THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY OF The Pennsylvania State College CLASS NO. O 5.1. D 54 BOOK NO. V20. Tan-Tune 1896 2 308. 事 ܘܘܢ THE DIAL A Semi-Montbly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME XX. JANUARY 1 TO JUNE 16, 1896. CHICAGO: THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1896 C CEI いな 1. Jron-Jolore 196 INDEX TO VOLUME XX. PAGE . . . • . AFRICA, EUROPEAN DEVELOPMENT OF Charles H. Cooper AGASSIZ, LOUIS David Starr Jordan . “ ALABAMA,” STORY OF THE Charles H. Palmer ANDERSON, MARY, MEMORIES OF ANDOVER, MORAL AND RELIGIOUS EVOLUTION AT Joseph Henry Crooker ANGLICAN AND CATHOLIC Tuley Francis Huntington ARNOLD AFTERMATH, THE AUTHORS, DUTIES OF BAHAMAS, FOLK SONGS AND STORIES OF Frederick Starr BIBLICAL CRITICISM, RECENT George S. Goodspeed . BISMARCK, Two VIEWS OF Charles H. Cooper BLACKSTONE, A GREATER John J. Halsey Book TITLES, FELICITOUS, SELECTION OF Mary R. Silsby BOOKS ABOUT BOOKS . Anna B. McMahan BOTANY, MORE BOOKS ON John M. Coulter CAVE-DWELLERS OF YUCATAN Frederick Starr CELL-LIFE, PROCESSES OF David Starr Jordan . CHRIST AS DOCTRINE AND PERSON John Bascom CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY, A Arthur Burnham Woodford CORREGGIO, LIFE AND TIMES OF John C. Van Dyke CRETE, EARLY WRITING IN F. B. Tarbell CRITIC AS PICKER AND STEALER DANTE IN SPENSERIAN VERSE George M'Lean Harper DIAL, THE, AND ITS SCORE OF VOLUMES EDUCATION, PUBLIC, A CRISIS IN EDUCATIONAL BOOKS, SOME RECENT Hiram M. Stanley EDUCATIONAL LITERATURE, RECENT B. A. Hinsdale ELECTRICITY, HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF W. M. Stine EURIPIDES THE RATIONALIST William C. Lawton FAR EASTERN QUESTION Henry E. Bourne. FICTION, RECENT William Morton Payne . FIELD, EUGENE Louis J. Block HELLENISTIC EMPIRE IN EGYPT, THE . James Henry Breasted HISTORICAL LITERATURE, SOME James Westfall Thompson HISTORY, AMERICAN, RECENT Books ON Francis W. Shepardson HOLMES, LIFE AND LETTERS OF ISRAEL, RENAN'S HISTORY OF Emil G. Hirsch JEW, THE MODERN, JUSTICE TO JURISPRUDENCE, AMERICAN, PIONEER OF James Oscar Pierce “ KING ARTHUR," THE NEW Anna Benneson McMahan . KOREAN GAMES Frederick Starr LATIN, TEACHING OF. B. L. D'Ooge LITERARY ANECDOTES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY LOCKER'S “ CONFIDENCES MAID OF ORLEANS, THE James Westfall Thompson MIND, SCIENCE OF Joseph Jastrow MODERN STATESMAN AND AN OLD DIVINE C. A. L. Richards MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT, LESSONS IN . Harry Pratt Judson NAVAL WARFARE, MODERN NOVELIST, TRIUMPH OF THE PARIS COMMUNE OF 1871 Paul Shorey PLAYING WITH FIRE . POETRY, RECENT BOOKS OF William Morton Payne Post-DARWINIAN THEORIES Edward Howard Griggs PsyCHOLOGY GONE MAD Joseph Jastrow RECONSTRUCTION, LAW AND LOGIC OF George W. Julian RELIGIOUS LITERATURE, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL John Bascom 135 304 46 265 357 169 193 325 15 171 200 44 261 361 109 71 13 17 203 41 202 129 136 347 157 307 103 69 16 269 76, 173, 335 333 359 308 140 299 105 64 236 160 302 306 132 328 351 73 232 43 99 224 167 293 . . . . . . 110, 205 239 107 11 278 . 107012 iy. INDEX. PAGE Victor Yarros . . . . RENAN, ERNEST AND HENRIETTE, LETTERS OF ROSSETTI, DANTE GABRIEL RUSSIAN LITERATURE, STAGNATION IN SANITY, A PLEA FOR SCHOLAR AND HIS FUNCTION IN SOCIETY SECONDARY Schools, AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN SHAKESPEARE IN CHICAGO . SHAKESPEARE IN LEXICOGRAPHY . SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES, RECENT SOCIOLOGY, PSYCHIC ASPECTS OF . STANLEY, DEAN, LETTERS AND VERSES OF TIE THAT BINDS, THE TRAVEL, RECENT BOOKS OF TRIBAL SOCIETY AS ILLUSTRATED IN WALES UNIVERSITIES, MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY SYMPOSIUM, A VIRGINIA'S ECONOMIC HISTORY VOICE AND SPIRITUAL EDUCATION WORLD'S CONGRESS PUBLICATIONS, BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WRITING, TEACHING THE ART OF YOUNG PERSON, THE B. A. Hinsdale W. E. Simonds F. Horace Teall C. R. Henderson C. R. Henderson W. H. Carruth . 230 164 39 5 37 195 348 295 276 330 271 259 138, 241 273 67 95 267 235 7 108 61 Hiram M. Stanley James Westfall Thompson B. A. Hinsdale . . John J. Halsey Edwin Mims Charles C. Bonney Martin W. Sampson . . . . . ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING Books, 1896 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS BRIEFER MENTION LITERARY Notes. TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS LIST OF NEW Books 179 19, 49, 81, 116, 142, 174, 211, 243, 280, 310, 339, 363 23, 52, 83, 120, 145, 178, 214, 246, 282, 314, 341, 367 25, 53, 84, 120, 146, 178, 215, 247, 283, 314, 341, 368 26, 54, 86, 121, 146, 184, 216, 248, 284, 342 27, 54, 86, 121, 147, 184, 216, 248, 284, 315, 342, 369 . PAGE PAGE 215 . . . . . . . MISCELLANEOUS. America, Mr. Watson's Sonnet to 26 Hughes, Thomas, Death of .. American Copyright League, Renewal of Actility 283 Japanese Literature, Some Recent. E. W. Clement 131 American Literary Output for 1895 . 121 Journalistic Authorities on English. C. Harrison. 298 Antigone. Sonnet by Mary M. Adams . 99 “ King Arthur.” F. I. Carpenter 197 Austin, Alfred, appointed Poet-Laureate 53 Macmillan, Alexander, Death of . 85 Ballade. A. T. Schuman 199 Macmillan Company, The, Incorporation of 368 Bourke, Capt. John G., Death of 368 “ Midsummer of Italian Art." G. B. Rose 131 British Authors' Appeal . 7 « Midsummer of Italian Art." Frank P. Stearps 198 British Authors' Appeal, Morley Roberts on 85 Mother's Influence in Teaching Poetical Literature. Bunner, Henry Cuyler, Death of . 315 Mary J. Reid 162 Central Modern Language Conference 53 Murray's Mythology, Unauthorized Edition of. Chicago as a Literary Centre. Sir Walter Besant 315 F. W. K. : 40 Classic Slang. R. W. Conant 63 Parenthetical “Sic" in Criticism. D. K. Dodge . 349 Coffin, Charles Carleton, Death of 179 Passive Voice with an Object. W. H. J. . . 350 Cook Poetry Prize at Yale . 341 Problem of the " Young Person" in Literature. Cosmopolis," First Number of 85 H. M. Stanley 97 Crane, Stephen, and his Critics. Sydney Brooks. 297 Putnams in Literature, The. 215 • Crisis in Public Education.” Duane Mowry 198 “Red Badge of Hysteria." A. C. Moc. 227 Defoe's “ Journal of the Plague" as a School “Red Badge of Bad English.” J. L. Onderdonk 263 Classic. A. C. Barrows. 229 “Red Badge of Courage." - A Correction. D. Department Organization at Stanford University. Appleton & Co.. 263 Arley B. Show 199 Renan's Library 26 Emerson's Ideas of Teaching Literature. Edwin Say, Léon, Death of . 262 Mims 98 Simon, Jules, Death of English Language in Japan. Ernest W. Clement 327 Sonnet of Oblivion. Grace Duffield Goodwin . . 160 Extension and Intension. W. C. Lawton 228 “Stepniak," Death of 26 From Avalon. Poem by Emily Huntington Miller 295 The Sonnet. Sonnet by A. T. Schuman 131 Furness, William H., Death of 121 To William Shakespeare, Dramatist. Sonnet by German Philology in Shakespeare Criticism. F. W. Gunsaulus 63 Henry B. Hinckley 350 University Changes. J. H. Hamilton 162 “Godefroi and Yolande " -Laurence Irving's New Word about Book-Making. Albert H. Tolman 264 Play. J. W. Thompson 196 Word from a Reviewer of Arnold's Letters. E.G.J. 299 Harper, Philip J. A., Death of . 215 Word in Reply to Mr. Stearns. G. B. Rose .264 . . · 368 . . . . . . INDEX. v. AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED. PAGE PAGE 22 50 Carleton, William. The Irish Peasantry, new edi- . · 246 . . • · 265 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acton, Lord. The Study of History , . . 109 Adolphus, F. Memories of Paris Aiken, Catharine. Mind-Training . 307 tion. 247, 283, 314, 368 Alden, H. M. A Study of Death 279 Carman, Bliss. Behind the Arras 116 Alger, W. R. Adventures of Hatin Taï Carr, J. Comyns. King Arthur 176 Altemus's Belles Lettres Series . 215 Cartland, Fernando G. Southern Heroes 142 Anderson, M. B. Poets of the Nineteenth Century 247 Carus, Paul. Goethe and Schiller's Xenions 214 Anderson, Mary. A Few Memories . Carus, Paul. Karma 145 Anderson, R. B. First Norwegian Immigration . 21 Century Magazine, Vols. L. and LI. 24, 367 Arnold, Sir Edwin. The Tenth Muse 210 Century Science Series 24 Ashe, Robert P. Chronicles of Uganda . 136 Chambers, E. K. Donne's Poems . 280 Ashley, 0. D. Railways and their Employees . 276 Chambers, R. W. A King and a Few Dukes 337 Austin, Alfred. England's Darling 210 Chambers, R. W. The Red Republic 337 Ayres, Alfred. The Verbalist, new edition 314 Chap-Book, Vol. IV. . 368 Babington, W. D. Fallacies of Race Theories 117 Cheney, E. P. Social Changes in England in the Bagebot, Walter, Miscellaneous writings of 51 16th Century 310 Balfour, Alice B. 1200 Miles in a Wagon 241 Cheney, J. V. That Dome in Air 212 Ball, Sir Robert. Great Astronomers 25 Chicago University Studies in Philology 281 Balzac, Dent-Macmillan edition of Child, F. S. An Old New England Town. 23 24, 25, 84, 178, 215, 247, 368 | Chirol, Valentine. Far Eastern Question 269 Bancroft, H. H. Book of the Fair 83 Chittenden, H. M. Yellowstone National Park 242 Bangs, John K. A House-Boat on the Styx 145 Church, R. W. Pascal . 279 Bangs, John K. The Bicyclers 313 Clemens, S. L. Recollections of Joan of Arc . 351 Baring-Gould, S. Curiosities of Olden Times . 367 Cocke, Zitella. A Doric Reed 115 Bastable, C. F. Public Finance, new edition 83 Comte's Positive Philosophy, “ Bohn” edition . 283 Belloc, Bessie. In a Walled Garden 144 Constant. Private Life of Napoleon 49 Benedetti, Count. Studies in Diplomacy 201 Coolbrith, Ina. Songs from the Golden Gate . 112 Benjamin, Park. Intellectual Rise in Electricity 69 Coolidge, Susan. An Old Convent School . 20 Benson, A. C. Essays 282 Cooper, Estill, and Lemmon. School History of Berdoe, E. Browning Society Papers 108 the United States 119 Berenson, B. Lorenzo Lotto 21 Cooper, F. T. Word Formation in Sermo Plebeius 246 Berenson, B. Renaissance Florentine Painters 281 Cooper's Works, “Mohawk” edition. 341 Besant, Sir Walter. Westminster 309 Coonley, Lydia A. Under the Pines 114 Beynon, W. G. L. With Kelly to Chitral . 242 Cornish, C. J. Wild England of To-day · 119 Bicknell, A. C. Travel in Northern Queensland 138 Correy, A. M. Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities 367 Black, J. S. The Christian Consciousness . 18 Corson, Hiram. Voice and Spiritual Education . 235 Blackmore, R. D. Fringilla. 207 Coulter, J. M. The Botanical Outlook . . 120 Blackmore, R. D. Slain by the Doones 338 Coy, E. W. Latin Lessons Blackwell, Alice S. Armenian Poems 248 Craddock, Charles Egbert. Mystery of Witch-Face Blind, Mathilde. Birds of Passage . 209 Mountain 174 Blow, Susan Froebel's Mother Play 307 Crafts, W. F. Practical Christian Sociology . 276 Blunt, Wilfrid S. Esther 206 Craighead, J. G. Marcus Whitman . 141 Bois, H. P. du. French Folly in Maxims 84 Cram, R. A. Black Spirits and White . 339 Bok, E. W. Successward 143 Crane, Stephen. Red Badge of Courage 80 Boothby, Guy. A Bid for Fortune 78 Crawford, F. Marion. Adam Johnstone's Son 336 Borrow, George. Bible in Spain, Putnam's edition 341 Crockett, S. R. A Galloway Herd 78 Boutwell, G. S. The Constitution of the U. S. 23 Crockett, S. R. Men of the Moss-Hags 78 Boyd, A. K. H. Last Years of St. Andrews 365 Culin, Stewart. Korean Games 302 Bradford, A. H. Heredity 279 Curzon, G. N. The Far East, new edition 270 Bradford, G., Jr. American Character 176 Dasent, Sir G. Tales from the Fjeld, new edition 120 Bradley, A. G. Wolfe 145 Davidson, John. Fleet Street Eclogues . 208 Brooks, Noah. The Mediterranean Trip 84 Davis, R. H. Cinderella . 338 Brown, Alice, and Gainey, Louise I. R. L. Stevenson 177 Davis, R. H. Three Gringoes in Venezuela 242 Brown, John. The Pilgrim Fathers . 141 Defoe, Dent-Macmillan edition of 24, 26, 83 Bruce, P. A. Economic History of Virginia Denison, J. H. Cbrist's Idea of the Supernatural 18 Bullock, C. J. Finances of the United States 23 Dickens, Macmillan's Popular Edition of. 121,314, 341 Burns's Poems, “ Kilmarnock" edition 283 Dixon, W. M. A Tennyson Primer . 310 Burton, Richard. Dumb in June. 115 Dobson, Austin. Story of Rosina, new edition 25 Bury, J. B. Gibbon's Decline and Fall 215 Dolbear, A. E. Matter, Ether, etc., new edition. 85 Caldwell, J. W. Constitutional History of Ten Dole, N. H. The Hawthorne Tree. 112 144 Donaldson, H. H. Growth of the Brain 73 Callaway, Frances B. Charm in Letter-Writing. 52 Dorking, Battle of, new edition 84 . . . . • 306 . . . . . . . . . · 267 . nessee vi. INDEX. PAGE PAGE 80 . . O . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . · 211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dougall, L. A Question of Faith Gunsaulus, F. W. Songs of Night and Day 113 Doyle, A. Conan. Exploits of Brigadier Gerard . 338 Gurteen, S. Humphreys. The Arthurian Epic 84 Donohoe, T. The Iroquois and Jesuits... 141 Hale, E. E. My Double, new edition 24 Drachmann, H. Paul and Virginia of a Northern Hamilton, S. M. Hamilton Fac similes . 368 Zone 81 Hansson, Laura M. Six Modern Women . 280 Drake, S. A. Campaign of Trenton. 141 Hardy's Novels, library edition . 179, 215, 247, 341 Drury, G. Thorne. Keats's Poems 214 Hardy, Thomas. Jude the Obscure 76 Darmesteter, Madame. Froissart 367 Harris, Charles. German Reader 25 Daudet, Dent-Macmillan edition of 283, 314, 368 Harris, George. Moral Evolution 357 Duruy, George. Barras's Memoirs, Vols.III.and IV. 364 Harte, Bret. Clarence 79 Earle, Alice Morse. Colonial Dames 177 Harte, Bret. In a Hollow of the Hills . 79 Echegaray, José. The Great Galeoto 143 Hart, James M. English Composition . 108 Economic Studies, No. 1 . 341 Hatton, Joseph. When Greek Meets Greek 337 Edersheim, A. History of the Jews, new edition 215 Hayes, J. R. The Old-Fashioned Garden . 114 Edwards, C. L. Bahama Songs and Stories 15 Hazell's Annual for 1896 179 Elliot, Henrietta R., and Blow, Susan E. Froebel's Hearn, Lafcadio. Kokoro 242 Mother Play 104 Henry, M. S., and Thomson, E. W. Aucassin et Elliott, 0. L., and Eaton, 0. V. Stanford Uni- Nicolète 367 versity 241 Hesdin, Raoul. Journal of a Spy in Paris . Ellwanger, G. A. Idyllists of the Country Side . 82 Hicks, De Forest Trinity Verse 282 Evans, Arthur J. Cretan Pictographs . 202 Hillis, W.J. Metrical History of Napoleon 314 Ferri, Enrico. Criminal Sociology 245 Hinsdale, B. A. Jesus as a Teacher 18 Field, Eugene. The House 282 Hinsdale, B. A. Studies in Education 307 Field, Eugene, Works of, “Sabine” edition 333 Hodges, Elizabeth. Ancient English Homes . 310 Fields, Annie. The Singing Shepherd 111 Hoffman, W.J. Beginning of Writing 76 Flower, B. O. Century of Sir Thomas More . 246 Hogarth, D. G. A Scholar in the Levant 241 Foote, Mary H. The Cup of Trembling 174 Hole, Dean. A Little Tour in America 49 Ford, James L. Dolly Dillenbeck 80 Holman, H. Education . 308 Fortescue, J. W. Dundonald . 340 Holmes's Poems, Cambridge edition 25 Fox, John, Jr. A Cumberland Vendetta 173 Holmes, W. H. Monuments of Yucatan 178 Fraser, Sir William. Napoleon III. 243 Hope, Anthony. Comedies of Courtship 338 Frederic, Harold. Damnation of Theron Ware 336 Hope, Anthony. Count Antonio . 78 Froebel's Pedagogics in the Kindergarten 104 Horton, George. In Unknown Seas . 113 Froude, J. A. Lectures on Council of Trent . 363 Hovey, Alvah. Christian Teaching . 279 Galdós, B. Perez. Doña Perfecta 81 Howells, W. D. The Day of Their Wedding Gardner, E. A. Greek Sculpture 212 Howells, W. D. A Parting and a Meeting 335 Gargoyle, Solomon. Five Sins of an Architect 366 Hudson, T. J. Demonstration of a Future Life . 107 Garland, Hamlin. Rose of Dutcher's Coolly . 80 Hughes, Thomas. Vacation Rambles 138 Garnett, Richard. The Age of Dryden 283 Hugo's Quatre-Vingt-Treize, Jenkins's edition . 282 Germania, Vol. VII. 351 Hutton, Laurence. Other Times and Seasons 51 Giddings, F.H. Principles of Sociology . 330 Inderwick, F. A. The King's Peace 310 Gilmore, G. W. The Johannean Problem 278 Ingalls, Herbert. Boston Charades 24 Gladden, Washington. Ruling Ideas 276 Jacobs, Joseph. Jewish Ideals 243 Gladstone, W. E. Works of Bishop Butler 232 James, William. Is Life Worth Living ? 366 Godkin, E. L. Reflections and Comments . 21 Jenks, Edward. History of Australasia 339 Gollancz, I. “Temple " Shakespeare 146, 283, 368 Jennings, F. H. Proverbs of Confucius 25 Goodwin, T. A. Lovers 3000 Years Ago 214 Jeyes, S. H. Joseph Chamberlain 281 Gordon, G. A. The Christ of To-Day 278 Johns Hopkins University Studies, 13th series 246 Gounod, C. F. Memoirs of an Artist . 176 Johnson, E. Pauline. The Wbite Wampum 116 Graetz, H. History of the Jews, Vol. V. 52 Johnson, T. G. François-Séverin Marceau 213 Grant, J. C. Sir John Maundevile 145 Jobnston, Elizabeth B. Washington Day by Day 141 Grant, Mrs. G. R., Memorial Volume to 365 Jowett, Benjamin. College Sermons 19 Grant, Robert. The Art of Living. 212 Jusserand, J. J. English Essays. 177 Grant, Robert. The Bachelor's Christmas 173 Keary, C. F. Herbert Vanlennert 338 Grinnell, G. B. Story of the Indian 140 Kent, C. F. Wise Men of Ancient Israel 172 Griswold, W. M. Books for the Young 145 Kerner, Anton. Natural History of Plants, Vol. II. 109 Greeley, A. W. Arctic Discoveries . 246 King, C. R. Rufus King, Vol. III. . 178 Greenbill, W. A. Browne's Hydrotaphia 247 King, Grace. New Orleans 117 Greenough and Kittredge. Æneid, I.-VI. 25 King, R. M. School Interests and Duties . 103 Green, W. H. Higher Criticism of Pentateuch . 172 Kittel, R. History of the Hebrews . 172 Green, W. H. Unity of the Book of Genesis . 172 Krasinska, Countess Françoise, Journal of 50 Greer, D. H. The Preacher and his Place 18 Külpe, Oswald. Outlines of Psychology Gregor, Frances. Story of Bohemia 20 Labouchere, Norna. Ladies' Book-Plates 363 Gregory, Emily L. Plant Anatomy . 110 Ladd, Eleanor M. Cherry-Bloom 179 Guerber, H. A. Contes et Légendes 120 La Farge, John. Considerations on Painting . 214 Guerber, H. A. Stories of the Wagner Operas Lang, Andrew. A Monk of Fife . 79 Guess Again 24 Lassar-Cohn. Manual of Organic Chemistry 52 Guiney, Louise I. Lovers' Saint Ruth's 174 | Latimer, Elizabeth W, Europe in Africa , 135 • 335 . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 . . 22 . . . . . . . INDEX. vii. PAGE PAGE . . . . . . · 120 . . . . . . . . . Lawson, Sir Charles. Private Life of Hastings . 214 National Conference of Charities Proceedings . . 277 Lawton, William C. Folia Dispersa . 112 Nason, Emma H. The Tower . 114 Lawton, W. C. Art and Humanity in Homer . 339 Needham, G. C. The Spiritual Life 279 Lee, Aubrey. John Darker 178 Newton-Robinson, Charles. The Viol of Love 210 Leland, C. G. Hans Breitmann in Germany 20 Nicoll, W. Robertson, and Wise, T. J. Literary Lentbéric, Charles. The Reviera . 312 Anecdotes of the 19th Century . 132 Leroy-Beaulieu, A. Israel among the Nations 64 Nixon, O. W. How Marcus Whitman Saved Oregon 22 Leypoldt, Augusta, and Iles, G. Books for Girls Noble, J. Ashcroft. Impressions and Memories . 144 and Women 145 Nooker, J. D., and Jackson, B. D. Index Kewensis 110 Lightfoot, Bishop. Historical Essays. 365 Nordau, Max. The Comedy of Sentiment. 19 Lindley, W., and Widney, J. P. California of the Nordau, Max. The Right to Love 19 South, new edition 215 Norton, C. E. Heart of Oak Books 175 Lindsey, William. Apples of Istakhar 115 O'Conner, Joseph. Poems . 115 Litobfield, Grace D. Mimosa Leaves 112 Old South Leaflets, The . Lloyd, John U. Etidorhpa, new edition 179 Oliphant, Mrs. Jeanne d'Arc . . 351 Locker-Lampson, Frederick. My Confidences 328 Oliphant, Mrs. Makers of Modern Rome . 313 Longmans' English Classics 314 Palmer, Frederic. Theologic Definition 18 Longmans' Gazetteer 178 Pattee, F. L. American Literature . 280 Lowe, Charles. Bismarck's Table Talk . 200 Patten, S. N. Theory of Social Forces 277 Lowe, Charles. William II. 82 Pegasus, Year Book of the . 247 Lowell, Francis C. Joan of Arc . 351 Perring, Sir Philip. Florian's Fables 283 Lowell, James Russell. Last Poems 110 Phelps, Elizabeth S. A Singular Life 80 Luce, Morton. Handbook to Tennyson . 311 Phelps, M. L. Plays of Chapman 25 Lukens, H. T. Thought and Memory . 307 Phillips, Mary E. German Literature 245 Maccunn, Florence A. John Knox 83 Poe's Works, Lippincott's edition . 246 MacDougal, D.T. Experimental Plant Physiology 110 Poe's Works, Stedman and Woodberry's edition 213 Mackail, J. W. Latin Literature 83 Pollock, Sir Frederick, and Maitland, F. W. En- Mackay, G. L. From Far Formosa . 139 glish Law before Edward I. . 44 Macmillan's Illus. Standard Novels 84, 121, 247, 368 Poor in Great Cities, The 276 Mahaffy, J. P. Empire of the Ptolemies 359 Potter, E. N. Washington in his Library and Life 83 Makower, Felix. The Church of England . 308 Poushkin, A. Prose Tales, “ Bohn” edition 342 Mann, Charles W. School Recreations . 307 Powell, G. H. Excursions in Libraria 361 Manning, Miss. Household of Sir Thomas More 81 Prothero, R. E. Letters of Dean Stanley . 271 March, Thomas. Paris Commune of 1871 167 Puddefoot, W. G. Minute Man on the Frontier . 52 Marcou, Jules. Life of Agassiz . 304 Purcell, E. S. Life of Cardinal Manning · . 169 Marden, O. S. Architects of Fate 144 Putnam, G. H. Question of Copyright, new ed. . 368 Marriott-Watson, Rosamund. A Summer Night 209 Quiller-Couch, A. T. Wandering Heath 338 Marriott-Watson, Rosamund. Vespertilia . 209 Radford, Dollie. Songs . 209 Martin, A. S. On Parody 282 Ralph, Julian. Dixie 119 Martin, E. S. Cousin Anthony and I Ralph, Julian. People We Pass 174 Marryatt's Novels, Little, Brown, & Co.'s edition. 341 Rashdall, H. Mediæval Universities of Europe 67 Matthews, Brander. Bookbindings Old and New 361 Raymond, G. L. Painting, Sculpture, etc. 311 Matthews, Brander. Introduction to American Regeneration . 340 Literature 244 Rees, Thomas. Literary London, 1779-1853 . 314 McCormick, A. D. An Artist in the Himalayas . 138 Reid, Stuart, J. Lord John Russell 19 McCrackan, W. D. Little Idyls of the Big World 52 Renan, Ernest and Henriette, Letters of 230 McGaffey, Ernest. Poems. 113 Renan, E. History of the People of Israel 105 McKinnon, James. Union of England and Scotland 308 Renan, E. Life of Jesus, new edition . 178 McLaughlin, Louise. The Second Madame 245 Renan, E. My Sister Henriette 118 McVickar, H. W. Evolution of Woman 283 Rennert, H. A. Comedies by Miguel Sanchez . 341 Meakin, Frederick. Nature and Deity. 278 Rhys, Ernest. The Lyric Poets 24, 84, 282 Medill, Joseph. Benjamin Franklin 341 Ricci, Corrado. Correggio. 41 Mercer, H. C. Hill Caves of Yucatan . 71 Richardson, Elizabeth. Poets' Dogs 24 Meredith, George. The Amazing Marriage 77 Roalfe, Marion. Introduction to Folk-lore 340 Meynell, Alice. Poems . . 206 Roark, R. N. Psychology in Education 104 Meynell, Alice. Coventry Patmore's Poems 24 Roberts, Charles G. D. Earth's Enigmas . 338 Mitchell, D.G. English Lands, Letters, and Kings. Roberts, W. Rare Books 362 Vol. III. 82 Robinson, R. E. In New England Fields 245 Moore, E. H., and others. Mathematical Papers 368 Robinson, W. S. Short History of Greece Moore, F. F. The Secret of the Court . 337 Roche, J. J. Ballads of Blue Water 114 Morse, J. T., Jr. Oliver Wendell Holmes . 299 Romanes, G. J. Darwin and after Darwin . 239 Moses, Bernard. Railway Revolution in Mexico 367 Rood, Lily L. M. Puvis de Chavannes. 24 Moulton, R. G. Modern Readers' Bible 120, 247, 314 Rossetti, D. G., Family Letters of 164 Moxom, P. S. Jerusalem to Nicea 211 Rossetti, W.M. New Poems by Christina Rossetti 205 Murphy, Thomas. Messages of the Seven Churches 278 Ross, G. W. School System of Ontario 307 Murray, George. Seaweeds . 109 Ryan, Charles E. With an Ambulance 311 Musgrave, George. Dante's Inferno 136 Sala, G. A., Life of, new edition 120 Myers, P. V. N. History of Greece 83 Salter, W. M. Anarchy or Government ? . 277 . . . . . • 143 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 . . . • . . viii. INDEX PAGE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 . . Salt, H. S., and Sanborn, F. B. Thoreau's Poems Taylor, T. W., Jr. Individual and State . 247 of Nature . 111 Tennyson, “ People's” edition of . 24, 146, 215, 341 Saintsbury, George. Essays in English Literature, Thompson, Francis. Sister-Songs 210 second series . 174 Tille, Alexander. German Songs 214 Saintsbury, George. Nineteenth Century Literature 175 Tirebuck, W. E. Miss Grace of All Souls 337 Saunders, T. B. Schopenhauer's Art of Controversy 366 Tompkins, Arnold. Philosophy of Teaching . 103 Savage, P. H. First Poems 114 Tompkins, A. School Management 103 Sayce, A. H. Egypt of the Hebrews 313 Tourgénieff, Macmillan's edition of 178 Scheffel's Ekkehard, Crowell's edition 24 Townsend, E. W. Daughter of the Tenements 79 Scott, Duncan C. The Magic House 116 Tracy, F. Psychology of Childhood, new edition. 24 Scott, E. G. Reconstruction 11 Traill, H. D. Social England, Vol. IV. 203 Scott, Mary A. Elizabethan Translations . 22 Triggs, O. L. Lydgate's Assembly of Gods . 177 Scudder, S. H. Frail Children of the Air. 117 Tristram, H. B. Rambles in Japan . 139 Sears, Hamblen. Governments of the World 367 Tucker, Gilbert M. Our Common Speech . 51 Sears, Lorenzo. History of Oratory. 246 Upton, J. K. Money in Politics, new edition. 179 Seebohm, Sir F. Tribal System in Wales. 273 Vergo, G. Under the Shadow of Etna . 25 Seeley, Sir J. R. Introduction to Political Science 340 Verrall, A. W. Euripides the Rationalist . 16 Shakespeare's Works, “ Arden” edition 83 Vickers, Robert H. History of Bohemia 20 Sharp, William. Ecce Puella . . 281 Vincent, M. R. The Age of Hildebrand 309 Shaw, Albert Municipal Government 43 “ Vladimir.” The China-Japan War 245 Shearer, Flora M. Legend of Aulus 113 Waddell, L. A. Lamaism 137 Shelley's Banquet of Plato, new edition. 24 Waern, Cecilia. Joho La Farge 314 Sinclair, Arthur. Two Years on the Alabama 46 Waldstein, Charles. Art in Universities 83 Slatin Pasha, R. C. Fire and Sword in the Sudan 139 Walker, Hugh. Greater Victorian Poets 119 Smith, F. Hopkinson. A Gentleman Vagabond . 173 Walker, T. A. Public International Law Smith, F. Hopkinson. Tom Grogan. 336 Warren, Kate M. Piers the Plowman . 24 Smith, Gertrude. Arabella and Araminta . 84 Warwick Library of English Literature 52 Smith, L. P. The Youth of Parnassus 339 Washburn, H. S. The Vacant Chair 111 Smith, S. F. Poems of Home and Country 111 Watson, J. Hedonistic Theories . 243 Sobm, Rudolph. Outlines of Church History. 211 Watson, William. The Father of the Forest 208 Spalding, J. L. Means and Ends of Education 103 Wells, B. W. Modern German Literature 118 Spalding, J. L. Songs 84 Weyman, S. J. The Red Cockade 79 Spears, J. R. Gold Diggings of Cape Horn 242 Wheeler, D. H. Our Industrial Utopia 277 Stanley, H. M. Psychology of Feeling. 75 Wheelwright, J. T. Lines on Hasty Pudding Club 247 Stalker, James. The Two St. Johns 278 White, Greenough. The Philosophy of English Starr, Eliza A. Songs of a Lifetime 116 Literature 213 Statesman's Year-Book for 1896 . 246 Whitelock, L. Clarkson. A Mad Madonna 174 Statham, H. H. Architecture, new edition 215 Wiggin, Kate D., and Smith, Nora A. Froebel's Stearns, F. P. Concord and Appledore 142 307 Stearns, F. P. Midsummer of Italian Art. 118 Wiggin, Kate D., and Smith, Nora A. Froebel's Steel, Mrs. F. A. Red Rowans 78 Occupations 307 Stephen, Leslie. Social Rights and Duties 366 Wilson, E. B. Fertilization and Karyokinesis of Stephen, L. Dictionary of National Biography 53, 247 the Ovum. 13 Stepniak.” King Stork and King Log 277 Wilson, H. W. Ironclads in Action . 99 Stevenson, R. L., and Henley, W. E. Macaire 50 Wilson, James, Works of 236 Stevenson, R. L. Edinburgh, new illus. edition , 314 Wilson, S. G. Persian Life and Customs 139 Stevenson's Works, “ Thistle" edition 26, 81 Winter, William. Brown Heath and Blue Bells. 84 Stimson, F. J. Labor in Relation to Law . 277 Wise, T. J. The Faerie Queene . 146 Stimson, F. J. Pirate Gold 335 Wister, Owen. Red Men and White · 173 St. Nicholas, Vol. XXII. 24 Woodburn, J. A. Johnston's American Orations . 368 Stoddard, Elizabeth. Poems 111 Wood, Sir E. Cavalry in Waterloo Campaign 244 Stoddart, Thomas T. The Death-Wake • 207 , : 74 Stories by English Authors . 341, 368 Wylie, J. H. England under Henry iv., vol. 11. 146 Strachey, J. St. Loe. Dog Stories 23 Wynne, Madelene Y. The Little Room 174 Stryker, M. W. Hamilton, Lincoln, etc. 341 Yeats, W. B. Poems . 207 Symonds, J. A. Life of Cellini, new edition . 314 Yellow Book, Vol. VII. 23 Tarbell, Ida M. Early Life of Lincoln . 247 Young, C. A. The Sun, new edition 145 Tarbell, Ida M. Madame Roland 312 Zenos, A. C. Elements of Higher Criticism 172 Tarr, R. M. Elementary Physical Geography. 25 Zola, Emile. Jacques d'Amour 23 . . . . . . . . . . . THE DIAL A Semi-Monthlg Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAGE . THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of A PLEA FOR SANITY. each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries Matthew Arnold, in one of his recently pub. comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the lished letters, contrasted the work which he had current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by erpress or been trying to do for England with that which postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; Renan had sought to do for France. To stimu- and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished late the ethical sense of his fellow-countrymen on application. All communications should be addressed to was the task to which the great Frenchman THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. applied himself, conscious of the fact that intel- ligence had outrun morality as an element of No. 229. JANUARY 1, 1896. Vol. XX. the national life. Arnold felt that his own peculiar task was the obverse of this, since the masses of the English people were not so much CONTENTS. lacking in moral sense as they were deficient in the higher sort of intelligence connoted by A PLEA FOR SANITY 5 the terms “sweetness and light” of which the THE BRITISH AUTHORS' APPEAL English critic made so much. Or, to recall 7 those other terms about which the finely cul- BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORLD'S CONGRESS PUB tured mind of the Englishman took delight in LICATIONS. Charles C. Bonney ? playing, the English spirit suffered from a THE LAW AND LOGIC OF RECONSTRUCTION. preponderance of Hebraism over Hellenism. George W. Julian. 11 This criticism had all the more force for com- ing from a thinker whose insistence upon the THE PROCESSES OF CELL-LIFE. David Starr Jordan .. ethical side of life was unfailing, and who 13 allotted to conduct, as the weightiest of all hu- FOLK SONGS AND STORIES OF THE BAHAMAS. man concerns, no less than three-fourths of the Frederick Starr 15 sum total of ideal human effort. EURIPIDES THE RATIONALIST. William C. We suppose that many a thoughtful Amer. Lawton. 16 ican has asked himself which of the two influ- CHRIST AS DOCTRINE AND PERSON. John ences — the moral or the intellectual Bascom 17 more needed in his own country. A prima Hinsdale's Jesus as a Teacher. - Denison's Christ's facie judgment would be likely to pronounce Idea of the Supernatural.-Palmer's Studies in Theo- for the latter, in view of the fact that we are logic Definition.- Black's The Christion Conscious- ness.-Greer's The Preacher and his Place.-Jowett's primarily an English people, sharing with our College Sermons. kinsmen over-sea the common store of English BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. 19 sympathies, ideals, and social traditions. But An English reform prime minister.-Nordau’s Works upon reflection there comes to mind some of Imagination.- Hans Breitmann once more.- The thought of that added drop of nervous fluid by history of Bohemia.- Biographical stories by Susan Coolidge. - Re-writing the history of Italian Paint- which Colonel Higginson assures us that we ing.--A volume of essays from "The Nation."-Nor are differentiated from the parent stock, some wegian Immigration to the U.S.— The story of Mar- thought of the alien elements that have been cus Whitman. - Stories of the Wagner operas.- A volume from Froude's successor at Cambridge. - injected into our social organism and as yet Italian influence on Elizabethan plays.-A century of imperfectly assimilated, some thought of the the Constitution of the United States. - The evolu- national temper that has resulted from our iso- tion of the Budget.- A volume of entertaining dog- stories.— Town-life in New England. lation, our complex history, our unexampled material prosperity, and our frank acceptance BRIEFER MENTION 23 of the great democratic experiment with all LITERARY NOTES 25 that it implies. And when we take all these things into account, viewing them in the light TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 26 of recent political happenings, of the present LIST OF NEW BOOKS 27 state of public opinion revealed by press, pul- . . was the . . . . 6 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL pit, and platform, of the conclusions reached cannot condone this act of concession to the here and there by the philosophical observers men who have brought our country into such who look for something deeper than surface disrepute, and once more pointed the famous indications, we are constrained to admit that Johnsonian definition of the patriot. Were while intellectually all is far from well with us there a new Whittier among us, he would be as a people, it is still upon the moral side that justified in writing a new “ Ichabod "'; were a we are most in need of wise counsels and a new Lowell to arise, he might fairly employ the quickening discipline. We need both a Renan quaint phraseology of “Hosea Biglow” to sat- and an Arnold to spur us to a realization of irize the bellicose spirit that has just received our faults ; but, of the two, we are in the more so new and unfortunate an impulse. need of a Renan. The field of The DIAL is not that of political To all serious Americans, whose patriotism discussion (except incidentally, in reviewing is too deep an emotion to find expression in books upon political subjects), and we leave to bluster, to whom the sacred name of country authorities upon constitutional history and in- - how our language needs such a word as ternational law the easy task of showing that patrie! means little unless it stands for so the Monroe Doctrine is not a part of the law briety, and true dignity, and a passion for jus- of nations, and that the Cleveland Doctrine is tice, in a word, for virtue in the highest signifi- not the Monroe Doctrine. But we feel it our cance of that term, the political occurrences of duty, as an organ of serious thought, to protest the last two weeks must have been inexpressibly against the spirit of recklessness that has taken disheartening. That so monstrous a thing as possession of the public mind in dealing with a war with England about the disputed boun- these grave matters, against the false concep- dary line of a South American state should tion of national dignity that seems generally even have been hinted at by irresponsible pol- prevalent, against the popular intolerance ac- iticians and journalists was sufficiently discour-corded by the American Demos to any expres- aging; that it should have received the sanc sion of opinion not in agreement with its pre- tion implied by the recent message of the judices of the moment. We appeal to the President and its reception by the national intellectual sanity and sober second-thought of Legislature, and that the popular response to our readers to aid in stemming the tide of mis- these official acts should have been what it has apprehension concerning our national rights been, is saddening in a degree for which it is and duties in relation to other countries. We difficult to find adequate words. Above all, the urge upon every clear-headed observer, upon new attitude so suddenly assumed by the Presi- every student of political science, whether lay dent is cause for profound sorrow. That the or professional, to express himself with no un- man whose public career has so often won the certain utterance upon this vastly-important admiration of the judicious should have become subject. Every university professor, every the aggressive leader of the reckless and the member of the literary fraternity, every news- unthinking, that the man who has stood so paper not abandoned to sensationalism, every steadfastly for the higher morality of political preacher who can get away from his theology, action should have ranged himself among the every influential citizen of every community, advocates of the lower morality of opportunism, should exert his influence in a way that, even that the man whom we have loved most for the though immediate danger be past, will aid in enemies he has made, whom we thought could correcting public sentiment and in preventing be trusted to stand like a rock in the defence the recurrence of a popular furor so opposed of a nobler Americanism than is dreamed of to the peace and dignity of our country and to in the blatant philosophy of the demagogue, the welfare of the world. It is easier, doubt- that this man of all men should place himself less, to swim with the current of the emotional shoulder to shoulder with the Lodges and the politics of the hour, or to stand aloof with a Chandlers and the Morgans, and join with them cynical disregard of the vagaries of popular in the insensate jingoism which is their chief sentiment; but neither attitude is worthy of the political stock in trade, is a shock from which high-minded American, and neither is possible the sober-minded will not soon recover. The to one having a full consciousness of what it verdict of history will, we trust, deal kindly means to be a citizen of the Republic whose with President Cleveland on account of the mission is more deeply significant for the future downright manliness with which he has so fre- hopes of mankind than that of any other nation quently put the politicians to shame; but it I known to history. 1896.] 7 THE DIAL that has earned us more glory than the conquest of the sam THE BRITISH AUTHORS' APPEAL. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORLD'S CONGRESS PUBLICATIONS. On the day before Christmas there was printed in the London papers an address from British au- Ever since the close of the World's Congress season, thors to their American brethren, pleading for a inquiries have been received from different parts of the union of effort in behalf of peace between the two world for definite information concerning the publica- tions wbich have been or will be made of the proceed- countries. The appeal was signed, it is stated, by thirteen hundred names – including those of Sirine auto pieces Wereldes Comeresses held at Chicago under Walter Besant, Hon. John Morley, Mr. John Rus World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; and such in- kin, Sir Edwin Arnold, Mr. George Meredith, Prof. quiries still continue. While no general and complete W. E. H. Lecky, Sir Wm. M. Conway, Mr. R. D. publication of the proceedings of the Congresses bas Blackmore, Mr. William Black, Mr. Alfred Austin, yet been obtained, many special publications relating to Mr. Hall Caine, and Mr. Rider Haggard. Only particular Congresses have been issued in various quar- portions of the address have as yet reached this ters, but no full list of such publications has hitherto country; these are as follows: appeared. I have therefore thought it well to prepare and send to THE DIAL a brief Bibliography of the “At this crisis in the history of the Anglo-Saxon World's Congress Publications which have thus far come race, there are two paths. One leads we know not to my knowledge, believing that such an account would whither, but in the end through war, with all its accom- be of much interest, not only to the nearly six thousand paniments of carnage, unspeakable suffering, and hid- active participants in the Congresses, but also to the eous desolation, to the inevitable sequel of hatred, bit- much larger number of those who attended the sessions terness, and disruption of our race. It is this path we or were otherwise concerned in the proceedings. These ask you to join us in an effort to make impossible. Not publications have been issued so quietly and separately on the grounds of political equity do we address you, that very few persons can have obtained any adequate but we are united to you by many ties. We are proud idea of their number and extent. In addition, thou- sands of articles have appeared in the public press, from which volumes might be compiled, showing that by com- vast American continent by the Anglo-Saxon race. mon consent the World's Congresses of 1893 were the When our pride is humbled by a report of something crowning achievement of what Prof. Max Müller calls that you do better than ourselves, it is also uplifted by “the mighty Columbian Exposition." the consciousness that you are our kith and kin. « There is no anti-American feeling among English- For convenience of reference and inquiry, the several men. It is impossible there can be any anti-English publications are classified in the departments of the feeling among Americans. For two such nations to Congresses to which they respectively belong, and the take up arms would be civil war, not differing from entries are arranged not in chronological order but in your calamitous struggle of thirty years ago, except that the alphabetical order of the various departments, and the cause would be immeasurably less humane, less are consecutively numbered. tragic, and less inevitable. AGRICULTURE. “If war should occur between England and Amer- (Embracing Animal Industry and Real Estate, as well as ica, English literature would be dishonored and disfig- Vegetable Products.) ured for a century to come. Patriotic songs, histories of 1. The World's Fisheries Congress, Chicago, 1893. Govern- victory and defeat, records of humiliation and disgrace, ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1894 ; 4to, pp. 417. 2. The World's Forestry Congress of 1893. Printed in the stories of burning wrongs and unavenged insult-these proceedings of the American Forestry Association, Washing- would be branded deep in the hearts of our people. ton, D. C., 1894-95, Vol. 10; 8vo, pp. 183. They would so express themselves, in poems, novels, 3. Proceedings of the Veterinary Congress, Chicago, Octo- and plays, as to make it impossible for any of us who ber 16-20, 1893. Edited by W. Horace Hoskins, D.V.S. live through the fratricidal war to take up again the for Printed for the Association, Philadelphia, 1894; 8vo, pp. 381. mer love and friendship for the united Anglo-Saxon race 4. The Horticultural Congress of 1893. Partial publication, that owns the great names of Cromwell, Washington, comprising papers and discussions on Selection in Seed Grow- Nelson, Gordon, Grant, Shakespeare, and Milton. There ing. W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, 1894 ; 12mo, pp.59. is for this race such a future as no other race has had 5. Real Estate Congress, 1893. Partial publication, con- sisting of extracts from papers read in relation to the Torrens in the history of the world; a future that will be built System of Registration and Transfer of Title to Real Estate. on the confederation of sovereign States living in the M. M. Yeakle, Editor. The Torrens Press, Rufus Blanch- strength of the same liberty. ard, 169 Randolph St., Chicago, 1894; 8vo, pp. 256. “We appeal to all writers in the United States to ART. exercise their far-reaching influence to save our litera 6. The World's Congress of Architects, 1893. Printed with ture from dishonor and our race from lasting injury." the proceedings of the Twenty-seventh Annual Convention of The address in full will be awaited with much the American Institute of Architects. Edited by Alfred Stone. Inland Architect Press, Chicago, 1893; large 8vo, interest in this country. The reaction in public sentiment has probably rendered unnecessary any 7. The World's Photographic Congress, 1893. Partial pub- formal response, though there is little doubt as to lication ; selected papers printed by the Chicago Legal News Co., Chicago, 1893; 8vo, pp. 79. what the spirit of that response would be. Nor can this manly and brotherly appeal fail of being a COMMERCE AND FINANCE. 8. The World's Congress of Bankers and Financiers, 1893. great influence for good in any future emergency Edited by Lyman J. Gage, Chairman of the Congress. Rand, threatening the peaceful relations of the two coun McNally & Co., Chicago, 1893; 8vo, pp. 611. tries. 9. The World's Railway Commerce Congress, 1893. Edited pp. 273. 8 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL by Horace R. Hobart. Printed by the “Railway Age and 1893. Printed by M. N. Forney, editor “ American Engi- Northwestern Reporter," Chicago, 1893 ; 8vo, pp. 265. neer," 47 Cedar St., New York, 1894 ; 8vo, pp. 429. 10. The World's Columbian Water Commerce Congress, 28. The Literary Product of the International Engineering Chicago, 1893. Edited by William Watson, Secretary. Dam Congresses of 1893; by E. L. Corthell, M. Am. Soc. C. E., rell & Upham, 34 Washington St., Boston, 1894 ; 8vo, pp. 473. Chairman Committee of Organization, etc. Printed in the 11. The Building and Loan Association Congress, 1893. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. Printed by the “Financial Review and American Building XXI., and in separate pamphlet ; 127 E. 23d St., New York, Association News,” Chicago, 1894; 12mo, pp. 205. 1895; 8vo, pp. 8. LITERATURE. EDUCATION. 29. The World's Philological Congress, 1893. Twenty-three 12. Proceedings of the World's Congress of Instructors of papers printed in the Transactions of the American Philo the Deaf, etc., July 17-24, 1893. Published as a supplement logical Association for 1893, Vol. XIV.; Ginn & Co., Boston ; to the “American Annals of the Deaf,” Washington, D. C., 8vo, pp. 205. 1893; 8vo, pp. 300. 30. Four papers printed in “Dialect Notes," Part VI.; J. S. 13. The World's Congress of the Deaf, July 18-22, 1893. Cushing & Co., Boston, 1893; 8vo, pp. 19. Printed by the National Association of the Deaf; Thomas 31. Two papers printed in the publications of the Modern Francis Fox, Chairman of the Committee on Publication ; Language Association of America, Vol. VIII., No. 3; Vol. Chicago, 1894; 8vo, pp. 282. IX., No. 2; 8vo, total pp. 284. 14. The World's Congress on University Extension. Par 32. The World's Historical Congress, 1893. Twenty-six tial Publication ; two leading papers printed in “University papers printed in the Annual Report of the American Histor- Extension,” Philadelphia, July, 1893 ; 8vo, pp. 26. ical Society for 1893 ; Smithsonian Institution, Washington; 15. The International Geographic Conference, Chicago, Government Printing Office, 1894 ; Svo, pp. 499. July 27-28, 1893. Printed in Vol. V., “National Geographic MEDICINE. Magazine," pp. 97-257. National Geographic Society, Wash- ington, D. C.; 8vo, pp. 160. 33. The World's Dental Congress, 1893. First report 16. The Emma Willard Association Reunion, Chicago, 1893. printed in “Dental Cosmos” for September, 1893. S.S. White Printed by the Association; Sarah A. Spellman, Secretary, Dental Manufacturing Co., Philadelphia ; 8vo, pp. 427. 121 Willow St., Brooklyn, N. Y.; 8vo, pp. 93. 34. Official Report of the World's Columbian Dental Con- 17. The World's Stenographic Congress, 1893. Proceedings gress. Edited by A. W. Harlan, A.M.M.D., D.D.S., and printed in the "National Stenographer" for July, Angust, Louis Ottoby, D.D.S. Knight, Leonard & Co., Chicago, 1894 ; and September, 1893; Isaac S. Dement, 323 Dearborn St., 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 1068. Chicago ; large 8vo, pp. 157. Papers omitted from this pub- 35. Transactions of the World's Congress of Homeopathic lication (total 116) printed in the " Illustrated Phonographic Physicians and Surgeons, 1893. Published by the American World” for December, 1893, and January and February, 1894; Institute of Homepathy; edited by its General Secretary, 45 Liberty St., New York ; 8vo, pp. 9. Pemberton Dudley, M.D. Printed by Sherman & Co., 7th 18. Proceedings of the Educational Congresses of the second and Cherry Sts., Philadelphia, 1894 ; large 8vo, pp. 1109. week (embracing sixteen General Divisions, in charge of the 36. The World's Congress of Eclectic Physicians and Sur- National Educational Association of the United States, and geons, 1893. Printed with the Transactions of the National Hon. William T. Harris, U.S. Commissioner of Education.) Eclectic Medical Association of the U.S. for 1893. Chronicle Published by the Association, New York, 1894 ; large 8vo, pp. Publishing Co., Orange, N. J., 1894; 8vo, pp. 708. 1005. MORAL AND SOCIAL REFORM. 19. The Congress of Education at Chicago; by Gabriel 37. The International Congress of Charities, Correction, Compayré, “Revue Pedagogique,” Paris. Translated for the and Philanthropy, 1893. The Johns Hopkins Press, Balti- National Bureau of Education, by Dr. William T. Harris, and more, 1894; the Scientific Press, Limited, 428 Strand, Lon- printed in “ Education" for May, 1894. Casson & Palmer, don, W. C., 1894 ; 5 vols., 50 Bromfield St., Boston ; 8vo, pp. 7. 38. The Waif-Savers' Congress, 1893. Proceedings printed 20. The Educational Congresses at Chicago in 1893; by N. in the "American Youth," Chicago, October 28, 1893; esti- G. W. Lagerstedt, Stockholm, 1893 ; 8vo, pp. 20. mated 8vo, pp. 40. Music. ENGINEERING. 39. The Illinois Music Teachers Association in the Musical 21. The International Civil Engineering Congress, 1893. Congresses of 1893. Published by the Association ; H. S. Per- Printed in the Transactions of the American Society of Civil kins, Pres., 26 Van Buren St., Chicago, 1895 ; 12mo, pp. 40. Engineers; F. Collingwood, Secretary, 127 E. 23d St., New PUBLIC HEALTA. York, 1893; two vols., 8vo, with plates, pp. 1652. 22. The International Mechanical Engineering Congress, 40. The World's Public Health Congress of 1893. Printed 1893. Printed by the American Society of Mechanical Engi- for the American Public Health Association, by the Repub- neers; Prof. F. R. Hutton, Secretary, 12 W. 31st St., New lican Press Association, Concord, N. H., 1894; 8vo, pp. 357. York, 1893; 8vo, with plates, pp. 870. RELIGION. 23. The International Mining Engineering Congress, and 41. The World's Parliament of Religions, Chicago, 1893 ; by the Metallurgical Engineering Congress, 1893. Printed in the Rev. John Henry Barrows, D.D., Chairman of the General Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers ; Committee on Religious Congresses; Parliament Publishing R. W. Raymond, Secretary, 13 Burling Slip, New York, 1894; Co., Chicago, 1893 ; 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 1600. (Part IV., compris- 8vo, with plates, pp. 1465. ing the last 220 pages of Vol. II., contains a brief account of 24. The International Military Engineering Congress, 1893. the separate Congresses of some of the leading religious de- Printed as Senate Ex. Doc. No. 119, Fifty-third Congress, sec nominations.) ond session ; Government Printing Office, Washington, 1894 ; 42. The World's Columbian Catholic Congress, 1893; J. S. 8vo, with plates, pp. 973. Hyland & Co., Chicago, 1893 ; large 8vo, pp. 202. Published 25. The International Congress on Marine and Naval Engi in connection with a history of the Catholic Educational Ex- neering and Naval Architecture, 1893. Edited by G. W. Mel hibit, etc., and an epitome of Catholic Church Progress in the ville, Engineer in Chief, U. S. Navy, etc. John Wiley & United States ; total pp. 713. Sons, 53 E. 10th St., New York, 1894; 2 vols., 8vo, with plates, 43. Judaism at the World's Parliament of Religions, 1893; pp. 1331. comprising the papers on Judaism read at the Parliament, at 26. The International Congress on Engineering Education, the Jewish Denominational Congress, and at the Jewish Pre- 1893. Published by the Society for the Promotion of Engi sentation. Published by the Union of American Hebrew Con- neering Education ; edited by De Volson Wood, Ira O. Baker, gregations. Robt. Clarke Co., Cincinnati, 1894 ; 8vo, pp. 418. and A. B. Johnston ; Washington University, St. Louis, 1894 ; 44. The Jewish Women's Congress, held at Chicago, Sep- 8vo, pp. 299. tember 4-7, 1893. The Jewish Publication Society of Amer- 27. The International Conference on Aëriel Navigation, ica, Philadelphia, 1894; 8vo, pp. 268. pp. 2148. 1896.] 9 THE DIAL 45. The Columbian Congress of the Universalist Church. Papers and addresses at the Congress. Universalist Publish- ing House, Boston and Chicago, 1894; 12mo, pp. 361. 46. The Congress of the Evangelical Association; a com- plete edition of the papers presented, Sept. 19-21, 1893. Ed- ited by Rev. G. C. Knobel, M.A., D.D., Secretary of the Committee of Organization, etc. Published by Thomas & Mattill, Cleveland, 1894 ; large 12mo, pp. 333. 47. Friends' Congress (Liberal), 1893. Friends' Presenta- tion in the Parliament of Religions, and proceedings in their Denominational Congress ; ninth month, 19-23. Printed by W. B. Conkey & Co., Chicago; 8vo, pp. 147. 48. Friends' Congress (Orthodox), 1893. Proceedings printed in the “Christian Worker," Vol. XXIII., Nos. 39, 40, 41. Publishing Association of Friends, Central Union Block, Chi- cago, 1893 ; estimated 8vo, pp. 50. 49. The New Jerusalem in the World's Religious Congresses of 1893. Edited by Rev. L. P. Mercer; Western New Church Union, Chicago, 1894 ; small 8vo, pp. 454. 50. The Woman's Branch of the New Jerusalem Church Congress of 1893. “Round Table Talks." Western New Church Union, Chicago, 1895; 12mo, pp. 290. 51. Review of the World's Religious . Congresses of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. By Rev. L. P. Mercer, Member General Committee of Organization, Rand, McNally & Co., Chicago, 1893 ; 12mo, pp. 334. 52. The Methodist Church Congress of 1893. Proceedings printed in the “Northwestern Christian Advocate,” October 4, 1893, Chicago; estimated 8vo, pp. 168. 53. The Evangelical Alliance Congress of 1893. Christianity Practically Applied. Discussions of the International Chris- tian Conference, held in Chicago, October 8-14, 1893; edited by Rev. Josiah Strong, D.D., General Sec'y, etc. The Baker & Taylor Co., 5 E. 16th St., New York; 2 vols., 8vo, pp. 1026. 54. The World's Congress of Religions. Edited by Prof. C. M. Stevens, Ph.D., with an Introductional Review by Rev. H. W. Thomas, D.D.; Laird & Lee, Chicago, 1894 ; 12mo, pp. 363. 55. The World's Congress of Religions; with an Introduc- tion by Rev. Minot G. Savage. Arena Publishing Co., Boston, 1893; 12mo, pp. 428. 56. A Chorus of Faith, as Heard in the Parliament of Re- ligions, with an Introduction by Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones, D.D. Unity Publishing Co., Chicago, 1893; 12mo, pp. 333. 57. The World's Congress of Missions, 1893; Missions at Home and Abroad. Papers and Addresses compiled by Rev. E. M. Wherry, D.D., Corresponding Secretary. Partial pub- lication. American Tract Society, 10 E. 23d St., New York, 1895 ; 12mo, pp. 486. 58. The Woman's Missionary Congress of 1893. Woman in Missions. Papers and Addresses presented at the Woman's Congress on Missions, October, 1883; compiled by Rev. E. M. Wherry, D.D. Partial publication. American Tract Society, 10 E. 23d St., New York, 1894; 12mo, pp. 229. 59. The Young Men's Christian Association Congress of 1893. Proceedings printed in the “Young Men's Era,” Vol. XIX., 1176, 1226, 1233, Chicago, 1893 ; quarto, pp. 15; esti- mated 8vo, pp. 30. 60. The Free Religious Association Congress, 1893. Pro- ceedings printed with those of the Twenty-sixth Annual Meet- ing of the Free Religious Association of America, auxiliary to the World's Parliament of Religions. Published by the Free Religious Association, Boston, 1893; 8vo, pp. 102. 61. The Theosophical Congress, held by the Theosophical Society at the Parliament of Religions, American Section Headquarters T.S., 144 Madison Ave., New York, 1893; 8vo, ited by Prof. Walter R. Houghton. F. T. Neely, Chicago, 1893; large 8vo, pp. 1001. 65. The Congress of Religions at Chicago in 1893; by G. Bonet-Maury, Professor of the Faculty of Protestant Theol- ogy of Paris ; 79 Boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris, 1895; with 14 portraits, 12mo, pp. 346. 66. The Catholic Congress and the World's Religious Con- gresses at Chicago in 1893; by Michal Zmigrodzki, Krakow, Austria; Polish ; 8vo, pp. 86. Separate Papers Published.— Many papers read at the Religious Congresses have been separately pub. lished, but only a few of them can be included here: 67. The Reunion of Christendom ; a paper for the Parlia- ment of Religions, by Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D.; Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1893 ; 8vo, pp. 45. 68. An Exposition of Confucianism ; prepared for the Par- liament of Religions by Pung Kwang Yu, Secretary to the Imperial Chinese Legation at Washington, and Delegate to the World's Congress Auxiliary; printed by David Oliphant, Chicago, 1893; 8vo, pp. 50. 69. Outlines of the Doctrines of the Nichiren Sect, by Nis- satsu Arai ; with the life of Nichiren, founder of the Sect. Printed for the Nichiren Sect, Tokyo, Japan, 1893; 8vo, pp. 18. 70. Unity and Ethics and Harmony in Religions ; based on the Old and New Testaments and the Koran, by Christophore Jibara, Archimandrite of the Apostolic and Patriarchal Throne of the Orthodox Church in Syria, etc. Translated from the Arabic by Anthon F. Habdad, B.A., President Col. lege of Beirut; together with a letter addressed to the World's Congress of Religions. Acton Publishing Co., New York, 1893 ; 8vo, pp. 57. 71. The Divine Wisdom of the Indian Rishis; or the Es. sence of the Hidden Vedic Truths and Yoga Philosophy. Originally written for the World's Religious Parliament, by Swami Shivgan Chand; Oriental Press, Lahore, India, 1894 ; 8vo, pp. 96. Noteworthy Articles in Periodicals. Among the many noteworthy magazine and kindred articles in relation to the Parliament of Religions, it is thought the following should appear in this Bibliography: 72. The Congress of Religions in Chicago, by Prince Serge Wolkonsky. The “European Messenger," St. Petersburg, Russia, March, 1895 ; 8vo, pp. 25. 73. The Real Significance of the World's Parliament of Re- ligions, by Prof. F. Max Müller; "The Arena,” December, 1894; 8vo, pp. 14. 74. Results of the Parliament of Religions, by Rev. John Henry Barrows, D.D., Chairman of the Parliament; "The Forum," September, 1894 ; large 8vo, pp. 14. 75. The Parliament of Religions in America, by Emilio Cas- telar, formerly President of the Spanish Republic. "The Independent," New York, May 31, 1894; folio, pp. 3. 76. The Parliament of Religions, by Rev. George Dana Boardman, D.D., LL.D.; "The Independent," New York, Dec. 27, 1894 ; Jan. 10, 1895 ; folio, pp. 10. 77. The Congress of Religions, by George Washburn, D.D., President of Robert College, Constantinople, Turkey. “The Independent," New York, Jan. 24, 1893 ; folio, pp. 2. 78. The Parliament of Religions, by Rev. Henry H. Jes- sup, D.D., of Beirut, Syria ; The Outcome of the Parliament of Religions, by Prof. George E. Post, of Beirut, Syria ; Chris- tianity in the Parliament of Religions, by Rev. James S. Den- nis. “The Evangelist," New York, Feb. 7, 1893; folio, pp. 5. 79. The World's Religious Congresses of 1893, by Rev. Simeon Gilbert, D.D., and Prof. F. Max Müller; “Review of the Churches,” Nov. 1893, New York; 8vo, pp. 9. 80. The Genesis of the Religious Congresses of 1893, by the President of the World's Congress Auxiliary. New Church Review," January, 1894; “New Church Union," Boston ; 8vo, pp. 28. 81. The World's Parliament of Religions, by the President of the World's Congresses of 1893; and the World's Relig. ious Parliament Extension, by Paul Carus, Ph.D.; "The Monist," April, 1895. Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago; 8vo, pp. 33. pp. 195. 62. The Christian Science Congress of 1893. Report printed in the "Christian Science Journal” of November, 1893. Chris- tian Science Publishing Co., 62 Boylston St., Boston ; 8vo, pp. 34. 63. The World's Congress of Religions; Addresses and Papers delivered before the Parliament, and an Abstract of the Denominational Congresses ; edited by J. W. Hanson, D.D.; W.B.Conkey & Co., Chicago, 1894 ; large 8vo, pp. 1196. 64. Neely's History of the Parliament of Religions and Re- ligious Congresses at the World's Columbian Exposition. Ed- 10 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY. IN COURSE OF PUBLICATION. 82. The World's Congress on Astronomy and Astro-Physics, 98. Musical Congresses. Proceedings of the National Music 1893 ; Twenty-one papers published in “Astronomy and Astro Teachers Association ; Prof. H. S. Perkins, 26 Van Buren St., Physics" for October, November, and December, '93; and Chicago. January, February, and March, '94. Carleton College, 99. Religion. Congress of the Reformed Church in the Northfield, Minn.; Wesley & Co., 28 Essex St., Strand, Lon United States; Rev. Ambrose Schmidt, 216 Shady Ave., Pitts- don ; large 8vo, pp. 97. burg, Pa. 83. Memoirs of the International Congress of Anthropology, 100. Science. Mathematical Congress; in press for the 1893. Edited by C. Staniland Wake. Schulte Publishing Co., American Mathematical Society; Macmillan & Co., New York. Chicago, 1894 ; 8vo, pp. 375. 101. Literature. The Librarians Congress of 1893; F. A. 84. The World's Congress on Chemistry, 1893 ; Proceedings Hild, Chairman Committee of Organization, Chicago Public printed in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Library. commencing in No. 6 of Vol. XV., and extending into Vol. 102. Medicine. The Pharmaceutical Congress of 1893; XVI. Edited by Edward Hart, J. H. Long, and Edgar F. Prof. Oscar Oldberg, Editor, 2425 Dearborn St., Chicago. Smith. Chemical Publishing Co., Easton, Pa.; 8vo, pp. 420. Among the Congresses whose proceedings are still 85. The International Meteorological Congress. Published unpublished are those on the Public Press, Medico- by authority of the Secretary of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C., 1894–95; Parts I. and II.; 8vo, pp. 583. Climatology, Medical Jurisprudence, Social Purity, Hu- (Publication not completed.) mane Societies, Insurance, Authors, Ceramic Art, Dec- 86. Procedings of the International Electrical Congress, orative Art, Painting and Sculpture, Civil Service Chicago, August 21-25, '93. Published by the American Reform, City Government, Jurisprudence and Law Re- Institute of Electrical Engineers, 12 W. 31st St., New York, form, Patents and Trade Marks, Suffrage, Proportional 1894 ; 8vo, pp. 489. Representation, Africa, Geology, Zoology, Evolution, 87. The World's Psychical Science Congress, 1893. Forty Social and Economic Science, Profit Sharing, Weights papers printed in “Religo-Philosophical Journal,” Chicago, and Measures, Single Tax, Labor, Farm Culture, Bird August 26, '93, to October 13, '94 ; estimated 8vo, pp. 540. Culture, Good Roads, Farm Life and Mental Culture, SUNDAY-Rest. General Education, College and University Students, 88. The Sunday problem; its Present Aspects, Physiologi Manual and Art Education, Kindergarten Education, cal, Industrial, Social, Political, and Religious. Papers pre- Representative Youth, University Extension, Education sented at the International Congress on Sunday-Rest, Chi- of the Blind, Chautauqua Education, College Frater- cago, Sept. 28–30, 1893. James H. Earl, 178 Washington St., Boston, 1894 ; 12mo, pp. 338. nities, Social Settlements, Higher Education, Colored Educators. These Educational Congresses were all of TEMPERANCE. the first series; the proceedings of the second series are 89. The World's Temperance Congresses of 1893. Edited by J. N. Stearns. National Temperance Publishing House, fully published in the volume hereinbefore noted. The 58 Reade St., New York, '93; two vols., 8vo, pp. 1029. proceedings of many of the Religious Congresses are 90. The World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union also still unpublished. Congress, October, 1893. The Temple, Chicago, 1894 ; 8vo, The preliminary publications of the World's Congress Auxiliary, consisting of Announcements by the Presi- 91. The World's Vegetarian Congress of 1893. Edited by dent and Preliminary Addresses by the Committees of Charles Forward. Printed in the “Hygenic Review" for Organization, make a volume of 1388 octavo pages; and October, '93. Memorial Hall, Farrington St., London, E. C.; the World's Congress Programmes, prepared and printed large 8vo, pp. 222. for the several Congresses, make a volume of 1002 oc- WOMAN'S PROGRESS. tavo pages. Most of these Preliminary Publications 92. The World's Congress of Representative Women. Ed- and Programmes are now out of print. ited by May Wright Sewall, Chairman Committee of Organi- zation. Rand, McNally & Co., Chicago, 1894; 2 vols., pp. 938. These special publications relating to the various Con- gresses have tended rather to increase than to satisfy GENERAL PUBLICATIONS. the demand for a general and complete publication of (Publications relating to the Congresses in general.) the proceedings. Those who took part in a Congress 3. Report of Marquis Louis de Chasseloup-Laubat, Civil in one of the departments naturally have a desire to Engineer, Special Commissioner to the World's Congresses of know what was accomplished in the other Congresses, 1893, etc., under the direction of M. Camille Krantz, Com- missioner General of the French Republic to the World's not only of their own department, but also of the whole Columbian Exposition; to the Minister of Commerce and In- great series which opened on May 15 and closed on dustry, etc. Paris, National Chambers, 1894 ; 4to, pp. 400. October 28 of the Columbian year. 94. Report of the British Royal Commission on the Chicago For the most part, the publications which have thus Exhibition of 1893, by Sir Richard E. Webster, G.C.M.G., far appeared represent the self-sacrificing zeal of inter- Q.C., M.P., Chairman, and Sir Henry Trueman Wood, M.A., ested societies. In many cases, the editions are limited Secretary. Including a brief account of the World's Con- to the needs of the members, leaving none to supply the gresses in general, and of the Electrical Congress in particu- general public. In some cases, as the list shows, the lar, with a list of the British representatives in the Congresses. Printed in the “Journal of the Society of Arts" for May, publications are not in suitable form for international '94, London; large 8vo, double column, pp. 65. use. Hence, while enough has been done to secure the 95. Review of the Congresses held under the World's Con- historic perpetuity of the immense work accomplished gress Auxiliary of the World's Columbian Exposition, at Chi in the World's Congresses of 1893, the need still re- cago, in 1893; by Michael Zmigrodzki ; Krakow, Austria, mains for an appropriate Governmental edition of the 1895 ; Polish, 8vo, pp. 105. proceedings of the various Congresses for distribution 96. The World's Congress Auxiliary and the Congresses among the governments, colleges, universities, and lead- held under its auspices. The "Book of the Fair''; Bancroft ing public libraries of the countries which participated Co., Chicago; Chap. V., Part II., pp. 69–77; Chap. VI., Part in the World's Columbian Exposition. This is required III., pp. 97-98; Chap. XXVI., Part XXIV., pp. 921-955; total folio, pp. 43-8vo, pp. 172. alike by the general welfare of the American people 97. The World's Congress Auxiliary and the World's Con- and the just obligations of international courtesy. gresses of 1893 ; "The Dial," Chicago, December, 1892, July, CHARLES C. BONNEY. August, September, and November, '93. President of the World's Congresses. pp. 302. . 1896.] 11 THE DIAL STRUCTION.* the government to the year 1861 threats of dis- The New Books. union, sometimes in the North and sometimes in the South, were not unfrequently heard, and THE LAW AND LOGIC OF RECON that at no time during this period was the pub- lic mind free from apprehension on the subject. In the preface to his work on “ Reconstruc- In dealing with the relation of the states to tion during the Civil War," Mr. Scott informs the general government, Mr. Scott devotes sev- his readers that he intends to write the polit- eral chapters to the formation of parties and ical history of the period of Reconstruction, and that the present work is merely preliminary to licans which resulted in the triumph of Jeffer- that undertaking. It will be found an exceed- son. These chapters are particularly instruct- ingly suggestive and stimulating contribution to ive and interesting ; but the growth of the idea the study of American politics. In dealing with of union kept pace with that of state sover- the colonies prior to the Revolution, the author eignty. This is shown in his discussion of the shows how constantly they kept in view the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and in the great idea of their absolute separateness and equal speech of Webster in reply to Hayne in 1830, ity, and with what tenacity they clung to the which voiced the growing sentiment of union principle of local self-government. These ideas and gave it a fresh impulse by his masterly and continued to dominate them during the period eloquent presentation of the subject. In his of the Stamp Act and that which followed, inaugural address of 1861, anticipating the tri- covering the Congresses of 1774 and 1775. umph of our arms, Mr. Lincoln declared that Prior to 1776, the idea of a union of the col. “no state, upon its own mere motion, can law. onies found no favor whatever; and when the fully get out of the union ; that resolves and course of the mother country finally compelled ordinances to that effect are legally void ; and them to consider the question of their common that acts of violence, within any state or states, defense, the policy of surrendering their sep against the authority of the United States, are arateness and sovereignty in any degree to the insurrectionary or revolutionary, according to necessity of union was accepted with manifest circumstances.” Mr. Scott quotes these words, hesitation and reluctance. Mr. Scott shows the and the resolution of July 22, 1861, that this strength and persistency of this feeling in deal- war is not waged in any spirit of oppression, or ing with the Articles of Confederation, the for any purpose of conquest or subjugation, or Ordinance of 1787, the formation of the Con purpose of overthrowing or interfering with the stitution, and the Virginia and Kentucky Reso- rights or established institutions of those states, lutions of 1798-9; and it now seems an acci- but to defend and maintain the supremacy of dent that the Constitution was ever ratified. the Constitution, and to preserve the union with When adopted, it was everywhere understood all the dignity, equality, and rights of the sev- to be a compact; and this word was not intro- eral states unimpaired; and that as soon as duced by Calhoun at a later period, as asserted these objects are accomplished the war ought by Mr. Webster, but, like the term “ confed. to cease.” The Emancipation Proclamation of eracy," was a part of the current speech of the January 1, 1863, showed the irresistible march time. the of days which followed the adoption of the Con. yielded to the popular demand respecting the stitution,” says Mr. Scott, “ and fail to see that abolition of slavery. On the 8th of December secession from the Union, or rather the with following he issued his proclamation of amnesty, drawal and resumption of the states, of the providing a plan of reconstruction by which delegated powers, was the remedy in contem any seceded state might be restored to its place plation of the generation which made the Con- in the Union through the action of one-tenth of stitution ; that it was regarded as the logical its voters, as shown by the presidential election and natural remedy, and as the only remedy." If the Constitution had been construed by the tial plan of reconstruction, which Mr. Lincoln people as the creation of an indissoluble union, never relinquished, and which was afterwards its ratification would have been impossible ; and followed by President Johnson. Mr. Scott it is not surprising that from the beginning of gives an admirable sketch of the debates on this plan ; on the bill that followed, which passed * RECONSTRUCTION DURING THE CIVIL WAR IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. By Eben Greenough Scott. both Houses and embodied the congressional Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. plan of recorstruction; and on the refusal of 12 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL the President to sign the bill, and the vigorous for a guarantee implies a pre-existing govern- and incisive protest of Senator Wade and ment which had ceased to be republican, while Henry Winter Davis against his action. These all the seceded states had governments repub- debates are now matters of history; but they lican in form, which had been recognized as awakened among the people at the time the such by the United States from the beginning. most profound interest and solicitude, because Of the third plan of reconstruction, which they were understood to involve the vital issues was finally adopted by Congress, Mr. Scott of the war. That wide differences of opinion says: prevailed on the question of reconstruction was “Much more manly and less dangerous were those by no means surprising. It was a new ques- who asserted that the seceded states, by the act of seces- tion. Such a blending of the principle of local sion and by maintaining this secession by force of arms, had placed themselves outside of the Union, and had self-government and national union as was em become mere territories over which the federal govern- bodied in the Constitution of the United States ment might exercise the rights of conquest. They knew had never been known. When its complicated well that any policy which had for its foundations the mechanism was suddenly disrupted by an un- inequality of the states, the interference of the federal government in the affairs of a state within the Union expected catastrophe, the minds of men were the subordination of the civil to the military power, and necessarily bewildered in dealing with the work the abrogation of the rule of the majority, had no coun- of its restoration. It seemed as difficult as had tenance from anything within the four corners of the been its formation, and a precedent for action Constitution, and was in violation of the spirit as well as of the tenor of the bond of union. . This view was alike wanting in either case. But the ques- placed the states without the pale of the Union and the tion had to be met, and it demanded a solution Constitution; it made their soil conquered territory, to in the midst of a terrific struggle involving the be disposed of as the United States should think fit, life of the nation. and making the rebels belligerents, handed them over Three distinct plans of reconstruction were when conquered to the mercy of the federal govern- ment.” submitted to Congress, the first of which was inaugurated by Lincoln and championed by But Mr. Scott, nevertheless, condemns this him with zeal and pertinacity while he lived. plan quite as unsparingly as the two preceding Mr. Scott correctly says of it: ones. Taking his stand against all schemes of “It could not have had its origin in any provision of reconstruction as unwarranted by the Consti- the Constitution, for a new government was to be im- tution, he believes the rebels, when conquered, posed upon the state and not created by the people of had no duty to perform but to return to their the state; it was not therefore a popular government: government: allegiance, and that the government had no it was to be created, ostensibly, by a small fraction of right to prescribe any conditions whatever. He the people, one-tenth; it could not therefore be a gov- ernment of the majority, nor a republican form of gov- emphasizes the words of Lincoln : “ No state, ernment: and it was to be inaugurated and indefinitely upon its own mere motion, can lawfully get controlled by the army, and therefore was in violation out of the Union.” This is undoubtedly true; of the Constitutional principle which subordinates the but he does not say that it cannot do this un- military to the civil power.” lawfully. That an unlawful act cannot be done The next plan of reconstruction was sup- lawfully, is a simple truism; but the effect or ported by those members of the Republican consequence of such act presents another ques- party in Congress who maintained that the tion. tion. The saying, “ Once a state, always a states were in the Union in spite of secession, state,” is a mere legal fiction, like the state- but that their people by secession had forfeited ment of Chief Justice Chase that the govern- their federal rights, and were subject to the ment is "an indissoluble union of indestructi- supreme authority of Congress. Of this plan ble states.” The history of the world gives no of reconstruction Mr. Scott says that if its account of an indestructible state, or an indis- champions had followed it to its logical con soluble confederacy of states. Time and chance clusion they would have had to concede that pertain to everything that is human. Mr. Scott under any circumstances, those of reconstruc evidently agrees with a great party leader of tion included, their right of self-government the reconstruction period, that there was “no had survived inviolate, and therefore that their power in the federal government to punish the restoration depended upon themselves. And people of a state collectively, by reducing it to he shows that no help could be found in the a territorial condition, since the crime of trea- clause of the Constitution declaring that “the son is individual, and can only be treated indi- United States shall guarantee to every state in vidually.” A rebellious state would thus be- this Union a republican form of government”; come independent. If her people could right- 1896.] 13 THE DIAL fully be overpowered by the national authority, Alict. The nation had the right to prescribe that fact would at once re-clothe them with all just such conditions as it saw fit, looking to their rights. Congress could prescribe no con indemnity for the past and security for the ditions, because this would be to recognize the future. In doing this it violated no article or states as territories, and violate the principle clause of the Constitution, but was governed of state rights. This view made our war for by the laws of war recognized by all civilized the Union Alagrantly unconstitutional ; for if governments, and by the Constitution itself. the crime of treason was “individual,” and Nobody violated it but the parties who defied could only be treated " individually,” the Fed its authority and compelled the nation to defend eral government had no right to hold prisoners itself against the attempt upon its own life. of war, seize property, and capture and confis- To argue that the men who carried on this cate vessels ; for every rebel was in the full work of devastation for four years in the name legal possession of his political rights, and of State Rights should be allowed at the end could only be prevented from exercising them of the conflict to set up State Rights as a bar through a judicial conviction of treason in the to their accountability and a reason for their district in which the overt act was committed. unconditional restoration to power, was a mock- Mr. Scott misconceives the character of the ery of justice and an affront to common sense. plan of reconstruction he so earnestly con It is perhaps superfluous to say that the bias demns. While it does not recognize the re of this volume is Southern. This is shown in volted districts or states in the Union, it deals the author's treatment of the Missouri Com. with their people as subject to the authority of promise, of the Virginia and Kentucky Reso the United States. As citizens of the United As citizens of the United lutions of 1798–9, and the question of Recon- States, they could no more escape their obliga struction. The work, however, is written in a tions than they could run away from their own spirit of fairness, giving the argument on both shadows. Through their treason and rebellion sides of important questions, and thus helping they lost their rights under the Union, but the the reader to a just conclusion. It will serve Union lost none of its rights over them. They a good purpose in the political education of the did not and could not destroy the Union, or people. GEORGE W. JULIAN. even abandon it, but simply forfeited their rights under it and thus subjected themselves to the coercive authority of the nation. When they ceased to be a mere mob, and became pub THE PROCESSES OF CELL-LIFE.* lic enemies, this fact did not, as Mr. Scott sup Professor Patrick Geddes has lately pro- poses, “ do away with their character as crim- posed the name Bionomics to designate what inals and render punishment after subjection has been vaguely termed the science of organic out of the question,” because the law of nations evolution. In this sense, Bionomics would be determines the rights of nations in such cases, the science which treats of the changes and and one of these rights is the right of self- adaptations in living beings, and the laws that preservation. govern them. This term Bionomics seems to We admit that if the rebellion had been me a very desirable one, and the science which nipped in the bud, or had been abandoned be- it covers is one that draws material from every fore it assumed its gigantic proportions, no conceivable source of human knowledge. The reconstruction of the government would have fact that all our knowledge is human, and must, been necessary. The punishment of the leaders if expressed at all, be stated in terms of human might have been demanded, but nothing else experience, brings all of it into some bionomic would have been required but the return of the relation. The central question in Bionomics people in revolt to their allegiance. But when is that of the ancestry of the various groups, the conflict ceased to be any longer a mere and the influences which have caused them to insurrection against the national authority, and become what they are. The central idea in the took upon itself the character of a war with a study is that of life-adaptation ; and no influ- foreign power, as the Supreme Court of the United States decided, the insurgents became * AN ATLAS OF THE FERTILIZATION AND KARYOKINESIS OF THE Ovum. By Edmund B. Wilson, Ph.D., Professor of public enemies, and when conquered were the Invertebrate Zoology in Columbia College ; with the coöpera- conquered enemies of the United States and tion of Edward Leaming, M.D., F.R.P.S., Instructor in subject to the power of the conqueror, accord- Photography at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia College. New York: Published for the Columbia ing to the laws of war applicable to such a con University Press by Macmillan & Co. 14 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL ence. ence which can affect life in any way falls out chains of life tend to diverge, one from another; side the range of bionomic science. while the destruction of those links in the chain For the last fifteen years the most fruitful of organisms not fitted to the conditions of life line of research in the whole range of Bionom- tends by exclusion toward the perpetuation of ics has been that of the life processes of the those better adapted. cell, collectively known as Karyokinesis, and In some low types, the egg is capable of cell- in the relation of the cell-structures and func division and growth (Parthenogenesis) without tions to the laws of heredity. For the last the addition of the male element. Cross-fer- fifty years, since the discoveries of Schleiden tilization (Amphimisis) with its mixture of and Schwann of the cellular structure of ani- hereditary materials derived from different mals (1846), it has been recognized that the sources, is so useful in evolution that it has bodies of the higher animals, or metazoa, may virtually superseded Parthenogesis. Its im- be considered each as a colony or alliance of portance lies in this : that it is the chief factor one-celled animals. These are bound together in promoting individual variation. Through in relations of mutual help and mutual depend the survival of favorable variations result This alliance permits growth and spe- higher adaptation and specialization. In most cialization, increase in size and strength with a compound animals, the egg is incapable of physiological division of labor among the differ division or cleavage until it has been fertilized ent parts, each organ being made of coördinate by a germ-cell of the opposite sex, similarly cells gathered together into tissues. From each derived from the tissues of a living body. Fun- of these organized beings or aggregations of damentally, the egg and sperm-cell are alike in cells, single cells are thrown off for purposes of origin and character, and each bears the same reproduction. These germ-cells (ovum, sperma- relation to the phenomena of heredity. The tozoön) are in origin and nature similar to the ovum, by processes of adaptation, has become tissue cells of which the body is composed in the higher forms immovable, and charged Each, again, is essentially similar to the one with food substance. The sperm-cell is active, celled organisms, or Protozoa, the supposed and carries only its hereditary material and the ancestors of the many-celled types. The many- protoplasm necessary to its motion and main- celled body is derived from the ovum by a series tenance. of successive divisions, or cleavages; the egg All cells, whether germ-cells or not, consist, cell dividing into two, four, eight, and so on, omitting minor details, of protoplasm and nu- until a very large number of cells is produced. cleus. In the protoplasm-a network of jelly- These remain together, building up tissues and like substance in a fluid — the actions of cell- organs, until a period of maturity of the com life take place ; while the nucleus, itself inert, pound structure is reached. Then other germ- presides over or directs the results of these cells are detached, which pass through similar actions. Both Protoplasm and Nucleus are cycles of growth. Among the descendants of elaborate structures, not mere chemical com- each egg-cell, as stated by Professor Wilson, pounds, and in each the function depends upon “a certain number assume the character of the structure and not on chemical composition. In original egg-cell, are converted into ova, and the loops and bands of the chromatin, the es- thus form the point of departure for the follow- sential part of the nucleus, rests in some way ing generation. Every egg is therefore derived the plan of the growing organism, the ances- by a continuous and unbroken series of cell tral directive force, according to which the or- divisions from the egg of the preceding gen- ganism must develop. In each case of cell- eration, and so on backward through all pre- division, an elaborate mechanism (centrosome, ceding generations; it is normally destined to asters, etc.) is developed in the protoplasm, by form the first term in the series of cell-divisions means of which the chromatin is subdivided, extending indefinitely forward into the future.” each of its elaborate loops and tangles being In this point of view, the egg and the com equally shared between the two daughter cells pound individual into which it develops stand formed by self-cleavage. By this means each each as a link in an unbroken chain of life, resultant cell is like its mother cell in essential extending backward to life's beginning, what respects. But again, as an absolutely equal ever that may have been. For as each living division is unknown in nature, each daughter- egg-cell is cast off from living cell-structures cell has in some minute degree its own pecu- by processes of life, death has nowhere inter-liarities, its own individuality, apparently re- vened in any series which is now extant. These sulting from inequalities in the chromatin. 1896.] 15 THE DIAL These individual qualities, hidden in the de ume, “ Bahama Songs and Stories," that it is termining chromatin, will reappear in the com not at all the equal of Heli Chatelain's “ An- pound animal or individual into which the gola Tales.” It is, however, an interesting and germ-cell develops. valuable contribution to folk-lore. When the egg or sperm cell is mature and The lovely Bahamas are, strangely, but lit- ready for fertilization, it differs from the or tle known. They comprise more than three dinary cells from which it is derived by con thousand islands, most of which are very small. taining only half the usual amount of chroma The Main Island is from fifty to one hundred tin or hereditary material. It is, therefore, so miles long and from one to ten miles wide, far as heredity goes, a half-cell, containing only with little bills that rise to one hundred feet half the architect's plan, or hereditary direct in height covered with pine-trees of great size. ive force, according to which its development Seaward from it are the cays, a chain of islets, is to be governed. The process of fertilization repetitions in miniature of the main island, is the union of two balf-cells, by which each with smaller hills and stunted growth of shrubs half contributes its share of hereditary material. and little trees, and with cocoa palms. Beyond These become mingled together in the nucleus them lies the reef. Island, cays, reef, all are of the fertilized ovum, or cleavage-cell. This This coralline in origin. Color abounds everywhere: is then a new individual, and in its develop the vegetation is intensely green, the sea deeply ment it proceeds along the lines indicated by blue, the coral sand dazzling white. And here the mixed chromatin, and the forces of hered- there lives a curious population, pretty equally ity somehow resident in this. This mixture of composed of blacks and whites, with the former characters shows itself in the resultant individ- slowly but constantly gaining. Thus our author ual. In this sense, the individual begins life describes the land and the people. After a as a mosaic of ancestral fragments, diverse and brief but helpful sketch of their life and their sometimes contradictory as to details, with a ways, he presents their songs and their stories, fundamental basis of unity in the traits of spe - songs and stories of negroes, negroes speak- cies and race which have come down from many ing English, but English of a quaint cockney ancestors unchanged, and changeable only by sort, quite unlike the dialects among our South- very slow accretions or modifications. ern negroes. Funny indeed is it to find these Professor Edmund B. Wilson has rendered descendants of Africans dropping and misplac- a great service to teachers and students in the ing their h as if London born and bred. “ Hall publication of the splendid series of micropho- right, 'e 'as 'is ’ogs 'ere," would be quite a pos- tographs of these different processes. Hitherto sible sentence among the Jamaica blacks. And the student has had access only to descriptions their “vwas," "vw'en,” “ vwalk" are quite and diagrams. The latter are always too ex Wellerian. plicit for his best uses, inasmuch as they go Of songs, our author has collected forty beyond nature to someone's theory of what na- specimens, presenting music with the words. ture should be. In the forty photographic All of the pieces are religious in sentiment, plates in Professor Wilson's atlas, all phases of more or less sombre in sentiment and rendi- changes in the ovum are shown as they appear tion, more or less grotesque in form and ver- in fact, with only the small source of error aris bal content. Common among Common among these negroes is ing from the processes of staining. These are the practice of sitting up all night to sing, the accompanied by an admirably lucid text with occasion being either joyous or doleful. Mr. many diagrammatic figures explanatory of the Edwards describes the service of song - plates. DAVID STARR JORDAN. “ Held on the night when some friend is supposed to be dying. If the patient does not die, they come again the next night, and between the disease and the hymns FOLK SONGS AND STORIES OF THE the poor negro is pretty sure to succumb. The sing- BAHAMAS.* ers, men, women, and children, sit aronnd on the floor of the larger room of the hut and stand outside at the To expect the American Folk-Lore Society doors and windows, while the invalid lies upon the floor to actually maintain the high standard set by in the smaller room. Long into the night they sing its first memoir would be unreasonable ; and it their most mournful hymns and anthems' and only in the light of dawn do those who are left as chief mourn- is not unkind criticism to say of its third vol. ers silently disperse. . . . Each one of the dusky group, * BAHAMA SONGS AND STORIES. A Contribution to Folk as if by intuition, takes some part in the melody and the lore. By Charles L. Edwards. Memoirs of the American blending of all tone colors in the soprano, tenor, alto, Folk-Lore Society, No. III. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. and bass, without reference to the fixed laws of har. 16 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL ness. mony, makes such peculiarly touching music as I have never heard elsewhere." EURIPIDES THE RATIONALIST.* In an appendix upon Negro Music the author Naturally, a new book from Professor Ver- brings together a considerable amount of data rall is suggestive, stimulating, compelling re- and presents a bibliography of the subject. luctant assent at times, -as often, again, Thirty-eight Bahama stories are given. Many arousing eager opposition. He writes, as of them are very imperfect in sense and dis- usual, to break with accepted beliefs, and upon jointed in structure. This may be the result a question well worthy of discussion. That of the fact that children, and not adults, are the present essay, “Euripides the Rationalist," the usual narrators. There are two kinds of is particularly fragmentary, and anything but tales recognized, “old stories” and “fairy final, its author would probably be the first to stories." The former are chiefly animal tales, declare. Still, every real student of Greek analogous to the “Br'er Rabbit” stories of drama – indeed, every serious student of liter- “Uncle Remus." The latter are chiefly of re- ature should turn its leaves. cent introduction from English sources. Rather It is universally conceded that Euripides' curious is the variability of dialect; the same plots have nearly all a serious structural weak- word may be quite differently pronounced in Doubtless every reader since Aristo- successive sentences. The stories usually be phanes has objected particularly to the long gin and end with some set formula. The open- explanatory prologues, and to the spectacular ing is generally: finale wherein the “god from the machine" “Once it vwas a time, a very good time, cuts the knot which the dramatist, or his char- De monkey chewed tobacco an' 'e spit white lime." acters, failed to untie through the natural in- To which may be added : evitable progress of the action. It has been "Twa'nt my time, 't wa’nt you time; 't was old folks' time." noted, often, that these divine apparitions are The ending generally is : much less vigorous and realistic than the hu- man characters. It was not left for Mr. Ver- “E bo ban, my story's en'; If you doan believe my story's true rall first to point out, either, that all the men Hax my captain an' my crew. and women in, for instance, the “Hippolytos” Vw'en I die, bury me in a pot o' candle grease." are heroic, while all the divinities are ignoble. The three first lines are fixed; the fourth va- That such a drama seems a covert but deliber- ries. Space does not permit a detailed study ate attack upon the very existence of the pop- of the stories. The variant of the “ Tar Baby” ular gods, has also been often remarked. story is curious. So is Story XX., where we Euripides was certainly not in personal nor have “ Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves " done artistic harmony with the popular theology of into Bahama. “Big Claus and Little Claus” his time. He was forced into outward con- is terribly mangled, but has a quaint and formity with it by the whole environment, the original termination. Most of the fairy stories traditions, the limited materials of his art. have peculiarly tragic terminations. As a sam Compared with his greatest rivals, he was a ple of dialect and of the old stories, we cite realist, yet was obliged to accept the machinery “ B'Helephant an' B'Vw'ale": of romance: or, as Mr. Verrall would say, an “Now dis day B’Rabby vwas walkin' 'long de shore. earnest atheist, he was compelled to respect 'E see B’Vw'ale. 'E say, B’Vwale !' B’Vw'ale say, Hey!' B'Rabby say, 'B'Vw'ale, I bet I could pull advances far beyond these secure positions, the conventions of a pulpit! But Mr. Verrall you on de shore !' B’Vw'ale say, “You cabnt !' B’Rabby say, 'I bet you t'ree t'ousan' dollar !' B’Vw'ale say, and plants his standard boldly, declaring that Hall right!' 'E gone." Euripides used the drama chiefly, and persis- Brother Rabbit goes to find Brother Elephant, tently, for this one purpose of breaking down and makes a similar bet with him. Then, se- all belief in myth and miracle, in the inspira- curing a strong rope, he succeeds in setting tion of Delphi, in the very existence of Apollo and Athena. them against each other, both of them thinking that they are pulling against him. The rope Mr. Verrall applies his tests, in detail, only breaks. to three plays altogether: The “ Alcestis,” the « B’Vw'ale went in de ocean and B’Helephant vwent Ion,” the “ Iphigenia in Tauris.” In general, vay over in de pine-yard. Das v'y you see B’Vw'ale in he attempts to divide each drama into a central de ocean to-day, and das vy you see B’Helephant over * EURIPIDES THE RATIONALIST. A Study in the History in de pine bushes to-day." of Art and Religion. By A. W. Verrall. New York : Mac- FREDERICK STARR. Co. u millan 1896.] 17 THE DIAL plot, wherein purely human motives and ac cussed all the year round, in general, the tions leave no room for the marvellous, and a attempt to reconstruct the fifth century Athe- tableau before, or after, or both, which satis- nian conditions. For all the imagination, the fied the popular conservatism, while at the literary taste, the open-mindedness of Mr. Ver- same time impressing upon every thoughtful rall, classical scholarship has abundant cause mind the helplessness, the dishonesty, the un for gratitude. reality, of the people's gods. As to the Like his rival in iconoclasm, the German “ Ion,” Mr. Verrall in 1890 worked out this Wilamowitz, Mr. Verrall often sallies into the theory much more fully, in an annotated edi field before his forces are quite assembled and tion and translation. Here he seems to the fully under control. Thus, a straggling argu- present reader to have an unanswerable argu ment on page 172 tells us “the Medea was one ment in the main. Apollo is indeed a shame of a group which gained not only a prize, but faced and baffled liar at the end of the play, the first. In our meagre and fragmentary a brutal libertine from the beginning. Here, knowledge on such matters, hardly any one fact certainly, Euripides hardly retains any pre is more interesting than that in the historic tense of belief at all. His spectacular Pallas, year 431 B.C. Æschylus' son, the heir of his at the close, only silences for the instant, at art, was placed first, Sophocles second, while best, the voice of common sense and right im- Euripides with the Medea took the third or pulse. Apollo himself fails to appear, and no booby” prize! serious attempt is made to excuse his absence Professor Verrall's style is not so clear, or his previous behavior. bright, and graceful as Mr. Jebb's; and the Yet even here Mr. Verrall seems over in- subtlety of his arguments makes this doubly genious in his detailed reconstruction of what apparent. " No one who is accustomed to lit- Euripides, as he thinks, meant to show us erary composition will doubt that the Phoe- really took place. Still less can we promptly nissæ did not originally conclude with the de- agree that Alcestis evidently fainted only, from parture of Edipus,” etc. (p. 242). Everyone hysterical excitement, under the delusion of a accustomed to literary composition will see doom appointed her. Heracles, to Mr. Verrall, clearly that the third negative bewilders nearly is but a drunken braggart, who, entering the tomb, found the lady awake, and escorted her Lastly, hasty readers may be warned that quietly back to the palace. If this were all the general thesis will be found in the preface, quite evident, it should have been evident long while the final summing-up is on pp. 259–60, ago. Milton, for instance, should have seen attached, perhaps by accident, to a very ingen- that “sad Electra's poet,” he who brought back ious brief essay which has little essential bear- “ Alcestis from the grave,” was but a scoffer! | ing on the rest of the book. At any rate, We e are not quite willing, then, to have our these last paragraphs should be marked off as poet's consistency, his single-minded devotion Epilogue. WILLIAM C. LAWTON. to a cause, defended at such a terrible cost. We do not believe the creative imagination, the artistic delight in his work, could coëxist so CHRIST AS DOCTRINE AND PERSON.* long in Euripides with pure scientific agnosti- cism. Disbelief, to be inculcated by “innu- A dogmatic rendering of the work of Christ more or less interferes with a vital rendering of his words. endo” (Mr. Verrall’s favorite word), corrodes It is not easy to look upon the atonement as a dis- the soul itself, as examples like Lucian, Vol. taire, and Swift remind us. * JESUS AS A TEACHER, and the Making of the New Testa- ment. By B. A. Hinsdale. St. Louis : Christian Publish- But we think Mr. Verrall will be compelled ing Co. - by compulsion from within at least to CHRIST'S IDEA OF THE SUPERNATURAL. By John H. apply his method to the whole list of extant Denison. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. STUDIES IN THEOLOGIC DEFINITION, Underlying the Apos- plays, or at any rate to most of them. The tles and Nicene Creeds. By Frederic Palmer. New York: study will be by no means barren, even if the E. P. Dutton & Co. final verdict on the main question be “Not THE CHRISTIAN CONSCIOUSNESS. Its Relation to Evolution. By J. S. Black. Boston: Lee & Shepard. proven,” or even “ Not probable.” Especially THE PREACHER AND HIS PLACE. The Lyman Beecher interesting are his sketches of the many-minded Lectures on Preaching. By David H. Greer, D.D. Now keen-witted critical audience to which Euri. York : Charles Scribner's Sons. pides appealed, the reminders that the poet COLLEGE SERMONS. By the late Benjamin Jowett, M.A. Edited by the Very Rev. the Hon. W. H. Fremantle, M.A. was not merely heard once, but read and dis New York: Macmillan & Co. every mind. 18 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL us. tinctly formal transaction, and, at the same time, is handled in a wide facile way, and is made very on the life of Christ as giving vital relations. The fruitful. The idea which Mr. Palmer finds equally two conceptions mutually exclude each other. When pregnant is that the finite and the infinite are not he is to us the way, the truth, the life, the growing opposed to each other, but that the infinite fully source of a spiritual experience, we cannot attach contains the finite. So the two are, and have been, much importance to any alleged reconciliation under in perfect reconciliation. Our exaltations of God a violated law. Being reconciled with God, we have often been a driving of him out of his own have no feeling left for any formal conflict between word and works,—the building up of an abstraction Hence, it has happened, while the dogma of in place of an apprehension of concrete facts and salvation in Christ has lost ground, the fact of sal a divine history. This conception the author de- vation in Christ has correspondingly gained ground. | velops with fulness and skill, and so will render a The thoughts of men are more than ever turning to vital service to those who can readily accompany him, and are laying hold of his life and words with him. One feels, in reference to both these authors, unusual insight. that they thread the jungle with such swift and “Jesus as a Teacher,” by Prof. B. A. Hinsdale, sturdy steps because they follow a path that wont is a sober, substantial, well-digested book. It em and use have made familiar to them. In the light braces knowledge, perception, and feeling. While or out of the light, they escape, by the habit of their its perusal would be profitable to most readers, it own minds, the entanglements and wanderings would be especially profitable to the better class of which others experience. This certainty of thought Sunday-school teachers. It holds itself more aloof is a perfectly normal product in all higher, more from the merely formal side of truth, and gives complex, and spiritual themes. A bird gets the itself more freely to its vital aspects than one would knack of the air by flying. We learn how thought expect it to do as arising in the interests of peda- and perception and feeling spring up and flow to- gogy. The volume carefully presents the circum-gether by standing where the full streams of life stances which imparted character to the teachings lie at our feet. We can easily believe that both of Christ, as well as a full consideration of his spirit books, flowing as they do from a vital experience, and method. It embraces a second part,—“The will carry refreshment and vitality with them. Making of the New Testament.” We cannot speak with as much confidence of the It is not easy to give an adequate conception of next volume, « The Christian Consciousness.” To the book entitled “Christ's Idea of the Supernat give such a definition to Christian Consciousness as ural.” Each reader, as in testing a fruit of an un- to make it a distinct and productive source of power usual flavor, must pronounce upon it for himself. in human life, and to trace its way onward fertil- There is so much individuality in it that it will izing the thoughts and feelings of men, constitutes please and instruct different persons very differently. a most difficult task. We do not think that the it may easily become a manual of heay. author has attained that firmness in the original enly things. It is pervaded by a tone of very pos- idea, or that clearness in the sequence of events itive spirituality. The thought and the feeling are under it which are necessary to render the discus- 80 closely interwoven that the reader must share sion stimulating and fruitful. The things devel- them both, if he is to catch the impulse of the au oped do not turn with sufficient definiteness on the thor. The line of presentation, like the path of a theme proposed. bird in flight, must be seen as it is evolved, as it escapes the eye almost at once. There is a great lectures delivered at the Yale Theological Seminary. deal of beauty as well as of force in the volume. These lectures, in common with most of the courses The author moves with alert and sympathetic steps which have preceded them, cling pretty closely to along the lines of spiritual affinity. the peculiar practical wants which lie before the In spite of much difference, the work is not preacher in our time. These courses have been unlike “Studies in Theologic Definition," a book delivered by those who are in actual service, and also marked by insight and strong conviction. The supplement rather than continue the seminary work purpose of both authors is to readjust our religious in Homilities. This fact is indicated in the present conceptions to the allotted conditions of knowledge. course by the titles of the several lectures. The Both feel painfully the fact that religious convic first four titles are: “ The Preacher and the Past," tion has lost ground in many minds by that which “The Preacher and the Present,” “The Preacher ought rather to have purified and strengthened it. and his Message,” “ The Preacher and other Mes- The ruling idea by which Dr. Denison would recon sages." The lectures of Dr. Greer are enjoyable. cile the natural and supernatural, the earthly and The style is pleasing and perspicuous ; the subject- the divine, is that of coördination — the coordina matter is interesting, and the temper serene. They tion by which each living thing is put in vital rela are penetrative without being profound, earnest tions to the very different things which surround it. rather than fervid, and progressive while marked by As physical life links together in one experience the no radicalism. They carry the mind forward with- organic and inorganic, so does a higher spiritual out jar, evoking general acquiescence, and render life lay hold of the sensuous facts beneath it and the vision more clear and pleasurable in the supersensuous ones above it. This conception | tions. They will be profitable to most ministers. To many, it . " The Preacher and His Place” is a volume of many direc- 1896.] 19 THE DIAL “College Sermons” is made up of discourses de in the institutions of the land. Lord John Russell livered by Professor Jowett to the students of Bal identified himself with reform movements at the liol College, during his long term of service. They outset; the cause of parliamentary reform was so are admirably fitted to do college men good. They peculiarly his own that he was chosen to introduce express the wise, sober convictions of a well-trained the great measure of 1832, although not yet of cab- mind, earnest and devout in its temper, and regard- inet rank. The beginnings of popular education ing religious belief and action chiefly on their prac were made or fostered by him against the strenuous tical side. Supported by the personal confidence opposition of his own class. So, though his vision and reverence which Professor Jowett commanded, was not always clear, and he sometimes was found they must have been a very direct and irresistible opposing what he ought by his own principles to means of good. The temper of the discourses, as have favored, his influence in bringing England out became a scholar, is eminently liberal and charita from the aristocratic and mediæval conditions pre- ble. Their purpose, pursued in a simple, unimpas- vailing before 1832 into the democratic equality of sioned way, is to sober, widen, stimulate, and to-day was very great. The fault of Mr. Reid's strengthen the thoughts of young men. They are book is one that is almost inseparable from the especially suited for this work. They are in sym- biographical method of writing history, especially pathy with a large and purified life. The editorial when the writer is a thorough admirer of his sub- work of this volume has not been very thoroughly ject. While the statements of the book are in the done. main correct and the point of view is the right one, These six books, taken collectively, like many yet the concentration of attention upon one actor others that have come before us, show no decay in necessarily magnifies his part in events. Although the Christian spirit. They all involve an effort the author points out the mistaken judgments and a vital and prosperous effort — to restate religious acts of his hero, there is not enough allowance made truth, and readjust it to the new and better condi for the work of others. Especially defective is the tions which have come to it. This is not weakness, treatment of the relations of England and America but strength; not decay, but growth. The large in our Civil War. Mr. Reid sees in the Alabama adaptability of our faith and the emboldened and question only a petty quarrel in which we were higher spirit which it so readily assumes are con over-sensitive and England was in no way at fault ; spicuous in such discourses as these of Professor but that she preferred to humble herself rather than Jowett - a man of ripe scholarship, sober thought, be on hostile terms with us. Lord John Russell, and wide life. JOHN BASCOM. who was Foreign Secretary at that time, was not wont to tamely yield the rights and prestige of En- gland without compelling reason, nor was this con- sistent with England's past. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. It is often rather unjustly supposed Mr. Stuart J. Reid's life of Lord Nordau's works An English reform John Russell is one of the best of the of imagination. that a critic ought not to make his Prime Minister. appearance in imaginative literature interesting series of political biogra- unless he can show how the thing should be done by phies (Queen's Prime Ministers ” - Harper) of example as well as by precept. But there is no real which the author is general editor. A finer subject reason to suppose that Herr Nordau, for instance, could, of course, hardly be desired. From the days could write better plays, even from his own stand- when Napoleon was changing the map of Europe point, than Dr. Ibsen, or better novels than M. Zola. almost at his will until the time of our own Civil If one read “ The Right to Love” and “The Com- War, Lord John Russell was in the House of Comedy of Sentiment” (F. Tennyson Neely) without mons, and prominent from the first; and this splen- knowing that they were by the great scourge of did service was crowned with five years more of contemporary literature, one would not trouble much distinguished service as Earl Russell in the Foreign to consider one's impressions. They are both of Office and as Prime Minister. During this whole that kind of literature which used to be mildly con- career Lord John was the champion of the Whig demned as aping French wickedness, but which is principles of religious toleration and equality, and now a favorite form with several popular moral- of the participation of the people in the government ists of our time. The first is a drama which shows through widened suffrage and reformed representa- how an unfaithful wife finds the path of unfaith- tion in Parliament. Himself a member of one of fulness not so smooth as she had imagined; the the proudest families of England, be outran even second is a novel which presents a German profes- the bulk of the Whig party in his zeal for reform. sor in love with a bold-faced but charming adven- In these days it is difficult to realize the exclusive turess. Both allure to virtue (in a measure) by ness of the aristocratic spirit that prevailed among showing the thorns on the rose-bush of vice. Neither, the ruling class at the beginning of this century. on the whole, does much more: the drama gets Men of broad culture, open minds, and patriotic along without real characters or situations, the novel impulses feared the overthrow of all the barriers has no real atmosphere. Both have certain good against revolution if any slightest change were made points, - the idea of finally giving the unrepent- 20 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL once more. stories by ant wife the position of housekeeper to her hus- all-dominating Papacy marshalled its armies to band is quaint, to say the least; and one rushes crush out by force the alien and dangerous spirit through the tale of the professor's intrigue, with of a people that chance had brought under the do- great desire to know how he is going to get out of minion of one of its sons ; division and religious it. Speculating upon these works as being written strife entered to weaken and paralyze the effective by the same hand which turned out “ Degeneration,” energies of the Bohemians themselves; and thus we are led to wonder whether Herr Nordau be not the land of John Hus became the Bohemia of to- really an ornament, albeit a modest one, of the lit- day. Before the Thirty Years' War, nine-tenths erature of imagination rather than of the literature Protestant, all opposition to the Church was ruth- of knowledge. But, to tell the truth, this is a mat- lessly suppressed and Protestantism disappeared. ter upon which many people have made up their Two histories of Bohemia have lately been written, minds some time since. with the double purpose of giving to the English- speaking descendants of Bohemia in America a Even those who have never read the knowledge of their motherland, and of opening to Hans Breitmann “Breitmann Ballads" by Mr. Charles others the stirring story of Bohemia’s struggles and G. Leland and there must be some achievements. The first is an elaborate work of such can hardly fail to catch from “ Hans Breit- seven hundred and fifty pages by Robert H. Vick- mann in Germany" (Lippincott) a flavor at once ers, published by C. H. Sergel & Co., Chicago. It distinct and genial. The hearty self-confidence, is furnished with maps, illustrations, and index, and impossible in one who is not sure of himself and can be commended as a thorough treatment of the his readers, the strange fact that the dialect is never subject. The other work is less pretentious, being tiresome, the clear refreshment of the relapses into a compilation under the title of “The Story of Bo- good German, these make a sort of quaint toning hemia,” by Frances Gregor (published by Cranston in which one perceives pleasurably the humorist at & Curts, Cincinnati). This volume also has illustra- work, gravely subduing and bringing under control tions, but lacks an index. It gives a full outline of the great mountainous jokes and scattering the the history in about half the compass of the larger smaller ones with a winning artlessness. But the work. book has its other vein also, so that one goes com- fortably along, enjoying the conversation in prose, Biographical Romantic and entertaining as fiction enjoying the ingenuously extempore verse, some- are the five biographical papers, by Susan Coolidge. times warmed by a glow of genuine warm-hearted- Miss Susan Coolidge, gathered into ness, sometimes surprised by the sudden appearance a volume called “ An Old Convent School in Paris, of a quaint moral coming so seldom and so unex and Other Papers” (Roberts). The characters pectedly that one is rather pleased than vexed. who figure in these sketches are real personages, Even the tarry-at-home would enjoy the book; but and the author seems to have had access to sources, to another the all-penetrating influence of the Vater in the shape of diaries, memoirs, and autobiogra- land brings a sudden revival of connection with the phies, not commonly accessible. These being used high-pitched roofs and the winding streets, with the with much literary art, a remarkably picturesque beautiful gardens and the well- remembered bier series of narratives is the result. The subject in lokals, of the hundreds of characteristic things that each case is some person of high social or political remain with everyone, the mention of one of which distinction. The first two papers have to do with is enough to bring back on a sudden the old-time a Polish princess of the eighteenth century; the feeling of inverted homesickness. A curiously at third with that terrible woman-emperor, Catherine tractive book, doubtless much of its charm lies in II. of Russia. At her death, a sealed manuscript the constant temper of the scholar and the man of was found among her papers—an autobiography of culture beneath the cheerful features, displayed in the early years of her married life, written in her the frontispiece, of the sympathetic humorist. It is own hand, and addressed to her son, the Grand to be hoped that it will be favorably reviewed and Duke Paul, great-grandfather of the present Czar. widely read, for upon such circumstances, we are At first kept in the imperial archives and guarded given to understand, hangs the appearance of more with scrupulous care, this manuscript finally, in some volumes of the same kind. unexplained manner, was copied, found its way to Paris, and into print. One of the copies, rare and It is a pity that the history of Bo hard to come by, has served Miss Coolidge as basis The history hemia is so little known and appre- of Bohemia. for “ The Girlhood of an Autocrat.” A story of ciated by the English-speaking peo- English official life in India bears the title “ Miss ples. Americans especially should know and admire Eden,” the authority being three volumes of de- a nation that, centuries earlier, stood for the princi- lightful letters written by the sister of Lord Auck- ples of Plymouth Rock and American liberty. In land, Governor-General of India; the concluding Bohemia those same political and religious princi- paper takes us into the French court of Louis XIV. ples worked out their natural result in a high-spirited, through the memoirs of the Duke of Saint-Simon. cultured, and freedom-loving people. But Bohemia The book is one to instruct as well as delight, and was small; greedy neighbors were powerful: the is suited to readers old or young. 1896.) 21 THE DIAL to the U.S. Re-writing the Mr. Berenson's book on “ Lorenzo made up of thirty-three articles selected from the history of Lotto " (Putnam) will hardly prove author's contributions to “ The Nation " during the Italian Painting. interesting reading to the average past thirty years. Those have been chosen, of person. It is not, strictly speaking, a biography, course, which seemed to him of most permanent but “an Essay in Constructive Art-Criticism,” as the value; and while their prevailing tone is social and secondary title tells us. The matter of it has been literary, political themes have not been avoided. of more moment to the author than the style of it. Among the titles we note : “ The Short-Hairs” and The author has had something to say, and has not “ The Swallow-Tails,” “ Organs," " Panics,” “John cared too much about how he has said it. So, begin- Stuart Mill,” “ Rôle of the Universities in Politics," ning with a catalogue of facts, as though he were Physical Force in Politics,” “The Evolution of a German instead of an American, he ends with a the Summer Resort,” “Tyndall and the Theolo- conclusion, logical enough, if it does not meet with gians," etc. Ranging in tone, as in theme, from entire acceptance. He has reconstructed the mas grave to gay, the volume shows Mr. Godkin at his ters and influences of Lorenzo Lotto, and incident best—and Mr. Godkin is, as we all know, an engag- ally overhauled the history of early Venetian art to ing as well as a sound and scholarly writer. Some prove (what is undoubtedly true) that the Bellini of the papers, it may be fairly said, are literature, were not the only teachers in Venice in Lotto’s not journalism. early days, and that there was a large following of the now-neglected Vivarini from whom Lotto de Norwegian The census of 1890 indicated that scended, rather than, as formerly supposed, from Immigration there were at that time in the United the Bellini. What this book proves about Lotto and States 1,535,597 persons who were the early Venetian school is perhaps not so import- born in Scandinavian countries or were children of ant as the method taken to prove it. We are here Scandinavian parents. An enumeration to-day, tak- brought face to face with the working of the Higher ing into account grand-children and great-grand- Criticism in art — the scientific method of arriving children, would show upwards of two million of at the authorship of pictures. Mr. Berenson, since representatives of this blood among us, these being the death of Morelli, has become its high priest; scattered through every state and territory of the and while people may smile as they please about Union. Professor Rasmus B. Anderson, the well- the art-criticism which consists in measuring ears known champion of the Northmen, has recently and finger-nails and studying draperies and back- published a volume of nearly five hundred pages, grounds, it is yet the only accurate basis upon which well-arranged and well-indexed, which he calls a the study of ancient painting can rest. Moreover, “first chapter" in the history of Norwegian Immi- Mr. Berenson has modified the method of Morelli, gration, from 1821-1840. There were very few Scandinavians in the United States before 1821. and is not flinging aside all the views of the past as “antiquated rubbish.” Where he establishes a In the years between that time and 1840, six main new view, he does it with a reason and with a mas- settlements were made: one in Orleans county, tery of facts that few will venture to dispute. In- New York; one in LaSalle county, Illinois; one in deed, Mr. Berenson is to be treated seriously and Chicago; three in Wisconsin; besides a number of smaller colonies elsewhere. Himself the son of with respect, not sneered at, as was the unjust fate of his learned forerunner, Giovanni Morelli. It is immigrants of 1836, Mr. Anderson has gathered a understood to be his ambition to rewrite the his- vast fund of information about the Norwegians, tory of Italian painting; and, if we take his “ Lo- showing in some measure the contribution which renzo Lotto" aright, the book is merely to show us they have made to the history of the world, and the method whereby he proposes to execute his especially to that of the United States of America. larger task. A new and critical history of Italian The privations of the pioneers are well set forth, art is much needed ; and if every important Italian and a large number of biographical sketches are painter is treated with the thorough study that char- given, which, interspersed with pictures of individ- acterizes the present volume, we shall have an uals, of homes, and of public buildings, will be of epoch-making work. great service to the thoughtful historian of later years, who, looking at the cosmopolitan population A volume of The sight of Mr. E. L. Godkin's of this country, attempts to show what each race- essays from shapely volume of “Reflections and element has contributed to its upbuilding. Others “ The Nation." Comments" (Scribner) calls to mind have presented the claims of the Scotch, the Irish, Matthew Arnold's curt comment in his recently pub the Scotch-Irish, the French, the Huguenots as a lished Letters: “Far the best paper here is the special branch of French, the Dutch, the Pennsyl- • Evening Post,' written by Godkin.” Few culti vania Dutch, the Germans, and the Welsh, and this vated Americans, we fancy, will gainsay Mr. Ar new volume will be welcomed as a valuable addi. nold here—at least very flatly. Mr. Godkin’s writ tion to the growing literature of American popula- ing has long been a potent social and political force tion. A creditable list of the names of prominent in this country; and in so far as it lies in the way persons of this Norwegian descent might be made; of the journalist qua journalist to do good in the but far more satisfactory is the feeling, which many society he lives in, he has done it. The volume is share with Mr. Anderson, that the stock has been 22 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL uniformly excellent, and welcomed everywhere dur to the simple aim expressed by its title. No at- ing the busy three-score years and ten since the first tempt is made to discuss the “music of the future,” stragglers came to cast their lot in the Western land. to discourse of aria parlante or leit-motif, nor even Occasionally in the volume there are indications of to deal with the author's biography except so far what might be written in a “second chapter,” but as it concerns the choice of his subjects and the the pioneer historian is the one who is especially to sources of his inspiration. The stories of the Wag- be commended, for the collection of material from ner music dramas are here retold in straightforward the older citizens, who are fast dying out, is far and attractive prose, according to the same princi- more difficult than the compilation of facts about ple that has made Mr. Guerber's other books so pop- the life of the period since 1840. The book is pub ular. The illustrations, one for each story, are of lished by the author, at Madison, Wis. uncommon beauty, some being copies of familiar designs by the best masters, and others being ap- Mr. O. W. Nixon's narration of The story of parently drawn specially for this work. Marcus Whitman. “How Marcus Whitman Saved Ore- gon” (Star Publishing Co., Chicago) A volume from The appointment of Lord Acton as is the work of an enthusiast rather than an histo Froude's successor Regius Professor of History at Cam- rian, and is a collection of newspaper sketches rather at Cambridge. bridge, to succeed Froude, aroused than a book. The story of Marcus Whitman, with much interest last winter, and not a little curiosity reference both to his ride to save Oregon and to to know more of his life and work than had pre- the tragedy at Waiilatpui, has already been ade- viously been made public. For many years it has quately told, and in much better English, by Mr. been noticeable that when English scholars have Barrows, in his volume on Oregon for the “Com spoken of Lord Acton, it has been in terms of the monwealths Series.” The present work, although The present work, although greatest respect, although he has published hardly based upon tradition mainly, is substantially cor anything. On June 11, he delivered his inaugural rect in its statements; yet there is an atmosphere lecture at Cambridge, and this is now printed in a of rhapsody for the hero and of disparagement for small volume called “A Lecture on the Study of those whom he overcame which is not historical. History" (Macmillan). A single lecture, of course, Mr. Barrows has given the true setting of the story cannot provide sufficient material to justify so great with regard to Daniel Webster, and it is not neces a reputation as that which Lord Acton has so long sary to belittle him in order to magnify Whitman's enjoyed, but as far as it goes it shows that in him great service. The proof-reading of this work is very Freeman and Froude have found no unworthy suc- careless, and the author's English is most slovenly, cessor. It reveals wide reading and philosophic while his dates are occasionally incorrect for stand breadth of manner, although there are indications ard events. The “Introduction,” by another hand, that the writer has not fully digested his vast stores illustrates one of the abuses of bookmaking. If the of information. The notes, which are about twice book is worth anything, it should go on its own as voluminous as the text of the lecture proper, ad- merits; and this introduction by the Rev. Frank W. mit us perhaps too freely into the secrets of his Gunsaulus does not help it. It would be difficult to workshop. It would be interesting to know who is put into four scant pages more bad English, mixed responsible for the bad proof-reading of this vol- figure, and distortion of historical proportion. One ume, which has necessitated a list of no less than knows not what to say of such a statement as this forty-three errata ; even in the list itself we have concerning Whitman: “He was more to the ulte detected two errors and one unintelligible correction. rior Northwest than John Harvard has ever been to the Northeast of our common country.” Students of the Elizabethan period Italian influence on of our letters are, of course, conscious Elizabethan plays. Few works of equal length have of the immense debt of Shakespeare Stories of the Wagner operas. called forth so large an amount of and his fellow-writers to Italian sources, and of the comment and criticism as the eleven very strong influence of Italian literature upon our operas of Richard Wagner. The author has been own. In this connection, an exceedingly important discussed as poet, as musical composer, as drama- study has been undertaken by Dr. Mary Augusta tist; his theories have been recklessly assailed and Scott, who has aimed to bring together, with suit- as recklessly praised ; his character and career as a able annotation, the titles of the many Elizabethan man have been in turn lauded and decried. A cat translations from Italian into English. She has alogue of a Wagner library, compiled by an en already collected, she informs us, more than one thusiastic bibliographer and published some years hundred and sixty translations from the Italian, ago, had already reached three large octavo vol. made by ninety or more translators, including nearly umes, and many additions have since accumulated. every well-known Elizabethan author, except Shake- A new book on Wagner, covering new ground, speare and Bacon.” In a pamphlet entitled “Eliza- would seem to be almost impossible; yet such an bethan Translations from the Italian,” now pub- one has just come to hand in Mr. H. A. Guerber's lished by the Modern Language Association of “ Stories of the Wagner Operas” (Dodd, Mead & America, Dr. Scott presents a first instalment of Co.). The charm of the book is in its adberence the fruits of her research, in the shape of a cata- 1896.] 23 THE DIAL logue of English versions of Italian novelle. Trans essay gives evidence of much patient research among lations of poetry, plays, metrical romances, and governmental records and possesses interest for the miscellaneous books are reserved for enumeration student as showing the development of budgetary in the subsequent papers. The present publication methods in America. may be described as an expansion of Warton's chapter on “ Translation of Italian Novels.” The Of all modern men, the Briton is subject is one of much importance to students of taining dog-stories. easily the chiefest of dog-lovers, as English literature, and we shall await with interest is most apparent from the fact that the further papers promised by Dr. Scott. She he fills columns of his most esteemed political and already estimates that one-third of the extant Eliza literary journal, “ The Spectator," with dog-stories. From the hundreds of these stories, Mr. J. St. Loe bethan plays “can be traced to Italian influence in one way or another." Strachey has made selections for a volume of “Dog Stories ” (Macmillan). However, we cannot com- A century of the Under the title of “ The Constitution mend the editor's work very highly. The introduc- Constitution of the of the United States at the End of tion is of little value, and the classification clumsy: United States. the First Century" (Heath), Mr. e.g., he separates the “syllogistic" dog from the George S. Boutwell publishes a manual presenting “reasoning”! Again, the stories on pages 208-9 the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of plainly belong under the heading, Dogs and Lan- Confederation, the Northwest Territorial Ordi- guage ; and the story on page 198 is clearly not a nance, and the Constitution of 1787 ; the last- dog-story at all, but a cow-story. The only thing named document accompanied with annotations, of any very serious scientific interest in the volume section by section, giving the decisions of the Su- is Sir John Lubbock's two letters on teaching dogs preme Court relating thereto, and followed by a to read. This book, however, is not meant for the copious and convenient analytical index of its vari- scientist, but for the dog-lover, to whom it will ap- ous provisions. A chapter on the progress of peal most effectually by its many very interesting American Independence and its basis in the law of narratives of actual experiences. England” gives a clear summary of the events Mr. Frank Samuel Child's “ An Old which evidence the growth of the disposition toward Town-lije in New England. New England Town” (Scribner) is independency, beginning in the seventeenth century, a pretty volume containing a sheaf and illustrating the evolution of the idea out of the of brief papers descriptive of life, scenery, and char- principles of the British Constitution. This chap acter in Fairfield, Conn. New England towns have ter is a valuable contribution to our national history. borne a conspicuous part in the moulding of our so- Succeeding chapters take up, clause by clause, the cial life and political institutions; and few of them provisions of our Constitution, stating in familiar have won a more honorable distinction in this direc- language the purport and effect of the judicial opin- tion than the one that is here described. The au- ions in which these provisions have severally been thor has gleaned his material from the best public expounded. The manual will be of value to con- and private sources, and his little book is brimful stitutional students, and will doubtless interest a of that saving spirit of old-time American patriot- large circle of non-professional readers of our con- ism which such societies as the Daughters of the stitutional history. Revolution tend (or should tend) to perpetuate. It is quite appropriate that one func- The work is plentifully illustrated with photogra- The evolution of the Budget. tion of a state university, supported vure plates of Fairfield views and worthies. by the public funds, should be the diffusion of knowledge among the people at large. This is done by the University of Wisconsin through BRIEFER MENTION. the medium of its “ Bulletin,” consisting of mono- Half a dozen of M. Zola's short stories, put into ex- graphs by the instructors and advanced students in ceptionally finished and accurate English by Mr. W. F. the various departments, which are printed at the public expense and distributed without charge to Apthorp, make up a small volume entitled “ Jacques d'Amour" (Copeland & Day). The other stories are libraries and individuals within the state. The sec “ Madame Neigeon,” “Nantas,” “How We Die,” « The ond number of the “ Economics, Political Science, Coqueville Spree,” and “The Attack on the Mill.” The and History Series" is a study, by Mr. Charles J. publishers have made a striking book of this collection Bullock, of “ The Finances of the United States by imitating (although in cloth covers) the common from 1775 to 1789, with especial reference to the French style of lettering for the outside of their paper- Budget." The Revolutionary period is of such im- covered publications. The effect is so pretty that we portance that it has frequently been chosen for spe- hope to see more of it. cial investigation by students of American financial There are good names, such as those of Dr. Garnett and Mr. Kenneth Grahame — names that give promise history; but on the other hand the mode of proced- of entertainment, such as those of Mr. Henry Harland, ure in making appropriations, which is the particu Mr. A. C. Benson, and Miss Ella d'Arcy ; and names lar subject of Mr. Bullock's inquiry, has usually been that have no particularly definite subjectiveness — in neglected by American writers on finance. This “ The Yellow Book" for October, and there are some 24 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL 66 manner. " very fair pictures as well; but the volume includes Eugenie Grandet,” translated by Miss Ellen Mar- nothing striking, unless it be the amusing screed about riage, is the latest volume of the Macmillan edition of current literary criticism, which takes the form of “a Balzac. “ The Fortunate Mistress " fills two volumes, letter to the editor," and is signed « The Yellow Dwarf.” numbered twelve and thirteen, in the Dent of Messrs. Copeland & Day are the American publishers Defoe, which Mr. Aitkin is editing so acceptably. In of this quarterly magazine. the Lippincott edition of Smollett, we have, also in two The annual bound volume of “St. Nicholas " and volumes, a reprint of “ The Adventures of Count the “Century" magazine are at hand, no less attract- Fathom." "The Lyric Poems of Sir Philip Sidney," ive than the broad shelf-full of their predecessors. The edited by Mr. Ernest Rhys, is the newest volume in “St. Nicholas" volume is in two parts, covering a whole this charming Dent series of “The Lyric Poets." All year, while the “Century" volume is for the six months of these books are manufactured in a highly tasteful ending last October. The former has articles by Pro- sessor Brander Matthews, Mr. Rudyard Kipling, Mr. The edition of Scheffel's “ Ekkehard" just published Theodore Roosevelt, and others; the latter gives us a by Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. is one of the prettiest large section of Professor Sloane's “Life of Napoleon things of the season, and one for which lovers of the as its chief feature, flanked by all sorts of timely and best literature should be unusually grateful. Of the readable contributions in the shape of essays, descrip- work itself, we need not speak; it is simply one of the tive papers, stories, and poems. greatest historical novels ever written. This edition is Langland's Vision of Piers the Plowman,” trans- in two volumes, with some charming illustrations, and all the notes of the latest German edition. The trans- lated into modern English prose by Miss Kate M. War- ren (Imported by Putnam), provides university exten- lation is an old one, revised by Mr. Nathan Haskell sion circles and amateur students of our literature with Dole, who also contributes a highly readable introduc- an excellent introduction to the work of Chaucer's great tory account of the author. contemporary. While the book makes no pretence of “My Double, and How He Undid Me," by the Rev. being more than a compilation, it is praiseworthy for Edward Everett Hale, is almost as well established the careful use that has been made of the best author among our short-story classics as “ The Man without a ities, and for the quality of its language. The style of Country" itself. Messrs. Lamson, Wolffe & Co. have the translation is modeled to a considerable extent upon just made of it a very pretty booklet, tastefully old- the Biblical English of Wyclif, although obsolete words fashioned in get-up, and including both a portrait of are but sparingly used. The apparatus of introduction, the author and a preface written especially for this edi- notes, and appendices supplies the beginner with the tion. We note that Dr. Hale promises a new story, to essentials, and the book as a whole may be said to ac- be entitled " A Man without a City," to be brought out complish its modest purpose in a very satisfactory by the same publishers. Messrs. Way & Williams publish a charming reprint Many poets miss their proper audience for being too of Shelley's translation of the “ Banquet" of Plato, with voluminous or too widely dispersed in unrelated tomes. decorative initials and title-page by Mr. Bruce Rogers. A No greater service can be done for such a poet than the heavy-faced type, a well-proportioned page, and a taste- preparation of a careful and choice selection from his ful buckram cover, are the chief mechanical features of various books — the service done, for example, by Ar- this edition of this little classic, wbich will be highly nold for Byron, by Mr. Stopford Brooke for Shelley, | prized by lovers of Plato and of Shelley alike. As one by Professor Woodberry for Mr. Aubrey De Vere, or of the two most characteristic examples of Shelley's by Mr. Swinburne for himself. An exquisite example prose, it was well worthy of this separate publication. of this sort of service is afforded by Mrs. Meynell's se A collection of fifty original charades has been pub- lection of examples from the poems of Mr. Coventry lished by the members of St. Agnes Society, Ogdens- Patmore. “Poems of Pathos and Delight” the book burg, N. Y., in a dainty little volume entitled “Guess is called, and is a book of delight in more senses than Again.” The charades are for the most part very good, one. Mrs. Meynell's preface is brief but adequate, the and the book can be cordially recommended to those comment of one true poet upon the work of another. who are interested in this form of entertainment.— In Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons publish the volume in this this connection we may mention a similar volume con- country. taining over a hundred original charades by Mr. Her- Miss Lily Lewis Rood is the author of a brochure bert Ingalls, entitled “The Boston Charades," and pub- sketch of M. Pavis de Chavannes, her treatment being lished by Messrs. Lee & Shepard. sketchy but sympathetic, anecdotal and mildly crit “ Poets' Dogs" is the latest of the anthologies, and ical. The pamphlet is beautifully printed on French is edited by Miss Elizabeth Richardson (Putnam). The hand-made paper by Messrs. L. Prang & Co. There idea of the book seems amusing at first, but is amply are several illustrations, including a portrait of the ar justified when we examine the selections, which range tist and the decorative printing for the Boston Public from the “Odyssey” to “Geist's Grave” and “Owd Library Roä.” On the cover is stamped as a quaint device “ The We noticed Dr. Tracy's “Psychology of Childhood” little dogs and all.” when it first appeared, expressing the opinion, which we The Macmillan miniature edition of Tennyson now see no reason for retracting or modifying, that it is one includes volumes headed, respectively, by “ Locksley of the best studies of the child that American students Hall” and “ A Dream of Fair Women," each booklet have produced. The new edition (Heath), which is containing besides a group of poems chronologically as- much improved in its mechanical form, presents no new sociated with the titular pieces. features calling for comment. The bibliography, which The “Century Science " series of biographies aims to is one of the best features of the book, has been brought give brief accounts, by authors of recognized authority, up to date, embracing 105 titles. of the life and work of nineteenth century leaders of manner. 1896.) 25 THE DIAL The Mermaid" series of old English dramatists, by scientific thought and investigation. Dalton, Rennell, “The Lady of the Lake," edited by Dr. Homer B. and Maxwell have already found treatment in this ad Sprague; “The Vicar of Wakefield,” under the same mirable series, and we now have volumes on Liebig, editorial supervision; and “Select Minor Poems of Lyell, and the Herschels. Mr. W. A. Shenstone is the John Milton,” edited by Mr. es E. Thomas, are author of the first, Professor T. G. Bonney of the second, three recent additions to the “Studies in English Clas- and Miss Agnes M. Clerke of the third of these satis sics” of Messrs. Silver, Burdett & Co. Messrs. May- factory books. Faraday, Davy, Pasteur, Darwin, and nard, Merrill & Co. send us, in their “ English Classic" Helmholtz are soon to appear in the series. Of a still series, More's “Utopia,” and a selection from Lamb's more popular sort is the science contained in Sir Robert essays, both anonymously edited, and hence open to Ball's “Great Astronomers ” (Lippincott), which gives suspicion. A far better book than any of these is Pro- us about a score of sketches from Ptolemy to Adams, fessor 0. F. Emerson's edition of “Rasselas," published the by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. Two school editions of Cicero's “ De Senectute” have having rounded its first full score of volumes, enters just come to us. One, by Professor Frank E. Rockwood, upon what we hope may become a second score with a is published by the American Book Co.; the other, edited selection from Chapman, edited by Mr. M. L. Phelps. by Mr. E. S. Shuckburgh and Dr. James C. Egbert, Selection was an easy matter in this case, for in no other is a volume in the “ Elementary Classics series of Elizabethan dramatist is the distinction between good Messrs. Macmillan & Co. Messrs. Ginn & Co. publish, and inferior work so marked as it is with Chapman. in their “College Series of Greek Authors,' Eight The volume contains “ All Fools " the two Bussy d'Am Orations of Lysias,” edited by Dr. Morris H. Morgan. bois plays, and the two Byron plays, a selection that We may also mention, in this connection, Mr. John H. way nothing less than inevitable. Mr. Phelps writes a Huddilston's “ Essentials of New Testament Greek," scholarly introduction, but makes a lower estimate of published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. the value of Chapman's work than we are disposed to Professor Ralph M. Tarr's “ Elementary Physical accept. Mr. Swinburne and Mr. Lowell came much Geography" (Macmillan) is a book so attractive in ap- nearer justice, in our opinion, than does the present pearance, and so modern in method, that it should make editor. (Imported by Scribner.) instant appeal to the progressive educator. For one The “Cambridge Edition ” of “ The Complete Poet thing, it is a book like other books — not the ungainly ical Works of Oliver Wendell Holmes” (Houghton) is and unwieldy quarto of which most children think when similar in all mechanical respects to the “Cambridge” the word “geography” is mentioned. Much is gained Longfellow, Whittier, and Browning, except for the by the octavo form, and little or nothing lost. Physical lesser number of pages and the consequently thicker maps, fortunately, do not need the acreage of paper de- paper. There is an etched portrait, a biography by Mr. manded by maps of the ordinary sort. It is hard to find Scudder, with notes and indexes. We have so often a place for physical geography in the school curriculum; before praised these editions that we need now do no the high school does not want it, and the grammar school more than refer to what we have said of the earlier vol is not up to it. Such a book as Professor Tarr's, at any umes of the series. Few books accomplish their pur rate, is distinctly a manual for the secondary school. pose as completely as these, or are so satisfactory in every way. Messrs. Ginn & Co. send us a new and very attractive school edition of Messrs. Greenough and Kittredge's LITERARY NOTES. “ Æneid,” Books I. to VI. The illustrations are par- New editions of Mr. L. B. Seeley's “ Horace Walpole ticularly well-chosen and interesting, while the notes include many references to parallel passages in English and His World ” and “ Fanny Burney and Her Friends” poetry. From the same publishers we have a little vol- are among the latest importations of Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. ume of “Selected Lives from Cornelius Nepos,” edited by Dr. Arthur W. Roberts. Dr. W. B. Owen has “ La Recherche de l’Absolu,” translated by Miss Mar- edited for Messrs. Leach, Shewell & Sanborn the first riage, with a preface by Mr. Saintsbury, is the latest book of Cicero's “De Oratore," making a neat and addition to the acceptable Dent-Macmillan edition of useful text-book. While on the subject of Cicero, we Balzac in English. may also mention Dr. W. Peterson's translation, with notes, of the speech in defence of Cluentius. (Mac covered “Fly Leaves " series Thackeray's “Novels by millan.) Eminent Hands,” and “ The Echo Club” by Bayard Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. publish “A German Reader Taylor, with a prologue by Mr. R. H. Stoddard. for Beginners," by Professor Charles Harris. The se- Mr. Natban Haskell Dole has translated half a dozen lections are grouped according to their difficulty, and sbort tales from the Italian of Signor Giovanni Vergo, include several lengthy pieces. A vocabulary permits and published them through the Joseph Knight Co. in a this book to be used without the aid of the dictionary. neat volume. « Under the Shadow of Etna " is the title. From the American Book Co. we have an edition of Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. have just published a Stifter's “Das Heidedorf,” edited by Mr. Max Lentz; selection from the poems of Mr. Austin Dobson, with and a volume of “Bilder aus der Deutschen Litera illustrations by Mr. Hugh Thomson. “ The Story of tur,” by Professor J. Keller. The latter work is an Rosina and Other Verses" is the title of this charm- elementary history, with selections. We may also ing volume. note in this connection the “ Three German Tales" (from Goethe, Zschokke, and Kleist), edited by Mr. A. book from the Chinese classics, compiled by Mr. F. H. B. Nichols (Holt); and Dr. Max Poll's edition of Jennings, and prefaced by the Hon. Pom Kwang Soh, “Emilia Galotti” (Ginn). Each of these books has an Korean Minister of Justice. Messrs. Putnams are the introduction and notes. publishers. Baressers , Purwam's Sons publish in their pretty leather- 150 The Proverbial Philosophy of Confucius” is a year- 26 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL A reader of THE DIAL wishes to find a short poem, tingly his scientific work, without rest, without discour- published some years ago, based on the farewell of agement, with an imperturbable faith, the faith of his Andromache (Æneid, Book III.), of which he can re youth in the future of science. The Oriental and Bib- call but one line : “Her grief is more than I can bear." lical collection is incomparably rich. It includes more Can anyone identify the poem from this fragment ? than three thousand works. There are to be found all The concluding volumes of the charming Aitken the books, reviews, and pamphlets which he consulted Dent edition of Defoe (Macmillan) will include the rare for his exegetical, philological, archæological, and his- “Due Preparations for the Plague,” and a number of torical studies. These books Renan loved as the com. pamphlets relating to Captain Avery, Jack Sheppard, panions of his great labors. He often expressed the Jonathan Wild, and other pirates and robbers, now re- hope that after his death they would not be dispersed. printed for the first time. It is his family's wish that that desire should be ful- Messrs. Scribner's Sons' popular “ Thistle Edition" filled. They would like to dispose of the library as a of Stevenson's works is now completed, the final volume whole, or at least not to let the richest portion of it - (the sixteenth) being devoted entirely to poetry. This namely, the Oriental collection be sold by auction.” edition is distinguished by some forty new poems (seventy pages), written principally during Stevenson's MR. WATSON'S SONNET TO AMERICA. life in the South Seas, from 1888 to 1894. O towering daughter, Titan of the West, The « Extension Bulletins” of the University of the Behind a thousand leagues foam secure, Thou toward whom our inmost heart is pure State of New York are doing valuable work as adjuncts Of all intent, although thou threatenest to popular education. The latest issues (October and With most unfilial hand thy mother's breast, November) are devoted, respectively, to “Study Clubs " Not for one breathing space may earth endure and “ Extension of University Teaching in England and The thought of war's intolerable cure America.” The latter work is by Dr. James E. Rus For such vague pains as vex to-day thy rest. sell, of the University of Colorado. But if thou hast more strength than thou canst spend “Stepniak," the Russian revolutionist, was run over In tasks of peace, and find'st her yoke too tame, Help us to smite the cruel, and befriend by a railway train near London, on the 23d of Decem- The succorless, and put the false to shame: ber, and instantly killed. His real name was never So shall the ages laud thee, and thy name divulged to the English public, and the current news- Be lovely among nations to the end. paper statements that it was Dragomanoff are without foundation. Stepniak” visited Chicago about four years ago, and gave a lecture before the Twentieth Cen- tury Club. He was a forcible writer and speaker, and TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. the command of English displayed in his books is re- January, 1895 (First List). markable. Architecture in America. John Stewardson. Lippincott. The new international magazine, “Cosmopolis,” the Arnold's Letters. Herbert W. Paul. Forum. first number of which is to appear in January, will deal Assyrian Art 3000 Years Ago. H. Spencer. Mag. of Art. with the literature, politics, and drama of England, Bahama Folk-lore. Frederick Starr. Dial. France, and Germany. Each writer will use his own Blaine's Defeat in 1884. Murat Halstead. McClure. language, and his remarks will be confined to his sub Borchgrevink, the Norwegian Antarctic Explorer. Century. ject in so far as it affects the country which he repre- Cell-Life, Processes of. David S. Jordan. Dial. sents. On the English side, Mr. Andrew Lang has Cengus, The Federal. Carroll D. Wright. Forum. Children of the Road. Josiah Flynt. Atlantic. promised to contribute the literary, Mr. Henry Nor- Chinese, Responsibility among the. C. M. Cady. Century. man the political, and Mr. A. B. Walkley the dramatic Christ as Doctrine and Person. John Bascom. Dial. material. Mr. Fisher Unwin is the English publisher Church Entertainments. William Bayard Hale. Forum. of the magazine. Congress Out of Date. Atlantic. That genial and wholesome family journal, “ The Currency and Banking. Adolf Ladenburg. Forum. Outlook, announces that hereafter one of its issues English Oil Pictures, Modern. F. G. Stephens. Mag. of Art. every month will be a “magazine number "-- that is, Euripides the Rationalist. William C. Lawton. Dial. will be enlarged, abundantly illustrated, and otherwise Field, Eugene, and his Child Friends. McClure. Landmarks. Charles C. Abbott. Lippincott. made more like a monthly magazine than a weekly Locker, Frederick. Augustine Birrell. Scribner. paper. A series of papers on “ The Higher Life of London's Underground Railways. E. R. Pennell. Harper. American Cities” is promised as one feature of these Longfellow. Richard Henry Stoddard. Lippincott. “ magazine numbers.” Dr. Albert Shaw will write of Moonshiner of Fact, The. Francis Lynde. Lippincott. New York, Mr. Melville Stone of Chicago, Dr. Edward Painting, A Century of. Will H. Low. McClure. Everett Hale of Boston, Mr. Talcott Williams of Phil. Plea for.Sanity. Dial. adelphia, Miss Grace King of New Orleans, and the Post-Office, Emancipation of the. J. R. Proctor. Atlantic. Rev. John Snyder of St. Louis. Public Schools, Criminal Crowding of. J.H.Penniman. Forum. Railroad Rate Wars. John W. Midgley. Forum. A Paris correspondent gives these interesting particu Reconstruction. George W. Julian. Dial. lars regarding the library of the late Ernest Renan: Rome. F. Marion Crawford. Century. “The complete catalogue of Renan's library has just Schoolhouse as a Centre, The. H. E. Scudder. Atlantic. been published. It will be well to add it to the writer's Sculpture in America. William 0. Partridge. Forum. own works, for it is the bibliography of what he accom- Sport in Art. John G. Millais. Magazine of Art. Sun's Light, The. Robert Ball. McClure. plished. Renan was not a bibliophile, and doubtless he United States Naval Academy. T. R. Lounsbury. Harper. took comparatively little interest in the form of a work. Waterways from the Ocean to the Lakes. Scribner. Books were for him above all tools. In turning over Woman and the Bicycle. Henry J. Garrigues. Forum. the leaves of his catalogue you enter really into the Wood Engraving, Present and Future of. Magazine of Art. laboratory where all his life long he pursued unremit World's Congresses, Bibliography of the. C.C. Bonney. Dial. 1896.] 27 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 106 titles, includes books re- ceived by The Dial since its last issue.] HISTORY. The Tribal System in Wales: Being Part of an Inquiry into the Structure and Methods of Tribal Society. By Frederic Seebohm, LL.D. 8vo, uncut, pp. 349. Long- mans, Green, & Co. $4. The Makers of Modern Rome. By Mrs. Oliphant, author of “The Makers of Florence." Illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 618. Macmillan & Co. $3. The Growth of British Policy: An Historical Essay. By Sir J. R. Seeley, Litt.D. In 2 vols., with portrait, 12mo, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $3.50. The Pilgrim Fathers of New England and their Puritan Successors. By John Brown, B.A.; with Introduction by Rev. A. E. Dunning, D.D. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, un- cut, pp. 368. F. H. Revell Co. $2.50. The King's Peace: A Historical Sketch of the English Law Courts. By F. A. Inderwick, Q.C., author of The In- terregnum." Illus., 12mo, pp. 254. Macmillan & Co. $1.50. The Journal of a Spy in Paris during the Reign of Terror, January-July, 1794. By Raoul Hesdin. 12mo, pp. 204. Harper & Bros. $1.25. The Story of Marcus Whitman: Early Protestant Mis- sions in the Northwest. By the Rev. J. G. Craighead, D.D. 12mo, pp. 211. Presbyterian Board of Pub'n. $1. GENERAL LITERATURE. Little Leaders. By William Morton Payne. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 278. Way & Williams. $1.50. The Century Magazine, Vol. L. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 960. The Century Co. $3. The Reader's Shakespeare: His Works Condensed, Con- nected, and Emphasized. By David Charles Bell. In 3 vols.; Vol. I., 12mo, pp. 496. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.50. Idyllists of the Country Side. By George H. Ellwanger, author of “The Story of My House.'' 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 263. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25. Macaire: A Melodramatic Farce. By Robert Louis Stev- enson and William Ernest Henley. 16mo, gilt top, un- cut, pp. 108. Stone & Kimball. $1. The Proverbial Philosophy of Confucius. 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Stone & Kimball. $1. A House-Boat on the Styx. By John Kendrick Bangs. Illus., 16mo, pp. 171. Harper & Bros. $1.25. Pinks and Cherries. By C. M. Ross. 16mo, uncut, pp. 253. Macmillan & Co. $1.75. The Shadow on the Blind, and Other Ghost Stories. By Mrs. Alfred Baldwin. Illus., 12mo, pp. 309. Macmillan & Co. $1.50. Frederick. By L. B. Walford, author of "The Baby's Grandmother.” 16mo, pp. 251. Macmillan & Co. $1.25. A Journey to Venus. By Gustavus W. Pope, M.D., au- thor of "Journey to Mars." Illus., 12mo, pp. 499. Arena Pub'g Co. $1.50. A Man's Foes. By E. H. Strain. 12mo, pp. 467. Ward, Lock & Bowden. $1.25. Cension: A Sketch from Paso Del Norte. By Maude Ma- son Austin. Illus., 18mo, pp. 159. Harper & Bros. $1. Black Spirits and White: A Book of Ghost Stories. By Ralph Adams Cram. 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 151. Stone & Kimball. $1. The Gods Give My Donkey Wings. By Agnes Evan Ab- bott. 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 135. Stone & Kimball. $1. My Double and How He Undid Me. By Edward Everett Hale. With portrait, 12mo, uncut, pp. 50. Lamson, Wolffe & Co. 75 cts. The Snows of Yester-Year. By Wilbertine Teters. 12mo, pp. 244. Arena Pub'g Co. $1.25. Under the Shadow of Etna: Sicilian Stories. By Gio- vanni Verga; trans. by Nathan Haskell Dole. Illus., 18mo, gilt top, pp. 178. Joseph Knight Co. 75 cts. Little Idylls of the Big World. By W. D. McCrackan, M.A. Illus., 18mo, gilt top, pp. 175. Joseph Knight Co. 75 cts. Hill-Crest. By Julia Colliton Flewellyn. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 304. Arena Pub'g Co. $1.25. At Last. By Mrs. Maria Elise Lauder. 12mo, pp. 310. Cranston & Curts. 75 cts. Beauty for Ashes. By Kate Clark Brown. 18mo, pp. 120. Arena Pub'g Co. 75 cts. SOCIAL AND FINANCIAL STUDIES. Israel Among the Nations: A Study of the Jews and An- tisemitism. By Anatole Leroy - Beaulieu ; trans. by Frances Hellman. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 385. G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $1.75. Heredity and Christian Problems. By Amory H. Brad- ford. 12mo, pp. 281. Macmillan & Co. $1.50. Youthful Eccentricity a Precursor of Crime. By Forbes Winslow, D.C.L. 18mo, pp. 103. Funk & Wagnalls Co. 50 cts. 6. 28 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL The Railway Revolution in Mexico. By Bernard Moses, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 90. San Francisco: The Berkeley Press. Bug vs. Bug: Both Sides of the Silver Question. By Will- iam N. Osgood. 12mo, pp. 108. Boston: Chas. E. Brown & Co. 25 cts. THEOLOGY AND RELIGION. The Messages to the Seven Churches of Asia. By Rev. Thomas Murphy, D.D. With map, 8vo, pp. 675. Pres- byterian Board of Pub'n. $3. A Scientific Demonstration of the Future Life. By Thomas Jay Hudson, author of "The Law of Psychic Phenomena." 12mo, pp. 326. A.C. McClurg & Co. $1.50. Antipas, Son of Chuza, and Others whom Jesus Loved. By Louise Seymour Houghton. Illus., 12mo, pp. 246. A. D. F. Randolph & Co. $1.50. The Jobannean Problem: A Resume for English Readers. By Rev. George W. Gilmore, A.M. 12mo, pp. 124. Pres- byterian Board of Pub'n. $1. The Diary of a Japanese Convert. By Kanzo Uchimura. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 212. F. H. Revell Co. $1. Faith and Science. By Henry F. Brownson. 12mo, pp. 220. Detroit, Mich.: The Author. $1. TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. An Artist in the Himalayas. By A. D. McCormick. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 306. Macmillan & Co. $3.50. From Far Formosa: The Island, its People and Missions. By George Leslie Mackay, D.D.; edited by Rev. J. A. MacDonald. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 346. F. H. Revell Co. $2. Old Boston: Reproductions of Etchings, with Descriptive Letter-Press. * By Henry R. Blaney. Large 8vo, gilt edges, pp. 136. Lee & Shepard. Boxed, $2.50. Westminster. By Sir Walter Besant, M.A., author of " London.' ." Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 398. Fred- erick A, Stokes Co. $3.50. Rambles in Japan, the Land of the Rising Sun. By H. B. Tristram, D.D. Illus., 8vo, pp. 306. F. H. Revell Co. $2. Vacation Rambles. By Thomas Hughes, author of "Tom Brown's School-days." 12mo, pp. 405. Macmillan & Co. $1.75. Round about a Brighton Coach Office. By Maude Eger- ton King. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 209. Macmillan & Co. $1.75. Persian Life and Customs. By Rev. S. G. Wilson, M.A. Illus., 8vo, pp. 333. F. H. Revell Co. $1.75. Gray Days and Gold. By William Winter. 32mo, pp. 334. Macmillan's “Miniature Series." 25 cts. His Great Ambition. By Anna F. Heckman. Illus., 12mo, pp. 317. Presbyterian Board of Pub'n. $1.50. The House of Hollister. By Fannie E. Newberry, author of “ Not for Profit.” Illus., 12mo, pp. 280. A. I. Brad- ley & Co. $1.25. The Child Jesus, and Other Talks to Children. By Alex- ander Macleod. 12mo, pp. 270. Cranston & Carts. 90 cts. Wee Dorothy's True Valentine. By Laura Updegraff, Illus., 12mo, pp. 107. Joseph Knight Co. 50 cts. The Land of Nada: A Fairy Story. By Bonnie Scotland. 18mo, pp. 115. Arena Pub'g Co. 75 cts. Old Greek Stories. By James Baldwin. Illus., 12mo, pp. 208. American Book Co. 45 cts. Fairy Stories and Fables. Retold by James Baldwin. Illus., 12mo, pp. 176. American Book Co. 35 cts. Stories for Children. By Mrs. Charles A. Lane. Illus., 12mo, pp. 104. American Book Co. 25 cts. EDUCATION.- BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE. Geological Biology: An Introduction to the Geological His- tory of Organisms. By Henry Shaler Williams. Illus., 8vo, pp. 395. Henry Holt & Co. $2.80. The Songs and Music of Friedrich Froebel's Mother Play. Prepared and arranged by Susan E. Blow. . 12mo, pp. 272. Appletons' "International Education Series.”' $1.50. Methods of Mind-Training, Concentrated Attention, and Memory. By Catharine Aiken. Illus., 12mo, pp. 110. Harper & Bros. $1. National Drawing Course. Prepared by Anson K. Cross. Comprising: Three text-books, two teachers' manuals, five drawing books, set of drawing cards, and special mechanical material. Ginn & Co. Laboratory Manual of Inorganic Preparations. By H. T. Vulté, Ph.D., and George M. S. Neustadt. Ilius., 12mo, pp. 183. Geo. G. Peck. $2. Places and Peoples. Edited and annotated by Jules Lu- quiens, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 213. Ginn & Co. 85 cts. Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules. Edited by Marshall W. Davis, A.B. With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 162. Ginn & Co. 85 cts. German Historical Prose. Selected and edited by Her- mann Schoenfeld, Ph.D. 16mo, pp. 213. Henry Holt & Co. 80 cts. Scheffel's Der Trompeter von Eäkkingen. Abridged and edited by Carla Wenckebach. Illus., 12mo, pp. 181. Heath's "Modern Language Series." 70 cts. Political Economy for High Schools and Academies. By Robert Ellis Thompson, A.M. 12mo, pp. 108. Ginn & Co. 55 cts. Selections for French Composition. By C. H. Grand- gent. 12mo, pp. 142. Heath's “Modern Language Series." 50 cts. The Lives of Cornelius Nepos. Edited by Isaac Flagg. 12mo, pp. 238. Leach, Shewell & Sanborn. ART. The Midsummer of Italian Art. By Frank Preston Stearns, author of " The Life of Tintoretto." Illus. in photogra- vure, 12mo, gilt top, pp. 321. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.25. Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture as Representative Arts: An Essay in Comparative Æsthetics. By George Lansing Raymond, author of “ Art in Theory." Illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 431. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50. ARCHÆOLOGY. Pagan Ireland: An Archæological Sketch. By W. G. Wood-Martin, M.R.I.A., author of "The Lake-Dwell- ings of Ireland.” Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 689. Longmans, Green, & Co. $5. PSYCHOLOGY. Outlines of Psychology. Based upon the Results of Ex- perimental Investigation. By Oswald Külpe ; trans. by Edward B. Titchener. 8vo, uncut, pp. 462. Macmillan & Co. $2.60. BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG. St. Nicholas Magazine, Vol. XXII. In 2 parts, illas., large 8vo, pp. 1056. The Century Co. $4. The Heart of Oak Books: A Collection of Masterpieces of Prose and Poetry, for Use at Home and at School. Ed- ited by Charles Eliot Norton. In 6 books, 12mo. D. C. Heath & Co. Boxed, $3.15. Wood Island Light; or, Ned Sanford's Refuge. By James Otis, author of "Toby Tyler.” Ilus., 12mo, pp. 246. A. I. Bradley & Co. $1. MISCELLANEOUS. The Secret of Mankind. 12mo, pp. 417. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2. In the Sanctuary: Sequel to "On the Heights of Himalay." By A. Van Der Naillen. 12mo, pp. 250. San Francisco : Wm. Doxey. $1. Nature as a Book of Symbols. By William Marshall. 12mo, pp. 277. Cranston & Curts. 90 cts. old Diary Leaves: The True Story of the Theosophical Society. By Henry Steel Olcott. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 491. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2. Types of American Character. By Gamaliel Bradford, Jr. 32mo, gilt top, pp. 210. Macmillan & Co. 75 cts. Moral Pathology. By Arthur E. Giles, M.D. 12mo, un- cut, pp. 179. Macmillan & Co. $1. Ancestry. Compiled by Eugene Zieber. New edition ; with frontispiece, 8vo, gilt top, pp. 83. Bailey, Banks & Bid- dle Co. 25 cts. RARE BOOKS, Back Numbers of Magazines, Posters, of wants to JOHN A. STERNE, 20 E. Adams St., CHICAGO. THE BOOK SHOP, CHICAGO. SCARCE BOOKB. BACK-NUMBER MAGAZINES. For any book on any sub- ject write to The Book Shop. Catalogues free. THE DIAL a Semi-flonthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAGE . . . . . . THE DIAL (founded in 1880 ) is published on the 1st and 16th of out attempting to discuss the political questions each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage concerned, we emphasized the need of delibera- prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must tion in all such matters, and stated as our posi- be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the tion that in a dispute involving, as the Vene- current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and zuelan controversy does, delicate questions of for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; international usage and historical investiga- and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished tions such as only the well-equipped scholar on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. can undertake, it was the part of sobriety and self-respect to maintain a decent reserve, await- No. 230. JANUARY 16, 1896. Vol. XX. ing the final verdict of the trained specialist, and provisionally deferring to the judgment of those alone whose authority can have any real CONTENTS. weight. Our modest "plea for sanity" has THE SCHOLAR AND HIS FUNCTION IN called forth a number of communications, most SOCIETY 37 of them in sympathy with the attitude of THE THE STAGNATION IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE. Dial, but a few breathing the “ amazement Victor Yarros 39 and indignation ” aroused in patriotic breasts COMMUNICATION. . 40 by our tame and spiritless views. Unauthorized edition of Murray's Mythology. We are not concerned to reply to these angry F. W. K. outpourings, for they are all beside the mark. THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CORREGGIO. John Those that make elaborate arguments about C. Van Dyke 41 the boundary line of Venezuela discuss a sub- LESSONS IN MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. Harry ject upon which we have expressed no opinion, Pratt Judson 43 and in which we take but a feeble interest. A GREATER BLACKSTONE. John J. Halsey 44 Those that depounce our utterances as “ trea- THE STORY OF THE “ALABAMA." Charles H. sonable" and "unpatriotic" have yet to learn Palmer 46 the meaning of the words “ fidelity” and “pa- BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . 49 triotism.” “Our true country," as Lowell once More of the Napoleonic revival. - An olive-branch wrote, “is that ideal realm which we represent from England. - The journal of a Polish Countess.- to ourselves under the names of religion, duty, Memories of Paris. — A remarkable performance of genius.- A manual of international law.- Miscellan and the like. Our terrestrial organizations are eous writings of Walter Bagehot. — Good usage and but far-off approaches to so fair a model, and authority. - The antiquities of sports and festivals. - An unconventional letter-writer. - Silhouettes of all they are verily traitors who resist not any travel. attempt to divert them from this their original BRIEFER MENTION 52 intendment." We are happy to note that the LITERARY NOTES 53 opening weeks of the new year have brought much testimony to the existence among our TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 54 fellow-countrymen of a nobler patriotic passion LIST OF NEW BOOKS 54 than is known to the philosophy of the jingo, and that hundreds of weighty utterances have voiced the sentiments of justice and humanity THE SCHOLAR AND HIS FUNCTION and civilization, justifying our appeal almost IN SOCIETY. before it was made. In the last issue of THE DIAL an urgent plea There is, however, one aspect of the recent was made for serious thought and sober judgdiscussion, as of most public discussions in ment in the matter of the grave international which fundamental principles are concerned, complication with which we were suddenly con that seems to call for thoughtful consideration. fronted at the approach of Christmas-tide, and The greatest fault of democracy is that it so which seemed to evoke in many quarters a spirit often presumes to decide upon questions which of recklessness creditable neither to our mor. in their very nature are to be decided upon ality nor our intelligence as a nation. With- With. I intelligently only by experts. Every philosoph- . . . . 38 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL ical writer upon democratic institutions, whether affairs, who lives in the world and rubs against sympathizing with them or not, has put his it every day, is too extraordinary a proposition finger upon this weak spot, and found in it the to be considered. greatest menace to the permanence of popular This singular distortion of view has received government. A sound decision upon almost so frequent illustration of late years that ex- any problem of political science, of economics amples seem hardly necessary. The history of or finance, is within the reach of specially dis- our national economic and financial policy since ciplined minds alone, and the opinion of the the Civil War is an almost unbroken record of unthinking masses upon such matters has just fatuous ignorance, and empirical experimenta- as much or as little real weight as an opinion tion, and insolent disregard of the best estab- upon the special problems of engineering, or lished inductions of science. The only ade- chemistry, or physiology. This doctrine, of quate analogy is that offered by a man who course, will never receive the assent of the dem- barely escapes with his life from a succession agogue, whether he be a political schemer, or a of diseases, each the result of some act of reck- legislator chosen by popular vote, or the editor lessness, and each dealt with in accordance with of a newspaper conducted upon modern com the rules of some new quackery or some time- mercial principles. It is the business of all honored superstition. That there is such a these people to pretend that their opinions thing as the scientific treatment of disease, and upon the delicate problems presented by the art that imminent disease may be averted by the of government are as good as anybody's, and precautions suggested by scientific knowledge, probably a little better; their stock in trade is are the last propositions that such a man will an infinite self-assurance, and their method the admit. And the body politic seems to fare in method of flattery, either rank or insidious, much the same way, for your Demos is firm in according to the particular vanities or suscep his prejudices, and distrusts above all things tibilities of their hearers. else the pedantry of the university professor For many years these artful manipulators of or other variety of trained practitioner. “What public opinion, in pursuit of their ad captan can he know about politics ?” some one said dum policy, have sedulously labored to devel- of Lowell, a few years before the death of our op the antagonism always latent between the great American scholar ; "he never made a masses and the men of scholarship. The pro- stump speech in his life.” “What can he know cess is by no means peculiar to this country, about the tariff?” says the self-confident wool- but has probably been more successfully car grower of the authoritative writer upon eco- ried out with us than elsewhere, in consequence nomic science; "he never raised a flock of of the innate irreverence of the American na sheep in his life.” tional character, its unpleasant self-assertive The application of these illustrations to the ness, and the superficiality of the educational Venezuelan controversy is obvious enough. influences under which it has in large part been That controversy presents — leaving its ethics shaped. A curiously mythical notion of the out of the question—two special problems, one scholar and his function in society, as unlike of international law and one of statesmanship. the reality as anything that could well be im- The first problem is concerned with the rela- agined, has come currently to be held, and in tion of the Monroe Doctrine to the body of in- perfect good faith, by a large proportion of our ternational law and usage, together with the population. One can hardly take up an Amer- question of the legitimacy of an application of ican newspaper without coming upon many a that Doctrine to this particular case. The sec- covert sneer at the scholar and his modes of ond problem is concerned with the possible thinking, upon many an expression of ill con menace to our national safety resulting from a cealed contempt for his impracticability and slight enlargement of a small English colony his idealism. He is spoken of as if he were in a corner of South America. Both of these some curious sort of stuffed animal, exhib- problems belong preëminently to the domain ited in the glass case of some university or of the scholar, and upon neither of them is the other institution of learning. That he has opinion of the “man in the street" likely to opinions upon the subject to which he has de have any value. Now the judgment of com- voted a lifetime of thought is, of course, a fa petent authorities upon both of these problems, miliar fact, for be sometimes has the temerity in this country as well as in Europe, is sub- to state them in public; but that they should stantially unanimous as far as the essential ele- be taken seriously by the plain sensible man of ments are concerned. That judgment runs - 1896.) 39 THE DIAL counter to an opinion, or rather a sentiment, individual self-improvement and altruism; progress that seems to have a somewhat widespread is generally expected to take the form of a change currency among our population, a sentiment in the economic, political, and educational conditions based mainly upon prejudices of the baser sort, of Russia. Tolstoi is indifferent to external reforms, and insists that character alone is essential. He and inflamed by the pernicious zeal of time- exhorts individual men and women to be unselfish, serving politicians and journalists. What brave, and truthful, and has no hope of improvement should be the attitude of the sober-minded to- through any other agency. Nearly all his recent ward this division of opinion? It seems to us works, including “Master and Man," enforce this that but one rational answer to such a question moral; and hence most of his readers, while admit- is possible. The voice of a man who has made ting the literary power and charm of his latter-day the subjects concerned the study of his life- fiction, declare that Russia no longer finds in it that time, who can bring to bear upon the problems inspiration and that aid which Tolstoi afforded it the full weight of historical scholarship and in the days when his doctrines enjoyed considerable scientific method, must surely outweigh the popularity: There is considerable interest in the new novel which Tolstoi is understood to have voices of many thousands of butchers and bakers and candlestick-makers, however suc- nearly ready for publication. It deals with the life of Siberian convicts, and shows that moral regen- cessfully they may ply their respective crafts. eration is not imposssible even under the worst con- It is only where really competent opinion is ditions, provided love in its most unselfish form is divided, as in the case of the fierce discussion present to guide and comfort the victims. Accord- about acquired characteristics and heredity ing to reports in the Russian press, the heroine of which just now divides the biologists into two the new novel is a young woman unjustly accused opposed camps, that the layman is at all justi- of having poisoned a rich merchant with whom she fied in taking sides, and even in such a case a lived in illicit relations, while the hero is the foreman modest suspension of judgment is for him the of the jury which convicts the woman. This fore- more fitting part. The majority is always follows her to Siberia. Whatever the artistic merits man falls in love with the supposed murderer, and wrong" is the vehement utterance of one of of this new story may prove to be, its “moral” will Dr. Ibsen's characters, reflecting, doubtless, be essentially the same as that of “ Master and the view of the dramatist himself in one of his Man,” and it cannot be taken as expressing the moods of angry individualism. Without ac present sentiments and aspirations of Russia. Tol- cepting this as a complete induction, we may stoi is powerful, but he stands virtually alone. The say that history shows the majority to have been progressive elements of Russia recognize his sin- often wrong, at least, and honors the minority cerity and moral greatness, but decline to follow that has stood for justice and right. And we him. He is not a leader of men, and his writings may add that the minority, when it really is do not impel his readers to action along the lines indicated by him. right, and stands patiently steadfast, nearly The younger writers of fiction, having no special always in the end brings around to its own way doctrine to preach, turn to actual life for their of thinking the wrong-headed majority. material, and find it colorless, vague, poor, unstable. Being, most of them, extremely realistic, their novels naturally reflect the emptiness and confusion of the THE STAGNATION IN RUSSIAN life they depict. The most successful of them - Mamin, Chekhoff, Korolenko, and others — still LITERATURE. continue to describe peasant life; but a number The close connection between politics and letters, have abandoned that field and turned their attention which has been a distinctive characteristic of the to the aristocratic classes and the high life of the intellectual life of Russia, was never more strikingly capital. This departure is deemed very significant illustrated than at the present time. The confusion, by the best Russian critics, for ever since the eman- uncertainty, and haziness of the political situation cipation of the serfs the “ Populist " movement in are fully reflected in the literature of the country. Russia has attracted the finest writers, and the life The land which has produced Tourguénieff, Gogol, and labor of the people — the peasantry and the city Dostoievsky, Saltikoff, and Tolstoi, is now without proletariat - have furnished the themes for their a single definite literary school or movement. Tol productions. This literary movement has coincided stoi, to be sure, lives and writes. His latest novel, and corresponded with the revolutionary Populist “ Master and Man," whose success outside of Russia movement, which sent thousands of the most cul- has not been very decided, has proved disappointing tured and refined youths into the villages and fac- to the progressive youth of Russia. While every tories, to live and work with the common people for thing Tolstoi publishes is eagerly read and widely the sake of disseminating liberal political ideas discussed, the ideas which he represents are no longer among them and scattering the seeds of revolution. dominant. There is little sympathy with the cult of Now, however, the revolutionary movement is prac- 40 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL tically dead in Russia. The young men and women free advice. The monopoly of the sale of liquor, no longer go among the people as propagandists which the government has experimentally intro- and conspirators against the powers that be, while duced in a few provinces, appears to have worked terrorism has been abandoned as wasteful and futile. well, and the disappearance of all private saloons The desire of the progressive minority to be useful is regarded as a great reform by all Russian writers to the masses is as intense as it has ever been, but except the few who claim that the nobility, rather the methods have radically changed. Literature than the government, ought to enjoy this monopoly. has not as yet adapted itself to these new conditions, In short, reform, though not of a political or con- and it is at present colorless, barren, and vapid. stitutional nature, is in the air. People are in a The high hopes of the reformers having been state of expectancy. They are hopeful, and yet skep- dashed by the reactionary attitude of the Czar, con tical. They believe that something will be done by stitutional and political changes, while still secretly the present government, and they are eager to lend yearned for, have ceased to form the staple of dis a hand and cooperate in anything really conducive cussion. But it would be an error to suppose that to national welfare; at the same time, they fear that no improvements at all are expected in Russia. The the reactionary spirit presiding over these reform- present government is apparently determined to atory movements may emasculate and deflower the demonstrate that absolutism is not incompatible most promising of the reforms. with true progress, and a number of important re Under these circumstances the literary life can forms seem to have been decided upon. Perhaps hardly be very vigorous. Publicists and economists the most important task undertaken by it is univer manage to extract some comfort from the dim pros- sal popular education. There is a veritable educa- pects and possibilities of progress, but the lot of the tional crusade in Russia at present. The Provincial novelists and story-tellers is hard indeed. The Assemblies, the press, official and voluntary socie- present is dismal and chaotic, and they are not even ties, all talk about the means of raising the popular sure that they are on the eve of a new era. Real- intelligence. Thousands of new schools are pro ism has always been supreme in Russian fiction, but posed for villages, night schools, libraries, lectures, even realism needs definite human documents and and reading rooms are being organized in the cities, an active life full of movement, interest, and strug- popular editions of national and foreign authors are gle. Stagnation, indefiniteness, confusion, are fatal being undertaken, and the young men and women to it. All is talk at present in Russia; there are of the country are turning their attention to this no types or things worthy of study and portrayal. sphere of activity. Higher education is not neg The Tourguénieff atmosphere has vanished; the ter- lected. A medical college for women has been au rorist and revolutionary days are over; the enthu- thorized by the government, and several new com siasm of the Populist propogandists has spent itself. mercial colleges have been opened for graduates of No one knows what the future will bring. Tolstoi female gymnasia. A warm controversy has arisen alone, as said above, unconcerned and indifferent, in regard to the character of the proposed common with a firm faith in the saving quality of his phil- schools. The Conservatives insist on religious train osophy of life, is able to write and preach in the ing and on the control of the schools by the clergy. form of semi-realistic fiction. He has his ideal, They want none but priests as teachers, and plainly source of inspiration, and message, and he finds intimate that secular education would prove a source sermons in stones and lessons in everything. of the greatest danger to absolutism. Secular VICTOR YARROS. teachers, they say, would disseminate revolutionary heresies and undermine the foundations of Church and State. Moreover, mere intellectual training, COMMUNICATION. instruction in the "three R's,” they argue, will be of little utility either to the masses or to the govern- UNAUTHORIZED EDITION OF MURRAY'S MYTHOLOGY. ment. Honesty, loyalty, sobriety, and strong prac- (To the Editor of The DIAL.) tical sense, are virtues entirely unrelated to the abil. The literary notices of THE DIAL are so uniformly ity to read and write, and the government ought not accurate and just that I read with some surprise, in the to encourage education that is not spiritual, moral, issue of December 16, your mention of the new edition Christian. On the other hand, the Liberals naturally of A. S. Murray's “ Manual of Mythology"; one might insist on complete separation between the schools readily infer from it that the book had been carefully and the Church, and they point to the tendencies in revised by the author. In a recent letter Mr. Murray the civilized world at large as sustaining their view. says: “Since the preparation of the second edition of the The government has not interfered with this discus- Manual, so long ago that I was but a young man then, I have had nothing whatever to do with the book in any sion, but it is feared that it will finally take the side shape or form.” Moreover, the authorized publishers of the Conservatives. of the American edition are Messrs. Charles Scribner's Economic and judicial reforms are also among Sons; on the conduct of the Philadelphia publisher who the probabilities of the near future. New land has taken Mr. Murray's book without authorization, and banks for the pesantry are planned, and in certain has had it revised without consulting him, each reader Provincial Assemblies it is proposed to organize will pass judgment for himself. F. W. K. legal bureaus to which the peasants could apply for University of Michigan, Jan. 3, 1896. 1896.] 41 THE DIAL theory-forming and fact-straining in modern The New Books. historical writing that a plain common-sense statement is refreshing. THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CORREGGIO.* The facts of Correggio's early life are practic- It has always seemed somewhat odd that a ally unknown, and this accounts for the isolated painter of Correggio's genius should have lived genius,” theory advanced by various writers. The absence of record was to them evidence and worked in the centre of Italy, in the bright- enough that Correggio had neither teachers est period of the Renaissance, without creating notice for himself or his art, outside of his local like a fountain in the desert, by virtue of in- nor education, and that he sprang up suddenly, province, until long after his death. No con- herent force. Neither the tale of his childish temporary writer mentioned him ; Ariosto over- ignorance nor that of his great learning has any looked him ; Vasari could get little exact data basis in historic statement. He wrote a good about him, and had to write the first life of him from hearsay. hand and painted magnificent pictures : that is In 1552 Landi said of him that he was * a painter nobly formed by positively all we know about his learning. It nature herself rather than by any master,” and is fair to suppose, however, that he could have done neither without some cultivated intelli- Titian at Parma with Charles V. praised his Cathedral frescoes ; but the man's life was still gence. He probably received the education of unknown. Baldinucci added nothing to the the youths of his time. His native town and Vasari biography but eulogy, and it was not province were quite as awake to the intelligence and learning of the Renaissance as other Ital- until the eighteenth century that Tiraboschi ian towns and provinces ; there was building, published documentary evidence about the painter and tried to get at the facts of his carving, and painting there as elsewhere in Italy, and the young Correggio was probably life. In our century much has been written just as susceptible to the spirit of the age in the about him: Pungileoni published new docu- Emilia as the young Raphael in Umbria. ments, Meyer sifted all the old material into Correggio was born in 1494, of respectable new form, Morelli straightened out the attribu- but not rich or noble parents. His first mas- tion of his pictures ; and now the director of the Parma gallery, Dr. Corradi Ricci, comes ter in painting was doubtless some local artist, forward with more new documents in a large ceschi; but this is not positively known. There like his uncle, or Antonio Bartolotti degli An- handsomely-illustrated folio which finally sums is no record of his apprenticeship in art, save up all the recorded life of the painter. what shows in his early works. These are Students of history will take up Dr. Ricci's reminiscent of Ferrara and Bologna, but it can- book with eagerness, and they may put it down not be inferred that he was a pupil of Fran- with some shade of disappointment. It doubt- cesco Bianchi-Ferrari, or of Francia, or of less contains all there is to be known about Costa. His first important picture, painted Correggio, but the gist of it was already known. when he was twenty, was the “Madonna of St. And those "ne documents to which the Francis,” now in the Dresden gallery. In it writer has had access, and which were to throw one meets with many resemblances to well- new light upon the painter, are neither very known artists. Mantegna’s “Madonna of Vic- important nor very illuminating. Dr. Ricci tory,” now in the Louvre, seems to have been has written a sound critical and historical ac- studied by the young painter. The pose of the count of Correggio — the best yet published St. Francis Madonna, the outstretched hand, but it revolutionizes no old theories and estab the black-and-white of the pedestal, the drapery, lishes no new point of view. It collects, cor- the foreshortening, the children, all indicate a rects, amends, and in that way doubtless gets study of the great Paduan. Yet Mantegna died at the truth of matters; for the writer seems to of have no conception of Correggio that requires could not have been the latter's master. The when Correggio was twelve years a distortion of probability. He gives the facts as they are known, and his inferences from them Mantegna's work. young Correggio was merely influenced by Mantegna's work. And other influences were are neither far-fetched nor illogical. For this evidently upon him at the same time. The St. his readers will thank him. There is so much Francis and the St. Catherine in the Dresden * ANTONIO ALLEGRI DA CORREGGIO. His Life, his picture are strong reminders of Francia, and, Friends, and his Times. By Corrado Ricci. Translated from the Italian, by Florence Simmonds. New York: Imported though Dr. Ricci will not admit it, the picture by Charles Scribner's Sons. shows the influence of Leonardo da Vinci. The age; he 42 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL figure of John at the right beloņgs.to the Lom- donna della Cesta,” and the “ Descent from the bard school of Lieonardo. The: Madonna's Cross.” In 1523 he began painting the fres- smile, the heavy eyelids, the oval face, the con coes of the Parma Cathedral, and these occu- tours, the light-and-shade, are all borrowed pied him until his death. He completed the from the same source; and that foreshortened great fresco in the cupola, and it seemed to hand and arm may be seen in the “ Madonna receive almost instant recognition from his of the Rocks" in the Louvre, as well as in townspeople. Vasari was the first outsider to Mantegna's “Madonna of Victory.” The Lom- write about it, Correggio's immediate pupils bard tivge is again noticeable in Correggio's (and after them the Carracci) copied it, Titian “ Bolognini Madonna" at Milan, and in other praised it, — and still Correggio was only a early works. There is no record that Correg- local celebrity. For all Titian's praise, Venice gio ever was in Milan or ever saw Leonardo. did not know him ; for all Vasari's words, Flor- It is highly probable, however, that he had seen ence did not know him. Barocci, the later and studied some Lombard pictures ; for dur-Bolognese, the Venetian Tiepolo, helped them- ing his youth Parma was at one time subject selves to the Parmese frescoes ; but it was not to Milan, and Milanese painters had been there until the eighteenth century that Correggio - yes, Leonardo himself for a brief visit. really came to be ranked among the very great The study of Correggio's masters and early masters of Italy. influences ends where it begins, in conjecture. Between 1524 and 1530, his large altar- Like most young painters, he probably swung pieces — the three large ones at Dresden, the here and there until he found his own mind St. Jerome," and the “Madonna della Sco- and path. He was not a life-long assimilator della” at Parma—were painted. His technique like Raphael, but a man of peculiar individ at this time was so perfect that he could thor- uality, who always remained Emilian in art, oughly express his meaning, and all his joyous- though at first swayed by the great men of the ness and delight in physical life were poured out times. It was natural that he should admire regardless of his religious subjects. Grace, Leonardo, Francia, Costa, Dosso, and Man-charm, movement, rhythm of line and color, tegna ; and that he followed the last-named in light-and-shade, all blended with splendid hand- his frescoes for the Convent of S. Paolo at ling to make great art. Correggio was at his Parma, there can be little doubt. These fres- height. His mythological pieces were done in coes were done in 1518, and Correggio was at the last years of his life, with the exception of that time living in Parma. In 1519 he re the “ Antiope" and the “ Education of Cupid.” turned for a year to his native town of Correg- Those years were destined to be few. His wife gio, and then came back to Parma to do the died in 1528, and after 1530 there is no trace frescoes of S. Giovanni Evangelista, at the re of him at Parma. He was evidently at his na- quest of the Benedictines. The fresco in the tive town of Correggio, a few miles away, where dome of this church marks something of a de he died March 5, 1534, aged forty years. parture not only in Correggio's life but in Ital. There is no reason whatever to suppose that he ian art. It had been the practice in the com died in poverty and neglect, as was formerly position of large spaces to cut up the area into stated. In fact this latest biography makes it squares, triangles, and architectural niches, clear that he died wealthy and respected. and to fill these with separate pictures; but Cor Where his ashes repose, no one knows. They reggio invented a composition of colossal pro have his alleged body at Correggio, and his portions, and threw the whole dome into one alleged skull is in the Academy at Modena; picture, showing Christ ascending in the cen but both relics are bogus — the skull being that tre of the dome with the apostles and angels of an old woman instead of a young man. below him in a vast circle. And here in this These outline facts are about all that is fresco the grace of Correggio is as nothing to his known of Correggio the man. Correggio the strength. The figures of the apostles are almost painter has been well and thoroughly studied like Michael Angelo's, so powerful are they in in his works, and though Dr. Ricci's estimate line and form, while that charm and sweetness of his genius and style is very good, it is not a so characteristic of his later altar-pieces are novel estimate. Correggio was a painter of hardly noticeable. striking individuality, but his isolation from It was in 1520 that Correggio's marriage the leaders of the Renaissance did not neces- took place, and about this time that he painted sarily produce his individuality; he was simple, the “Marriage of St. Catharine," the “Ma almost child-like, in his thought, having little 1896.] 43 THE DIAL care for the religious, the classic, or the intel- LESSONS IN MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.* lectual; but his alleged lack of education did not necessarily produce bis simplicity. It was Mr. Albert Shaw's valuable book on “Mu- a part of his nature to regard all things for nicipal Government in Great Britain ” pre- what they looked rather than for what they pared us for a thorough piece of work in his meant, and to see all things as form and color handling of Continental European cities; and rather than as symbols of ideas. Nothing could in this expectation we are not disappointed. have greatly changed that point of view. In His solid volume of five hundred pages is clear a way, he was material and sensuous, given to and systematic in treatment and is packed with form and color for their own sake, and to information. Porter's Human Intellect" was human beings for their humanity's sake. The said by a student of philosophy to be a book problems of good and evil, of sin, death, and calculated to give one a headache at thought the hereafter, never concerned him. To live of the author's vast reading implied in it. Mr. and be glad in the sunlight, to be simple, frank, Shaw's work in like manner is obviously the natural, and graceful, apparently made up his essence of countless reports and other inter- sum of existence in art. He would have no minable documents. But it is the essence. And solemnity, no austerity, no great intellectuality. it is illumined by a painstaking and loving Nothing tragic or mournful or pathetic inter study of this most modern of subjects in polit- ested him. He was in love with physical life, ical science. and he told his love with all the sentiment of a The nine chapters form really a discussion lover. That he sometimes nearly precipitated of five related topics. The first two chapters sentiment into sentimentality, is true. He — nearly half the book are devoted to Paris barely escaped it, and his followers were lost and the French municipal system in general. in it. It was the imitation of Correggio that This is taken as the type with which other sys- produced the insipidities of painters like Carlo tems are to be compared. Municipal institu- Dolci and Sassoferato. tions in France were powerfully affected by the That Correggio, technically, should have French Revolution, and early reached an ad- been so perfect, living as he did shut off from vanced development. The results have been Florence and Venice, is more remarkable than very interesting and instructive, and it is his peculiar mental attitude, since craftsman- largely from them that the impulse has been ship is seldom well-taught if self-taught. Yet given to the rest of the continent. The third Correggio was somehow extremely well taught. and fourth chapters relate to Belgium and Hol- His composition was occasionally involved and land, Spain, and Italy. The next three cover bewildering, but his drawing was nearly fault the subject in Germany, and the last two in less and his movement excellent. His light Austria and Hungary. Russian and Scandi- and-shade has never been surpassed by any navian cities are not considered. painter, ancient or modern, his color was rich The comprehensive nature of the work will and harmonious, his atmosphere omnipresent be seen by a mere enumeration of the topics and enveloping, his brush-work sure and treated in discussing France. The author spirited. Indeed, it was the technique of his speaks of public order, streets, paving, light, art, rather than the spirit of it, that first drew transit, water, drainage, sanitation, bridges, the attention of painters to his work, and they schools, libraries, savings banks, and pawn- made it known to the world. shops. He also analyzes the structure and work- Dr. Ricci has written a book that is the ing of government by which all these services better for coming from a candid mind and a are administered. Some of the distinctive facts careful student. He has told us all there is to in the study of Paris are worthy of notice. tell about Correggio, and that, too, in a concise One of them, and one that has an important and readable style. He might have followed bearing on the great development of that city, ancient fables and made a more bulky biogra- is the fact that Paris is the national capital. phy, but it is matter for rejoicing that he has Hence the general government has a close re- not done so. He has adhered to the records, lation to its civic life, as is the case, indeed, and if he has found few new data about Cor- with the capital cities of most nations. Our reggio it is all the more to his credit that he own city of Washington is governed directly resisted the modern tendency to create hypo- under the Congress of the United States, with theses and postulate them as proven fact. * MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE. By JOHN C. VAN DYKE. Albert Shaw. New York: The Century Co. 44 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL on little or no home-rule. The Paris police is man us, entirely wanting. He finds city administra- aged by a department of the national adminis tion a profession — the German cities calling a tration. But that is also the system in Lon mayor from some other city, just as one of our don. And the recollection of the Commune of universities would call a president. He finds 1871, to say nothing of previous insurrections, corporate privileges dealt with primarily for will make France hesitate long before entrust the benefit of the municipality, and so most ing the preservation of public order in Paris carefully hedged about with restrictions. He to local control. In the management of na finds better paving, better sanitation, better tural monopolies, such as gas and street tran care for education, better municipal bookkeep- sit, the city follows methods which should make ing, than in American cities. Americans begin thinking. No perpetual, or The Germania of Tacitus has been thought virtually perpetual, franchises are granted. All by some to have been a political tract, intended are subject to careful conditions, which include to show what Rome ought to be by painting adequate compensation to the public treasury, some other country as possessing the virtues specified services and prices, constant govern- which Rome lacked. One is almost tempted mental supervision and control, and ultimate to consider Mr. Shaw's optimistic picture of reversion of plants to public ownership. In European cities as made on a similar plan. many cases these services are owned and ad- Nearly everything he depicts is something which ministered directly by the city. Public edu we do in exactly the opposite way, and with cation, especially in technical lines, is exceed just the opposite results. To be sure, we have ingly elaborate. There is no newspaper war great difficulties. Our cities grow very rapidly. “ fads” in Paris. It is recognized that But those of Germany, since 1871, have grown taste, knowledge, and manual skill return their at the same rate. We have universal suffrage. cost many fold. Accordingly, the most careful But so has France. We have, it is true, a more instruction is given in all forms of hand-work heterogeneous population than European cities; and in the fine arts. Manual training in the but that is not enough to account for our short- use of tools for boys, in needlework and the do comings. And Americans cannot do better mestic arts for girls, in music and drawing for than to make themselves thoroughly familiar all, is given special attention. At the same time with Mr. Shaw's vivid exposition of how city there are distinct trade-schools of many kinds, government ought to be conducted, as seen in and high-schools of science, literature, classics, Europe. Almost any American city will show and engineering more or less plainly how it ought not to be done. The German system of local government is HARRY PRATT JUDSON. not radically different from the French. In each the fundamental part is the council. This is chosen by the people, and in turn selects the administrative staff. Of course Paris is an A GREATER BLACKSTONE.* exception, as in that city the civic administra- tion is in the hands of the national government. Admiration and gratitude are the mental And on the other hand, in Germany munici- inquires of himself what impressions have been states that rise into consciousness when one pal suffrage, unlike the French and American made by perusal of the marvellous and monu- systems, is usually limited to those possessed mental work on the sources of English law, of some amount of property. The three-class system of Prussia, for instance, is simply this : of Edward I?” Seldom are analysis and criti- “ The History of English Law before the Time Those who pay taxes on large amounts of prop- cism asked for on the results of investigations erty, amounting to one-third the whole, form the first class; those who pay on the next third whose penetration and accuracy are vouched for form the second class; the remainder of the by so distinguished and truth-compelling names as those of Sir Frederick Pollock and Profes- tax-payers form the third class. Each class sor Maitland : the one, professor of jurispru- elects a third of the city council. Obviously, dence at Oxford; the other, professor of the the number of voters in the third class greatly laws of England at Cambridge. Yet even with- outnumbers those in both the others combined. out the generous avowal by the senior author, In all the continental cities, Mr. Shaw finds efficiency, economy, and trained intelligence * THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LAW BEFORE THE TIME OF EDWARD I. By Sir Frederick Pollock, Bart., and Frederic characterizing municipal administration. He William Maitland. Two volumes. Boston: Little, Brown, finds the ward politics, which is so familiar to & Co. 1896.) 45 THE DIAL in a brief prefatory remark, one would soon dis of the treatise, under the head of Ownership cover that these stately volumes bear through and Possession, in the discussion of seisin and out the distinguishing characteristics of the writs of entry. As an illustration of the felici- learning and genius of the Downing Professor tous manner in which these archaic subjects are of Laws at Cambridge. And those who know handled it may suffice to cite the following pas- Professor Maitland's work in other publica- sage in regard to the transition from assize to tions will be glad that it is so, for they must jury: all have long since recognized that for a most “ In a little time we have these four and only theso happy ability to combine the functions of inves four petty assizes. Only in these four instances does tigation and interpretation, he is without a peer the writ, which is the first step in the procedure, the in the field of political science. His painstak- original writ, direct the empanelling of an inquest. Trial by jury, in the narrowest sense of that term, trial by jury ing and patient examination of original mate as distinct from trial by an assize, slowly creeps in by rial, his dextrous insight, his calm and undog another route. The principle from which it starts is matic judgment, may be found in other men; simply this, that if in any action the litigants by their his logical marshalling of the vast array of pleadings come to an issue of fact, they may agree to be bound by the verdict of a jury and will be bound facts, in others; and his lucid and fascinating accordingly. In course of time the judges will in effect manner and language, in others again ; but it drive litigants into such agreements by saying You is a rare combination which brings all these must accept your opponent's offer of a jury or you will together in one man, and which has made Pro lose your cause'; but in theory the jury only comes in fessor Maitland the master in his field. All after both parties have consented to accept its verdict. these characteristics of his former work appear An assize, other than a grand assize, is summoned by the original writ: it is summoned at the same time that again in these his latest volumes, and prompt the defendant is summoned and before his story has the reader to the wish, with which he leaves been heard; a jury is not summoned until the litigants them, that this great scholar may live to give in their pleadings have agreed to take the testimony of the world the history of later English law. the country' about some matter of fact. In course of time the jury, which has its roots in the fertile ground The first two hundred pages of the work are of consent, will grow at the expense of the assize, which devoted to a general sketch of the law for the has sprung from the stony soil of ordinance; even an period prior to 1272, under the headings Anglo- assisa when summoned will often be turned into a jury Saxon Law, Norman Law, the Age of Glan- (vertitur in juratam) by the consent of the parties; but still trial by jury, if we use this term in a large sense, vill, the Age of Bracton, and Roman and Canon and neglect some technical details, is introduced by the Law. Eleven hundred pages more discuss the ordinances of Henry II. as part of the usual machinery Doctrines of English Law in the Early Middle of civil justice.” Ages, under the headings, Tenure, Sorts and In the chapter on Bracton the growth of the Conditions of Men, Jurisdiction and the Com- system of royal courts is treated in the same munities of the Land, Ownership and Posses- suggestive manner, and one sees, as from a sion, Contract, Inheritance, Family Law, Crime bird's-eye view, the branching off from the and Tort, and Procedure. This mere list of Curia Regis of Exchequer, Common Pleas, capital headings will show how admirably the King's Bench, Chancery, Parliament, and Privy whole subject is conceived of for presentation. Council. Only in the matter of the earliest dis- The chapter on the age of Glanvill is rich in tinction between Common Pleas and King's suggestion. Nowhere else is so clearly traced Bench is there failure to put it quite as clearly the growth of the jury system, from its sources as Mr. Pike did six months earlier in his “Con- in the Frankish inquisition, through the assizes stitutional History of the House of Lords." of the reign of Henry II. No student who has The chapter on the canon law is very brief, but painfully tried to work out these assizes in the sheds much light. The influence of Roman law pages of Stubbs but will be thankful for this is shown to be partly by way of repulsion, simple exposition of the whole matter. It is, partly by way of attraction. English lawyers however, unfortunate that while the text is were moved, not only to bring their own law without flaw in its distinction of the great pro abreast of the foreign rival by recourse to its prietary assize — the Grand assize— from the native forces of progress, but also by imitation four possessory or petty assizes, the index fails and incorporation of the stranger. Stress is one completely. There is no entry whatever laid upon the accident of a divergence of En- under the title Proprietary Actions, although glish and continental law from one another, as reference should certainly be made to I. 126– the one shook off the Roman influences which 128, 333, II. 62-79, 136, 140. The same dis the other accepted. tinction is worked out in the doctrinal portion The book abounds in new view.points for 46 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL old ideas. Thus, the failure to discover the lies in the absence of any dogmatism, and in judicial trial by battle in Saxon England, as in the continual presentation of the variety and other Germanic countries, is accounted for by irregularity of mediæval life. Here are no the persistence of extra-judicial fighting. Only beautifully symmetrical theories to maintain, in those lands where a central power was strong but only a careful collocation of an immense enough to forbid the latter could the judicial body of facts, and an attempt to discern in duel have place, “ thus combining the physical them the lines of movement toward the England joy of battle with the intellectual luxury of of to-day. The work has been grandly done, strictly formal procedure." Scutage, which on once for all, we surmise, as to the substance of many think of as introduced in 1159, is prob- it, although new discoveries may alter details of ably of much earlier date, and even under Ed- the picture. The whole work is a great credit ward I. the tenant-in-chief who failed to attend to the publishing houses that put it forth. Our would be rated, after the campaign ended, in only criticism is on the inadequate index, of a levy which included, not only the traditional which we have already spoken. Additional scutage, but a heavy fine. It “ seems clear omissions noted are Droitural Actions, II., that the tenant-in-chief's duty of providing an 379; and as citations under topics already en- armed force is not commuted into a duty of tered, Barns' Part, II., 375; Bastard, II., 373- paying scutage.” So, again, in the chapter on 376 ; Possessory Actions, II., 378. The refer. Tenure, it is shown in regard to alienation that ences for Bond should be to Volume II. we must start not from the absolute inaliena- JOHN J. HALSEY. bility of the fief,' por from the absolute alien- ability of the fee simple,' but from ... an indeterminate right of the lord to prevent alien- ations which would seriously impair his inter- THE STORY OF THE “ ALABAMA."* ests." The Gordian knot that has been tan- A surviving officer of the Confederate crui- gled out of free men holding by unfree tenure ser “ Alabama,” Lieutenant Arthur Sinclair, is thus resolved, while we wonder that it was has prepared, chiefly from his own recollec- not done long ago. tions, an account of the career of that famous “ The tenure is unfree, not because the tenant · holds vessel, and this is now published in a substan- at the will of the lord' in the sense of being removable tial illustrated volume of some three hundred at a moment's notice, but because his services, though and fifty pages. It is essentially a personal in many respects minutely defined by custom, cannot be altogether defined without constant reference to the narrative, readable though not literate in style, lord's will. ... The man wbo on going to bed knows good-tempered though one-sided ; yet, with its that he must spend the morrow in working for his lord, many faults, a distinct contribution to the per- and does not know to what kind of work he may be put, manent literature of the Civil War. For it is though he may be legally a free man, free to fling up his tenement and go away, is in fact for the time being the statement of an eye-witness of and active bound by his tenure to live the same life that is led by participant in some of the more stirring and the great mass of unfree men; custom sets many limits memorable sea episodes of that eventful period. to his labours, custom sets many limits to theirs; the idea It is, of course, hardly to be expected that a of abandoning his home never enters his head; the lord's strictly impartial statement of the Alabama's” will plays a large part in shaping his life.” character and position, or of her adventures One finds in the discussion of the County, as and achievements, should come from one of her is expected, a fuller presentation of the view own officers. Lieutenant Sinclair naturally of the suitors in the county court, first brought believed in the vessel and in her mission; and forward by Mr. Maitland in Volume III. of that is enough for the purposes of his narra- the “ English Historical Review.” This is, in tive. It is told with an attractive frankness, brief, that attendance at court was a burden, and apparently with a desire to write fairly and and not a privilege, and that it fell, not on free-truthfully as to disputed points. These, how- holders as such, but upon certain units of land, ever, appear but incidentally; the chief por- by no means equal in area. When this appor- tions of the work are given to an account of tionment was made he does not pretend to say, the vessel's career and to descriptions of life on although in the review article he guessed at the board. reign of Henry I., but he maintains his main The “ Alabama" began her work of destruc- thesis with force. * Two YEARS ON THE ALABAMA. By Arthur Sinclair, So vast an achievement can be only touched Lieutenant in the Confederate Navy. With portraits and in a review. The charm of the whole work illustrations. Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1896.) 47 THE DIAL tion in the summer of 1862. The Confederate were released on ransom-bond, and those of the cruisers had already, in their raids in the North United States were plundered and burnt. There Atlantic, demonstrated their capacity for mis were fifty-seven of the latter, for which Great chief to the commerce of the United States, Britain paid, according to the terms of the and it was decided to build larger and more Geneva award, $6,750,000. formidable vessels and extend the field of their The author gives some very interesting pic- operation. In pursuance of this plan, secret tures of life on shipboard, which decidedly agents of the Confederate government, acting lacked the monotony of the ordinary humdrum as private purchasers, negotiated with the sea-life. The seamen all had double pay and Lairds of Liverpool for the vessel which was a double allowance of daily grog, and seem to first known as the “ 290” and soon became the have been on the whole a hearty and efficient " Alabama." She made her trial trip and es lot of fellows. Some good anecdotes are told cape from the Mersey barely in time to avoid of Semmes, the commander, who was usually detention, the agents of the United States hav referred to by the under officers as “Old Bees- ing obtained evidence of her true character and wax "- an appellation probably bestowed on laid the same before the British government. account of his tenacity in holding fast to a Sailing as a simple despatch boat, under the chase. He had, it seems, a sardonic sort of British flag and an English master, she soon humor, which often showed itself in a rather reached her rendezvous at the Azores, where rough “guying" of the captured Yankee skip- she was transferred to the command of Captain pers who had vainly tried to outsail him. All Semmes and his officers, and received her ar the officers were, it appears, exceptionally fine mament and stores. The question of a crew and amiable men — as mild-mannered, in fact, became a pressing one, as the men on board " as ever scuttled ship.” It was the custom, had been shipped simply for a trip to the Azores, on sighting a Yankee merchantman, to ap- and were ignorant of the true character and proach under cover of the United States or purposes of the vessel. The test of their read- English colors. If the prey became suspicious iness to enlist under the new flag was soon made. and attempted to escape, a blank shot, or, that Our author tbus describes the scene : failing, a solid one, usually brought her to. She “ The officers are all in full uniform of an attractive was boarded, night or day, in all weathers ; the shade of gray, with a redundancy of gold lace shock crew and available stores, and always the chro- ingly inappropriate to marine traditions. . . . The men are mustered aft to call’of boatswain, and Semmes, nometer and flag, were brought off ; and then mounting a gun-carriage, reads bis commission from the the vessel was fired. If near land, the captured President of the Confederate States as commander. crews were put ashore. Lieutenant Sinclair ... The stops 'to the halliards at the peak and main takes some little credit to the “ Alabama" for mast head are broken, and the flag and pennant of the materially increasing in this way the population young nation float to the breeze. ... Our Captain ad- dresses the men in a few curt but eloquent and persua- of the Azores. It often happened, however, that sive words, making known the character of the vessel and the cruiser found it necessary to play the host the purpose of the cruise. The paymaster has brought to so many involuntary guests that she became amidships his shipping list, and, like the rest of us, uncomfortably crowded, and the opportunity awaits the result of our gallant commander's speech. But the suspense is easing. One by one the groups dis- to strike a bargain with some foreign ship to solve, and Jack, hat in hand, presents himself at the take them off was a welcome one. The strange capstan and signs the articles, till eighty-five men have crews slept on the open deck, but were pro- been secured." tected by awnings from sun and rain; the au- Thus began the memorable two-years cruise thor says they were invariably well treated, of the “ Alabama,” during which she sailed their officers being accommodated as far as pos- 75,000 miles and visited almost every quarter sible at the officers' mess of the “ Alabama.” of the globe -- the West Indies, Gulf of Mex- Not infrequently the pleasing prospect of double ico, Brazil , Cape of Good Hope, China Seas, wages and grog twice a day tempted the pris- Ceylon, Cape Town, and the English Channel, oners into the “ Alabama's” service. As for shifting rapidly from place to place so as to the chronometers, they accumulated so rapidly do the utmost damage and inspire the utmost that Lieutenant Sinclair soon had to give up terror by the unexpectedness of her attacks his daily task of winding them. upon our merchant ships. She overhauled and The justification offered for the “ Alabama examined several hundred vessels ; those be- is, of course, that by damaging and threatening longing to neutrals received an apology and Northern commerce she drew off the United went on their way, those having neutral cargo States war vessels from their work of block- 48 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL ading Southern ports, and thus materially aided sarge,” under command of Captain Winslow, the prospects of the Confederacy. She was entered the harbor. Immediately on the arrival often pursued by United States cruisers, but of the “Kearsarge" Commander Semmes for- usually evaded them, sometimes running into warded to Winslow, through the United States neutral ports and escaping by her superior Consul, a challenge to fight the “ Alabama speed. She was a very swift vessel, having outside the harbor and beyond the limit of both steam and sail power. Her armament French waters. The news was flashed over was considered a powerful one, and our author cables and wires, and on Sunday, the 11th, is evidently proud of her fighting qualities. Cherbourg was filled to overflowing with sight- “She was a fighting ship,” he says, “ and under seers, while throughout the world people awaited no circumstances, within reasonable odds, con eagerly the result of the naval duel. templated avoiding battle.” Yet the truth is “Our ship, as she steams off shore for her antagonist, that the only real fight in which she engaged hull down in the distance and waiting for us, presents a was the one in which she was sent to the bottom. brave appearance. The decks and brass-work shine in the bright morning sunlight, from recent holystoning A similar fate had been visited by her, it is true, and polishing. The crew are all in muster uniform, as upon the United States gunboat “Hatteras though awaiting Sunday inspection. They are ordered the year before in the Gulf of Mexico; but to lie down at their quarters for rest, while we approach this affair can hardly be classed as a fight to the waist, and with bare arms and breasts looking The “ Alabama " lured the “ Hatteras ” to her the athletes they are. The decks have been sanded side in the night, while purporting to be, and down, tubs of water placed along the spar-deck, and all announcing herself to be, a British ship; and is ready for the fray. The pipe of the boatswain and suddenly, while the small boats of the “ Hat mates at length summons all hands aft; and Semmes, teras ” were being lowered to come on board mounting a gun-carriage, delivers a stirring address.” the “ Alabama,” the latter opened her broad-TI The two vessels steamed some eight miles off side in the darkness, sinking the gunboat in shore, and, approaching within a mile of each thirteen minutes. The entire career of the other, the “ Alabama" delivered a broadside “ Alabama” was, in fact, that of a sea-rover from her starboard batteries. The battle was rather than a battle-ship, and her commander's carried on with the contestants circling round fame as a sea-fighter must rest upon the one a common centre. A hundred-pound percus- engagement in which he was defeated. sion shell was early lodged in the “ Kearsarge" Lieutenant Sinclair's descriptions of the two near her screw, but failed to explode. Soon affairs referred to are worth quoting, as being the Alabama" was pierced by a shell at the after the vessels closed to point-blank range the report of an eye-witness. The first relates to the sinking of the “ Hatteras." water line. Seeing that his ship was sinking, “ It is dark, the enemy being but indistinctly seen. Semmes struck his flag. The officers and crew The enemy bas now come up. She hails us: - What were picked up by the “ Kearsarge” and by ship is that?' This is her Britannic Majesty's steamer the English yacht “ Deerhound," as the “ Ala- Petrel,' is the reply. . . . Our crew have lock-strings in bama” settled under water. hand, keeping the guns trained on her, and awaiting the “ The · Alabama's' final plunge was a remarkable command to fire. The two vessels are so near that con- freak, as witnessed by the writer about one hundred versation in ordinary tones can be easily heard from one to the other. For a time the · Hatteras ' people seem yards off. She shot up out of the water bow first, and descended on the same line, carrying away with her to be consulting. Finally they hailed again: If you plunge two of her masts, and making a whirlpool of please, I 'll send a boat on board of you,' to which our considerable size and strength.”. executive officer replied, “Certainly, we shall be pleased to receive your boat. When the boat is about half-way Two of the author's best chapters are given between the two vessels, the signal is given, and sky and to the incidents of this memorable sea-fight, water are lighted up by our broadside . . . About six and will not be overlooked by the reader of broadsides were fired by us. The enemy replied irregu- this interesting volume. The illustrations in- larly. Then she fired a lee gun, and we heard the quick; clude pictures of the “ Alabama” and “Kear- sharp bail of surrender, accompanied by the request that our boats be sent to her immediately, as she was sinking. sarge,” and portraits of Semmes and his offi- The whole thing had passed so quickly that it seemed to That of the famous commander, taken us like a dream." the day after the Cherbourg fight, shows a In June, 1864, the “ Alabama" put in at striking face, thin, careworn, but bold and the harbor of Cherbourg, France. The ship crafty, almost sinister, in expression. The was to undergo repairs, and officers and men appendix contains biographical sketches of all were to have a leave of absence. Three days the officers, and a general muster-roll of the later, the United States war steamer “ Kear. ship's crew. CHARLES H. PALMER. cers. 1896.] 49 THE DIAL an op- the fact that it saved France from anarchy, from a BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. relapse into the fatal gripe of the old order, perhaps from the fate of Poland. Louis XVI. was the real The literature of the Napoleonic More of the Napoleonic revival” seems destined to show us martyr of the Ancien Régime. With mistakes and revival. weaknesses enough, he had no crimes to expiate save the Emperor from every conceivable those of his predecessors. standpoint, ere the movement completes its course. His career has been discussed by historians, moral. The Anglomania which has so long An olive-branch ists, and military critics; and his portrait has been from England. disquieted patriotic souls in this coun- drawn, or redrawn, by memoirists of every shade try has at last fairly given way be- and variety of opinion and bias, from the hero fore the tidal wave of Anglophobia evoked by the worshippers down to the malignant Barras. In Con- “sturdy Americanism” of a recent state paper. stant's account of “The Private Life of Napoleon” | Despite this widespread change in the national sen- (Scribner), we are permitted to see the great man timent, however, there seems to be a class of our through the eyes of his valet de chambre countrymen who still perversely decline to recog- portunity that will be eagerly grasped by the large nize hostility to England as a test of patriotism, and class of American readers whose biographical crav who even doubt the wisdom of injecting into our ings and standards are reflected in the newspapers. | foreign policy an infusion of the temper of Donny- We do not mean to impliedly underrate the uses brook Fair. To such peace-loving souls the little and merits of Constant's book, or of the class of olive-branch wafted to us over the troubled waters books to which it belongs. Constant contributes to in the shape of a book on America by that genial our knowledge of his master very much as men like Briton, Dean Hole, should prove a welcome and Pepys and Boswell and the virtuoso of Strawberry timely token. The book is the outcome of the au- Hill contribute to our knowledge of their times ; thor's recent lecturing tour in the States in aid of and the hardiest wiseacre will scarcely impeach the the fund for the restoration of Rochester Cathedral; historical services of that immortal trio of gossips. and we are glad to learn that the pecuniary result Constant's book is a rich repository of the sort of of the mission was the reverse of disappointing. information that helps us to see the Emperor as his Replying to his English critics who had questioned daily associates saw him. The author was for four the propriety of " sending round the hat” in Amer- teen consecutive years, from the opening of the ica for an object that should be regarded as a “na- Marengo campaign to the departure from Fontaine tional duty” at home, the Dean concludes pretty bleau, in constant attendance upon his master, forcibly: “We had done what we could (at home), inseparable from him as his shadow "; and the por- and I saw no signs of national duty' coming for- trait he draws is vivid, human, and incontestably ward to complete our unfinished work. . . . In pre- accurate. The vogue of these Memoirs when they ferring to spend the surplus of five hundred pounds first appeared, in 1830, was very great; and the which I brought home upon the cathedral, rather recent reprint in France has been favorably re than in appropriating it to myself, I fail to appre- ceived. The present translation, admirably done hend that I have acted • hardly in consonance with by Elizabeth Gilbert Martin, and published in four the dignity of the nation and of the national church.'” shapely volumes by Messrs. Scribner's Sons, is, we The Dean writes in his usual chatty, facetious vein, believe, the first English version ; and the reader skimming lightly over a variety of subjects : our will find it decidedly one of the most entertaining clubs, hotels, railways, theatres, churches, horticul- and graphic of Napoleonic works. Constant brings ture, our cities and their various forms and degrees us perhaps nearer to Bonaparte the man than any of hisgovernment, etc., treating us and our ways other memoirist of the period has done. A readable with unfailing good-humor-save, indeed, when he introduction is furnished by M. Imbert de Saint comes to consider our newspapers. “ All who love Amand, who, as usual, is quite unable to deny him- America,” he says, “must protest against these de- self a passing allusion to his “Martyr Queen,” as gradations. . . . There is no excuse for the piling he is pleased to style her. Marie Antoinette's suf up of the agony, for the proclamations in huge and ferings in the Temple, her high bearing in adver hideous type of the most abominable crimes, for a sity, and the stoicism with which she met her fate, procession of bad men and bad women on the front have blinded romantic and chivalrous minds to the of the stage, as though these actors were of all the ugly fact that this “ Martyr Queen ”was the centre most important, and as though this rogues' march? of the vile court ring whose sins previous to the down the hill to perdition were much more inter- Revolution, and whose selfish and insensate policy esting to the public than the march of intellect, the during the Revolution, are as fairly chargeable with progress of industry, the advancements of science, the excesses of the Terror as the fanaticism and the ascents of religion and of truth.” That the blind devotion of the Terrorists themselves. The Dean's book will be widely read in this country goes world has so long been accustomed to hold up its without saying, and it will repay reading - if only hands in execration of the political cruelties and for the novel pleasure of seeing ourselves fairly, drastic expedients of that intrepid band of patriots, and for the most part gratifyingly, reflected in a that it has well-nigh lost sight of its services — of of mirror held up to us by an English hand. as 50 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL never a “good A journal - especially if it be a wo the author witnessed the pulling down of the Ven- The journal of a man's Polish countess. is usually an artificial and dôme Column-one of the many insensate perform- often a morbid piece of writing. ances of the latter-day Sans Culottes. The first Such is not the character, however, of "The Jour attempt had failed, the great structure steadily nal of Countess Françoise Krasinska,” just trans resisting the strain of rope and windlass. But after lated from the Polish by Kasimir Driekonska, and an hour's delay, says the author, “I had become published by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. This conscious, after a particularly savage jerk on the Polish Countess - the great-grandmother of Victor ropes, that the line between the chimney and the Emmanuel - is the most artless and unsophisticated statue was no longer exactly straight. Slowly - of creatures. Beginning her journal at sixteen and very slowly — the statue swerved past the chimney; keeping it up for two years, she discourses of her slowly the great column bowed towards me— self and of things about her with the utmost free did anyone receive so superb a salutation; slowly dom from bias. She says that she has heard more it descended, so slowly that it almost seemed to hesi- than once that she is pretty, and adds: “Some tate : in a great haze of spurting dust it fell. ... times, looking in the mirror, I think so myself.” With a wild rush and frantic shouts, the people There are four daughters in the household, and all, dashed past the sentries into the Place Vendôme, when they reach the age of sixteen, are taught to leaped upon the dislocated fragments, and howled add to their daily prayers the request for coarse insults at them.” Allowing for a rather pro- husband ”-a very natural supplication, they think, nounced tendency to overcolor in his more dramatic since the husband must take the place of the pa passages, we think Mr. Adolphus (who was evi- rents, and it is “ very right to ask God that he shall dently at Paris as a press correspondent) may be ac- be good.” Not until she is sixteen does this eight- cepted as a trustworthy narrator. An amusing chap- eenth-century young woman ever have any money ter is devoted to Mr. Worth, and another to General to spend, or ever receive a letter through the post- Boulanger. office addressed directly to herself. The latter A remarkable Whoever buys “Macaire, a Melo- event makes the day “forever memorable,” and performance dramatic Farce" (Stone & Kimball) the letter and its envelope are preserved as an of genius. because it is by Robert Louis Steven- “ eternal souvenir.” When she is about eighteen, son and William Ernest Henley, will be apt to won- the Countess meets Duke Charles, favorite son of der a little, after he has read it, how those distin- the King of Poland. It is a case of love at first guished men of letters happened to bring it to pass. sight on both sides; and the Countess having no The work may perhaps have had peculiar antece- reserves from her journal, we get a very pretty dents : it may have been written for the stage and story of the wooing and wedding. The last words been refused; it may possibly have been written for of the journal are: “I am sure of my husband's a wager; it may have been written for the “Chap- faith and love." Alas, that this confidence should Book, ” in which we believe it has appeared ; it may have been so shaken by years of inconstancy ! even have been written only for fun. These mat- Continual sorrows took away her strength and her ters, however, are not before the general reading wish to write any more; after a time, however, the public (curiously enough, too, in these days of the old affection returned, and the lady's life ended, omniscient literary gossip), and the average reader not in the splendor once dreamed of, but in a happy will take the book for whatever he finds between its home. Both the King and Queen of Italy are the covers. Thus regarded, without adventitious props, great-great-grandchildren of Françoise Krasinska. “Macaire” is a remarkable performance of genius. In a book written in collaboration, there is usually Mr. F. Adolphus's “Memories of some curiosity as to what was written by which. In Memories of Paris ” (Holt ), is an exceedingly this case we note a comparison that came out of one readable book. In the opening chap- of Mr. Henley's poems, and a curiously un-English ter the writer describes the Paris of forty years use of the word " ” which was kindly lent by ago, before the Haussmann reconstruction; and he Mr. Attwater of “ Ebb Tide” fame; otherwise it is passes thence to a recital of his recollections of the hard to say which author was most responsible. If city under the Empire, and during and immedi Mr. Gilbert had never written, would probably ately after the siege by the Germans. The entry have been different. The traditional Macaire is of the latter is graphically described, as are the certainly a character with opportunities; it would later scenes incident to the rise and fall of the seem on the face of things that Stevenson at least Commune — this chapter making one realize how might have incarnated him once more, might have perfectly capable modern Paris is of repeating, given us a new reading of the character, might have under due conditions, the revolutionary excesses of put in a form to be remembered that vague con- a century ago. The Communards of 1871 were, ception of intellect, effrontery, and un-morality. in capacity for evil and the brute instinct of de But it was not to be ; and all that can now be done structiveness, plainly no whit behind the ferocious by the reader if he be, as we are, a lover of Ste- rabble by means of which the Jacobin extremists venson and an admirer of Henley is to drop the swayed, saved, and dishonored the great Revolu book silently into the river of oblivion, trusting that tion. Among other dramatic episodes of the time, no Astolpho will ever find it necessary to rescue it. Paris. one 1896.] 51 THE DIAL international law. Good usage ume on “A Manual of Public International Béranger, or Scott, gives us, as a rule, the conven- A manual of Law” (Macmillan), by Thomas Al- tional judgments that have been accumulating for fred Walker, Lecturer at Cambridge, years; whereas Bagehot always says something of England, is designed as an introductory text-book his own.” And, even if we dissent from this some- “ for the use of students commencing to read Pub- thing, it somehow sets us to thinking along new lic International Law.” Its simple plan is the pre- lines, and we are glad that Bagehot said it. Mr. sentation of the rules that have been established by Hutton, in editing this series of volumes, has made the agreement of modern nations, in the form of considerable use of the notes prepared by Mr. For- propositions, tersely stated, eighty-six in number. rest Morgan for the edition of Bagehot published For example, No. 41 is : “ The final touchstone dis a few years ago by the Travellers’ Insurance Com- tinguishing belligerent from neutral, is willing sub pany, of Hartford. That edition contained, also, jection to belligerent or to neutral control.” No. the longer works, which the present one does not ; 60 is : “It is the duty of a neutral ruler to refuse but, on the other hand, Mr. Hutton has added a the right of passage across his territory to belliger- number of papers that Mr. Morgan failed to include. ent troops.” Each proposition is illustrated by com- mentary, at greater or less length, generally based Mr. Gilbert M. Tucker's modest vol. on and illustrating one or more historical incidents, and authority. “Our Common Speech nearly all of which are of great interest. Mr. (Dodd, Mead & Co.) is a collection Walker's novel plan of teaching this frequently dry of six good but disconnected essays on matters of subject will no doubt be well received. His style is linguistic interest ; and is not so much a handbook far from dry, and his book is agreeably readable. to be consulted at need as a book to be read and He adheres to the term “law” as applied to interna enjoyed. The book is more in the line of Trench tional usages, though agreeing that they “lack alike and R. G. White than of Sievers and Sweet; but determinate lawgiver, determinate sanction, and de- this does not prevent its being a scholarly, albeit terminate enforcing court,” because each nation popular, piece of work. Mr. Tucker's interest is in adopting those usages treats them as law, and fur- present usage and past meanings. Although he nishes them a sanction by voluntarily observing gives no indication of great breadth of reading, he them. Very many of the precedents cited by Mr. is well equipped as far as familiarity with the dic- Walker as authorities are drawn from the interna- tionaries is concerned, and he realizes perfectly just tional complications in which the United States has what he can do best. His two papers on Diction- participated; and references to American decisions aries are very convenient: the first gathers a good and American commentaries are frequent — Story deal about the old dictionaries which is new, doubt- being styled the great American judge.” Indeed, less, even to many students ; while his remarks on the pages of this English commentator bear abund- later dictionaries are eminently sensible. Start- ant testimony to the great part which our republic ing from this lexicographical standpoint, we have has played in modifying former international usages the first essay in the book on the necessity of using and aiding to establish the progressive modern rules; words exactly and correctly, and the last on Amer- for we have taken the lead in many instances in icanisms (chiefly on the subject of Briticisms), with the work of introducing them. a good bibliography. These four essays have some- thing of an enduring interest, and will probably be Miscellaneous Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. writings of have done readers a great a stimulant and a guide to just the readers they are -a very Walter Bagehot. intended for. More entertaining than important is great — service in republishing the in miscellaneous writings of Walter Bagehot. Five the essay on “ Degraded Words": those familiar volumes of their neat and inexpensive “Silver Li- with the principle in question will be interested in Mr. Tucker's collection of examples; those who have brary” are devoted to this purpose, and include all never thought of change of meanings in language of Bagehot that the general reader wants, aside from the English Constitution " and Physics and will probably fail rightly to estimate its import. Politics," both of which works are easily procurable. Lastly, the paper on the English of the Revised Three volumes of literary studies , one of biograph- Version, although its points are well taken, is rather ical studies, and one of economic studies, make up fragmentary, and, on the whole, ephemeral. The the set. There is a portrait of the author, and a book is easily and pleasantly written, and will prob- ably be enjoyed by the student and the more general sympathetic memoir by his friend, Mr. R. H. Hutton. reader. Bagehot was not always right, but he never failed to be interesting. In one of his essays, contrasting The antiquities Mr. Laurence Hutton, well known to Shakespeare with Milton, he says: “The latter, of Sports and readers of “Harper's Magazine," is Festivals. who was still by temperament, and a schoolmaster prepared to affirm that the facts set by trade, selects a beautiful object, puts it straight down in “ Other Times and Other Seasons” (Har- out before him and his readers, and accumulates per) have “never hitherto been gathered together in upon it all the learned imagery of a thousand years ; any single volume.” This may or may not be the Shakespeare glances at it, and says something of his case: more important is it that, such as they are, own.” So the average critic, writing of Shelley, or these little collections of information about football, . .. 52 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL golf, tobacco, St. Valentine's day, and so forth, are just the things to interest and please many people. BRIEFER MENTION. Bits of antiquarian lore, out-of-the-way quotations Professor H. Graetz's “ History of the Jews,” issued from good literature, reminiscence of old-time cus by the Jewish Publication Society of America, has been toms,— all this, and much else, makes very pleasant brought down to the present time by publication of a reading, and admirably serves the purpose for which fifth volume, which covers the period from the Chmiel. the volume was intended. Mr. Hutton is a large nicki persecution in Poland (1648) to the year 1870. reader, even of books which seem stupid to the The work is not, however, completed, for a supplemen- world at large; and everyone knows his cleverness tary volume is promised, to include a memoir of the at getting something out of almost anything. In author, a chronological analysis of Jewish history, an index to the entire work, and a series of maps. The the present case he has pored over many rare vol- Society also offers a prize of one thousand dollars for a umes and gathered much recondite learning; he story upon a Jewish subject suited to young readers. also deals genially with the “ Badminton Library," From twenty thousand to thirty thousand words is the as even with the “Century Dictionary.” His bits stipulated length, and particulars of the competition of information, both quaint and commonplace, are may be had from Miss Henrietta Szold, 708 West Lom- displayed and arranged with a bland humor quite in bard street, Baltimore. keeping with the picture of himself that forms the In his account of “The Minute Man on the Frontier" frontispiece of this pretty little book. (Crowell), the Rev. William G. Puddefoot recounts his experiences as a frontier missionary in the Western “Charm and Courtesy in Letter States. The author writes in a “ breezy," off-hand way, An unconventional letter-writer. Writing” (Dodd, Mead & Co.) is a and his book will doubtless prove entertaining to readers pleasant and useful volume,— pleas interested in the various phases of Western frontier life. ant to those whose letters are by nature charming It contains a number of interesting photographic plates; and courteous, and useful to those who hitherto have and there is a frontispiece portrait of Mr. Puddefoot, had little thought of either courtesy or charm when with his signature in fac simile. they had occasion to communicate with others by ported by Scribner) is a new series of books, under the “ The Warwick Library of English Literature” (im- the medium of the public post. Of the latter class there are almost too many in the present era of editorship of Professor C. H. Herford, each of which is to “ deal with the development in English literature printed letter-heads and postal cards, and if one of some special literary form, which will be illustrated could be certain they were amenable to kind treat- by a series of representative specimens, slightly anno- ment it would be wise to do one's best to help cir tated, and preceded by a critical analytical introduc- culate Miss Callaway's book. Whether or not it tion.” The first volume of this series, with an intro- succeeds in softening the manners of those who duction by Mr. Edmund K. Chambers, is devoted to might be helped by it, the book is pleasant reading, “English Pastorals,” from the sixteenth to the eight- especially for those who have no pressing need of it. eenth century, and has just been published. Volumes It is easily written, with a slight conventionality of to follow will deal with such subjects as “ Literary Crit- sentiment, and a semblance of method (as wine-jelly Essays,” and “English Masques.” The several vol- icism,” « Letter-Writers," " Tales in Verse," “English is sometimes moulded into the form of a verte- umes are in the hands of competent scholars, who may brate), but not enough to do any harm. The au be trusted to carry out acceptably the excellent idea of thor has extracted many good letters from episto which the series is an embodiment. lary literature, and shows a pleasant appreciation of A translation of Dr. Lassar-Cohn's " Laboratory Man- them, which, it is to be hoped, she will convey to ual of Organic Chemistry,” made by Dr. Alexander many readers. Smith (Macmillan), provides American students with An unusually bright and suggestive an extremely useful “Compendium of the methods ac- Silhouettes sheaf of silhouettes of foreign travel tually used in the laboratory in the prosecution of organic of travel. is Mr. W. D. McCrackan's pretty work.” What variations from the original have been booklet, “ Little Idyls of the Big World” (Joseph the author, and may be considered improvements upon embodied in this version have received the sanction of Knight Co.). Mr. McCrackan is the author of the German text. We have also received a treatise on several serious historical books; and his “Idyls," “The Fatty Compounds" (Longmans), by Mr. R. Lloyd with not a little of sparkle and lightness of touch, Whiteley; and a little book on “ Practical Proofs of show a vein of thought and sentiment that lifts them Chemical Laws” (Longmans), by Mr. Vaughan Cornish. considerably above the common run of travel pic The “Cid” of Corneille, edited by Professor F. M. tures. A few of the titles are: “Pontifex Maxi Warren, is the latest addition to Heath's Modern Lan- mus,” “ A Riot in Rome,” “ A Woman of Paris," guage Series. Messrs. Ginn & Co. publish, in their “A Sunday in Vienna," "The Sultan's Prayer," series of modern language texts, “ Les Précieuses Rid- “At the Manœuvres, ,” “Self-Government,” etc., icules" of Molière, edited by Mr. M. W. Davis; and a the last-named paper giving a graphic account of volume of sketches of travel, called “ Places and Peo- the meeting of the inhabitants of a Swiss canton to ple,” edited by Dr. Jules Luquiens. The latter is an old book, with new numbers added, seven chapters in vote on the adoption of a new constitution. There all, from such writers as Dumas, Scherer, “ Loti," and are several illustrations, including a photographic Taine. “ En Wagon ” and “C'Etait Gertrude,” two plate of Bastien Le Page's beautiful portrait of little parlor comedies by M. Verconsin, are edited by Jeanne D'Arc. M. Baptiste Méras for Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. au- 1896.) 53 THE DIAL guage Association, the Conference determined to re- LITERARY NOTES. solve itself into the “ Central Division” of that Asso- “The Critic" of New York celebrates its fifteenth ciation. This division will maintain its own organization, birthday with its issue of January 18. We heartily and meet at least twice in three years, with the expec- congratulate our younger contemporary on its years tation that the National Association will meet the third and honors. year at some point in the Central District, when there Colonel Thomas W. Knox, the well-known traveller will be a joint session. Publication will be controlled by a joint committee from the two societies, and one and writer of books for boys, died on the 6th of Jan- uary at his rooms in the New York Lotus Club, at the membership fee gives to members of the Central Divis- age of sixty. ion the right of membership in the Association. The latter organization has decided to meet at Cleveland Henrik Jæger, who wrote the best biography of Dr. next year. The officers of the Central Division for the Ibsen thus far published, and was afterwards engaged ensuing year are: Prof. W. H. Carruth, University of in the preparation of a history of Norwegian literature, Kansas, President; Prof. C. A. Smith, University of died last month in Christiana, at the age of fifty-one. Louisiana, Prof. E. T. Owen, University of Wisconsin, The friends of Mr. Edward J. McPhelim, one of the and Prof. G. T. Hench, University of Michigan, Vice- best literary and dramatic critics ever connected with Presidents; Prof. H. Schmidt-Wartenberg, University journalism in Chicago, will be grieved to learn of the of Chicago, Secretary. violent attack of insanity that befell him on the seventh Of the appointment of Mr. Alfred Austin as succes- of this month, while a visitor in New York. sor to the line of English poets laureate, perhaps the Messrs. Way & Williams have received from Mr. best that can be said is that there have been worse ones. Morris's “Kelmscott Press” their artistic edition of It is the contrast between him and those whom he im- Rossetti's “Hand and Soul.” Only 541 copies were mediately follows, that makes the appointment so unac- printed for both England and America; and a good ceptable to the public and inauspicious to him; for in portion of them were sold in advance of publication. the brilliancy of the two great names that have given Volume XLV. of the “ Dictionary of National Biog the title its chief glory, it will be hard for Mr. Austin's raphy” (Macmillan) extends from Pereira to Pockrich. light to show more than a doubtful glimmer. The It includes noteworthy studies of the two Pitts, but new laureate is already sixty years of age. He took little else of marked interest. The P's do not seem to his degree at the University of London in 1853, and have included as many great Englishmen as the other began life as a barrister, but soon turned to literary letters of the alphabet. and journalistic work. For many years he has been The many friends of the late Eugene Field will be one of the best-known “ leader writers " in London, and glad to learn of the new and uniform edition of his com- for ten years edited « The National Review." He is a plete works, announced by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Roman Catholic in religion and a Conservative in poli- Sons. It will be in ten volumes, each with a photogra- tics. His first poem, “ Randolph," was published when vure frontispiece. Besides the regular edition, there he was in his nineteenth year. He has been a prolific will be a special numbered edition of a hundred sets, writer, his collected works in verse, published by Messrs. printed on Japan paper. Macmillan & Co., filling six volumes. His latest vol- ume, “ In Veronica's Garden,” has appeared since the It is stated that the “ American Men of Letters " se- new year; and from it, as a favorable example of his ries is to be extended in the near future to include vol- lyric power, and as particularly pertinent at the present umes upon Bayard Taylor and Hawthorne, the former time, we give an extract which re-echoes in no unworthy by Mr. A. H. Smyth, the latter by Mr. G. E. Wood- strain the old song of peace and good-will: berry. Hawthorne, it will be remembered, is the one American included in the “ English Men of Letters" “But not alone for those who still series, edited by Mr. John Morley. Within the Mother-Land abide, We deck the porch, we dress the sill, The first annual meeting of the Central Modern Lan- And Aling the portals open wide. guage Conference was held in the Lecture Hall of the University of Chicago, on the 30th of December and “But unto all of British blood – the two days following. As the aims of this Confer- Whether they cling to Egbert's Throne, ence have already been set forth in THE DIAL, it will Or, far beyond the Western flood, Have reared a Sceptre of their own, suffice to remind our readers that the increasing interest in modern languages in the West and Southwest seemed “And, half-regretful, yearn to win to make such a Conference desirable. The success of Their way back home, and fondly claim this first meeting proved the correctness of that belief. The rightful share of kith and kin There were present teachers and professors from most In Alfred's glory, Shakespeare's fame, - of the Western States, representing the Universities "We pile the logs, we troll the stave, of Chicago, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Louisiana, We waft the tidings wide and far, the Northwestern University, Washington University, And speed the wish, on wind and wave, and many other institutions. A programme of twenty- To Southern Cross and Northern Star. three numbers, including papers on literary and linguis- “Yes! Peace on earth, Atlantic strand ! tic topics in German, English, and French was listened Peace and good-will, Pacific shore ! to by an audience of from sixty to one hundred and Across the waters stretch your hand, fifty persons, mostly specialists. Such discussion as the And be our brothers more and more! brief time permitted followed the papers; and further “Blood of our blood, in every clime ! measures of importance with regard to the future of the Race of our race, by every sea ! organization were taken. Propositions for coöperation To you we sing the Christmas rhyme, having been received from the American Modern Lan- For you we light the Christmas-tree." 54 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL Sketches from Concord and Appledore. By Frank Pres- ton Stearns, author of "Real and Ideal in Literature.” Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 276. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2. Old South Leaflets, Vols. I. and II. Each 12mo. Boston: Directors of the Old South Work. Per vol., $1.50. The Aims of Literary Study. By Hiram Corson, LL.D. 32mo, pp. 153. Macmillan's “Miniature Series." 25 cts. TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. January, 1896 (Second List). "Alabama,'' Story of the. C. H. Palmer. Dial (Jan. 16). American English, Study of. George Hempl. Chautauquan. Blackstone, A Greater. John J. Halsey. Dial (Jan, 16). Booth, Catharine. Sarah K. Bolton. Chautauquan. Central America. Audley Gosling. North American. Correggio. John C. Van Dyke. Dial (Jan. 16). Eastern Crisis, The. Karl Blind. North American. Electric Motor, Evolution of a. E. B. Rosa. Chautauquan. Helium. C. A. Young. Popular Science, Husbands. Marion Harland and others. North American. Jews of New York. J. A. Riis. Review of Reviews. Korea. William Elliot Griffis. Chautauquan. Legislation, Money in. Sidney Sherwood. Chautauquan. Lineage, Ancient. Edward Harlow. Cosmopolitan. Medicine, New Outlooks in. T. M. Prudden. Pop. Science. Menzel, Adolph, Illustrator. V. Gribayédoff. Rev. of Rev. Mexican Revolutions, Philosophy of the. North American. Missions, Foreign. Judson Smith. North American. Municipal Government. H. P. Judson. Dial (Jan. 16). Naval Warfare, Modern. Admiral S. B. Luce. No, American. Orange Industry, The. J. F. Richmond. Chautauquan. Photography, Amateur. W. S. Harwood. Cosmopolitan. Politics, Intelligence in. Dial (Jan. 16). Prison Congress, The Fifth International. Popular Science. Profit-Sharing. Frederic G. Mather. Popular Science. Russian Literature, Modern. Victor Yarros. Dial (Jan. 16). Sculpture and Sculptors. Lorado Taft. Chautauquan. Smithsonian Institution, The. H. C. Bolton. Pop. Science. So. Carolina's New Constitution. Albert Shaw. Rev. of Rev. Submarine Boats. W. A. Dobson. Cosmopolitan. Sultan of Turkey, The. W. T. Stead. Review of Reviews. Temperance, Scientific. David S. Jordan. Popular Science. NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE. « Thistle” Edition of Stevenson's Works. New vols.: The Wrong Box and The Ebb Tide, and Ballads and Other Poems. Each with frontispiece, 8vo, gilt top, un- cut. Chas. Scribner's Sons. Per vol., $2. Defoe's Works. Edited by George A. Aitken. Concluding vols.: Due Preparations for the Plague, and The King of Pirates. Each illus., 16mo, gilt top, uncut. Macmillan & Co. Per vol., $1. Spenser's Faerie Queene. Edited by Thomas J. Wise ; illus. by Walter Crane. Part X. (Book IV., Cantos I.-IV.); 4to, uncut. Macmillan & Co. $3. Reynard the Fox. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by Joseph Jacobs ; illus. by W. Frank Calderon. 12mo, gilt edges, pp. 260. Macmillan's “Cranford Series." $2. Rights of Man. By Thomas Paine; edited, with Introduc- tion and Notes, by Moncure Daniel Conway. With por- trait, 8vo, pp. 132. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1. Yeast: A Problem. By Charles Kingsley. Pocket edition; 18mo, pp. 278. Macmillan & Co. 75 cts. LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 71 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] HISTORY. The History of the Foreign Policy of Great Britain. By Montagu Burrows. 8vo, uncut, pp. 372. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3. History of the Jews. By Professor H. Graetz. Vol. V., 1648-1870, C. E. 8vo, pp. 766. Jewish Publication So- ciety of America. $3. The Book of the Fair. By Hubert Howe Bancroft. Con- cluding parts, 23, 24, 25; each illus., large 4to. Chicago : The Bancroft Co. Per part, $1. Rural Changes in England in the Sixteenth Century, as Reflected in Contemporary Literature. By Edward' P. Cheyney, A.M. 8vo, pp. 114. Ginn & Co. $1. Outlines of Church History. By Rudolf Sohm ; trans. by May Sinclair; with preface by Prof. H. M. Gwatkin, M.A. 12mo, pp. 254. Macmillan & Co. $1.10. Government and Religion of the Virginia Indians. By Samuel R. Hendren, Ph.D. 8vo, uncut, pp. 63. Johns Hopkins University Studies. 50 cts. POETRY. Fringilla; or, Tales in Verse. By Richard Doddridge Black- more, M.A.; illus. by Will H. Bradley. 8vo, gilt top, pp. 127. Cleveland, O.: The Burrows Bros. Co. $3.50. A Child's Garden of Verses. By Robert Louis Stevenson. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 137. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.50. Behind the Arras: A Book of the Unseen. By Bliss Car- man. Illus., 16mo, uncut, pp. 102. Lamson, Wolffe & Co. $1.50. Poems. By Alice Meynell. 16mo, uncut, pp. 72. Cope- land & Day. $1.25. Love and Laughter: A Legacy of Rhyme. By James G. Burnett. With portrait, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 161. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25. Folia Dispersa. By William Cranston Lawton. 18mo, un- cut, pp. 47. New York: The Corell Press. Nymphs, Nixies, and Naiads: Legends of the Rhine. By M. A. B. Evans. Illus., 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 111. G, P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25. Trinity Verse. Edited by De Forest Hicks and Henry Rut- gers Remsen. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 112. Hartford, Conn.: Trinity College. The Year Book of the Pegasus. 8vo, uncut, pp. 49. J. B. 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Hildebrand and Cicely; or, The Monk of Tavystoke Ab German and French Poems for Memorizing. 12mo, pp. 92. baye. By M. A. Paull. With portrait, 12mo, pp. 359. Henry Holt & Co. 20 cts. Cranston & Curts. $1. The Sister of a Saint, and Other Stories. By Grace Ellery MISCELLANEOUS. Channing. 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 261. Stone & Kim- The Laws and Principles of Whist. By “Cavendish.'. ball. $i. Illus., 16mo, gilt edges, pp. 318. Chas. Scribner's Song. Karma: A Story of Early Buddhism. By Paul Carus. Illus. $1.50. in colors, 12mo, pp. 18. Open Court Pub'g Co. 75 cts. Architects of Fate; or, Steps to Success and Power. By Etchings from & Parsonage Veranda. By Mrs. E. Jef Orison Swett Marden, author of "Pushing to the Front. fers Graham. Illus., 12mo, pp. 187. Cranston & Curts. With portraits, 12mo, pp. 478. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 60 cts. $1.50. The Boston Charades. By Herbert Ingalls. 18mo, pp. 116. TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. Lee & Shepard. $1. A Little Tour in America. By S. 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Through Compartment and Palace Sleepers, Low tourist rates are now in effect. Chair Cars, and Dining Cars. Send to W. C. RINEARSON, General The Chicago Limited leaves Chicago at 6:00 Passenger Agent, Cincinnati, Ohio, for p. m., Kansas City at 9:10 a. m., and Denver illustrative and descriptive literature, at 4:00 p. m., daily. time tables, etc. G. T. NICHOLSON, G. P. A., Chicago, THE DIAL PRESS, CHICAGO. THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAGE . . . THE DIAL (founded in 1880 ) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage THE YOUNG PERSON. prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must It is a well-known principle of pathology that be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the interference with the normal activity of an or- current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and gan results in functional perversion. The for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; atrophy that follows upon the disuse of one and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to organ may have for a concomitant the exces- THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. sive development of others, with some form of degeneration as a consequence; or the over- No. 231. FEBRUARY 1, 1896. stimulation of one may be accompanied by a Vol. XX. weakening of all the others, leading in the end to dissolution. In either case, whether the dis- CONTENTS. turbing physiological factor take the shape of THE YOUNG PERSON a forced activity here or a suppressed activity 61 there, the result is some development of dis- TO WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, DRAMATIST. (Sonnet.) F.W. Gunsaulus . tinctly morbid type. Now the analogies be- 63 tween the organism of the individual and the CLASSIC SLANG. R. W. Conant 63 larger social organism are always instructive, JUSTICE TO THE JEW. E. G. J. 64 if philosophically dealt with, and the thought THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES. B. A. Hinsdale 67 of the past thirty or forty years has been par- THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ELEC- ticularly fruitful in applications of this method TRICITY. W. M. Stine . 69 of comparison. The whole modern science of sociology, for example, may be described as an THE CAVE-DWELLERS OF YUCATAN. Frederick Starr 71 expansion of this fundamental idea, and gets its most trustworthy results from the intelligent SOME PHASES OF THE SCIENCE OF MIND. discussion of these analogies. It is our pur- Joseph Jastrow . 73 Donaldson's The Growth of the Brain. - Wundt's pose just now to apply to one aspect of literary Human and Animal Psychology.- Külpe's Outlines activity the method in question, and to ask if of Psychology - Stanley's Evolutionary Psychology of Feeling.-Hoffman's The Beginning of Writing. it may not have some instruction for the critic of contemporary literature. RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne 76 That reverence is due to the young is one of Hardy's Jude the Obscure.- Meredith's The Amaz- ing Marriage.-Crockett's A Galloway Herd.-Crock- the most venerable of critical maxims. It has ett's The Men of the Moss-Hags.- Mrs. Steel's Red been knocking about in literature ever since Rowans.-Lee's John Darker.-Boothby's A Bid for its embalmment in one of the satires of Ju- Fortune.-Hope's The Chronicles of Count Antonio. -Lang's A Monk of Fife. - Weyman's The Red venal, and perhaps for longer than that. It Cockade.- Harte's Clarence.- Harte's In a Hollow has very noticeably influenced the literary pro- of the Hills.— Townsend's A Daughter of the Tone- ments.- Ford's Dolly Dillenbeck. – Garland's Rose duction of the present century, but it has not of Dutcher's Coolly.- Crane's The Red Badge of always been wisely apprehended and applied. Courage.- Mrs. Phelps's A Singular Life.- Miss Let us take a moment to see what has been Dougall's A Question of Faith.- Drachmann's Paul and Virginia of a Northern Zone.- Galdós's Doña done with this precept in the case of the two Perfecta. greatest literatures of our time -- the French BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . and the English. In both instances there has 81 Imaginary portraits of Sir Thomas More and his been at work a sub-conscious instinct that has family.- Additional poems by R. L. Stevenson.- A sought to keep from the contemplation of youth- new life of the German Emperor. — Idyllists of the Country-side. – Some literary portraits by D. G. ful minds certain parts of human life and cer- Mitchell.-- Life and influence of John Knox. tain phases of human emotion. But the instinct BRIEFER MENTION 83 has worked itself out in curiously different ways. French books have become sharply dif- LITERARY NOTES 84 ferentiated into books for the Young Person TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 86 and books for the full-grown man or woman. LIST OF NEW BOOKS 86 | English books, on the other hand, have nearly . 62 [Feb. 1, THE DIAL all been written, until very lately, with the far removed from the French theory as possi. Young Person carefully in view, and, it would ble. Taking for granted that the Young Per- often seem, without any consideration for any son is quite as likely as anybody else to read other class of readers. These two theories, car a book of any sort, all books (broadly speak- ried to extremes, have been productive of the ing) have been written with his needs and lim- most ludicrous results, exemplified, in the one itations in view, and the result has been an case, by the school-girl editions of “Télé- emasculated literature, from which discussion maque" which carefully substitute amitié for of certain subjects has been excluded by as ef- amour ; in the other, by such an anecdote as fective a taboo as was ever practised among has recently gone the rounds of the newspapers, the South Sea Islanders. Newspaper cant and revealing the fact that a popular magazine of the censorship of the circulating libraries have wide circulation in this country does not per so narrowed the scope of nineteenth-century mit any mention of wine to be made in its English literature that the future student of pages. And both of these theories, even when Victorian manners and morals will have to go kept within bounds, seem to us to have led to outside of literature to get the facts in proper an abnormal condition of things in the litera- perspective. These remarks apply with equal tures that have respectively practised them. force to the English literature produced upon We all know Matthew Arnold's hard saying our own side of the Atlantic. The suppres- about the French people — that they have de sion of natural literary activity thus indi- voted themselves to the worship of the great cated has been correcting itself of late, and in goddess of lubricity. This remark was never the usual violent way. Unless atrophy has meant to be taken without qualification, as many gone so far as to prove fatal, nature usually passages of Arnold's critical work show plainly contrives to reassert herself, and throws the enough. It may be sufficient to instance his whole organism into disorder by so doing. The judgment of George Sand, pronounced upon last few years have brought realism and plain- hearing of her death. “She was the greatest speaking back into English literature, and with spirit in our European world from the time that a vengeance. The dovecotes of hypocrisy have Goethe departed. With all her faults and been fluttered by ominous birds of prey, and Frenchisms, she was this." The warmest ad the so ber-minded, who have all along viewed mirers of that woman of genius will feel that with apprehension the attempt to keep English something more than justice is done her by this literature in a strait-jacket, have stood alter- bit of eulogy, but they will also feel that the nately amused and aghast at the antics with man who uttered it must have had strong which it has celebrated its newly-acquired lib- grounds for what harsh things he at times felt erty. bound to say about modern French literature. The problem is certainly a vexatious one. That literature doubtless gives undue promi. The example of one nation shows us the bad nence to one particular form of passion, and effects of ignoring the Young Person; the ex- doubtless sins against the proprieties more fre- ample of another furnishes an instructive les- quently and more conspicuously than any lit son in the consequences of deferring to him erature ought to do. To revert to the patho- overmuch. Unbounded license is an unques- logical figure of our introductory paragraph, tionable evil; the cramping of ideals, on the French literature seems, in its treatment of the other hand, leads to a reaction almost equally relations of the sexes, to have suffered a sort of evil. evil. Whether the one course be pursued or fatty degeneration, and erotic pâtés de foie have the other, freedom of literary expression will entered too largely into the daily diet of its con find its stout champions, as it has already found sumers. It seems to us quite clear that one of them in both countries, from Molière to Mr. the causes of this abnormal development must Swinburne. We do not want a revival of eigh- be sought for in an unnatural separation of teenth century grossness. Mr. Gosse says, in books for the Young Person from books for a recent critique, that with Mr. Hardy's latest the Gallic adult. Since (in theory, at least) novel “we have traced the full circle of pro- the Young Person is never supposed to see the priety. A hundred and fifty years ago, Field- books written for his elders, there is no need ing and Smollett brought up before us pictures, of writing them virginibus puerisque, and all used expressions, described conduct, which ap- restraint and all reticence are thrown to the peared to their immediate successors a little winds. more crude than general reading warranted. The English theory, of course, has been as In Miss Burney's hands, and in Miss Austin's, 1896.] 63 THE DIAL the morals were still further hedged about. as this should be found safe for all the interests Scott was even more daintily reserved. We concerned ; it should result in a literature both came at last to Dickens, where the clamorous strengthened and purified, not losing from view passions of mankind, the coarser accidents of the needs of the Young Person, but rather ac- life, were absolutely ignored, and the whole cording them a more rational consideration question of population seemed reduced to the than they have had hitherto. theory of the gooseberry bush. This was the ne plus ultra of decency; Thackeray and George Eliot relaxed this intensity of prudishness; TO WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, DRAMATIST. once on the turn, the tide flowed rapidly, and (After having read Henrik Ibsen, dramatist.) here is Mr. Hardy ready to say any mortal thing that Fielding said, and a great deal more Forgive me, ample soul, in whom man's joy Finds room for laughter, as his grief for sighs, too. If e'er I leave thee for an hour's emprise Fortunately, we are not yet forced to take Where live but souls made sick with life's annoy. “ Jude the Obscure" as typical of our century I bartered Time's best coin without alloy, and literature, although atrocious faults of And sailed with him within an inlet's rise taste displayed by that book do not stand alone Where stricken ghosts, with tragic voice and guise, Made thy world seem a dire fantastic toy. to represent their class. And we cannot agree with Mr. Gosse in saying that to censure such O Ocean, take me back to thee, and fill My sails once more with elemental breath outspokenness" is the duty of the moralist and With wind that haunts thy choric world-wide spell; not the critic.” If criticism has any most im Some truth may say, “ All's well,” or “ All is ill, perative duty, it is precisely the one so airily But on thine azure line 'twixt life and death disclaimed by this self-constituted spokesman The whole of truth speaks clear: “ All shall be well.” for the craft. And there is not much pallia- F. W. GUNSAULUS. tion for such an offence as Mr. Hardy's in the prefatory danger-signal which describes the book as "a novel addressed by a man to men CLASSIC SLANG. and women of full age.” This is the French It is a matter of current observation and remark theory over again, and might be used to cloak that the slang of to-day is orthodox literature to-mor- all of the French excesses. It seems to us that But it is not so commonplace that modern slang the real solution of the problem presented by can often “point with pride” to most aristocratic line- age away back in classic Greek and Latin. Literature the Young Person must take the form of repeats itself, as well as history, and everything else ; compromise, and that a compromise is possible for they all come from the human soul, itself an eternal that shall mean neither a loss of virility in lit unity of variety. This bond between past and present erature nor the exposure of the immature to may be illustrated by a few examples out of many. We moderns are not the first to find things which corrupting influences. We need, first of all, “ make us tired,” for Virgil, speaking doubtless from a to clear our minds of cant on the subject of the rich personal experience, complains that “Juno makes supposed ignorance of the Young Person. The earth and Heaven tired.” His description of a city Frenchman knows perfectly well that his theory riot, in which he says “rocks fly," is twin brother to the does not work, and that boys and girls read the reportorial railway strike, wherein coupling-pins always books they are not supposed to read. The En- Cicero might have been a Roman from Cork, when glishman knows equally well that his theory he speaks of “a power of silver and gold"; and he is works no better, and that boys and girls who forever “ t'rowing Cataline out” (of the city). do not get a knowledge of life from literature Cæsar says that Ariovistus “had taken to himself such airs that he seemed unendurable." get it in other and usually worse ways. Why Our word “ business,” which is so convenient to piece should we not admit right away that our edu out conversational poverty with more or less legitimate cation is not as frank as it ought to be? With uses, is a prime favorite with both Cicero and Cæsar. this admission we might couple the plea, on the The following phrases are quite Chicagoese : “ An op- one hand, for less prudishness than we have portune time for finishing the business” (of destroying the enemy's feet); « What business had Cæsar in been accustomed to put into books likely to Gaul ?” « They undertook the business ” (of arresting sternly insisting, on the other hand, that all Xenophon gives us in Greek the same phrase as literature should be clean, that grossness is a Cicero in Latin, for he says, Tissaphernes threw out thing unpardonable in itself, and not merely others” (of the refugees from the city). He seems like an elder brother when he declares, “I made a for its degrading influence upon a certain pos- find,” and “They were like to wonder." sible class of readers. Some such middle ground R. W. CONANT. row. “fly.” ; 64 [Feb. 1, THE DIAL mixed and cosmopolitan community. Our na- The New Books. tional bond is neither racial nor religious, but the broader and humaner one of national con- JUSTICE TO THE MODERN JEW.* sciousness; and we have hitherto freely ex- tended the right of citizenship, with all that the Mrs. Frances Hellman's English translation of M. Leroy-Beaulieu's “ Israel among the Na- he Jew or Gentile, bond or free—and says, as term implies, to whomsoever comes to us - be tions” will doubtless be widely read in this Ruth said to Naomi, " Thy people shall be my country. The fame of the original work as the best, because the fairest, most searching, and people.” This the Jew has done ; and that he most critical, study of what is vaguely styled hereditary gabardine rent and tattered by bit- now comes to us largely a suppliant, with his and more vaguely known as the Jewish Ques- ter blasts of race hatred and persecution, should tion has preceded and paved the way for Mrs. not constitute his least claim upon our hospi- Hellman's admirable version ; and there are tality ; nor should the fact that he alone, of all just now obvious reasons why Americans espe- our transplanted fellow-citizens, may in general cially should wish to understand this Jewish be said to have left no fatherland behind him, Question, and to qualify themselves to judge and brought no ancestral patriotism with him, of its possible bearing upon their own present constitute the least warrant of his whole-hearted and future. The main conclusion, probably, acceptance of his adopted country. A soil that that the American reader will draw from ń acceptance of his adopted country. A soil that has never been darkened by the walls of the Leroy-Beaulieu's book is the comfortable one Ghetto may well be doubly dear to him. For that there is for us no Jewish Question — the the oppressed Jew of Europe, the promised conditions which gave rise to that question and tend to perpetuate and inflame it in the Old wistful gaze to the far West, to the shores of World not obtaining here. Antisemitism and the new Canaan beyond the Atlantic, at whose Jewish particularism are the outwardly dissim- portals stands Liberty with flaming torch light- ilar but really cognate blossoms of a tree for- eign to our soil, and unable, when transplanted, And this new promised land once reached, why ing the way for the oppressed of all nations. to flourish in our social and political atmos- should he need much time to become attached phere. The Jew's troubles in the Old World to it?" It would not surprise me," says M. and the chronic “ Question ” concerning him Leroy-Beaulieu, “if, on disembarking, those have been and are rooted in and bound up with his peculiar status — a status primarily thrust Jews were to feel like pressing their lips to the ground, as did their forefathers on reaching the upon him from without, and secondarily of his Holy Land.” If there is ever to be a Jewish own creation. In every land in which for the Question in this country, it must be primarily past fifteen centuries the son of Jacob has the result of our own apostasy—of our failure pitched his tent he has been perforce the man to maintain those sublime humanitarian prin- without a country, the intruder, a stranger ciples which it is France's greatest glory to within the gates of the Gentile,- in fine, the have first proclaimed to the world, and which man of a race and a religion distinct from the the founders of the American Republic, touched dominant ones about him. Always isolated, with the optimism of their era and nerved by usually threatened, and often persecuted, he has its faith in the intrinsic virtue and high terres- naturally tended (to quote an expression of trial destinies of mankind, stamped freely upon Tolstoi) to curl back upon himself and retreat their institutions and confidently left to the into the shell of his own exclusiveness. Given guardianship of posterity. Generous France, these conditions, and the Jewish Question arises the France of Turgot and of Condorcet, first of itself. In America the Jew is placed in a bade Ahasuerus “ Rest”; despotic Russia, at new environment. For the first time since he the close of our nineteenth century, bids him began his wanderings, he finds himself at home take up his wanderer's staff anew. Pelted by actually in a country he can call his own the pitiless storm of a new persecution, he bends unchallenged, where his claim to citizenship is flawless, and where his blood and faith are nat- readiness, when he reaches our shores, to be of his steps westward ; and his almost pathetic urally matters of relative indifference to a us, to be like us, to master our ways and our *ISRAEL AMONG THE NATIONS : A Study of the Jews and tongue, and to respond like other men to the Antisemitism. By Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu. Translated from fusing influence of universal liberty and toler- the French by Frances Hellman. New York: G.P. Putnam's ance, indicate that an American Jewish Ques- Sons. 1896.) 65 THE DIAL tion, should it ever arise, will spring from a Slav, Latin, Teuton, and Magyar would seem seed of our planting, not of his. to have united in this singular movement to Turning now to our author, let us glance at a put an end to what Antisemitism terms the few of his leading facts and positions; and first “judaising” of European states and societies. as to the numbers and distribution of this Sem Essentially, these vague and grandiose charges itic remnant which is pointed out as the potent against the Jew amount to the sufficiently ab- source of the evils that afflict modern society. surd one that he is the author as well as the main There are at this period of Israel's greatest disseminator of what is termed the spirit of dispersal seven or eight millions of Jews scat the age, of the modern practice of summoning tered among five or six hundred millions of belief to the bar of reason. That this charge Christians and Moslems—the Russian Empire is out of all accord with the facts of history holding about one-half of all the Jews in the let us add, with the real stature of the modern world. Surely the Son of Jacob, looking about Jew — is plain. That the rationalistic temper him and noting the vast complexity of social budded in the stifling atmosphere of the Ghetto, phenomena ascribed to him as the efficient and that the spirit of free inquiry was cradled cause, may well say, with Æsop's fly, “ What behind the bars of the Judengasse, is a propo- a dust do I raise ! ” Israel's centre of gravity sition, one would think, to stagger even the is in ancient Poland, Russia, Roumania, and trained credulity of a Pastor Stoecker; and, as Austro-Hungary, this district forming a res our author observes, it would surely have sur- ervoir of Jews whose overflow, always tend-prised Voltaire and Diderot to be told that they ing westward, is now vastly increased, and were only the unconscious agents of the Jews. threatens to sweep old European and the young Small wonder is it that the liberal Israelite, American states with a long tidal wave of Jew- quick to discern his advantage, has ostenta- ish immigration. As the numbers and import- tiously accepted the reproach hurled at him ance of the Jews in western Europe increase, from Lutheran pulpits and Russian tribunals, so does the prejudice against them increase. and decked his brow with it as with a garland. Hence has arisen Antisemitism — a threefold But let Israel be content with its matchless conflict of creed, race, and class. Rooted in an glory of having given to the world its religion, tiquity, and partly an atavistic trait, Antisemit- its Decalogue, its sublime ideal of human duty. ism flourishes afresh under favoring conditions ; One sees, indeed, many scientific Jews, but no- and, being cradled in the new empire of the where a Jewish science ; and inquiry shows us Hohenzollern, it naturally " plays the pedant," that, in modern times, the Jew has been mainly proses learnedly from the Katheder, and cov receptive, not originative; the broker of ideas, ers its barbarous gospel of race-hatred with a not the author of them. Look at them,” said modern scientific veneer. While religious an a friend of the author, “ see how quickly and tipathy of the vulgar sort counts for little in the with what squirrel-like agility they climb the movement, one of the main charges brought first rungs of any ladder; sometimes they suc- against the Jew is that he is the born enemy ceed in scaling the top, but they never add to of “ Christian civilization "; that he is at work it a single round.” Without wholly accepting through a thousand occult agencies, noiselessly this disparaging estimate, may we not agree sapping the foundations of the City of God, with M. Leroy Beaulieu that, in the main, the and undermining the fair fabric of Christian genius of the modern Jew lies in a certain unique traditions and institutions. Antisemitism is facility of adaptation, a talent for grasping the thus the counterpart of Anticlericalism ; it is varying gifts of different races and blending another Kulturkampf, this time instituted by them into an eclectic whole which is unlike each the Clericals as a tactical maneuvre, in the yet contains a tincture of all ? That there is heart of the struggle between the new Empire in high and exceptional cases a new and unique and the Romish hierarchy, against the foes of flavor superadded, the lover of Heine, of Men- “ Christian civilization.” Sprouting from this delssohn, or of Spinoza may well claim. But germ, the tree of Antisemitism has spread and the origin of the modern world lay neither in flourished until its baleful shadow has dark the Jew nor in the Jewish spirit. “It was due ened western Europe—the German-Ultramon to the spirit of analysis, of research, to the sci- tane war-cry, "Make front against the New entific spirit, whose first teachings came to us, Jerusalem,” being echoed widely in Protestant not from Judea, but from Greece; and though, Germany, in Catholic France and Austria, and at a later day, the Jews or the Arabs brought in orthodox Russia, until Catholic or Sectarian them back to us, they have none the less ema- 28 [Jan. 1, THE DIAL The Railway Revolution in Mexico. By Bernard Moses, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 90. San Francisco: The Berkeley Press. Bug vs. Bug: Both Sides of the Silver Question. By Will- iam N. Osgood. 12mo, pp. 108. Boston: Chas. E. Brown & Co. 25 cts. THEOLOGY AND RELIGION. The Messages to the Seven Churches of Asia. By Rev. Thomas Murphy, D.D. 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All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. can undertake, it was the part of sobriety and self-respect to maintain a decent reserve, await- No. 230. JANUARY 16, 1896. Vol. XX. ing the final verdict of the trained specialist, and provisionally deferring to the judgment of those alone whose authority can have any real CONTENTS. weight. Our modest plea for sanity” has THE SCHOLAR AND HIS FUNCTION IN called forth a number of communications, most SOCIETY 37 of them in sympathy with the attitude of THE THE STAGNATION IN RUSSIAN LITERATURE. DIAL, but a few breathing the “amazement Victor Yarros 39 and indignation ” aroused in patriotic breasts COMMUNICATION. 40 by our tame and spiritless views. Unauthorized edition of Murray's Mythology. We are not concerned to reply to these angry F. W. K. outpourings, for they are all beside the mark. THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CORREGGIO. John Those that make elaborate arguments about C. Van Dyke 41 the boundary line of Venezuela discuss a sub- LESSONS IN MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. Harry ject upon which we have expressed no opinion, Pratt Judson and in which we take but a feeble interest. A GREATER BLACKSTONE. John J. Halsey Those that depounce our utterances as “trea- THE STORY OF THE “ALABAMA." Charles H. sonable” and “unpatriotic” have yet to learn Palmer 46 the meaning of the words “ fidelity” and “pa- BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . 49 triotism.” “Our true country," as Lowell once More of the Napoleonic revival. – An olive-branch wrote, “is that ideal realm which we represent from England.— The journal of a Polish Countess.- Memories of Paris. — A remarkable performance of to ourselves under the names of religion, duty, genius.-A manual of international law.-Miscellan and the like. Our terrestrial organizations are eous writings of Walter Bagehot. - Good usage and but far-off approaches to so fair a model, and authority. - The antiquities of sports and festivals. - An unconventional letter-writer. -Silhouettes of all they are verily traitors who resist not any travel. attempt to divert them from this their original BRIEFER MENTION 52 intendment.” We are happy to note that the LITERARY NOTES 53 opening weeks of the new year have brought much testimony to the existence among our TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 54 fellow-countrymen of a nobler patriotic passion LIST OF NEW BOOKS 54 than is known to the philosophy of the jingo, and that hundreds of weighty utterances have voiced the sentiments of justice and humanity THE SCHOLAR AND HIS FUNCTION and civilization, justifying our appeal almost IN SOCIETY. before it was made. In the last issue of THE DIAL an urgent plea There is, however, one aspect of the recent was made for serious thought and sober judg. discussion, as of most public discussions in ment in the matter of the grave international which fundamental principles are concerned, complication with which we were suddenly con that seems to call for thoughtful consideration. fronted at the approach of Christmas-tide, and The greatest fault of democracy is that it so which seemed to evoke in many quarters a spirit often presumes to decide upon questions which of recklessness creditable neither to our mor in their very nature are to be decided upon ality nor our intelligence as a nation. With- / intelligently only by experts. Every philosoph- . . . 38 [Jan. 16, THE DIAL ical writer upon democratic institutions, whether affairs, who lives in the world and rubs against sympathizing with them or not, has put his it every day, is too extraordinary a proposition finger upon this weak spot, and found in it the to be considered. greatest menace to the permanence of popular This singular distortion of view has received government. A sound decision upon almost so frequent illustration of late years that ex- any problem of political science, of economics amples seem hardly necessary. The history of or finance, is within the reach of specially dis our national economic and financial policy since ciplined minds alone, and the opinion of the the Civil War is an almost unbroken record of unthinking masses upon such matters has just fatuous ignorance, and empirical experimenta- as much or as little real weight as an opinion tion, and insolent disregard of the best estab- upon the special problems of engineering, or lished inductions of science. The only ade- chemistry, or physiology. This doctrine, of quate analogy is that offered by a man who course, will never receive the assent of the dem- barely escapes with his life from a succession agogue, whether he be a political schemer, or a of diseases, each the result of some act of reck- legislator chosen by popular vote, or the editor lessness, and each dealt with in accordance with of a newspaper conducted upon modern com the rules of some new quackery or some time- mercial principles. It is the business of all It is the business of all honored superstition. That there is such a these people to pretend that their opinions thing as the scientific treatment of disease, and upon the delicate problems presented by the art that imminent disea