rase "obliga- which the broad observations of a scholar, the
tion of contracts ” into our jurisprudence. The close analysis of a jurist, and the profound re-
criticism is often made that while the decision searches of a philosopher are happily united.
in Fletcher vs. Peck, as to a legislative grant The freshness of his diction relieves the arid-
of land, may have been sound, this by no means ity of a dry subject, without detracting from
warranted the extension of the principle to its juristic value. His distinctions between
grants of charters, as in the Dartmouth Col- statehood and sovereignty, his terse assertions
lege case. But Wilson's argument, made two of the sovereignty of the people, his illustra-
years before the Constitution was framed, antic tions of the inherent characteristics and the
ipates both the ruling in Fletcher vs. Peck and high honor of that sovereignty, and his close
that in the Dartmouth College case, as a prop- analysis of all the governmental questions in-
osition inherent in constitutional jurisprudence. I volved in the American system, might to-day


1896.]
239
THE DIAL
be well taken as a text-book by the student of government should be instituted and adminis-
our institutions. He found the people of the tered.” His account of the history of former
United States asserting by implication, in the confederacies, including in the list not only
Federal Constitution, their sovereignty, and those which became operative, but also the ideal
the implication sufficed him. “In an instru- confederacy of European powers which was the
ment well drawn, as in a poem well composed, dream of Henry IV., shows the growth of the
silence is sometimes most expressive. To the idea of confederacy as leading up to our pres-
Constitution of the United States, the term sov ent system of a Federal Republic, and contrasts
ereign is totally unknown. There is but one its excellences with the defects of all its pre-
place where it could have been used with propri- decessors. He expounds with some detail the
ety. But even in that place it would not, per characteristic features of the new American
haps, have comported with the delicacy of those system, and patriotically contrasts the Ameri-
who ordained and established that Constitution. can and British Constitutions, to the disadvan-
They might have announced themselves sov tage of the latter.
His national feeling was so
ereign' people of the United States ; but, se marked that he treated Federal and State Con-
renely conscious of the fact, they avoided the stitutions as together composing one system, a
ostentatious declaration."
practice to which our jurists are now returning.
In his lectures on jurisprudence, Wilson was It is not uncommon at the present day to
not only original, but far in advance of his exalt the United States system of government
time; for such a course of lectures, if now first to high rank
among
the governmental experi-
presented, would attract wide attention, and be ments which the world has seen tried. A cen-
worthy the authorship of any jurist of the day. tury ago, patriotic Americans hoped for the
They are merely general in their character, success of their new experiment, amid many
traversing with broad sweep the field of juris- forebodings and more doubts. But Wilson,
prudence. Their merit lies in their exposition studying it in the light of history and with the
of first and fundamental principles and in the insight of a philosopher, acquired a faith in its
lecturer's fine analysis. Government, consti- capacity which exceeded hope ; and, at its very
tutions, laws, legislation, and the administra- inception, he deliberately recommended it to
tion of justice, are collated and connoted as his fellow-citizens of Pennsylvania, in a public
parts of one system. Sovereignty is analysed address, as “the best form of government which
and traced to its source in the individual man. has ever been offered to the world.” This is
In the mental characteristics and capacities of not vain glorification of a fabric which Judge
man are found the basic principles of not only Wilson had helped to erect, for he gives abun-
the true conceptions of sovereignty and gov- dant reasons, at every step in his arguments, for
ernment on the one hand, but of the rules of the faith he entertains, and demonstrates the
judicial evidence on the other. A full modern correctness of his conclusions. His writings
treatise on evidence might be based upon Wil deserve a place, as preliminary instruction in
son's admirable chapter on the subject, in the fundamentals of our government, not only
which, on a priori principles, the lecturer dis- | in every law school in the land, but in every
closes fourteen distinct sources of that informa institution which aims to assist in the study of
tion which the mind recognizes as evidence. Government, Civics, or Political Economy.
Understanding of this classification is aided by
JAMES OSCAR PIERCE.
the lecturer's previous illustrations of thought,
conception, belief, and judgment as operations
of the mind; and those illustrations are now
POST-DARWINIAN THEORIES.*
seen to be not merely theoretical and discur-
sive, but practical and pertinent. These lec-
The second Part of the late Mr. Romanes'
tures are not only modern in their style of treat-
“Darwin and after Darwin," is devoted to a
ment of the subject, an American anticipation discussion of post-Darwinian theories of He-
of what has been called the English theory of
redity and Utility. The book falls into two
jurisprudence, but they are thoroughly Amer-
main divisions : the first half considers the evi-
ican in spirit. The author's terse definition of dence bearing on the problem of the inherit-
a constitution is, “ that supreme law, made or * DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN. An Exposition of the
ratified by those in whom the sovereign power
Darwinian Theory and an Exposition of Post- Darwinian
of the state resides, which prescribes the man-
Qaestions. By the late George John Romanes, M.A., LL.D.
Part II., Post - Darwinian Questions, Heredity and Utility.
ner according to which the state wills that the
Chicago : The Open Court Publishing Co.


240
[April 16,
THE DIAL
ance of acquired characters; the second dis from the sphere of Instinct, but much less stress
cusses the question whether or not all specific is placed upon these since their bearing has
characters are to be regarded as adaptive. Thus been more fully recognized than in the case of
in both is the common purpose to show that inherited reflex actions.
other causes have probably coöperated with In his chapter on experimental evidence
Natural Selection in Evolution.
in favor of the inheritance of acquired charac-
The author's remarkable power of exposition ters,” he calls attention to the meagreness of
renders this the clearest and simplest book that the work that has been done ; and dwells par-
has appeared in the sphere of the problems it ticularly on the observations of Brown-Séquard
discusses. Its style is very refreshing in con upon guinea-pigs; the results of which were
trast with much of the recent controversy on in a limited degree corroborated by his own
the question of acquired characters. It does experiments. He concludes that here, and in
not marshall the facts to illustrate a precon the case of some experiments with plants, the
ceived theory; but asks what really are the facts bear very strongly against Weismann's
facts, and then proceeds to question whether hypothesis ; although they are admitted to be
they are sufficient to warrant any fixed theoretic insufficient to prove the existence of Lamarck-
conclusions. While thus displaying through. ian factors. Mr. Romanes speaks with the
out the scientific temper, Mr. Romanes recog- authority derived from experiments carried on
nizes that the discussion of his fundamental by him through a long period of years ; yet he
problems must be carried on at present as a frankly confesses that the results of his own
matter of general reasoning, since the facts are work were chiefly negative, without being of
so complex, and our knowledge of them is in such a conclusive character as to lead him to
adequate for a final conclusion.
the point of view of Weismann.
In his preliminary discussion of theories the The author's conclusion is that while prob-
author shows how unfair is the claim of Weis- ably there is a relative continuity of germ-
mann and his school that upon their opponents plasm, we have every reason to doubt that this
rests the burden of proof of the inheritance of continuity is and always has been absolute;
acquired characters, while at the same time and that Weismann's theory of its absolute con-
Weismann refuses to recognize any evidence tinuity was constructed to support his extended
except in cases where it can be shown that nat- system of speculative theory. It is certainly an
ural selection has not been present at all. He interesting thing that the long discussion as to
clears up the popular error which attributes to the inheritance of acquired characters has left
Weismann the first doubting of the Lamarck the most of us at the point of view taken by
ian factors in heredity ; showing that Mr. Gal. Mr. Romanes, feeling that acquired characters
ton in 1875 presented a theory of “Stirps" have much less importance in heredity than was
which led bim to doubt entirely the presence formerly supposed, and yet probably do form
of these factors, and that Mr. Romanes him an appreciable element in the whole problem of
self had still earlier been led to question them. evolution.
In his " indirect evidence in favor of the in As Weismann's theories are discussed in the
heritance of acquired characters,” he deals first part of the book, so the views of Wallace
chiefly with reflex actions ; such as the reflex form the subject of criticism in the second part,
mechanism of our own organization which en although, the author observes, the individual in
sures the prompt withdrawal of the legs from each case is selected only as the most noteworthy
any source of irritation applied to the feet; and representative of the point of view opposed.
such as the mechanism in a brainless frog which He holds it to be a matter of fact that“ a large
enables it to preserve its balance on a book that proportional number, if not a majority,” of
is slowly revolved. The peculiar significance specific characters are of the class to which no
of these actions results from the fact that each use can be assigned. This is illustrated by the
is a complex coördination of functions in which results of his study of color characteristics in
the separate functions have no selective value; birds and mammals. Hence he concludes that
and yet the coördination could never arise as the there is every reason to believe many specific
mere blending of adaptations. Hence it seems characters to be indifferent, and the result of
that Natural Selection would have nothing to other causes than natural selection. Among
work with in such a case unless the complex these causes he considers climate, food, sexual
coördination of functions sprang at once into selection, laws of growth, and isolation. Most
full being. Some similar arguments are drawn of these latter factors may be summed up in


1896.)
241
THE DIAL
what Dr. Jordan has called “ the survival of
TRAVELS VARIOUS.*
the existing.”
From a discussion of the different definitions
Mr. D. G. Hogarth discourses lightly and pleas-
of Species is shown the impossibility of secur-
antly in “ A Wandering Scholar in the Levant” of
ing an absolute principle of classification. He
varied experiences and impressions in the Near
East. In his first two chapters we have an inter-
suggests that the separation of specific charac-
ters from variations on the one side and generic inscriptions, collecting coins, and buying relics of
esting account of a scholar's adventures in copying
characters on the other, as being in a unique the classic past in the land of the wily Turk; the
way the result of natural selection, is in part a third chapter gives general impressions of Anatolia.
result of the title of Darwin's book on the Mr. Hogarth tells us that the Turkish peasant is a
“Origin of Species.” Hence the curious result “slow-moving, slow-thinking rustic, who limits his
that something like the earlier superstitious speech to three tenses out of the sixty-four in his
reverence for species which Darwin's book was language, and his interests to the price of barley."
written to overthrow has resulted from the book . . In energy and intelligence he takes rank a
itself.
grade below his dog.” Mr. Hogarth makes many
He makes it very clear that no definite line suggestive remarks on the Armenian problem and
on the problem of the Turk and his waning power.
can be drawn between specific characters and
He says that the Turk
other differentiated qualities. « Bad" species
“ Has lost heart himself. Already he foretells the sta-
must always multiply at the expense of “good' tions in the retreat of the Crescent-Stambul to Brusa,
species, since it is often our ignorance of inter Brusa to Aleppo, Aleppo to Bagdad ; and Moslem
mothers tell their children that this or that will come to
mediate forms which determines our classifica-
tion of two known kinds as distinct species. Sophia. And, be sure, the Turk will make no effort
pass as surely as a cross will be seen again on Santa
Hence the effort of Wallace to hold specific himself to arrest his own decay; for as faith grows
characters as always adaptive, while acknowl. weaker, the original sin of fatalism waxes more strong
edging that variations and generic and family
- that fatalism which has been mistaken so often for a
forms may often be unadaptive, is reduced to
symptom of Islam, but preceded it and will survive.”
an absurdity. This seems so entirely obvious Then follow chapters giving impressions of travel
that one is inclined to wonder at the space de-
and research in the Euphrates region, in Egypt and
in Cyprus. Mr. Hogarth's style is refined yet strong,
voted to it, but Mr. Romanes says in his pre and he has made an original and interesting vol-
face: “From my previous experience of the
ume, and instructive withal, in which we learn some
hardness with which this fallacious doctrine archæology and politics, and more history and an-
dies, I do not deem it safe to allow even one thropology. While certainly not a great book, yet
fragment of it to remain, lest, hydra-like, it it is a genuine book in its sketchy way.
should re-develop into its former proportions. Miss Alice Blanche Balfour, sister of the present
Certainly it is worth while to make entirely First Lord of the Treasury, gives in “Twelve Hun-
clear the fact that Evolution is a theory of the dred Miles in a Waggon” an account of a trip made
origin and cumulative development of adaptive through Matabeleland and Mashonaland in the mid-
characters, and not merely of species. On this
dle of 1894. The journey was through country well
basis the author proceeds to show that hence in known, although but sparsely settled by Europeans,
the development of all adaptive characters
and was quite uneventful as she herself deplores.
“As it is, I have spent five months in the country
Natural Selection must be at least the chief
* A WANDERING SCHOLAR IN THE LEVANT. By David G.
cause, but is by no means the only cause in
Hogarth. Illustrated. New York: Imported by Charles
determining species.
Scribner's Sons.
The chief value of the book is as a keen criti. TWELVE HUNDRED MILES IN A Waggon. By Alice Blanche
cism of unwarrantable theories. It is only Arnold.
Balfour. Illustrated by the author. New York: Edward
indirectly constructive; yet it is of great posi THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, Historical and De-
tive value, since it clears the ground wonder scriptive. Illustrated. By Hiram Martin Chittenden, Cap-
tain Corps of Engineers, U. S. A. Cincinnati: The Robert
fully, and places us in a position to see the facts
Clarke Co.
as they are. EDWARD HOWARD GRIGGS. THREE GRINGOS IN VENEZUELA AND CENTRAL AMERICA.
By Richard Harding Davis. Illustrated. New York: Har
per & Brothers.
MESSRS. O. L. Elliott and O. V. Eaton are the authors
THE GOLD DIGGINGS OF CAPE HORN: A study of life in
of a prettily illustrated pamphlet descriptive of “Stan Terra Del Fuego and Patagonia. By John R. Spears. Illus-
ford University and Thereabouts,” just published in San trated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Francisco, and for sale by Mr. William Doxey. It gives WITH KELLY TO CHITRAL. By Lieutenant W. G. L. Bey-
a brief account of the history and present status of the non, D.S.O. Illustrated. New York: Edward Arnold.
University, and has many views of the buildings and KOKORO, Hints and Echoes of Japanese Inner Life. By
surrounding scenery.
Lafcadio Hearn. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.


242
(April 16,
THE DIAL
without seeing either lion, crocodile, or hippopota- and we might judge as much from internal evidence,
mus. What has been the use of coming to Africa !” for we find everywhere that eagerness to make a
Travelling by ox wagon seems neither an adven strong tale, if not o'er true, that striving for effect
turous or rapid or comfortable mode of transit. at almost any cost, which is apt to characterize
Certainly two and one-half miles an hour is twenty newspaper writing. The title is a misnomer, as we
times too slow for the American, and a daily start at find but some twenty pages on gold mining. Argen-
three A. M., bad roads, foul water, and other such tine Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego and its people
incidents will hardly commend this trip to the tour are the real subject. We learn that the country in
ist, though Miss Balfour makes light of it all. How its mining, ranching, and agricultural resources is
ever, if Miss Balfour had the pen of a Stevenson fast being developed by immigrants of various na-
she might make as interesting a book of her meagre tionalities, and that the native savage tribes are
experiences as he did of “ Travels with a Donkey"; rapidly disappearing. Mr. Spears glorifies the sav.
but we must frankly confess that the style is as agery of the Yahgan Indians and decries the mis-
commonplace as the matter, though the simplicity sionaries without stint. We may admit that this
and directness of the narrative is in a measure en tribe is not of the lowest grade, but we should desire
gaging. The drawings are very creditable. more full and scientific knowledge of their lan-
Captain H. M. Chittenden's account of the Yel guage of “over 40,000 words"; and as to the debas-
lowstone Park is a book of information, a popular ing effect of the misdirected effort of the mission-
monograph and handbook, and the completest work
aries, this was from his own statements far less
of the kind yet published. It is prepared evidently hurtful than the brutalities of seamen and miners.
with much care, and will be of service to tourists, and
The problem of savage life in sudden and close con-
others interested in the subject. It has appendices
tact with civilization is certainly not solved by Mr.
giving the legislation on the Park, a list of appro- Spear's easy laissez faire theory. The book im-
priations and of superintendents, an extended biblio presses us as a hasty, biased sketch, and mostly
graphy, and a good index, but the illustrations do
made from hearsay, the last chapter being almost
not add much to the book. As to the game in the
the only bit of personal narrative. Still, as being
Park we note the interesting remark:
a fairly well written description of a little-known
“ There are no fewer than 30,000 elk in the Park.
country, it will interest the general reader, and be
For the buffalo, mountain sheep, and a few other varie-
of service to tourists and investors.
ties, the prospect is good, though not so flattering. The “With Kelly to Chitral,” by Lieut. W. G. L.
number of buffalo does not exceed probably two hun Benyon, is correctly described by the author as “an
dred, and the possibility of their early extinction has
led the Smithsonian Institute to allote a sum of money
account of the daily life of British officers and In-
dian troops on a frontier expedition ; how we lived
for the construction of a large inclosure in the Park,
where at least a portion of the herd can be kept and be
and marched, what we ate and drank, our small
thus more carefully protected. Of the moose, moun-
jokes and trials, our marches through snow and rain,
tain lion, wolverine, lynx, wild-cat, marten, and otter,
hot valleys or pleasant fields." This narrative of
the perpetuation is more doubtful.”
the relief of Chitral on the northwest frontier of
India gives no striking incidents, and, told in the
Mr. Richard Harding Davis has collected sketches
unemotional soldierly fashion, will hardly be of much
of travel, most or all of which have appeared in the
interest to the American civilian. But whoever
magazines, into a volume entitled "Three Gringos in
wishes to know the life of the common soldier and
Venezuela and Central America.” A “gringo,” be
it known, is one who jabbers gibberish; hence from
officer on an expedition among the mountains of the
the point of view of the scornful Spanish-American, briefly in plain and blunt prose. The book is pro-
lower Himalyan region will here find it set down
vided with a serviceable map and some passable
Mr. Davis's other books, this is bright and clever
illustrations.
writing, though sometimes overdrawn, and some-
times flippant with sophomoric smartness which
Lafcadio Hearn's last book on Japan is entitled
might well be exchanged for serious fun and honest
Kokoro," that is, the heart, thus indicating the
enthusiasm. But notwithstanding a hard manner-
subject of the book, the emotional life of the Jap-
ism which at times makes itself unpleasantly felt,
anese as seen in their patriotism and religiousness,
the book is both sufficiently entertaining and instruc-
romantic love, and so on. Mr. Hearn insists that
tive. We feel after reading it that the best thing Japan is now no closer emotionally to Western life
for the so-called republics of Central America would
than she was thirty years ago (p. 11), which, how-
be to come under the sway of the best administra-
ever, he practically contradicts in saying (p. 37)
tors in the world, the English, and that Cuba as a
that the Japanese are even now feeling “the new
republic could be only a failure. The illustrations
sentiment of aggressive egotism.” Mr. Hearn's
from photographs are very good and interesting.
prophecy for Japan is :
Another book which concerns itself with South
“ The foreign settlements, as communities, will dis-
America is Mr. J. R. Spear's “The Gold Diggings such as exist in all the chief ports of the civilized world;
appear: there will remain only some few great agencies,
of Cape Horn." The author frankly acknowledges and the abandoned streets of the concessions, and the
that this is only a “collection of newspaper sketches," costly foreign houses on the heights, will be peopled and


1896.]
243
THE DIAL
tenanted by Japanese. Large foreign investments will think that there are other and even better ends in
not be made in the interior. And even Christian mission life than material ones; other virtues than “sharp-
work must be left to native missionaries; for just as
ness "'; other ways of regarding one's neighbor than
Buddhism never took definite form in Japan until the
teaching of its doctrines was left entirely to Japanese
as primarily a competitor to be striven with. Mr.
Jacobs's “ solution seems to us to be of much wider
priests,—so Christianity will never take any fixed shape
till it has been so remodeled as to harmonize with the
applicability and efficacy than he claims for it; and
emotional and social life of the race. Even thus re-
we commend it to the notice of Gentile parents -
modeled it can scarcely hope to exist except in the form not excepting Anglo-American ones.
of a few small sects."
Mr. Hearn believes that the hope of the race is “a
“Napoleon III.” (imported by Scrib-
Reminiscences
Buddhism strongly fortified by Western science."
ners) is still another book of personal
of Napoleon III.
chat and reminiscence from the pen
It is everywhere obvious that our author is a pro-
nounced Japophile, and so not capable of a thor-
of that cheery raconteur, Sir William Fraser. Sir
oughly critical and impartial treatment of his sub-
William's capital volumes, “ Disraeli and his Day,"
ject; yet his style is so skilful, and his appreciation
“Hic et Ubique," etc., are known as among the best
of the Japanese character so intimate and thougbt-
of their kind; and his latest venture shows no sign
ful, that this slight work will be of interest and
of flagging spirits or a depleted repertory. He knew
value to all who seek a better understanding of the Napoleon personally (if, indeed, anyone can fairly
new nation of the Far East.
be said to have known that inscrutable character),
HIRAM M. STANLEY.
and saw a good deal of him during the main phases
of his career down to the closing days at Chisel-
hurst. The portrait he draws of Napoleon is a favor-
able one, and he takes occasion more than once to
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
contrast him with his uncle, not at all to the latter's
advantage. Sir William has no doubt whatever
Mr. Joseph Jacobs's “ Jewish Ideals,
that Napoleon III., after his downfall, intended to
Problems of
and Other Essays " (Macmillan) is
modern Judaism.
return to France, and to execute a coup d'état re-
a collection of thoughtful and schol-
motely similar to his great uncle's after the return
arly papers, mainly reprints, ranging over many from Elba. The details had been arranged. A
problems which the peculiar position of modern
private yacht was engaged to land the Emperor
Judaism has brought into prominence. This posi- secretly on the coast of France, the plan being that
tion Mr. Jacobs regards and elucidates from the
he should proceed to the camp at Châlons, where a
standpoint of modern thought and culture, yet with large army was assembled for the Autumn man-
due fidelity to Jewish history and the higher and
Declaring himself, he was to head this
worthier Jewish ideals and aspirations. Some of force, and march at once upon Paris. These facts
the titles are: “The God of Israel, a history "; the author had from the owner of the yacht which
“Jehuda Halévi, Poet and Pilgrim "; "The Lon had been selected, the late James Ashbury, who,
don Jewry, 1290 ”; “ Little St. Hugh of Lincoln ";
adds the author, “more than once mentioned the
“ Jewish History: Its Aims and Methods "; etc. circumstance to me; and he repeated it the evening
The so-called Jewish Question is touched upon briefly before his death.” The book is full of good stories
in a semi-humorous paper in which the writer en-
and pen-portraits, and these are interlarded with
deavors to show that the current ill-will against the shrewd worldly-wise comments on notable men
Jews is largely due to the “over-intellectuality ” of and events of one who has known both at first-hand.
their early education. We may infer from what
Mr. Jacobs says on this point that the young
Jew
The term Hedonism is frequently
“ Hedonistic
is virtually trained for life as for a wit-combat à
used to designate a class of moralists
outrance —no“gentle and joyous" passage-at-arms
who agree in holding that all human
in which magnanimity, courtesy, and forbearance action is determined by the agent's desire for his
play their parts, but a keen struggle in which the own pleasure, and that conduct is approved or dis-
great point is to win. Consequently we find, he approved solely according to the relation in which
thinks, that “the absence of charm is as distinct a it stands to the happiness of the person judging.
characteristic of Jews as the presence of capacity” This is not the only significance of the term, but
a proposition which may at least be excepted to certainly it may be used in this sense if desired. It
as inapplicable to the fairer half of the race: the is of these moralists that Professor Watson writes
hardiest Anti-Semite will scarcely deny charm to in his little work, “ Hedonistic Theories from Aris-
the daughters of Judah. Following out his argu- tippus to Herbert Spencer” (Macmillan). The de-
ment, Mr. Jacobs hits upon what he cheerfully be scriptive portions are for the most part very well
lieves to be a complete and feasible “solution" of done. The exposition is always clear, logical, and,
the Jewish Question ; and this he embodies in the considering the limited space devoted to any one
paradoxical advice to Jewish parents, “Make fools author, remarkably complete. The most serious
of your children ”- that is, we take it, make them errors are those by which Hume and Herbert Spen-
foolish enough, or, if you will, Quixotic enough, to cer are brought into the list of Hedonists as here
Quvres.
Theories."


244
(April 16,
THE DIAL
American
defined. Both of these writers affirm the reality considerable share of his renown to the capricious
of purely unselfish action in the strictest sense of Goddess of Chance. Had Napoleon been Napoleon
that term. Accordingly Professor Watson should on the day of Waterloo ; and had be on that day
either have omitted them entirely in his study, or commanded, instead of the somewhat Falstaffian
else bave broadened his definition of Hedonism. array of recruits that made up half his army, the
But unfortunately he has his own notions of what a battalions organized by the iron genius of the great
man must believe who attributes value to pleasure Carnot, it had undoubtedly gone hard with Welling-
for its own sake, as do both Hume and Spencer, and ton and Blücher. General Wood scouts the notion,
it is therefore perhaps no matter of surprise that in not uncommon among English infantry soldiers,
the presence of such an a priori theory the mere that, now that “we possess a rifle which, when fired
facts of history should be handled rather rudely. horizontally on level ground, propels a bullet through
Apart from this, the presentation of Mr. Spencer's the air for five hundred yards without its rising
ethical views is one of the best that has ever been more than five feet,” the days of cavalry are prac-
written. In the critical remarks to which the expo- tically passed away. The lament over the fancied
sition always leads up, the specialist who is well evanishment of the horse-soldier is an old one; and
read in the subject will find little that is new. many changes have been rung on it since Hotspur's
Throughout they display that union of exceptional “popinjay lord” bewailed the advent of “villainous
power of insight with a mania for discovering con saltpetre"; but the author notes that cavalry, so far
tradictions and scoring the maximum number of from disappearing, is, since the war of 1870-71,
points from the enemy, which is coming to be char even growing somewhat in favor—all the great Con-
acteristic of the school of T. H. Green. The be tinental Powers increasing the number of their
ginner for whom the book is evidently intended will mounted troops, and training them with greater
probably be rather repelled than attracted by these care. The volume contains a number of
maps
and
tactics, while his patience will be sorely tried in at portraits.
tempting to follow intelligently certain portions of
Professor Brander Matthews has
the reasoning. Professor Watson is not as uniformly
literature for
successful in making a popular presentation of his
written “ An Introduction to Amer-
young students.
own views as he is in the case of his opponents.
ican Literature” (American Book
But the merits of the work in this latter respect are
Co.) which is easily the best book for the use of the
lower schools that has yet been produced upon this
80 exceptional that it may be cordially recom-
mended to all those interested in the problems of subject. It has the twofold virtue of not saying too
much, and of putting in simple and forceful lan-
ethics.
guage the things that it does say.
General Sir Evelyn Wood's “Cav- reading for young students, yet is free from the vice
Cavalry in the
alry in the Waterloo Campaign " of being obtrusively “written down” to the level of
Waterloo campaign.
(Roberts ) forms a capital comple- their intellectual appreciation. A baker's dozen of
mentary volume to the previously issued works in writers are discussed in as many chapters, the selec-
this series, “ The Decline and Fall of Napoleon” tion being Franklin, Irving, Cooper, Bryant, Emer-
and “The Rise of Wellington,” by Viscount Wolse son, Hawthorne, Longfellow, Whittier, Poe, Holmes,
ley and General Lord Roberts, respectively. The Thoreau, Lowell, and Parkman. Another chapter
three volumes together are a desirable addition to treats of Halleck and Drake, still another of the
the critical literature of the Waterloo campaign. Colonial period, while two closing chapters make
General Wood's book has a certain advantage in brief mention of “Other Writers" and discuss “The
freshness of theme, or rather of standpoint End of the Nineteenth Century.” The apparatus
author heretofore having applied himself specially consists of suggestive questions and bibliographical
to bringing out clearly and consecutively the cavalry notes appended to the several chapters, and a brief
operations during the four days' fighting. It is to chronology. The illustrations are portraits, homes,
this point, and to brief sketches of the cavalry lead and autographs. The judgments expressed are
ers on both sides, that the writer confines himself, usually sound, and the book is remarkably free from
telling only enough of the general story of the bat those critical crochets that the best of men some-
tle to render his recital intelligible. The work is times put into school manuals. The note of Amer-
prefaced by a chapter on the organization of the icanism is often struck, but not sounded over-harshly,
French army, in which General Wood shows the and youthful American readers are led to feel that
falsity of the common statement that Napoleon had the literature of their own country should be deeply
at Waterloo “the finest army he ever commanded.” interesting to them, without being given the impres-
About fifty per cent of the Line of the Emperor's sion that a Longfellow is a Tennyson. Our only
forces were recruits, mainly young and immature quarrel with the author is for sanctioning the irri-
men; and of the Imperial Guard, 18,500 strong, tating pedantry that spells Vergil for Virgil; but
some 5000 were untrained men, and the balance we suspect that if Dr. W. F. Poole were living, he
were largely worn veterans of previous campaigns. would have something to say about the statement
Organization was imperfect, and discipline was lack that Cotton Mather " was one of the most active in
ing. The “ Iron Duke" seems to have owed a very the persecution of the alleged witches of Salem."
It offers easy
no


1896.]
245
THE DIAL
Elizabeth Char-
Sketches
Miss Louise McLaughlin's “The Sec fessor Ferri seeks to show that psychological, social,
ond Madame" (Putnam) is an enter and physical elements are regarded by those whom
lotte of Bavaria.
taining little book, based on the cor he represents. The main contention of the writer
respondence of Elizabeth Charlotte of Bavaria, is that prisons and penalties do not reform and are
second wife of Monsieur the brother of Louis XIV., not deterrent; that to increase severity would bru-
and mother of the Regent Orleans of unsavory talize society and would have no effect on confirmed
memory. Madame’s marriage was a purely polit- criminals, because these lack moral sense and fore-
ical one. Adrift, as it were, in a strange land and sight; and therefore social defense can be secured
an uncongenial society, proud, blunt of speech and only by preventive measures. He shows how legal
plain of feature, a faithful wife and a devoted mother definitions of crime and judicial procedure are influ-
at a court where such bourgeois virtues were scouted, enced by traditions from a time when superstition
sbe solaced herself by writing long and frequent and revenge, rather than science, determined meth-
letters (forty to fifty pages a day was no unusual ods of punishment. Radical changes are demanded
amount for her) to her friends in Germany. The in the present state of knowledge. Treatment must
extracts from these missives, culled by the author be adapted to the actual nature of the criminal, and
and woven into her narrative, present some piquant not to a theoretical classification of offenses. The
and lively pictures of men and manners at the court essential differences among law-breakers must be
of the Grand Monarch. Die allmächtige Dame, the basis of penal systems.
Some of the reforms
Mme. de Maintenon, appears (to no great advan- suggested are regarded from an Italian point of
tage) in Madame's pages under epithets of varying view, and some are of speculative interest ; but the
degrees of depreciation, from the mildly and femi essential principles are worthy of careful attention.
ninely spiteful “old thing," down to a term most
offensive to ears polite. There is a note of Heim-
“In New England Fields and
weh in the letters throughout. Remaining intensely
Woods” (Houghton), by Rowland
out-of-doors.
and thoroughly German in all things, Madame never
E. Robinson, is a volume of short
ceased to despise French morals, French etiquette, sketches, fifty-seven in all, dealing with the out-of-
and French cookery. She lived to a great age (cor-
door life of man and beast. The papers, many
of
responding actively to the last), her son the Regent which were originally published in Forest and
surviving her but a year. The book is prettily and Stream,” are written by a man who is by instinct
daintily made, the tasteful cover-design calling for both sportsman and lover of nature. His delinea-
special mention.
tions of the small denizens of the woods, fields, and
river-sides show long and close familiarity with their
A concise and clear account of “The
account of the China-Japan War” (imported by who are so often the victims of the sportsman's gun.
traits and habits, as well as a real affection for those
China-Japan war. Scribners) may be found in the
neatly appointed volume compiled from Japanese, Throughout the book, love of sport and love of ani-
mals are at war, but in “A Plea for the Unpro-
Chinese, and foreign sources by " Vladimir," lately
of the Diplomatic Mission to Corea. The author
tected” the latter comes uppermost. Some of the
best work in the book is contained in the twelve
has “boiled down” his multifarious materials into
an impartial, intelligible, and coherent narrative,
essays describing the months of the year. The pic-
to which is prefixed a preliminary chapter on the
ture in each one is complete and distinct, showing
historical and political antecedents of the war, an
keen discrimination and discernment of the typical
account of the forces of the combatants, etc. The
qualities of the passing seasons. The language for
the most part is well chosen. The chief fault is one
Appendix contains some interesting documentary
that might have been remedied by omitting a few
matter, diplomatic correspondence preceding the
war, correspondence between Admirals Ito and
of the papers,—in other words, there is at times an
Ting, peace negotiations and text of treaty, etc.;
impression of monotony ; but no lover of nature can
and there are some good maps and diagrams. There
fail to enjoy these simple and untechnical sketches.
are a number of illustrations from photographs, by the fact that the author is now blind.
An added touch of interest is given to the volume
together with several curious prints presumably from
Japanese pictorial papers. For the reader who
German literature in one hundred
An incomplete
wants to arrive as shortly and conveniently as pos handbook of Ger. and thirty-six pages is a desperate
sible at a comprehensive view of the Chino-Japanese
undertaking, but Dr. Weiss, who in-
war we have seen no better book than this by “ Vla troduces Miss Phillips and her “ Handbook of Ger-
dimir.”
man Literature” (Macmillan) to the public, assures
Italian theories
In Ferri's “Criminal Sociology” us that this is a " distinct desideratum.” The secret
of the treatment (Appleton), edited by W. D. More of its desirability is to be found in a casual refer-
of criminals.
rison, the English reader is furnished ence to “Oxford and Cambridge Local Examina-
with a translation of a part of one of the most im tions.” A student endeavoring to fatten himself
portant works of the “ Italian school” of criminol. on these parings must be a melancholy spectacle.
ogy. Current discussions show that this school is It were no great praise to say that the task had
charged with exclusive attention to craniology ; Pro been done as well as the conditions permit; and
A concise
man literature.


246
[April 16,
THE DIAL
as
even this would scarcely be true. Mixed phrases, worthy change is made in connection with the several
“the epische Stoff'”; italic catch-words, stand sections relating to the navies of the world. These have
ing now for authors, now for works ; unpardonable
all been thoroughly revised by Mr. S. W. Barnaby. A
details, as the cause of Konrad von Würzburg's
new feature is offered by the four maps that ecede
death; ill-judged proportion, as more space to
the text. These have for their subjects the frontier
question on the Pamirs, the Indo-Chinese frontier ques-
Gryphius than to Walther von der Vogelweide,— tion, the Venezuela-Guiana boundary question, and the
these are some of the defects in detail.
recent Bechuanaland arrangements. Messrs. Macmillan
& Co. are the publishers.
Mr. B. O. Flower's “ The Century of
The “ Classics for Children” published by Messrs.
A good book on Sir Thomas More" (Arena Co.) rep-
the Renaissance.
Ginn & Co. have been enriched by the addition of the
resents an attempt to condense into “ Adventures of Hatim Taï.” This work, translated
a small volume suited to the requirements of the from the Persian sixty-five years ago, and first published
busy reader a fairly comprehensive account of the in English under the auspices of the Oriental Transla-
period of the Renaissance and the Reformation tion Fund, has remained practically inaccessible until
(1450-1550) and its representative worthies. The
the present time, being now rescued by Mr. W. R. Alger,
author has evidently been at some pains to "get
and brought within easy reach of the public. It is a
series of tales not unlike the “ Arabian Nights,” and
up ” his subject, and he treats it intelligently and
Mr. Alger is justified in declaring it “not one whit infe-
with due enthusiasm. The text is divided under
rior to the very best of those world-renowned master-
such chapter-headings as : “ Western Europe dur .
pieces.” In its present popular form it will doubtless
ing the Century”; “ The Reformation and Some of find many readers, not alone
among
the
young,
for it has
its leading Spirits ”; “Some Fatal Figures of the a charm that appeals to all ages.
Italian Renaissance”; “The France of the Period”; The thirteenth series of the “ Johns Hopkins Univer-
The England of Sir Thomas More”; etc. There sity Studies in Historical and Political Science” has
are a number of portraits, and altogether the book recently been completed by publication of the following
is a good one for popular reading.
monographs: “White Servitude in the Colony of Vir-
ginia,” by Mr. James C. Ballagh; “ The Genesis of Cali-
fornia's First Constitution,” by Mr. R. D. Hunt; “Benja-
min Franklin as an Economist,” by Mr. W. A. Wetzel;
BRIEFER MENTION.
“The Provisional Government of Maryland,” by Mr. J.
A. Silver; and “Government and Religion of the Virginia
The new edition of Poe published by the J. B. Lip- Indians," by Mr. S. R. Hendren. Of the fourteenth series
pincott Co. at once challenges comparison with the edi. (1896), the following three numbers have been issued:
tion recently edited by Messrs. Stedman and Wood “Constitutional History of Hawaii,” by Mr. Henry E.
berry. It is very neat in appearance, and it is offered Chambers; “The City Government of Baltimore, by
at about half the price of the rival edition. There are Mr. Thaddeus P. Thomas; and “Colonial Origins of
eight volumes, each with three illustrations. But it has New England Senates,” by Mr. F. L. Riley. These spe-
no critical apparatus whatever, and does not present so cial historical studies are of great value and highly cred-
trustworthy and definitive a text as has been provided itable to the institution that puts them forth.
for the other edition. It aims, in fact, to present the Mr. Lorenzo Sears is the author of a work entitled
works alone, which it does in a fairly satisfactory man “ The History of Oratory from the Age of Pericles to
ner. The critical student will not be likely to view it the Present Time" (Griggs). The author discusses the
with favor, although its cheapness and mechanical excel history, science, and philosophy of public discourse, with
lence will recommend it to a circle of readers that the illustrations drawn from the literature of twenty-four
Stedman-Woodberry edition would not be likely to reach centuries. Noting the place of each typical orator in
at all.
the long history of the art, Mr. Sears has also sought
The editor of the “Columbian Knowledge” series to point out the rhetorical principles exemplified by
(Roberts) has been singularly happy in the selection of him, and “to observe the trend of eloquence” in the
subjects for the volumes that have thus far appeared. period to which he belongs. Such men as Aristotle,
“ Total Eclipses of the Sun,” “ Public Libraries in Cicero, Savonarola, Webster, Sumner, Phillips, and
America," and " Arctic Discoveries " are all subjects of Curtis, are made the subjects of separate chapters while
timely interest, and each is, in a sense, complete in itself other chapters deal with such themes as “ Attic Ora-
that is, deserving of special treatment, although really tors," “ Mediæval Preachers," « Eccentric Eloquence,"
but a part of some larger subject. General A. W. and “Oratory of the French Revolution.” The whole
Greely's “ Handbook of Arctic Discoveries” is essen work has been carefully done, and fills a place that
tially a manual of facts, concisely stated and well has been vacant up to the present time.
arranged, condensed from the 50,000 pages of narrative “Word Formation in the Roman Sermo Plebeius"
that have grown up about the subject, mostly during is the title of a bulky dissertation by Mr. Frederic
the past half-century. The book is well supplied with Taber Cooper, of Columbia College. It is “an histor-
maps, and will be found in every way helpful to those ical study of the development of vocabulary in vulgar
interested in Arctic exploration.
and late Latin, with special reference to the Romance
« The Statesman's Year-Book” for 1896, edited by languages.” The author's original plan contemplated
Mr. J. Scott Keltie and Mr. I. P. A. Renwick, is the nothing less than a historical grammar of the subject;
thirty-third annual publication of that invaluable com but, as the material grew upon his hands, he found that
pendium of (usually) accurate information. It repro he had collected under the head of word-formation alone
duces all the familiar features of earlier editions, and enough matter to make up a substantial treatise. He
has been carefully corrected to date. The most note hopes, however, to follow up the present work with a


1896.]
247
THE DIAL
season.
volume of equal size upon plebeian syntax. The indus a volume of poems by Misses Caroline and Alice Duer,
try required for the preparation of this work must have and a volume entitled “ Songs from the Greek,” being
been very great, and it speaks well for our universities translations by Miss Jane Minot Sedgwick.
that such dissertations should be put forth in their name. “Gryll Grange," by Thomas Love Peacock, is the
Messrs. Ginn & Co. publish the books.
latest novel added to Messrs. Macmillan & Co.'s series
“ The Individual and the State: An Essay on Jus of reprints. The illustrations are by Mr. F. H. Town-
tice” (Ginn) is a Cornell thesis, presented for the doc send and the introduction by Mr. Saintsbury.
torate by Mr. Thomas W. Taylor, Jr. It presents a “ An Examination of Weismannism,” by the late G.
careful study of the literature of the subject, but reaches J. Romanes, is added to the “ Religion of Science"
the somewhat unsatisfactory conclusion that “the ideal library, issued by the Open Court Publishing Co. A fine
of Justice is purely subjective, binding only upon the portrait of Romanes appears as a frontispiece.
individual holding it, and not applicable as a test of the A monograph upon the “ Flora of West Virginia," by
rightness or wrongness of any existing conditions."
Mr. C. F. Millspaugh and Mr. L. W. Nuttall, has just
Those who have attempted to formulate a principle of been added to the growing list of publications bearing
justice — notably Mr. Spencer — come in for much sharp the imprint of the Field Columbian Museum of Chicago.
criticism before this negative conclusion is reached.
Messrs. Frederick Warne & Co., of New York, will
Mr. Taylor is entitled to his opinion, but he has not said
issue immediately (Robert Urquhart,” a new novel by
the last word upon this great subject.
Gabriel Setoun, author of “Barncraig” and “Sunshine
The Pegasus Club is a Philadelphia organization hav and Haar.” This is described as the Scotch novel of the
ing for its purpose “ the writing and study of poetry.”
Its members write poems and submit them anonymously Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. announce for early publi-
to the Club “ for criticism and acceptance or rejection.” cation a one-volume edition of Fyffe's - History of Mod-
« The Year Book of the Pegasus” (Lippincott), a pamph ern Europe.” The same firm will issue shortly “In
let volume now published, reproduces the best work India,” by Andre Chevrillon, translated by Mr. William
submitted under the Club rules, and divulges the au Marchant.
thorship of each piece. We note the familiar names Professor F.H. Giddings, of Columbia, recently stated
of Mr. Owen Wister, Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, Mr. C. L. to his classes in sociology that he had just learned
Moore, Mr. H. S. Morris, and Mr. F. H. Williams
through private correspondence of the completion by
among the score or so unknown to us. A sonnet by Mr.
Mr. Herbert Spencer of the final volume of his syn-
Stedman also figures in this collection. A similar selec thetic philosophy.
tion will be published annually.
A pretty pamphlet from the press of Messrs. Little,
Brown, & Co. reproduces the “ Lines Read at the Cen-
tennial Celebration of the Hasty Pudding Club of Har-
vard College.” The poem is by Mr. John T. Wheel-
LITERARY NOTES.
wright, and is illustrated.
Mr. Leslie Stephen's “ Pope,” Professor Jebb's “ Por-
“ A Laodicean" is added by Messrs. Harper and Bro-
son," and Mr. P.J. Hartog's “ Priestley” are the most
thers to their library edition of Mr. Hardy's novels.
noteworthy articles in Volume XLVI. of the Dictionary
“The Auk” for April has a colored plate of the
of National Biography.” (Macmillan), which extends
Florida burrowing owl, and the usual collection of orni from Pocock to Puckering.
tbological papers and notes.
The first volume of William Carleton's “ Traits and
“ La Grande Bretêche and Other Stories,” translated
Stories of the Irish Peasantry,” in a new edition with
by Mrs. Hamilton Bell, is the latest volume in the Dent-
the Dent-Macmillan imprint, has just been received by
Macmillan edition of Balzac.
us. It is edited by Mr. D. J. O'Donoghue, and the
Mr. Augustine Birrell provides the introduction for illustrations are by “ Phiz.”
the popular edition of Borrow's “ Lavengro," just pub By the publication of Part VIII., the first volume is
lished by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.
completed of Dr. M. Jastrow's “ Dictionary of the Tar-
Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. will publish immediately gumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the
“ A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology Midrashic Literature." Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons
in Christendom,” by the Hon. Andrew D. White. are the American publishers.
Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. announce as in press a The “Golden Treasury" series (Macmillan) has long
new book by Mr. James Schouler, entitled “ Historical included the “Religio Medici," and it was fitting to
Briefs.” The volume will contain a biography of the provide a companion volume for the “Hydrotaphia”
autbor.
and “Garden of Cyrus.” The work, edited by the late
The section for April of “The Oxford English Dic W. A. Greenbill, has just appeared.
tionary” is at hand, and continues the letter F from The London correspondent of the New York “Critic”
Field to Fish. This section is the work of Mr. Henry states that Mr. John Murray is to publish a new edition
Bradley
of Byron, and that he has, of hitherto unprinted ma-
Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. publish a transla terial, a number of poems, many letters which were not
tion of “The Cid Campeador,” a historical romance by shown to Moore, and a continuation of “Don Juan."
D. Antonio de Trueba y la Quintana. The work has Mr. S. S. McClure has reprinted from the magazine
been done by Mr. Henry J. Gill.
that bears his name the chapters on “ The Early Life of
« Ecclesiastes” and “The Wisdom of Solomon" are Abraham Lincoln," written by Miss Ida M. Tarbell.
brought together in a single volume of “ The Modern The work makes an octavo volume of 240 pages with
Reader's Bible," edited by Mr. R. G. Moulton, and pub-160 illustrations. It covers the first 26 years of Lin-
lished by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.
coln's life.
Messrs. George H. Richmond & Co. will issue shortly Professor M. B. Anderson has published a syllabus of


248
[April 16,
THE DIAL
lectures on “Some Representative Poets of the Nine Novelist, Triumph of the. Dial (Apr. 16).
teenth Century.” Nine poets are included, and the work Olympic Games, The New. Wm. A. Elliott. Chautauquan.
contains many hints, pedagogical and bibliographical, Olympic Games, The Old. Allan Marquand. Century.
that students of English literature will find helpful. Mr.
Photography, The New. Charles Barnard. Chautauquan.
William Doxey, of San Francisco, publishes the pam-
Planetary Free-booting and World Policies. Arena.
Pygmy Races of Men. Frederick Starr. North American.
phlet.
Raines Liquor-Tax Law, The. J. Raines. North American.
Messrs. Macmillan & Co. announce a complete edi. Renan, Ernest and Henriette, Letters of. Dial (Apr. 16).
tion of Browning's works, in two volumes, with notes by Sultan of Turkey, The. Edward F. Hay. Chautauquan.
the author included in no other edition. The same firm Tariff in Legislation, The. J. A. Woodburn. Chautauquan.
will issue, in conjunction with Messrs. Dent & Co., a Tattooing, Origin of. Cesare Lombroso. Popular Science.
translation of the works of Daudet, in monthly volumes, Telepathy. Charles B. Newcomb. Arena.
illustrated.
Transvaal, Problems of the. Karl Blind. North American.
Travel, Recent Books of. Dial (Apr. 16).
« The Inlander,” of Ann Arbor, prints a symposium Voice, The, and Spiritual Education. Dial (Apr. 16).
on the value of athletic education for women. Twenty War and Civilization. W. D. Le Sueur. Popular Science.
five American authors have written brief communica Wealth, Social Function of. M. Leroy Beaulieu. Pop. Science.
tions upon the subject, and the autograph letters are now Wilson, James. James 0. Pierce. Dial (Apr. 16).
offered for sale for the benefit of the women's gymna X Rays, The. John Trowbridge. Popular Science.
sium. Bids may be sent to Miss Katherine Puncheon,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Messrs. F. Warne & Co. announce that the new vol-
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
ume in their “ Public Men of To-day" series will be on
[The following list, containing 106 titles, includes books
Señor Castelar, by Mr. David Hannay. The same firm, received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
has in preparation a popular sketch of Pope Leo XIII.,
by Mr. Justin McCarthy, a volume of “ Lancashire
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
Idylls,” by Mr. J. Marshall Mather, and a second series Memoirs of Frederick A. P. Barnard, D.D., LL.D., Tenth
of “Wayside and Woodland Blossoms.”
President of Columbia College. By John Fulton, With
portrait, 8vo, gilt top, pp. 485. Macmillan & Co. $4.
The Syndicat des Sociétés Littéraires et Artistiques
Madame Roland: A Biographical Study. By Ida M. Tar-
pour la Protection de la Propriété Intellectuelle has
bell. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 328. Charles
sent us a “ Note sur un Projet de Bill Qui Doit Etre Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Proposé au Parlement Canadien au Sujet de la Pro Dictionary of National Biography: Edited by Sidney Lee.
Vol. XLVI., Pocock-Puckering ; 8vo, gilt top, pp. 449.
priété Littéraire.” It contains a protest adopted by the
Macmillan & Co. $3.75.
Syndicat at a meeting in January, and points out very
The Early Life of Abraham Lincoln. By Ida M. Tarbell;
emphatically the abuses sanctioned by the proposed law. assisted by J. McCan Davis. Illus., 8vo, pp. 240. S. S.
Messrs. P. Blakiston, Son & Co., of Philadelphia,
McClure, Ltd. $1.
have just published a “ Treatise on Hygiene," edited by
HISTORY.
Dr. J. Lane Notter, and Mr. R. H. Firth, F.R.C.S.,
An Ambassador of the Vanquished: Viscount Elie de
based upon the well-known work of the late Dr. E. A. Gontaut-Biron's Mission to Berlin, 1871-1877. By the
Parkes. The volume aims to take the place which Duke de Broglie ; trans., with Notes, by Alfred Vandam.
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 282. Macmillan & Co. $3.
“ Parkes' Hygiene " has so long occupied as the stand-
ard text-book for both English and American students.
GENERAL LITERATURE,
“ Armenian Poems Rendered into English Verse by Brother and Sister: A Memoir and the Letters of Ernest
Alice Stone Blackwell" (Roberts) is the title-legend of
and Henriette Renan. Trans. by Lady Mary Loyd.
a recent volume. Since Mrs. Blackwell confesses that
Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 323. Macmillan & Co. $2.25.
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Collected and edited
her own knowledge of Armenian “does not extend much
by Paul Leicester Ford. Vol. VII., 1795-1801 ; 8vo, gilt
beyond the alphabet,” the title description of the vol-
top, uncut, pp. 501. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5.
ume must not be taken too literally. It seems that she The Last Years of St. Andrews: September, 1890, to Sep.
has merely worked over into verse a number of prose
tember, 1895. By the author of "Twenty-Five Years of
St. Andrews.” Švo, uncut, pp. 397. Longmans, Green,
translations made by her friends.
& Co. $4.
A Tennyson Primer. With a Critical Essay. By William
Macneile Dixon, author of “ English Poetry from Blake
to Browning." 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 189. Dodd,
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
Mead & Co. $1.25.
April, 1896 (Second List).
Charlecote; or, The Trial of William Shakespeare. By John
Boyd Thacher. Limited edition, on Japanese paper;
Biglow Papers, The. J. H. Gilmore. Chautauquan.
illus., 12mo, pp. 125. Dodd, Mead & Co. $5.
Booth, J. Wilkes, Recollections of. North American. Book-Verse: An Anthology of Poems of Books and Book-
Butler, Bishop, Works of. C. A. L. Richards. Dial (Apr. 16).
men. Edited by W. Roberts. 16mo, uncut, pp. 213. "The
Book-Lover's Library." A. C. Armstrong & Son. $1.25.
Cuban Insurrection, The. Murat Halstead. Rev. of Reviews.
Some Representative Poets of the Nineteenth Cen-
Darwin and after Darwin. E. H. Griggs. Dial (Apr. 16).
tury: A Syllabus of University Extension Lectures. By
Fruit Trees, Tropical. Bertha F. Herrick. Popular Science.
Melville B. Anderson. 12mo, pp. 77. William Doxey.
Geography, The New. Alfred P. Brigham. Popular Science. 50 cts.
Government by Brewery. George A. Gates. Arena.
Amiel's Journal. Trans. by Mrs. Humphry Ward. Vol. II.,
Great Britain and the U.S., True Relations of. No. American. 32mo, pp. 402. “Miniature Series. Macmillan & Co.
Halstead, Murat. Albert Shaw. Review of Reviews.
25 cts.
Hypnotic States, etc. Wm. R. Newbold. Popular Science,
Five Sins of an Architect, with an Apology. By Solomon
Japanese War Posters. D. P. B. Conkling. Century.
Gargoyle. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 157. Riverton : The
Riverton Press.
Lincoln Conspiracies, Four. Victor L. Mason. Century.
Belle Lettres Series, new volumes : Independence Day, by
Man and the Solar System. J. Heber Smith. Arena.
E. E. Hale; The Scholar in Politics, by Richard Olney;
Military Bands of Europe. S. Parkes Cadman. Chautauquan. The Spoils System, by Carl Schurz. Each with portrait,
North Polar Problem, The. A. H. Markham. No. American. 16mo. Henry Altemus. Per vol., 25 cts.


1896.]
249
THE DIAL
On Parody. By A.S. Martin. 12mo, pp. 280. Henry Holt
& Co. $1.25.
Washington; or, The Revolution: A Drama. In 2 parts,
Part Second ; with frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 256. F. Ten-
nyson Neely. $1.50.
The Bicyclers, and Three Other Farces. By John Kendrick
Bangs. Ilus., 16mo, uncut, pp. 176. Harper & Bros.
$1,25.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Works of Edgar Allan Poe. In 8 vols., illus. in pho-
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19


250
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THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
a Semi-fionthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
No. 237.
MAY 1, 1896.
Vol. XX.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE TIE THAT BINDS
259
.
.
THE SELECTION OF FELICITOUS BOOK TITLES.
Mary R. Silsby
. 261
COMMUNICATIONS
263
The Red Badge of Courage. A Correction.
D. Appleton of Company.
A Red Badge of Bad English. J.L. Onderdonk.
A Word in Reply to Mr. Stearns. G. B. Rose.
About Book-Making. Albert H. Tolman.
MARY ANDERSON'S MEMORIES. E. G. J.
.. 265
VIRGINIA'S ECONOMIC HISTORY.
Halsey.
John J.
. 267
THE FAR EASTERN QUESTION. Henry E. Bourne 269
LETTERS AND VERSES OF DEAN STANLEY.
W. H. Carruth .
. 271
TRIBAL SOCIETY AS ILLUSTRATED IN WALES.
James Westfall Thompson . .
273
RECENT SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES. C. R. Hen-
derson.
276
Craft's Practical Christian Sociology.- The Poor in
Great Cities.- Gladden's Ruling Ideas of the Present
Age. — Ashley's Railways and their Employees.-
Salter's Anarchy or Government?-Stimson's Labor
in its Relation to Law. - Wheeler's Our Industrial
Utopia.—"Stepniak's" King Stork or King Log.-
Patten's The Theory of Social Forces.- Proceedings
of the National Congress of Charities and Corrections.
RELIGIOUS LITERATURE, THEORETICAL AND
PRACTICAL. John Bascom
278
Murphy's The Messages of the Seven Churches of
Asia.-Gilmore's The Johannean Problem.-Stalk-
er's The Two St. John's of the New Testament.
Meakin's Nature and Deity. - Gordon's The Christ
of To-Day.- Alden's A Study of Death.-Hovey's
Christian Teaching and Life.- Needham's The Spirit-
ual Life.- Bradford's Heredity and Christian Prob-
lems.- Church's Pascal and Other Sermons.
THE TIE THAT BINDS.
The beautiful story of the Athenian captives
at Syracuse, set free and restored with all bon-
ors to their fatherland because they could recite
verses from the poet best beloved of their cap-
tors, has been made familiar to us all by two
among the noblest works of Robert Browning.
“ Any such happy man had prompt reward,'
our poet tells us,
“If he lay bleeding on the battle-field
They stanched his wounds, and gave him drink and food;
If he were slave i' the house, for reverence
They rose up, bowed to who proved master now,
And bade him go free, thank Euripides !
Ay, and such did so: many such, he said,
Returning home to Athens, sought him out,
The old bard in the solitary house,
And thanked him ere they went to sacrifice."
This story has much more than the virtue of an
anecdote; it has rather the significance of an
eternal truth, of the everlasting power of liter-
ature to reconcile differences, to soften the as-
perities of intercourse between nations, to
strengthen the bonds of sympathy between hu-
man beings, and to offer promise of that “Par-
liament of man, the Federation of the world,"
which the poet still insists upon foreseeing,
however idle his dream be held by the reluctant
and short-sighted multitude.
While the vision of the seer halts at nothing
short of this ideal of the brotherhood of man
finally accomplished, he whose faith is less firm
and whose gaze cannot descry things hidden so
deep in the mists of the future may still find
in the possession of a common speech some
earnest of a harmonious union for all to whom
that speech is native. Particularly true is this
of us born to the use of the English language,
“Who speak the tongue
That Shakespeare spake, the faith and morals hold
Which Milton held."
A common language is the tie that binds men
together almost in spite of themselves. This is
true even if the language be one that has never
risen to supreme excellence of expression upon
the lips of the literary artist. A striking illus-
tration of this fact is offered by Miss Olive
Schreiner, in her account of the uncouth Taal
of the Boer. The Boer himself is of mixed
Dutch and Huguenot strain, and his speech is
an almost inconceivably degraded dialect of the
Dutch tongue. It is absolutely without a liter-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
280
A new edition of John Donne.- An acceptable sum-
mary of American literature.- Notes of the North-
ern Renaissance. - An interesting sketch of Mr.
Chamberlain.- Experiments in prose.—A volume of
sound art criticism.-Studies in classical philology.
- An historical essay on parody. - Mr. Field's last
volume.
BRIEFER MENTION
282
.
.
LITERARY NOTES
283
.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
285
.
.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
285
.


260
[May 1,
THE DIAL
one.
ature, and is probably incapable of originating is our hereditary enemy. How much better
Yet it has fused into a compact nation it would be, and how much more essentially
ality the heterogeneous elements that went to just, to emphasize the fact that, although tem-
the making of the Boer, and its unifying influ porary
differences have now and then arisen
ence compels our admiration and our respect. between the two nations, yet these are as noth-
If this be the power of a rough and poverty-ing in comparison with the glory of their com-
stricken dialect, what limits may be set to the mon inheritance ; that English history, from
potency of so rich and refined an instrument of Alfred to Cromwell, belongs to us as rightfully
intercourse as the English language? It is not as to our kinsmen over-sea, and should be to us
from mere pride of race that the philosophical a source of no less pride than that we justly
observer rejoices in the amazing spread of the take in the continuation of the history through
English language over the face of the earth. Washington down to Lincoln. That this is the
It is rather that he feels the immense signifi- view ultimately to obtain among the English-
cance to the future of mankind that must at- speaking peoples seems to as certain. The very
tach to an ever-widening use of the tongue in stars in their courses are working to bring it
whose literature are embodied the noblest civic about, and the quiet, irresistible influence of a
and ethical ideals of the modern world.
common intellectual tradition will some day ac-
Ten generations have now followed one an. complish a closer and more vital union between
other since the man who in English speech gave the scattered sections of the English family
supreme expression to these ideals was with us than was ever cemented by bond of dynasty or
in the flesh. It is three centuries since the political organization in the history of the
gentlest, and wisest, and deepest of modern world. There is a larger patriotism than that
souls was building the monument of song that of the state, a wider fellowship than that of
none knew better than himself “ would outlive the geographical area ; it is in community of
the perishing body of men and things till the achievement and aspiration that men are in
Resurrection of the Dead." And who will dare truth brothers, and it is in literature that they
say that the work of Shakespeare is more than find their real relationship.
barely begun? Year after year we commemo The mutterings of war between the two great
rate the anniversary of his birth, and each year English-speaking peoples recently called forth
we look back with reverence to the past because by a reckless play in the politico-diplomatic
of the promise that it gives us for the future. game have not been wholly evil in their effect.
The words spoken at the recent Stratford cele- If they have been accompanied by a melancholy
bration by the man who so worthily represents display of truculence on the part of time serv-
among the English people the best elements of ing politicians and journalists, they have also
American culture, and the message of good will served to make clear the almost absolute unan-
sent to the Birmingham gathering by the Chief imity of the better elements of English-speaking
Magistrate of our Republic, were both expres- society in rejecting the thought of such a war
sions of the feeling that a common claim to as a horror unspeakable and unthinkable. That
Shakespeare constitutes between England and it would be essentially civil war has been the
the United States a bond of union too strong general verdict of sober-minded observers, for
to be broken by differences that might cause the essential characteristic of civil war is that
other nations to fly at one another's throats, too the opposing forces should be sharers of the
sacred to be made the sport of political passion same sympathies and ideals, whether sharing
or weakened by petty international jealousies. or not the same governmental machinery. If
The Philistine, we suppose, smiled at Mr. all civilized nations knew each other as well as
Cleveland's message, deeming it a bit of inef the sections of the English race know each
fectual but harmless sentimentality, yet the other, all war would be civil war, and burdened
message embodied a deeper truth than ever en with the awful responsibilities of such strife.
tered into the self-satisfied Philistine conscious. The jingoes and the fomenters of international
ness. Doubtless, also, he smiled at Mr. Bay- ill-feeling are poor prophets. We prefer to pin
ard's assertion that America claimed Shake our faith to the prophecy of the distinguished
speare no less than England, yet that too is the Englishman who spoke last year to the mem-
deepest kind of a truth. There is much reason bers of the Harvard Law School. Upon that
to believe that the teaching of American his- occasion, Sir Frederick Pollock, discussing
tory in our public schools leaves dominant in “The Vocation of the Common Law," brought
the child's mind an impression that England I his remarks to a close with a peroration so sig.


1896.]
261
THE DIAL
;
66
nificant and so eloquent that we cannot resist most perplexity, he would often point to the title-
the temptation to borrow it for the adornment page. He probably spoke from his own experience,
of our own discussion of so nearly-allied a
as the changes he made in his own titles evinced
theme.
His most
“ Dreams are not versed in issuable
the value he placed on attractive ones.
matter, and have no dates. Only I feel that
successful book figures in the first edition as “Anec-
dotes, Sketches, and Observations, Literary, Crit-
this one looks forward, and will be seen as wak-
ical, and Historical”; he later invested it with the
ing light some day. If anyone, being of little happy title of “Curiosities of Literature.”. Those
faith or over-curious, must needs ask in what
were the times when wordy titles were fashionable,
day, I can answer only in the same fashion. and he made like changes in his other books. He
We may know the signs, though we know not referred to an English novel published as “ The
when they will come. These things will be Champion of Virtue ” which could find no readers,
when we look back on our dissensions in the but afterwards passed through several editions un-
past as brethren grown up to man's estate and der the happier invitation of “ The Old English
Baron.”
dwelling in unity look back upon the bicker-
ings of the nursery and the jealousies of the
In poetry also a felicitous title is of service.
class-room ; when there is no use for the word
Lowell writes of a new volume of poems in the hands
of the printer, “I had decided to put the • June
• foreigner' between Cape Wrath and the Idyl” in the forefront and call it a • June Idyl and
Rio Grande, and the federated navies of the
Other Poems,' but Fields told me that Whittier's
English-speaking nations keep the peace of the new volume was to be called “A Summer Idyl.'”
ocean under the Northern Lights and under the Then he thought of “ Appledore”; later concluded
Southern Cross, from Vancouver to Sydney, to finish his “Voyage to Vinland” (begun eighteen
and from the Channel to the Gulf of Mexico; years previous), and make the title “ A Voyage to
when an indestructible union of even wider
Vinland and Other Poems." Mr. Fields would not
listen to this, and proposed he rechristen the Idyl,
grasp and higher potency than the federal bond
of these States has knit our descendants into
Elmwood,” and name the book after that. This
to Lowell seemed too personal, — like “throwing
an invincible and indestructible concord."
my sanctuary open to the public and making a show-
house of my hermitage.” Finally he hit upon “Un-
der the Willows,” in place of a “June Idyl,” and
this settled the question.
“ Pictures from Apple-
THE SELECTION OF FELICITOUS
dore” was first printed in "The Crayon," as “My
BOOK TITLES.
Appledore Gallery." In March, 1870, Lowell writes
to Leslie Stephen : “I am glad you like • The Ca-
Mr. Hardy has again changed the title of his last thedral.' . . The name was none of my choosing.
novel. It was at first “ The Simpletons,” which was I called it .A Day at Chartres ' and Fields re-chris-
probably abandoned on account of its similarity to tened it.” Again (December, 1886), Lowell offers
Charles Reade's “ A Simpleton"; it was changed a short poem to Aldrich for the “Atlantic,” saying,
for " Harper's Magazine " to " Hearts Insurgent,” “ What shall I call it? Will “A Grumble’ do?”
and it has become in book form, “Jude the Ob It was finally named “ Fact or Fancy.”
scure.”
This shows the care and thought which That Hawthorne's “ Marble Faun " appeared in
authors give to the selection of suitable names for England under the title of “A Transformation” is
their books, and their effort to gain for them the well known. This was chosen to please his pub-
popular ear.
lisher, and Hawthorne said of it, “ It gives one the
In an article published in “The Atlantic Monthly” idea of Harlequin in a pantomime.". But the title
for March, 1895, entitled “Some Confessions of a by which we know it does not fully characterize the
Novel-Writer,” Mr. Trowbridge tells of the great story, as the Marble Faan is only casually referred
trouble he had in giving a satisfactory name to his to; the real subject being the mysterious Donatello
favorite and popular novel,“ Neighbor Jackwood." the living faun, and notwithstanding the deserved
He
says: “A score of titles were considered, only success of the book, the title is not so well chosen as
to be rejected. At last I settled down upon. Jack others of Hawthorne.
wood,'but felt the need of joining to that name some Walter Scott in his introduction to “ Rob Roy”
characteristic phrase or epithet. Thus I was led to said that when he planned the novel he was at loss
think of this Scriptural motto for the title-page, for a title —“a good name being very nearly of as
· And a certain woman went down from Jerusalem much consequence in literature as in life,” — and he
to Jericho, and fell among thieves,' which suggested adds that the title " Rob Roy” was suggested by
the question, · Who was the neighbor unto this Mr. Constable, “whose sagacity and experience
woman?' and the answer, • Neighbor Jackwood,'— foresaw the germ of popularity which it contained.”
and I had my title."
Lockhart writes of the great difficulty Constable
D'Israeli said that were it inquired of an ingen- bad in inducing Scott to adopt his suggestion that
ious writer what page of his book had caused him the name of the real hero would be the best possi-


262
[May 1,
THE DIAL
ble name for the book. “Nay,” said Scott,“never
let me have to write up to a name. You well know
I have generally adopted a title that told nothing."
To the same judicious adviser is due the title of
“ Kenilworth," which Scott wished to call, like
Mickle's ballad, “Cumnor Hall," but yielded to
Constable's wishes and substituted « Kenilworth,”
notwithstanding Ballantyne's hint that the result
would be “ something worthy of a kennel.” Lock-
hart says that Constable had every reason to be satis-
fied with this child of his christening. The novel
“ Redgauntlet” had made considerable progress at
press before Constable and Ballantyne could per-
suade Scott to substitute that title for “Herries,” his
first choice. After the publication of “The Monas-
tery,” Constable wished Scott to call the succeeding
novel “The Nunnery," instead of “The Abbot,” but
in this instance Scott wisely stood by his first choice.
Constable certainly had a genius for choosing titles.
Scott was equally fastidious in naming his poems.
He refers repeatedly in his letters to a poem he is
writing to be entitled “The Nameless Glen,” and
later mentions it as “ The Lord of the Isles," a title
which had suggested itself to him as more striking.
Often his first choice was used as a sub-title, as
« The Fair Maid of Perth, or St. Valentine's Eve,”
“ Anne of Geierstein, or the Maid of the Mist,” as
he could not decide to abandon them wholly.
Southey’s “ Roderick the Last of the Goths," was
first called “Don Pelayo.”
Charles Dickens often changed a title after choos-
ing it. “Barnaby Rudge,” that earnest plea for
tolerance and the abolition of capital punishment,
was announced for many months under the name of
“ Gabriel Vardon.” During the twenty months of
the serial publication of “Dombey and Son," its
title was “Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and
Son, Wholesale, Retail, and for Exportation "; but
on its completion in 1848, its present admirable title
was adopted. Dickens's favorite child, “ David Cop-
perfield,” was originally brought out under this title:
* The Personal History, Adventures, Experiences,
and Observations of David Copperfield the Younger,
of Blunderstone Rookery (which he never meant to
be published on any account).” Dickens followed
the example of his avowed master Smollett and at
first gave a novel the title of its hero or heroine,
even going so far as to adopt the alliteration of
Peregrine Pickle” and “ Roderick Random” as a
model for Nicholas Nickleby "; but he broke away
from this habit, and his titles are generally original
and striking “ Bleak House" was first called
“Tom-All-Alone's,” and certainly in this case second
thoughts were best.
George Eliot considered the subject one of real
importance and in her Journal and Letters devotes
much space
to it.
“ The Mill on the Floss" was
vers, or Life on the Floss' has the advantage of
slipping easily off the lazy English tongue, but it is
after too common a fashion ('The Newcomes,'
* The Bertrams, etc.); then there is • The Tulliver
Family, or Life on the Floss.' Pray meditate and
give us your opinion.” After some further corre-
spondence, she urges Mr. Blackwood to give the
casting vote, and in reply to his suggestion, writes:
“ • The Mill on the Floss' be it then."
Anthony Trollope says he first intended to call
his novel “ Can you Forgive Her" by the title of
“ The Noble Jilt”; but he was afraid the critics
might throw a doubt on the nobility, and that there
was more of tentative humility in that which he at
last adopted.
Few writers, however, made more changes in their
efforts to satisfactorily christen their novels than
Charles Reade. While it was in press he changed
“ It is Never too Late to Mend," from“ Susan Mer-
ton,” its original title. He gives his reasons in de-
tail to his publishers, and says, “Susan Merton' is
a very
bad title because under that title the book is
a failure, Susan Merton being a third-rate character
in point of invention and color. On this change I
am peremptory and sensitive too. As it is cruel to
make you lose the effect of past advertisements, I
suppose you must add or Susan Merton,' if you are
bent on it; but if so, It is Never too Late to Mend'
must be the first title. But even this is against my
judgment." Reade showed his pleasure when the
title proved a hit. “The Cloister and the Hearth”
was printed in part under the title of “A Good
Fight.” When he dramatized one of his novels he
changed the title. “Peg Woffington” was drama-
“Masks and Faces,” and “A Terrible
Temptation" became, as a play, “ The Double Mar-
riage."
Carleton Coffin's “The Boys of '61,” was origin-
ally “Four Years of Fighting."
Many other illustrations might be given to show
that authors realise that the reading public is likely
to be, “Charm'd with the foolish whistling of a
name."
MARY R. SILSBY.
tized as
LEON SAY, the distinguished economist, died on the
twenty-first of April, at the age of sixty-nine. He was
a grandson of Jean Baptiste Say, and worthily carried
on the liberal economic tradition of the family. Shortly
after the repeal of the Corn Laws, he visited England
in the company of Bastiat, and made the acquaintance
of Cobden. He was a republican in 1848, and received
his baptism of fire upon the barricades of that memor-
able year. He opposed the Empire persistently from
first to last. A director for forty years of the Chemin
de Fer du Nord, a contributor to the « Débats," a mem-
ber of the National Assembly in 1871, four times Min-
ister of Finance, a member of the Senate and its Presi-
first called by her, « Sister Maggie." Under date of the Academy, say enjoyed about all the honors that
of Jan. 3, 1860, she writes to Mr. John Blackwood:
“We are demurring about the title. Mr. Lewes pre-
fers The House of Tulliver, or Life on the Floss'
to our old notion of Sister Maggie '; The Tulli-
of
the French nation can bestow upon a man, and lived a
life remarkable for its activity and its usefulness. His
many writings, mostly upon economic subjects, made him
one of the first European authorities in his department.


1896.]
263
THE DIAL
our country, and the opinions of American men of let-
COMMUNICATIONS.
ters like Mr. Howells and Mr. Hamlin Garland, have
“THE RED BADGE OF COURAGE."-
proved, happily, that Americans are ready to recognize
A CORRECTION.
American talent, and that, pare your correspondent, a
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
prophet is not without honor even in his own country.
It is with a certain hesitation that we write you to
As to other points, against the opinion of the gallant
correct the author of a somewhat bitter letter published
veteran who criticizes the book might be put the opin-
ions of other veterans who have found only words of
in your journal for April 16, for we recognize the signa-
praise.
ture as that of a gallant soldier, as well as a student of
D. APPLETON & COMPANY.
literature. But as the author of that letter labors under New York, April 20, 1896.
several misapprehensions, we think that he will be glad
to learn the facts.
A RED BADGE OF BAD ENGLISH.
“ The Red Badge of Courage was read and ac-
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
cepted by us in December, 1894, and, in book form, it The animus of the articles in British magazines dur-
was first published in this country in October, 1895. ing our Civil War, as quoted by “ A. C. McC.” in your
Although the book was copyrighted in England at the issue of April 16, sufficiently explains the English en-
same time, it was not formally published there for two thusiasm for that literary absurdity called “The Red
months. Meantime the American journals had reviewed Badge of Courage.” The trend of the whole work — to
it and had begun an almost universal chorus of eulogy. prove the absence of such a thing as a gentleman in the
October 19, 1895, the “ New York Times " devoted a union army - may be justly expected to arouse the re-
column and a half to a strong review of “this remark sentment of the class of whom “A. C. McC." is such a
able book.” On October 13, the “Philadelphia Press" striking and honorable example. If this work is real-
compared Mr. Crane and Bret Harte, not to the disad- | ism, it is realism run mad, rioting in all that is revolt-
vantage of the former. On October 26, the “ New Yorking to man's best instincts, and utterly false to nature
Mail and Express,” in one of several notices, said, “The and to life. The Federal army doubtless possessed its
author has more than talent - there is genius in the share of ruffianly officers and stupid brainless men, but
book.” On October 26, the “ Boston Transcript,” in to select such and to hold them up as types is not true
speaking of this tremendous grasping of the glory and realism. Yet this is the work which one London period-
carnage of war," added at the close of a long and enthus-
ical compares favorably with the writings of Tolstoï and
iastic review, “ The book forces upon the reader the con Zola, and concerning which another London periodical
viction of what fighting really means.
." Other favorable
says: “ There is no possibility of resistance when once
reviews appeared in October issues of the following you are in its grasp.
American newspapers: “ New York Herald,” “ Brooklyn The examples of hysterical composition given by “A.
Eagle,” « Cleveland World,” “St. Paul Pioneer Press," C. McC.” might be supplemented by others fully as
“ Boston Daily Advertiser," " New York World,” “St. absurd taken from nearly every page of the book.
Paul Globe," “ New York Commercial Advertiser,” | Amid so much that is strained and affected there is not
“Kansas City Journal," "Chicago Evening Post,” « Bos one agreeable character, hardly one praiseworthy senti-
ton Courier,” “ Cleveland Plain Dealer," « Boston Bea ment, and certainly not a new or original thought. But
con,” “Hartford Times,” “Sioux City Times," « New as the book is heralded as one of the literary successes
Haven Leader,” and “Minneapolis Journal,” and to these of the year, it is but fair to call attention to a few ex-
names, taken almost at random, we might add many amples of its latter-day English. We can bear with
others. These journals reviewed “The Red Badge equanimity the author's vulgarisms and mannerisms, his
favorably in October, and others, including weeklies like use of the split infinitive, and of such words as reliable,
“The Critic” and “ The Outlook,” followed in Novem- standpoint, and others which the slipshod fashion of the
ber with emphatic recognition of the strength and high day has authorized by general usage. We may even
talent shown in the book.
attribute to "typographical errors such careless con-
It was not until the end of November, two months structions as the following:
after publication here, that the first reviews appeared "A shrill lamentation rang out filled with profane illusions
in England. By that time American reviewers from to a general ” (p. 193).
Maine to California bad “greeted” the book with the “ His anger was directed not so much against the men whom
highest “encomiums." The English “encomiums” be he knew were rushing” (p. 57).
came specially marked in late December, January, and Tottering among them was the rival color bearer, whom
February
the youth saw had been bitten” (p. 222).
We state these facts in view of your correspondent's
But what is to be said of the following bright gems,
remarks that “So far, at least, the American papers culled almost at random wbile turning over these "irre-
have said very little about the merits or demerits of the
sistible” pages ?
book," and, “The book has very recently been reprinted “Set upon it was the hard and dark lines” (p. 222).
in America,” and, “ Respect for our own people should
“There was no obvious questionings, por figurings, nor
have prevented its issue in this country.”
“Our coun-
diagrams. There was apparently no considered loopholes"
(p. 219).
9
ues to be the most popular work of fiction in the market,
and it has been the one most talked of and written about
since October last.
A glance at the back of the “Red Badge" title-page
would have shown that the book could not have been
“first published” in England and “reprinted” here,
while the literary departments of journals throughout
feeling a desire to throw his heated body onto the stream
(p. 179).
"Once he found himself almost into a swamp” (p. 79).
“The majesty of he who dares give his life” (p. 68).
“He could not flee no more than a little finger can commit
a revolution from the hand” (p. 56).
Eugene Field, not long before his death, remarked:
“ The one crime that cannot be righteously charged


264
[May 1,
THE DIAL
against our fin de siècle poetasters is slovenliness.” Un-
happily our fin de siècle prose writers are peculiarly sus-
ceptible to the charge. Can this general butchery of the
language be the nemesis of " dialect literature,” which
has done so much to bring sensible and intelligible En-
glish into ill repute ?
J. L. ONDERDONK.
Chicago, April 18, 1896.
A WORD IN REPLY TO MR. STEARNS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
On page 96 of his “ Midsummer of Italian Art," in
speaking of Michelangelo's “Captive,” Mr. Stearns says:
“The other Captive is, or was till recently, in the Boboli
Gardens at Florence.” Both of these gigantic statues
have been in France since the reign of Francis I., and
at least since the time of Napoleon they have stood in
the Louvre side by side, so that no man could see one
without seeing the other. Has the author of the above
lines seen either? And is a man who bas not seen them
competent to write about Michelangelo ?
In his letter in your issue of April 1, Mr. Stearns
excuses his error about the location of Raphael's “ Dis-
pute on the Sacrament” by saying that pictures in Italy
have been recently changed about. This immense pic-
ture is a fresco covering an entire wall, and is as immova-
ble as the building itself. Could the writer ever have
been in the Stanze ? And ought one who has never
been there to write of Raphael ?
If he will buy a copy of Baedeker he will find that
the two windows of the Antecollegio face away from
the Lido, and that without the use of the Roentgen rays
the Lido cannot be seen from that room.
Grimm does not say that Il Pensieroso is Giuliano de'
Medici. What he does is to correct the popular im-
pression that he is Lorenzo the Magnificent, and to call
attention to the fact that he is the worthless Lorenzo who
begot Catherine de' Medici.
I think that I am safe in saying that no living man
has seen the Head of the Medusa in the Tribune of the
Uffizi, and that no one who is not familiar with the con-
tents of that and the preceding rooms ought to write
about Italian art.
Mr. Stearns is mistaken in supposing that I bear him
any grudge. But a man ought not to write about Michel-
angelo and Raphael without a patient and loving study
of their original works, which no application to photo-
graphs and engravings will supply. Mr. Stearns's book
is interesting and well written, but it could not have
been written upon the spot, and is usually at variance
with the results of modern criticism.
G. B. Rose.
Little Rock, Ark., April 8, 1896.
literature. The mere mechanical excellences which
mark a good book should certainly be insisted upon.
Some of these are often lacking simply on account of the
ignorance of the writer concerning the art of book-
making, or of his indolence, or from a mixture of these
causes. The standard in these matters is altogether too
low, and our literary police should enforce the demand
for improvement.
A recent book is entitled “ The Philosophy of English
Literature," by Mr. Greenough White. The work is
published by Messrs. Ginn & Co. It contains 266 pages,
but no table of contents, index, or any other handle of
any kind whatever. One almost feels that the division
of the work into paragraphs might have been omitted if
any modern precedent could have been found for this.
Mr. White cannot realize that what he has written is
only a potential book, that ninety per cent of the useful-
ness that his work might easily have had is now impos-
sible to it.
Why is there no index to the “ Letters of Matthew
Arnold”? How can one disengage Arnold's judgments
upon Goethe and other great writers from their entang-
ling alliances with Flo, and Fan, and Dick, and Nelly,
from the midst of bups and dinners, journeys and
politics,— from “ coughs, and rheums, and phthisic, and
catarrh”? Is it right for the editor and the publishers
to compel everyone who values the work to make his
own index?
Dr. Henry Van Dyke perhaps thought that the clear
arrangement of his book, “The Poetry of Tennyson "
(Scribner's Sons), made an index unnecessary. So much
labor has been expended by him upon the full and val-
uable “Chronology" and list of “Biblical Quotations
and Allusions” that one hesitates to find fault; but the
work is too valuable to be without an index. I have
made a full one for myself by putting into my copy of
Tennyson a V with the page-references after the title
of every poem upon which Dr. Van Dyke comments.
Others
may
be able to make use of this suggestion.
American and English book-makers are perhaps en-
titled to the consolation that their standard in the mat-
ter of indexes is higher than that of some other nations.
A prominent New England professor who is publishing
a work in Germany recently had the MS. for an elabo-
rate index returned to him with the information that
the publisher had no use for “ that thing.” It seems
passing strange that Freytag's “ Die Technik des
Dramas," a work to which an index is especially neces-
sary, should still be without one. The work appeared
in 1863, and has reached at least the seventh edition.
The second edition of the American translation (Griggs
& Co.), with all its imperfections on its head, may well
claim to be a more useful book than the original, even
to one commanding both languages, because of its full
index. I find it practicable, however, to use the English
index in connection with the German text. That this
full index is not a faultless one will be clear when I say
that Kleist is not mentioned on the single page of the
work to which reference is made, and that his name
appears in four places that have been overlooked.
Our
very
best books often have important defects of
a mechanical or semi-mechanical nature.
haps help to make this fact clear if in the remainder of
this communication I mention only works which have
with some justice been looked upon as models. Of
course all of them have indexes, and I think good ones.
A wealth of editorial conscience, together with a
wealth of knowledge and taste, has gone into Mr. Sted-
A WORD ABOUT BOOK-MAKING.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In" The Nation” for March 22, 1894, I made a short
plea for “ the index-making conscience,” as something
that must be cultivated by everyone who wishes both to
write books and to love his fellow-men. Two years more
of vexation bave forced me once again to give to my feel-
ings the relief of utterance. I especially desire to speak
to those who review books in the pages of THE DIAL.
It is upon THE DIAL and similar publications that any
effort to secure a higher standard of book-making must
depend. The average author or publisher will not have
a loftier ideal of what a book ought to be than that which
finds expression in our best literary reviews. It is one
of the duties of such periodicals to police the field of
It will per


1896.]
265
THE DIAL
man's “Victorian Anthology" (Houghton, Mifflin &
Co.). The book seems nearly perfect. I believe, how-
The New Books.
ever, that occasional glossarial notes are needed, and
that some notes of a more general nature would be very
helpful. Because there are dialect poems, and because
MARY ANDERSON'S MEMORIES.*
“the Rudyards” never “cease from kipling,” even a
practiced reader needs help now and then and the
In the brief proem to her pleasant Memoir
book is made for ordinary readers. Perhaps Mr. Sted-
Mme. Navarro states that she has written
man was unwilling to explain anything for fear that he mainly for the behoof of
mainly for the behoof of young girls “ who may
might be expected to interpret Carroll's “ Jabberwocky.” have the same ambitions that I had ... to
At first sight one would say that Professor Butcher's
show them that the glitter of the stage is not
admirable book, “ Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and Fine
all gold, and thus to do a little towards mak.
Art, with a Critical Text and a Translation of the
Poetics.” (Macmillan), contains every form of help that ing them realize how serious an undertaking
the student can ask for. For a first reading it does. it is to adopt a life so full of hardships, humil-
Reference is made at every point in the body of the iations, and even dangers." We feel bound to
work to the clause or clauses of the “ Poetics" which
say that Mme. Navarro's book, which is largely
are there touched upon. It is not made easy, however,
for one who starts from the “ Poetics” to refer to Pro-
the record of her brilliant, if measurably hard-
fessor Butcher's discussions. I have spent several hours won, professional triumphs, strikes us as un-
in putting into my copy, against each clause in the trans- likely to exert the deterrent effect she seems to
lation of the “ Poetics," references to those pages in the
following part of the book where that clause is inter-
propose ; and that the tale of the barn-storming
disasters of some effectually crushed tragedian
preted or enforced. Now I can start with Aristotle and
refer to Professor Butcher, instead of the reverse.
would have been more to the purpose. In fact,
Professor Gummere's “Old English Ballads,” in the it would be rather difficult to point to a book
“ Atbenæum Press Series" (Ginn & Co.), has received less likely to act as a wet blanket on budding
the abundant praise that it deserves; but use reveals one
histrionic ambitions than this one of Mme.
decided mechanical defect. The part of the book con-
taining the poems themselves has a running-head “ Bal-
Navarro's—as may be gathered from our brief
lads", on the right-hand page this should be replaced résumé of her sprightly pages.
by the title of the particular ballad of which a part is
there given. The « Notes” in a later division of the name) was born at Sacramento, Cal., July 28,
hie Mary Anderson to use the more familiar
book have nothing to enable one to bring the two parts
1859. Her family removed thence to Louis-
of the book into comparison without loss of time. The
heading of p. 315, for example, might well read: “Notes: ville in 1860, where her mother, becoming a
pp. 3–13." I would suggest, also, that in all such books widow in 1863, was married to Dr. Hamilton
the title of a new poem or selection in the body of the Griffin five years later. Miss Anderson's first
work have printed after it as an “exponent” the num-
play was “ Richard III.,” with Edwin Adams
ber of the page where the notes upon that selection are
given. For example, the ballad beginning on p. 241 in
in the title rôle. Shortly afterwards she saw
Professor Gummere's book would be headed “ Child
Edwin Booth as Richelieu ; and it was his mas-
Waters 354.” Very many books for the study of En- terly performance that fairly fired her dawning
glish literature have the defect of which I am now passion for the stage.
complaining. One is compelled to lose much time in
“ After that brilliant performance sleep was impos-
bringing together any particular portion of the text and
the notes thereupon.
sible. On returning home I sat at the window of my
Other details of book-making I must leave unnoticed,
little room until morning. The night passed like an
such as tables of contents, side-heads, bibliographies,
hour. Before the dawn I had mapped out a stage ca-
reer for myself.”
etc. Let me, however, make one general remark. Book-
makers may be divided roughly into two classes. The Her path once chosen, Miss Anderson threw
authors and publishers of one class ask: “What is the herself into it with the zeal that augurs suc-
smallest possible amount of attention which I can be-
cess. A sound-proof study - secure from un-
stow upon a table of contents, index, and similar details,
without hindering the sale of my work or calling down
welcome espials, and furnished with a table
upon myself the castigation of reviewers ?" Each mem-
and chair, a crucifix, a bust of Shakespeare, a
ber of the other class asks: "In how many ways can I. portrait of Booth, a pair of foils, a few books
make my book helpful and usable ?” Here's to the scribbed" from the shelves of the unsuspecting
health of all members of this latter class; may they live
Dr. Griffin, and the like modest “properties
long and prosper! And may their tribe increase!
ALBERT H. TOLMAN.
was fitted up at the top of the house ; and
here the future admired Juliet and Parthenia
The University of Chicago, April 18, 1896.
took her first arduous steps stageward. The
consciousness of improvement brought with it
The first number of a monthly magazine, “ The Far
East,” comes to us from Tokyo. It is the English edi-
the desire of approval. Miss Anderson's first
tion of the Japanese “ Kokumin-no-Tomo,” established *A FEW MEMORIES. By Mary Anderson (Madame de
in 1887, and now published weekly.
Navarro). With portraits. New York: Harper & Brothers.


266
[May 1,
THE DIAL
“audience” was a little mulatto maid-of-all Miss Anderson subsequently filled engage-
work; and it was from this artless critic that she ments at St. Louis, New Orleans, San Fran-
first learned the sweets of unstinted applause. cisco, and other Southern and Western cities,
“One night in desperation I went to her while she when, her fame spreading, attractive offers
was washing dishes in the kitchen. ... The clapping from Eastern managers tempted her to try her
of those soapy, steaming hands seemed to me a verit- fortune before the more critical audiences of
able triumph. Believing that a tragic manner alone
would sufficiently impress the “ nut-brown maid, I be- Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. Here
gan with hollow voice and furrowed brow, 'Juli, wilt again success crowned her efforts — despite
thou follow and assist me when I quit my childhood's some rather cavalier treatment at the hands of
home to walk in the path of Siddons, Kemble, and the discriminating critics of the daily papers.
Booth ?' Oh, Miss Mamie, you kin count on dis pus. In 1878 she went abroad for the first time. At
son, fo' de Lawd you kin! Why, my stars, what a boss
actor you is ! But you mus' 'low me to call your maw';
Paris many charming and profitable evenings
and in a trice she was gone. She, in turn, called were spent at the Comédie Française—although
the critic of the family, Dr. Griffin, who likewise was Miss Anderson admits that the exquisite re-
astonished, and made my heart beat with joy by saying, finement and finesse of the French stage were
• You 'll make a good actress some day. Your scene has
thrilled me, and I would rather have rough work and a
at first lost upon her, the nice tints and touches
good thrill than any amount of artistic work without it.'”
by which such actors as Mme. Bernhardt, Got,
Thenceforth, Dr. Griffin (highly appreciating
Worms, and Mounet Sully obtained their effects
his “good thrill" on this occasion) became his appearing weak and insipid. “I longed," she
Through
step-daughter's stanchest abettor.
says, “ for the artists to fling their restraints
to the winds and give the public a good old-
him interviews were obtained with Miss Cush-
man (who predicted “ a future” for the novice), had been accustomed to see and indulge in my-
fashioned burst in the tragic scenes, such as I
and with John McCullough—who hated stage-
self.” On one occasion, however, it seems Mme.
struck people, and said so. « Genial John,"
however, soon thawed before his
Bernhardt gratified her with “a good old-
young
visitor's
fashioned burst" in a style that must have
enthusiasm and manifest talent; and before
leaving the city he said emphatically to Mr. brought the “ gods ” even of old “ Macauley’s”
to their feet. Madame, she says, had a way of
Macauley, the veteran Louisville manager: turning her back upon the audience to make
“ Barney, when you can, put this girl on the
comic remarks or grimaces for the benefit of
stage. If I am a judge of such matters, she
will make a fortune for you.”
her friends in the wings; and it was quite im-
possible to realize her tragic power when she
Miss Anderson made her début, as Juliet, at
constantly distracted one with droll “ asides.”
Macauley's Theatre, Nov. 25, 1875. The ar-
But one evening she said to Miss Anderson, “I
rangements were hurriedly made, and there was
will act for you to-night. It is not good for
but one rehearsal. This rehearsal proved a sore
me,
but
trial to her, for the members of the company
you
shall see.
“ After the first acts—a series of triumphs—she came
were most unkind to the raw-looking tyro who to the death scene. I shall always remember it as the
was assigned to the leading rôle. When she most powerfully realistic acting I have ever witnessed.
appeared, all stared, some tittered, others whis When it was over, there was wild enthusiasm in the
pered audible and unflattering "asides.” Says house. The great actress lay upon the stage like one
There
Miss Anderson :
was a stain of blood upon the handkerchief put to her
“Scarcely sixteen, my hair in a long braid, my frock lips. A little iced champagne restored her, though she
reaching to my boot-tops, tall, shy, and awkward, I may was only able to stand quite still, while the audience
have given them cause for merriment; but it was as thundered its applause. She put her hand on my shoul-
cruel, I thought, as underbred, to make no effort to con der on coming off the stage, and, with a faint smile,
ceal their mirth at my expense.”
simply said Voilà !""
But the night's performance was a pronounced Miss Anderson made her London début in
success. The kindly indulgence with which the 1883, at the Lyceum. Parthenia was the rôle
lighter opening scenes were received by the chosen for the opening night, as being the sim-
audience warmed into genuine enthusiasm when plest one in her repertory, and one in which
the tragic parts were reached ; and flowers and comparison with leading English favorites
recalls were the order of the evening. The would not be challenged. The choice proved a
young débutante was led before the curtain wise one, though managers and critics advised
after every act, amid such rounds of applause against it, believing that the old-fashioned sen-
as had seldom shaken the walls of the old Louis-timent and stilted phrase of the play would pro-
ville play-house.
voke the mirth of a fin-de-siècle audience. A


1896.]
267
THE DIAL
-
full house greeted the young
American actress,
Miss Anderson made her final appearance
and the applause on her first entrance was long on the stage at Washington in 1889. Shortly
and hearty.
afterward she became engaged to Antonio F.
“The excitement of the first scenes had evidently de Navarro, whom she had known for many
weakened me, for in the second act, while weaving gar years; and in June, 1890, they were married
lands for the golden cups, a kindly voice from the pit
at the little Catholic church at Hampstead, Lon.
called out: •Mary, please speak up a bit!' This was
said with such good feeling that it put an end to my
don. Many and great inducements, she says,
nervousness, and from that moment the play ran “have since been offered me to act again, but
smoothly to the end. . . . Among the many who came 'Il en coute trop cher pour briller dans le monde,
behind the scenes to offer their congratulations was Mr. Combien je vais aimer ma retraite profonde ;
P. T. Barnum, who exclaimed, in his own hearty way,
Pour vivre heureux, vivons cachés.'"
• Hurrah for America! You've won London, or I know
Miss Anderson's book is easily and pleas-
nothing of public taste!”
That Miss Anderson had indeed won London antly, if perhaps rather burriedly, written. It
contains many anecdotes of notable people
was clearly demonstrated on the night of her
Generals Grant and Sherman, Longfellow,
farewell performance there. Mr. Alma-Tad-
ema, the distinguished painter, has eloquently Gladstone, Wilkie Collins, and so on — besides
Lowell, Tennyson, Cardinal Manning, Mr.
described the scene, in a letter to the heroine of
a fund of good stories drawn from the author's
the evening :
professional experiences. Perhaps the best part
“... The house called for a speech, and it did one
of it is the wholesome impression it conveys of
good to see everybody so grateful for what you had
given, and I shall never forget the moment when, after
the character of the writer for it is needless
a few words of farewell, you hesitated, and tried to find to say that in Miss Anderson the stage lost not
a support on the curtain, when a voice from the gallery only a gifted artist but a most estimable wo-
was heard saying, 'God bless you, Mary!'-and immedi-
man. The generous plaudits that followed her
ately the hearty wish was reëchoed by the whole theatre
as if with one voice. Alas! you did not keep your prom-
career were paid no less to the one than to the
ise, and never returned to the London stage, and reserved other; and her name is enrolled with those of
only to some chosen friends the happiness of meeting the many true men and pure women who have
you, who must always be a bright star in their past.” graced and dignified the player's once con-
But Miss Anderson's reception at London, temned calling. We may note, in closing, that
kindly as it was, was nothing to that at Dublin, Miss Anderson's stern insistence on the pro-
where the warm-hearted Irishmen, not content prieties became a sort of half-humorous by.
with making the theatre a sort of cheerful
pan word in the profession, the witty Mr. W. S.
demonium during each evening's performance, Gilbert once affirming that such was her horror
took the horses from her carriage every night of grossness in all its forms that she could
after the play and dragged it through the streets scarcely be persuaded to touch her share of the
in triumph. Of one night in particular she gross receipts.
says, “I doubt if, outside of Dublin, any landau
ever held so many shrieking enthusiasts."
“ The driver's box occupied by three or four of them,
one on each of the carriage steps, dozens pushing it from
VIRGINIA'S ECONOMIC HISTORY.*
behind, dozens pulling it in front, the top literally
swarming with them; while from the crowd that rushed Students of American history are beginning,
after our strange-looking vehicle came deafening cries
of Hurrah for America !'. The Sthars and Sthroipes
after much experimental writing, to practise a
for iver !'«God Bless our Mary!' while Mary sat inside, correct method of unfolding our national his-
fearfully listening to every creak of the roof, and ex tory. The history of the United States has
pecting it each moment to fall in with its kind-hearted hitherto seemed to a large extent to evade, in
though heavy-weighted devotees."
treatment, the introduction of any unity into
On the final night's journey to Queenstown, the narrative, or the discovery of any unity in
where Miss Anderson was to take ship for the substance. Men have gone on writing gen-
America, she was awakened from time to time
eral histories, and, surveying the ill-assorted
by unaccountable cheers and cries of “ Hurrah material from above, have failed to grasp into
for the Stars and Stripes !” “Good luck to our
one the apparently incoherent local diversities.
Mary!” etc.; and was at last told that a detach- Even Bancroft, over-possessed by the cult of
ment of that night's audience had boarded the ancestor-worship, could not find in such pre-
train, and were seeing her safely on her way
* ECONOMIC HISTORY OF VIRGINIA in the Seventeenth Cen-
to the sea. It is pleasant to record these well-
tury. By Philip Alexander Bruce. In two volumes. New
earned triumphs of our gifted countrywoman. York: Macmillan & Co.
E. G. J.


268
[May 1,
THE DIAL
suppositions any adequate principle of construc son, also, the scope of taxation and the powers of the
tion. Hildreth the iconoclast did no better in vestries have only been dwelt upon incidentally to facts
relating directly to the economic condition of the peo-
this respect, although he cleared the atmos-
ple. A full account of both would with more fitne be
phere of cant and of rhetoric. A few years ago given under the head of the political system."
the Johns Hopkins historical school began to
It may be questioned whether this mechan-
make us see that the biological method is the
ical partitioning of the field of history would
true one, and that the beginnings of national
allow of good results even if one assumed that
life must be traced upward from the subter-
all the six other departments made by Mr.
ranean rootlets of the days of the founders into
Bruce are to be presented to us with the same
that difficult specimen of the composite which
thoroughness which his section has enjoyed.
covers a continent and fills the heavens. We
But, as it is, one misses from these volumes just
now realize that the processes which made the
such material as has been omitted purposely.
thirteen colonies have gone on making new local
Some explanation of the parish system and of
centres in the ever-enlarging West, and that a
the methods of taxation are essential, even in
true method of investigation will work upward
an economic history, to an intelligent compre-
from the local centres of life and of institutions
hension of the subject by anyone who is not a
to the evolving unit toward which they all con-
historical scholar. While thus confining his
tribute. American national history cannot be
finally written until the field of the local life he history too rigidly to satisfy the reader, who
will hardly live to see all the field occupied by
thoroughly investigated and the material clas-
as able pioneers as this one, Mr. Bruce has
neg
sified.
lected little inside his own boundaries. “Rea-
A portion of our oldest local area has been sons for the Colonization of Virginia” intro-
thoroughly covered in a book recently issued, duces us to chapters on the physical character
“The Economic History of Virginia in the and the Indian economy of the aboriginal pe-
Seventeenth Century,” by Mr. Philip A. Bruce, riod. Four chapters on agricultural develop-
and the limited field selected has been so search-
ment follow; and another on the acquisition of
ingly explored that it is safe to say the work has title to land leads on to a discussion of the sys-
been done once for all. Mr. Bruce, as secre tem of labor with the " servant" and the slave.
tary of the Virginia Historical Society, has had Other chapters treat of the domestic economy
familiar access a wealth of materials, which
of the planter, of the relative value of estates,
he has handled in a most scholarly and critical
and critical of money, and of manufactured supplies, and a
way. The mass of material available is so great final chapter is given to the town. The recog-
that the author's original intention of writing nition of Captain John Smith, as “the real
Virginia's economic history to the time of the founder of Virginia, the one man who early rec-
Civil War was abandoned. Other abstinences ognized, and who labored hard while in power
are not so pardonable, but are due to too rigid to carry out, the true principles of action which
an adherence to a table of categories. In the
should have been followed by the small band
preface we are told that the general subject of of colonists planted on the Powhatan," is given
Virginian history, apart from the course of with no uncertain sound, and is refreshing after
events, falls under the following heads : Eco so much that has been written in disparage-
nomic Condition, Social Life, Religious Estab ment of that truly great man. It is shown that
lishment and Moral Influences, Education, Mil-Smith was not the only farsighted and wise
itary Regulations, Administration of Justice,
man in the colony whose admirable counsels
Political System. Confining his investigations were overruled by the shortsighted desire of the
to the economic condition alone, the writer has
managers in England for an immediate return
sacrificed unity to system. He says:
on investments. Gates must share with Smith
“No references have been made to printing in Vir in the credit for statesmanlike breadth and
ginia in the seventeenth century, and the degree to which
books entered into the inventories of the planters' es-
prevision. Such men as these opposed as mo-
tates, because such references, it appeared, would more
tives of the original adventure the search for
properly come under the head of Education. For the the precious metals and for a way to the South
same reason, the question as to how far bricks were Sea, and laid emphasis on the other reasons
employed in the construction of church edifices in that which the writer so admirably sets forth-new
age has not been touched upon at length in the descrip-
sources of raw materials for the industrial life
tion of the use of this material in houses, because it
seemed to be more consistent to include it under the of England, new markets for English goods,
head of the Religious Establishment. For the same rea new fields for the growing population of the


1896.]
269
THE DIAL
mother land, and new political barriers against used is described as “ a square oblong piece of
the formidable power of Spain — all of which cypress or pine wood.”
But these are mere
were justified in the event. Every chapter is specks on the sun, and do not impair the value
packed with details of the immediate subject in of a book which is a marvel of minute detail
hand, but those which make the most distinct and of critical fairness of judgment.
contribution to historical literature discuss the
JOHN J. HALSEY.
servant, land tenure, and agriculture. The
peculiar institution of the servant is handled
with accuracy and discernment, although the
THE FAR EASTERN QUESTION.*
atmosphere is too much that of condonation of
an essentially vicious system - as bad if not Premier Bourgeois recently declared that if
worse than that of slavery. Yet the writer is
the Chinese administration was reorganized
to be thanked for his successful vindication of by Europeans his Government would see that
this unfortunate class from the foul aspersions France got her share of the offices. This is a
upon them that have become historic in a refreshing manifestation of the feeling in the
famous retort of Ben Butler. Many of these Cabinets of Europe, a spiritual inheritance
so-called criminals were political offenders in a
from Alexander VI., perhaps, that all outer-
time of civil war,
and
many
others were the barbarians may most suitably be used to com-
victims of the kidnapper. It is maintained, plete some list of colonial possessions. It also
with much force, that in the beginning the cul suggests that since the war between China and
ture of tobacco was an economic necessity, and Japan, Russian, French, and English states-
in no small degree continued to be such. Yet men have another“ Sick Man" on their hands,
of this culture the system of large estates was
not in extremis, as that expensive patient at
a result, and not as is commonly supposed of Constantinople appeared to be some months
the existence of slavery. This manorial sys-
ago, but certainly sick enough to lead them to
tem, which made a land of no cities and of few consider the best means of getting their just
towns, produced that political result which so portion of the estate. And so it happens that
largely differentiated Virginia from New En-
there is a Far Eastern Question, not less puz-
gland, and yet which made her the mother of zling in its possibilities than the ever unan-
statesmen."
swered Eastern Question.
It would take much more space than we can
The volume in which Mr. Valentine Chirol
command to expatiate upon the merits of these
discusses this new situation is unusually enlight-
volumes. A few shortcomings may be noted. ening. Unlike an anonymous writer in a re-
One would not infer from Mr. Bruce's allusion cent number of the “ Fortnightly Review,” he
to the Roanoke Island colonists that he had thinks Lord Rosebery may have been right in
read Professor Weeks' able paper on that sub refusing to join Russia in the protest against
ject, published by the Historical Association. the permanent Japanese occupation of the pen-
It is not accurate to speak of an emperor at
insula of Liao-tung provided for by the treaty
Moscow in the sixteenth century. One would
of Shimonoseki. Japan's friendship, deserved
naturally infer from the statement on page 41 by this refusal, may be more valuable in the
of Volume I. that McClure sailed around the immediate future than the dubious gratitude of
northern end of the American continent in
1852. When reading of the controversy in the
called forth. Nevertheless, Mr. Chirol does not
Stuart days over the importation of Virginia fail to recognize the substantial gains in control
tobacco, one turns in vain to the bibliography
over the Peking authorities Russia and France
for a reference to Hall's “ Customs-Revenue of won by taking skilful advantage of the position
England ”; a reference needed, if only to cor-
their successful intervention assured them.
rect some of the errors of temper as well as of The old policy of England in the Far East
statement of that somewhat bilious writer. It rested on the doctrine that there was immense
would be difficult to say what is the thought in latent power in the Chinese Empire ; but the
the sentence beginning at the bottom of page
war has so effectually disposed of this venera-
75 in the first volume. The same may be said
ble tradition that the confidence with which it
of the sentence at the bottom of page 314. On *THE FAR EASTERN QUESTION. By Valentine Chirol.
New York: Macmillan & Co.
page 90, again, we are told of “planks twenty
PROBLEMS OF THE FAR EAST. Japan - Korea - China.
yards in length and two and a half feet square.
By the Right Hon. George N. Curzon, M.P. New and revised
On
page
158 of the second volume the shingle 1 edition. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.


270
(May 1,
THE DIAL
.
was announced up to within the past few months convention giving to her territory in the south
seems now almost incredible. The country has which England ceded to China a little over a
great natural resources, doubtless, and the peo- year ago on the understanding that it would
ple are industrious, and yet these advantages not be transferred to any other Power without
are neutralized by a thoroughly corrupt admin. England's consent.
England's consent. Next, Russia and France
istrative system. Says Mr. Chirol, in giving together forced upon China a Franco-Russian
his impressions after a visit there :
loan toward which proposals from either Brit-
“ Nowhere in Peking could the faintest indication be ish or German financiers were not to be re-
detected of a desire to apply, or even of a capacity to ceived. But for a crisis in the Paris money
understand, the lessons of the recent war. A more hope, market, this scheme to make China financially
less spectacle of fatuous imbecility, made
parts of arrogance and helplessness, than the Central dependent on the two Powers might have suc-
Government of the Chinese Empire presented after the
ceeded. Paris, however, has been unable to
actual pressure of war had been removed it is almost furnish all the money needed to cover the war
impossible to conceive.”
indemnity. Consequently, within the last few
Mr. Chirol seems to have had remarkable weeks, as Mr. Chirol foresaw, an Anglo-Ger-
opportunities of forming an intelligent opinion, man loan of £16,000,000 has been negotiated.
especially through an interview with the Tsungli- This event leaves the triumph of France and
Yamên, or board of Foreign Relations, and dur- | Russia impaired, especially as England will
ing a call upon Li Hung Chang at Tientsin on probably never permit the June convention to
his return from Peking. Li Hung Chang be carried out, because it would more firmly
asked him why he had remained so much longer fix the hold of the French on the upper Mekong
than he had intended in the Chinese capital. and would still further threaten English con-
“I replied that I had been looking for some sign of trol of the Yang-tsze-Kiang valley. Mean-
the awakening of China. •I hope,' rejoined the Viceroy while, the Western world is filled with rumors
with a grim smile,' that your time has not been wasted.'
of extraordinary privileges granted Russia in
In one sense certainly, as I assured his Excellency, my
time had not been wasted, for I had at least satisfied
the North, rights of way for the Trans-Siberian
myself that the search upon which I had been engaged railroad, ice-free ports for the navy, and the like.
was a futile one."
In view of the trade the British have built up
If such be the condition of the Chinese Em-
in the Far East, this new turn of affairs must
pire, the judicious use of pressure exercised
seem ominous to Englishmen. It is an open
through the channels of diplomacy, but made question, therefore, in spite of what Mr. Chirol
effective by suggestive displays of military and
says, if it would not have been wiser for En-
naval power, is the secret of successful negotia- gland to have accepted Russia's invitation,
tion with the Son of Heaven. Russia and France
extended to her before it was sent to France
understood this perfectly, and for the last year
and Germany, and to have arranged for joint
they have been brow beating China into one
diplomatic action against Japan's proposed
concession after another, the details of which
seizure of Leao-tong, since an agreement at this
are not yet fully known in Western Europe. point might have opened the way for a friendly
But they were anxious first to rid themselves
settlement of all outstanding questions between
of their German ally, of whom they had no
Russia and England. Moreover, had England
further need after the Japanese had yielded. the attempt to intervene in Armenia would not
Accordingly, the Russian and French ministers
suddenly discovered that they had letters giv- have proved such a discreditable failure.
ing official notification of the accession of Nich-
Mr. Chirol's book throws considerable light
olas II. and the election of President Faure,
also on the industrial situation. From his study
which they had not delivered because of the war.
of the rapid economic development of Japan,
6 With a curious affectation of impossible secrecy an
he believes the Japanese will soon be England's
audience was arranged, to which the Russian and French most dangerous competitors in the Chinese mar-
ministers proceeded in great state. There they received, ket. His remarks
ket. His remarks carry the suggestion that the
according to their own account, in terms of unprece two island empires may not always be friendly.
dented cordiality, the solemn thanks of the Son of
Heaven himself for the great services rendered to him
Mr. Chirol's analysis of the situation in the
by their respective Governments. This was the first
Far East is supported by the opinions of the
public intimation conveyed to Germany that her com Right Hon. George N.Curzon, Under-Secretary
pany was no longer required or desired.”
of State in the Salisbury Cabinet, expressed in
France then, June 20, under threats, compelled the revised edition, just published, of his “Prob-
the President of the Tsungli-Yamên to sign a lems of the Far East.' One glances over Mr.


1896.]
271
THE DIAL
Curzon's pages with more than ordinary curi not thinking, that China may yet turn to Great
osity because his present position in the For Britain for support, because Great Britain has
eign Office might give his book a quite unusual shown herself more disinterested than the
authority, but the new preface intimates with others. He obviously does not relish the policy
disappointing clearness that he has drawn solely of intimate relations with the bumptious Jap-
from the deep well of his own private wisdom. anese, who, moreover, he also believes are des-
Mr. Curzon has certainly had the good for tined soon to make serious inroads on British
tune, rare among seers, of reprinting verbatim trade in China.
et literatim, to the confusion of skeptical critics, Mr. Curzon prints as appendices the Revis-
prophecies made in the first edition of his book ion Treaty between Great Britain and Japan,
just before the war. For example, he wrote giving the Japanese their long-desired judicial
then and repeats now, “The Chinese army,
“ The Chinese army, autonomy, and the Treaty of Peace between
under Chinese officers, even with muskets in China and Japan, signed at Shimonoseki.
its hands and cartridges in its pouches, is an
HENRY E. BOURNE.
undisciplined rabble of tramps." The chief
value of this edition, besides being an exhibit
of prophecy fulfilled, consists in the chapter on
“ After the War,” and particularly in that por.
LETTERS AND VERSES OF DEAN STANLEY.*
tion of the chapter which gives the story of The editor of the recently issued “ Letters
Japan's efforts to force reform in Korea from
and Verses of Stanley” has erred, if at all, in
1894 to the close of the summer of 1895. This rejecting too scrupulously those letters which
story presents a side of the recent conflict in
reveal the personal life of the great liberal min.
the East which reflects no especial credit upon ister and scholar. Yet this fault is much rather
the good sense of Japanese statesmen. The to be pardoned than the opposite one which pa-
utter failure of the plan and the general conse-
rades the sacred privacy of a great man's heart
quences of the war have changed Korea, says and hearth before the wanton curiosity of an
Mr. Curzon, into the powder magazine of the alien public. One must feel on reading the
East. He predicts that we shall hear of this Letters that we have in the volume all that a
“ last of the nations and most miserable of peo- typical Englishman like Dean Stanley, guard-
ples again before long; and since he wrote ing his house as his castle, would willingly con-
Korea has furnished the spectacle of another cede even to his admirers ; in a word, that the
palace revolution, with Russia and not Japan as Editor has met the first requirement of an ed-
the solicitous friend.
itor of private correspondence, and treated it
The importance of Mr. Curzon's utterances in accordance with the probable wishes of the
would have been increased had they been writ writer of the letters. The result for the read-
ten with the Mekong Settlement before him ing public is quite distinct: a certain revela-
and the rumors of Russian aggression sound tion of Dean Stanley's tastes and opinions,
ing in his ears, but even though they antedate though little that is new ; some additional con-
the latest turns of the kaleidoscope, one or two tribution to the picture of Thomas Arnold -
gain a special interest from his present respon letters that would find appropriate place in a
sibilities. In explaining the attitude of Great supplement to Stanley's “Life of Arnold”;
Britain toward Russian advance he points out considerable material supplementary to his
the dangers to British shipping in the Yellow “Sinai and Palestine "; and so on with his
Sea from a Russian port and fleet in the Gulf other books ; finally a few interesting letters
of Pe-chi-li, and says that Russian squadrons, from Jowett, several letters by Stanley from
with permanent quarters at Port Lazareff and
America, and his verses.
Fusan on the eastern coast of Korea, would
There is nothing in these letters to alter the
seriously jeopardize, if not absolutely overturn, opinion which prevails of Dean Stanley as an
the balance of power in the Far East, and adds eminently wholesome, cheerful Englishman,
that to such an issue “ England is prohibited who spent not overmuch time worrying as to
alike by her imperial objects and her commer the scheme of the universe and his position in
cial needs from lending her sanction.” Al- | it, but took things as he found them, lived
though, like Mr. Chirol, Mr. Curzon says China cleanly and loftily, and did conscientiously what
“ appears to have learned nothing, and, what
* LETTERS AND VERSES OF ARTHUR PENRHYN STANLEY,
is worse, to have unlearned nothing from the
D.D., between the years 1829 and 1881. Edited by Rowland
war,” he differs from Mr. Chirol in feeling, if E. Prothero, M.A. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
;


272
(May 1,
THE DIAL
he found to do. That he was not, at least in get it in the midst of dear Matthew's home. I am going
his youth, so different from other men, is shown
to give an address to a school on your father, and I
in his letters telling of his presenting his prize meaning and hope Matthew told me that we had both
shall make it, as at Rugby, on the two words whose
poem
6 Charles Martel " before the school at learned from the same source — - Religion and History.
Rugby. He writes to his sister Mary :
.. How I seem to see him towering above the rest of
“I have been pondering a new coat, but I have at
the world, amidst all the changes that have happened
last come to the conclusion that the one I had at the since! How I trust to what he taught us and what he
ball will do. The only objection is that when, in speak-
showed us! ... We are on a little island of memory,
ing the English verse, I stretch forth my hand in action,
and all who share in that memory must hold together as
the sleeves, being rather short, come down; but I can
long as life lasts."
remedy that by a long shirt sleeve, and perhaps my Whether Stanley wrote the anniversary letter
forefinger turned down upon the rebellious coat-sleeve." for the next year does not appear, and he died
Doubtless the absence of letters describing a month after it was due, July 18, 1881.
spiritual wrestlings is not proof conclusive that Americans will of course be interested in the
the young man had none, yet the editor would letters from America. On the voyage the Dean
probably not have withheld such. And the at coached for the approaching contact with the
titude of the man's mind seems frankly ex new country, as indicated in the following: “I
pressed in these extracts :
can now repeat the names of all the Presidents,
“I know of no system to which I can hold except and explain the meaning of Democrat and
Arnold's. I feel that to become a Newmanist would Republican. Democrat is Liberal, and Repub-
be a shock to my whole existence, that it would subvert lican is Conservative." Like all foreigners he
every relation of life in which I have stood or hoped to
stand hereafter. I dread to think of it even as a pos-
was looking for something that would " smack
sibility, and I dread also the possibility of a long and
of the soil," and found it in a wild Westerner
dreary halting between two opinions which will mar the who said, “I was that sick that I almost brought
pleasure of every opinion I hold for an indefinite period. up my knee-pans ”; as well as in a choice col-
With this feeling you may be sure I shall not join it lection of Americanisms more or less recogniz-
without a desperate fight within and without, that I will
able. He attended the two hundred and fiftieth
leave no stone unturned which may enable me to keep in
that line of life to which I had thought God had called me, anniversary of the founding of Salem and heard
and from which a conversion to Newmanism would lead Story's poem. “I thought it quite magnifi-
me away into a path utterly unknown to me”(Feb., 1838). cent in its tone. It denounced the follies and
I received a letter from Arnold which added what-
corruptions of the United States with a vigor
ever could be added to the solemnity of the ordination
which I should have thought quite impossible
[his own), and softened whatever could be softened of
the bitterness of subscription.”
to have been attempted.” The society of Bos-
“ The real thing which long ago moved me to wish ton struck him as very like that of Geneva,
to go into orders, and which, had I not gone into or “the most civilized in Europe — the same uni-
ders I should have acted upon as well as I could with-
form amount of intelligence and cultivation in
out orders, was the fact that God seemed to have given
me gifts more fitting me for orders, and for that partic-
all the families — all well-conditioned, and all
ular line of clerical duty which I have chosen, than for
intermarried with each other.”
any other" (Feb., 1840).
The editor has modestly chosen the designa-
One of the most beautiful things about Stan- tion “ Verses” for Dean Stanley's few rhymed
ley was his devotion to Arnold. His “Life effusions. The student of literature may find
and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold ” is room for interesting reflections in the fact that
inspired by the very spirit of Arnold, and will
the man who wrote the prize poem at Rugby in
remain the best of his published works. But 1832, and again at Oxford in 1837, was so lack-
a more touching memorial of this love passing in the divine afflatus as these verses show.
ing the love of woman” is the annual letter to Stanley as a poet tempts to a comparison with
Mrs. Arnold or her children on the anniversary Luther, for while he has a few pieces in lighter
of Arnold's death, with its ever renewed testi vein, as “ The Bear of Bludan," and the valen-
mony to the immortality of the inspiration of tine to Mrs. Grote, his best work, indeed his
the great Rugby Master's life and teaching. only work worth considering, is his hymns.
“ Risest thou thus, dim dawn, again,”-so, but These treat the same themes as Luther's hymns,
with less sadness, rings the keynote of the se-
and are in much the same spirit and quality of
ries from 1847 to 1880 when the last was writ- workmanship. There is a version of the Dies
ten to “My Dear Fan,” Mrs. Arnold having Iræ in six-line stanzas, closely resembling the
died several years before.
translations of Walter Scott and Macaulay.
“I anticipate by one day the letter which I always
Resemblance to some version of this much-
wrote to your dear mother at this time, that you may
translated hymn was of course inevitable.
<<


1896.]
273
THE DIAL
Among the best of the pieces in this line are The documentary sources upon which Mr.
those beginning : “When the Pascal evening Seebohm has based his study consist of the
fell," " Let us with a gladsome mind,” and es Extents, Court Rolls, and Assessments of the
pecially “Where is the Christian's fatherland?” Isle of Anglesey, from the year 1294 to 1352;
Of this last, imitated from Arndt's famous but from these he has necessarily worked back
poem “ What is the German's fatherland ?” to the ancient laws of Wales and ecclesias-
the last stanza runs :
tical donations of the pre-Norman era. The
“Thy native home is wheresoe'er
fact that Mr. Seebohm cannot read the Welsh
Christ's spirit breathes a holier air;
language is no bar, for the documents are all
Where Christ-like Faith is keen to seek
What Truth or Conscience freely speak -
in Latin. Curious cases are discernible in
Where Christ-like love is keen to span
reading the sources, showing the difficulty Ed-
The rents that sever man from man —
ward's lawyers had in discovering a Latin term
Where round God's throne His just ones stand-
There,
Christian, is thy Fatherland."
to define a purely Welsh institution (e.g., p.3),
It is strange, by the way, that there is such precisely the same problem which faced the
absolute absence of any influence of Tennyson Roman historian Tacitus in describing the man-
on Stanley's poetic taste. Indeed, Tennyson,
ners and customs of the ancient Germans. But
Dickens, Thackeray, seem not to have been Mr. Seebohm's hours of study have not been
within his horizon. W. H. CARRUTH.
confined merely to the alcoves of the Record
Office, or the MS. department of the British
Museum. As a member of the Royal Commis-
sion to investigate the Welsh land-system, he
TRIBAL SOCIETY AS ILLUSTRATED
IN WALES.*
has actually traversed the entire land of which
Twelve years ago Mr. Seebohm put forth
he writes. The basis of “The Tribal System
“The English Village Community," the sixth in Wales,” however, is the documents pertain-
chapter of which dealt with the tribal system ing to the so-called “ manors ” of Aberffraw and
tem in Wales,” is an expansion of that chap- else in Wales, Welsh tribal customs are likely
in Wales. His latest work, “ The Tribal Sys- Denbigh, upon the Isle of Anglesey. The reason
,
ter. In method of treatment it differs greatly
from its predecessor. That was a comparative Welsh tribal system is astonishing, for its inte-
to be seen in their purity. The tenacity of the
study — English, Welsh, Irish, and ancient
Roman institutions all coming within the pur- gral structure survived the wreckful siege of
view of the author. This, in the author's words, battering days,” the conquests of Henry II.
is “confined to an attempt to understand the
and Edward I., plague and famine, and as one
structure of tribal society in Wales. The meth-
has finely said, “ the slow assay of time until
ods of tribal society in Wales and the extension
the final institution of the English law under
of the inquiry to other tribal systems are left to
Henry VIII.”
form the subject of another volume" (p. v.).
The manor" of Aberffraw is shown to have
This purpose is rigidly adhered to, and no-
consisted of demesne land held by free tenants
where do we find a suggestion of that contro-
who occupied weles or gwelys, while the unfree
versial spirit displayed in “ The English Vil- villani occupied outlying hamlets. The ques-
lage Community.” But though maintaining this
tion then arises, What was a wele? The an-
position of neutrality with respect to the evi swer is found in the Denbigh Extent (8 Ed-
dence he adduces, Mr. Seebohm's end in view
ward III., see Appendix B), which “seems to
is none the less evident. Throughout the en-
be the only one which meets the requirements
tire work, influences in accord with Mr. See-
of the case.
It was made before the Black
bohm's well-known opinions irresistibly force
Death. It relates to a mainly pastoral dis-
themselves upon us. We find no ideas advanced
trict which continued to a large extent under
to bias the judgment — simply a statement of
the rules of ancient custom. It gives the name
facts; but these facts are so artfully mustered
of every tenant, and has, moreover, distinct
and massed that the continuity of argument,
reference to a condition of things both before
even if only suggested, and that ever so faintly, It is evident that the weles are of free tribesmen
and after the conquest of North Wales” (p. 30).
is complete, and in the end appeals with aston-
ishing power.
who are said to hold in weles and gavells, and
further evidence shows that the wele was a fam-
*THE TRIBAL SYSTEM IN WALES. Being part of an inquiry
into the structure and methods of Tribal Society. By Sir ily group including great-great-grandsons, with
Frederic Seebohm. New York : Longmans, Green, & Co. sub-divisions into gavells. Thus the Welsh


274
[May 1,
THE DIAL
land was occupied by so many joint-family com bers of his wele form the royal and ruling class. The
munities embracing subordinate family groups.
breyrs or uchelwrs, heads of weles with the innate boned-
The wele is, therefore, a division of the tribe,
digs under them, form the second class of free tribes-
men. The villeins, or strangers in blood, form the third
not of the land, holding an undivided share in
class; and beneath all these were the cæths or slaves,
the occupation of a district (pp. 31-4). who could be bought and sold.
Turning from the kindred-group to the land “ The extraordinary solidarity of the kindreds and the
it occupied, we find the lowest land unit in the
tribe a solidarity to which history bears ample testi-
mony -
surveys called villata. These villatæ are fixed
was gained at the expense of the freedom and
equality of the individual tribesmen. And little as the
and permanent units, while the wele itself was
Codes reveal to us of the actual condition of the Cym-
not compact, but could enjoy separate holdings ric tribesmen, it is impossible to shut our eyes to the
in several villatæ, or be confined, as the case easy possibility of oppression on the part of chieftains
might be, to one villata. It is impossible, how-
and uchelwrs. It is easy to see how, if such was the
structure of the Gallic tribes described by Cæsar, his
ever, to go into the details of tribal structure
description of tribal society might well be, in measure
described by Mr. Seebohm : they are welcome at least, typical of tribal society generally in its early
additions to our knowledge of early institutions. stages. It might, under the pressure of want on the
The main interest lies in the fact that in this
part of the tribesmen or the unscrupulous use of power
tribal society of Wales one sees a nucleus of
on the part of the uchelwrs or higher chieftains, easily
the later manor.
come to pass that the mass of tribesmen, with their bare
This is nowhere stated, but rights of maintenance and a peculium subject to the
the inference drawn from the consideration of vicissitudes of fortune, elsewhere than in the Gaul of
the evidence in hand is that the old English Cæsar's description might become almost the serfs of
manor had an admixture of Welsh elements in
the uchelwrs, or, as he describes them, the servi of the
equites” (p. 109).
it, and the corollary of this inference is that
the English conquest of Britain was not as de-
These feudal forms suggest a bond between
structive as some students would have us think.
tribal society and feudal society, and also have
This interest is heightened by the fact that
their direct bearing, as is shown (p. 130), upon
If Mr. Seebobm
the Welsh constitution contained unmistakable early English institutions.
feudal origins, and these, strange to say, are
had done nothing else in these pages than bring
not so much of a political or economic charac-
the light of Welsh forms to bear upon our
ter as military. Undoubtedly feudalism is knowledge of feudalism and the manorial sys-
neither wholly Roman nor wholly German in
tem, his book would have been a notable one.
origin, but rather social and economic: given
As it is, he has advanced some other facts which
certain conditions and certain effects will fol-
will set the student of early English institutions
low, whether in France and Germany or in
to earnest thinking.
India and Japan. The Welsh chieftain-called For example, in the case of a criminal who
a uchelwr—was a privileged tribesman, head of was banished from Cymru, “it was required of
a wele, a landed lord, and in South Wales a every one of every sex and age within hearing
judge also (pp. 54, 90, 93, 127). The other
of the horn to follow that exile, and to keep up
members of the wele were not joint-tenants or
the barking of dogs, to the time of his putting
• landed' persons, but were in a subordinate to sea, until he shall have passed three-score
position and had rights of maintenance only
hours out of sight” (p. 59). This at once sug-
(p. 91). Every innate boneddig or tribesman gests the old English ordinance of the hundred.
of full blood claimed his maintenance as mem-
Evidently here in Wales we have the folk of a
ber of the greater kindred-group and not by
district responsible for oversight of a criminal.
inheritance from his father. He ascended to
Few questions in English institutional history
his father's privilege as a landed person at his have so eluded settlement by sincere and pro-
father's death, but the right of succession was
found investigators as that of the origin and
prospective—he might live and die without such early character of the hundred. Historians
ascei When he did ascend to the privilege from Spelman down to Stubbs and Freeman
of his father he became a marchog or mounted
have tried in vain and in many ways to explain
horseman. Thus in the military constitution the origin and early character of the hundred.
of the tribe the uchelwr is a horseman, the in- Phillips, Turner, and Palgrave give up in des-
nate boneddig a foot-soldier (p. 91–5). The pair. Lingard opposes the view of everybody
evolution of this feudal system Mr. Seebohm
else, and has none of his own. Spelman, rea-
presents as follows:
soning from analogy in the frank-pledge, refers
“Under the tribal system the wele is the unit. The
it to a similar responsible group. So does Leo.
brenhin (privileged chieftain or prince) and the mem-
Verelius and Grimm hold that the hundred


1896.)
275
THE DIAL
was an area comprising a hundred villæ or covered, having left the extension of his inquiry
hamlets. Schmidt holds that it was an area of to another time; but while Mr. Seebohm is
a hundred hides of land. Ihre makes it a re writing his companion volume, it behooves the
cruiting district of a hundred men for battle. enthusiast for the purity of early English insti-
Lappenberg's opinion is much the same. Eich tutions to redeem his time if he intends to re-
horn, with Kemble and Konrad Maurer, believes fute Mr. Seebohm's arguments, for the present
that it was in its origin a personal division, and work, in the opinion of the reviewer, constitutes
became territorial at the end of the nomadic the most formidable assault yet made
upon
the
period, through the occupation by each century “ Teutonic School.”
of a district to dwell in. Waitz so thinks, too, It may be well, before making an end, to no-
but pushes farther, and holds that each of the | tice some features for the elucidation of which
hundred men was given a hide of land. Finally, we are indebted to the present work: (1) The
Stubbs says that the only reasonable conclusion importance of land as an economic factor in the
is “ that under geographical hundreds we have development of tribal society is emphasized.
the variously sized pagi or districts in which Blood relationship lay at the basis of the Welsh
the hundred warriors settled ; the boundaries tribal society from the earliest times, but grad-
of these being determined by other causes, as ually proprietorship in land crept in. Yet the
the course of rivers, the ranges of hills, the strength of the former tie is shown in that, like
distribution of estates to the chieftains, and the everything else, proprietorship was forced into
remnants of British independence” (Const. a tribal mould. Whatever of land ownership
Hist. of England, I. 106). Is it not possible grew up in the tribe was tribal ownership, but
that, at last, in this mere allusion of Stubbs to
there was nothing like the modern democratic
“the remnants of British independence" view of a society in which equality of rights
have a clue to the hundred ?
We have seen and shares settled every question” (p. 88).
the similarity between the provisions of the The kindred, to the ninth and fourth degree,
criminal law in Welsh and English customs ; were both related to the land, but through the
we have seen the similarity between the Welsh wele, who was regarded as the land owner of
“ manor and the old English manor ; we have the district. In him were vested as landed pro-
seen the marked military character of the prietor the tribal rights of his wele, so far as
Welsh tribal system, and over against this we regards land occupation (pp. 60, 87-9). (2)
put the strong military elements of the ancient Mr. Seebohm shows that the notion of private
German constitution — the hundred and the property was a late growth (p. 95), and that
comitatus. What is the inference ? that in the the idea of conveyance was “foreign to the
progress of the English conquest these similar tribal system in its early stages," and due to
institutions amalgamated in greater or less de the influence of the church (pp. 150, 193,
gree, precisely as on the Continent analagous 226-7). (3) The infiltration of secular influ-
Roman and German institutions combined in ences into the Welsh church bears a striking
different proportions in Frankish Gaul, Visi resemblance to the history of the church among
Gothic Spain, and Lombard Italy.
the Franks. The church set itself to convert
Other likenesses in Welsh and English insti. the tribal lords in Wales, and they, as the lords
tutions fortify this inference. How else in in Frankish Gaul, immediately rushed into her
Kent, most remote from Wales and the first offices; the ecclesiastical abuses enumerated by
land in Britain to be hallowed by the tread of Welsh historians might be taken, with the
men of the English kin, can the custom of gav- change of names of persons and places, for a
elkind be accounted for? Gavelkind is not page of Gregory of Tours.
found in the lands conquered by Angles and Nothing has yet been said of the style of the
Saxons. Plainly, the Jutes, who in point of work. As the reader has probably discovered,
number were the least of the Teutonic invaders, “The Tribal System in Wales” is not easy
succumbed more than has been supposed to the reading. And yet it is relieved here and there
existing Welsh regime (cf. also pp. 79, 86, 88, by touches of light and color which raise that
95, 101, 106).
page at least from the dull dust of economics.
It will not do for the advocate of the abso- Such a page is that describing the hearth of
lute purity of English institutions to wink at the Welshman's home, with the mark of the
facts such as these Mr. Seebohm has brought kindred upon it. We are told :
forward. As said in the beginning, he has no-
“The covering and uncovering of the fire had a pic-
where in his work applied the facts he has dis turesque significance. Whether the fire were of wood
..


276
[May 1,
THE DIAL
men
or turf, the hearth was swept out every night. The can attain an independent judgment. The
next thing was to single out one particular glowing em social ethics of Church, Family, Education, Indus-
ber— the seed of the fire - which was carefully restored
try, and Citizenship, are treated with ability and
to the hearth and covered up with the remaining ashes
noral earnestness, though not without a bias which
for the night. This was the nightly covering of the fire.
makes it necessary to go over the grounds of reason-
The morning process was to uncover the seed of fire,'
to sweep out the ashes under which it was bid, and then ing for one's self.
deftly to place back the live ember on the hearth, piling
The art of illustration is used with fine effect in
over it the fuel for the new day's fire. This was the the chapters of the book which set before us the
uncovering of the fire, which thus from year end to year
“ Life of the Poor in Great Cities."
Such men as
end might never go out. Anyone who has seen the pro Mr. R. A. Woods, Mr. J. A. Riis, and Sir Walter
cess performed on a Celtic hearth will understand the Besant bring to mind the various aspects of crowded
natural transition in the mind of the Welsh poet, Henry. misery, the hopes and needs of the distressed. The
Vaughan, in his lines on • Sleep,' from the high-flown material has already been issued in “Scribner's Mag-
metaphor :
azine," but is now presented in convenient book form.
The pious soul by night
Is clouded like a star ...'
American and European conditions are described.
to the more homely one -
Dr. Gladden writes with so much knowledge and
'Though sleep, like ashes, hide
spiritual force that he can afford to indulge repose
My lamp and life ...'
in style. Every paragraph in his “Ruling Ideas of
and see at once the symbolic significance” (pp. 82-3).
the Present Age" is instantly intelligible, and yet
We shall look eagerly for Mr. Seebohm's
we are led to consider some of the most profound
promised sequel, for the present work is prob- of scientific and technical discussion, or unfolding
thoughts about life and duty. There is no pretense
ably the most important contribution to insti-
of economic or political doctrine, but“ruling ideas
tutional history made by an English writer since are treated in the spirit of a seer, a prophet –
the death of Sir Henry Sumner Maine. Fatherhood, Brotherhood Sacred and Secular, Prop-
JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSON. erty, Religion and Politics, Public Opinion, Phari-
saism, are some of the topics.
It is always interesting to watch the play of a
vigorous intellect about a social problem, and it is
RECENT SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES.*
helpful to the unfolding of an argument when a
sagacious and disciplined business man contributes
A work “practical ” and “ Christian is that
his reflections. Mr. 0. D. Ashley, in “Railways
presented by Dr. Crafts in his “Practical Christian
Sociology.” It breathes the fire of genuine phil- relations of corporations to their employees in close
and their Employees," discusses the subject of the
anthropy and reform. In the five lectures and nu-
touch with the facts. He reasons from experience
merous notes, almost every question of human in-
and successful trials, not from pure invention. He
terest is touched. The references to books and
advises corporations to provide sick benefits, life
documents are valuable. The questions, topics, insurance, pensions, out of income, and offers as a
tables, and indexes are very suggestive, but badly
motive the more efficient and faithful service which
arranged. The statistics and other data are used
would thus be secured. The examples of success-
as illustrations of accepted doctrine, not as instru-
ful undertakings are found in European and Amer-
ments of research. The discussion will
open
heart
ican life. He seems to have gathered his data while
and eye and awaken the social conscience, but it
he was writing the book, a method which is natural
will give no adequate notion of the path by which
enough to a busy tradesman, but has its disadvan-
* PRACTICAL CHRISTIAN SOCIOLOGY. By Wilbur F. Crafts, tages from the standpoint of thoroughness of treat-
Ph.D. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co.
ment. He does not seem to be acquainted with
THE POOR IN GREAT CITIES. By Various Writers. Now
some of the most important works on the subject
York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
nor with some of the most conspicuous examples of
RULING IDEAS OF THE PRESENT AGE. By Rev. Washing-
ton Gladden, D.D., LL.D. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
prosperous coöperation. His skepticism about co-
RAILWAYS AND THEIR EMPLOYEES. By 0. D. Ashley, operation initiated by workingmen may thus be
President Wabash Railroad. Chicago: The Railway Age Co. partly accounted for. In spite of these limitations
ANARCHY OR GOVERNMENT ? By W. M. Salter. New the academic defenders of the cooperation principle
York: T. Y. Crowell & Co.
will justly be encouraged by the judgment of a
LABOR IN ITS RELATIONS TO LAW. By T.J. Stimson. New
leader in large enterprises. The author feels quite
York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
OUR INDUSTRIAL UTOPIA. By D. H. Wheeler. Chicago :
sure that Western railroads will never have an
A. C. McClurg & Co.
income sufficient to provide for pensions and insur-
KING STORK AND KING Log. By “Stepniak.” New ance until the laws permit them to combine to stop
York: Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons.
rate-cutting. He does not seem to be aware that
THE THEORY OF SOCIAL FORCES. By S. N. Patten, Ph.D. there are other leaks to be stopped. The popular
Philadelphia : Am. Academy Political and Social Science.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE of Chari-
belief about stock-watering, thefts by directors, un-
ties and Corrections, Twenty-second Annual Session, New fair contracts with freight companies, he does not
Haven, 1893. Boston: G. H. Ellis.
consider. The chief value of the book lies in the


1896.]
277
THE DIAL
of the essay
evidence it offers that the great managers of capital Stepniak we are weighing some of the forces which
are coming to recognize their social responsibility work, even by methods of human wrath, toward a
in relation to the men who help them make their clearer day and a happier lot. Americans will find
vast fortunes. The chapters on Socialism and in the first volume a brief but sympathetic account
Strikes show that these spectres of dread have much of the sect of Stundists and the way in which the
to do with the introduction of a fairer method. Russian Government has treated them. The style
In his “ Anarchy or Government?” Mr. W. M. is free from violence and exaggeration, but the most
Salter affirms that anarchy (absence of govern calm recital of facts, if they be facts, fills one with
ment) is a possibility, but so remote that we may distress and indignation.
set it aside in our age as visionary. Government Professor Patten has written some extremely sug:
is necessary in order to protect national life and gestive chapters, in his “ Theory of Social Forces,"
all its processes and goods. But when we go so on the social forces which make for progress. In
far we must go forward. The protection of life the earlier part
there seems to be some
and property means more than militia and police ; doubtful and not entirely luminous reasoning about
it involves education, poor relief, and the use of the origins of “mental mechanism” and biological
the governmental machinery as the organ of pub- impulses to progress ; but the chapters on “ A Social
lic convenience. Government tends to develop a
Commonwealth” and “Normal Progress" move on
sense of solidarity, a deep social consciousness of modern and more stable ground, where there is less
unity and sympathy. - The social consciousness, reason and room for wise guesses. Physical forces
in proportion as it is real, demands government are given due place; esthetic factors are highly
under existing circumstances; but finally the social honored ; economic elements are clearly treated ;
consciousness may be so perfect that government and, what has been rare in such purely academic
will be allowed to drop away like an out-grown and scientific discussions, the essential religious and
shell.” The attempt is made to judge the recent Christian ideals are frankly recognized among the
Pullman strike in the light of the ethical principles agencies of progress. This portion of the essay
of the book.
must be regarded as a most important contribution
The small volume on “ Labor in its Relations to to the discussion, as it helps to restore the balance
Law” is a very convenient summary of the com of thought, to present the spiritual beliefs in some-
mon and statute law in force in this country in re thing like a true perspective, and to help men of our
spect to the employment contract, strikes, boycotts, age over the superficial criticism of Comte which
and the various questions connected with these phe was carried forward on the powerful current of his
nomena. The author is to issue a larger“ Hand- magnificent scheme of social philosophy. There is
book” on the same subject. The chapters here no here a chance to run out beyond strict science to the
ticed were given at the Plymouth School of Ethics visions of the author's individual Weltanschanung
in 1895.
a sort of Thomas Aquinas hierarchy (p. 129). The
The main thesis of “Our Industrial Utopia” is national feeling is treated with scant justice (p.
that we are sick from superfluity and victims of 102). Why should it cease any more than friend-
imagination. It is not necessity which torments us, ship or domestic attachments? Why should patriot-
nor corporations which oppress us, but the craving ism contradict philanthropy? The denial of the
for more superfluity which goads and vexes us. The possibility of a social philosophy because we cannot
defence of corporations, House of Lords, Senate, compare the human race with the races which in-
and trusts, is so rare in our days as to be positively habit other planets seems fanciful, although we can-
interesting. A public sated with attacks on bloated not doubt that a better philosophy will arise when
bondholders” and vile“money-bags” and “unscrup we have wings or other means of communication
ulous trusts,” “vampires,” and “Octopus," may with our nearest neighbors. The suggestion (p. 150)
here find rest and refreshment before renewing that moral feelings are impediments to progress
the attack. Benjamin Franklin, spite of recent crit arises from a too narrow and negative definition of
icism, is canonized and his image restored to its morality. If morality is conceived as a positive
pedestal. It is true the author seems to be able to force under the Golden Rule it would have no such
go through our cities with eyes, ears, and heart tight tendency as the author imagines.
shut, but in many points, spite of his “mind-cure” No student of social pathology and of charitable
panacea, he launches some keen shafts. In our age, work can afford to miss the annual Reports of the
when the socialistic tendency is dominant to monot National Conference of Charities and Corrections.
ony, such a book may be condiment, and appetizes, They are simply indispensable. The “Charities
even if it does not provide nutriment.
Review” has now practically become the monthly
The recent death of “Stepniak” will give added organ of the Conference and will serve as a constant
interest to his “King Stork and King Log, a Study | reminder of its work. The last Report shows two
of Modern Russia.' To those who peer into the new elements, the work of the scientific theorists of
cloudland of Russian political and ecclesiastical the colleges and universities, and the work of the
despotism, these pages may afford some help. We residents in Social Settlements. The latter feature
can hardly expect absolute history from the radical is to be even more prominent in the future.
and persecuted exile. But studying the mind of
C. R. HENDERSON.


278
[May 1,
THE DIAL
undying faith to a judgment and a judgment-seat.
RELIGIOUS LITERATURE, THEORETICAL
“The Johannean Problem” is a clear and concise
AND PRACTICAL.*
rendering of the argument for the authenticity of
Those who find any discouragement in the fact the fourth gospel. “ It is our purpose to summa-
that the religious literature of our time is filled rize the evidence for the genuineness of the fourth
with bold and sharp criticism, should be encouraged gospel so far as ascertained at the present time."
by the further fact that it is also practical in many This task, certainly not an unimportant one, the
new ways; in many new ways strives to understand author has satisfactorily performed. It would
and remove the evils that have so long vexed society. hardly be possible to find as much on this topic in
We have nothing to apprebend from criticism, al as compact a form elsewhere. The work is thor-
though it may seem to be destructive in form, so ough and candid. It is difficult to resist the force
long as it is associated with an active corrective of the internal evidence, especially as presented by
mood of mind. The religious literature which flows Bishop Lightfoot.
in upon us in full stream aims, much of it, at a regen “ The Two St. Johns” is a life of John the Dis-
eration of life which must, in the end, put us in firmer ciple and John the Baptist, extended by reflection
possession of spiritual truth. It is certainly well to and enforcement after the manner of a sermon. It
know of the doctrine, by doing the will of God. is a book of practical piety, of good taste and good
“ The Messages of the Seven Churches of Asia" judgment, and is fitted to render the service of a
demands respect both by the excellency of its pur- religious tract.
pose and by the diligence with which it is pursued. “ Nature and Deity” is a noteworthy book. The
It is intended for good old-fashion people,— of theme is treated in a comprehensive and penetrative
whom we are glad to believe there are many, and way. The author shows a strong grasp of thought.
will bring to them comfort and that form of edifi The object of the volume is “the rationalization of
cation of which they are capable. It is written religion.”
religion.” This is to be done by finding in expe-
under the ruling idea that every portion of Scrip- rience widely interpreted the impulse and law of
ture has a specific and divine purpose by which it our religious life. This impulse is the quest of the
is united with every other portion, and that all taken ideal. Our religious life is given in our natural life.
together make a complete and immaculate record. How given? is the inquiry of our author. The suf-
It is not fitted, therefore, to play any part in current ficiency of natural law in the sphere of religion is
discussion, or to bring it any light. Fortunately the postulate of the book. It is well fitted, on the
the volume, though a large one, confines itself to one hand, to steady the steps of those who are los-
the mere margin of the Apocalypse, and so saves ing the footing of faith ; and to make, on the other
the reader from a hopeless wandering among the hand, more cautious the steps of those who are pur-
prophetic imagery of which its body is made up. suing the unseen in a conventional and assured way.
No one with the temper here indicated has ever It is easy for us to accept the general conclusion
pushed into the heart of the book and reached any of the book, though we cannot feel that the inner
thing which could be called dry land. The volume force of truth receives quite equal emphasis with its
shows somewhat, in spite of its unswerving belief, outer form. The narrowing tendency of a primarily
the modern method by giving the subject an histor- empirical inquiry seems to us to be distinctly pres-
ical and geographical background. Compelled by
ent.
“Nature coheres by an imminent or inherent
the facts of the past to accept a figurative coming of vital law." We are entitled to more than this. As
Christ, it still clings, in reference to the future, with certainly as a vital process transcends a mechanical
one, so certainly does an intellectual and spiritual
*THE MESSAGES OF THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF Asia. By
Rev. Thomas Murphy, D.D., LL.D. Philadelphia: Pres process surpass a vital one. Nature coheres by a
byterian Board of Publication and Sabbath School Work. complex process, both vital and spiritual. Neither
THE JOHANNEAN PROBLEM. By Rev. George W. Gilmore, do we think that religion is adequately represented
A.M. Philadelphia : Presbyterian Board of Publication and as an effort to harmonize our lives with universal
Sabbath School Work.
power. The religious life is harmonized with uni-
THE Two ST. JOHNS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT. By James
Stutker, D.D. American Tract Society.
versal
power, but by virtue of a transcendent im-
NATURE AND DEITY. By Frederick Meakin. Chicago :
pulse. The difficulty here, however, may arise from
Charles H. Kerr & Co.
the inability to say all things at once. It is a vol-
THE CHRIST OF To-Day. By George A. Gordon. Boston: ume worthy the consideration of those who study
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
the inner reason of the ways of life.
A STUDY OF DEATH. By Henry Mills Alden. New York:
Harper & Brothers.
It is not possible to adequately characterize “The
CHRISTIAN TEACHING AND LIFE. By Alvah Hovey, D.D.,
Christ of To-Day” in a brief space; but we have
LL.D. Philadelphia : American Baptist Publication Society. no alternative. The temper of the book is of the
THE SPIRITUAL LIFE. By George C. Needham. Philadel best. There is much everywhere to which one
phia : American Baptist Publication Society.
would heartily assent. The enthusiasm with which
HEREDITY AND CHRISTIAN PROBLEMS. By Amory H. the subject is presented is boundless. Yet one is
Bradford. New York: Macmillan & Co.
not quite satisfied. There is too much rhetoric in
PASCAL AND OTHER SERMONS. By the late R. W. Church,
M.A., D.C.L. New York: Macmillan & Co.
the book for its best effect. Not that the rhetoric
is bad; on the other hand, it is good, but it leads


1896.]
279
THE. DIAL
to an exaggeration and reiteration which are incon- topics under each of these divisions are stated and
sistent with the clearest, most persuasive thought. supported by liberal Scriptural references. The
The aim of the author is to enforce the divinity of work has been perspicaciously and diligently done,
Christ, especially on the practical side as the re and the volume will be aidful to those who wish
demptive force of the world. This aim is the exact either to study or teach the Bible in the approved
opposite of that of the volume we have just consid method. The treatment of immediate social ques-
ered. The purpose of the one author is to find God tions is neither full nor forceful. The second vol.
in nature; of the other, to find him in the revela ume contains addresses given on various occasions
tion of Christ. In lucidity and closeness of thought, by Mr. Needham. It comprises also a brief sketch
the first author has decidedly the advantage. Dr. of the life of the author. Mr. Needham has been
Gordon is not as explicit as his theme requires him an active evangelist for many years, working by
to be on either of the two essential parts of his sub himself and in connection with Mr. Moody and
ject: what is meant by the divinity of Christ, and others of like temper. He has been active in form-
how is the salvation of man involved in it. The ing and guiding conferences. The critic's function is
difficulty with most persons who doubt this divinity suspended in the presence of discourses of this kind.
is, that it seems to them an obscure, unverifiable They are to be chiefly judged by their practical effects.
dogma, and one, if accepted, of no obvious practical A movement cure is not to be estimated by a descrip-
value. It is through the words of Christ, their truth tion of its processes, but by its actual results.
and their love, that we find access to God; not by “Heredity and Christian Problems" is a pleasant
virtue of any mystery of his being. Concerning and practical presentation of a wide, suggestive
this we are at liberty to maintain any theory which theme. Dr. Bradford belongs to the still small
seems best to cover the facts; knowing that any though growing number of ministers who are striv-
and every conception will be inadequate. This vol ing to render the truth under the terms of our pres-
ume will be satisfactory to those who share the be ent knowledge, and to redirect it more skilfully to
liefs of its author; but will not persuasively lead the solution of social problems. This class has not
those who stand remote from them.
only the past behind it, but the present around it, and
“A Study of Death " is an unusual, a singular the future before it. The first chapters are occupied
book. It is a prose poem, after the method of with a résumé of the law of heredity as expounded
Browning, and must be wrestled with by most read by various leading authorities; and cover the ground
ers with something of the penetration and patience somewhat extendedly. The later chapters apply
that that author imposes.
The title is suggestive, the doctrine to theoretical and practical problems ;
not descriptive. The theme is not death simply, but such as the freedom of the will and the person of
all the darkness which braids the light of the world. Christ, education and the home, pauperism, crime,
It is a discursive treatise on moral chiaroscuro. The and race-renovation. The book is well fitted to
author has a highly cultivated mind of remarkable instruct and to guide the general reader desirous to
insight and unbounded faith. Faith is with him make wisely his contribution to the common wel.
not so much the product of a reasoning process as fare. It is quite often conceded that genius does not
of wide vision. The shadows of the world are visi. pass by inheritance. The author seems to accept
ble and inseparable parts of its beauty. They carry
that conclusion. More, however, seems to be en-
no disturbance to the mind, and cast no burden on the
te volved in the concession than they are aware of who
spirit. “Faith boldly occupies the field of pessim- make it. We shall hardly say that genius has fixed
ism, finding theism its largest hope.” The volume is boundaries, and is distinct in kind from talent and
full of insight, and contains passages of great force intelligence. If it is not, and is not transmissible,
and beauty. Most will need to read it in a detached it becomes improbable that pure intellectual endow-
manner, taking a little now and then, as they can ments are transferred. There are so many implica-
make use of it. One feels as though the author hadtions of mental power in physical organization, that
gone forth in a clear night among the mountains, simply physical inheritance goes far to impart moral
had seen strange, vanishing, beautiful things, min- and intellectual quality.
gled them with his own sensitive, vivacious thoughts, “ Pascal and Other Sermons "constitutes a final
and rehearsed them in a sporadic way as the impulse volume of gleanings from the discourses of Dean
prompted. The progress and adherence of the vol | Church. It is made up chiefly of occasional ser-
ume are quite as much in the feelings elicited as in mons preached elsewhere than in St. Paul's. Dean
its logical continuity. One must tread lightly if he Church was one of the most distinguished of En-
is to keep step with the writer.
glish preachers of the present generation, and his
The next two volumes, “ Christian Teaching and sermons have been extendedly published. They are
Life” and “ The Spiritual Life,” are of a practical among the best of their kind. What Dean Church
type, and are sent out by the American Baptist Pub says of “ The Penseés of Pascal,” in its ministration
lication Society. The first is designed to be an aid to men is true of his own discourses. They deepen
in Biblical study. The general topics are: The “the grounds of evolution by elevating the level of
teachings of Christ and of the Apostles, The use of religious thought, and enlarging its horizon. Devo-
Creeds, Relation of Christian teaching to Life, Im- tion, to be kept pure, needs ideas as well as feel-
provement in Christian Teaching. The subordinate | ings.” His sermons owe their helpful power to a


280
[May 1,
THE DIAL
profoundly reflective and spiritually earnest frame
An acceptable
“A History of American Literature"
of mind. He renders the spiritual world for him summary of (Silver, Burdett & Co.), by Profes-
self and for others under the leading beliefs wrought
American literature.
sor F. L. Pattee, is a new text-book
out by the Church, and these beliefs show in him, for schools and colleges. It is, on the whole, an
as they showed in Pascal and in many another, a acceptable summary of our literary history, well-
wonderful power to search the thoughts, strengthen arranged and comprehensive. The author has
them and give them a divinely productive and stim-grasped the truth that “no one ever learned litera-
ulating force. The ruling ideas of the discourses ture from a text-book," and has not resorted to the
indicate a somewhat severe orthodoxy. It was by | pernicious practice of making his manual a compen-
virtue of depth of conviction rather than by conces dium of “elegant extracts.” Instead, he gives the
sion to the growth of opinion that Dean Church ex student brief directions, classified as "required read-
erted his influence.
JOHN BASCOM. ing” and “suggested reading,” and in every way
encourages him to use the text-book as merely a
point of departure for the real study of the subject.
Among the noteworthy features of the book are a
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
considerable admixture of American history — and
a larger degree of attention to the political writers
Whoever can write anything which
A new edition
and orators than their literary importance would
of John Donne.
shall give a true and sufficient idea
warrant, the frequent references to works of stand-
of John Donne, such an idea as will
ard criticism, and the numerous bits of brief com-
make the general reader of poetry understand why
ment from other writers that we find inserted in
he is regarded as a poet of surpassing genius, may appropriate places. We have noticed but few errors.
deem himself no longer an apprentice in the art of
The author can hardly be blamed for saying that no
criticism. Donne is the most baffling of the minor
life of Governor Hutchinson has been written, al-
poets ; Whipple and Lowell, Gosse and Dowden, though Mr. Hosmer's biography, just published, has
and a number of lesser men, have tried their hands,
been for some time announced. We are told that
and yet no lover of Donne feels that anything ade-
the Stedman-Woodberry edition of Poe is in twelve
quate has been said, and those who know the poet
volumes instead of ten, and are given the surpris-
still remain an elect number. One bar to a more
ing information that “the most complete and au-
general reading of Donne is now removed by the
thentic biography of Lowell that has yet appeared”
publication of his poems in two volumes (Scribners),
is Mr. Woodberry's in the “ American Men of Let-
excellently edited by Mr. E. K. Chambers. A care-
ters” series. We must also protest against the
ful text and sufficient apparatus in the way of vari-
one-sided view of Whitman that is given us. To
ants and notes are supplied by the editor, and the
say that he is “confessedly the poet of the body,"
work appears in the attractive form of the “ Muses
without large qualification, is distinctly false. A
Library,” now becoming more and more familiar
serious omission is that of all mention of Colonel
to us. There is, too, a very remarkable portrait,
Richard Malcolm Johnston from the section devoted
which is a better comment on the characteristic
to Southern novelists.
poems than much that has been written on the sub-
ject. But in coming to the introduction by Mr.
Notes of the
The last half century has found its
George Saintsbury, the reader of other essays on
prodigies of the higher life, in schol-
Donne will feel a disappointment, less keen now for
arship, art, and letters, in Russia and
the many that have gone before. Mr. Saintsbury the Scandinavian countries. It is perhaps the Ren-
is known to be a devoted admirer of the poet, and aissance, now at last reaching most of Northern
it would go hard if such a one could say nothing Europe ; but whether a Renaissance or not, it has
rightly. Accordingly here, as in what Mr. Saints- affected the public mind profoundly. Everybody
bury had written of Donne in the “Elizabethan has heard something of it; the names of Tourge-
Literature,” we have several good things well put; nieff and Tolstoï, of Ibsen and Björnson, are more
but taken all in all no sufficient word is said of the familiar to many than those of contemporary writ-
real man, the intense, the fascinating, the inscru ers of France and Germany. So it is that “ Six
table poet. True to his own nature, as to the inev Modern Women” (Roberts ), by Laura Marholm
itable secrecy of youth, Donne drew around him Hausson, is in a way attractive through its Northern
a cloudy something which keeps him forever to him- coloring. The author is of Swedish family, and of
self. And whoever may have penetrated within the six women, two are Russian, Sonia Kovalesky
has been unable, on coming forth, to render a good and Marie Bashkirtseff, two Scandinavian, Amelie
account of what he has experienced. The reader Skram and A. C..Edgren-Leffler, while of the two
must still depend upon himself, and here he will others, George Egerton, in “ Keynotes" at least,
be helped by Mr. Chambers’s notes, for Donne is a smacks of the North very strongly. The one real
poet who needs a good deal of annotation, and Mr. Southerner is Eleanora Duse, who is presented to
Chambers is often happy in suggestion and com us as more remote from the common conception of
ment, and frequently offers something of value as to the Italian than any of the others. The book, then,
he historic fact.
arouses one's dormant sympathy with the present
Northern
Renaissance.


1896.)
281
THE DIAL
A volume
insurgence of the forces of intelligence and heart ideal beauty and historic beauties. The short prose
in Northern Europe. It is a restless book, extrav fantasies at the end are elaborate developments of
agant and foolish at times, but still with vigor and very slight themes. There remains the “ Fragments
life. As such, many will like to read it, although from the Lost Journals of Piero di Cosimo," which
whoever thinks of getting much else will probably strikes a much surer note than anything else in the
be disappointed. The author hardly seems a dis book. Not throughout, but certainly here and there,
passionate observer or a keen analyst, and her think are things which touch the right spot. Still the book
ing and writing border too much upon the spectac can hardly be called a success, nor will it increase
ular and the emotional to carry conviction. The Mr. Sharp's reputation. We see but one direction
critical value of the book is small. But beside its in which it has a real interest. This is in its style.
indication of the movement of ideas, its frankly ex In the later imaginings Mr. Sharp is striving, with
pressed views on men and women are not without many others nowadays, to do with prose what has
interest to those who have not a deeply-rooted aver rarely been done with it before. He would make
sion to things they cannot applaud.
it the medium of expression for color, emotion,
fancy, that has generally taken form in poetry. It
An interesting
Mr. S. H. Jeyes has written, for the does not seem to us that he is eompletely a master
sketch of
useful “ Public Men of To-Day" se of his instruments; there is hardly a page where a
Mr. Chamberlain.
ries, a very interesting sketch of careful reading aloud would not bring out some
“The Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain” (F. Warne absolute discord in rhythm, diction, or sentiment.
& Co.). Mr. Jeyes writes confessedly from the Con But the effort has its charm; there are not many
servative standpoint; but this does not prevent him men who have been able to use our language in this
from being generally fair to the pushing and force-
way, and to the lover of style, at least, there is
ful Birmingham Liberal. We are glad to note that always interest in the attempt.
the book is quite free from personal chatter, the
author wisely devoting his rather limited space to
Mr. Bernhard Berenson's
« The
matters likely to interest intelligent people. Mr. of sound
Florentine Painters of the Renais-
art criticism.
Chamberlain's public career has been eventful and
sance" (Putnam), the second of the
picturesque; and Mr. Jeyes's outline of it — from four projected volumes on the Italian painters of
the early days of Mr. Chamberlain's municipal the period, is now ready. The little book shows the
activities down to his skilful handling, as Colonial same good qualities of critical acumen, sound schol-
Secretary, of the recent complications arising out of arship, and descriptive accuracy, which mark its
the insensate foray of Dr. Jameson - forms no bad popular predecessor on the Venetian school. The
sketch of English political history during the period series aims to be a thorough critical presentation of
embraced. Ample materials are afforded for ena the essential characteristics of the great Schools of
bling the reader to judge of Mr. Chamberlain's Italy, and a detailed guide to Italian paintings every-
political aims and convictions, and of his powers as where as well — each volume containing a list of
a debater. Very effective was his retort courteous principal works and an index of places, which ren-
to the Irish taunt (apropos of his Birmingham re ders it a very desirable hand-book for the European
forms) that his was a “ Mayoral mind”: “I will tourist. Mr. Berenson is an accredited member of
confess to you that I am so parochially minded that the scientific school of art criticism, and his data and
I look with greater satisfaction to our annexation of attributions
may
be relied upon as correct through-
the
gas
and of the water, to our scientific frontier in out. The volumes are very compact, the author's
the improvement area, than I do to the results of aim being to interpret as concisely and clearly as
that Imperial policy which has given us Cyprus and possible each School in a way that may enable the
the Transvaal; and I am prouder of having been reader to grasp its historical development and to
engaged in warring against ignorance, and disease, enjoy it æsthetically and intelligently. The frontis-
and crime, in Birmingham, than if I had been the piece in the present number shows a portrait pre-
author of the Zulu war, or had instigated the inva sumably after Verrochio, which is evidently selected
sion of Afghanistan.” The volume is neatly made, rather as a characteristic example of the aim and
and it contains a good portrait of Mr. Chamberlain. manner of the Florentine School, than by reason of
the charm of the original.
Those who read “ Vistas,” and ex-
Experiments
pected great things from Mr. Will-
After much delay, the University of
Studies in
iam Sharp, are disappointed in “ Ecce
Chicago has published the first vol-
Puella” (Way & Williams). It is by no means an
philology.
ume of its long-promised “Studies
advance, which is not strange, for the greater part in Classical Philology.” The “Studies”
are edited
of the book seems to have been written, not after by the heads of the Departments of Greek, Latin,
“ Vistas,” but before. The piece which gives its Archæology, and Comparative Philology; that is,
name to the book is rather a rambling thing on the by Professors Shorey, Hale, Tarbell, and Buck. All
beauty of women that seems originally to have been of these scholars contribute to the present volume,
written to go with pictures. It is no very extra as well as Professor Capps, of the Department of
ordinary collection of quotations and gossip about Greek. The contents are as follows: “The Antici-
in Prose.
classical


282
[May 1,
THE DIAL
patory Subjunctive in Greek and Latin,” by Mr. wife “buy a place "; and in the succeeding ones
William Gardner Hale; “ Vitruvius and the Greek they proceed to furnish and put it in order, the hu-
Stage," by Mr. Edward Capps ; “The Direction of mor of the story hinging mainly on the transparent
Writing on Attic Vases," by Mr. Frank B. Tarbell; simplicity (peculiar to astronomers) in practical mat-
“The Oscan-Umbrian Verb-System,” by Mr. Carl ters of Mr. Baker. The book is amusing enough,
D. Buck; and “The Idea of Good in Plato's Re and Mr. Field's fun is as usual decidedly obvious,"
public,” by Mr. Paul Shorey. With the exception without being exactly coarse.
of the last-named paper, these studies are of strictly
technical interest, and appeal only to specialists in
their several subjects. Mr. Shorey's paper has both
BRIEFER MENTION.
technical and general interest, since it is possible to
know something of the ethical system of Plato with Mr. W. R. Jenkins, of New York, has added “Quatre-
out being a classical specialist. Mr. Shorey's rank Vingt-Treize” to his series of reprints of the novels of
at the head of American Platonists gives exceptional Victor Hugo. The work is published in a single volume
value to this discussion, and his compact and weighty, of 595 pages, and presents the text complete, together
but attractive and well-ordered, style makes of his
with an introduction and English notes prepared by Dr.
paper a contribution to ethical philosophy of the
Benjamin Duryea Woodward, of Columbia University.
Notes are particularly needed by English readers of
highest importance. His essential aim is to make
this great book, and Dr. Woodward has supplied the
clear “the true form and pressure of the body of
desirable information in a compact and acceptable shape.
Plato's thought, which sentimental Platonists are
The volume of “ Trinity Verse," just edited by Mr.
forever losing in rapt contemplation of its gorgeous
De Forest Hicks and Mr. Henry Rutgers Remsen, and
vestment.”
published at Hartford, Connecticut, is, like a former
Mr. A. S. Martin's book “ On Par-
volume of similar title (part of whose contents are re-
An historical
produced), made up of verses written for “ The Trinity
ody” (Holt) takes us into one of the
essay on parody.
Tablet” and other undergraduate publications. There
pleasant byways of literature, giving
are not many familiar names among the writers repre-
as a historical essay upon the subject, and an abund- sented, those of Mr. Richard Burton and Mr. C. F.
ant sheaf of illustrative examples. Parody, like all Johnson being perhaps the only ones that have attracted
other literary forms, began with the Greeks, and public attention. Nevertheless, the book contains some
the author of the “Batrachomyomachia” was, in a
excellent verse, in moods alternately grave and gay,
sense at least, the first great parodist. Aristophanes,
and speaks well for the literary influences at work in
the institution whence it comes.
of course, revelled in parody, and numerous others
of the ancients tried their hands at it. It is ex-
Two stories by Zschokke, “ Dar Abenteuer der Neu-
tremely interesting to trace the influence of this
jahrsnacht” and “Der Zerbrochene Krug,” edited by
Dr. A. B. Faust; Herr Wichert's “ An der Major-
literary form down through the Middle Ages to
secke," edited by Mr. Charles Harris, and Herr Heyse's
modern times, and Mr. Martin has pursued the task
• L'Arrabiata,” edited by Miss Mary A. Frost, are Ger-
with industry and a keen scent. His examples are
man texts recently published by Messrs. Henry Holt
taken from a wide range of English poetry, but we & Co. At the same time we have from the American
are surprised to find that they do not include what Book Co. Frau Hillern's “ Höherals die Kirche," edited
are unquestionably the best parodies in the language by Mr. F. A.
Dauer; Herr Volkman-Leander's “ Träu-
—those published by Mr. Swinburne in his “Hep mereien an Französischen Kaminen," edited by Miss
talogia.” This is all the more surprising from the
Amalie Hanstein; and Herr Heinrich Seidel's “ Herr
fact that Mr. Martin quotes from the “Heptalogia
Omnia,” edited by Mr. J. Matthewman.
in his prefatory essay, so that he cannot be charged
Mr. Ernest Rhys has done students of Elizabethan
with ignorance of its existence. Calverley, too,
literature a real service in editing a collection of “The
Lyric Poems of Thomas Campion.” Such a book would
although quoted from, is not illustrated by his best
not have been possible bad it not been for the labors of
work, “ The Cock and the Bull.” These are serious
Mr. A. H. Bullen, to whom we practically owe the restor-
omissions, and ought not to have been found in a
ation to English poetry of one of the sweetest and truest
work so painstaking and generally acceptable as singers that our language has ever possessed, and to
Mr. Martin's undoubtedly is.
whom Mr. Rhys makes ample acknowledgment. The
present edition, published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co.,
Those who relish the humor of the is the first, however, that has made Campion accessible
Mr. Field's
last volume.
late Mr. Eugene Field may find a to any other than a narrow audience, and is exceedingly
rather favorable specimen of it in
welcome.
“ The House" (Scribner), a pretty book detailing
Mr. A. C. Benson's “ Essays,” just published by
an episode in the lives of Reuben Baker, astrono-
Messrs. Macmillan & Co., are thirteen in number, and
mer, and of his wife Alice.” The scene is laid in
are, for the most part, critical studies of minor English
Chicago; and we rather suspect certain residents of
authors. The writer says: “I have always chosen, for
biographical and critical study, figures whose personal-
the city will find little difficulty in recognizing them-
ity or writings have seemed to me to possess some sub-
selves among the dramatis personce. Mr. Field had
tle, evasive charm, or delicate originality of purpose or
an amiable way of springing these little surprises on
view.” Among his subjects we find John Hales, Henry
people. In the opening chapter Mr. Baker and his More, Andrew Marvell, Vincent Bourne, Gray, Blake,
66


1896.]
283
THE DIAL
le
Keble, and Mr. Edmund Gosse. We wonder how Mr. The Twentieth Century Club of Chicago will close an
Gosse will relish being described as one of a group of exceptionally interesting season (the seventh of its ex-
“persons about whom hung an undefined promise of istence), on the eighth of May, with a Brahms evening.
greater strength than ever issued in performance.” Mr. W. F. Apthorp comes from Boston to make the
“The Age of Dryden," by Dr. Richard Garnett, suc-
address, which will be illustrated by a programme of
ceeds Mr. Dennis's “ Age of Pope" in the series of songs and chamber music.
“ Handbooks of English Literature” (Macmillan), of A recent endowment has made it possible for Colum-
which Professor Hales is the editor. It is an admirable bia University to take the important step of establish-
book, covering the last forty years of the seventeenthing a School of Music, and it is stated on good authority
century, but leaving out such writers as Milton and that Mr. E. A. MacDowell is to be called to take charge
Clarendon, who belong in spirit to an earlier period. of the work. The appointment would be an admirable
Dr. Garnett bas classified the writers of the period dis one for the University, as well as a deserved tribute to
cussed, thus making it an easy matter to refer to the
one of our most brilliant and original composers.
philosophy, or the divinity, or the science of the Re-
storation years. The style of the book is delightful, drawings by Mr. H. W. McVickar, printed in black and
and the scholarship unimpeachable.
one color, and handsomely published by Messrs. Harper
& Brothers. Mr. E. Irenæus Stevenson contributes “A
Man's Preface,” in verse; the verses that accompany
the drawings are not acknowledged, probably because
LITERARY NOTES.
they are so bad. The book will serve to while away a
dull half-hour.
The Robert Clarke Co. announce that they have just
issued the fourth edition of Mr. Lloyd's “ Etidorhpa.”
The J. B. Lippincott Co. make the interesting and
important announcement of a new popular edition of
We have received from Messrs. Macmillan & Co. the
that invaluable work, “Chambers's Encyclopædia,” from
second volume of their reprint of Carleton's “Traits
entirely new plates and thoroughly revised to date,
and Stories of the Irish Peasantry.”
many of the articles being entirely rewritten. Former
A new edition of “The Glaciers of the Alps,” by John trade editions of the work will be withdrawn from the
Tyndall, has just been published by Messrs. Longmans, market. The same firm will issue cheaper editions, re-
Green, & Co. The text is practically unchanged. vised and enlarged, of “Lippincott's Gazetteer” and
Dr. Ernest Hart's “ Hypnotism, Mesmerism, and the « Lippincott's Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and
New Witchcraft," appears in a revised and enlarged Mythology."
edition from the press of Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. The “Letters of David Ricardo to John Ramsay
“ Titus Andronicus” and “Romeo and Juliet," each McCulloch, 1816_1823,” edited by Dr. J. H. Hollander,
with an etched frontispiece, have been added to the form a double number of the “ Publications of the Amer-
“Temple " Shakespeare, with the Dent-Macmillan im ican Economic Association.” We should also note, as
print.
having been for some time upon our table, the sketch of
Messrs. Copeland & Day announce for early publica “ British Rule in Central America," by Mr. Ira D. Travis,
tion a new translation into English, by Mr. M. S. Henry, published by the Michigan Political Science Associa-
of the mediæval Cantefable or song-tale of “ Aucassin et tion; and Miss Lucy E. Textor's study of the “Official
Nicolette,” with versified passages rhymed by Mr. E. W. Relations between the United States and the Sioux
Thomson.
Indians," a publication in the “ History and Economics”
Judge Robert H. Russell, the senior member of the series of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
firm of R. H. Russell & Son (De Witt Publishing Recent attacks in Congress upon the principle of inter-
House), died on the 3d of April at his home in Strat national copyright have caused a renewal of activity in
ford, Conn. Mr. Russell was Probate Judge in Strat the American Copyright League. The Executive Coun-
ford for many years.
cil of that organization, at a meeting held April 2,
Sir Philip Perring has “ done into English verse” the adopted the following resolutions:
“ Fables” of Florian, and the work is published by “Resolved, That the Executive Council of the American
Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. The form is, for the Copyright League declares its opposition to further limitation
most part, rhymed iambic tetrameter, and the transla of the principle of international copyright by any extension of
tion is neat and effective.
the manufacturing clause.
“The Positive Philosophy of Auguste Comte,” in
Resolved, That the Council approves the bill offered by
Harriet Martineau's condensed translation, appears in a
Mr. Cummings in the present Congress in behalf of American
dramatists providing more adequate means for the enforce-
new edition (Macmillan), with a specially written intro-
ment of dramatic copyright.
ductory essay by Mr. Frederic Harrison. It makes “Resolved, That the Council approves the creation of a
three volumes of the familiar Bohn library,
separate copyright office as provided in the separate bill now
“ Tartarin of Tarascon” is the first volume of a uni pending before Congress.
form edition of Daudet in English, bearing the Dent
“Resolved, That in view of the present revival in copyright
imprint, and published in this country by Messrs. Mac-
legislation and of the recent attacks on the principle of inter-
millan & Co. The French illustrations are reproduced,
national copyright, and in view of the desirability of providing
and the French mechanical style closely followed.
at an early session of Congress for a copyright commission to
consider the general subject of copyright law, the treasurer is
The “ Kilmarnock” edition of the poems of Burns, directed to resume the collection of dues, suspended after the
edited by Mr. J. A. Manson, and published by the J. B. passage of the Act of 1891, and the Secretary is authorized to
Lippincott Co., is a beautifully-printed work in two take stóps to increase the membership of the League."
volumes, sold at a moderate price. The editor con A general meeting of the League will be called in No-
tributes a discriminating biographical preface of some vember, until which time it is hoped such objectionable
length.
measures as the Treloar Bill may be staved off.


284
(May 1,
THE DIAL
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
May, 1896 (First List).
Alaska Boundary Question, The. E. R. Scidmore. Century.
Anderson, Mary, Memories of. Dial.
Blowitz, M. de. W. T. Stead. Review of Reviews.
Book Titles, Changes in. Mary R. Silsby. Dial.
College Admission Requirements. Educational Review.
Conventions and Gatherings of 1896. Review of Reviews.
Czar, Crowning of a. Mary G. Thornton. Century.
Dashur Explorations, The. Jacques de Morgan. Harper.
Duels in America, The Last. W. C. Elam. Lippincott.
Economics, Teaching of. J. Laurence Laughlin. Atlantic.
England and America in 1863. Harper.
English Crisis, The. An Eastern Diplomatist. Harper.
Far Eastern Question, The. H. E. Bourne. Dial.
Game, Our, Preservation of. Gaston Fay. Atlantic.
Hughes, Thomas. Charles D. Lanier, Review of Reviews,
Humor, The Penalty of. Brander Matthews. Harper.
Jewelry as an Art. Alice Mullins. Magazine of Art.
Kyoto, A Trip to. Lafcadio Hearn. Atlantic.
Language - The Tie That Binds. Dial.
Layard, Sir Henry, Pictures of. Magazine of Art.
Mark Twain. Joseph H. Twitchell. Harper.
Millet, Jean François. Will H. Low. McClure.
Nervous Diseases in America. P. C. Knapp. Century.
Olney and the Presidency. Atlantic.
Pope, Election of a William R. Thayer. Century.
Religious Literature, Recent. John Bascom. Dial.
Roentgen Rays in Surgery. W. W. Keen. McClure.
Roentgen Rays, The, A Symposium on. Century.
Rossetti's Letters. George Birkbeck Hill. Atlantic.
Russia, Bed and Board in. Isabel Hapgood. Lippincott.
Scandinavian Contingent, The. K. C. Babcock. Atlantic.
Sea, Highways of the. C. H. New. Lippincott.
Sociological Studies, Recent. C. R. Henderson. Dial.
South Africa, Impressions of. James Bryce. Century.
Stanley, Dean, Letters of. W. H, Carruth. Dial.
Stevenson, R. L., Home Life of. Isobel Strong. Scribner.
Tribal System in Wales. J. W. Thompson. Dial.
Trotting Horse, Evolution of the. H. Busbey. Scribner.
Vacation Camps for Boys. Albert Shaw. Rev. of Reviews.
Virginia's Economic History. J.J. Halsey. Dral.
Westminster Abbey. W.J. Loftie. Magazine of Art.
Women Bachelors in London. Mary Humphreys. Scribner.
The Works of Friedrich Nietzsche. Edited by Alexander
Tille. Vol. XI., The Case of Wagner, etc.; trans. by
Thomas Common. 12mo, uncut, pp. 351. Macmillan &
Co. $2.
The Fables of Florian. Done into English verse by Sir
Philip Perring, Bart. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 184.
Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.25.
A Laodicean: A Story of To-day: By Thomas Hardy, New
library edition ; with frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 499. Harper
& Bros. $1.50.
Sir Thomas Browne's Hydriotaphia and the Garden of
Cyrus. Edited by W. A. Greenhill, M.D. 18mo, uncut,
pp. 208. “Golden Treasury Series." Macmillan & Co. $1.
“People's Edition" of Tennyson's Poems. New vols.:
The Brook and Other Poems, and Idylls of the King, I.
Each 24mo, uncut. Macmillan & Co. Per vol., 45 cts.
HISTORY.
History of Prussia under Frederic the Great, 1756–1757. By
Herbert Tuttle; with biographical sketch of the author,
by Herbert B. Adams. With portrait, 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 159. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
The Courtships of Queen Elizabeth: A History of the
Various Negotiations for her Marriage. By Martin A. S.
Hume, F.R.H.S. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 348.
Macmillan & Co. $3,50.
The United States of America, 1765–1865. By Edward
Channing, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 352. Macnuillan & Co. $1.50.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
A Few Memories. By Mary Anderson (Mme. de Navarro).
With portraits, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 262. Harper &
Bros. $2.50.
The Life of Benvenuto Cellini. Newly trans. into English
by John Addington Symonds. Fourth edition ; 8vo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 464. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50.
Lorenzo de' Medici and Florence in the Fifteenth Century,
By E. Armstrong, M.A. Illus., 12mo, pp. 449. “Heroes
of the Nations." G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
Life and Writings of Amelia Bloomer. By D. C. Bloomer,
LL.D. With portraits, 12mo, pp. 387. Arena Pub'g Co.
$1.25.
Thomas Carlyle. By Hector C. Macpherson. 12mo, pp. 160.
“Famous Scots Series." Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cts.
John J. Ingalls. By Granville H. Meixell, M.A. Illus.,
16mo, pp. 45. Atchison, Kas.: The Author. 25 cts.
FICTION.
Tom Grogan. By F. Hopkinson Smith. Illus., 12mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 247. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
A Parting and a Meeting. By W. D. Howells. Illus.,
18mo, pp. 99. Harper & Bros. $1.
The Mighty Atom. By Marie Corelli, author of "The Sor-
rows of Satan." 12mo, pp. 310. J. B. Lippincott Co.
$1.25.
Pirate Gold. By F. J. Stimson (J. S. of Dale). 16mo, pp.
209. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
The Damnation of Theron Ware. By Harold Frederic.
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 512. Stone & Kimball. $1.50.
A Mask and a Martyr. By E. Livingston Prescott, author
of “The Apotheosis of Mr. Tyrawley." 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 383. Edward Arnold. $1.50.
The Ebbing of the Tide : South Sea Stories. By Louis
Becke, author of “By Reef and Palm." 12mo, uncut,
pp. 292. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.
Vera Vorontzoff. By Sonja Kovalevsky; trans. by Anna
von Rydingsvärd. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 197. Lam-
son, Wolffe, & Co. $1.25 net.
The Broom-Squire. By S. Baring-Gould. Illus., 12mo, pp.
345. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.25.
Your Money or Your Life. By Edith Carpenter. 16mo,
pp. 345. Charles Scribner's Song. $1.25.
The White Rocks. Trans. from the French of Edouard Rod.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 279. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.25.
Susannah. By Mary E. Mann, author of "In Summer
Shade.” 12mo, pp. 352. Harper & Bros. $1.25.
Dame Fortune Smilod: The Doctor's Story. By Willis
Barnes. 12mo, pp. 335. Arena Pub'g Co. $1.25.
Beyond. By Henry Seward Hubbard. 16mo, pp. 179. Arena
Pub'g Co. 75 cts.
NEW VOLUMES IN THE PAPER LIBRARIES.
Rand, McNally's Globe Library: Pretty Michal, by Mau-
rus Jókai ; 12mo, pp. 334, 25 cts.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 74 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Books and their Makers during the Middle Ages: A
Study of the Conditions of the Production and Distribu-
tion of Literature from the Fall of the Roman Empire to
the close of the 17th Century. By Geo. Haven Putnam,
A.M. Vol. I., 476-1600 ; 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 459.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.
Shakspere and his Predecessors. By Frederick S. Boas,
M.A. 12mo, pp. 555. “The University Series." Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
A History of American Literature, with a View to the
Fundamental Principles Underlying its Development. By
Fred Lewis Pattee. 12mo, pp. 475. Silver, Burdett, &
Co. $1.50.
Old French Romances. Done into English by William
Morris ; with Introduction by Joseph Jacobs. 12mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 169. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry. By William
Carleton; edited by D. J. O'Donoghue. Vol. II.; illus.,
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 304. Macmillan & Co. $1.50.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The Bible in Spain. By George Borrow; with notes and
glossary by Ulick Ralph Burke, M.A. "In 2 vols., illus.,
12mo, gilt tops, uncut. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Boxed, $4.
;


1896.)
285
THE DIAL
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
The Heart of a Continent: A Narrative of Travels in Man-
churia, the Himalayas, etc., 1884-1894. By Captain
Frank E. Younghusband, C.I.E. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp.
409. Charles Scribner's Sons. $6.
East and West: Being Papers Reprinted from the “ Daily
Telegraph” and Other Sources. By Sir Edwin Arnold,
M.A. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 373. Longmans,
Green, & Co. $4.
Venezuela: A Land Where It's Always Summer. By Will.
iam Eleroy Curtis, author of "The Capitals of Spanish
America.' With map, 12mo, pp. 315. Harper & Bros.
$1.25.
The West Indies and the Spanish Main. By James Rod-
way. Illus., 12mo, pp. 371. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75.
POLITICAL, ECON CIC, AND SOCIAL
STUDIES.
Democracy and Liberty. By William Edward Hartpole
Lecky. In 2 vols., 12mo, gilt tops. Longmans, Green,
& Co. $5.
Problems of the Far East: Japan, Korea, China. By the
Rt. Hon. George N. Curzon, M.P. New and revised edi-
tion; illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 444. Longmans,
Green, & Co. $2.50.
The Rule of the Turk: A Revised and Enlarged Edition
of “The Armenian Crisis." Illus., 12mo, pp. 192. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. 75 cts.
Letters of David Ricardo to James Ramsay McCulloch,
1816-1823. Edited by J. H. Hollander, Ph.D. 8vo, un-
cut, pp. 185. American Economio Ass'n. $1.25.
Voluntary Socialism: A Sketch. By Francis D. Tandy.
16mo, pp. 228. Denver, Colo.: Crusade Pub'g Co. 50 cts.
The Ethics of Gambling. By W. Douglass Mackenzie, M.A.
16mo, pp. 64. Henry Altemus. 25 cts.
PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY.
Fear. By Angelo Mosso; trans. from fifth Italian edition by
E. Lough and F. Kiesow. Illus., 12mo, pp. 278. Long-
mans, Green, & Co. $1.75.
The Psychology of Attention. By Th. Ribot. Authorized
translation ; 12mo, pp. 120. Open Court Pub'g Co. 750.
The Philosophy of Thomas Hill Green. By W. H. Fair
brother, M.A. 12mo, uncut, pp. 187. Macmillan &
Co. $1.25.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
The Expansion of Religion: Six Lectures delivered before
the Lowell Institute. By E. Winchester Donald. 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 298. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
A Year's Sermons. By S. D. McConnell, D.D., author of
“Sons of God." 12mo, pp. 310. Thomas Whittaker. $1.25.
The Christian at Mass. By Rev. Joseph L. Andreis. 16mo,
red edges, pp. 277. Baltimore : John Murphy & Co. $1 net.
On Sermon Preparation: Recollections and Saggestions.
By various authors. 12mo, uncut, pp. 230. Macmillan
& Co. $1.
The Student's Life of Jesus. By George Holley Gilbert,
Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 412. Chicago Theological Seminary
Press.
Ecclesiastes and the Wisdom of Solomon. Edited by Rich-
ard G. Moulton, M.A. 24mo, gilt top, pp. 202. "The
Modern Reader's Bible." Macmillan & Co. 50 cts.
Love and Death. By Dr. Lyman Abbott. 24mo, pp. 14.
E. P. Dutton & Co. 10 cts.
SCIENCE AND NATURE.
The Theory of Knowledge: A Contribution to Some Prob-
lems of Logic and Metaphysics. By L. T. Hobhouse.
8vo, uncut, pp. 627. Macmillan & Co. $4.50.
The Science of Language: Three Lectures. By F. Max
Müller. Second edition ; 12mo, pp. 112. Open Court
Pub'g Co. 75 cts.
The Religion of Science. By Dr. Paul Carus. Second edi-
tion, revised and enlarged; 12mo, pp. 125. Open Court
Pab'g Co. 50 cts.
Flora of West Virginia. By Charles Frederick Millspangh
and Lawrence William Nuttall. Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp.
276. Chicago : Field Columbian Museum.
Spring Notes from Tennessee. By Bradford Torrey.
16mo, pp. 223. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
The Royal Natural History. Edited by Richard Lydek-
ker, B.A. Parts 17, 18, and 19; each illus., uncut. F.
Warne & Co. Per part, 50 cts.
MUSIC.
The Story of British Music from the Earliest Times to the
Tudor Period. By Frederick J. Crowest, author of "The
Great Tone Masters." Illus., 8vo, uncut, pp. 396. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $3.80.
Chopin's Greater Works: How They Should be Under-
stood. By Jean Kleczynski; trans. by Natalie Janotha.
Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 115. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.75.
Sketches of the English Glee Composers. Historical,
Biographical, and Critical. By David Baptie. With por-
traits, 16mo, uncut, pp. 235. Chas. Scribner's Sons. $1.75.
ARCHITECTURE.
A Text-Book of the History of Architecture. By A. D.
F. Hamlin, A.M. Illus., 12mo, pp. 441. Longmans,
Green, & Co.
REFERENCE.
A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Ed-
ited by Dr. James A. H. Murray. Field - Fish (Vol. IV.);
4to, uncut. Macmillan & Co. 60 cts.
GAMES AND SPORTS.
Whist Laws and Whist Decisions. By Major-Gen. A. W.
Drayson. 24mo, pp. 182. Harper & Bros. $1.
The Rules of Golf. By J. Norman Lockyer and W. Ruther-
ford. 32mo, gilt top, pp. 114. Macmillan & Co. 75 cts.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
Four-Handed Folk. By Olive Thorne Miller. Illus., 16mo,
pp. 201. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
The House-Boat Boys. By Harry Castlemon, author of
“Gunboat Series." Illus., 12mo, pp. 409. Henry T.
Coates & Co. $1.25.
The Brownings for the Young. Edited by Frederic G.
Kenyon. 18mo, pp. 203. Macmillan & Co. 40 cts.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The Evolution of Woman. By Harry Whitney McVickar.
Illus, in colors, large 8vo, gilt top. Harper & Bros. $2.
The Non-Heredity of Inebriety. By Leslie E. Keeley,
M.D. 12mo, pp. 359. S. C. Griggs Co. $1.50.
The Jewish Woman. By Nahida Remy; trans. by Louise
Mannheimer; with preface by Prof. Dr. Lazarus. With
portrait, 12mo, pp. 263. Cincinnati : C. J. Krebbiel & Co.
ATOGRAPH LETTERS OF CELEBRITIES and
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MAGAZINES, and other Periodicals. Sets, volumes, or single numbers.
A Wonderful Book of Western Exploration.
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ter on the West. Send card for descriptive circular to
F. P. HARPER, 17 E. 16th St., New York.
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works. New books received as soon as issued. Large assortment of
text-books in foreign languages. Complete catalogues mailed free on
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OP
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cond. Terms by agreement. Circulars. Address
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CORTINA TEXT-BOOKS. Intended for use in Schools and Self-Study.
THE CORTINA METHOD. SPANISH, FRENCH, ENGLISH, IN
TWENTY LESSONS. 14th and 8th Editions ; each, $1.50.
Amparo. Sp. and Eng., 5th ed., 75c.; Sp. with Eng. vocab., 50c.-El
Final de Norma. Sp. ann'ed in Eng., 2d ed., 750.-El Indiano. Sp. and
Eng., 7th ed., 50c.-Después de la Lluvia. 3d ed., annotated in Eng.,
350.-Vérbos Españoles. 4th ed. All the Spanish verbs., 40c.-Mode-
los Para Cartas. 13th ed. Bound, $1 ; paper, 75c. Cortina Spanish
Library. Send 5c. CORTINA SCHOOL LANGUAGES, 44 W.34 St. N. Y.


286
[May 1,
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THE DIAL
A Semi-fionthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago.
No. 238.
MAY 16, 1896.
Vol. XX.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
PLAYING WITH FIRE
293
FROM AVALON. (Poem.) Emily Huntington Miller 295
SHAKESPEARE IN LEXICOGRAPHY. F. Horace
Teall
295
COMMUNICATIONS
297
Mr. Stephen Crane and his Critics. Sydney Brooks.
Journalistic Authorities on English. Caskie Har-
rison.
A Word from a Reviewer of Arnold's Letters.
E. G. J.
LIFE AND LETTERS OF DR. HOLMES. E. G. J. 299
KOREAN GAMES. Frederick Starr .
302
LOUIS AGASSIZ. David Starr Jordan
304
THE TEACHING OF LATIN. B. L. D'Ooge . 306
SOME RECENT EDUCATIONAL BOOKS. Hiram
M, Stanley
307
Miss Aiken's Methods of Mind Training. – Mann's
School Recreations and Amusements.-Miss Wiggin's
Froebel's Gifts and Froebel's Occupations. — Miss
Blow's Froebel's Mother Play. - Rogs's The School
System of Ontario. - Hinsdale's Studies in Edaca-
tion. - Lukens's The Connection between Thought
and Memory.- Holman's Education.
SOME HISTORICAL LITERATURE, James West-
fall Thompson
308
Makower's Constitutional History of the Church of
England. - McKinnon's The Union of England and
Scotland.- Vincent's The Age of Hildebrand. - Be-
sant's Westminster. – Miss Hodges's Some Ancient
English Homes. — Inderwick's The King's Peace.-
Cheney's Social Changes in England in the Sixteenth
Century.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
310
Helps for the student of Tennyson.- Professor Ray-
mond's latest volume on ästhetics.-A field surgeon's
experiences in the Franco-German War.- Journey-
ings along the coast of Southern France. - A con-
scientious biography of Madame Roland.—The Egypt
of the Hebrews. — The makers of Modern Rome.-
A cheery volume of wholesome fun. President
Stryker's essays and addresses.
BRIEFER MENTION
314
LITERARY NOTES
314
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
315
PLAYING WITH FIRE.
A measure is now under consideration in the
national Congress which should call forth an
indignant protest from all persons who are inter-
ested in the education of youth, as well as from
all persons who stand for the belief that civili-
zation means something very different from the
rule of brute force, something entirely unlike
the militant organization which seems to be the
accepted ideal of European society at the pres-
ent day. The measure in question is styled “A
Bill to establish a bureau of military education
and to promote the adoption of uniform mili-
tary drill in the public schools of the several
States and Territories.” It has had two read.
ings in the Senate, and is now in the hands of
the Senate Committee on Military Affairs. It
contemplates the creation in the War Depart-
ment of a new Bureau, the preparation of a
text-book of drill regulations adapted to the use
of public schools, the free distribution of such
book to the schools that may apply for it, and
the direct encouragement of military training
for schoolboys throughout the country. This
measure is a natural consequence of the tall
talk about war that has been heard so frequently
of late in the Capitol at Washington, and made
so much of by sensational newspapers almost
everywhere. In the present inflamed condition
of a considerable section of public opinion it is
not impossible that such a measure, obnoxious
as it is to every genuine educator and every
right-thinking person, may find its way to the
statute-book, unless the opposition of the sober-
minded shall find prompt and vigorous expres-
sion.
One of the greatest dangers to which our
public schools are exposed is that of the raids
so frequently made upon them by bands of well-
meaning but ill-balanced riders of hobbies. One
set of people gets the notion that some form of
mechanical discipline in morals and religion is
greatly needed, and moves heaven and earth to
secure the introduction of Bible-readers or eth-
ical catechisms into the school curricula. An-
other set becomes possessed of the fantastic
idea that our children need more than anything
else to be guarded against the danger of becom-
ing drunkards, and drafts measures (like the
monstrous legislation recently enacted in New
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.


294
[May 16,
THE DIAL
York) for the compulsory adoption of what is and improving the respiration and circulation,
called scientific instruction in temperance," a and thereby improving the general health and
kind of instruction which is usually repudiated condition of the system. We must further
by those who have a right to speak for science, conclude that in case of
conclude that in case of any malformation, local
and which proves to be temperate only in name. weakness, or constitutional debility, the drill
Another set of hobbyists finds in manual train- tends, by its strain upon the nerves and pro-
ing a panacea for all social ills, and does its best longed tension on the muscles, to increase the
to convert our schools into carpentry kindergar- defects rather than to relieve them.” Those
tens. Raids of this sort upon public education who have a constitutional prejudice against
have become alarmingly frequent of late, and professors"and their opinions may be referred
it is not surprising that some of our congress to the views of Lieutenant-Colonel Edmands of
men should wish to organize a foray of their the Boston Cadets, to whom no one will be
own. Fortunately, our decentralized system of likely to refuse the title of “
of “practical man,”
education makes it impossible for the national and who says: “I only know that school drill
government to do anything mandatory, and mil. injures the militia service, and I never saw a
itary drill cannot be imposed upon the schools school successfully drilled. In Boston the
of
any State without its own consent. Still, it effect of school drill has been to make boys
is desirable that the friends of education do round-shouldered and narrow-chested. I never
everything possible to prevent such a bill as saw a school company well set up in my life.”
that now under consideration from passing into As for the argument based upon the immi-
law, and we are glad to observe that the Amer. nence of war, and the importance of being pre-
ican Humanitarian League and other bodies pared to fight when the time comes, it really
have undertaken the organization of an active amounts, when used in defence of military drill
opposition to the measure.
for schoolboys, to an insidious plea for the
There are only two arguments that can pos abandonment of the policy which has caused
sibly be urged in favor of military discipline this nation to make so unprecedented a pro-
for our schoolboys. One of them is that war gress in wealth and power. Happy as we are
will remain a normal accompaniment of civil- in climate, in vigorous national stock, and in
ization, and that training for war is conse-
richness of natural resources, we are happiest
quently an essential part of the education of of all in our freedom from any necessity of
the male citizen. The other argument is that taking upon our shoulders the crushing burden
military discipline serves a useful purpose in of militarism. No power in the world wants
itself, being the best means of securing physical to make war upon the United States, or would
vigor and a manly carriage.
dream of attacking them except upon the
The second of these arguments is easily to strongest provocation. As far as the question
be disposed of. The few hours of military of war and peace is concerned, the future is
drill that are all it would be possible to provide absolutely in our own hands, and no nation in
for in any public-school system would not go history has ever had our opportunity of show-
far in securing the physical results that we may ing how vastly more important than the victo-
admit to be desirable. On the other hand, we ries of war are the victories of peace. To con-
believe that the best authorities regard military template a military future for this Republic, to
drill as a very imperfect means of physical de encourage the hot-headed minority who would
velopment, and much inferior to the scientific like to look forward to such a future, is sheer
systems of our better gymnasia. Dr. Sargent, of madness, and anything that remotely tends to
the Harvard Gymnasium, for example, says arouse or to strengthen the military spirit in
that military drill does not, to any extent, meet our population, should be frowned upon by
the physiological demands of the body. He everyone who has at heart the interests of civ-
then goes on to deny the common statement ilization.
that drill tends to make young men erect and The gravest objection to such a bill as that
graceful, and sums up his opinion of the mat which has occasioned these remarks is not, then,
ter in the following weighty paragraph : “After that it would cost money, or that it would divert
taking the most favorable view possible of mil. educational forces from their proper channel, or
itary drill as a physical exercise, we are led to that it would provide for physical training of
conclude that its constrained positions and a sort inferior to that already provided in our
closely localized movements do not afford the schools, but rather, in the words of the New York
essential requisites for developing the muscles | “Nation,” that it “springs from the same sense-


1896.]
295
THE DIAL
less and brutal war-spirit that is making wreck
SHAKESPEARE IN LEXICOGRAPHY.
of so many public reputations, and continually
threatening to embroil us with other nations. This subject is suggested as one of practical im-
What its promoters really have in mind is, not portance, in connection with recent and present
physical exercise, not parades and displays, but development in university study of English, by the
the spreading in childish minds of the idea that special prominence of Shakespeare in the university
courses. Lexicography seems to be the most impor-
fighting is the noblest occupation of man, that
tant channel through which the results of “higher
we are all the while exposed to insults and ag-
criticism ” in English, that can be attained origi-
gressions, and must be ready to whip all crea-
nally only by the few fortunate university students,
tion on call. Now the boys have too much of may be communicated to the many who must depend
this idea already. It is in their minds that upon the scholars for information and guidauce.
the furibund patriotism of Lodge and Frye Dictionaries of English have made wonderful ad-
finds most admiration in fact, so far as we
vances, both in method and in clearness and accu-
have observed, its only admiration. What they racy, but the possibilities are still far beyond the
need, together with their fellow juveniles in the
actualities. The field for new lexicographic work
United States Senate, is, not military drill, but
will be open as long as one of these possibilities is
unconquered, and this means practically always.
instruction in good manners, in the arts and Shakespeare is the author who farnishes the best
love of peace, and in ambition to make the
means of testing the work already done, and of indi-
country decent and habitable instead of feared.”
cating a special need of improvement, but without
It is for these reasons that we hope and trust intending disparagement of present accomplishment
that the objectionable measure will fail to be save in the matter of a few details.
come law — as it certainly must fail if those Writing of the teaching of English in American
who are opposed to it, and to the spirit which universities, very few of the twenty professors who
it represents, will only take the trouble to make contribute to a book recently published fail to men-
their feelings known to their representatives in
tion Shakespeare especially, and some of them even
Congress. There is no partisanship in a ques-
say that his writings are made a special and sepa-
rate study. In the introduction to the book is the
tion like this, and consequently nothing to pre- following: “If literature is to count for so much
vent good men of all parties from joining in the
among our higher interests, the manner in which we
effort to defeat so pernicious a piece of proposed set about to prepare the way for it is surely of the
legislation.
utmost importance, and any misdirection of energy
in this preparation means an almost incalculable
loss." Can there be any question that false defini-
FROM AVALON.
tions of words, sometimes involving a most absurd
It is not lost, that green and tranquil isle,
contradiction of terms, exemplify a misdirection of
Encircled by the arms of summer tides,
energy? And is not the dictionary the commonest
That sway, and smile, and whisper of the sea.
tool in the preparation spoken of?
Not far away it lies; its fragrant shades
Professor Dodge of the University of Illinois
Shot through by golden lances of the sun,
says: “Of far greater importance [than the study of
And stirred by gentle airs that wander still
Chaucer) is the question of how to approach Shake-
On noiseless feet, to find the chamber fair
speare. It is bad enough to confine ourselves to the
Where, couched on mystic herbs and asphodel, grammatical forms of Chaucer; it is little far [sic]
Healed of his hurts, King Arthur lies asleep. from criminal to do so with [sic] our mighty dram-
Oft have I found its shelter. When the stress
atist. Not that the grammatical and linguistic side
Of warring winds, and sharp tumultuous storms
Have left me spent and breathless on the field,
shall be ignored; it must, however, be reduced to a
Then my swift thoughts, for healing and for rest,
minimum, as a means to a greater end. Richard
Bear me away to peaceful Avalon.
Grant White to the contrary, Shakespeare requires
The sweet enchantments of the bounteous queen
much annotation of various kinds, in order that the
Have changed the shifting waves to fields of rye, study may yield its full return.” (En passant, would
And seas of meadow-grass, that softly break not the last sentence be much better with the initia-
Against the low-browed wall that shuts about tory word notwithstanding?) An inference natu-
The blessed trees, veiled in eternal bloom.
rally drawn from this criticism - namely, that Mr.
The bees make happy tumult, and the air
White asserts that little annotation is necessary
Quivers with gauzy, bright-winged, dancing motes
And small white butterflies go shimmering by,
seems to be somewhat inaccurate; closer to the truth
Silent as souls, among the scented boughs.
would be an assertion that more annotation is neces-
The skies bend low; the pale moon idly drifts,
sary
than he made. His notes really are very mea-
A phantom ship, to some celestial port,
gre, notwithstanding his explicit claim of sufficient
And night and day flow on in still content
copiousness made as follows in the preface to the
Through blissful years, in changeless Avalon. Riverside Shakespeare: “In determining what pag-
EMILY HUNTINGTON MILLER. sages were sufficiently obscure to justify explanation,


296
[May 16,
THE DIAL
..
99
the editor, following eminent example, took advice passes to the figure of a running stream, suggested
of his washerwoman, and also of the correctors of in turn by “damm’st.” Certainly this is not a re-
the press in the office in which the edition was sult of carelessness.
printed, to whose intelligent suggestions and thought The lexicographers class an astonishing number
ful care he owes much which it gives him pleasure of word-uses as obsolete. When a word occurs in a
to acknowledge. He therefore ventures to say to way not immediately recognized as one of its familiar
any reader who may not be able to understand a uses, the conclusion seems to be reached at once that
passage which is left without remark, that the fault it must stand in some old and disused sense, and a
may possibly be that of some other person than the separate definition is made for it on that basis.
poet or the editor.” This evidently means that the Would it not be more accurate and scholarly to as-
editor thinks he has explained everything that needs sign a current meaning wherever that is possible?
explanation. His claim is strengthened by the more Many of Shakespeare's words treated as obsolete by
explicit following assertion : “Explanation of obso lexicographers are readily explainable as used in
lete words and phrases is given wherever it is needed, still current senses, in some cases by considering the
and as often as occasion requires. ... Every word phrasing as merely elliptical, and in some by slight
that needs explanation is explained in this edition extension or alteration of the wording of familiar
whenever and wherever it occurs, unless, indeed, it definitions, without actual change in their purport.
is found twice in the same scene : in which case In “ The Merry Wives of Windsor,” act ii., scene
repetition was deemed superfluous."
2, Ford says to Sir John Falstaff, “Now, Sir John,
Shakespeare undoubtedly used many words that here is the heart of my purpose: you are a gentle-
are now obsolete, and many others in senses no man of excellent breeding, admirable discourse, of
longer living. It would not be difficult to find in any great admittance.” Admittance as here used is de-
unabridged dictionary a large number of instances fined in Webster's “ Unabridged” as “the custom
of both kinds not noted by Mr. White, and often or prerogative of being admitted "; Worcester de
the reason for his omission of explanation must have fines it as "custom or privilege of being admitted
been failure to perceive a common need. Research to great persons "; the “Imperial Dictionary" says
in the case of some of these words discloses a ten it means “the custom or privilege of being admitted
dency to lexicographic error; and this is very un to the society of the great "; the “Century” pre-
fortunate, because ordinary readers will refer to serves the “Imperial" definition; and Dr. Murray's
dictionaries for definitions of words they do not “ New English Dictionary” gives the definition,
understand, and naturally will accept what is found “the habit or faculty of being admitted.” All these
there as correct.
dictionaries
say
that the word in this use is obsolete.
It is to be presumed that lexicographers, in defin Webster's “Unabridged " and the Imperial" give
ing Shakespearean words, consult the works of spe this quotation : “Now, Sir John, you are a gentle-
cial students ; therefore the specialists must be con man of excellent breeding, of great admit-
sidered the prime authorities. Have the specialists tance." Worcester's quotation is the same, but with
habitually selected the most profitable and reason no mark of elision. It is a point of comparatively
able starting-point for their word-studies? A very slight importance, but both elisions should have been
interesting and entertaining phase of Shakespeare's noted, as they are in the “Century.”. All these lex-
writing is the abandon with which he uttered seem icographers seem to have been misled by what ap-
ing solecisms, this fact having led to some strange peared to be an uncommon use of the word, and to
misunderstanding of the spirit in which it was done, have manufactured definitions accordingly; while
and to destructive criticism, on the score of care-
the fact is that this word is used in its common
lessness, of some of his grandest work. Thus, Mr. meaning, and the part of the sentence that needs
White attributes to Shakespeare a habit of writing explanation (if any is needed) is the two words of
carelessly, in frequent foot-notes such as “ heedlessly great. The passage means a gentleman command-
written, one of Si's
many reckless twists of lan- ing much admittance," and the quotation would be
guage,” etc. For instance, in “ The Two Gentlemen properly placed under Webster's second definition
of Verona," act ii., scene 7, is the following: -- Permission to enter ; the power or right of en-
Lucetta. I do not seek to quench your love's hot fire, trance; and hence, actual entrance.” Mr. White
But qualify the fire's extreme rage,
had good reason for neglecting explanation of this
Lest it should burn above the bounds of reason.
Julia. The more thou damm’st it up, the more it burns.”
passage, for it means exactly what the words say in
their common acceptation.
Mr. White's note on this is : “ the more it burns.
In the first act of “Cymbeline,” fourth scene,
An example of S.'s carelessness, followed by one of
the most charming and exquisitely written passages
Imogen says to Pisanio, speaking of Posthumus's
departure :
of his lighter style." Is not this rather an example
"Thou shouldst have made him
of W.'s careless or unappreciative criticism? Hav-
As little as a crow, or less, ere left
ing likened love's glow to fire, and spoken of con-
To after-eye him."
fining it within bounds, the poet has Julia use the Webster's “Unabridged” has no entry of after-eye ;
word “damm’st,” as the monosyllable most natu the “ International” says it is poetic, meaning " to
rally suggested by what has gone before, and then look after.” Worcester enters it as v. a. (verb ac-


1896.]
297
THE DIAL
speare had.
tive), marks it obsolete, and defines it: “To keep definition seems to be “permanent separation or
one in view ; to look after one.” The “Imperial disunion of things naturally united,” in this case the
enters it as v. t. (verb transitive), defines it as if body and the soul. Here the lexicographers had
intransitive and as a living word, “ to keep one in not even the excuse of real unfamiliarity for calling
view," and has let instead of left in the quotation. the particular use of the word obsolete, since it is
The “Century" gives the word as obsolete, mean identical with that in such an expression as “divorce
ing “ to keep in view.” The passage means that of church and state.” Any one who chose to write
Pisanio should not have stopped looking until Post “the long divorce of," instead of death caused by,"
humus had gone entirely out of reach of vision, and would have the same right to do so, and the same
“ keep in view" expresses the object of the action, expectation of easy understanding, that Shake-
not the meaning of the verb, which is simply, as
Murray correctly gives it, “to follow with the eye, It seems clear that literal construing of literal
to look after.” Murray's only fault is that he says passages, not only in Shakespeare but in all litera-
the word is obsolete, thus implying that it was once ture, should be the first aim of commentators, and
current. In fact, it was a nonce-word, and is as that it should be in keeping with the current lan-
good now as it ever was, should one choose to use it. guage as far as possible. Of course Shakespeare
In the first act of “Measure for Measure," fourth and his contemporaries used many words that are
scene, the Duke says to Friar Thomas :
not now used, and all of their now disused expres-
"And to behold his sway,
sions should be explained in the light of their own
I will, as 't were a brother of your order,
time; but the discrimination should be made much
Visit both prince and people; therefore, I p'rythee,
more carefully than it has been.
Supply mo with the habit, and instruct me
Will the true spirit of literature be fully and ac-
How I may formally in person bear me
Like a true friar."
curately understood, in secondary schools or in uni-
Webster's “ Unabridged,” Worcester, and the “Im-
versities, or anywhere, until such evil results of mis-
perial” give as a separate definition of bear as an
directed energy are eradicated? Only one important
intransitive verb, “to act in any character, to
example has been considered here, but the evil is far
more extensive. For instance, how can a writer be
behave,” except that the “ Imperial” omits “to be-
have," and all mark it obsolete. None of the others
accepted as final authority as a thinker who exploits
gives the passage quoted. Worcester and the “ Im-
such inaccuracies of thought as the assertion that
“ redness is the name of a color”? G. P. Marsh
perial " quote -
“Instruct me
said this in one of his lectures on the English lan-
How I may formally in person bear
guage, and John Stuart Mill said the same thing
Like a true friar."
of whiteness. The simplest common sense should
Webster quotes in one line, “ Instruct me how I may preclude such assertions from being possible to any
bear like a true friar." This similarity of treat one, especially to a logician. Some way mast be
ment, with its absurd error, evidently arises from found to make them impossible if we are ever to
the fact that some editions of Shakespeare have the enjoy really accurate literary scholarship.
line without the pronoun me (probably because of
F. HORACE TEALL.
misunderstanding the old reflexive form beare, a
dissylable), but at least five editions, including the
Riverside, give the pronoun.
In the first scene of the second act of “ King
COMMUNICATIONS.
Henry VIII.,' Buckingham says:
MR. STEPHEN CRANE AND HIS CRITICS.
“Go with me, like good angels, to my end ;
And, as the long divorce of steel falls on me,
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Make of your prayers one sweet sacrifice,
It really requires some courage to confess it, but I
And lift my soul to heaven."
was one of the first English reviewers to whose lot fell
Worcester defines this word divorce as “the cause
the reviewing of Mr. Stephen Crane’s book, “ The Red
of separation,” and Webster's “ Unabridged” and Badge of Courage.” Worse still—a quite damning fact,
I fear-I even ventured to praise it. Mr. Crane I had
the “Imperial”say “the cause of penal separation." never heard of when his book came to me in the ordi-
Webster's “ International” says “that which sepa nary course of business, but I read the volume with the
rates." All these works say the word in this use greatest interest; I thought it in many ways a remark-
is obsolete. The word was never used, and never able performance, and I did my best to give reasons for
could be used, with the meaning given in these defi the faith that was in me. But apparently it is a subtle
nitions. That which is named in the passage is
insult for an Englishman to praise an American book.
not a cause, nor an agent or instrument, but an effect
I used to think that a good book was a good book the
caused by the stroke of steel, and the line is ellip-
whole world over. It is only since landing in this coun-
tical, “ as the long divorce (of soul and body) of
try and picking up THE DIAL of April 16 that I have
learned better. Your correspondent, “ A. C. McC.,” is
[that is, caused by] steel falls on me.” Divorce
my authority. Now, I am truly sorry that any criticisms
as here used means just what the “Century Diction-
of mine or of my brother reviewers in London should
ary” says it does, “complete separation, absolute have so annoyed your correspondent, for he evidently
disjunction,” though a better, because more explicit, was very much annoyed. He came out on the warpath,


298
[May 16,
THE DIAL
of Mr. Crane's work. The book can take care of itself
quite well. I was surprised at “A. C. McC.'s " singular
criticisms, and thought that a few words from "the other
side” might be fairly called for. SYDNEY BROOKS.
Chicago, May 9, 1896.
arrested Mr. Crane as a literary spy, court-martialled
him, and shot the poor fellow off-hand.
This book, says "A. C. McC." in effect, cannot be a
good one for Americans to read because the English
bave praised it. He puts the whole thing in a nutshell,
you see. This English praise, he is convinced, is a Gre-
cian gift. I personally thought I was merely pointing
out the merits of what seemed to me a book that de-
served some notice. But he saw the ambush we English
reviewers were laying. Deep under our affected enthusi-
asm for this young writer was an intense desire to insult
America. It sounds oddly, does n't it? But he has
chapter and verse to prove it. He comes across some
cruel, senseless gibes at the Union soldiers in “ Black-
wood's Magazine." They are over thirty years old, and
to-day, from one end of England to the other, you could
not find a man to express anything but the bitterest
shame of them. But what of that? « There," exclaims
“ A. C. McC." exultantly, “ that is why these English
are praising Stephen Crane. The hero of his book is a
coward. Thirty years ago an ignorant British maga-
zine talked of the swift-footed warriors of Bull's Run.'
Don't you see the connection? It is all a deep-laid
plot to throw mud at American soldiers.” To be sure!
And so when I sat, pipe in mouth, a peaceable, jaded
reviewer, happy to have come across a book above the
dull dead level, my mind was really full of schemes for
avenging Bunker's Hill!
Your correspondent's letter is a compound of mis-
judged patriotism and bad criticism. Take only these
two sentences.
JOURNALISTIC AUTHORITIES ON ENGLISH.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In the February “ Bookman,” Mr. Richard Burton
reproaches Mr. Robert Barr for his heterodoxies on
shall and will. Mr. Burton pronounces the philosophy
of the auxiliaries as simple as the familiar table he gives;
but Mr. Burton is apparently ignorant that this table
leaves out all the real difficulties and most of the import-
ant doctrine. Questions and dependent sentences of the
various forms comprehend most possibilities of violat-
ing the accepted canons; and Mr. Burton's confidence
is evidently based mainly on deficient understanding of
the scope of his subject.
the gaping Mc. Barton tells us that the diferences be-
tween shall and will have been “perpetuated and
adorned by the choicest and happiest writers for some
six hundred years.” On the other hand, authorities like
Mätzner, Abbott, Latham, Emerson, and Kellner, tell us
that the distinction is of very recent origin and of not
invariable demarcation; and the testimony of Blackburn's
capital study is in substantial harmony with their views.
Shakespeare and King James's translators certainly
lived less than six hundred years ago, yet they did not
succeed in mastering " the very different shadings of
satire upon American soldiers and American armies." Finally, Mr. Burton does « not hesitate to say cate-
But
Respect for our own people should have prevented its gorically that no great English stylist can be mentioned
issue in this country.” A curious attitude to take up who does not uniformly prove himself a master of the
towards a book, unworthy of an American, as it seems very different shadings gained by the proper handling
to me, and peculiarly unworthy of an American who, as of these auxiliary words.” We have already been
I hear, fought through the war with distinction. I will forced to expel Shakespeare and King James's transla-
say at once that no such idea ever presented itself to a tors from the fold of “choicest and happiest writers":
single Englishman into whose hands the book fell. The now we must exclude from the number of “great En-
most insignificant thing about the book, the one point glish stylists” various impostors who have so long hyp-
which every sensible reviewer would at once dismiss notized critics. Stevenson is by no means an uncommon
from his mind as quite immaterial, is the fact that the offender in this particular, in spite of Mr. Burton's
hero fought for the North. If he had been an English- eulogistic exemption; while Arnold, Ruskin, Brooke,
man in the ditches before Sebastopol, or a Frenchman at Hughes, Myers, Eliot, Symonds, Newman, Thackeray,
Sedan, the book would have been just as remarkable, and Dickens, Lytton, also forfeit their claim, not necessarily
the praise of the English journals no less warm. to general good behavior, but absolutely to impeccabil-
to “A. C. McC." Mr. Crane's one unforgivable crime ity: not one of them is “faultily faultless"; every one
lies in portraying a Northerner who fled from the field. of them is at times guilty of a mishandling that, accord-
Scarcely less wrong-headed is your correspondent's ing to Mr. Burton, “bespeaks the lack of literary expe-
criticism of the book as a piece of literature. He has rience." I hold myself ready to furnish citations to
missed the whole point of the tale. Part of Mr. Crane's doubters.
plan, I take it, was to give an idea of the impressions Why the “ Bookman” should allow its limited space
made on a raw recruit by the movements of a regiment to be used by Mr. Barr and Mr. Burton for such pur-
in battle. Who can doubt that to a man who but yester poses, I cannot divine, any more than I can pretend to
day was working at the plough the whole thing appears estimate what Mr. Burton risks in his categorical asser-
one intolerable confusion ? As for the style in which tions. Mr. Burton certainly has a very superficial knowl-
the book is written, "A. C. McC.” finds in it “an entire edge of shall and will, of the development of English
lack of any literary quality." Mr. Crane, once more, usage, of the diction of English stylists; and perhaps
is an author"utterly without merit.” No half-measures that is the very reason why, in an age that has abjured
with “ A. C. McC.” Again quotations are at hand. De the last superstitions of noble minds — the divine right
tached sentences are given, and anything disapproved of kings, verbal inspiration, papal infallability, and the
of is italicised. The odd part about it is that most of innate superiority of woman alike - he “perpetuates
the expressions thus crucified seem to me admirable and and adorns" an impossible fetich. There is, neither in
picturesque. That there is a youthful and occasionally instinct nor in self-conscious analytical explanation, any
reckless daring about some, is true enough. But on the such guarantee of immunity as Mr. Burton's optimism
whole I am prepared to back Mr. Crane's sense of lan assumes. The writers above specified do not, it is true,
guage against “ A. C. McC.'s."
exemplify to a very trying extent the American and
However, I am concerned little here with the merits the Keltic tendency towards “I will" for "I shall,”


1896.)
299
THE DIAL
," we
though they do at times exemplify it too far to jus-
tify proximate infallibility; but they freely use “I
The New Books.
would” for “ I should,” « will you” for “shall you,”
while “would ” is by them used almost indifferently
with “should " or to its supersedure, in certain forms of
LIFE AND LETTERS OF DR. HOLMES.*
dependent sentence.
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes says somewhere,
Apropos of the “ Bookman" and English, that jour-
nal's April inquiry of the Poet Laureate illustrates the touching a class of authors who have been sar-
difficulty of getting and keeping any faith once de- castically charged with arming the King of
livered to any saints. The “ Bookman ” asks the Lau-
Terrors with a new sting for eminent people,
reate to give the construction of " seat” in “who was
given a seat”- a point, another point, of sympathetic
“ I should like to see any man's biography with
contact with the “Sun." A college professor of Latin
corrections and emendations by his ghost. ...
ought to find commonplace the conversion of dative with Just imagine the subject of one of those extra-
active to subject with passive, the accusative remaining ordinary fictions called biographies coming back
a phenomenon which has been immemorial in En-
and reading the life of himself, written very
glish. (See Gil. L. G., p. 152, bot.; Good. Gk. Gr.,
$1236; Řellner, Eng. Syntax, pp. 93, 226; Mason, Eng: probably by someone or other who thought he
Gram., $187; Whitney, Essentials, $305; Maätzner 2,
could turn a penny by doing it.” Were it pos-
212.). A common example is “ He was asked a ques-
sible for the Autocrat himself to revisit with
tion" from " I asked him a question," him being orig- critical intent “the glimpses of the moon,"
inally dative. Matthew Arnold says (Letters, Vol. 2,
p. 403) " I was shown the Green River”; Hutton (Con- little to alter or seriously except to in Mr.
venture to say his honored shade would find
temp. Thought, 2, 264), “a mediæval saint is given
credit": Hampole (ap. Kellner, p. 226). “I fand Jesus Morse's delightful “ Life and Letters of Oliver
gyffene galle to drinke": Stevenson (Virg. Puer., p. 96) Wendell Holmes," now before us. Mr. Morse
“ these persons had been whispered the promise": Andrews, has given us a satisfactory biography and a
E. B. (Hist. U. S., I., 134), “all felonies were awarded
capital punishment.” Examples can be multiplied indefi- rarely entertaining book as well — despite the
nitely from all ages and forms of English, for the con-
fact that the career he depicts was, as he says,
struction is natural and unimpeachable, in spite of the outwardly so uneventful “ that the utter absence
“ Bookman's "ignorance; and " it is so," even though we of anything in it to remark upon became in
fail to see in the "Sun" or elsewhere “in our midst.” itself remarkable." Dr. Holmes, as we know,
The “Sun "indeed goes so far with its misapplied preju-
dices as to deny the validity of “Mr. Reed was presented
in his youth spent two years abroad as a med-
with a gavel,” “ merely because the gavel and not Mr. ical student, and he revisited Europe for three
Reed was presented "; whereas the double construction months in his old age; these were the only
of present has never, I believe, been questioned by any marked aberrations from the narrow orbit of
body: verily, the veteran editor here stands so straight
as to bend backwards. Yet, such is the irony of fate
a tranquil professional and literary life passed,
and the tendency of human nature to break out even
one may say, in the shadow of that State House
amongst the Shakers - as Artemus Ward puts it – in which one of his characters, with a cheerful
his New Haven lecture on Lincoln, Mr. Dana is reported and abiding faith in things Bostonian, styles
in the “Sun” as saying, “ Now we are denied this right”
“the hub of the solar system.” The Doctor's
-an involuntary, and hence a more significant, tribute
to the vitality of true doctrine. Indeed, not only is the
life was entirely that of the private citizen.
construction sustained by the consensus of authority
Unlike many contemporary men of letters, he
and illustrated by every natural writer of English, but never shone, nor sought to shine, in politics ;
(as Mr. Dana's lapse shows) it is hopeless to try to elude he never held, nor “ran for," any office; he
it: naturam expellas furca, lamen usque recurret.
resisted the efforts made to draw him into a
CASKIE HARRISON.
Brooklyn, N. Y., May 7, 1896.
more militant part in the political struggles
which resulted in the abolition of slavery ; less
A WORD FROM A REVIEWER OF ARNOLD'S justly perhaps than any of his illustrious friends
LETTERS.
could he, recalling the stirring events of his
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
time, have added, “Et quorum pars magna fui.”
As Professor Tolman's forcible « Word about Book-
Making" in your issue of May 1 is particularly ad-
The autobiography upon which Dr. Holmes
dressed “ to those who review books in the pages of THE is pretty generally supposed to have been en-
Dial," I beg leave to say that my review in THE DIAL gaged for some time prior to his death dwindles
of Dec. 16 of the “ Letters of Matthew Arnold” (a book
in point of fact into some scattered notes and
justly cited by Professor Tolman as indicating some lack
on its editor's part of “the index-making conscience")
memoranda, mainly early reminiscences jotted
closes with a devout prayer that “subsequent editions
down at odd moments, without method, connec-
of the Letters be provided “with what are very essen-
tion, or revision. These occupy a chapter of
tial to their convenience and usefulness, a table of con-
* LIFE AND LETTERS OF OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES. By
tents and an index."
E. G. J. John T. Morse, Jr. In two volumes, illustrated. Boston:
Chicago, May 4, 1896.
Houghton, Mimpin & Co.


300
[May 16,
THE DIAL
some twenty odd pages in the present work, of his own family. These early letters are
and Mr. Morse has wisely printed them almost mainly such as any clever young man with a
intact. They are sprinkled with allusions to good flow of wit and animal spirits might write
the writer's old bugbear, Calvinism, and con under like circumstances. There is an occa-
tain some amusing memories of the clergymen sional twinkle in them of the peculiar humor of
with whom his father used to exchange pulpits. the future “ Autocrat,” and one is even led to
These clergymen be divides into two classes : suspect that there was a certain tincture of the
pleasant men (if a trifle weak in the theolog- ways of the young fellow called John” in the
ical joints), with a cheerful look and smile in Doctor's youthful make-up. Indeed, Mr. Morse
spite of its being the Sabbath day; and men admits (rather gingerly) that his distinguished
of grim and dejected mien whose presence lent relative had always “a considerable infusion of
additional gloom to the Puritan Sunday, and the sporting man’ in his composition.”
He
who preached, as they phrased it, “as dying was for years a zealous boating man, and
men to dying men.'
boasted a small fleet of his own (including a
“ To one of the most distinguished leaders of the Or “shell”) on the Charles River; he owned to a
thodox party I had an instinctive dislike from early penchant for the “ ring,” possessed the “ Box-
childhood. I was told that I laughed when I went to
church and heard him preach. I remember upsetting
iana” prints, and has preserved more than one
his inkstand, which left a very black spot in my mem-
doughty modern Entellus in the amber of his
ory.
Another had a twist in his mouth that knocked racy prose; he loved a good horse (one of his
a benediction out of shape, and proved afterwards to most cherished European memories was that he
have a twist in his morals of a still more formidable
saw " Plenipotentiary” win the Derby), was
character."
learned in equine matters, and used to say, when
As to his early reading, the Doctor says:
a young physician, that what he liked best
“I read few books through. I remember writing on about practising medicine was that“ he had to
the last page of one that I had successfully mastered, keep a horse and chaise.” Mr. Morse draws
perlegi, with the sense that it was a great triumph to
have read quite through a volume of such size. But I
an amusing picture of the young practitioner
have always read in books rather than through them, charging about the country in this ambitious
and always with more profit from the books I read in vehicle — a "one-hoss-shay," apparently, of the
than the books I read through; for when I set out to
type of the Deacon's masterpiece:
read through a book, I always felt that I had a task be-
fore me, but when I read in a book it was the page or
“ In one of the clumsy great vehicles of that day,
the paragraph that I wanted, and which left its impres-
swung upon huge C springs, vibrating in every direction,
sion and
became part of my intellectual furniture."
the little gentleman used to appear advancing along the
road, at once in peril and a cause of peril, bouncing inse-
Pope's Homer was his prime favorite.
curely upon the seat, and driving always a mettlesome
“... To the present time the grand couplets ring
steed at an audacious speed."
in my ears and stimulate my imagination, in spite of Dr. Holmes, as we know, won no marked suc-
their formal symmetry, which makes them hateful to
cess as a practising physician. His reputation
the lawless versifiers who find anthems in the clash of
blacksmiths' hammers, and fugues in the jangle of
as “a gay young fellow," as a jester (he an-
sleigh-bells."
nounced to his prospective clients that their
Of another book which was early put in his
6 smallest fevers would be thankfully re-
hands the Doctor observes :
ceived"), and still more as a poet (he recklessly
Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress ' — that wonderful published a book of poems at the outset of his
work of imagination, with all its beauty and power
medical career), were at first sorely against
seemed to me then, as it does now, more like the bunt- him; and he soon drifted to the academic side
ing of sinners with a pack of demons for the amusement
of his profession. Here, his influence for good
of the Lord of the terrestrial manor than like the ten-
der care of a father for his offspring. . . . It represents
must have been, as an English writer observes,
the universe as a trap which catches most of the human
incalculable. Thoroughly versed in the theory
vermin that have its bait dangled before them, and the and practice of his calling, of keen insight into
only wonder is that a few escape the elaborate arrange- facts, alert, kindly, sympathetic, gifted with
ments made for their capture.”
rare power of concise, racy expression, and of
What Dr. Holmes was and how he fared dur- singular personal charm, it is indeed difficult
ing his student days at Harvard and at Paris is to conceive of a man more fitted to shine in the
chiefly to be gathered from two groups of let role of teacher. Mr. Morse does full justice, in
ters (given by Mr. Morse in separate chapters an interesting chapter studded with tributes
in their chronological place in the narrative), from ex-pupils and former co-workers, to Dr.
the one group addressed to an Andover school Holmes's academic labors and services. To
friend, Phineas Barnes, the other to members teach something thoroughly was his ideal.
:


1896.]
301
THE DIAL
66
year.”
Smatterings, and the conceit of half knowledge, ficult to assign a fair poetical analogue; but,
were odious to Dr. Holmes; and as in this country they applying Matthew Arnold's test, do not the
rise to the dignity of a national characteristic, he had to
quaint, crisp versicles, half-playful, half-tearful,
wage unresting war against them. He said: Our Amer-
ican atmosphere is vocal with the flippant loquacity of
fall below such high and genuine work as this ?
half knowledge. We must accept wbatever good can “This is the ship of pearl, which, poets feign,
be got out of it, and keep it under as we do sorrel and Sails the unshadowed main,-
mullein and witchgrass, by enriching the soil, and sow-
The venturous bark that Alings
ing good seed in plenty; by teaching and good books,
On the sweet summer wind its purpled wings
In gulfs enchanted, where the Siren sings,
rather than by wasting time in talking against it. Half
And coral reefs lie bare,
knowledge dreads nothing but whole knowledge."
Where the cold sea-maids rise to sun their streaming hair."
In the spirit of the foregoing, Dr. Holmes Summarizing his view of the poetry, Mr. Morse
used to express an indignant contempt for the concludes :
notion, once prevalent, and now mildly recrud.
“ There may, therefore, be doubt whether or not
escent in the form of a pseudo-literary fad, that Holmes was a great, inspired poet; but there is no doubt
a proper way of showing “ American independ- at all that he was a charming singer, according to a dis-
ence of England” was to forswear “good En tinction which, it must be admitted, would affect the
glish” in speaking and writing, and affect an
standing of some of the most delightful versifiers from
the days of Sappho and Anacreon down to this current
unwashed dialect, redolent of the soil" and
patriotically free from the taint of a mean sub-
Dr. Holmes was anything but a voluminous
servience to “foreign models.” Mr. Morse
Mr. Morse correspondent, and his collected letters (not
recalls “once hearing a gentleman of some
reputation in literature say — actually in ad reckoning those interspersed by the author
in
his narrative) occupy scarcely two-thirds of the
dressing the Board of Overseers of a distin- second volume. But if these letters are rela-
guished seat of learning — that he did not ap; tively few, they are of the first order in point
prove of teaching young men to write 'good of merit and interest; and the reader will find
English,' to use words accurately, and to con-
their perusal a rare treat. The editor has con-
struct sentences grammatically; on the con-
veniently divided them into six groups: those
trary, he said that he wanted an infusion of addressed to Mr. Lowell, those to Mr. J. W.
the wild rough inaccuracies of the great new
Kimball, to Mr. Motley, to Mrs. Stowe, to Mrs.
West!” If Dr. Holmes were present on this Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward, and “Miscel-
occasion he must certainly have been seized laneous Letters.” The group to Mr. Motley
with Charles Lamb's desire to examine the
gentleman's organs”—if not to add a “bump"
Mr. Morse) indicate satisfactorily the state of
or two to the original quota. A writer in the the writer's feelings and opinions during the
Quarterly Review” (cited by the author) says Civil War. We have already noted the Doc-
of the debt of American literature to Holmes :
ter's distaste for public affairs. His social and
“When young America demanded that the political
revolution which separated the Old and New Worlds political conservatism, and his seeming apathy
should have its literary counterpart in a similar revolt,
at a period when the organic national forces
Holmes threw all his influence in the opposite scale. He were plainly marshalling themselves for the
urged with keen satire, as well as with the force of ex “ irrepressible conflict,” were oddly contrasted
ample, that even a Republic must recognize the laws of
with his alert progressiveness in other matters,
conventional decorum, and that those who enter the
Temple of the Muses outrage propriety if they osten-
and his constant readiness to do battle for his
tatiously flaunt their working-dress. To him as much religious and scientific opinions. Calvinism and
as any other man we owe it
, that the Versailles of homeopathy he attacked with
American literature has not been invaded to a greater that savored of the pure gaudium certaminis;
extent than it has by the vocabulary and manners of
slavery, the cardinal iniquity of the hour, he
the Halles.'"
Mr. Morse discusses the literary side of Dr. long seemed willing to dally with tentatively,
Holmes's career intelligently and temperately, reach the welfare of the blacks through the
expressing the opinion (1856) that “we must
and wisely refrains from the attempt to fore-
dominant race"- a notion "abhorrent to aboli-
cast the exact place his works are destined to
tionists.”
.” But when the war came, his attitude
take in the future. Of the
poems,
he prefers
“The Last Leaf,” placing it in point of merit changed ; and he became, says Mr. Morse,
“a strenuous, intense, often a greatly excited,
before “ The Chambered Nautilus " - to our
thinking a somewhat doubtful judgment. The patriot.” In 1862 he wrote to Mr. Motley :
“... They begin to talk about the entente cordiale
Last Leaf” is perhaps the most unique of the
between this country and England as likely to be reës.
poems, the one to which it would be most dif.
tablished so may it prove! Not that England can ever
-


302
[May 16,
THE DIAL
be to us what she has been. Those sad words from John dox repression with a graybeard Palinurus is going on
Bright's letter have expressed the feelings that have in a way that it is impossible to look at without interest
sunk deep into the hearts of all (who have hearts to be in seeing how the experiment will turn out. ..."
reached) among us. • There has been shown [us] no
The reading world has awaited these volumes
generosity, such as became a friendly nation, and no
sympathy with [us] in Cour] great calamity. Those
with unusual interest, and they will disappoint
beautiful breasts of our mother' country, from which no reasonable anticipations. The work is, all in
it seemed that nothing could wean us, have shrivelled all, the best of the several biographies of Amer-
into the wolf's dugs, and there is no more milk in them
for us henceforth evermore. The West end is right.
ican men
of letters that have appeared in recent
Not by aggression, but by the naked fact of existence,
years. Taken together, the Memoir and the
we are an eternal danger and an unsleeping threat to
Letters form a complete and most engaging
every government that founds itself on anything but the piece of literary portraiture – one which the
will of the governed. We begin to understand ourselves reader finishes with a gratified sense of having
and what we represent, now that we find who are our
learned all that one needs know and has a right
enemies, and why and how they would garrote us now
that our hands are on these felons' throats, if they could
to know of the career and personality of the
paint a lie over so that its bones would not show through. kindly."Autocrat.” The publishers have shown
I do believe Hell is empty of Devils for the last year, taste and liberality as to externals, and have
this planet has been so full of them helping the seces embellished the work with a number of excel-
sion liars..
lent portraits of Dr. Holmes and his circle.
“I have told you I am hopeful, and always have been.
E. G. J.
Hands off, and we'll lick these fellows out of their inso
lent adjectives. We did lick 'em well at Mill Spring
the other day, and at Drainsville a little before this, and,
I myself entertain no manner of doubt, can whip them
KOREAN GAMES.*
man for man at any time, in a fair field, picked against
picked, average against average. We are the conquerors Few American students have seriously stud-
of Nature, they of Nature's weaker children. We thrive
ied games. Among those who have Mr. Stewart
on reverses and disappointments. I have never believed
they could endure them. Like Prince Rupert's drops,
Culin certainly ranks very high. To his energy
the unannealed fabric of rebellion shuts an explosive
was due the remarkable and interesting exhibit
element in its resisting shell that will rend it in pieces of the games of the world shown at the
Chicago
as soon as its tail, not its head, is broken fairly off. That Exposition. Regarding this exhibit, he wrote
is what I think,— I, safe prophet of a private correspon-
a paper, published in the “ Journal of Amer-
dence, free to be convinced of my own ignorance and
presumption by events as they happen, and to prophesy
ican Folk-lore," which was an excellent and
again for what else do we live for but to guess the suggestive bit of work. He has written a num-
future in small things or great, that we may help to ber of other papers upon the games of Amer-
shape it, or ourselves to it?"
ican children and upon games of the Chinese,
The following characteristic extracts from which have appeared in various periodicals,
later letters to Mr. Motley (1870) need no government reports, and independent pam-
comment.
phlets. The work before us, “ Korean Games,".
“ Another sensation in a somewhat different sphere is the most extensive he has undertaken. While
is our new Harvard College President. King Log has
the scope of the work is fairly indicated by the
made room for King Stork. Mr. Eliot makes the Cor-
title, its full purpose is but partly set forth.
poration meet twice a month instead of once. He comes
to the meeting of every Faculty, ours among the rest,
The author says it “is intended not only as a
and keeps us up to eleven and twelve o'clock at night survey of the games of Korea but as
prac.
discussing new arrangements. He shows an extraordin tical introduction to the study of the games of
ary knowledge of all that relates to every department the world.” Its incentive was due to sugges-
of the University, and presides with an aplomb, a quiet,
imperturbable, serious good-humor, that it is impossible
tions made by Mr. Cushing, in regard to cer-
not to admire. We are, some of us, disposed to think
tain North American Indian
games. These pos-
that he is a little too much in a hurry with some of his sessed some curious features which suggested
innovations, and take care to let the Corporation know new lines of study and comparison.
it. I saw three of them the other day and found that
Korea - the Hermit Nation - has been an
they were on their guard, as they all quoted that valu-
able precept, festina lente, as applicable in the premises. almost unknown land. It is extraordinarily
I cannot help being amused at some of the scenes we interesting in its conservatism. While it has
have in our Medical Faculty,— this cool, grave young been much influenced by Japan and profoundly
man proposing in the calmest way to turn everything by China, it has shown considerable freedom
topsy-turvy, taking the reins into his hands and driving
as if he were the first man that ever sat on the box.
and independence. In its games, it betrays
In the meantime Yale has chosen a Connecticut country KOREAN GAMES, with Notes on the corresponding Games
minister, æt. 60, as her President, and the experiment of China and Japan. By Stewart Culin. Philadelphia : Uni-
of liberal culture with youth at the helm versus ortho versity of Pennsylvania.


1896.)
303
THE DIAL
these influences from outside ; at times it also East, West, South, North.
East, West, South, North. There the faction
shows notable originality ; in some cases it ap- fights take place between the inhabitants of
pears to have conservatively kept nearer to old, these divisions. These section fights are really
original forms than the other two countries. the old quarrels of savage tribes, jealous of ter-
On the whole it may be said that the similarity ritorial rights, surviving on as custom into civ-
between the games of Korea and China is ilization. They exist, still more meaningless
greater than between those of Korea and Japan. and less definite, among ourselves in the fights
The toys of children are curiously alike the between different“gangs" of boys in the streets
world over. The little figures that are weighted of our great cities.
80 as to stand upright interest Korean children But the interest of Mr. Culin's study cul-
as they do our own. Kites are great favorites
Kites are great favorites minates in the board
minates in the board games and matching
in Korea, but are relatively simple. They are games of grown people. The game of Nyout
usually rectangular in form, with a circular -where a board is used, upon which is marked
hole in the middle, and are made of colored out a diagram, along which pieces are moved
paper spread upon a bamboo frame. They pre- in accordance with a decree given by throwing
sent no such variety in form as in China, or even marked blocks — is a good and simple type of
as in Japan. Curiously, however, the Koreans a large class of games. Among such games are
assert that the Chinese do not know how to pachisi (parcheesi), backgammon, etc. In
fly kites.” The season for kite-flying closes in Nyout, the path followed is a circle with two
Korea with the first half of the first month. At diameters crossing at right angles at the centre;
the end of the season kites are sent adrift after in pachisi, the circular path has been crowded
wishes that the year's misfortunes may go with down about and close to the cross-bars; in back-
them have been written upon them. While gammon the cross-bars disappear and the circle
“kite fighting” or “kite cutting” is practiced in becomes a rectangle. In all three the move-
all three of the countries, Korea, China, and Jap- ment of the pieces is controlled by the throwing
an, it seems to be particularly in vogue in Korea. of dice or the dropping of sticks.
It is interesting to find that the little “her Chess exists widely through the Orient. Chi-
mits” delight in a hand-clapping game with a nese and Korean chess differ in some details,
rhythmic formula, very like our own “Beans and Culin considers the Korean form the more
porridge hot.” In Korea, too, we find that old finished and logical. Still, in the Hermit Na-
game - oh, so old - of two players simulta- tion, it is looked upon as a “ frivolous pastime,
neously throwing fingers and guessing the sum suitable for young persons and rustics."
thrown by the two. It is represented on Egyp Dominoes are practically the same in China
tian monuments, described in Latin authors, and Korea. A common Korean game is quite
and played by Italian children today.
like the Chinese fortune-telling with dominoes.
There are in Korea surprisingly many games Culin believes that dominoes originated in a
where chance decides who shall pay the piper.” system of divination by means of two dice. He
Thus two boys buy candy; each breaks his also believes cards to have grown out of divin-
piece: he in whose piece there is the biggestation. He says:
cavity pays for both. Two boys buy cherries ; • They are clearly copied from slips of bamboo, such
one agrees to take a certain number, say forty, as are used as divining lots at the present day in China.
in his mouth and separate the pulp and pits, In fact, an almost exact replica of the Korean pack is
without swallowing a stone : failure requires to'in, used by Chinese gamblers to divine the lucky num-
to be found in the eighty consecutively numbered lots,
his paying for both lots, success secures pay bers in the lottery called Pak-kop-piu. The latter re-
ment for his by the other. Many such tests tain the arrow-like tip, while the cards bear the arrow
exist. Pitching pennies appears to be quite com-
feather, and the names of both are almost identical with
mon, and it is stated that some ten or more ways
that of arrow - tsin."
are known. In some of the games there are As here suggested, our author believes the lot-
quite elaborate rules.
sticks themselves to be derived from arrows
Everyone, who has heard of Korea at all, used in divination ; the original divining box
knows of the curious sectional or factional fights was, to his mind, the quiver.
that take place at set times. Begun by little These bits, taken from the book here and
boys, they become free for all before they end. there, suggest the interesting mass of material.
Stones are the weapons, and results are not In the introductory chapter are some important
infrequently serious. The city of Seoul is generalizations and suggestions. The two chief
divided into five Pou (sections) - Middle, questions involved in the study of games are


804
(May 16,
THE DIAL
- Blood runs
-origin and distribution. Mr. Culin believes secret at once of Agassiz's personal charm, his
that games have been, very largely, not con power as a teacher, and his success as an inves-
scious inventions, but unconscious survivals tigator. In this tremendous optimism, the op-
from primitive conditions in which they orig. timism of the man who fears nothing, shrinks
inated in magical rites and chiefly as a means from no effort, and knows no despair, Agassiz
of divination. We have suggested part of the stands unique among men of science. “When
argument above. Not alone in China and Korea, surrounded by material difficulties he fortified
but also along our own Northwest Coast, divin- his spirit by a marvellous power of always
ation slips and gambling sticks have been copied hoping for better times, having an absolutely
from dropped arrows. In many games curious unshaken confidence in himself.”
cosmic ideas are found. The Nyout board quick in his veins," said Lowell, “ and he has
combines the cross of the world directions and the joy of animal vigor to a degree rare among
the circle. The falling or divided arrows de men— a true male in all its meaning.” In his
termine numbers.
youth Agassiz writes to his father that his aim
“ A diagram upon which the counts are made allows is to be a good son, a good citizen, and the
the ascertaining of place. This diagram, whether the first naturalist of his time," and that he feels
nyout circuit, or the eight or sixty-four diagrams, the within him the strength of a whole generation
pachisi cross on the chess board, invariably stands for
the world. The cosmical import of game boards is often
to work towards this end.” In his manhood,
plainly manifest, but in none more clearly than in the
in whatever he did, as Darwin once said, he
Korean board for pa-tok, whose quarters are designated 6 counts for three.” In his old
age
he hesitated
by the cosmical symbols. It is apparent in the divinatory not to begin work which it might take half a
games that the counts refer ultimately to people, and
that the counters actually stand for men. In the pachisi century to make effective. In all his life to his
iboard they are differentiated with the colors of the
last words, “ le jeu est fini,” he was the same
world-quarters."
joyous, genial, sanguine enthusiast, a great,
The book is beautiful in mechanical execu-
wise, overgrown, independent, eloquent, happy
tion — almost too much so for a scientific book boy, with a boy's love for life, for the earth,
and for whatever he could do with it.
intended for use. The white cover, bearing the
- The
two-principles symbol in blue and red at the
best friend that ever student had,” is his worth-
centre and four of the trigrams at the corners in
iest epitaph. Not less characteristic are these
words of another student: “We buried him
blue, presents a striking appearance. Twenty- words of another student :
two full-page plates, in color, reproduced from from the chapel that stands among the College
original Korean paintings, represent games in
elms. The students laid a wreath of laurel on
progress.
A large number of cuts from Jap For he had been a student all his life long, and
his bier, and their manly voices sang a requiem.
anese originals are scattered through the text.
when he died he was younger than any of them. .”
FREDERICK STARR.
Agassiz was no type of the bookworm or the
recluse. His thought was always joined to
action, which is the normal conclusion to all
thought. He recognized instinctively and to
LOUIS AGASSIZ.*
the full that the ultimate end of science is hu-
The secret of Agassiz's power is suggested in
man conduct. He had no likeness to Brown-
these words of Thoreau : “ There is no hope for ing's Grammarian, with his high and narrow
you unless the bit of sod under your feet is the aims which could not be translated into human
sweetest to you in this world — in any world.” movement and relations to men. In everything
The very fact of being alive was to Agassiz joy he did, Agassiz was accompanied by a trail of
enough. To be alive here and now, with all students, followers, and associates. He always
these charming people, this bright sunshine, thought, says Marcou,“ that he had not enough
this blue sky, the green grass and clear waters, friends or associates around him. His home
and above all this noble work to do,- this in was a sort of phalanstery of Savants.” Failure
deed was a condition meet for the gods. With was impossible with him, for his very boldness
“ health and a day" he could, with Emerson, in facing the greatest difficulties without flinch-
"put the pomp of emperors to shame.” The ing constantly brought him help from those
power to enjoy and to use the present was the who could appreciate the man, even if not fully
understanding his aims. This was especially
* LIFE, LETTERS, AND WORKS OF LOUIS AGASSIZ. By Jules
Marcou. In two volumes, illustrated. New York: Macmillan
true in America, where over and over again he
found rich friends who, as one of them said,
& Co.


1896.]
805
THE DIAL
were“ not willing to stand by and see so brave and discuss teleology, agnosticism, spiritism, morphol-
a man struggle without aid."
ogy, mimicry, natural selection, evolution, transformism,
One of Agassiz's associates, an early friend
etc., but before everything else we must know the his-
tory of every animal, of every plant, and accumulate all
and fellow-student, brought by him from Swit that constitutes the treasuries of every branch of nat-
zerland to help him in his geological investiga- ural history."
tions, was Jules Marcou. In his “Life, Let In one place Marcou drops from prejudice
ters, and Works of Louis Agassiz,” Marcou has to slander, and in this he ceases to be funny.
tried with great conscientiousness to give us a He says that Darwin's “Origin of Species
true picture of the man. In this he has had
became a thorn in Agassiz's side.
the advantage of a lifelong acquaintance and
“ His pupils in a body turned against him, for they
access to a great number of unpublished letters
were delighted to believe that they knew more than he
and documents. He had shared Agassiz's suc of the philosophy of natural history, the descent of man,
cesses and failures, his successes being chiefly
the creative power of horticulturists and of pigeon-
scientific, his failures chiefly financial.
breeders, and the mutability of species and genera. To
the disgust of Agassiz, they turned from their master
There can be no question of the fidelity of
to applaud all the articles on evolution and origin of
Mr. Marcou's efforts and intentions. In taking species published in American periodicals by Asa Gray,
the volumes as a whole, the result is a marked Chauncey Wright, and John Fiske, the last two not
success. In these books one cannot fail to see
even naturalists."
a clear picture of Agassiz as he was, rising It is simply silly to affirm that such childish
above all their verbiage, their repetitions, their
motives could have influenced such men as Le
naive moralizations, and their still more naive Conte, Hyatt, Scudder, Allen, Packard, Shaler,
exhibitions of prejudice. There are many sen-
Brooks, Whitman, and the rest. It would be
tences of Marcou which reveal forgotten per more true to say that these men followed to
sonal strifes and jealousies more interesting to
the letter the precepts of their master. They
the author than to the reader, and which might adopted as scientific truth the "working hy.
well have been left in oblivion. It is evident pothesis" of transformism by Natural Selection
that had Marcou been in Agassiz's place the and other influences only after all other con-
list of students and associates in his phalan-ceivable hypotheses had ceased to work. In
stery” would have been reduced by more than the light of the varied biological studies to
half, and those who for reasons not always which Agassiz had introduced them, they could
clearly given fail to meet Marcou's approval, not cling to the old notion of the special crea-
are mercilessly scored. On the other hand, tion of species and “ look an animal in the face.”
many who were rivals with Marcou in Agassiz’s The unique episode of the school at Penikese
good graces are treated with a generosity usu-
is well treated by Marcou. In plan and devel-
ally well deserved. For say what one may of the opment this school was thoroughly characteris-
treachery of Desor, the snobbery of Forbes, or
tic of the man. It was the little Academy
the uneasy vanity of several others, the great
at Munich and the “Hôtel des Neufchâtelois
body of the Agassiz guild, both at Neufchatel on the glacier of the Lauter Aar over again.
and at Cambridge, were men in every way
Had Agassiz been in the prime of life it would
worthy of the master they followed.
have been more notable and fruitful than any
Marcou's work appears at its best when it
of these earlier associations. As it was,
deals with the scientific efforts of Agassiz, may still say that, notwithstanding all the rich
rather than with his own opinions. The latter
streams of science which have since come to us
are given with child-like simplicity which some from Germany," the school of all schools which
times drops into bluntness, as when he criticises has had the most influence on the teaching of
Agassiz's family affairs or rebukes him for his science in America was held in an old barn on
familiarity with his assistants.
an uninhabited island. It lasted but three
Marcou's treatment of the subject of Evolu- months, and in fact had but one teacher. The
tion is delightful in its simplicity. He can see
school at Penikese existed in the personal pres-
nothing in the work of Darwin, Lyell, and ence of Agassiz: when he died, it vanished !”
Huxley but philosophical speculation.
DAVID STARR JORDAN.
“ Agassiz was unwilling to abandon the method of
exposition of facts which he found established in science,
and substitute in its place metaphysics and hypotheses.” MR. LEONARD HUXLEY is hard at work on the life of
“ Philosophical naturalists would find their task a his father, and the book will appear early in the coming
very barren one if there were no classifiers, no embry season. It will include a large selection from Huxley's
ologists, no paleontologists. It is very well to theorize correspondence.
we


306
(May 16,
THE DIAL
There are some matters of detail which we
THE TEACHING OF LATIN.*
believe invite criticism. Among the most im-
We feel sure that all progressive teachers portant are the following : Dr. Coy states that
of Latin are in thorough sympathy with the “ the long and short vowels differ only in the
aim of Dr. Coy's new " Latin Lessons for Be time occupied in uttering them," whereas it is
ginners,” namely, to introduce the pupil early reasonably certain that there was a difference
to good connected Latin reading and at the between them in quality as well as in quantity,
same time to give him a thorough knowledge
most marked in the case of e, ē, and o, ö; but
of the common forms and simple constructions. also appreciable in the case of i, ī, and u, ū.
After but eighteen lessons on formal grammar, Again, the accent of words is marked in all
including three declensions and the indicative paradigms. This seems not only unnecessary
mode of the four conjugations and of sum, the
but unwise. The laws of Latin accent are so
author plunges in medias res and begins Viri simple that they can be very easily applied, es-
Romce. This is followed by Nepos' Life of pecially when the quantities are marked. Mark-
Timoleon and by Cæsar's campaign against Ver-ing the accent will lead students to neglect to
cingetorix. We cannot help wishing that he note the quantity, which should be their guide
had waited just a little longer so that systematic in determining it. With reference to quantity
work in grammar might not be thrown out of Marx has been followed, although his work has
joint quite so soon. We grant that the author been already largely revised by an American
has done remarkably well under the circum scholar and is inconsistent with all Latin-
stances, but the exigencies of the text neces English Dictionaries.
sarily divorce and unfortunately separate many
The statement with reference to the future of
grammatical facts and principles that naturally the 3d and 4th conjugations (p. 36), the treat-
belong together. The author aims to overcome ment of verbs in io, and of purpose and result
this by continuous quizzing on the preceding clauses, seem quite unsatisfactory. The rule
work and by many reviews. These will no
with reference to the declension of numerals
doubt assist in binding together isolated facts ; (277, e) is obscure to say the least, neither is it
but it must not be forgotten that young pupils
clear how the statement that “the locative in
are very slow to correlate and classify knowl- the plural number has the form of the dative
edge properly. To assist students in doing so, or ablative” (283, a) can be made to tally with
the book stands in great need of an index, for the history of that case. The declension of
the material is so arranged that we fear they trux is given (253) as the paradigm for adjec-
will often find great difficulty in referring back
tives of one ending, without is in the accusa-
to some point to which inquiry has been directed. tive plural, though that is the more common
To develop reading power, the passages for ending for all that class.
translation are supplemented by short sentences
The author has been careful as a rule to ad.
based upon the text, in Latin and in English, mit only essentials. We question the utility
for translation at sight. This feature is an ex of mentioning the rare locative domui in the
cellent one. We fear that some of the ex
declension of domus, and of including the un-
cises, especially those in English, will prove usual word gloriola in the list of words (263).
too difficult, but the test of the class-room can
We note a few inconsistencies: the explana-
alone decide that. Another commendable fea-
tions of natu maior, 89 and 144, do not agree,
ture is that after the seventieth lesson the
spe-
neither do the statements about the genitive of
cial vocabularies under each are removed to vis in 116 and in the vocabulary. There are
the end of the book, that students may be en-
also a number of slips of more or less import-
couraged to read without them. Vocabulary ance, among them the following: vultum (141)
is further fostered by frequent attention to En is called a noun of the fifth declension; faci
glish derivatives and groups of kindred Latin for passive infinitive of facio (169); no infin-
words. It would have been well, also, to give itive is given under the periphrastic conjuga-
more attention to word formation in the special tions (212).
and general vocabularies.
The book is attractive in appearance and the
In general the book deserves approval both proof-reading has been carefully done. It is
for its plan and for the way it is carried out. to be regretted that there is no map of Rome
and of Italy. The geographical notes, of which
* LATIN LESSONS FOR BEGINNERS. By E. W. Coy, Ph.D.,
Principal of Hughes High School, Cincinnati. New York:
there are a number, are worse than useless
American Book Company.
without.
B. L. D'OOGE.
r-
.


1896.]
307
THE DIAL
instance, swimming and tennis. On
any
strict inter-
SOME RECENT EDUCATIONAL BOOKS.*
pretation of his title, about three-fourths of Mr.
Miss Catharine Aiken's “ Method of Mind Train Mann's book is irrelevant. On the other hand, we
ing” is a slight book - in truth its real substance fail to find mention of such distinctly school-games
might be put into fifty of its very small pages — as "word-game," "geography-game," and "in-sight-
which details the author's devices in mental gym and-unseen.” Geography-game, played by holding
nastics as used in her schoolroom. The strength- up lettered cards, and asking for rivers, towns, etc.,
ening of attention was the chief object in view, and beginning with the letter shown, may be adapted
since attention practically equals intellectual effort, to history and other studies. The spell-down and
or study, or application, the real end coincides with natural history collecting are also not mentioned.
the chief end of education. To get strong, accurate, The loaning of pictures is not treated, nor yet the
quick attention, Miss Aiken saw that she must have competitive finding of Latin words in English dress.
sufficient motive or interest, and of the common
We notice that while the writer discourages geog-
motives — fear, hope, emulation, curiosity, feeling raphy rhymes, he tends to encourage history rhymes,
of duty-she relied mainly on emulation. By put which is hardly consistent. The book as a whole
ting words and numbers on a swinging blackboard lacks newness, suggestiveness, and completeness,
and allowing them to be seen but a few seconds, she and at the best is only a passable compilation and
stimulated competition in calling words and num compendium.
bers in their order, in spelling, etc. Miss Aiken The account of the public school system of On-
does not appear to use “word-game,” i. e., the giving tario by the Hon. G. W. Ross will be found of inter-
out of a word from which to form other words within est and value in many respects to us who dwell in
a limited time. This tests both vocabulary and “the States." In some ways Ontario's system is
spelling in a very interesting way. Many, however, certainly superior to ours, as in its greater unity and
will be disposed to criticize all such devices as un centralization, its general inspectorship, and in the
healthy tours de force, as more or less mechanical publication of school books by the central provincial
reproductions, as mere tests of quickness which will authority; but it is inferior in that it gives Roman
discourage slower but often more solid minds, and Catholics their own public schools. The appendix
as providing in emulation a low and unworthy on sanitation in rural schools shows some curious
and suggestive statistics.
methods are suggestive, and may with some minds Next on our list we have three Froebel books.
be highly successful.
“ Froebel's Gifts” and “Froebel's Occupations” are
In Mr. Charles W. Mann's “School Recreations manuals which are well written and clear in expo-
and Amusements” we find uch that we should not sition, and well fitted to serve their purpose in as-
look for, and do not find much we should look for. sisting mothers and teachers in kindergarten work.
Indeed, a large part of the book is concerned with Both volumes abound, like most kindergarten books,
mere formal exercises, as in gymnastics, or with with quotations and references, which must be ac-
direct pedagogical method. Further, much that is
really recreation has little to do with school, as for “ Froebel's Mother Play,” is poetically and music-
* METHODS OF MIND-TRAINING : Concentrated Attention
ally the best arrangement that has been made. How-
and Memory. By Catharine Aiken. New York: Harper &
ever, Froebel could easily be improved on in making
Brotherg.
play-songs which should deal with the environment
SCHOOL RECREATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS. A companion of the child to-day. For instance, the cuckoo song
volume to King's “School Interests and Duties," prepared
and the wheelwright song can mean nothing to the
especially for Teachers' Reading Circles. By Charles W.
Mann, A.M. New York: American Book Company.
American child. We need two distinctly new books,
FROEBEL'S GIFTS. By Kate Douglas Wiggin and Nora
one adapted to the child in the country and one to the
Archibald Smith. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. child in the town. Further, the illustrations, being
FROEBEL'S OCCUPATIONS. By Kate Douglas Wiggin and uncolored, small, and archaic, are not suited to the
Nora Archibald Smith. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. child of to-day. Froebel should not become a fetich;
THE SONGS AND MUSIC OF FROEBEL'S MOTHER PLAY.
it is time that kindergartenism got beyond him.
(Mutter und Kose Lieder). Songs newly translated and fur-
nished with new music. Prepared and arranged by Susan E.
Professor B. A. Hinsdale's “Studies in Educa-
Blow. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
tion" consists of some twenty brief papers, mostly
THE SCHOOL SYSTEM OF ONTARIO: Its History and Dis practical discussions of the timely sort, designed
tinctive Features. By the Hon. George W. Ross, LL.D.,
originally for teachers' associations and such occa-
Minister of Education for the Province of Ontario. New
York: D. Appleton & Co.
sions. Consequently, the style is oral rather than
STUDIES IN EDUCATION: Science, Art, History. By B. A.
literary. A bundle of papers of this kind which has
Hinsdale, Ph.D., LL.D. Chicago: Werner School Book Co. no continuous theme hardly makes a book in the
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THOUGHT AND MEMORY: A strict sense, though each paper may have had by
Contribution to Pedagogical Psychology. By Herman T. itself a certain practical value in connection with
Lukens, Ph.D., with an introduction by G. Stanley Hall,
the occasion for which it was