Points of View. By Ludovic Halévy. Trans-
lated by Edith V. B. Matthews ; introduction by Bran-
der Matthews. With portrait, 16mo, pp. 195. Harper
& Bros. $1.
Selections from the Essays of Francis Jeffrey. Edited
with introduction and notes, by Lewis E. Gates. With
portrait, 16mo, pp. 213. Ginn's “Athenæum Press Se-
ries." $1.
Lelius: A Dialogue on Friendship. By M. Tullius Cicero.
Edited, with notes, etc., by E. S. Shuckburgh, A.M.
New edition, 18mo, pp. 190. Macmillan's “Elementary
Classics.” 40 cts.
POETRY.
The Poems of William Browne of Tavistock. Edited by
Gordon Goodwin, with introduction by A. H. Bullen. In
2 vols., illus., 16mo, gilt tops, uncut. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $3.50.
The Lyrics and Ballads of Sir Walter Scott. Edited with
an introduction by Andrew Lang. Illus., 16mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 248. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.75.
Book-Song: Poems of Books and Book-Men. Edited by
Gleeson White. 18mo, pp. 185, uncut. A. C. Armstrong
& Son. $1.25.
The Jacobean Poets. By Edmund Gosse, M.A. 16mo, pp.
226. Scribner's “ University Series." $1.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Arena Library Series: Earth Revisited, by Byron A.
Brooks ; 12mo, pp. 318.-An Apocalypse of Life. By W.
T. Cheney ; 12mo, pp. 312. Each, 50 cents.
MUSIC.
Masters of French Music. By Arthur Hervey. Illus.,
12mo, uncut, pp. 290. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.75.
TRAVEL AND EXPLORATION.
Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stephanie: A Narrative
of Count Samuel Teleki's Exploring and Hunting Expedi-
tion in Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1887 and 1888. By
his companion, Lieut. Ludwig. Von Höhnel; trans. by
Nancy Bell. In two volumes, illus., 8vo, uncut. Long-
mans, Green & Co. $12.
SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY.
Pain, Pleasure, and Esthetics: An Essay Concerning the
Psychology of Pain and Pleasure, with Special Reference
to Æsthetics. By Henry Rutgers Marshall, M.A. 8vo,
uncut, pp. 364. Macmillan & Co. $3.
The Study of the Biology of Ferns by the Collodion.
Method: For advanced and Collegiate Students. By
George F. Atkinson, Ph.B. 12mo, uncut, pp. 134. Mac-
millan & Co. $2.
Science and Hebrew, Tradition: By Thomas H. Huxley.
16mo, pp. 372. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25.
Some Sallent Points in the Science of the Earth. By
Sir J. William Dawson, F.R.S. Illus., 12mo, pp. 499.
Harper & Bros. $2.
Introduction to Elementary Practical Biology: A La-
boratory Guide for High-School and College Students.
By Charles Wright Dodge, M.S. 12mo, pp. 422. Har
per & Bros. $1.80.
A History of the Mental Growth of Mankind in Ancient
Times. By John S. Hittell. In 4 vols., 12mo, uncut.
Henry Holt & Co. Boxed, $6.
RELIGION.
The Spirit of God. By P. C. Mozoomdar, author of "The
Oriental Christ.” 12mo, pp. 323. George H. Ellis. $1.50.
The Political Economy of Natural Law. By Henry
Wood, author of “God's Image in Man." 12mo, pp. 305.
Lee & Shepard. $1.25.
Religion. By G. de Molinari; trans. by Walter K. Firm-
inger, B.A. 16mo, uncut, pp. 200. Macmillan's “Phil-
osophy at Home" Series. 90 cts.
LAW.- POLITICS AND POLITICAL ECONOMY.
The Laws and Jurisprudence of England and America :
Being a Series of Lectures Delivered before Yale Univer-
sity. By John F. Dillon, LL.D., author of "Commen-
taries on the Law of Municipal Corporations." 8vo, un-
cut, pp. 431. Little, Brown, & Co. $4.
First Stages of the Tariff Policy of the United States.
By William Hill, A.M. 8vo, pp. 162. Am. Economic
Ass'n. $1.
Primary Elections: A Study of Methods for Improving the
Basis of Party Organization. By Daniel S. Remsen.
16mo, pp. 121. Putnam's “Questions of the Day." 75
cts.
New York State Legislation in 1893. 8vo, pp. 153. Uni-
versity of State of N. Y. 20 cts.
Dictionary of Political Economy. Edited by R. H. Inglis
Palgrave, F.R.S. Sixth part, Drengage-Eyton. 12mo,
uncut, pp. 159. Macmillan & Co. $i.
REFERENCE.
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smith-
sonian Institution, Showing the Operations, Expenditures,
and Condition of the Institution to July, 1891. 8vo, pp.
715. Washington: Government Printing Office.
The Daily News Almanac and Political Register for
1894. Compiled by Geo. E. Plumbe, A.B. 12mo, pp. 415.
Chicago Daily News Co. 50 cts.
Walsh's Perpetual Calendar and Almanac: Being an
Almanac for Each Year of Every Century, Past, Present,
and Future. 16mo, pp. 56. Helena, Mont.: James A.
Walsh.
Rand-McNally's Pocket Maps and Shippers' Guides to
Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Missouri. Each, 16mo,
25 cts.
FICTION
Horace Chase. By Constance Fenimore Woolson, author
of "Jupiter Lights." 16mo, pp. 419. Harper & Bros.
$1.25.
Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. By A. Conan Doyle, au-
thor of "The Refugees." Illus., 12mo, pp. 281. Harper
& Bros. $1.50.
The Last Sentence. By Maxwell Gray, author "The Si-
lence of Dean Maitland." Illus., 12mo, pp. 491. Lovell,
Coryell & Co. $1.50.
In Direst Peril. By David Christie Murray, author of
“Time's Revenges.” 16mo, pp. 303. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
A Marriage Ceremony. By Ada Cambridge, author of
"Not All in Vain.” 16mo, pp. 271. D. Appleton & Co. $1.
The King of Schnorrers: Grotesques and Fantasies. By
I. Zangwill, author of " Children of the Ghetto." Illus.,
16mo, pp. 400. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
John Ingerfield, and Other Stories. By Jerome K. Jerome.
Illus., 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 224. Henry Holt & Co.
75 cts.
St. Ronan's Well. By Sir Walter Scott, Bart. Dryburgh
edition, illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 448. Macmillan & Co.
$1.25.
The Penance of John Logan, and Two Other Tales. By
William Black. New and revised edition, 16mo, pp. 311.
Harper & Bros. 80 cts.


156
[March 1, 1894.
THE DIAL
TO AUTHORS.
The Protection of Woodlands
Against Dangers Resulting from Organic and Inorganic
Causes.
By HERMANN FÜRST,
Translated by Dr. JOHN NISBET, of the Indiana Forest
Service.
A thorough and conscientious work; one that arouses reflection,
and is therefore worthy of careful reading."- Garden and Forest.
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THE DIAL
A SEMI- MONTHLY JOURNAL OF
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EDITED BY
FRANCIS F. BROWNE.
{Volume VI.
No. 186.
CHICAGO, MARCH 16, 1894.
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Svo, cloth, illustrated with colored plates, $3.50.
For sale by all booksellers, or sent, postpaid, upon receipt of
price, by
WILLIAM R. JENKINS,
851 and 853 Sixth Avenue
NEW YORK.
Rare Books. Prints. Autographs.
WILLIAM EVARTS BENJAMIN,
No. 22 EAST SIXTEENTH STREET, NEW YORK.
Catalogues Issued Continually.
“ The active principle of cod liver oil is the oil itself.”
-Möller.
WILLIAM R. HILL, BOOKSELLER.
MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS,
OLD AND RARE
A Large Collection of Rare Prints
for Extra Illustrating.
Nos. 5 & 7 East Monroe St.,
CHICAGO.
BOOKS.
PETER MÖLLER'S
GEORGE P. HUMPHREY,
ANTIQUARIAN BOOKSELLER,
25 Exchange Street,
ROCHESTER, N. Y.
NORWEGIAN COD LIVER OIL.
Sweetest, Soundest, Best,
And of Absolute Purity.
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entific investigation, is the best preparation of cod
liver oil because it is the Most Agreeable, the Most
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Oil which can be continuously Administered with-
out causing gastric disturbances. Put up in flat
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rightly-stocked druggists.
Catalogues of Rare Books are frequently issued, and will be
mailed to any address.
POSITION as Librarian, Secretary, Correspondent, Translator
or similar work, wanted by first assistant (male) in large library;
conversant with literature and languages. Terms moderate. Address
LIBRARIAN, care DIAL.
THE BOOK SHOP, CHICAGO.
SCARCE BOOKS. BACK-NUMBER MAGAZINES. For any book on any sub-
ject write to The Book Shop. Catalogues free.
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New York,
Sole Agents for the United States and Canada.
AUTOGRAPH LETTERS AND
HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS.
Y SEND FOR PRICE LISTS.
WALTER ROMEYN BENJAMIN,
No. 287 Fourth Avenue,
NEW YORK CITY.


164
[March 16, 1894.
THE DIAL
MACMILLAN & COMPANY'S NEW BOOKS
To be Ready Next Week.
MR. F. MARION CRAWFORD'S NEW NOVEL.
KATHARINE LAUDERDALE.
By F. MARION CRAWFORD, author of “Saracinesca,” “ Pietro Ghisleri,” “Mr. Isaacs," etc. With full-page
Illustrations and Portrait of the Author. In two volumes. 12mo, in a box, $2.00.
Just Published.
A New Novel by the Author of “ The Stickit Minister.”
THE RAIDERS.
Being Some Passages in the Life of John Faa, Lord and Earl of Little Egypt. By S. R. CROCKETT, author of
“ The Stickit Minister and Some Common Men." 12mo, $1.50.
Mr. Zangwill's New Book.
Q's New Book.
THE KING OF SCHNORRERS.
THE DELECTABLE DUCHY.
Grotesques and Fantasies. By I. ZANGWILL, author of “Chil-
Stories, Studies, and Sketches, By A. T. QUILLER-COUCH,
dren of the Ghetto," "The Old Maids' Club," "
$, ** The Blue Pavilions,'
Merely
author of "Noughts and Crosses,
etc. 12mo, $1.00.
Mary Ann," etc. With numerous illustrations. 12mo, $1.50.
“ The sketches can hardly be excelled in pathos, in true human in.
"Exceedingly clever, .. full of that rarest of good qualities, terest in the undying elements of power found in common life."-Pub
humor - always tinged here with the grotesque, but none the less de lic Opinion.
lightful. — Boston Daily Traveller.
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SOCIAL EVOLUTION.
By BENJAMIN KIDD. 8vo, $2.50.
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PAIN, PLEASURE, AND ÆSTHETICS. SOURCES OF THE CONSTITUTION OF
An Essay concerning the Psychology of Pain and Pleasure,
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with special reference to Æsthetics. By HENRY RUTGERS
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New Book by Professor Goldwin Smith.
Professor Boyesen's New Book.
OXFORD AND HER COLLEGES.
A COMMENTARY ON THE WRITINGS OF
HENRIK IBSEN.
A View from the Radcliffe. By GOLDWIN SMITH, D.C.L.,
By H. H. BOYESEN, Professor of Germanic Languages and
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By the Same Author.
Third Edition Now Ready.
SEVENTY YEARS OF IRISH LIFE.
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And two other volumes will be issued each month, the order of publication being that of the Folio Editions.
MACMILLAN & CO., PUBLISHERS, 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK.
!


THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
No. 186.
MARCH 16, 1894.
Vol. XVI.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
.
.
.
.
WILLIAM FREDERICK POOLE
165
ENGLISH AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY. Melville
B. Anderson,
167
COMMUNICATIONS
. 170
“To Part From” and “To Part With." F. H.
The Educational View of Modern Language Teach-
ing. Charles Bundy Wilson.
“Columbian Exposition Latin.” Commissioner.
SOME PICTURES OF NAPOLEON THE MAN.
E. G. J.
172
PROBLEMS OF MUNICIPAL REFORM. Edward
W. Bemis
175
AN AMERICAN WARRIOR-BISHOP. Arthur How-
ard Noll
176
POPULAR STUDIES IN LANGUAGE. Daniel
Kilham Dodge
178
THE GREENLANDER AT HOME. Frederick Starr 179
JAPANESE HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION.
Ernest Wilson Clement
181
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
184
The Lover's Lexicon. -Society and politics of the
Austrian Empire. - Beginnings of the English Ro-
mantic Movement. — Essays on various American
topics.--Complete and beautiful edition of Landor.-
Spanish Pioneers in America. — A loving biography
of Whittier.-Farm and country life in Italy. - The
Indians of the Pacific Coast. – A new history of the
Roman Empire.-Phases of Dutch humor,
BRIEFER MENTION
187
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS
188
NEW YORK TOPICS. Arthur Stedman.
192
LITERARY NOTES AND MISCELLANY
193
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
195
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
195
was done in this city, which has for the past
twenty years
reckoned him
among
its most dis-
tinguished citizens. The number of persons
who, in this great community, are identified
with intellectual rather than with material in-
terests is still relatively so small that the dis-
appearance from our midst of so commanding
a figure as that of Dr. Poole is a public loss
more grievous than it would be in many other
places. His death leaves a social vacancy not
easily to be filled, even from the public point
of view ; from that of the friends who have
loved and honored him for so many years, the
mere suggestion of its ever being filled is a
mockery.
William Frederick Poole was born at Salem,
Massachusetts, December 24, 1821, thus being
at the time of his death seventy-two years of
age. The annals of his career may be briefly
chronicled. He entered Yale College in 1842,
and was graduated in 1849. This period in-
cludes an interregnum of three years spent in
earning the money needed to complete his col-
lege education. President Timothy Dwight,
of Yale University, was one of his classmates.
From the time of graduation from college to
the close of his career, the story of his life,
viewed externally, is little more than a state-
ment of the various libraries that he was
called upon to direct or to organize. He was
an assistant librarian in the Boston Athenæum
from 1850 to 1852 ; Librarian of the Boston
Mercantile Library from 1852 to 1856 ; Li-
brarian of the Boston Athenæum from 1856
to 1869; and Librarian of the Cincinnati Pub-
lic Library from 1869 to 1874. Called, in
1873, to the work of organizing the Chicago
Public Library, he entered upon that task early
in 1874, and remained at the head of the Chi-
cago institution until 1887, when he was called
upon to undertake the task of organizing the
reference library endowed by the late Walter
L. Newberry, of Chicago, and known by the
name of its generous founder. During the
nearly seven years that he lived to act as the
director of that institution, he collected for its
uses nearly one hundred thousand volumes, and
superintended, not many weeks ago, their trans-
fer to the magnificent new building which is
to be the permanent home of the Library.
.
.
.
.
.
.
WILLIAM FREDERICK POOLE.
In the death of Dr. Poole, which occurred
on the first of this month, American history
has lost one of its best equipped and most pains-
taking students, the profession of librarianship
one of its foremost exponents, and THE DIAL
one of its stanchest friends and most valued
contributors. Although he had made his home
for some years past in the university suburb of
Evanston, a few miles from Chicago, his work


166
[March 16,
THE DIAL
Librarianship, in this country, has during arranged for bibliographical talks to students,
the past twenty years become one of the learned illustrated by the literature of the subjects
professions; that it has become so is due in talked about.
very great measure to the efforts of Dr. Poole. Such a collection of Dr. Poole's bibliograph-
To secure for his fellow-workers the recogni- ical papers as we have suggested would be a
tion accorded to the clergyman, the lawyer, and worthy monument to his memory. But a still
the physician ; to substitute the trained bibli worthier monument already exists in the shape
ographer for the mere custodian of books ; to of the great “Index to Periodical Literature."
establish professional schools of librarianship; The author began this important work as a
to make the public familiar with the principles student, when he was acting as librarian of
of rational library architecture; to facilitate a college society. Its first edition was printed
access to collections of books, and to enlarge in 1848, making an octavo of 154 pages.
In
their usefulness by library helps prepared by 1853 it reappeared in an octavo of more than
the coöperation of bibliographers—these were, three times the thickness of the earlier volume.
briefly stated, the aims towards whose accom In 1882 (the author having meanwhile secured
plishment he devoted, for a full half-century, the coöperation of a number of his fellow-
an exceptionally active and industrious life. librarians) it made its third and final appear-
He was a member of the New York Conven ance, again multiplied threefold as to the num-
tion of Librarians held in 1853, the first con ber of pages, and much more than that as to
vention of the sort ever held anywhere. He the quantity of matter. Two supplements have
helped organize the American Library Asso- since been published, with the coöperation of
ciation in 1876, was one of the Presidents of Mr. W. I. Fletcher, bringing it down to 1892.
that body, and attended all but one of its an As a student of history, Dr. Poole devoted
nual meetings. He represented this country himself chiefly to subjects connected with the
at the first International Conference of Libra- early settlement of this country. His “ Anti-
rians, held in London in 1877, and was, in Slavery Opinions before 1800” is a valuable
1893, at the head of the World's Congress contribution to the history of the “peculiar in-
Auxiliary Literary Congresses, one of which stitution ” in America. His paper on “ The
was an International Congress of Librarians. Popham Colony” discussed certain conflicting
The papers published by him upon professional claims between Maine and Massachusetts as to
subjects are very numerous, but
are difficult
priority of settlement, deciding in favor of the
of access. These papers ought to be collected, latter. He investigated the history of the
for they contain much material of permanent Northwestern Ordinance and the connection
value.
therewith of Manasseh Cutler, making him-
As a librarian, Dr. Poole's methods were self the recognized authority upon that impor-
characterized by sagacious practicality and clear tant subject. He pricked the bubbles of the
common sense. He mistrusted the elaborate Pocahontas story and of the Mecklenburg De-
scientific systems now in vogue
with
our younger
claration so effectively that they were relegated
bibliographers; systems which are excellent for to the realm of myth, and are not likely again
the uses of the librarian, but sadly perplex to find serious defenders. He published valu-
ing to most of the people for whom libraries able studies in the history of the early North-
are collected. His methods of classification and west. Most important, perhaps, of all his stu-
catalogue-making were to a certain extent em dies were those relating to early Massachusetts
pirical, and not a little is to be said on behalf of history, and especially to the Mathers and the
empiricism in such matters. He never lost sight subject of witchcraft. These subjects were as-
of the fundamental principle that books are signed to him in “ The Memorial History of
meant to be used ; that their chief end is not at Boston," and were frequently discussed by him
tained when they are catalogued and shelved. elsewhere. He did much to correct the erro-
He wanted the public to use the books under his neous popular estimate of Cotton Mather,
charge, and encouraged such use in many ways. showing him to have been learned, sagacious,
He welcomed the work of University Extension, and tolerant, free from responsibility for the
and tried to make the public library a helpful witchcraft delusion, and a commanding figure
adjunct to that work. And long before Ūni- worthy of the respect and admiration of poster-
versity Extension was talked about in this ity. In this, as in other instances, Dr. Poole,
country, he sought to bring the school into himself a descendant of the Puritans, stoutly
more intimate relations with the library, and defended his ancestors against the misrepresen-


1894.]
167
THE DIAL
tations under which they have suffered. An THE INSTRUCTION IN ENGLISH AT
other piece of historical work, possibly the most STANFORD UNIVERSITY.*
important done by him, was his lengthy his-
torical and critical introduction to the reprint
In order to understand the purposes and methods
of Captain Edward Johnson's Wonder-Work- University, it is necessary to know something about
of the English courses at the Leland Stanford Jr.
ing Providence of Sion's Saviour in New En-
our system of what is technically called “major sub-
gland." These numerous historical studies, no jects.” At the beginning of his second year in the
less than those devoted to the professional work University every student is expected to elect a spe-
of the librarian, are so scattered as to be diffi- cialty, to which he shall devote at least a third of
cult of access, and richly deserve collection and his time throughout his undergraduate course. So
publication in permanent form.
soon as the specialty, or major subject, has been
Many of Dr. Poole's historical papers were
chosen, the professor of that subject becomes the
student's official adviser, and no degree is granted
contributed to the journal upon which now de-
until the course pursued by the student shall have
volves the sad task of paying a tribute to his
been in all respects satisfactory to the professor. It
memory, and it was through his good offices
will be seen that this system combines the advan-
that the contents of THE DIAL were, from the tages of great freedom of election on the part of
start, included in the great “Index.” The first the student, with those of direct, close, and friendly
number of The Dial appeared in May, 1880, supervision on the part of an expert. Thus, for
and the first article in that number was a re example, if a student upon entering the University
view, by Dr. Poole, of the new edition of Hil chooses English as his major subject, he is expected
dreth. His latest contribution, which appeared English, whose approval he is bound to secure for
only last month, and which was probably the English, whose approval he is bound to secure for
Should the student see fit to
last piece of work done by him, was that vigor- elect certain subjects not approved by his major
ous defense of the Puritans of which our read- professor, he is perfectly free to do so, the probable
ers will hardly need to be reminded upon this result being that his residence at the University is
occasion. Between these two contributions,
so much the more prolonged. If, therefore, a stu-
upwards of thirty others from his pen appeared dent is willing either to prolong his residence or to
in the pages of THE DIAL; contributions de renounce the hope of obtaining a degree, his free-
voted, with a single exception, to subjects in
dom of election is conditioned only upon
his com-
American history. Whatever might be his petency to get on in the studies elected. The usual
subject, the forcible and picturesque qualities takes the five or more hours of work in English (if
result of the system is simply this : The student
of his style could not fail to be impressive, that be his specialty); several more hours in col-
and the pages that he wrote, however aggressive lateral subjects, such as Latin, French, German, or
and tending to excite opposition, always held History, are recommended by the professor ; and
the attention, and were never invaded by any the student is left free to choose for himself such
thing remotely suggestive of dulness.
other subjects as may attract him.
The bibliographer and the historical student The practical working of this system has hitherto
combined in William Frederick Poole were proved very satisfactory. Students elect for the
known to the world; something better than
most part only such subjects as they have taste or
these, the man himself, was known to his friends.
talent for, and professors have the pleasure and in-
The brusqueness of his manner, at first a little spiration of working with earnest and enthusiastic
men and women. The organic quality of a course
repellant to those who came into contact with thus planned from semester to semester by the inter-
him, was soon seen to be but the outward ex ested student, under the advice of his professor, turns
pression of a mental habit of the rarest sincer-
out to be far superior to that of the conventional
ity. And
upon those who had the privilege of college curriculum. Under the system here de-
his intimacy was made the impression, domi- scribed, the graduate finds himself pretty thoroughly
nant above all others, of his absolute integrity, grounded in some science, or in some group of related
intellectual and moral. They realized that here languages, and goes out into the world, not indeed
was a man who simply could not think one
master of a specialty, but at least interested in some
branch of rational research, and versed in the appar-
thing and say another, or swerve by so much
atus and methods essential to its further pursuit.
as a finger's breadth from what he believed to
This article is the fourth of an extended series on the
be the right course, were the matter in ques-
Teaching of English at American Colleges and Universities,
tion great or small. Such men are none too of which the following have already appeared in THE DIAL:
common in the world, and when one of them English at Yale University, by Professor Albert S. Cook
leaves it, his place, for those who have really der Matthews (Feb. 16); and English at Harvard Univer-
(Feb, 1); English at Columbia College, by Professor Bran-
known him, is not likely to be filled again. sity, by Professor Barrett Wendell (March 1).—[EDR. DIAL.]


168
[March 16,
THE DIAL
DIAL
I can scarcely define the aims of the courses in giate instruction. This year, in accordance with the
English better than I have done in the following program sketched above, we have absolutely refused
sentence from the University Register: "(1) To to admit to our courses students unprepared to do
give training in the formulation and expression of real collegiate work. The Freshman English course
thought; (2) to impart a scientific knowledge of in theme-writing has been eliminated from our pro-
the English Language and of literary history, En gram, and has been turned over to approved teach-
glish and European; (3) to acquaint the student ers and to the various secondary schools. Had this
with a juster and more liberal method of literary | salutary innovation not been accomplished, all the
criticism; (4) to introduce him to literature as an literary courses would have been swept away by the
art,—to cultivate a refined appreciation of what is rapidly growing inundation of Freshman themes,
best, and thus to reveal unfailing sources of pure and all our strength and courage would have been dis-
enjoyment."
sipated in preparing our students to do respectable
Before proceeding to describe the courses, it may work at more happily equipped Universities. As it
be well to advert briefly to the English preparation is, no student is admitted to the course in English
exacted for admission to the University. The re composition until he has acquired the proficiency
quirements for admission were at first modelled above indicated. Instead, therefore, of requiring
upon those of the University of California, which the undivided attention of a half-dozen professors,
are similar to those of the New England Asso the work in English composition now occupies most
ciation of Colleges : namely, a play or two of Shake of the time and strength of two. It is plain, how-
speare, the Sir Roger de Coverley Papers, a story ever, that one or two additional instructors in this
of Thackeray, and a few of the masterpieces of En- important division of the work will be necessary
glish and American poetry. Under this system the next year. It would be bad policy to allow any
in-
examination consists mainly in a test of the ap structor to devote the whole of his attention to the
plicant's ability to quote readily, to explain allusions, work in English composition ; for however great a
to write outlines and abstracts, and in various ways man's enthusiasm for such work may be, it is inci-
to show upon paper that he has read and digested dent to human nature that no man can read themes
the works in question. While this system is a great efficiently for more than three hours at a stretch,
advance upon the old practice of requiring an ac and that the professor does his theme-reading more
quaintance with rhetoric and the formal side of intelligently and more humanely when a portion of
grammar and composition, experience shows it to his time is spent in research preparatory to higher
be not quite sufficient. The tendency is to encour instruction.
age the “getting up ” of a certain number of books, At the outset of his University career, the student
and the cramming of a modicum of information of English is advised to begin or continue an ac-
about words and etymologies, rather than the at- quaintance with one or two, at least, of the chief
tainment of such a practical acquaintance with the foreign languages, ancient or modern. It is also
vernacular as a student needs in order to take a col suggested that he make himself proficient in some
lege course successfully. We have therefore thought one of the natural or physical sciences, in order that
it wise to lay more stress upon a student's prepar he may not remain entirely a stranger to the great
ation in composition than has hitherto been custom currents of positive research and philosophy.
ary in our secondary schools. While there has been Apart from the advanced work in English com-
no nominal increase in the requirements for admis- position and forensics, intended to qualify the stu-
sion in English, it has become, as a matter of fact, dent to express with idiomatic grace and logical
more difficult for the graduates of high schools and cogency whatever he may have to say or to write,
other secondary schools to satisfy our requirements. the first work which confronts the student of En-
Thus, out of perhaps a hundred and fifty applicants glish at Stanford is a careful study of some of the
for admission in English at the beginning of the prose writers of the nineteenth century: such as Ma-
present year, only some forty wrote satisfactory pa caulay, De Quincey, Carlyle, Savage Landor, Cardi-
pers. It is hoped that our course in adhering rig nal Newman, Matthew Arnold. It is a fact that the
idly to the relatively high, but really very moder-majority of students enjoy good prose at an earlier
ate, standard of admission in English will have a stage of their culture than is requisite to the real
salutary effect upon secondary instruction in Cali- appreciation of poetry. It is, moreover, observed
fornia and elsewhere. All that we really ask on the that such a study of the best prose writers gives the
side of style is that the student be pretty familiar instructor a fine opportunity to become acquainted
with the mechanical details of composition,-spell with his students and to throw out suggestions that
ing, punctuation, correct sentence structure, para may help them to correct or cure their illiteracy.
graphing, and the like,—and that he be able to ex Moreover, this course proves an invaluable adjunct
press himself with some idiomatic fluency.
to the course in composition, inasmuch as nothing
During the first two years of the short history of conduces more to the mastery of a good style than
the English department here, the professors were an intimate acquaintance with the best models.
worn out with the drudgery of correcting Freshman The majority of our students come to the Uni-
themes,-- work really secondary and preparatory, versity with little Latin and less Greek; and even
and in no sense forming a proper subject of colle those who come to us with thorough training in the


1894.]
169
THE DIAL
rudiments of one or both of these Cultur-Sprachen, self would have approved, thus putting themselves
come entirely innocent of anything in the nature of back into a time immediately succeeding the au-
a comprehension of their literary masterpieces. It thor's death and the publication of the first collected
has therefore been thought wise to offer courses in edition of his writings. The value of such work as
ancient and foreign classics, treated through the this for the acquirement of a sense of what Shake-
medium of translations. Professor Newcomer is spearean scholarship means, and, still better, for the
now conducting such a course in Homer and Dante, attainment of fine taste and discrimination in mat-
devoting one semester to each of these great poets ters of textual criticism, should be too obvious to
- whose works, Mr. Lowell has recently told us, require comment. Of course such a class as this
count among the five indispensable books of the must necessarily be small, both for the attainment
world. These courses are largely attended by in- of the best results and because only the more ad-
terested and earnest students, some of whom are vanced undergraduates are capable of profiting by
acquainted with the classical languages, but most work of such critical character. Indeed, as matters
of whom are not. I may say that Professor Moul- stand at present this course is better suited to the
ton’s a priori views as to the advantage of courses graduate student than to any but the more thor-
like this are fully borne out by our experience so far. oughly trained undergraduates.
If anything like a systematic and thorough reading, Among the courses preliminary to this more ad-
even of the five indispensable authors enumerated by vanced Shakespearean study I should have men-
Mr. Lowell, is to be secured on the part of the ma tioned Course 16, devoted to the Pre-Shakespearean
jority of educated men and women in this busy mod Drama and to the Contemporaries of Shakespeare,
ern world, it must be by some such means as this. as well as to a more cursory review of the Growth
At all events, from the standpoint of the English and Development of the Modern European Drama,
teacher merely, we count the time not lost that is especially in Spain, Italy, and France. In like
spent in acquainting students, as thoroughly as may manner, Course 17 is in a sense introductory to the
be through translations, with at least a few of the study of Milton, being a survey of the Minor Poets
masterpieces of the ancient and mediæval world. of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, from
Possibly some may find it difficult to understand Tottel's Miscellany to the death of Dryden. As at
why authors belonging to such remote times and present conducted by Professor Lathrop, this course
diverse languages are to be included in courses in is, however, by no means elementary, involving as it
English. But how can one study modern poetry does the study and the attempted solution of many
without knowing something, for example, of obscure and vexed questions of literary history.
Thebes and Pelops' line,
Course 18 involves a review of the more note-
Or the tale of Troy divine" ?
worthy Literary Masters of the English Literature
And how can an aquaintance with these great quar- of the Eighteenth Century, together with a some-
ries of imaginative literature be better obtained, on what philosophical treatment of the uniquely inti-
the part of the non-classical student, than by the mate and extremely interesting relations between
study of a good translation of Homer and of trans literature and life in that time,-a time which more
lations of a few typical masterpieces of the Athe than any
other
rang out the old and rang in the new.
nian stage? These last are not neglected. The Courses 19 and 20, given by Professor Hudson
course in the Ancient Classical Drama, studied from in alternate years, are respectively a comparative
translations, is similar in aim to the course in Ho study of the chief movements and tendencies of
mer and Dante, the latter being introductory to contemporary Literature, and a review of the novel-
Spenser and Milton especially, the former to the ists of the present century, together with a brief
general study of Shakespeare. In the succeeding treatment of the earlier development of the novel.
semester an introductory course in Shakespeare is Courses 24 and 25, given in alternate years, are
undertaken, which is not only an attempt at an in- respectively devoted to the study of Edmund Spen-
ductive study of methods of dramatic construction, ser and of John Milton. In the case of Spenser a
but also a general survey of Shakespeare's life and critical examination is made of his chief poems,
times, his art and his thought.
with special reference to their literary and ethical
In what follows, in order to prevent confusion, I qualities, and to the influence of Spenser upon other
shall designate the courses by the numbers by which poets ; and in the case of Milton the additional ef-
they are known to us.
fort is made to realize his character and the rela-
Course 26 is a critical study of a few plays of tion of his activity to the time in which he lived.
Shakespeare, involving a collation of such of the Course 27 is a reading course, devoted to the
quarto and folio editions as may be obtainable in somewhat cursory but not necessarily superficial
cheap reprints. At present, for example, the class reading and interpretation of characteristic longer
is engaged in the task of constructing a text of Ham and shorter poems by Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley,
let based upon Vietor's reprints of the first and sec Keats, and Coleridge.
ond quartos and the first folio (1623). Members Course 21, to which three hours a week through
of this class are advised to make no use of the work the year are devoted, is a study of the history of
of modern editors, but to do their best to form from American literature and of the most significant
the original editions such a text as the author him works of representative writers. In this, as in all


170
[March 16,
THE DIAL
other courses in literature, students are in every way Old English MSS., prepared especially for this class,
incited to possess themselves of the complete works are placed in the student's hands.
of the principal masters studied.
The Literary Seminary is conducted in two di-
Professor Flügel's undergraduate work consists visions : one, under the charge of Professor Hud.
of one elementary course in Anglo-Saxon, and one son, is devoted this year to the development of
in Chaucer, both three hours weekly through the the modern novel ; the other, conducted by myself,
year. The main aim of the former is to introduce is now pursuing a comparative study of the chief
the student to the spirit of Anglo-Saxon literature, works of Tennyson and Browning, and, incidentally,
and to give him facility in translating, less stress of the predecessors of Tennyson, — that is, of the
being laid upon phonological and grammatical de authors to whom Tennyson seems either stylistic-
tails. Inasmuch as all students who make English ally or spiritually most indebted. It should be un-
their “major” are required to take this course, and derstood that the subjects of the Seminary courses
as better results may be gained in smaller classes, vary from year to year, and that, even when it
this first year's class in Anglo-Saxon will be divided seems best to deal with the same subject in two suc-
into two sections, in charge of two recently appointed cessive years, the method of treatment and the se-
assistants.
quence of topics is such that the same individual
From the foregoing outline it will be noted that may continue the study with profit.
relatively considerable attention is given to the di I have been requested to add a few statistics.
rect study of the texts of the great classic authors Last year six professors gave instruction in thirty
who illustrate English literature; and that, although | English courses, to a total of seven hundred and ser-
literary history is by no means neglected, it is nearly enty students, counting by class registration. The
everywhere made subordinate to the supreme aim total number of individuals receiving instruction in
of introducing the student largely to the best litera- | English was not far from four hundred and fifty.
ture. It seems almost superfluous to add that, The total number of hours per week occupied by the
while every professor employs his own method of lectures of these six professors was fifty-one in the
instruction, no one employs the text-book method. first and fifty-six in the second semester. The num-
Independent first-hand study, and candor in the ber of lectures or recitations per week required of
statement of the results gained by such study, are each professor varies from eight to ten. The number
invariably encouraged.
of students receiving instruction this year is smaller
A word in conclusion with reference to that por than last year, owing to the severer requirements
tion of our work which, from the scholar's stand in English composition. The number of professors
point, is most interesting if not most important: is now five: a professor of English Literature, a
namely, the Philological and Literary Seminaries professor of English Philology, an associate profes-
for graduate students. It should be noted that sor of English Literature, and two assistant pro-
a considerable proportion of the undergraduate fessors. There are also two "assistants in English,"
courses are adapted to the needs of graduates of and additional appointments are contemplated.
other colleges, and of graduates of the University
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON.
in other courses than English ; but for the attain Professor of English Literature, Stanford University.
ment of the advanced degrees of Master and Doc-
tor in English Literature and Philology, every such
student is required to become a member of the two
Seminaries. It is impossible here to enter into de-
COMMUNICATIONS.
scriptive details with respect to this branch of the
“TO PART FROM ” AND “TO PART WITH."
work. At present all of the five professors of En-
glish are so largely engrossed with the numerous
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
undergraduate courses that too little time is left to On these phrases, referred to below as A and B, I
devote to the needs of advanced students ; still, the purpose to remark briefly.
Seminary course is by no means entirely neglected.
With B, denoting relinquishment, A was, for a con-
The advanced courses in philology consist of lec-
siderable time, occasionally made one in signification.
tures on Historical English Grammar, on Old and
Of producible proofs of this, here are four followed by
a quotation in which “part from is noticeably ar-
Middle English Literature, and on Beowulf (Sem- chaistic:
inary). With these will be given in alternate years “From all parts of the iland the people come unto us, bring-
a Seminary course on King Alfred and his time ing all such things as they had, to wit, sheepe, cockes, etc.
(four hours weekly through the year); a course in
(from hennes they would not part), and divers sorts of fruits
Early English Lyrical Poetry from the Anglo- Hawkins Voyages" (1878), p. 228.)
and rootes," etc.-(Sir Richard Hawkins (died 1622), “The
Saxon times to the Reformation (three hours through
“And, as it (a chain) was giuen mee with a great deale of
the year); and a History of Early English Metrics. loue, so did it exceedingly griete mee that I must shortly part
An additional course is given on Early English 80 unkindly with it. I would, if I could, haue kept it rather
Palæography intended as a general introduction to than my life, and never haue parted from it."-(Rev. James
the “Schriftwesen " of Old England, to the reading Mabbe, Trans. of " Aleman's The Rogue” (1622), Vol. II..
p. 99.)
of English MSS., and to studies in textual criticism.
"Some condemned his resignation as an unadvised act; as
Skeat's Facsimiles, and a number of photographs of if he had first parted from his wits, who would willingly part
99


1894.]
171
THE DIAL
pages be-
from a Kingdome."- (Rev. Dr. Thomas Fuller, "The His may say, too, with Tom Jones, I feel my innocence,
torie of the Holy Warre" (1639), p. 159, ed. 1647.)
my friend; and I would not part with that feeling for the
“It being certain, and confirmed by Common Practice, that world.” Nor, again, need one hesitate to copy the ex-
be that voluntarily parts from his right may do it on what
pression of Tom Jones, where, alluding to the prospects
terms he thinks fit," etc.- (Rev. Thomas Creech, "Lucre-
of his odious rival, Blifil, he protests to Sophia Western,
tius" (1682), Notes, p. 54, ed. 1683.)
“Their pride tenaciously grasping the shadow of power,
“ Indeed, I can never part with you; indeed, I cannot."
whilst their poverty constrained them to part from the sub-
Permissible, finally, is “part with,” for “have done
stance," etc.—(Anon., "The Minstrel" (1793), Vol. III.,p. 30.)
with,” in the ensuing quotation, concluding this tedious
letter:
For B, importing, contextually, personal separation,
as in “ I parted with him,” I have at hand quotations,
“I shall only tell you, before I part with this city, ..
dated from before 1600 to our own day, numbering up-
that as I was one day coming forth from my Inn," etc.-
(Gabriel d'Emilianne, "The Frauds of Romish Monks and
wards of a hundred. From first to last, however, among
Priests" (1691), p. 109.)
authors of mark, few have employed it at all freely, while
F. H.
many such authors have shunned it wholly. In Gold Marlesford, England, Feb. 17, 1894.
smith, negligent as he is in his diction, I have noticed
it but once, and but once in the thousands of
queathed to us by Southey. Yet Mr. R. O. Williams, THE EDUCATIONAL VIEW OF MODERN
in THE DIAL for Jan. 1, roundly avers that it “has
LANGUAGE TEACHING.
been classical English for three centuries." There are
( To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
industrious and observant students that know better.
I have read with peculiar interest and gratification
Dr. O. W. Holmes writes, “I remember a young wife
your excellent editorial on “ Modern Language Teach-
who had to part with her husband for a time.” Object, ing and Sprachmeisterei” in the last issue of THE DIAL.
ing to “part with” here, I have said that “part from ”
should be substituted for it; and because of my having that they have the moral support of your journal in
It will be encouraging to modern-language men to know
said so, Mr. Williams pronounces that “sometimes” my
their efforts to educate “the well-meaning but not
judgments “seem arbitrary.” My objection was made
highly-intelligent public” up to the educational view of
two and twenty years ago.
this question. More than college instructors must the
Fashions in language change rapidly; and, therefore,
less fortunate teachers in the schools contend with the
it does not surprise me that, 1894, I find myself obliged
rather crude, one might say stubborn, belief that the
to alter, in part, my criticism of 1872.
chief aim of the studying of a modern language is the
Though, as I could show from books, “part from'
ability to speak it. This ability is, however, not to be
him, or her, etc., was common at that date, one very
scorned; but the attempt to acquire it, if it must be ac-
rarely hears it now-a-days, at least in English society.
quired in this country, may be relegated to “conversa-
Indeed, it is, apparently, on the way to become, before
tional clubs,” quite apart from the regular class-room
very long, almost 'as ontworn as “part from" a plače. instruction and Seminar conferences. The really pro-
They parted," etc., that is to say, mutually, is, how-
gressive teachers in this profession hold that the study
ever, still as current as ever.
of foreign languages and literatures should not only give
The humbler class of people hereabouts, including
us an insight into the best that has been thought and
the most illiterate, continue, as might have been ex-
said by other nations, but that, among other things, it
pected, to use what Mr. Williams calls a “pedantic af should lead us to a better conception of humanity and
fectation," namely, “ I parted from him," and practically consequently to broader human sympathies.
ignore “I parted with him.”
CHARLES BUNDY WILSON.
I think it worth mentioning, too, that, in a batch of
680 essays which I have had occasion to go through
State University of Iowa, March 3, 1894.
within a few weeks, I came on the like of “I parted
from him” and “I parted with him” only once each, but
"COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION LATIN."
on “we parted,” etc., repeatedly.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In fact, so infrequent at present is “part with " for
" leave," “ take leave of,” “ be absent from,” “ go away
The correspondent in your last issue who found con-
solation for the recent fire at the World's Fair grounds
from," etc., and so infrequent has it been for the last
fifty years, more or less, that it must be ranked, as is
in the supposed destruction of the Egyptian Obelisk,
whose Latin inscription has so affronted his scholarly
“never so," among those second-rate archaisms which
the best writers of recent times have generally avoided.
sensibilities, will regret to learn that he was premature
I am convinced, moreover, that any wide and heedful
in his rejoicings. The obelisk still stands; and its of-
reader of English literature will share this opinion with
fending inscription — which moves your correspondent
me. As to the distinction which Mr. Williams professes
to remark that a Freshman in one of his college classes
would be “sent out of the room” for offering such work,
to have discovered between “part from” and “
“part
with,” he may be assured that, when he has investi-
and that the Exposition Commissioners responsible for
it might do well to “get themselves edited” before they
gated further, he will see it to have no foundation but
fancy. Neither of the combinations, by the by, occurs
again “set up a monument to be read by the nations of
the earth” – is still plainly to be read: so plainly, in-
anywhere in the Bible.
The approved uses of “part with” may here appro-
deed, that a comparison of it with the version given by
priately be enumerated. Primarily, it is a material thing
your correspondent reveals no less than eleven errors
that is parted with, by which is meant that one divests
made by him in copying. Is it “ unseemly to suggest"
oneself of it by gift, sale, or loan. Further, one speaks lege professors, may on occasion find it advantageous to
that not alone Exposition Commissioners, but even col-
of parting with a servant; and Lord Macaulay writes of
James II. that “he parted in anger with his Parlia-
“get themselves edited ” ?
COMMISSIONER.
ment,” when he dispensed with it by prorogation. One Chicago, March 5, 1894.


172
[March 16,
THE DIAL
I could neither laugh nor amuse myself like the
The New Books.
others. Bonaparte the schoolboy was out of touch with
his comrades, and he was not popular."
SOME PICTURES OF NAPOLEON THE MAN.* Thus isolated by his poverty and by circum-
M. Arthur Levy's “The Private Life of stances of birth and manners, the boy naturally
Napoleon,” essentially a collection of logically-
became, for a time at least, a chosen mark for
ordered extracts taken verbatim from the au-
the witticisms of the other pupils. The ingen-
thorities and welded into a continuous narra-
uity of schoolboys in the arts of petty raillery
tive in the style of M. Saint-Amand's popular
is proverbial, and the Brienne young gentle-
books, should prove no less attractive to the
men seem to have been, in this respect, no whit
general reader than useful to the special stu-
behind their kind. They called their victim
dent. It is a really important work — labor-
“the Corsican,” showered him a thousand
upon
saving and vastly entertaining Picturesque,
small indignities, nicknamed him (humorously
varied, brimming with the piquant gossip of a
enough) “Paille-au-nez”—a variant of the na-
rarely interesting coterie and period, it presents
tive pronunciation of his christian name Na-
in the compass of two moderate octavos facts poleone. No doubt the child was, as Bourrienne
hitherto sown broadcast in sources not always
records, “ rendered bitter by the mockery of
familiar or easy of access. M. Levy has cer-
his comrades”; but the bitterness did not en-
tainly not written without bias ; but his admir. gender meanness, and we learn from the same
ation for Napoleon has not, so far as we have
authority that Napoleon, victim as he was of
observed, resulted in a Procrustean treatment
all sorts of bullying, always preferred going
of facts.
to prison himself to denouncing his comrades
Of Napoleon's early life an unusually satis-
who had done wrong" on days when, being on
factory picture is given ; and in these opening
duty, he was charged with some special super-
vision. Much has been made by hostile histo-
chapters our confidence in M. Levy is at once
rians of his threat (at the age of ten), " I will
awakened by the fact that he sensibly declines
to see in the molehills of his hero's boyhood
do your French people all the harm I can!” M.
mountains prophetic of his future greatness.
Taine, with his occasional penchant for remote
Every historian, according as he has taken
corollaries, has turned this childish outburst to
upon himself the character of apologist or de-
account in a way that recalls bis famous logical
tractor, has represented Napoleon during his
flight from the moist climate of England to
school-days either as a prodigy of youthful gen-
the “ huge feet” of the natives, “ like those of
ius, or as a sullen and obstinate child fore-
wading birds, admirable for walking in mud.”
shadowing the ferocious despot. As a matter
That Napoleon's sojourn at Brienne had its
of fact, no child would seem to have been less
bright side appears in the following anecdote,
father of the man than was the little appointee
though perhaps the story merely illustrates the
to the royal school at Brienne. Napoleon was,
truth that the scenes of one's life, like works
said Chateaubriand, “ a boy neither more nor
in mosaic, are beautiful only from a distance :
“ As the First Consul was walking one day with Bour-
less distinguished than his fellows.” Socially,
rienne in the garden of Malmaison, he heard the chim-
his position among his schoolmates was not an ing of some bells, which always had a remarkable effect
agreeable one. Timid in the use of a language on him. He stopped, listened delightedly, and said in
imperfectly learned during his three prepara-
a broken voice: That reminds me of my first years at
tory months at Autun, a native of a country
Brienne; I was happy then!""
but recently made French — a country, more-
There is abundant evidence that these ten-
over, then as now marked for peculiarity of der recollections bore good fruit for his old tu-
manners,—the little Corsican appeared odd to
tors and school-fellows. No single petitioner
his comrades, and he displayed reserve towards
whose claim
upon the Emperor dated from the
those whom he knew to be above him in rank days at Brienne seems to have remained empty-
and fortune.
handed or unsatisfied. Even the surly porter
“I was," the Emperor once observed to Caulaincourt, of Brienne was handsomely installed in the
“the poorest of all my school-fellows. They always lodge at Malmaison ; and a Madame de Mon-
had money in their pockets; I never. I was proud, tesson, who at school had placed upon Napo-
and was most careful that nobody should perceive this.
leon's brow his first and his most unsullied)
* THE PRIVATE LIFE OF NAPOLEON. By Arthur Levy.
From the French, by Stephen Loạis Simeon. In two volumes her property, which had been confiscated, was
crown, was summoned to the Tuileries, and
with portraits. New York: Imported by Charles Scribner's
Sons.
restored to her.


1894.)
173
THE DIAL
mons.
When the young provincial arrived at Paris ened the shadows projected by his gaunt, an-
it was certainly not in the guise of the future gular, and pointed features.” That this triste
conqueror of the world. He looked like a and sombre figure, haunting the streets of Paris
new-comer; he gaped at everything he saw, and like an embodiment of the national poverty and
stared in rustic amazement at the wonders of unrest, was to leap, as it were, in a day from
those streets and boulevards which he was one want and obscurity to the throne of Charle-
day to sweep of the threatening hordes of fac magne, was a prediction which the Duchess
tious sans-culottism with a murderous discharge does not claim to have hazarded.
of grape-shot - and the next to fill with the It was Boissy d'Anglas, a man whom he
signs of imperial magnificence. “ His appear- hardly knew, who saved Napoleon by commend-
ance,” said Demetrius Comneno, a Corsican ing him to Monsieur de Pontécoulant, a mem-
compatriot, “was that of a man whom any ber of the Committee of Public Safety, who
scoundrel would try to rob after seeing him.” was charged with the direction of military op-
Unlike the goblin Marat and the titanic Dan- erations. Matters at the War Office were in
ton, Bonaparte was not cast by nature in a great disorder at the time, and M. de Ponté-
mould suited to the rôle he was to play. Of coulant made no secret of his perplexities. He
his first appearance in uniform, M. Levy tells was discussing them one day at the Convention
an amusing story:
with d’Anglas, when the latter said :
“While awaiting his orders to join his regiment, he, "I met yesterday a General on half-pay. He has
in the highest spirits, as beseems a sub-lieutenant of come back from the army of Italy, and seemed to know
sixteen, put on his uniform, from which all unnecessary
all about it. He might give you some good advice.'
smartness was excluded, as the state of his fortune only Send him to me,' said de Pontécoulant.
Next day
permitted what was absolutely requisite. His boots there came to his room on the sixth floor the leanest
were so inordinately large that his legs, which were and most miserable-looking creature he had ever seen
very small, disappeared in them completely. Proud of in his life — 'a young man with a wan and livid com-
his new outfit, he went off to seek his friends—the Per- plexion, bowed shoulders, and a weak and sickly ap-
On seeing him the two children Cecilia and pearance. Boissy d'Anglas had told him that his man
Laura (the latter was afterwards Duchesse d'Abrantes) was called General Bonaparte, but M. de Pontécoulant
—could not restrain their laughter, and to his face nick could not remember this extraordinary name, but he
named him · Puss in Boots.' He did not mind, it ap thought that this being, notwithstanding his curious ap-
pears, for, according to one of these little wits, the Lieu pearance, had good reasoning faculties. Write down
tenant took them a few days after a toy carriage con all that you have told me; put it into the form of a
taining a puss in boots, and a copy of Perrault's fairy- memorandum, and bring it me,' he said. A few days
story.'
later, M. de Pontécoulant, meeting Boissy d'Anglas, said
to him: "I have seen your man, but he seems to be mad.
Napoleon's employment, in 1795, by the all-
He has not been near me again. The reason is that
powerful Committee of Public Safety may be he thought you were laughing at him. He expected
taken as the real starting point of his career. you would make him work with you.' That need not
His condition at this period was, despite his
be a difficulty; tell him to come back to-morrow.'...
Bonaparte returned next day. After arguing upon the
services at Toulon and in Italy, sufficiently un-
statements made in his report, the Minister said to him:
promising. He was morally and physically Would you work with me ?' With pleasure,' replied
wretched. One met him, says the Duchess young man, seating himself at a table.”
d'Abrantés, wandering about the streets of History has recorded the services rendered
Paris, shabby, awkward, ungainly, his round by Napoleon to Pontécoulant, as well as his
hat thrust down over his eyes, and with his meagre requital at the hands of the Ministry.
curls (known at that time as oreilles de chien) But his star was now in the ascendant; and the
badly powdered, half combed, falling in elf- 13 Vendémiaire saw his final emergence from
locks over the collar of the historic iron-gray the cloud of poverty and neglect that had
coat that was one day to serve in some sort as so long darkened his fortunes.
His bearing
an oriflamme or Navarre-plume to the grena at that crisis so momentous to France recalls
diers of Marengo and Austerlitz ; his hands, Bossuet's expression :
Bossuet's expression: “In his bold leaps and
long, thin, and without gloves, because, as he light movements he resembles some vigorous,
said, these were a needless expense ; his boots bounding animal that neither mountains nor
ill - made and ill-cleaned. “ But his glance precipices can arrest.” In tendering Bonaparte,
and his smile," adds the Duchess, with a fem on the eve of this death-grapple with the sec-
inine eye for the lights of the picture, “ were tions, the command of the forces of the Con-
always admirable, and helped to animate an vention, Representative Barras, says De Ségur,
appearance always sickly, resulting partly from gave him three minutes to reflect. Of the
the yellowness of his complexion, which deep- paths offered him, the one led to fortune, the
the


174
[March 16,
THE DIAL
other to obscurity - perhaps to the guillotine, would scarcely have divined. In five months
whither nearly all possible political roads had she was to become the wife of the soothsayer ;
so long converged ; but the ends of the paths in three years she was to become quasi-sovereign
were hidden. In three minutes he said to of France; and, in time, the Pope himself was
Barras, “I accept, but I warn you that, once to journey to Paris to crown her Empress of the
my sword is out of the scabbard, I shall not French. It was at Madame Tallien's that, after
replace it till I have restored order.” This
This the 13 Vendémiaire, Napoleon again met Jo
scene occurred on the 13 Vendémiaire, at one séphine de Beauharnais ; and he “ fell in love
o'clock in the morning, when scarcely a man with her,” says an eye-witness, in the fullest
had been placed or a gun mounted to repel the sense of the word, in all the force of its fullest
insurgents. Before daybreak every avenue to acceptation.” Joséphine's early attitude toward
the Tuileries bristled with cannon; and when her admirer may be inferred from a letter to
the insurgent sections, 30,000 strong, advanced one of her friends :
along the quays of the Seine, the rue Saint “You have seen General Bonaparte at my house.
Honoré, and other approaches to the scene of Well, it is he who is good enough to act as stepfather
to the orphans of Alexandre de Beauharnais, as husband
their former triumphs, they were met by a mur-
to his widow ! Do you love him ? you ask me. No ...
derous discharge of grape that sounded the I do not. Then you dislike him ? No; but my state
knell of the long Jacobin apotheosis of rags, is one of tepidity towards him that is displeasing to
ignorance, and human degradation in France. me, and which, from a religious point of view, would
The scanty remnant of French law and order,
shock the goody people more than anything else.”
rallied by a man of action, was at last in a Joséphine, says M. Levy, was of medium
posture of defence; and less than an hour of height, and perfectly proportioned — not so
actual fighting secured the victory to the Con-
faded as the caustic Marmont has it.
vention. History can point to few victories
“ All her movements had a kind of undulating sup-
so entirely due to the agency of one man.
pleness, which naturally fell into careless attitudes, and
imparted to her person a sort of exotic languor. Her
With the futile rising of the 13 Vendémiaire
pale complexion, which gleamed like thin sheets of ivory,
the history of the Revolution ends, and the became slightly animated under the softened reflections
epoch is in sight when the wearied peasantry, of large deep-blue eyes, with long lashes slightly curled.
welcoming the rule of a strong hand, said, Her hair, of a shade of chestnut, with a wonderful sheen
“Now we have rest, thanks to God and Bona-
on it, escaped in small curls from a net fastened over it
with a gold clasp, and the wayward locks added an in-
parte.” Unfortunately, the “rest” proved as definable charm to a countenance whose mobility was
illusory as the coalition.
excessive, but always attractive. Her toilette contrib-
Splendid in his new rank, and with the pres-
uted to heighten the ethereal charm of her person.
tige of victory, the hero of the 13 Vendémiaire
Her gown was of Indian muslin, and its exaggerated
amplitude fell around her body in cloud-like folds. The
made a triumphal entry into those drawing- bodice, draped in large pleats across the bosom, was
rooms where hitherto, small and humble, fastened at the shoulder by two lion's heads enamelled
marked from the rest only by his needy ap-
in black. The sleeves were short, and puckered over
pearance, he used to come and try to please very beautiful arms, ornamented at the wrists with two
the guests of his patrons. It was shortly be-
little golden buckles.”
fore the 13 Vendémiaire that he was presented
With this charming portrait we shall take
to Madame Tallien, and of all who composed | leave of M. Levy, who certainly merits the
her salon he was perhaps the least remarkable,
gratitude of all who desire the data to work
the least favored by fortune. One evening,
out for themselves a fair estimate of Napoleon
the man.
assuming the guise of a fortune-teller, he seized
Mr. Simeon's translation, while it
Madame Tallien's hand, and “poured out end-
lacks polish, is generally acceptable, and the
less nonsense.” The picture is a striking one:
material features of the book leave little to be
“The future conqueror of Europe, small and thin, his
desired. The lack of an index is only partially
face hollow and pale, like parchment, as he said him- supplied by a copious table of contents.
self, long hair on either side of his forehead, the remain-
E. G. J.
der of his hair unpowdered, tied into a queue bebind,
clothed in a threadbare uniform, reading the hand of A DISCERNING writer in the London “ Athenæum," in
her who was called the beautiful Notre Dame de Ther reviewing Mr. Mabie's recent volumes of essays, discov-
midor.'”
ers in them traces not only of “the Wordsworthian tra-
Notable among the amused witnesses of this dition,” but of “the influence of thinkers like Thoreau
odd scene was a woman “dark-haired, lan- and Walden.” Possibly the British critic refers to
Walden Pond — which, although we have never before
guishing, full of listless indifference "— whose
known it to be classed with American « thinkers," was
fortunes the young officer's subtlest palmistry the “ friend and helper” of so many of them.


1894.]
175
THE DIAL
in the control of abuses in competitive business.
PROBLEMS OF MUNICIPAL REFORM.*
As Dr. Gladden remarks in the preface, lit-
The republication in book form of Mr. Glad tle is said upon the importance of reforming
den's series of magazine articles on “ The Cos our legislative as well as our executive depart-
mopolis City Club” gives one a good oppor ments. This reform can hardly come until we
tunity to consider the position there taken on have fewer wards in the large cities, and men
the vital problems of municipal reform. Mr. elected on a general ticket in small cities, so as
Gladden assumes, in the form of a story, that to secure larger constituencies and thus render
five directors of a public library,- viz., a me probable the election of men of higher stand-
chanic, a clergyman, a lawyer, a teacher, and a ing in the community; and, also, until we have
business man,-finding it impossible to secure some system of proportional or minority repre-
intelligent consideration of appropriations for sentation.
sentation. In this way minorities often com-
their institution from the city council, deter-posed of reform elements can be represented
mine on municipal reform. They call together, in the council, which at present is even more
by personal invitation, about forty others, rep- corrupt than the executive department.
resentative of the best professional, business, This interesting book admirably fulfils its
and artisan classes, and through committees of purpose of presenting practical suggestions for
this body they receive from week to week val. the inception of reform work. It is assumed
uable reports of the good and bad conditions that the knowledge of corruption in street con-
of the police, street, educational, and other de tracts, for example, and the failures to enforce
partments of the city government. Newspaper gambling and liquor laws, etc., will call forth
reporters publish the proceedings, and the com an efficient demand for reform from the vast
munity becomes stirred up at the revelations mass of the people. It is to be hoped that
made. The committee of forty proposes such a time will prove the truth of this, but doubts will
change in the executive branch of the city gov- sometime arise as to whether the influential
ernment as to lodge responsibility in a few men classes of any large city really want any better
subject to popular control, instead of its being government than they have, unless it gets so
divided up, as in most American cities, among exceedingly outrageous as just now in Chi-
aldermen and commissioners. Thereupon the cago; for such better government must mean
self-constituted committee drafts a new charter, less evasion of taxation by the wealthy and
giving to the mayor the appointment and re less profits from public franchises. It is sig-
moval, without control by the council, of a chief nificant to note how the efforts at reform made
of police, of water service, and of every other by the mayor of Detroit have been opposed by
department excepting education. These chiefs
a large portion of the leading people of that
are to have similar power over their subordi- city.
nates, but can appoint none that are not rec Without the hearty coöperation of the best
ommended by a civil-service board. The objec- classes of our business men, it is not likely that
tion that this is a one-man power is met by the the reforms suggested by our author can be ac-
statement that the public at present is bereft complished—unless associated, almost from the
of as much power as in the proposed scheme, start, with demands for economic reform which
only that at present the public can hold no one will appeal to the wage-workers and the small
responsible for abuse of power and give no re property-owners sufficiently to arouse not merely
wards for its proper use, since it is impossible their sympathy, but their active coöperation. A
to fix responsibility. The book further as large portion of these classes do not care much
sumes that the charter meets with such popu- for civil-service reform, or for securing fewer
lar endorsement that the legislature is obliged saloon-keepers and more men of business prom-
to grant it, and that under it a pure civil
gov inence in public office, unless they can see in
ernment is secured, at least for the time being. this a direct stepping-stone to city ownership
It closes with the prediction that constant vig- and reduced charges for light and street trans-
ilance will be found necessary under any ma portation, the abolition of the contract system
chinery, and holds that municipal parties of on public works, taxation of every body accord-
the future will and ought to disagree on ques-ing to his ability to pay, the prevention of child-
tions as to the degree of societary or socialistic labor and long hours, and similar reforms. It
activity in matters of natural monopolies and is noticeable that in Dr. Gladden's book these
demands of the masses are supposed to wait on
*THE COSMOPOLIS CITY CLUB. By Washington Gladden.
New York: The Century Co.
the attainment of administrative purity. This


176
[March 16,
THE DIAL
is all well and good, provided municipal purity federate officers turned to the sacred ministry;
can be thus secured. To secure a sufficient and as the general officers received one recruit
popular support, however, it would seem as if from the Episcopate, at the outbreak of the
the small home-owner and wage-worker must the Episcopate has since received several
first be convinced that those working for polit- from that army which fought for and lost a
ical reform are in hearty sympathy with the ef- great cause. These circumstances are worthy of
fort to obtain industrial reforms. To carry out consideration, and should have the effect of
many of these reforms, any very large city will modifying our judgment of the motives of the
doubtless require strong ward as well as cen South in secession. Of the patriotic convic-
tral organizations, committed to the use of all tions of the Confederate leaders, there should
the reputable portions of the Tammany meth- be no longer any question. Perhaps the time
ods of organization. A great service has been has arrived when the people of the North can
done the public by this little book, which has calmly consider this phase of the subject, and
already contributed much to the development give due credit ; and should the life of “Leon-
of the promising, though yet untried, Civic idas Polk, Bishop and General,” secure atten-
Federation of Chicago.
tion to these circumstances, the delay in the
EDWARD W. BEMIS. preparation and publication of these volumes
(only partly accounted for in the preface) will
not have been in vain.
Leonidas Polk was born in Raleigh, North
AN AMERICAN WARRIOR-BISHOP.*
Carolina, April 10, 1806. He entered the
There is no lack of warlike prelates in the University of North Carolina in 1821, and two
annals of the early Middle Ages; but a warrior- years later received an appointment to a cadet-
bishop in the nineteenth century, and in our ship at West Point, whence he was graduated
own country, is an anomaly sufficient in itself in 1827. During his cadetship he came under
to justify the writing of his biography. There religious influences virtually for the first time,
were circumstances attending the acceptance, and was so deeply impressed that he chose for
by one of the Southern Bishops, of a commis- himself a career far different from that of the
sion in the Confederate army which make his soldier ; and in November, 1828, entered the
biography an important contribution to the Theological Seminary at Alexandria, Virginia,
apologetic literature of the Confederacy. It is to begin active preparations for the ministry.
significant of the widespread conviction of the He was ordered deacon on Good Friday, 1830,
truth and justice, even holiness, of the cause married shortly afterwards, and was ordained
for which the South went to war, that the head a priest the following year, being then twenty-
of the Confederate government, and the South five years of age. Delicate health compelled
ern people, could set aside all conventional his spending a year in European travel, and
ideas of the Christian ministry and urge a several years subsequently upon patrimonial
Bishop to take up arms in defense of a prin- estates in Tennessee, his time being divided
ciple; and that the Bishop himself, who had between the improvement of his estate and min-
twenty years before declared it incompatible isterial duties at Columbia, Tennessee. In
with his high calling for a Christian minister 1838 he was elected Missionary Bishop of the
to bear arms even for self-defense against rob- Southwest, and was consecrated December 9
bery on the wild Western frontier, should con in that year. His jurisdiction embraced Ala-
sent to lay aside the Episcopal robes and take bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas,
up the sword. We can scarcely imagine any
and Indian Territory. In 1841 he resigned
other circumstances in which, in the selection this jurisdiction to become Bishop of the then
of military leaders in a great crisis, attention newly-created Diocese of Louisiana. Remov-
would be turned toward the Episcopate. The ing his family to Leighton, an estate which he
fact that Leonidas Polk was a soldier by he- purchased in Louisiana, he began a life prob-
redity and education scarcely relieves these cir- ably common to the Southern Bishops of that
cumstances of their strangeness. It is a sig time.
nificant fact, observable in this connection, that That Bishop Polk was an indifferent eccle-
at the end of the struggle, many of the Con- siastical scholar, his biographer admits ; but he
was in other respects a model Bishop. The
* LEONIDAS POLK, BISHOP AND GENERAL. By William
M. Polk, M.D., LL.D. In two volumes. New York: Long-
task of organizing and building up the Church
mans, Green, & Co.
in Louisiana was faithfully performed, and its


1894.]
177
THE DIAL
affairs were skilfully administered. His abil Atlanta Campaigns. On June 14, 1864, while
ity was severely tested by the events of 1861. reconnoitring upon Pine Mountain, Georgia,
His chief anxiety was the effect of secession a cannon-shot from the Federal lines crashed
upon the Church of which he was the chief through his breast, and left him dead in the
pastor in an important diocese. His view of arms of his faithful friends, General Hardee
the situation, set forth in a pastoral proclama- and General Joseph E. Johnston.
tion declaring that the constitution of the Pro It was a wise provision to divide Polk’s biog-
testant Episcopal Church in the United States raphy into two volumes, the first relating the
was dependent upon the integrity of the nation, career of the Bishop, the latter devoted wholly
and that the right of a State to secede being to that of the General. The biographer is the
established, each diocese had the right to se son of the Bishop, and was a participant in the
cede from the general organization, and declar war from the beginning to the end. His sym-
ing that Louisiana was therefore an independ pathies are clearly with the military rather than
ent diocese, was severely criticised by the South- with the Episcopal career. He calls other
ern Bishops as well as at the North. The hands to his aid in portraying the latter. It is
provisional establishment of the Protestant wise historic foresight which devotes so much
Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of time and space to the founding of the Uni-
America was the result of the discussion that versity of the South, whose present assured suc-
ensued, and the complete reunion of the South cess justifies the gathering up for careful pres-
ern dioceses with those of the North, at the ervation of all that can be learned concerning
close of the war, was one of the happiest events the inception of that grand scheme. The biog-
in the ecclesiastical history of our country. As rapher restrains a natural tendency to produce
a matter of fact, however, and from force of a memorial volume, filled with eulogy, and lim-
circumstances, Louisiana remained an inde- ited in its interest. He provides an enduring
pendent diocese until after the war.
contribution to the history of the times, care-
Scarcely had the affairs of the Church been fully verifying his statements by authoritative
arranged, when the demand was made upon and official documents. In many cases his
the Bishop for his services in the field. His biography becomes a vindication of his sub-
interest in the defense of the Mississippi Val. ject's military theories and plans, where they
ley having been enlisted, he visited Richmond have been called in question; and it is likely to
and the camps in the neighborhood, and saw strengthen the opinion which many now hold,
the President of the Confederacy and members that, with greater unanimity among the Con-
of his cabinet. He was, on all sides, urged to federate leaders, the struggle for the Confed-
take service in the Confederate army. The eracy might have eventuated far otherwise than
President twice tendered him a Major-Gen- it did.
eral's commission. The commission was finally In only one case can the biographer's sense
issued to him, June 25, 1861. He set out at of proportion be said to have failed. To the
once for Memphis, where he took command of early history of the Polk family, belonging as
the military department entrusted to him. From it does to the Revolutionary period, too much
that time forth he performed no Episcopal func- space is devoted. And family pride prompts
tions, and, excepting the baptism of two fel him to declare for the authenticity of the much-
low officers, abstained from the performance of disputed Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde-
even priestly offices. He hoped, however, soon pendence of May 20, 1775. Unfortunately,
to be relieved of his military duties and to re-
the evidence which he adduces is now generally
turn to his " cherished work.” The phrase in conceded to refer to an altogether different
which he was wont to justify his course in ac-
document.
cepting the military commission, and to express The volumes are substantially bound, clearly
his anxiety to return to his pastoral work, he printed (the only typographical errors observed
repeated a few days before his death: “I feel occur in two footnotes in the first volume),
like a man whose house is on fire, and who has and are furnished with an admirable index.
left his business to put it out. As soon as the
the The illustrations consist of steel portraits of
war is over I shall return to my proper calling.” Lieutenant-Colonel William Polk (the Bishop's
But this was not to be. He occupied Colum- father), of the Bishop at the age of forty-four
bus with his troops ; participated in the battles and again at the age of fifty-five, and of Lieu-
of Belmont, Shiloh, Perryville, Stone Ridge, tenant-General Polk two years later, in Con-
and Chickamauga, and in the Meridian and I federate gray, full-bearded and looking grizzled


178
[March 16,
THE DIAL
and careworn; a full-page view of St. John's ample material in the opening chapter, which
Church, Ashwood, Tennessee ; and a double deals with that much-abused people, the Ary-
page view of the University of the South. The ans, their language and culture. Disposing of
second volume has seven valuable folded maps the “idyllic, but certainly also idealized, pic-
of battlefields.
ARTHUR HOWARD NOLL. ture of the ancient Aryans," with which a past
generation of scholars has made us familiar,
the author proceeds to state briefly but clearly
POPULAR STUDIES IN LANGUAGE. *
the latest and most plausible theory with re-
gard to the primitive state of the Indo-Euro-
Ever since Dean Trench published his sug- pean peoples :
gestive but wholly unscientific studies in lan-
“ It must not be supposed that the original tribes
guage, a very general popular interest has been
dwelt as next-door neighbours within circumscribed lim-
taken, both in England and this country, in its, for they dwelt at long distances, though still in
etymology. This has shown itself in the wild touch with one another. They observed various atti-
tudes towards the sound-norms, had certainly much in
etymological guesses of the newspaper and the
common, but were also predisposed to change in differ-
pulpit, which have so roused the righteous ent degrees and along different lines. Each family of
wrath of Professor Skeat, in the general im- languages, each system of sounds, had its own idiosyn-
provement of our dictionaries with regard to crasies.
derivations, and last but not least in the pub-
“ These statements assume the truth of the wave or
lication of independent works on various lin-
transition theory of Schmidt, approved by Brugmann,
Paul, and Schrader. This theory has supplanted the
guistic problems. At first, these excursions in
old or pedigree theory of former writers, according to
the realm of words were of the same aimless which there was one homogeneous Ursprache, with some-
character as those of the imaginative Dean of thing approaching to a dead level of uniformity, spoken
St. Paul's; but during the past ten years or
by one' people dwelling together in unity of speech-
sound and speech-bent, from whom there hived off
more, under the inspiration of advanced Ger-
swarms, which, on geographical disjunction began to de-
man thought, many of them have assumed a
velop differences in language that separated them from
more serious and systematic character.
the other members of their stock, swarms, however,
The latest of these serious attempts to pop-
which still comprised two or more peoples that for a
ularize the results of philological research, and
long period were linguistically one.
also one of the most successful, is Professor To understand this theory we must imagine
Clark's “Manual of Linguistics." While the
the various Indo-European tribes as occupying
author states as his object “ to produce a vol different but adjacent territories, the spaces
ume that will, with fair completeness and in between being occupied by “transition dialects,
moderate compass, present the main results which gradually shaded off into one another and
of modern phonology,” he has “ also sought to
into the main languages that bounded them.
round it off by the addition of such supple- These have died out with little or no record, and
mentary matter as may usefully accompany left the abrupt transitions we now encounter.”
the main theme.” It is this “supplementary Apart from its scientific value, this theory
matter," so modestly referred to in the pre must commend itself to the ordinary non-lin-
face, that gives to the book its chief interest guistic mind on account of its eminent common-
and value for the general reader; and hav sense. It assumes for the primitive languages
ing the general reader rather than the amateur the same general principles that govern lan-
phonologist in mind, it is this supplementary guage growth as it is going on at the present
matter that will receive special attention here. day. It gives to dialectic peculiarities the sig-
The main phonetic problems discussed in the nificance that modern methods claim for them.
several chapters are Sound Relations in Indo The discussion of the culture of our ances-
European, Analogy, Ablaut and Accent, tors is too long and involved to permit of more
Grimm's Law, and Sound Relations in English. than a very brief summary here. It is hardly
Accompanying these are separate indexes of necessary to state, however, that its results dif-
the words quoted from the different languages, fer widely from those referred to by our author
together with a separate index of the English in his opening words. They show, among other
words referred to in the last two chapters. things, that the Aryans probably knew none of
But even for those for whom the signs and
the metals save copper,
that their
weapons were
symbols of phonology have no charms, there is of a very rudimentary kind, that they were not
* MANUAL OF LINGUISTICS. By John Clark, M.A. New
acquainted with the art of agriculture, that their
York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
dwellings were windowless huts“ made of such


1894.]
179
THE DIAL
materials as wood, clay, and plaited twigs, and pathetic to an unusual degree. The result is
perhaps sunk into the earth for protection.' that he gives us a sketch of unusual fidelity.
Their first clothing was probably hides, to which Nansen loves Greenland :
were later added garments made of wool. They “It is poor, this land of the Eskimo which we have
“ were flesh-eaters, and further possessed some taken from him: it has neither timber nor gold to offer
knowledge of cookery."
us—it is naked, lonely, like no other land inbabited by
man. But in all its naked poverty how beautiful it is!
Of special interest is the author's account of
If Norway is glorious, Greenland is in truth no less so.
the Indo-European family relations, and here When one has once seen it, how dear to him is the rec-
the idealism of the earlier picture is replaced ollection ! I do not know if others feel as I do, but for
by a realism of the most extreme Zola type.
me it is touched with all the dreamlike beauty of my
As in many savage tribes of our own time,-
childish imagination. It seems as though I there found
our own Norwegian scenery repeated in still nobler,
“ Wives were procured, in the very early days of Aryan purer forms. It is strong and wild, this Nature, like a
life, when the various wandering households observed sage of antiquity carved in ice and snow, yet with moods
a semi-hostile attitude to each other, by capture. After of lyric delicacy and refinement. Everything in
wards, when milder manners obtained, purchase was sub Greenland is simple and great, white snow, blue ice,
stituted."
naked black rocks and peaks, and dark storiny sea.
As regards the early home of the Aryans,
When I see the sun sink glowing into the waves, it re-
our author wisely contents himself with stating rocks floating as it were on the burnished surface of the
calls to me the Greenland sunsets, with the islets and
the various arguments in favor of a European
smooth softly-heaving sea, while inland the peaks rise
and an Asiatic site, and leaves the choice to his row on row, flushing in the evening light. And some-
readers. He seems to show, however, a leaning times when I see the sæter-life at home, and watch the
towards Schrader's selection of Eastern Iran. sæter-girls and the grazing cows, I think of the tent-life
and the reindeer herds on the Greenland fiords and up-
The discussion of the origin of speech, with
lands: I think of the screaming ptarmigans, the moors
which the introductory chapter closes, is, as and willow copses, the lakes and valleys in among the
the author himself admits, “ slight and frag mountains where the Eskimo lives through his brief
mentary.” It seems a pity that so careful and summer.”
satisfactory a treatment of linguistics should Few descriptions of any people, in our En-
be weakest in this so important and much dis- glish language, are so scientifically good as this
cussed point. It is to be hoped that in a later of Eskimo life; yet it is also delightful popu-
edition this defect may
be remedied. The book lar reading. There are many reasons why
would be further improved by the addition of the ethnologist finds the Eskimo interesting.
a subject index, as the table of contents is not Scarcely elsewhere is there a race-type, pure
sufficiently full to take its place. Let us not through so great an area.
The Eskimo of
forget, however, to be grateful for all the good Greenland and of Western Alaska are physic-
things that are offered here, and most of all for ally the same. So little variation is there in the
the development of a more rational general in- language that a Greenlander might probably
terest in philological problems which this work travel from his home to Behring's Strait and
seems to indicate.
make himself everywhere understood. Life is,
DANIEL KILHAM DODGE. in general, the same over the whole region.
The same traditions and beliefs are found
among the tribes.
the tribes. Of course there are vary-
ing details. If we compare the Greenlander
THE GREENLANDER AT HOME. *
whom Nansen describes with the Central Es-
A most interesting sketch of the life of an kimo of Boas and the Point Barrow Eskimo of
interesting people is furnished in Nansen's Murdoch, we shall find many interesting little
“ Eskimo Life." Nansen, well known in con differences ; but these disappear before the won-
nection with the first crossing of Greenland, derfully conserved similarity in generalities.
knows the Greenland Eskimo at near quarters. Look the world over, and we shall nowhere
He writes : “I dwelt in their huts, took part find such an example of perfect adaptation to
in their hunting, and tried, as well as I could, environment. We cannot here discuss how
to live their life and learn their language. such adaptation comes : it is there. It shows
The tarrying for one winter among any people itself in every detail. Notice the skin gar-
cannot give us full knowledge of them, but ments, the kayak, the winter house of stones
Nansen was a clear-sighted observer and sym- and earth, the summer tents of skins, the spears
* ESKIMO LIFE. By Fridtjof Nansen. Translated by Will-
and harpoons, the spear throwing-stick,—these
iam Archer. New York : Longmans, Green, & Co.
are but a few examples of adjustment between
..


180
[March 16,
THE DIAL
the Greenlander and his surroundings. The Rink has made a special study of the tradi-
food he eats, his smoking lamps, the summer tions and superstitions of the Greenland Es-
excursions along the coast, all these are exactly kimo. Nansen depends largely upon him for
proper to his conditions of life. To change the brief sketch he presents of this subject.
these adjustments is a misfortune ; to introduce He points out that there has been a profound
new tastes and needs and life is a crime. European (Scandinavian) influence upon these
Consider one invention - the kayak. A
the kayak. A stories and ideas. Scientific in this compari-
problem was presented the Eskimo for solution. son, our author is less so when he traces analo-
Wanted—a hunting boat, easy to manage, re-
gies, often fanciful, between the Greenland
quiring the least force for its propulsion, light tales and those of Africa or Polynesia. Very
but strong, easily righted if upturned by the interesting is the great prevalence of witch-
billows. The Eskimo struggles with the prob- craft among Greenlanders, although Boas finds
lem: he produces the kayak — a light frame- little of it among the Central Eskimo. Surely
work of wood; a covering of sealskin usually here we find some European influence. In
fitted raw and drawing tightly. In the upper witchcraft, human bones, flesh from corpses,
side an opening only large enough to allow the skulls, snakes, and spiders, are used. Of won-
man to pass his legs and lower body through. derful power is a tupilek, prepared in pro-
Perhaps six yards in length, its greatest breadth foundest secrecy of various animal bones, skins,
may be but eighteen inches ; its depth is little bits of the anorak (jacket) of the man to be
more than six or seven inches. Narrowing fore injured - or, if it cannot be secured, bits of
and aft from the centre, it ends in sharp points. seals he has caught - all wrapped together in
There is no keel. Across the kayak deck, in a piece of skin and tied. It is brought to life
front of the ring surrounding the central hole, by singing charms over it. Then the ilitsitsok,
are perhaps six thongs, while behind there
may or wizard, seats himself on a bank of stones
be three to five more. Under these are inserted near the mouth of a river. He puts his anorak
weapons, each in its proper place most conven on hind-side foremost, draws his hood over his
ient to the hand. To these thongs, too, the face, dangles the tupilek between his legs. This
game is fastened. The boatman, carefully slip- makes it grow, and when it has gained its size
ping into the kayak through the hole above, it glides away into the water and disappears.
sits on the bottom, with a bit of skin for seat, It can transform itself into all kinds of ani-
cross-legged. With his two-bladed paddle held mals and monsters, bringing ruin and death
at the middle, and dipping into the water on upon the man against whom it is despatched,
each side in turn, he shoots the slender craft but reacting upon the sender if it fails.
ahead rapidly. He wears the half-jacket, or The character of the Eskimo is singularly
the jacket, fastened to himself and to the kayak happy. With no true chiefs, and no marked
ring in such a way that dashing waves may classes, all men are truly equal. The brother-
sweep the deck without water leaking in. The hood of man is an axiom practically recognized.
kayak, with all its appurtenances, is so light Time was, before white man taught avarice
that it is easily carried on the head.
and personal advancement, when an individual
But the kayak is no more remarkable than could not starve or seriously want. A tribe
the beautiful series of harpoons and spears that might die for want of food; but while one had,
the Eskimo has devised. The throwing-stick, all could claim a share. Crime was rare. Mor-
for hurling darts of all kinds, is ingenious. The ality prevailed, although not by our standard.
modes of dressing skins, so simple in them- (Much of the moral depravity now existing is
selves but so wonderful in their results, are ad due to the demoralizing influence of white vis-
mirable. Quaint is the method of preparing itors.) Even in Greenland we have harmed
bird-skins by chewing with the teeth. Only all that we touch. There are regions remote
recently we have seen one of those marvellous from the settlements where Eskimo life still
robes of eider duck breasts, now such favorites goes on in the old and happy way. Nansen's
in Denmark. It is a work of beauty and of chapter on “The Eskimo at Sea” gives vivid
art. No doubt, however, every skin has been pictures of it. We can give but one quotation :
chewed in the mouths of Greenland women. “ It is a gallant business, this kayak-hunting: it is
Teeth are worn down almost to the gums in
like a sportive dance with the sea and with death.
such work. We cannot even refer to other in-
There is no finer sight possible than to see the kayak-
man breasting the heavy rollers that seem utterly to
genious or interesting arts and industries of our
engulf him. Or when, overtaken by a storm at sea,
Eskimo.
the kayaks run for the shore, they come like black


1894.)
181
THE DIAL
towed away
storm-birds rushing before the wind and waves, which The Japanese are our neighbors across the Pa-
like rolling mountains sweep on in their wake. The
cific, which is not an Oceanus dissociabilis to
paddles whirl through air and water, the body is bent a
little forwards, the head often turned half backward to
“separate" Japan from America, as it is ex-
watch the seas; all is life and spirit — while the sea pressed in geography, but is a connecting link
around reeks like a seething cauldron. And then it to bind the two peoples in the closest ties.
may happen that while the game is at its wildest a seal Japan was opened” by the United States ;
pops its head up before them. Quicker than thought has been materially, politically, socially, edu-
the harpoon is seized and rushes through the foam with
deadly aim; the seal dashes away with the bladder be- cationally, and morally assisted by American
hind it, but is presently caught and killed, and then
influences in her wonderful career of progress ;
Everything is done with the same mas and appreciates the kindness and friendliness
terly skill and with the same quiet demeanor. The Es- of our people. We, in turn, ought to know
kimo never dreams that he is performing feats of hero-
ism."
more of our rapidly developing protégé; and
Our author frequently bemoans the fate of undoubtedly we learned much during the
the Greenland Eskimo, and mourns that the
World's Columbian Exposition, in which the
settler and the missionary have wrought havoc completeness and the beauty of the Japanese
exhibits elicited almost universal surprise and
to his happy life and ancient ways. Truth to
tell, we agree with him. Most sympathetic have aroused a desire to know still more about
admiration. These object lessons may also
non-philanthropic visitors to any barbarous
race which is being made over into civilized Japan and the Japanese.
white men wonder whether, after all, good is
A book has just been published which satis-
fies this laudable desire. It comes in clear type
being done. Nansen says many vigorous things from the Knickerbocker Press, and is the thirty-
in this direction. We quote but one, and that
eighth volume in that admirable series, “ The
quite mild:
Story of the Nations." There has also been
“ And lastly comes this question : Can an Eskimo
who is nominally a Christian, but who cannot support
issued recently from the press of the “ Japan
his family, is in ill health and is sinking into deeper Mail,” of Yokohama, an official history, com-
and deeper misery, be held much more enviable than a piled under the direction of the Department of
heathen who lives in spiritual darkness, but can sup- Education, and translated into English by the
port his family, is robust in body, and thoroughly con-
tented with life? From the Eskimo standpoint, at any
scholarly editor (Captain Brinkley) of the
rate, the answer cannot be doubtful. If he could see
“ Mail.” It is a good-sized book of more than
his true interest the Eskimo would assuredly put up
four hundred pages, in large type;
it has a neat
this fervent petition: God save me from my friends; Japanese cover, and contains reproductions of
my enemies I can deal with myself.”
pure Japanese illustrations, as well as numer-
Seldom do we lay down a book so reluctantly ous collotypes. It is a valuable work; but as
-it tells so much so well. No thoughtful per- it is not easily procurable in this country,
and
son can fail to find it suggestive and helpful. | is comparatively expensive, its circulation on
Of course, as a piece of bookwork it is well this side of the Pacific will probably be limited.
done. The illustrations are unusually good. True it is, “ and pity 'tis 'tis true," with ref-
The translator, too, deserves no little praise. erence to Japan, that of making many books
So well has he done his work that he really there is no end ”; but “ The Story of Japan
disappears from view, and we forget that the clearly has a raison d'être. It cannot, of course,
author was a Norwegian, and that we are not take the place of larger and more detailed
reading his very words, fresh from his pen. treatises, like those of Griffis, Adams, Rein,
FREDERICK STARR. and others; but it fills a long-felt want of an
interesting and accurate connected history of
Japan, of moderate size and price. The book
JAPANESE HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION.*
contains some typographical errors, even slips
in sentence-structure, and a few statements of
No intelligent person can, in these days, af-
doubtful accuracy; but as the faults are com-
ford to be ignorant of the history of Japan,
paratively insignificant and superficial, while
and of the manner in which the unique civili-
the merits are numerous and profound, the
zation of that country has been developed.
work stands as a trustworthy guide for the
* THE STORY OF JAPAN. By David Murray, Ph.D., LL.D. reader. The author acted for several years as
("The Story of the Nations" Series.) New York: G. P.
Adviser to the Japanese Minister of Education,
Putnam's Sons.
HISTORY OF THE EMPIRE OF JAPAN (official). Yokohama :
and rendered excellent service in remodelling
Japan "Mail" Office.
the system of education along modern lines.


182
[March 16,
THE DIAL
Very appropriately, he puts this residence in we cannot accept unchallenged the details of
Japan as “most important" among the sources about a thousand years, and cannot withhold
of his material. And it is very evident, not surprise that even the constitution of New Ja-
only from the perusal of his own work, but pan maintains the “exploded religious fiction
also from comparison with the above-mentioned of the foundation of the Empire, we must ac-
official history, that he made use of the best knowledge that the imperial family of Japan
native (as well as foreign) authorities. Thirty- has formed the oldest continuous dynasty in
five appropriate illustrations, including two the world, and can probably boast an “un-
maps, add instruction and interest to the fif. broken line” of eighteen or twenty centuries.
teen chapters of text; and four appendices are Dr. Murray, in “ The Story of Japan,” fol-
inserted to give such valuable material as the lowing the illustrious example of Arnold in
“ list of Emperors,” “ list of year - periods,” Roman history, treats this mythological period
“ list of Shoguns,” and “ laws of Shotoku in a reasonable way. He says: “Yet the events
Taishi,” a great reformer of the seventh cent of the earlier period
are capable, with
ury A. D. The index can be improved; but the due care and inspection, of furnishing import-
titles of the chapters are, in the main, well ant lessons and disclosing many facts in regard
chosen, and make a suggestive table of con to the lives and characteristics of the primitive
tents. The object of the book is “ to trace the Japanese.” These facts concerning
6 native
story of Japan from its beginnings to the es culture” pertain to the mode of government,
tablishment of constitutional government”; which was feudal; to food, clothing, houses,
and that story is well told.
arms, and implements; to plants and domestic
But the writer of Japanese history is con and wild animals; to modes of travel ; to read-
fronted, at the outset, with a serious difficulty. ing and writing, which were unknown; to va-
In ancient times the Japanese had no literary rious manners and customs ; to superstitions ;
script, so that all events had to be handed down and to “religious notions,” which found ex-
from generation to generation by oral tradition. pression in Shinto, itself not strictly a “reli-
The art of writing was introduced into Japan, gion,” but only a cult without a moral code.
from China probably, the latter part of the “Morals were invented by the Chinese because
third century A. D.; but it was not used for they were an immoral people; but in Japan
recording events until the beginning of the fifth there was no necessity for any system of morals,
century. All these early records, moreover, as every Japanese acted rightly if he only con-
were destroyed by fire; so that the only “re sulted his own heart"! So asserts a Shinto
liance for information about antiquity apologist. And from the fact that so many
has to be placed in the Kojiki, or “ Records of myths cluster around Izumo, it is a natural in-
Ancient Matters," and the Nihongi, or“Chron ference that one migration of the ancestors of
icles of Japan.” The former, completed in 711 the Japanese from Korea landed in that prov-
A. D., is written in a purer Japanese style; the ince; while the legends relating to Izanagi and
latter, finished in 720 A. D., is “much more Izanami, the first male and female deities, since
tinctured with Chinese philosophy”; though they find local habitation in Kyushu, seem to
differing in some details, they are practically indicate another migration (Korean or Malay?)
concordant, and supply the data upon which to that locality. These different migrations
the Japanese have constructed their “history.” are also supposed to account for the two dis-
It is thus evident that the accounts of the B. C. tinct types of Japanese.
period must be largely mythological, and the The continental influences form an impor-
records of the first four centuries of the Chris- tant factor in the equation of Japanese civil-
tian era must be a thorough mixture of fact ization, and are emphasized by Dr. Murray.
and fiction, which it is difficult carefully to sep The Japanese “ have been from the begin-
arate. According to Japanese chronology, the ning of their history a receptive people," and
Empire of Japan was founded by Jimmu Tenno are indebted to Korea and China for the be-
in 660 B. C.; according to foreign scholars, ginnings of language, literature, education,
who have sifted the material at hand, the first art, mental and moral philosophy (Confucian.
absolutely authentic date in Japanese history is ism), religion (Buddhism), and many social
461 A. D. If, therefore, the Japanese are given ideas.
ideas. At first the government of Japan was
the benefit of more than a century, there yet an absolute monarchy, not only in name, but
remains a millennium which falls under the sac also in fact; for the authority of the Emperor
rificial knife of the historical critic. But, while was recognized and maintained, comparatively
>
.
-
-


1894.]
183
THE DIAL
A.D.
unimpaired, throughout the realm. But the Francis Xavier arrived there to begin his mis-
decay of the imperial power began quite early sionary labors.
in “ The Middle Ages of Japan,” as Dr. Mur The next few decades of Japanese history
ray calls the period from about 700 to 1184 are crowded with civil strife, and include the
The emperors themselves, wearied with three great men, Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and
the restrained and dignified life which, as “de- Iyeyasu, each of whom in turn seized the su-
scendants of the gods,” they were obliged by preme power. The first named was favorable
etiquette to endure, preferred to abdicate; and to Christianity; the other two interdicted it.
in retirement “often wielded a greater influ- Hideyoshi, who “ rose from obscurity solely by
ence and exerted a more active part in the ad his own talents,” is regarded by Dr. Murray
ministration of affairs." This practice of ab as “the greatest soldier, if not the greatest
dication frequently brought a youth, or even man, whom Japan has produced." If this
an infant (of two years, for instance), to the statement can be successfully challenged, the
throne, and naturally transferred the real power palm will certainly be awarded to Iyeyasu, who
to the subordinate administrative officers. This became the virtual ruler of the Empire in 1600,
was the way in which gradatim the "duarchy,” He founded a dynasty (Tokugawa) of Sho-
as it is sometimes called, was developed, and guns, who, for more than two hundred and
in which seriatim families and even individ fifty years, ruled at Yedo, surrounded by faith-
uals became prominent.
ful vassals, and who at least gave the empire
First came the Fujiwara family, which for a long period of peace. His successors de-
about 400 years “ monopolized nearly all the stroyed Christianity by means of a fearful
per-
important offices in the government," but was secution ; prohibited commercial intercourse,
finally deposed by the so-called “military fam- except with the Chinese and the Dutch, and
ilies." The first of these was the Taira, who, allowed it with these only to a limited extent;
after only a short period of power (1156– and thus crystallized Japanese civilization and
1184), were utterly overthrown and practically institutions. It may be true that “ Japan
annihilated. Next came the Minamoto, rep reached the acme of her ancient greatness dur-
resented by Yoritomo, whose authority was ing the Tokugawa dynasty "; but it is also
further enhanced when the Emperor bestowed true that by this policy of insulation and se-
on him the highest military title, sei-i-tai-sho clusion she was put back two and a half centu-
gun (barbarian-expelling-great-general). And ries in the matter of progress in civilization.
from this time (1191) till 1868 'the emperors It was in July, 1853, that Commodore Perry
are practically non-entities, and great generals entered Yedo Bay for the purpose of deliver.
actually govern the empire. The Japanese ing to the Tokugawa Shogun (then supposed
Merovingians, however, are never deprived of to be the Emperor) President Fillmore's letter
their titular honor by the “ Mayors of the asking for a few tradal privileges; and on the
Palace."
last day of this present month of March it will
But the successors of Yoritomo in the office be just forty years since the first treaty be-
of Shogun were young and sensual,* and gladly tween the United States and Japan was signed
relinquished the executive duties to their guard at Kanagawa by the representatives of the two
ians of the Hojo family, who ruled “ with re nations. This, of course, brought about, in a
sistless authority” and “ unexampled cruelty short time, the utter ruin of the policy of se-
and rapacity,” but yet deserve credit for de clusion; for the negotiation of similar treaties
feating an invading army of Tartars sent by with
many
other nations followed.
Kublai Khan. The great patriots, Kusunoki also the occasion of the overthrow of the Sho-
and Nitta, with the aid of Ashikaga, finally gun (" Tycoon ") in 1868, and of the central-
overthrew the Hojo domination in 1333 ; but ization once more of the actual power in the
the Ashikaga rule succeeded and continued till hands of the Emperor. The real causes, how-
1573. It was, however, an Ashikaga Shogun ever, of the revolution were internal, and con-
who encouraged the quaint tea - ceremonial, sisted partly of jealousy, and partly of a gen.
called cha-no-yu ; it was “ in almost the worst uine impulse toward imperialism. This im-
period of the Ashikaga anarchy" that, in 1542, pulse had been fostered by a study of Japan-
i the Portuguese made their first appearance in ese history, which revealed the fact that the
Japan "; and it was only five years later when Shogun, originally only the imperator, had
*"A general has no (worthy] offspring,” says a Japanese
usurped most if not all of the governmental
proverb.
functions. Thus the old Japanese spirit of in-
This was


184
[March 16,
THE DIAL
Lericon.
tense loyalty to their “divinely-descended ” German beer-garden; and then would a man en-
ruler once more triumphed in the restoration slave the fair, let him sally forth and stab another
of the imperial authority.
man for love of her. In more savage countries
But the revolution of 1868 did not mean
hearts are won in simpler fashion, though much the
the restoration of the absolute despotism and
same. The lover goes head-hunting, and on his re-
turn silently but tenderly leads his beloved to view
the oppressive feudalism of the past. The lat-
ter institution, by and with the consent of al-
his trophies in a basket. We have amongst our-
selves a survival from similar kinds of love-making
most all the feudal lords themselves, was abol-
in a chastened preference for military men." The
ished by an imperial edict in 1869; and twenty article on “ Dolls” yields this choice bit : “Very
years later (February 11, 1889) the Emperor few girls, however, wish to be thought dolls and
promulgated a constitution, by which he vol. nothing else. Even those who are nothing else
untarily relinquished to his people many of his have moments of conviction that to be pretty, to be
hereditary and time-honored powers.
With bright, to be brainless and useless, puts them at a
this gracious act of His Imperial Majesty, Mu- disadvantage everywhere except at picnics, at water-
parties, and at church.” The article “ Eros" is
tsuhito, the 122d Emperor “ in unbroken line"
from Jimmu Tenno, not inappropriately closes
brief enough to permit of quotation in full: “The
Greek name for the God of Love, who was much
“The Story of Japan.” For with this ends
better known in England as Cupid till about the
the old Oriental absolute monarchy and begins end of the seventh decade of the present century.
the new constitutional and representative gov • Cupid' then fell out of favor with the literary
ernment. “The King is dead; long live the genius of the age; which, being of a warmer tem-
King!”
ERNEST WILSON CLEMENT.
perament than preceding geniuses, or desirous of
seeming so, and conceiving that Eros' stood for a
bolder, wilder, more faun-like and abandoned sort
of passion, determined that the god should have
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
no other name either in prose or verse. So far,
however — that is to say, up to the date of the
It was a bappy thought that led Mr.
The Lover's
present publication—the change has been coldly re-
Frederick Greenwood to write “The
Lover's Lexicon " (Macmillan). We
ceived by a public already prejudiced against cer-
tain derivations of • Eros' (See art. Erotic ')."
must recognize as genuine literature this collec-
Last of all, we will reproduce the close of the arti-
tion of graceful essays, which is further described
as “a handbook for novelists, playwrights, philos-prising of love-gifts. They are a need, a grace, a
cle “Love-Pledges": " Yet there must be no mis-
ophers, and minor poets ; but especially for the en-
propriety; and whatever the first may be, it should
amoured.” There are upwards of a hundred brief
chapters upon such subjects as “ Affection,”
be supplemented at the earliest convenience by a
copy of that useful book, The Lover's Lexicon,'
trothal,” “Constancy,” “ Fickleness,” “Marriage,"
with a votive kiss on the Constancy' page." In
“ Rapture,” “Sweetheart," and the like; each an
which suggestion we heartily concur.
essay in itself, combining wisdom, wit, and the
charm that comes from a sympathetic presentment
“ The Realm of the Habsburgs
Society and
of high ideals. Both in style and in subtlety the politics of the (Lovell, Coryell & Co.), by Mr. Sid-
book suggests Mr. Stevenson's “ Virginibus Puer-
Austrian Empire.
ney
Whitman, is a singularly compe-
isque" essays, and should stand beside that volume tent and acute study of the society and the politics
upon the shelf. The quality of the book must be of the Austrian Empire. That Empire puzzles the
set forth by illustration; no description could do it casual observer in many ways, and a number of
justice. The article on “Flirtation” is thus intro writers, headed by the late Professor Freeman, have
duced: “A pastime which, like card-playing, is in for a long time been somewhat frantically insisting
nocuous only when nothing is staked that can be that it has no rational right to exist. But it con-
missed if lost, while it is most harmful when the tinues to exist, although its raison d'être is thus
stakes are abstracted from partnership capital. The questioned, and that wonderful dynasty of the Habs-
game is usually played by the ruder sex for amuse burgs, with its curious power to adapt itself to the
ment alone, its chief pleasure being the titillation age without sacrificing the essentials of its tradition,
and excitement of vanity. By the other it is played acts as a cohesive element no less surely than the
for amusement too; but also for practice in various race spirit or the centralized political structure of
kinds of fascination, and to satisfy curiosity as to other nations. Mr. Whitman's sympathetic sketch
the inner nature of men.” Here is an extract from of the present Emperor helps us to understand much
the article on “Love-making": “The effect of mu of his influence, and to wish that other monarchs
sic on the passions is not to be measured by beauty might have preserved more of the tradition of nob-
of melody or cultivation of ear. In half-barbarous lesse oblige that still shines out in the example of
lands a moaning chant, a twanging of the guitar, the Habsburgs. Such an anecdote as that of his
will raise storms and languishings unsurpassed in a telegram to the Holy Father, after the tragic occur-
» - Be-


1894.]
185
THE DIAL
rence that recently darkened his life, speaks vol romanticism was sown, Mr. Phelps proceeds to dis-
umes for his character. The Austrians, in Mr. cuss the reaction from the couplet form which cul-
Whitman's account, appear to have preserved, bet minated in the Spenserian revival (nearly sixty
ter than their fellow-Europeans, those Old World Spenserian imitations, from 1706 to 1775, are listed
virtues that go far to justify paternalism. Loyalty, in an appendix), the Miltonic influence, the revival
simplicity of life, the sense of honor, and cheerful of interest in mediævalism and mythology, and the
acquiescence in the order of things, are character-appeal of the old ballad literature to the gradually
istic of few other peoples as they are of present-day awakening romantic consciousness. A final chap-
Austrians. But the author, while bestowing due ter is devoted to Gray, and a very striking series
praise for these things, is not sparing in his criti- of extracts illustrates the growth of the romantic
cism of the national faults. Nor does he fail to movement as epitomized in his work. Mr. Phelps
give the necessary prominence to the race-elements has taken great care in the matter of dates and like
that make up the composite Empire. The Magyar, minutiæ. Incidentally, he corrects a number of
the Czech, and the German are discussed, each on the blunders of Mr. Gosse ; for that plausible essay-
his own account, and the discussion is thus summed ist does not, as Mr. Churton Collins pointed out
up: “If the Germans of Austria may be said to some years ago, err in the direction of an over pe-
typify the past, the Slavs a possible future, the Hun dantic accuracy. An appendix puts together the
garians are, politically and economically at least, facts, old and new, about the famous ballad of
eminently characteristic of the present day.” We “ William and Margaret," and constructs an emi-
do not quite understand why Mr. Whitman should nently reasonable theory of the way in which Mal-
imply that Berlin, however much more important let got for himself the credit of having written it.
politically, is a more beautiful and impressive cap-
ital than Vienna. In our opinion, the Danubian
Stelligeri ” is the first one of half-
Essays on various
Kaiserstadt still keeps its ancient prestige, as far as American topics.
a-dozen essays that Professor Bar-
outward show is concerned, and the days are by no
rett Wendell has collected into a vol-
means “gone by when the easy-going Austrians
ume (Scribner). In the old Harvard catalogues,
were literally justified in singing":
the names of deceased graduates were marked with
“ 'Sgiebt nur a Kaiserstadt,
a star. It is of these star-bearers stelligeri, in
'Sgiebt nur a Wien."
the quaint Latin of the Quinquennial—that the in-
It is, however, interesting to be reminded that the
itial essay
is written. The other papers are occa-
Viennese have themselves recognized the claims of
sional lectures on American topics. The author is
the Spree Kaiserstadt by adding a couplet to their
entirely right in thinking that the papers possess a
unity, although they are written on unconnected
" 'Sgiebt nur a Räuberstadt,
subjects. Lowell as a teacher, Whittier as a poet of
Und das is Berlin."
the Quakers, a new theory about the Salem witches,
Mr. Whitman's book is one to be read with pleas the Puritans,—these are some of the themes. The
ure, mingled with regret that he should not have essay on American Literature is a remarkably sym-
worked upon a larger scale.
pathetic yet dispassionate attempt to decide whether
we have yet made an independent and permanent
The interest that attaches to the skil-
Beginnings of the
contribution to English literature. The decision-
English Romantic ful treatment of a subject in itself probably the decision of every careful student is in
Movement.
uninteresting is aroused by “The the negative; the crucial test being this : “Have we
Beginnings of the English Romantic Movement" lasting expression of the meaning of the past periods
(Ginn), a work by Mr. William Lyon Phelps. This of American life, in words which have added either
book is a study in one of the most arid periods of thought or phrase to the literature of the English
our literature, but is itself redeemed from aridity language ? ” Professor Wendell has written a book
by an exceptionally attractive form of presentation, that is pleasant to read. His style is marked by
by a discriminating use of texts and authorities, and careful lucidity, pointedness, and easy movement.
by a scholarship that is accurate without being pe His clearness is especially admirable when one takes
dantic. In preparing the book, the author has gone
into account the difficulties of some of the tasks he
through a course of "desperately dull reading,” as set himself. It could not have been easy, for in-
he hardly needed to assure us, but the result justi- stance, to interpret so plainly the leading traits of
fies the pains (certainly to the reader, and we hope “ Four American Centuries " in terms that should
to the author no less), and every student of English be intelligible to a child at
be intelligible to a child at school; and yet it was
literature should be grateful for a piece of work so to the school children of Worcester that the address
thoroughly well done. The study covers a period was delivered. The writer's phrases are sometimes
of over half a century (1700-1765), and seeks to very happy, and his analysis is often marked by
trace to its obscure and varied sources the roman keen insight. His comments on American humor
ticism that was swelling towards full tide at the are both apt and searching. It is not profound
dawn of the nineteenth century. After a prelim-humor, he says; it is fresh, wholesome, extravagant,
inary examination of romanticism itself, and of the but “at bottom, after all, extravagance is only an-
Augustan spirit as the soil in which the seed of other term for cheerful neglect of stern reality.”
old song :


186
[March 16,
THE DIAL
Throughout the book there is an intelligent patriot- the valor and endurance, at least the character and
ism that is at once a contrast and an antidote to bla motives of the Spanish leaders men with whom
tant spreadeagleism. The volume, indeed, is a con gold-hunting, not colonization or the advancement
tribution to American patriotism, as well as a dis- of knowledge, was the predominant impulse, and
tinct addition to our none too abundant store of the record of whose treatment of the native races
true information about ourselves.
we must still regard as one of the blackest chapters
in the annals of man's inhumanity to man. Co-
Complete and
After a year's delay, there has ap lumbus was, to quote from a recent brilliant mono-
beautiful edition peared, in the Dent edition (Mac- graph on American history, “the father of a line
of Landor.
millan), the second volume of “The
of adventurers who, like himself, were gold-seekers
Longer Prose Works of Walter Savage Landor.”
or seekers of lucre, gilding their rapacity with the
This volume completes the edition of Landor for same profession of zeal for the extension of relig-
which we have given thanks upon several past oc ion, who sacked Mexico and Peru, trampled to
casions. There are six volumes of “Imaginary Con- pieces there, under the hoofs of conquest, the high-
versations,” two of poems, and two of the longer prose est development of Indian civilization, worked to
works -- a practically complete edition of a writer
death the soft inhabitants of the American islands,
who will live as long as the English language, and and replaced them by the importation of African
whose audience will increase with every new gener slaves. None of these adventurers looked upon
ation. We have previously expressed regret that America as a new home, or thought of founding a
some of Landor's poems should have been left un nation.” The deductions indicated being made, Mr.
published, but the new edition, as a whole, includes
Lummis's work will be found as accurate and in-
enough matter not collected by Forster to make it forming as it is readable; and the style, barring a
fully as desirable as its predecessor, while in me slightly declamatory and dogmatic tone at the out-
chanical attractiveness it easily takes the first place.set, is suitable and agreeable. For those seeking
The volume now published gives us a novelty in a compact popular manual embodying the latest con-
the shape of a frontispiece-portrait of a bearded
clusions on the subject treated, we can point to no
Landor. The text includes the “Pentameron "; five better book.
additional “Conversations,” four of them now for
the first time reprinted from the “Examiner"; the
Mr. W. J. Linton's biography of
three essays on Theocritus, Catullus, and Petrarca,
A loving biography Whittier, in the “Great Writers Se-
of Whittier.
first published in the “Quarterly Review"; and an
ries” (Scribner), reads like a labor
index. This index, which fills seventy-five pages,
of love. There can be no doubt as to the author's
and covers the ten volumes the edition, ha been
admiration for his subject. The familiar story of
prepared by Miss Lucy Crump, and its "object has
the poet's life — the boyhood on the farm, the first
been to indicate as far as possible allusions to Lan-
attempts at literature, the devotion to the abolitionist
dor's own life scattered throughout the volumes, and
cause, the part played during war-time, the long and
to illustrate his opinions.” It is difficult to be (in
revered old age, all this is well told and well in-
words) sufficiently grateful for this intelligent and terpreted. The poetical history is accompanied by
helpful adjunct to the edition. Landor's opinions
a running comment on the poems themselves, and
concerning men and things are always interesting special stress is laid on certain interesting points--
and often weighty, but his work is of so miscella among other things, on the influence of the New
neous a character that the search for some particular England landscape in moulding Whittier's genius.
but vaguely-remembered allusion is almost a hope - The literary criticism is earnest and straightfor-
less task. From the burden of that task the liter-ward—independent rather than original. Mr. Lin-
ary worker is henceforth freed. If he wishes to
ton's forcible depreciation of Poe when compared
know all that Landor wrote of Plato or Dante or
with Whittier readily suggests our writer's point of
Milton, of Greece or Italy, of kings or priests or
view. It is uncatholic. Whittier, assuredly, can
religion, he has but to consult this index, which be praised, and to no man's detriment. In summing
promptly reveals to him the volumes and the pages
up his critical opinions, Mr. Linton discards orig-
to be consulted. Would that such an index might inality altogether, and quotes page after page from
accompany the collected works of
other writers. The last two chapters are little more
writer !
every
than a compilation of the critical estimates of Stod-
Mr. Charles F. Lummis’s “ The Span- dard, Wasson, and Stedman.
Spanish Pioneers
ish Pioneers ” (McClurg) is a con-
in America.
cise popular narrative, based on re-
“Days Spent on a Doge's Farm"
cent historical investigation, of the part borne by Farm and country (Century Co.), by Miss Margaret
life in Italy.
Spain in American discovery and exploration. All
Symonds, daughter of the late J.
will probably agree with Mr. Lummis that our his- Addington Symonds, is a very charming piece of
tories and text-books have not sufficiently empha- descriptive writing. The Doge's Farm is situated
sized the importance of Spanish pioneering in the at Vescovano, near the east of the great Lombard
New World. Yet we cannot but think that he has plain, and in the shadow of the Euganean hills. It
been led by his love of fair play to overrate, if not is an estate that has for centuries been in possession


1894.]
187
THE DIAL
manner.
of the Pisani family, and is now owned and man The facts are set forth clearly and concisely, but
aged by the English widow of a Pisani who died they are not combined so as to arouse interest or
many years ago. Upon this estate Miss Symonds always to leave a definite and lasting impression
has been repeatedly a guest, and her book gives a on the reader's mind.
simple and graceful account of everyday life at Ves-
covano, of the country-people and their ways, and
“The Humor of Holland” (imported
Phases of
of the untiring energy of the Englishwoman who
by Scribner), Volume V. in the Li-
Dutch humor.
has made a garden out of a desert, and who per-
brary of Humor” series, is an amus-
sonally directs, to the minutest detail, the affairs of ing number, and it has the special merit of taking
her little kingdom. The book tells us of village
us into a comparatively new field. In the matter
festivals and of mountain excursions, of life indoors
of broad, homely fun, the writers of Holland seem
and out, and of the various operations of agricul-
to be no whit behind her jovial painters-Jan Steen,
ture, from ploughing to harvest. In this latter con-
Teniers, Brouwer, and the rest. It is indeed sin-
nection, Miss Symonds pays a worthy tribute to the gular that men who live on cabbage and wear six
magnificent Lombard oxen, whose gray and digni- pairs of breeches should be capable of wit; but the
fied forms are so characteristic of the landscape, ways of nature are inscrutable. The volume is fur-
whom Carducci celebrated in his "T’amo, pio bove,'
nished with a critical introduction by the translator,
and whom the traveller always remembers, whatever
A. Werner, and there are amusing sketches by Dud-
else he may forget. Miss Symonds has illustrated ley Hardy and others.
her book by many sketches, and she draws as well
as she writes. In both cases she has an eye for
the essentials, and the quality of the picturesque
BRIEFER MENTION.
appears no less in her literary than in her graphic
A new edition of Bayard Taylor's “ History of Ger-
General Strong in 1850 was first
many (Appleton) comes to us, with an additional
Paciendo como of the brought into contact with the Indians chapter by Mrs. Taylor, and a portrait of the German
of the Pacific Coast, and for six years
Emperor. The new chapter is brief, and the work re-
mains substantially as it came from the hands of its
thereafter he “ travelled with and among them.”
author. It is, we need hardly say, an excellent book
The interest thus aroused in the native Americans
both for school purposes and for the general reader.
has continued, and now shows itself in the book en Mrs. Taylor's additions have been based mainly upon
titled “Wah-kee-nah and her People" (Putnam). | Professor Müller's “ Politische Geschichte der Gegen-
Wahkeenah is a Yakima girl whose story the author
wart.”
relates. On one occasion she saved him from dan Mr. Walter Crane's “ Eight Illustrations to Shake-
ger of death. Knowing the Indians intimately, he speare's • Tempest'" (Copeland & Day) are published
loves them, and desires to present their cause from
in an edition limited to 650 copies, each signed by the
their point of view. He finds the Indian, when first
artist. Mr. Crane's designs have been engraved in fac-
simile by Mr. Duncan C. Dallas, and the effect is highly
brought into contact with the white man, ever kind,
satisfactory. The plates are not bound, but each is
just, hospitable ; only after he has suffered wrongs
does he become warlike, treacherous, revengeful.
printed upon Japanese paper, mounted and framed in a
mat. A neat box comes with them. Mr. Crane's draw-
Starting with this idea, the author passes the vari ings are always interesting, and these examples of his
ous groups of tribes in review, sketching their daily work are strongly characteristic both of his manner and
life, their character, their grievances. The book, his mannerisms.
although not critical or scientific, will interest, per Mr. Justin Huntly McCarthy has translated nearly
haps instruct.
a hundred and fifty “Ghazels from the Divan of Hafiz."
A new history
Mr. J. B. Bury's “ History of the
(Imported by Scribner) into English prose, and pleas-
of the Roman Roman Empire from its Foundation
antly dedicated the volume to Mr. W. E. Henley.
Empire.
Prose translations are well, even from the Persian, but
to the Death of Marcus Aurelius,"
it is hard to put up with them after FitzGerald and all
just issued in Harper's Student's Series, is devoted
the others who have delved in the riches of the East,
to a period of which there has hitherto existed no
and have really given us poetry for poetry. But Mr.
compact and scholarly account in English. Mr. McCarthy's work is pleasing, and has clearly been a
Bury's book is useful and in many respects excel labor of love.
lent. Its author knows at first hand the most im There is considerable contemporary history, especially
portant original sources, and has made himself ac of Turkey and the Balkan States, in Mrs. Latimer's
quainted with the views of the principal modern compilation about “Russia and Turkey in the Nine-
writers on the field he traverses. He has a clear
teenth Century”(McClurg), and the work may be found
useful for reference to recent events. It has been
apprehension of the significance of the period, and
sees its relations to the earlier and later history
largely prepared by means of the scissors and the paste-
pot, but the writer contrives to put her material to-
of Rome. His judgment is in the main sound, and
gether in an attractive way, and has made a fairly con-
he has an evident desire to be fair to the emperors tinuous narrative. A number of portraits, from Madame
and the imperial system. Unfortunately, these mer de Krüdener to Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria, add ma-
its are obscured by an abrupt and unattractive style. terially to the interest of the book.


188
[March 16,
THE DIAL
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING Books.
nou
“ Lewis Carroll” has just published “Sylvie and
Bruno Concluded” (Macmillan) in a volume illustrated,
as was its predecessor, by Mr. Harry Furniss. Since
the author informs us that he never reads the published
criticisms of his writings, he, at least, will bear us no
grudge for saying that the new volume is far from being
worthy of the best writer of nonsense in the English
language. In spite of such verses as,
“He thought he saw an Argument
That proved he was the Pope :
He looked again and found it was
A bar of mottled soap.
'A fact so dread,' he faintly said,
'Extinguishes all hope!'
which occasionally enliven the pages, there is a sad de-
cline from the story of Alice, and even from the first
volume of the work now concluded. We imagine it will
be caviare to most children, and will find its most inter-
ested readers
among
adults.
“The Building of the City Beautiful" is a rhapso-
dical prose romance by Mr. Joaquin Miller, published
in very tasteful shape by Messrs. Stone & Kimball.
But our spirits are a little dashed at finding upon the
first page of the text one of the most familiar of Mat-
thew Arnold's stanzas reprinted with no less than three
mistakes. The author provides the other chapters with
headings from his own verse, which he may misquote as
much as he pleases, but we object to having a great
poet treated in this fashion.
Recent publications of the State Historical Society
of Wisconsin are “ A Brief History of the Elective Fran-
chise in Wisconsin,” by Miss Florence Elizabeth Baker;
“The Financial History of Wisconsin Territory,” by Mr.
Matthew Brown Hammond; and “The Significance of
the Frontier in American History," by Professor Fred-
erick J. Turner. We have also received a syllabus of
a course of six University Extension lectures on “ The
Making of Wisconsin,” by Mr. Reuben G. Thwaites.
This syllabus illustrates an excellent sort of work in lo-
cal history that might profitably be undertaken in every
State of the Union. Our people know far too little, as
a rule, of the history of their own States, and anything
calling closer attention to the subject deserves com-
mendation.
Three numbers of “Indiana Historical Society Pub-
lications” (Bowen-Merrill) are before us. The first is
an “oration for the Columbian year” on the subject of
“ The Man in History,” by Mr. John Clark Ridpath.
It is rhetorical, after the manner of orations, but not
without interest. Another of these pamphlets is called
“Ouiatanon: A Study in Indiana History,” and is by
Professor Oscar J. Craig. It gives the story of the
ancient trading-post named in the title. “Reminiscences
of a Journey to Indianapolis in the Year 1836," by Judge
C. P. Ferguson; and a “Life of Liba Foote," by Mr.
Samuel Morrison, make up the contents of the third of
these pamphlets.
“Historic Green Bay, 1634-1840,” by Ella Hoes
Neville, Sarah Greene Martin, and Deborah Beaumont
Martin, a neatly-appointed volume of 224 pages, con-
tains “the history of Green Bay from its earliest days
until the organization of Wisconsin as a territory.” The
little book is soberly and intelligently written, and the
authors have evidently taken due pains to make it ac-
curate and full. There are maps and illustrations, and
a commendatory Preface is furnished by Mr. Reuben
Gold Thwaites, Secretary of the Wisconsin State Hist-
orical Society.
The books to be issued this Spring by American pub-
lishers are given below in the usual carefully arranged
and classified summary which has become a regular
semi-annual feature of THE DIAL. It is to be noted
that books already issued and received are not here an-
ounced, they being entered, instead, in the List of New
Books on page 195; hence both lists are to be included
in a survey of the products and activities of the pub-
lishing season. This survey will be a matter of peculiar
interest at this time of general commercial depression.
It is somewhat surprising to find that instead of show-
ing a falling off as compared with previous years, the
present list is considerably longer than that of a year
ago, which was the most extensive Spring list we have
ever published. There is shown also, we think, an ad-
vance as regards the general interest and iniportance of
the works included. From a trade standpoint, the list
is of marked significance, exhibiting as it does the pre-
dominance of a few old and strong houses, while many
of the smaller and newer houses are but slightly rep-
resented, and some of the more sensational houses are
not represented at all. The publishing trade as a whole,
however, is certainly to be congratulated on showing so
few signs of the prevailing business depression.
HISTORY.
History of the Consulate and Empire of France under Napo-
leon, by L. A. Thiers, Vols. VIII. to XII., illus., per vol.
$3. (J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.)
History of England under Henry IV., by James Hamilton
Wylie, M.A., 3 vols., Vols. II. and III. (Longmans,
Green, & Co., New York.)
The Empire of the Tsars and the Russians, by Anatole Leroy-
Beaulieu, trans. from the French by Z. X. Ragozin, Part
II., $3. - The Story of Australasia (New South Wales,
Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Queensland, New
Zealand), by Greville Tregarthen, illus., $1.50. - Maxim-
ilian and Carlotta : A Study of Imperialism, by John M.
Taylor, illus., $1.75. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.)
Brave Little Holland and what She Taught Us, a book show-
ing the noble qualities of Holland, and the influence which
she has exerted on American institutions, by Rev. W. E.
Griffis, illus., $1.25. (Houghton, Mifflin, & Co., Boston.)
Western Europe in the Fifth Century; Western Europe in
Eighth Century, by E. A. Freeman, D.C.L., 2 vols.--
Town Life in the Fifteenth Century, by Alice Stopford
Green, 2 vols. (Macmillan & Co., New York.)
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
The Sherman Letters, & correspondence between General
William Tecumseh and Senator John Sherman, with por-
traits, $2. – Recollections of a Virginian, in the Mexican,
Indian, and Civil Wars, by General Dabney Herndon
Maury, with introduction by Thomas Nelson Page, $1.50.
Josiah Gilbert Holland, a memoir, by Mrs. H. M. Plun-
kett, illus., $1.50.-- Women of the Valois and Versailles
Courts, by Imbert de Saint-Amand, 4 vols., with portraits,
each $1.25. (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.)
Christopher Columbus, and the Participation of the Jews in
the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries, by Dr. M. Kay-
serling, trans. by Charles Gross, Ph.D. — The Letters of
Harriet Countess Granville, 1810-1845, edited by her son,
the Hon. F. Leveson-Gower, 2 vols. -- Further Recollec-
tions of a Busy Life, consisting of social, political, agri-
cultural, and sporting records, by J. Kersley Fowler.
Memorials of St. James's Palace, by the Rev. Edgar Shep-
pard, M.A., 2 vols. (Longmans, Green, & Co., New York.)
Germany and the Germans, by William Harbutt Dawson,
2 vols. (D. Appleton & Co., New York.)
Oliver Cromwell: A History, comprising a narrative of his
life, with extracts from his letters and speeches, and an
account of the political, religious, and military affairs of
England during his time, by Samuel Harden Church, with
portrait and plans, $3.-- The Life and Correspondence of
Rufus King, comprising his letters, private and official,
his public documents, and his speeches, edited by his
grandson, Charles R. King, M.D., uniform with the “Ham-


1894.]
189
THE DIAL
ilton," Vol. I., $5.-Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Re-
public, by J. L. Strachan-Davidson, M.A., illus., $1.50.-
James Henry Chapin : A Sketch of His Life and Work,
by Geo.S.Weaver, illus. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.)
The Life of Sir A. C. Ramsay, by Sir Richard Geikie.- The
Life of Henry Edward Manning, Cardinal Archbishop of
Westminster, by Edmund Sheriden Purcell, with portraits.
- The Life and Art of Joseph Jefferson, together with
some account of his ancestry and of the Jefferson family of
actors, by William Winter. (Macmillan & Co., New York.)
Arthur O'Shaughnessy, his life and his work, with selections
from his poems, by Louise Chandler Moulton, $1.25.
(Stone & Kimball, Cambridge and Chicago.)
Recollections of Life in Ohio, from 1813 to 1840, by William
Cooper Howells, with an introduction by his son, William
Dean Howells, $2. (Robert Clarke & Co., Cincinnati.)
GENERAL LITERATURE.
American Book-Plates, a guide to their study, by Charles
Dexter Allen, illus.-The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius,
trans., with introduction and notes, by Gerald Henry Ren-
dall, M.A. - New volumes in the Classical Series: The
Alcestis of Euripides, edited by Mortimer Lamson Earle ;
The Iliad of Homer, edited by Walter Leaf, Litt.D., and
M. A. Bayfield, M.A.-English Prose Selections, by Henry
Craik, with critical introductions by various writers, and
general introductions to each period, edited by Henry
Craik, vols. II. and III., $1.50 each. The Ex Libris Se
ries, edited by Gleeson White : Durer's Little Passion,
with introduction by Austin Dobson ; The Decorative Illus-
tration of Books, by Walter Crane ; Modern Book Illus-
trations, by Joseph Pennell ; Decorative Heraldry, by G.
W. Eve. - Specimens of French Literature in the Seven-
teenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth centuries, being selec-
tions from the Great Writers, with literary appreciations
by the most eminent French critics, edited by E. Eugene
Fasnacht.- The Letters of Edward Fitzgerald, edited by
W. Aldis Wright, 2 vols. — Criticisms on Contemporary
Thought and Thinkers, by Richard Holt Hutton, M.A.-
The Diary of Samuel Pepys, edited, with additions, by
Henry B. Wheatley, F.S.A., illus., Vol. IV., $1.50.- The
Dryburgh edition of the Waverley Novels : St. Ronan's
Well, Redgauntlet, The Betrothed, $1.25 each. – The
Cambridge Shakespeare: Merchant of Venice, As You
Like It, Taming of the Shrew, All's Well that Ends Well,
Twelfth Night, Winter's Tale, per vol., $2.-Chronological
Outline of American Literature, by Selden L. Whitcomb,
M.A., with a preface by J. Brander Matthews.-- History
of Anglo-Saxon Literature, by Richard P. Wülcker, trans.
from the German by R. W. Deering and Dr. C. F. Mc-
Clumpha. (Macmillan & Co., New York.)
Orations and Addresses of George William Curtis, edited by
Charles Eliot Norton, Vol. III., Historical and Memorial
Addresses, with portrait. (Harper & Bros., New York.)
The Works of William Shakespeare, Ariel Edition, compris-
ing : The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Merry Wives of
Windsor, Measure for Measure, The Comedy of Errors,
Love's Labor Lost, Taming of the Shrew, All's Well that
Ends Well ; illus., 7 vols., per vol. 75 cts. - The Writings
of Thomas Paine, political, sociological, religious, and lit-
erary, edited by Moncure Daniel Conway, Vols. I. and II.,
each $2.50.- The Writings and Correspondence of Thomas
Jefferson, edited by Paul Leicester Ford, uniform with
the " Hamilton,” Vol. III., $5.00.-Forty Tales from the
Arabian Nights, pictured by John D. Batten, $2.00.-- The
Best Recent Books, a reader's guide to the choice of the
best available books in every department of science, art,
and literature, by William Swan Sonnenschein, continuing
the lists contained in "The Best Books" to the close of
the year 1893.-Tennyson : His Art in Relation to Modern
Life, by Stopford A. Brooke, M.A.- Random Roaming,
and other Papers, by Augustus Jessopp, D.D., $1.75.-
Piers Plowman, 1363-1399: A Contribution to the History
of English Mysticism, by J. J. Jusserand, $3.50.-Studies
in Mediæval Life and Literature, by E. T. McLaughlin.-
Newton Booth, of California : His Speeches and Addresses,
edited by Lauren C. Crane. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New
York.)
Essays in Modernity, by Francis Adams, $1.50.- Plays, by
John Davidson, with a frontispiece and cover design by
Aubrey Beardsley, $2.00.- The Writings of Edgar Allan
Poe, edited by Edmund Clarence Stedman and George Ed-
ward Woodberry, with biography by Prof. Woodberry,
illus., 10 vols. (Stone & Kimball, Cambridge and Chicago.)
Overheard in Arcady, by Robert Bridges, illus.,$1.25. (Charles
Scribner's Sons, New York.)
Shakespeare Studies, and other essays, by Thomas Spencer
Baynes, LL.D.-A Gauntlet: a Drama, by Björnstjerne
Björnson, trans. by Osman Edwards, $1.50.- Last Words
on the Junius Question, by H. R. Francis, M.A. - The
Cock Lane Ghost and Common Sense, by Andrew Lang.
(Longmans, Green, & Co., New York.)
In Maiden Meditation, by E. V. A., $1.- Green Pastures,
being choice extracts from the works of Robert Greene,
$1.25. (A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.)
POETRY.
American Song, a collection of representative American
poems, with analytical and critical studies of their writers,
edited by A. B. Simonds.- A Sheaf of Poems, by George
Perry, $1.50.— The Bayadere, and Other Sonnets, by Fran-
cis Saltus, $2.50. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.)
Ban and Arriere Ban, a Rally of Fugitive Rhymes, by An-
drew Lang.-The Idylls of Theocritus, trans. into English
verse by James Henry Hallard, M.A., Oxon. (Longmans,
Green, & Co., New York.)
Poems, by L. E. Mitchell, $1.00. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.,
Boston.)
Lincoln's Grave, by Maurice Thompson, $1.25.-Low Tide on
Grand Pré, a book of lyrics by Bliss Carman, second edi-
tion, revised and enlarged, with title-page by Martin
Mower, $1.00.- Poems, by Thomas Gordon Hake, edited
by Mrs. Alice Meynell, with portrait after a drawing by
Dante Gabriel Rossetti, $1.00.-When Hearts are Trumps,
Verses by Tom Hall, $1.25.- The Quest of Heracles, and
other poems, by Hugh McCulloch, Jr., $1.25.- Poems of
the Symbolists, translations from the French, with an essay
on symbolism, by Stuart Merrill, $1.50.-A Lover's Diary,
Sonnets in Sequence, by Gilbert Parker, $1.25.- Sonnets
and other poems, by George Santayana, $i.25. (Stone &
Kimball, Cambridge and Chicago.)
The Poet of Poets, the love-verse from the minor poems of
Edmund Spenser, edited by Alexander B. Grosart, with
portrait, $1.25. (A. C.McClurg & Co., Chicago.)
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, edited by A. W. Pollard, 2 vols.
- The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri, a version in the
Spenserian stanza, by. George Musgrave, M.A., Part I.,
The Inferno. (Macmillan & Co., New York.)
Cuckoo Songs, by Katherine Tynan, $1.50.— Poems by John
B. Tabb.- Vagabond Verses by Bliss Carman and Richard
Hovey. (Copeland & Day, Boston.)
FICTION.
For Honor and Life, a novel, by William Westall. — Life's
Little Ironies, a Set of Tales, by Thomas B. Hardy, $1.25.
Cadet Days, a story of West Point, by Captain Charles
King, illus. - The Expert Waitress, by Anne Frances
Springsteed, $1.00. – Pastime Stories, by Thomas Nelson
Page, illus. — Out of Step, a novel, by Maria Louise Pool.
- Pembroke, a novel, by Mary E. Wilkins, illus. – The
Phantoms of the Foot-bridge, and other stories, by Charles
Egbert Craddock. – An Interloper, a novel, by Mary
Frances Peard.-Perlycross, a novel, by R. D. Blackmore.
(Harper & Bros., New York.)
Bayou Folk, Stories of Creole and Acadian Life in Louisiana,
by Mrs. Kate Chopin, $1.25.-His Vanished Star, a novel,
by Charles Egbert Craddock, $1.25. (Houghton, Mifflin
& Co., Boston.)
On the Offensive, an army story, by George I. Putnam, $1.25.
-New volume of stories by Thomas Nelson Page, includ-
ing: How the Captain Made Christmas, The Burial of the
Guns, Miss Dangerlie's Roses, My Cousin Fanny, A Gray
Jacket, $1.-Salem Kittredge, and other stories, by Bliss
Perry, $1.--Ardis, by Frank R. Stockton. (Chas. Scrib-
ner's Sons, New York.)
Katherine Lauderdale, by F. Marion Crawford, illus. by Al-
fred Brennan.- The Raiders, being some passages in the
life of the Faa Lord and Earl of Little Egypt, by S.
R. Crockett.--Concluding volumes in the Dollar Dickens ;
Little Dorrit, Bleak House, Christmas Stories, Hard
Times, Uncommercial Traveller, Great Expectations,
Tale of Two Cities, Our Mutual Friend, Edwin Drood and
other stories, $1. each.- Marcella, a novel by Mrs. Hum-
phrey Ward, 2 vols., $2. (Macmillan & Co., New York.)
New volumes in Town and Country Library : Lot 13, by Do
rothea Girard; A Ward in Chancery, by Mrs. Alexander;
A Marriage Ceremony, by Ada Cambridge ; Earlescourt,
a novel of provincial life, by Alexander Allardyce. (D.
Appleton & Co., New York.)


190
[March 16,
THE DIAL
The Thing that Hath Been ; or, Life at School, a story, by
A. H. Gilkes, M.A. - Dorcen: The Story of a Singer, by
Edna Lyall, illus., $1.25. Tales of a Nomad; or, Sport
and Strife, by Charles Montague, $1.50. (Longmans,
Green, & Co., New York.)
Burgo's Romance, by T. W. Speight, $1.- The Mystery of
the Patrician Club, by Albert D. Vandam. - The Queen
of Love, by S. Baring Gould.-A Man of To-day, by Helen
Mathers. (J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.)
The Story of Margredel: Being a Fireside History of a Fife-
shire Family, by a new writer, $1.-A Modern Wizard, by
Rodrigues Ottolengui, $1. (G. P. Putnam's Sons, New
York.)
By Moorland and Sea, by Francis A. Knight, illus., $1.50.-
Catherine de Medicis, by Honore de Balzac, trans. by
Katharine Prescott Wormeley, $1.50.-Wayside Sketches,
by E. J. Loomis, $1. (Roberts Bros., Boston.)
Belle Plant and Cornelius, from the French of Claude Tillier,
illus., $1.25. - My Uncle Benjamin, from the French of
Claude Tillier, illus., $1.25. — A Common Mistake, by
Jeanne M. Howell, 50 cts. (The Merriam Co., New York.)
The Robb's Island Wreck, and other stories, by Lynn R.
Meekins, $1. (Stone & Kimball, Cambridge and Chicago.)
A Suburban Pastoral, and seven other tales, by Prof. Henry
A. Beers. (Henry Holt & Co., New York.)
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
The Lost Treasure of Trevlyn, a Story of the Days of the
Gunpowder Plot, by E. Everett Green, illus., $1.75.- Do-
ing and Daring, a New Zealand Story by Eleanor Stredder,
illus., $1.25.-Evil May Day, a story of 1517 by Everett
Green, illus., $1.00. - Lost in the Wilds of Canada, by
Eleanor Stredder, illus., 80 cts.-Torch Bearers of History,
by Amelia Hutchinson Stirling, M.A., illus., 80 cts. (Thos.
Nelson's Sons, New York.)
In the King's Country, by Amanda M. Douglas, $1.50.-May
Martin, The Green Mountain Boys. The Rangers, Lock
Amsden, 4 vols., all by Judge D. P. Thompson, Good Com-
pany series, 50 cts. each. (Lee & Shepard, Boston.)
Sailor Jack, The Trader, by Harry Castlemon, illus., War se-
ries, $1.25.--Oscar in Africa, by Harry Castlemon, illus.,
Hunters series, $1.25. (Porter & Coates, Philadelphia.)
School Library, new volume; Town Geology, by Charles
Kingsley. (Macmillan & Co., New York.)
Portraits in Plaster, from the Collection of Laurence Hutton
illus. (Harper & Bros, New York.)
The Art of the World, containing reproductions of the mas-
terpieces of painting and sculpture at the Columbian Ex-
position, with views of the buildings redrawn from official
photographs, edited by Ripley Hitchcock. (D. Appleton
& Co., New York.)
SCIENCE AND NATURE.
Material for the Study of Variation in Animals, Part I. Dis-
continuous Variation, by William Bateson, M.A,, illus.-
A course in Experimental Psychology, by James McKeen
Cattell, A.M., Ph.D. – Hydrostatics, by A. G. Greenhill,
F.R.S.-Popular Lectures and Addresses, Vol. II. Contri-
butions to Geology, by Lord Kelvin, P.R.S. (Sir William
Thompson). - Sketches in Sport and Natural History, by
George Kingsley, M.D. — Organic Chemistry, by Lassar
Cohn, trans. by Alexander Smith - A Manual of Labora-
tory Physics, by Edward L. Nichols, Ph.D.-A Manual of
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Micro-Organisms in Water: their Significance, Identification,
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Papers and Notes on the Glacial Geology of Great Britain
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