re made to converse in a language that bears but
with “ The Master,” exhibits both the faults and a remote resemblance to ordinary speech. The
the merits that were found to be characteristic of effect is supposed to be humorous, the humor being
that work. It is perhaps somewhat less turgid and chiefly characterized by its unexpected inversions
loose-jointed, but suffers even more severely from of ordinary logic. Otherwise, the story is highly
the constraint of a forced brilliancy, and a certain entertaining:
entertaining. It deals with the experiences in
hardness of temper, verging upon cynicism, that England and Ireland of an American heiress from
puts a damper upon our sympathies when the author Nokomis, Indiana. The author occasionally lets
is most intent upon enlisting them. Mr. Zangwill his love of burlesque get the better of his judgment,
will never produce a really fine novel until he as in the scene which represents Coralie as describing
conquers the inveterate purpose of being epigram- “ Carpenter G. Hanker
“ Carpenter G. Hanker” and other personalities
matic upon all occasions, and learns the art of of her native town, but in the main his figure of an


270
[April 16,
THE DIAL
American girl is a serious study. She has a con least congratulate themselves on the fact that their
science which suggests Massachusetts rather than new sovereign is a tactful and kindly man who is
Indiana, and she takes England very seriously. far too sensible and temperamentally easy-going to
After making a few startling discoveries, such as be likely to make trouble by attempting to rule as
learning that Londoners do not habitually gaze well as reign. His great personal popularity is
with reverence upon Westminster Bridge because perhaps the most promising sign now discernible
of Wordsworth's sonnet — that few of them, indeed, on the horizon of British politics ; and this valuable
have ever heard of the sonnet — she sets herself asset he has thus far shown no disposition to risk
the desperate task of trying to reconcile the ideal through a display of tendencies at which liberalism
ism exemplified in English history and literature might take alarm. The book now before us is from
with the seeming indifference and even flippancy the pen of " a member of the royal household," and
of its polite society. The chief instrument in her its contents are of course in the main somewhat
education is a socialist agitator, whose brummagem trivial. The Prince's private habits are gone into
ideals sbe takes to be pure gold until they have pretty minutely, and with a pious gusto on the part
been tested and exposed. There is also a touch of the narrator that is amusing. Nothing that can
of burlesque in the portrayal of this character, and be told is omitted, from the size of the Prince's hat
we feel that the writer's view is too prejudiced to to the quality of his churchmanship. Sartorial mat-
be fair. But when Coralie's eyes are at last opened, ters are dealt with in detail, and we are informed
her judgment goes straight to the mark, and she that his Royal Highness is a good shot, a great tri-
finds that her instincts have been a safer guide than cyclist, a tireless dancer, that he has patronized the
her intellect. In other words, she drops the socialist sport of pigeon-flying, and, in an inspired moment,
and marries the English gentleman whom in her invented a cocktail. Life at Sandringham and at
heart she has loved all the time.
Marlborough House is pleasantly described, and
Mr. J. Storer Clouston's “ The Duke” tells of chapters are devoted to the Prince's “set,' his
the unexpected accession to rank and fortune of a race-track exploits, his playgoing, his relations with
young Colonial. He comes to London to enter into the Church, with art, with letters, with Free-
his inheritance, and society is agog to make his masonry, and what not. On the Prince's reputed
acquaintance. At this point there appears an old peccadilloes a discreet silence is maintained, as it
chum, an Irishman of the reckless and rollicking should be. On the whole, one gets the impression
type, and the Duke impulsively decides to play a that the Prince of Wales has in general been a good
joke upon society. The Irishman is made to per deal of a trifler, and that the British nation may
sonate the Duke for a month, while the latter fills well be surprised if Edward VII. shows a disposi-
the post of private secretary to his Grace. The tion to take himself or his position very seriously,
complications that result from this exchange of and it is not perhaps altogether desirable that he
posts are set forth in a highly amusing way, and should do so, since the British constitution does
the hypocrisies of the fashionable world are satir not. The book contains several photographic plates,
ized without mercy.
When his term is up, the
and its timeliness should ensure its popularity.
bogus Duke shows signs of a determination to hold
on to his position — which might have proved ex-
As is pretty well known among stu-
tremely awkward for the secretary but the Irish-
able history of the dents of European history, the “Cam-
French monarchy. bridge Historical Series ” (Macmil-
man has got himself into so bad a tangle, both
socially and financially, that he sees no better way
lan), edited by Prof. G. W. Prothero, is intended to
out than to “chuck the whole thing,” and to dis-
sketch the history of Modern Europe, with that of its
appear from view. Meanwhile, the real Duke has
chief colonies and conquests, from about the end of
escaped all the designs of mothers with eligible
the fifteenth century down to the present time. In
daughters, and has found a woman after his own
pursuance of this plan, about a dozen volumes have
heart before his identity has been disclosed.
thus far been issued at varying intervals; and when
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
the series is completed it may well be doubted
whether any equally satisfactory narrative exists
within the same limits, — certainly not in English.
The large and important field covered by the history
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
of the French monarchy has been assigned to Mr.
A. J. Grant, Professor of History in the Yorkshire
A record of the
The burden of the lively and in its College (Leeds), of Victoria University. When we
private life of light way informing little book en reflect that his terminal dates were 1483 and 1789,
King Edward.
titled “ Private Life of King Edward we can only mildly wonder at his "original inten-
VII.” (Appleton) is that this potentate has been tion to compress the history of France between
during his prolonged youth not only Prince of these dates within the compass of one volume that
Wales but also prince of good fellows. Whether should not exceed four hundred pages.” As a
the type of men known as “good fellows” are matter of fact the two volumes that he has given
commonly of the timber out of which good kings us are an admirable piece of compact philosophical
can be made, is a question; but Englishmen can at narrative, marked by resolute adherence to the im-
A sound and read-


1901.]
271
THE DIAL
mediate subject and rigid refusal of even legitimate age of invention there was an increase in man's
digressions. Professor Grant's theme is the French acquaintance with physical nature, combined with
Monarchy: his thesis, following in the steps of special opportunities for applying that knowledge
de Tocqueville and others, is “to show that the Rev- practically; and Englisbmen have taken the lead,
olution did not cause so complete a breach with the not only as inventors but as pioneers in the work of
past as many of the actors in it imagined, and that diffusing the new industrial practices and organi-
the Absolute Monarchy, in spite of its dismal cor zation throughout the world. During each of these
ruption under Louis XV. and its catastrophe under three periods attention has been concentrated in
Louis XVI., rendered nevertheless great services turn on one of the requisites of production. In
to France, anticipating in many points the benefi. mediæval Christendom we find institutions for the
cent work of the Revolution, and in many others regulation of labor; the phase of nationalist eco-
preparing the way for it.” The old familiar ground nomic policy has been chiefly concerned with the
is carefully traversed ; the authorities seem to have development of land ; while in recent times we see
been thoroughly compared and digested ; and sev the remarkable results effected by the utilization
eral events and personalities have been presented of capital.” It will be seen that this is a study of
from a new point of view. For example, Calvin's causes ; which explains, for example, the great
character, and the importance of his doctrine as a prominence assigned to the circumstances which
force in the European religious struggle, are ad have made England paramount at sea, and have
mirably summed ap: “In spite of the injustice given to the Anglo-Saxon race its wide-reaching
and cruelty of the Calvinistic discipline, Protestant commercial and industrial influence; while on the
ism, without that discipline and all that flowed from other hand the vigorous trading life of Italian
it, would neither have won nor deserved the success cities in the Middle Ages, great and splendid as it
that it achieved.” Again, for many readers there was, is not regarded as very fruitful so far as after
will be an almost startling readjustment of values times were concerned. The whole of this second
in accepting Professor Grant's epigram making volume is even more profound and closely-wrought
Charles IX. really one of the victims of the St. than the first; and has a special interest for Ameri.
Bartholomew massacre instead of its author. He, cans in the fact that it embodies the substance of
then, was not the worst of Catherine de' Medici's lectures delivered by Professor Cunningham at
evil brood : that bad eminence is reserved by the Harvard University in 1899, a fact which the
author for his brother, Henry III. These are but Englishman gracefully recalls by dedicating the
glimpses at a book which is both sound history and volume to President Eliot.
good reading. The work is well bound and beau-
tifully printed ; to the slips noted in the errata
The numerous books published of
simple book
may be added 1719 for 1519 (vol. i., p. 47).
late dealing with music and music
culture have contributed somewhat
The beginnings of
Another volume in the “Cambridge toward raising the standard of musical criticism
modern industry Historical Series” is Professor W. and discussion in this country; and the newly
Cunningham's "Western Civilization awakened interest in musical literature has created
in its Economic Aspects (Mediæval and Modern a demand for books especially adapted to the uses
Times).” This is really the second volume of the of the general reader. In “Masters of Music
work: the first, dealing with ancient times, appeared (Dodd), Miss Anna Alice Chapin has written a
in 1898. The definite object of this essay, as out series of interesting sketches of famous composers.
lined in the preface, is “to point out the remote While not pretending to give an estimate of his
and complicated causes in the past which have co position in the world of art, the author gives a brief
operated to mould industry and commerce into their account of the life and work of each great artist -
present forms.” In his division of the subject, with one exception. We do not find Verdi in the
Professor Cunningham recognizes “three great list. Verdi is now to be numbered among the
stages of progress, in man's knowledge of himself, great; and as a proof of the popularity of his music
and of his place and powers in the world; and we have but to glance at any season's repertory at
each of these has bad far-reaching effects on indus the Metropolitan, where his operas outnumber those
trial and commercial life. Under the influence of of all except Wagner. Perhaps Miss Chapin feels
Christian teaching, man attained to a new con-
that with Palestrina, Scarlatti, Marcello, Pergolese,
sciousness of duty; and we can trace the workings and Rossini, Italian music is sufficiently represented
of these ideas in the institutions of Christendom | in her chronicle. The various sketches evince a
as they are most noticeably seen in the age of St. thorough knowledge of the life of each artist;
Louis. Again, when the period of discovery came, anecdote has been interspersed, though not too
man's conception of the earth and of the possibili- freely, with fact; and the list of his famous com-
ties it contained were suddenly enlarged, and we positions which follows after the account of each
find the influence of this new knowledge not only artist is most desirable for reference. The author
in the expansion of commerce but in the national has had to face the difficulty which arises from the
economic policies, of which France under Louis fact that writing of any sort about music is apt to
XIV. affords a typical example. Lastly, with the seem to the casual reader very abstruse, and the
A concise and
on music,
and commerce.


272
(April 16,
THE DIAL
choral music
critical portions of the volume under consideration votary of historical novelties, but he has neverthe-
do not appeal particularly to students of music. less availed himself of the work of recent special
The raison d'être of the book seems to be to supply | investigators wherever the new facts adduced by
a concise and simple work on music, with biog- them point plainly to the need of a revisal of the
raphies of the composers and a characterization of conclusions of the older historians. We are espe-
their work.
cially glad to note that the value of the book is not
In “ Choirs and Choral Music' impaired by any concessions to that current spirit
A study of
(Scribners) Mr. Arthur Mees, for of paradox which courts notice through the catch-
and composers.
merly conductor of the Cincinnati penny device of exalting bad men. Now that the
May Festival chorus and present conductor of the
maniacal Marat, who only escapes the distinction
New York Mendelssobo Glee Club, states that the
of being the worst scoundrel in the history of dem-
two branches of musical study most neglected in
agogy through the extenuating fact that he was
this country are the study of unaccompanied choral half-crazy, is credited by a historian of repute with
music for mixed voices and the works of mediæval
a statesmanlike mind and a leaven of apostolic vir-
composers. His volume is primarily a history of tue, we may expect any day to find history rushing
choral music, and, at the same time, a critical study
to the advocacy of Carrier or Fouquier-Tinville, or
of composers of that department of music. In the devoting a volume or so of perverted ingenuity to
preface the author states that his book is not a com the apotheosis of Hébert. Professor Mathews's
pendium for the professional, but a book for the book is judicial in tone and cautious in its concla-
amateur which will tell him something about the
sions, as a manual of the kind should be. Authori-
beginnings and the course of development of chorus
ties are cited in the footnotes, and there is an
singing; something about the origin of choirs, their interesting frontispiece portrait of Mirabeau after
constitution, and the nature of their activity at dif-
the original at Bowdoin College.
ferent periods ; something about the history of the
With “ French Life in Town and
most important choral forms, particularly the Mys Vivacious sketches
tery and the Oratorio, about their essential char-
of country and city Country," a most inviting little vol-
life in France.
acteristics, and about the first and other notable
ume outwardly, the Messrs. Patnam
performances of the best known of them. It opens
begin the publication of a new series of books de-
with an account of the development of music among
scriptive of the home and social life of Continental
the Greeks and Hebrews, the inheritors of the
peoples, and collectively entitled “Our European
Egyptian and Assyrian theories, out of which grew
Neighbors." The numbers on Germany, Holland,
and Russia are to follow shortly. The publishers
the tone art of the early Christian, which has re-
sulted in the choral of to-day. Then follows a his-
are to be congratulated on their selection of the
author of the initial volume — Miss Hannah Lynch.
tory of music in the early and mediæval church,
during the period of the Christian mysteries, with
Miss Lynch is an Irishwoman who has been edu-
a sketch of the great composer of the Passions,
cated in a French convent, and has lived in France
Johann Sebastian Bach; and a history of the Ora-
long enough to stock her very alert and observant
torio under its famous exponent, George Frederick
mind with an ample store of facts characteristic of
Handel. A chapter devoted to choral culture in
French manners, rural and urban. Provincial and
city life, Paris and Parisianism, the army, educa-
this country reviews the conditions which led up to
the organization of our singing societies, and the
tion, amusements, the prese, the Parisian lecture
circumstances under which the choral institutions
and salon, the Academy, the theatres, and so on,
that were conspicuously instrumental in elevating
are vivaciously discussed in a series of crisp little
the standard of chorus singing were established.
chapters in which a turn for satire is manifest.
The volume closes with some interesting observa-
Miss Lynch's nationality is sometimes amusingly
evident, as where she assures us that the ladies of
tions on the qualities necessary to the efficient
Dublin are better dressed than those of Paris
chorus singer and chorus conductor, and a plea for
the encouragement and promotion of choral culture
which reminds one a little of Mrs. Major O'Dowd
in America. The book has an unusually accurate
and the camelias at Ballymaloney, “as big as tay-
kettles." In point of freshness, sparkle, and variety
index.
Miss Lynch has set a pace, so to speak, that the
Pith, freedom from advocacy, and a
A judiciorus
authors of the forthcoming volumes in the series
manual of the just holding of the balance where
will find hard to follow. The little book is attrac-
French Revolution. authorities differ, make Professor tively illustrated with photographic plates, largely
Shailer Mathews's sketch of “ The French Revolu after suitable subjects by modern painters.
tion" (Longmans) an unusually good manual on
its topic for the general reader, or for the student
Much amusement may be derived
who wishes to lay a sound foundation for further of epitaphs, from the little volume containing a
research. Nearly a third of the volume is devoted
grave and gay.
collection of epitaphs, ancient and
to the pre-revolutionary condition of France, for the modern, compiled by Mr. H. Howe, and entitled
author's aim throughout is to explain as well as de « Here Lies (New Amsterdam Book Co.). That
pict the course of events. Professor Mathews is no an inuendo lurks in the title may be inferred from
A collection


1901.]
273
THE DIAL
NOTES.
the fact that the book is provided with a frontis-
piece reproducing Raphael's Death of Ananias.
Mendacity, however, was not always the fault of
the old epitaph-maker. The poet who wrote
“Underneath this sod lies Arabella Young,
Who on the 5th of May began to hold her tongue,"
certainly meant to perpetuate an unflattering truth;
and the couplet -
“Eliza, sorrowing, roars this marble slab
To her dear John, who died of eating crab” –
is literalness itself. Mr. Howe's collection is a rich
one in its kind, and the epitaphs are in many cases
interesting as well as amusing.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Mr. E. H. Sothern's acting version of “Hamlet” has
been published in an inexpensive and exceptionally at-
tractive volume by Messrs. McClure, Phillips & Co.
It gives the text as used by Mr. Sothern during the
past season, including several passages which he some-
times omitted, by reason of the great length of the
play, and is illustrated by means of a series of photo-
graphic reproductions of the most striking scenes. The
illustrations also include several character portraits,
both of Mr. Sothern as Hamlet, and of Miss Harned as
Ophelia.
Daniel O'Connell was a California journalist who had
a wide circle of friends and admirers. Among other
things, he was a prolific writer of verse, which fact is
attested by the volume of his “Songs from Bohemia,"
now edited by Miss Ina D. Coolbrith, and published at
San Francisco by Mr. A. M. Robertson. The book is
provided with a portrait, and with a biographical sketch
by Mr. W. G. Harrison, who indulges in much flowery
rhetoric, but fails to inform us of the dates of the
poet's birth and death.
Miss Mary F. Hyde's “Two-Book Course in English,”
published by Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co., consists of
« Lessons in the Use of English ” and a “ Practical
English Grammar, with Exercises in Composition."
Miss Hyde is an experienced teacher of her subject,
and is the author of other text-books that have been
widely used in the elementary schools.
The Series of School Readings "published by the
Messrs. Scribner now numbers thirteen volumes, the
majority of which have been compiled under the editor-
ship of Miss Mary E. Burt. The thirteenth of the
series, now just published, is a condensation by Miss
Burt, of Mrs. Elizabeth B. Custer's two books about her
famous husband. It is called “The Boy General.” The
book should make capital reading for young people
both in and out of school.
If one may judge by the number of books about
gardening that have been produced during the past five
years, there is a new and more intelligent interest in
this gentle art than has heretofore characterized us as
a people. The latest book of the class now referred to
is “A Handy Book of Horticulture” (Dutton), by Mr.
F. C. Hayes. This is a book for gardeners of modest
resources, and, although English in its origin, will not
be without its uses, even under our own harsher cli-
matic conditions. The author is a clergyman, which
reminds us of the fact that gardening, in England, is a
clerical avocation far more frequently than with us.
“ A New Gradatim," edited by Mr. M. C. Smart, is
a recent publication of Messrs. Benj. H. Sanborn & Co.
“ The Child: His Nature and Nurture,” by Mr. W. B.
Drummond, is a new “Temple Primer” published by
the Messrs. Macmillan.
A critical study of the work of Mr. Swinburne by
Mr. Theodore Wratislaw will be issued immediately by
the A. Wessels Company.
A neat pocket reprint of “ Adam Bede” is published
by Mr. John Lane in a form similar to his edition of
the works of George Borrow, now in course of publi-
cation.
The publishers of “Life” offer three prizes of $200,
$100, and $50, respectively, for the best short stories,
of 1000 to 2500 words in length, received by them be-
fore August 1.
George Borrow's “Wild Wales” is now published
by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons in their new library
edition of the works of this perennially fresh and fas-
cinating writer.
The American Book Co. publish “ Easy Steps in
Latin," by Miss Mary Hamer, and « Introductory Les-
sons in English Literature,” by Mr. I. C. McNeill and
Mr. S. A. Lynch.
A beautiful reprint of Stevenson's little essay, “ Æs
Triplex,” is issued by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons,
as a companion volume to the “Christmas Sermon" of
a few months ago.
“ The Animal Story-Book Reader," published by
Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co., is edited by Mr.
Andrew Lang, which should in itself be a sufficient ad-
vertisement for the book.
“ Elements of the Theory and Practice of Cookery,"
by Miss Mary E. Williams and Miss Katharine R.
Fisher, is a text-book for use in schools, and is pub-
lished by the Macmillan Co.
“L'Art d'Intéresser en Classe," by Mr. Victor F.
Bernard, is a book of French anecdotes published by
Mr. W. R. Jenkins. The volume also contains La-
Biche's “La Lettre Chargée."
Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. announce that they have
opened their entire list of nearly four thousand titles to
purchasers on a subscription basis and with an equitable
arrangement for easy payments.
General James Harrison Wilson's “China” is re-
published in a third edition by Messrs. D. Appleton &
Co. It contains much new matter, including an account
of the stirring events of the past year.
“Thomas De Quincey's Relation to German Literature
and Philosophy," by Mr. William A. Dunn, is a doc-
toral dissertation offered to the University of Strass-
burg, and is published in that city by Herr J. H. E.
Heitz.
“The Prose Writers of Canada," by Mr. S. E. Daw-
son, is a pamphlet publication issued by Mr. E. M.
Renouf, Montreal. It contains an address prepared
for the Montreal Meeting of the American Library
Association.
An announcement has just been made by a committee
of American anthropologists, of which Mr. F. W.
Hodge, managing editor of the “ American Anthro-
pologist," is secretary, of the proposed publication of
an illustrated volume containing some thirty folk-tales
which were recorded and translated by the late Frank


274
(April 16,
THE DIAL
66
Hamilton Cushing during his long and intimate asso Co. will sell in New York on the 7th and 8th of next
ciation with the Zuni Indian tribe of New Mexico. The month. About three hundred books (mostly first edi-
price of the work will be $3.50. Information and sub tions of English authors) and seventy autograph letters,
scription blanks will be supplied by the secretary, including some notable treasures, are comprised in the
Washington, D. C.
collection. The catalogue is a large octavo volume,
Professor Ashley H. Thorndike has published at beautifully printed at the Marion Press. Many inter-
Worcester, Mass., an interesting monograph entitled esting letters of Keats, Wordsworth, Bryant, Lowell,
« The Influence of Beaumont and Fletcher on Shaks and others are reprinted in full. The illustrations in-
pere.” It was originally a doctoral dissertation, and clude a reduced facsimile of the trial page for the pro-
is now enlarged to a treatise of nearly two hundred jected Kelmscott Shakespeare, and a facsimile of the
pages.
complete holograph MS. of Keats's poem “To Charles
An addition to the host of recent text-books in En-
Cowden Clarke."
glish is the “Modern Composition and Rhetoric" of
Messrs. Lewis Worthington Smith and James E.
Thomas. It is published by Messrs. Benj. H. Sanborn &
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
Co., and appears to be a sensible and practical treatise
(The following list, containing 120 titles, includes books
upon its subject.
received by THE DIAL since the issue of March 1.]
A second edition, revised and enlarged, of Mr. W. D.
MoCrackan's “The Rise of the Swiss Republic" has BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
just been published by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. It
The Story of My Life. By Augustus J. C. Hare. Vols.
is now nearly ten years since this work first appeared, III, and IV., completing the work. Illus. in photogra..
and its place among the standard histories has become vure, etc., large 8vo, uncut. Dodd, Mead & Co. $7.50.
well established during this period.
Up from Slavery: An Autobiography. By Booker T.
Washington. With portrait, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 330.
“ The Love Letters of Dorothy Osborne to Sir Wil-
Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.50 net.
liam Temple” are far better worth reading than most My Autobiography: A Fragment. By the Rt. Hon. Prof.
of the modern love letters, real or fictitious, that have
F. Max Müller, K.M. With photogravure portraits, 8vo,
enjoyed such a vogue of late years. A new edition of
gilt top, uncut, pp. 327. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.
this work, edited by Mr. Edward Abbott Parry, is now
Stage Reminiscences of Mrs. Gilbert. Edited by Char-
lotte M. Martin. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 248.
published by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
Dr. William Jay Youmans, for many years editor of
William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, and the Growth and Divi-
the “Popular Science Monthly," died April 10 at his
sion of the British Empire, 1708–1778. By Walford Davis
Green, M.P. Illus., 12mo, pp. 391. Heroes of the
home in Mount Vernon, N. Y., at the age of 63. Dr. Nations." G, P, Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
Youmans was well-known as a scientific worker, and A Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. With a Sketoh of Empress
was an extensive contributor to Appletons' Cyclopædia Josephine. By Ida M. Tarbell. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top,
and editor of many important scientific works.
uncut, pp. 485. McClure, Phillips & Co. $2.50.
Recollections of a Georgia Loyalist. By Elizabeth Lich-
“Under Bobs and Kruger" is the title of a book by tenstein Johnston (written in 1836); edited by Rev. Arthur
Mr. Frederiok W. Unger, late correspondent for the Wentworth Eaton, B.A. Illus., 16mo, gilt top, uncut,
London “ Daily Express," which Messrs. Henry T. pp. 224. M. F. Mansfield & Co. $1.50.
Coates & Co. will issue this Spring. Mr. Unger's book
Louis Agassiz. By Alice Bache Gould. With portrait,
24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 154. "Beacon Biographies."
is perhaps unique as representing the work of an En-
Small, Maynard & Co. 75 cts.
glish newspaper correspondent with the Boer army. Father Hecker. By Henry D. Sedgwick, Jr. With por
Hitherto, Longfellow's “Hiawatha” has been the trait, 24mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 155. Beacon Biog-
only American work included in the “ Temple Classics"
raphies." Small, Maynard & Co. 75 cts.
(Macmillan). We now have a two-volume edition of
HISTORY
Emerson's Essays, first and second series, and “Nature,”
The Thirteen Colonies. By Helen Ainslie Smith. In 2
edited by Mr. Walter Jerrold. The photogravure vols., illus., 12mo. “Story of the Nations." G. P. Pat-
frontispieces present a portrait of Emerson and a view nam's Sons. $3.
of his Concord home.
A History of the Four Georges and of William IV. By
Messrs. Cooke & Fry issue in attractive form a vol-
Justin McCarthy and Justin Huntly McCarthy. Vols. III.
and IV., completing the work. 12mo. Harper & Brothers.
ume entitled “The Tarrytown Church Records," by Per.vol., $1.25.
the Rev. Dr. David Cole and Mr. Morris P. Ferris, The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsyl-
president Yonkers (N. Y.) Historical Association. The
vania: A Stady of the So-Called Pennsylvania Dutch,
book is based on the records of the “old Dutch church
By Oscar Kuhng. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 268. Henry
Holt & Co. $1.50.
of Sleepy Hollow," now the First Reformed Church of
The Rise of the Swiss Republic: A History. By W. D.
Tarrytown, and is of much local historical and genea MoCracken, M.A. Second edition, revised and enlarged.
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GENERAL LITERATURE.
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The Love Letters of Victor Hugo, 1820–1822. With com-
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ment by Paul Meurice; trans. by Elizabeth W. Latimer.
Canadiana, and the library is rich in early and scarce With photogravure portraits, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 247
works relating to the North American Continent. A Harper & Brothers. $3.
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Puritan and Anglican: Studies in Literature. By Edward
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logue than that prepared for the William Harris Arnold Masters of French Literature. By George McLean Harper.
collection of books and letters, which Messrs. Bangs & 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 316. Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.


1901.]
275
THE DIAL
9
Robert Louis Stevenson: A Life Study in Criticism. By
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Cooke & Fry. $1.25.
.


276
(April 16,
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Enformation.
PAGE
293
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
• 301
.
•
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.
.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of term, there were not many who were hopeful
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
enough to believe that it was destined to
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must become a permanent part of the higher life of
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
Chicago. So many worthy movements had
current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and come to grief in the city, so many fresh enthu-
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; siasms had become chilled, so many commend-
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
able enterprises had suffered untimely defeat
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
from the caprices of fashion, that the argument
from analogy seemed to indicate a like end for
No. 357. MAY 1, 1901. Vol. XXX.
the newly-established Orchestra. When the
three years of the original plan were ended,
CONTENTS.
and the subscription fund had been overdrawn
TEN YEARS OF MUSIC
instead of being merely exhausted, the prospect.
ALEXANDER CALDWELL MCCLURG
. 294
was dark indeed, and it looked as if the work
would have to be abandoned as a failure. But
COMMUNICATION .
295
Concerning Tragedy. Elizabeth Woodbridge.
the forces which had led to its foundation
proved equal to the new demands made upon
AUGUSTUS HARE-TO DATE. E. G. J.
297
them ; the public-spirited founders of the or-
THE SCIENCE OF MEANING. Paul Shorey . 298
ganization renewed their subsidy, and the work
A GLIMPSE OF OLD NASSAU. Percy Favor
has gone on ever since without any derogation
Bicknell
from the fine artistic ideals that were set at its
A DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE. Irving
inception. The annual excess of expenses over
K. Pond.
302
receipts has fallen in the ten years from more
GILBERT WHITE OF SELBORNE. Sara A.
than fifty thousand to less than twenty thousand
Hubbard ..
304
dollars, but it still remains a charge upon the
FAITH AS A THEORY AND AS AN EXPERI-
group
of men who have borne it from the first,
ENCE. John Bascom
305
and who have, moreover, borne it ungrudg-
Leavitt's Reasons for Faith in Christianity.-
Shields's The Scientific Evidences of Revealed Re ingly, conscious that they have been supporting
ligion. - Bradford's The Age of Faith. - Peabody's one of the noblest of public causes. It is the
Jesus Christ and the Social Question. — Gordon's
The New Epoch for Faith-Caldecott's The Philoso-
gift of a third of a million of dollars freely
phy of Religion in England and America.
made by these men to the community during
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
306
the past ten years, that has enabled Chicago to
The Italy of the artists. — Graphic pictures of East boast of the finest orchestral organization and
London.-"Man-building." Plain tales of the sea.
equipment in America. We will not seek to
- Recollections of an exile of the American revolu-
tion.- The relation of the clergy to American letters.
praise these men as they deserve, for they
- Some interesting "yarns” of the sea. — A new would be the last to wish for such praise; it is
biography of J. Fenimore Cooper.
perhaps the chief virtue of their gift to art that
BRIEFER MENTION.
309 they bave made it for the sake of art and not
NOTES
. 309 for the sake of their personal reputations.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS .
But in spite of the manifest devotion of these
men to a higher ideal than that of money-
getting, there are certain elements of public
TEN YEARS OF MUSIC.
opinion so dense as to be incapable of realizing
The tenth season of the Chicago Orchestra that the annual balance-sheet of the orchestral
has just come to an end, and the occasion seems organization is not the chief source of concern
to call for a few words of comment upon to its management. Every year, when the
history and purpose of this remarkable enter-
of this remarkable enter- | figures are given out, and the deficit once more
prise. When the Orchestra was organized in stares the public in the face, a cry goes up
from
the autumn of 1891, and its support for three the newspapers to the effect that the loss might
years was secured by a subscription guaranty of easily have been avoided by bringing the pro-
fifty thousand dollars for each year of that | grammes presented down a little nearer to the
.
.
.
.
. 310
the


294
(May 1,
THE DIAL
level of popular taste. Give us more “request phonies and a concerto for piano and orchestra.
programmes,” it is said, put in a few waltzes As recently as ten years ago this achievement
and medleys of operatic airs, and the public could not possibly have been realized.
will crowd the concert hall. This is true, no During the ten years that the Chicago
doubt, but it is not the wish of the manage Orchestra has exercised its beneficent ministry,
ment to secure large audiences at such a cost. over two hundred programmes have been pre-
The Orchestra is first and foremost an educa- pared, and each of them twice performed, once
tional enterprise, and the requirements of art in the afternoon and once in the evening. The
are held paramount by Mr. Thomas and his list of the works produced at these concerts
supporters alike. Those who cannot under-comprises practically the whole répertoire of
stand how practical men may be actuated by the modern orchestra, and makes a most im-
such a motive should fall on their knees and posing showing as printed in the last concert-
pray for enlightenment, instead of assuming book of the season just ended. It includes, for
the injured air of persons whose good advice example, sixty symphonies, by nearly half that
is ungratefully rejected. Yet the advice is number of composers.
number of composers. Of these symphonies
proffered year after year by the same perse one hundred and seventy double performances
vering critics, and it seems quite impossible to have been given, the C minor of Beethoven
convince them that it is not wanted, or that heading the list with twenty afternoon and
the men who are responsible for the work of evening presentations. The forms of the con-
the Orchestra know quite as well as their critics certo, the concert overture, the suite, the
that the concerts could be made to pay if it rhapsody, and the symphonic poem are repre-
were thought desirable.
sented in equally rich variety, and nearly all
How well they have paid in a better than the great works for solo performance likewise
the commercial sense is apparent to every ob- appear in the list. Taking the name of Beet-
server of musical conditions in Chicago during hoven alone, we find, besides fifty double per-
the past ten or twenty years. By dint of
per formances of the nine symphonies, more than
sistent hammering at the public, of giving the fifty double performances of other numbers.
public what was good for it instead of what it Wagner is represented by almost everything
wanted, Mr. Thomas has transformed the great that can possibly be used for concert purposes,
modern composers, one by one, from esoteric over sixty distinct numbers being included in
mysteries into sources of vital enjoyment. To the programmes, with nearly three hundred
begin with, he forced Wagner upon an unwil. double performances. The above facts and
ling public until those who bad come to scoff figures will give some faint idea of the musical
remained to pray, and a Wagner programme feast set before the Chicago public during the
had come to be the surest means of filling the past ten years by Mr. Thomas and his musi-
house from pit to topmost gallery. Then he cians. It has provided nothing less than a
dealt with Brahms, and Tschaikowsky, and liberal education in music for many thousands
Dvorak in similar fashion, and made them of people, and the community as a whole with
almost equally popular. Yet while pursuing a spiritual uplift that no psychological calculus
this course, he did not permit the public to has the power to estimate. For this best of
neglect the great composers who were in less gifts we wish to express our appreciation and
need of such championship, and the works of to record our heartfelt gratitude to the men at
Bach and Mozart and Beethoven were produced whose hands it has been received.
with generous frequency. Certain it is that
the programmes which now attract the largest
audiences are of the sort that would have been
ALEXANDER CALDWELL MCCLURG.
most certainly doomed to failure in the early
years of the missionary and educational work The death of Alexander Caldwell McClurg, on
done for Chicago by the devotion of this un the 15th of April, deprived the business and in-
bending idealist. The largest audience that
tellectual life of Chicago of one of its most con-
ever assembled for a concert in the Chicago Philadelphia in 1834, and was educated at Miami
spicuous figures. General McClurg was born in
Auditorium an audience that filled all the
University. He enlisted as a private in the Civil
seats and packed the foyer behind the seats
War, and rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel
with the dense rows of the standing
and Brevet Brigadier General. His military record
one that gathered there a few weeks ago to was one of distinction; he took part in the battles
hear a programme consisting of two sym of Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge,
was the


1901.)
295
THE DIAL
9
and Atlanta, besides accompanying Sherman on his greatly contend, and our interest in him cannot be last-
famous march to the sea. After the war he came ing. Ibsen’s “ An Enemy of the People" is not a
to Chicago and engaged in the book business, at tragedy, because its hero, Stockmann, does not fail; he
first with S. C. Griggs & Co., then with Jansen,
wins, and at the end of the play he is more fit than at
McClurg & Co., and finally became head of the
the beginning. The same is true of “A Doll's House":
firm of A. C. McClurg & Co., which was reorgan-
Nora has struggled somewhat as one does in a dream,
but by the end of the play she has waked, and is ready
ized as a stock company about two years ago, with
to make a real fight of it, with a life-time ahead in
General McClurg at its head. The bookselling which to do battle, and not for herself alone. Haupt-
business of this house grew to great dimensions, mann's Hannele, on the other hand, is not a tragic but
and the publishing department, although less im a pathetic figure: she suffers but does not fight; she is
portant, attained a highly respectable development a helpless child done to death by a brutal fate, but
under the personal direction of the head of the
comforted at last by her radiant death-visions.
« The
house. General McClurg was actively interested
Second Mrs. Tanqueray" shows conflict, and inevitable
failure, and suffering, but fails of greatness because its
in many of the organizations of the intellectual
characters, eccentric or clever or charming or whatever
forces of the city, particularly in the Chicago His-
else, are fundamentally mediocre; whereas “Magda
torical Society and the Chicago Literary Club. He
(“Die Heimath "), though less clever, is greater, by
also did much valuable work in behalf of the Ameri.
reason of its heroine and her superb vitality.
can Copyright League. The events of recent years But while the conflict-theory fails through incom-
ranged him stanchly on the side of the traditional pleteness, the mystery-theory, as we may call Professor
political ideals of his country, and the cause of Hale's, fails rather through a confused use of terms,
anti-imperialism found in him an energetic and
and this in a number of ways.
outspoken ally. THE DIAL owes a special tribute “Hamlet,” we are told, is tragic because we do not
to his memory, both because of his frequent contri-
understand it. “As soon as we understand it, it ceases
to be tragedy.” And the tragedy lies, it appears, in
butions to its pages, and because the firm of which
the fact that, though endowed with such gifts as ought
he was a member was part owner of the journal, as
to bring success of the best kind, he yet does not suc-
well as its publisher, during its first twelve years. ceed, and we cannot see why. Yet it is admitted that
we do see how, for “when the conditions are once given,
we do not deny a single step.” What, then, is seeing
why, if it is not just this seeing how things happen, this
COMMUNICATION.
following their course step by step from beginning to
end? Do we, or can we, in any other sense see why
anything happens, from the processes of digestion to
CONCERNING TRAGEDY.
those of the poet's fancy? Unless, indeed, we expect to
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
fathom what we, by misleading anthropomorphism, call
Inasmuch as play-goers have been seeing tragedies
the “motives," of what we, again by misleading anthro-
ever since the time of Æschylus, and probably long be-
pomorphism, call “ the Creator.” And inasmuch as the
fore, it would seem an easy thing to say what tragedy
same mystery lies over all things, we cannot regard it
is. Yet it has proved to be not an easy thing at all.
as the special ear-mark of a particular class.
Aristotle apparently settled it for his own time, but his
Again, “ The Second Mrs. Tanqueray” is deemed
ears must have burned during the last three centuries,
tragic because “although we know that she could not
and still nothing is decided.
have turned over a new leaf (gluing the old ones
The latest word comes from Prof. E. E. Hale, Jr., down), we are not at all clear as to why she could not.
who in a recent number of THE DIAL takes issue with
It seems as if she should have had a chance." On the
Mr. W. L. Courtney * for presenting the leading idea of
contrary, Mrs. Tanqueray's case appears to me a par-
tragedy as a conflict, and himself maintains that its
ticularly clear one, both in its nature and in virtue of
essential element is really “the strange and unexplain-
its presentation; nothing could be easier to understand,
able courses of life.”
in the only way in which we can ever understand any-
The first theory is certainly incomplete. It would
thing.
follow from it that all plays are tragedies, since no real
The tragic element in “ L'Aiglon" is accounted for
plot can be constructed that is not based on conflict of
as in “Hamlet.” Professor Hale thinks the Duke, “ on
some sort. Obviously, we must also consider the nature
the whole, an attractive man with a good head and
of the conflict, the manner of its course and termina-
heart and great ambitions. People love him; he ought
tion, and the character of the participants. Briefly to do well. Now he does not do well at all." But here
stated, it seems to me that the conflict must involve
again there seems to me nothing mysterious. I should,
great suffering, otherwise it is simply heroic (instance
indeed, prefer to describe the Duke as an attractive
the Heracles), or comic (instance Falstaff); that it
boy with a poor head, diseased sensibilities, and spec-
must end in failure, and that this failure we must, as
tacular dreams, but Professor Hale himself admits his
we look back, feel to be inevitable, – that is, in accord-
“ besetting triviality," and in fact explains satisfactorily
ance with law, and not the result of arbitrary fiat or of
just why the Duke could not possibly“ do well.” There
accident; finally, the fighter himself must be a great
is in it no “strange unexplainableness,” except, as sug-
nature, since otherwise he can neither greatly suffer nor
gested above, of the sort that all things possess. We
*"The Idea of Tragedy in Ancient and Modern Drama. may, if we like, make a mystery of the fact that
Three Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution by W. L. anæmic though attractive boys do not succeed, and that
Courtney.” I have as yet been unable to see the book, so great fathers sometimes have unsuccessful sons, but
know it only through Mr. Hale's criticism.
there is not much to gain by it. According to my way
9


296
[May 1,
THE DIAL
of thinking, “ L'Aiglon " is not a tragedy at all, but a far as we do, in the only way possible, understand the
pathetic spectacle, like “ Hannele” done on a gorgeous course of evil, so that it becomes a part of the great
scale, wherein, by means of a series of rather loosely world-order to which we belong, that it appeals to our
connected scenes, we see the spirit of a lovable child tragic sense. So long as it appears unaccountable,
bruised and crushed by the relentless forces of life. arbitrary, so long shall we feel impatience and rebellion,
There is nothing worth calling a struggle; he does not, so long shall we be withheld from experiencing with
as the slang phrase goes, “put up any fight at all.” regard to it the “pity and fear” which, whatever is
It seems, then, as though the mystery-theory involved meant by them, are admitted to be the essentials of the
us in confusion as to what “ seeing why" really means. tragic attitude. Caliban's notion of Setebos “just
But perhaps the trouble is caused by a failure to dis choosing so ” admits of suffering and of conflict, but
tinguish between the argument of a play and the play not of tragedy, and the arbitrary postulate, as it seems
itself. Professor Hale has two minds about “ Hamlet," to us moderns, in the “Edipus,” is its weakness, not
one when he thinks of the story, another when he thinks its strength.
of the play: when thinking of the first he “cannot see It is this understanding of evil, this seeing through
why it should have happened at all,” when thinking of it, seeing how, which it is preëminently the tragedian's
the second he « does
deny a single step." Note business to endow us with; if he fails of this, he has not
that it is the second mood which is induced by the play written a tragedy, but a melodrama, or something else.
itself, the mood, not of querulous mystification but of Thus, Professor Hale holds that while “Hamlet” is a
compelled understanding, which accompanies our sense tragedy, the death of a young man in battle is not.
of the tragic. It is not while we follow the play that Granted, but why? Not because we understand the
we “ do not see why," it is only when we repeat, in evil involved; I do not think we do, — the Providence
barren and meaningless formula, the story of the play. that governs battlefields seems quite as inscrutable as
This argument rather makes against its own cause, in the Providence that governs royal murders;- but be-
dicating that our feeling of the tragic and our under cause such a death, glorious or pathetic according to
standing of its inevitable processes are at least con one's point of view, is what we call accidental: the
comitants. In discussing “A Doll's House,” Professor bullet happened to come his way. An artist
may
arise
Hale again mistal the material of the tragedy for the who will take such a story and make it seem to us in-
tragedy itself. It cannot, he argues, be the conflict evitable, but no one has yet done so. Perhaps the
between husband and wife that makes it tragic, because nearest approach to it is in “ Romeo and Juliet," where
“a brawling house is not tragic.” Not when thus form the catastrophe is the outcome of a series of unfortunate
ulated, certainly, but it has been made the basis of more accidents, any one of which might have turned out dif-
great tragedies than any other one subject. He adds ferently and saved the game. But I think the play
that this particular brawl " was an extraordinary case, only helps to prove the point, for it has never seemed
or perhaps it only seemed so because of the skill in to me a great tragedy, when compared with the great-
putting the case." Exactly. In other words, it was est; it seems a sweet and pathetic love-story, like that
the writer's skill which made it to some extent into a of “ Paul and Virginia," and I have never been able to
tragedy. Curiously enough, all great tragedians have see anything very shocking in the German acting ver-
this skill: Lear's was a brawling house, too; so was on which arrested the poison and the dagger, and
Agamemnon's, and Antigone's, and Beatrice Cenci's. allowed the lovers to live happily ever after. Moreover,
In Professor Hale's discussion of “Hamlet” there is it is significant that a class of college girls, when I re-
a further confusion of terms: “Granted that Hamlet ferred to the play casually as a tragedy, almost unani-
was too weak of will, how did he get so ? By too much mously protested. Everything, they argued, was going
thinking ? Is not thinking the great faculty of man, the well, the plan of escape, though a stupidly complicated
thing that raises him above the beasts? Why should one, might easily have succeeded, and they refused to
too much thought put the thinker in the power of the consider a play tragic which held within itself even op
circumstances around him? We do not understand to the last moment the possibility of a happy solution.
these things. But the difficulty here is that Professor When asked about “Lear,” and the happy solution
Hale is using the word “thinking” in two senses, as a which used occasionally to be substituted at its close
general term for human reason,
we cannot by our German (and, alas! English too) play-managers,
have too much, and as a special name for a special they held that the case was different; that here the
kind of activity which we all know does, speaking pop tragedy lay not in the death of Lear but in his life,
ularly, interfere with effective action. And we all know, and that even if he had ended his days in comfortable
too, in a general way, the reasons why it does thus senility, tended by Cordelia, his life would have been
interfere. Take a real instance: An old professor was none the less a tragic failure, and inevitably a failure.
sitting in a street car with his legs crossed, reading, It is, then, not “strange unexplainableness” that
when he suddenly realized that he had passed his cor makes tragedy, nor is it conflict alone. Tragedy gives
ner. He arose hastily and tried to leave the car, but us something different from the one and something
having neglected to uncross his legs he found it diffi more than the other. It shows us great suffering, mortal
cult, almost impossible. What was his trouble ? Too conflict, great natures, and as it shows us these it makes
much thinking; which thus actually had “put him in us feel that they, and we, are in the grasp of eternal,
the power of the circumstances around him.” Thinking unalterable law. The suffering and the struggle, when
may do this at any time, and no mystery about it; it all apparently outside the dominion of law, arouse in us
depends on the circumstances, and on how and what only extreme rebellion or sullen non-resistance; when
one thinks. In this case the lowest of the beasts,” | manifestly within its realm, they stir in us those feel-
even a hen, would have done better than the professor. | ings of “pity and fear” which are our response to
The mystery-theory, then, does not appear to me as what we call great tragedy.
a satisfactory solution of the problem. I rather believe
ELIZABETH WOODBRIDGE.
that the reverse of it is the truer, and that it is in so New Haven, Conn., April 18, 1901.


1901.]
297
THE DIAL
The New Books.
memorials, and how much, how very much, the
name of Augustus Hare meant to them. Few
men's natural modesty, however great, could
AUGUSTUS HARE-- TO DATE.*
have withstood that sort of thing very long;
“ What fun!” cheerily ejaculates Mr. Au-
and it is no wonder if Mr. Hare, living thus
gustus Hare, of guide-book fame, in a letter daily within earshot of his own praises and
to a friend, after telling how the Reviews had basking in the sun of his great social popu-
been abusing him for what they thought the larity, has come at last to take himself pretty
twaddle, conceit, toadyism, inordinate length, seriously,” and even to feel it incumbent on
and so forth, of the first instalment (in two
him to climb to the general view on a pedestal
volumes) of his autobiography. Even the
of autobiography four volumes high.
staid “ Athenæum” for once lost its temper,
We deplore as much as anybody what Mr.
and called Mr. Hare a "literary valet," the
literary valet,” the Gosse calls the big-biography habit,” and we
“ British Review” went so far as to think him
think that a writer who has contracted it ought
" an absolute beast," a critic out in India voted
to be suppressed and kept out of print until
him and his “chatter” a “prodigious nuis-
time and abstention bave effected a radical
ance,” an American paper politely hinted that
cure. The practice of exhibiting one-volume
so erratic a Hare must surely be one of the
men in two-volume and even three-volume
March variety, and, in fine, Mr. Hare must
books has increased, is increasing, and ought
have felt as if the good old days of Jeffrey and
to be diminished, even if an example has to be
Lockhart were come again for his express en-
made of a contumacious biographer or two.
tertainment.
But in Mr. Hare's seemingly aggravated case
Bent on having more “ fun” of this unusual
of making much ado about comparatively noth-
sort, Mr. Hare now puts forth a second brace ing, it ought in fairness to be observed that
of much thicker volumes on the same seductive
what he calls the story of his life is in point of
theme, and gleefully awaits the result. We
fact so largely made up of stories about and
are sorry to disappoint him of our small con-
by others, and of impersonal descriptions of
tribution to the treat he has promised himself, places he has visited in his capacity of quasi-
but we must in candor say that his book, though
that his book, though professional tourist and guide-book maker, that
it
long and of no great substance, strikes us
may be read with interest even by those who
nevertheless as a really entertaining one in its
care least about Mr. Hare himself. Mr. Hare's
way, and even as an almost ideal book to pick | habit of Boswellizing even his chance and un-
about in and dawdle over in the dozy Summer
important acquaintances, of jotting down their
days, when one is content to keep cool and
talk and especially their stories, is largely re-
drift along idly on the stream of almost any- sponsible for the length of his book. Telling
body's talk. It is, furthermore, to our notion,
in his journal, for instance, how he breakfasted
with a Mr. Richmond he relates how his host-
a book that reflects, not “ an absolute beast”
(how the British Review” could speak or
“ Talked of Carlyle - of how his peculiarities began
in affectation, but that now he was simply lost in the
think thus of the winsome and accomplished mazes of his own vocabulary. One night, he said, be
Augustus passes our comprehension), but an met a man at Albert Gate at 12 P. M., who asked for
amiable, talkative gentleman, who, if he some a light for his cigar. He did not see who it was till,
what too manifestly has a high opinion of him-
as he was turning away, he recognized Carlyle, who
self, has at all events come by it honestly. For
gave a laugh which could be heard all down Piccadilly
as he exclaimed, I thought it was just any son of Adam,
Mr. Hare has long been a very popular writer and I find a friend.""
with that large class of occasional readers who, Carlyle was tormented by street noises. He
when they like a man's books, like them with said to Mr. Hare:
out stint or qualification, and are eager to tell “ That which the warld torments me in most is the
him so, rapturously, when they meet him in the awful confusion of noise. It is the devil's own infernal
flesh. Numerous admirers of Mr. Hare, as we din all the blessed day long, confounding God's warks
gather from his pages, have praised him to his
and His creatures—a truly hell-like combination, and the
warst of it a' is a railway whistle, like the screech of ten
face, and gratefully told him how their steps
thousand cats and ivery cat of them as big as a cathedral.”
had been led and their minds uplifted by his In his diary Mr. Hare tells amusingly of a
incomparable guide-books and pious family dinner at the Grotes'.
*THE STORY OF MY LIFE. By Augustus J. C. Hare. “After dinner, she (Mrs. Grote) would leave the
Volumes III. and IV., completing the work. Illustrated. historian,' as she called him, in his study, and come up
New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
to the drawing-room, where she would talk to her


298
[May 1,
THE DIAL
6
guests and be most entertaining. At nine o'clock, tea and may serve to indicate a certain quality in
would be brought up - such a tea as one never sees
his writing which is the one, we fancy, largely
now, with tablecloth, muffins, cakes, etc. Then she
would say to the servant, · Bring up the historian'
responsible for the irritation of his critics.
and the historian was brought up.' He was vastly
“I was afterwards at a breakfast at Lord Bute's.
civil, of the old school, and wore a great deal of frill.
There were few people I knew there, and the grass
He would take his place opposite the table, and im-
was very wet, so I sat under the verandah with the
mediately taking a large clean pocket-handkerchief Egertons. Presently an old lady was led out there,
from his pocket, spread it very deliberately over his very old, and evidently unable to walk, but with a dear
knees, after which a dog jumped up and sat on it. Then
beautiful face, dressed in widow's weeds. She seemed
he would say, as to a perfect stranger, And now, Mrs. to know no one, so gradually — I do not know how it
Grote, will you kindly favor us with a sonata?' and came about - I gave her a rose, and sat down at her
Mrs. Grote, who was an admirable musician, would play
feet on the mat, and she talked of many beautiful
a very long sonata indeed; after which he would say, things. She was evidently sitting in the most peaceful
• Thank you, Mrs. Grote. I am sure Lady Lyvedon waiting upon the very threshold of the heavenly king-
joins with me in being very much obliged to you for
dom. When I was going away she said, I should like
your beautiful sonata.""
to know whom I have been talking to.' I said, My name
Mr. Hare's impressions of Tennyson, as re-
is Augustus Hare.' She said, “I divined that when you
gave me the flower.' I have not a notion who she was."
corded in his diary, will not please the poet's
admirers who would have no spots on their sun.
Mr. Hare's book, it must be admitted, is
largely a chronicle of pretty small beer, but it
"... This afternoon I have been with Mrs. Gre-
ville to Mr. Tennyson at Haselmere . . . Tennyson is
is entertaining enough, as we have tried to
older looking than I expected, so that his unkempt ap- show, in its light way.
show, in its light way. The volumes are pro-
pearance signifies less. He has an abrupt, bearish fusely illustrated, mainly with woodcuts set in
manner, and seems thoroughly hard and unpoetical: the text, which assist in making an unusually
one would think of him as a man in whom the direst inviting page. Of his own portraits the author
prose of life was absolutely ingrained. Mrs. Greville
kissed his hand as he came in, which he received with-
has been lavish.
E. G. J.
out any protest. He asked if I would like to go out,
and we walked round the gardens. By way of break
ing the silence I said, How fine your arbutus is.'-
• Well, I would say arbutus,' he answered, otherwise
THE SCIENCE OF MEANING.*
you are as bad as the gardeners, who say Clematis'
For the poet's bearish manners the Tennyson family
Etymology is a science, said Voltaire, in
are to blame, in making him think himself a demigod.
which vowels count for nothing and consonants
One day, on arriving at Mrs. Greville's, he said at once,
for mighty little. Since then there has arisen
«Give me a pipe, I want to smoke.' She at once went a science of language at whose bar every slight-
off by herself down the village to the shop, and return est dialectical variation and shadow of a breath-
ing with two pipes, offered them to him with all be-
coming subservience. He never looked at her or
ing is required to justify its existence, and the
thanked her, but, as he took them, growled out,“ Where
old gibe has lost its force. But the etymology
are the matches ? I suppose now you've forgotten the
of which Voltaire spoke was essentially the
matches!' . . . Dined at Lady Lyvedon's. Sat by Lady etymology of the ancients. It was a more or
S., who was very pleasant. She talked of Tennyson,
less ingenious and plausible playing of the
who had been to stay with her. He desired his sons
to let her know that he should like to be asked to read
fancy about the transitions of meaning by
some of his poems in the evening. Nevertheless, when which one word arises out of another. At its
she asked him, he made a piece of work about it, and worst, it was a refined form of pupning. At
said to the other guests, "I do it, but I only do it be its best, it was a convenient vehicle for the con-
cause Lady S. absolutely insists upon it.' He read
badly and with too much emotion: over · Maud' he
veyance of ethical and ästhetical symbolism,
sobbed passionately."
as it appears in the etymologizing of Plato and
Glad, no doubt, to have escaped the spec-
Plutarch, or in Ruskin's interpretations of the
tacle of a man “ sobbing passionately ” in
proper names in Shakespeare. Plato derived
public over his own poems, Mr. Hare was
hemera, day, from himeros, desire, because
nevertheless compelled to hear Browning read primitive man, reversing Shelley's practice,
at Lady Airlie's, and it was a sore trial to him. passed the night in terror-stricken longing for
“I never heard any one, even a child of ten, read so
the dawn. Aristotle deduced dikaios, just,
atrociously. It was two of his own pieces "Good from dicha, in twain, because justice is a fair
news to Ghent' and Ivan Ivanowitch,' the latter division. The Stoics, in Cicero's phrase, la bored
always most horrible and unsuitable for reading aloud, pitifully in enucleating the origins of words.
but in this case rendered utterly unintelligible by the
And the moderns before this century were not
melodramatic vocal contortions of the reader."
*SEMANTICS : Studies in the Science of Meaning.
The following passage from Mr. Hare's
Michel Bréal; translated by Mrs. Henry Cust, with Preface
journal seems in general fairly characteristic, by J. P. Postgate. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
By


1901.)
299
THE DIAL
much better. The great Scaliger himself de popular papers on the theme, he about two
rived persona from peri soma, around the years ago put forth a volume to which, with a
body. But there is some naïveté in the modern slight modification of the current term, he gave
scholar's triumph over the ignorance of his the name “Sémantique.” And this, translated
predecessors. Superior minds, such as Plato under the title “ Semantics” by Mrs. Henry
and Plutarch, were well aware that etymolo- Cust, and introduced in an interesting and
gizing, like the allegorical interpretation of suggestive though somewhat rambling essay by
mythology and poetry, was merely a literary Professor Postgate, now lies before us.
device. They did not take their fancies so Professor Bréal has written a charming book.
seriously as we are apt to assume. But in the Has he constituted a new science ?. Apart
absence of verified scientific law, it was impos- | from a few modifications of terminology, has
sible for even the greatest thinkers to acquire he anything to offer that is new — I will not
the modern educated man's instinctive sense of say to the student of recent German semasio-
the possible and impossible in this field or in logical work, but even to the reader of Max
the world of physical phenomena.
Müller, Trench “On the Study of Words," or
But truth is stranger than fiction and quite the ingenious author of "Stories from the Dic-
as interesting. The miracles of fairy land are tionary”? I think not.
eclipsed by the realities of modern science, and Of the three divisions of Professor Bréal's
etymologies on which philology has set its work, only the second part, “ How the Mean-
austere seal present as good material for the ing of Words is Determined,” belongs to his
kaleidoscopic play of fantastic associations, as subject taken in the stricter sense. The first
the uncontrolled fancies of pre-scientific literary part, though entitled “ The Intellectual Laws
ingenuity. Why resort to romance to derive of Language,” is mainly concerned with forms
Alfana from equus if science permits us to dis and inflections, and together with the third
til glamour from grammar, kneads dough into part,
part, “How Syntax is Formed,” falls under
fiction, demonstrates the identity of wig and semantics only if we make the word cover
Mount Pilate, extracts eel and quinsy from everything in the science of language not in-
the same root, and equates tear and larme, cluded in sound change. Now the phenomena
while warning us that there is nothing in com. of semantics in the larger as in the narrower
mon between boucher and bouche, kaléo and sense are primarily special manifestations of
call, holos and whole, augé light and Auge eye? the association of ideas, and can with a little
And wherein is the notorious antiphrasis lucus ingenuity be grouped under a few broad rubrics,
a non lucendo funuier than the admitted deri. such as association by similarity or antithesis,
vation of paraffin from parum affinis, too little or contiguity in time or place, or causal se-
akin ? Until recently, however, this fascinating quence, expansion and restriction of meaning,
field has been abandoned to the popular essay- specialization, generalization, concretion, ab-
ist, or invaded by the philologer only for the straction, metaphor, analogy, confusion, con-
purpose of culling a casual flower or two to tamination, survival, and the like. The number
commend his severer wares.
But of late there of such categories actually employed in any
has been a demand that this domain too be given treatise, and the precision and subtlety
annexed by science, and brought under the with which they are discriminated, depend
reign of strict pbilological law. Monographs more on the logical idiosyncrasy of the author
have been written on the development of mean than on any inherent and constraining order in
ings in particular classes of words, as numbers, the phenomena. Mr. Bréal's tripartite division,
verb-forms, words of color, or the names of the while conducive to clearness in some respects,
operations of the mind. And here and there is unfavorable to his design of eliciting a few
a scholar emulous of Holmes's coleopterist, and simple laws. It leads to over-subtlety of classi-
adopting a term introduced by the gram- fication and the multiplication of terminology,
marian Reisig about the year 1830, has de a malady of science quite as serious as the
nominated himself a semasiologist, or student abuse of abstract and metaphorical language
of the science of meanings. The most enthu- which he so sensibly deprecates.
siastic advocate of the new study is Professor Thus what he calls the law of specialization
Michel Bréal, best known to scholars for his is illustrated in Part One by the tendency of
edition of the Eugubine Tables and his etymo- words of originally substantive import to be-
logical Latin Lexicon. After many years' de come specialized as mere signs of grammatical
lay, and the anticipatory publication of various / relations. It is in this way that the transition


300
[May 1,
THE DIAL
from synthetic to analytic languages is ex Words is Determined,” treats of such topics
plained. It is a misleading metaphor, Mr. as the restriction and expansion of meaning,
Bréal thinks, to say that the case endings de- metaphor, polysemia, etc., and, in final sum-
cay and are replaced by prepositions and a mary,
“ How Names are Given to Things."
fixed syntactic order. What really happened These chapters with their wealth of apt illus-
was that the Latins, seeking precision, fell into tration are very readable. But we cannot
the habit of saying dare ad aliquem instead of admit that they constitute even the beginning
dare alicui, and then the terminations no longer of a new science. That things are often named
needed were discarded. These considerations from one of their qualities taken as represen-
are interesting, but the term specialization tative of the rest, as when a horse was for the
could be and has been applied within the field Aryans the swift thing par excellence, and for
of Semantics proper to the facts which Mr. the modern Greek the irrational thing; that
Bréal relegates to another book and chapter meanings may be strangely narrowed, as when
under the heading “ Restriction of Meaning” species becomes spices and muth mood is lim-
— the narrowing, that is, of extension and ited to courage ; or widened, as when pecunia
deepening of intension by which, e. g., tectum becomes the symbol of wealth generally; that
becomes the special covering toit. So with metaphor is one of the chief ways in which the
“differentiation,” Mr. Bréal's second law. As imagination creates new meanings, as when the
applied to vocabulary it is virtually equivalent first threads of the warp came to stand for all
to the “ desynonymization
" of Trench.
The primordia and exordia ; that experts in every
classical illustration of this process is found in matter use abbreviated expressions the meaning
“ Ivanhoe,” in Wamba's reflections on sheep of which is determined by the context, or by
and mutton, oxen and beef, and it is manifested what the logicians call the “universe of dis-
when advancing thought sharply discriminates course,
as when novello means new vines to
for its convenience terms like genus and a farmer, and to a jurist laws added to the
species, brigade, regiment, battalion, esteem, code of Justinian — these and similar propo-
respect, venerate, whose etymology supplies no sitions were not first enunciated or illustrated
necessary basis for such distinction. But the by the science of Semantics.
by the science of Semantics. It is an inter-
term also includes the process by which the infi- esting fact (if true) that tempus originally
nite wealth of Greek and Sanscrit verb-forms meant temperature. But when Mr. Bréal adds
are appropriated to separate functions, and for that then in French weather was thus desig-
this reason Mr. Bréal treats of it in Part One. nated, and finally, the abstract idea of dura-
The phenomena which many scholars lump tion, was reached, he will mislead readers who
under analogy Mr. Bréal distributes into sev do not recall that Aristotle discussed the meta-
eral groups. He coins, e.g., the term “ irradia physics of "time" with the word chronos (the
tion ” to denote the process by which a depre- including ?) which in modern Greek has sunk
ciatory subaudition attaching to a few words to “ year,” while the kairos, or opportune
of the originally innocent termination aster moment, of Greek ethics and poetry now means
spreads and irradiates into all words of like weather.
weather. Such curiosities give us no law or
ending giving us poetaster and marâtre. Under principle; they merely tell us that any incident
analogy proper he discusses rather the psycho or aspect of the passage of the hours or seasons
logical motives of the resort to analogy. And may by historical accident become the sign of
from the fact that there always is such a the abstract idea of time, and again be degraded
motive he concludes somewhat sophistically that to a trivial concrete meaning. The writer of
we have no right to speak of false analogies a popular book on language naturally groups
as if they were mere blunders.
We can un-
and arranges his examples, as a psychologist
doubtedly detect a method in the madness of classifies his anecdotal illustrations of the as-
children who say “I goed," or in the late sociation of ideas, or a rhetorician invents an
Latin speakers who coined prostrare from elaborate nomenclature for different kinds of
prostravi, and developed étude from a supposed metaphors. But after the enunciation of a
feminine studia. But common sense will con few general principles or pathways of associa-
tinue to speak of blunders and false analogies tion, there is no scientific law in either case
in spite of Mr. Bréal's ingenious plea that such to determine the number of the headings and
imperfect speakers are actuated by the highest subdivisions. They may as well be thirty as
impulse — the search for regularity and law! It is purely a question of literary skill
The second part,
• How the Meaning of and convenience of presentation of the ma-
ten.


1901.]
301
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;
tro
terial. But the classifying and name-giving young man's private papers are still vastly
instinct is ineradicable, and its excesses are a entertaining and instructive, in detached pas-
perpetual source of illusion here, and in the sages : their humor being all the richer because
neighboring fields of grammar and literary unconscious, and their instruction the more
criticism. And so while agreeing with Mr. welcome because unpremeditated.
Bréal that Semantics is a much more interest Fithian was born in New Jersey in 1774;
ing and, in its unsystematic way, more in studied at Princeton, 1770–72, at the same
structive subject than the study of vowels and time with Henry Lee, Aaron Burr, and James
consonants, we cannot admit that it is or can Madison ; devoted himself to the study of
be a science even in the limited sense in which theology after leaving college; acted as tutor
the term is applicable to what has hitherto in Councillor Robert Carter's family, West-
been known as comparative philology. Nor moreland County, Va., 1773–74; was sent as
has our opinion been altered by the perusal of missionary among the pioneer settlers of West-
Professor Wundt's recently published “ Völk ern Virginia and Pennsylvania ; enlisted as
erpsychologie.” He demonstrates with super. chaplain in the New Jersey militia, July 12,
fuity of logic that every change of meaning 1776 ; served under Washington ; and died of
has a cause.
But so has
every
action of man.
camp epidemic, Oct. 8, 1776.
We do not therefore regard political history Manners and customs at Old Nassau are
as a science.
There is doubtless a reason why described in his Princeton letters. A few ex-
the French word for liver (foie) is derived tracts may be of interest to present students.
from ficatum (fig-fed) and not from jecur ; or “Every Student must rise in the Morning, at farthest
why pig(e) in Danish means what the French by half an hour after five; the grammar Schollars being
call a young person," and not the less poet most of them small, & lodging also in Town at some
Distance from the College, are, in Winter, excused
ical young thing to which it is limited in our
from attending morning Prayrs.
own tongue. But the reason in each instance
“ The Bell rings at five, after which there is an
is historical and (for purposes of human sci Intermission of half and [sic] hour, that everyone may
ence) accidental. Such facts cannot be con have time to dress, at the end of which it rings again,
verted into a science by the application to
& Prayrs begin; And lest any should plead that he
did not hear the Bell, the Servant who rings, goes to
illustrations taken from Trench and Bréal of every Door & beats till he wakens the Boys, which
Wundt's own ponderous subdivision of what leaves them without Excuse."
the rest of us call associations into assimilations, “ After morning Prayrs, we can, now in the Winter,
complications, and apperceptions.
We are
study an hour by candle Light every Morning..
none the wiser for being told that the familiar
“We breakfast at eight; from Eight to nine, is time
of our own, to play or exercise.”
metaphor from sight to sound in the phrase
“We sup at seven; At nine the Bell rings for Study;
“ a clear voice” (clarus) is a case of “primary And a Tutor goes through College, to see that every
complicative Bedeutungswandel” falling under Student is in his own Room; if he finds that any are
the formula nd A (E B)—ndE (AB)-neB. absent, or more in any Room than belongs there, he
We are only moved to apologize to Mr. Bréal
notes them down, & the day following calls them to
an Account.
for finding fault with the excessive complication
“At nine any may go to bed, but to go before is
of his terminology.
PAUL SHOREY. reproachful.”
We rise on Sabbath mornings & have Prayrs as
usual."
two of our Members were expelled from the
A GLIMPSE OF OLD NASSAU.*
College yesterday; not for Drunkenness, nor Fighting,
not for Swearing, nor Sabbath-Breaking; But they were
The crude material without which history sent from this Seminary, where the greatest Pains and
could not be written or the historical novel Care are taken to cultivate and encourage Decency, go
launched on its record-breaking career, is pre-
Honesty, & Honour, for stealing Hens ! Shameful, mean,
sented to the reader in the Journal and Letters
unmanly Conduct!”
of Philip Vickers Fithian, as edited by Mr.
Religious interests appeal to him strongly.
John Rogers Williams for the Princeton His He mentions the revivals, the “stir of religion
torical Association. Ill-spelled, worse punctu-
in college,” as he expresses it, to which Dr.
ated, and well-nigh without literary form or
Maclean, in his History of the College of New
grace of style, these extracts from an observant Jersey, has made more extended reference.
The young student notes with satisfaction the
*PHILIP VICKERS FITHIAN: Journal and Letters, 1767-
conversion of some of his college mates. “The
1774. Edited for the Princeton Historical Association by John
Rogers Williams. Princeton, N. J.: The University Library. | formerly abandoned Glover” is spoken of as
>>
26


302
[May 1,
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“ seeking the way to heaven ”; but, as the The latest entry from the Journal is dated
editor adds, poor Glover“
appears to have
Oct. 25, 1774. A selection from Fithian's
mistaken a path to some neighboring hen-roost, later correspondence and diaries, if such are
for the way to Heaven, as he was expelled preserved, ought to be of value. The editor's
from the college the following winter for steal | Introduction leaves the reader at least a faint
ing turkeys.” The fashion in college pranks hope that another volume may be forthcoming.
has certainly changed since Fithian's day.
PERCY FAVOR BICKNELL.
The greater part of the volume is devoted
to the Virginia diary and letters. Like William
Ellery Channing twenty-five years later, Philip A DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE.*
Fithian went from college to a tutorship in a Up to the present time some excuse was to
Virginia gentleman's family; like him he was
be made for the architect, in this country, and
meanwhile fitting for the ministry ; like him
he was sometimes homesick; and like him for the student and lover of the building arts,
who have not bad within easy reach an English
he was debarred for pecuniary reasons from Dictionary of Architecture. An important and
much of the gay life of the Old Dominion. expensive Dictionary of Architecture was com-
He, no less than Channing, noted the differ-
ences, social, moral, and temperamental, be pleted some seven years ago, after forty years
tween the Southerners and the Northerners.
spent in its making, by a society organized for
“The people are extremely hospitable,” he
its publication in England, but few copies
found their way to this country, and the field
writes, “and very polite, both of which are
most certainly universal Characteristics of the
has been open to whomever should enter it
Gentlemen in Virginia.” He adds, however,
with a satisfactory work of the kind. Mr.
Russell Sturgis's recent work, “ A Dictionary
that “some swear bitterly, but the practice
of Architecture and Building,” has, therefore,
seems to be generally disapproved.” In de-
every opportunity of success.
It is now prac-
scribing “Miss Priscilla,” Councillor Carter's
eldest daughter, he says:
tically completed, one volume being in print,
one in press, and the third and final one in
“She is small of her age, has a mild winning Pres-
ence, a sweet obliging Temper, never swears, which is manuscript. Mr. Sturgis, who has borne the
bere a distinguished virtue, dances finely, plays well on
heavy burden of editorship, came to his task
key'd instruments, and is on the whole in the first Class well equipped to perform the duties assigned
of the female Sex."
to him, and his assistants are all men eminent
The condition of the negroes is deeply de-
in the arts and crafts of which they write.
plored by Fithian, as it was later by Channing
Glossaries and encyclopædic articles exist,
under very similar circumstances. A peck of
and the general dictionaries may be depended
corn and a pound of meat was the total weekly upon for definitions, and also for pronunciation,
allowance of provision to each slave on the along which line the work under consideration
Carter plantation. The inhuman punishments makes no move. It comprehends, however,
inflicted on offenders by neighboring slave-
the function of glossary and encyclopædia,
owners are described. “There is a righteous defining words and subjects alphabetically
God,” adds the diarist,“ who will take venge- arranged, and expanding definitions into de-
ance on such Inventions."
scriptive articles varying in length from a short
The Journal records the traits of school-boy paragraph to several thousand words.
and school-girl nature, ever old yet ever new,
tem of cross references, well applied and exten-
which the writer notes in his young charges sive, enables the student to view a particular
from day to day. Bob is flogged by his father object from many sides and to behold it in its
for trying to shirk the dancing lesson by con-
relation to kindred sorts, while to each special
cealing till the last moment his shoeless condi-
article is appended a list of books, etc., in
tion.
which the subject under consideration may be
fractions. The girls amuse their teacher by further and more broadly studied. This feature
aping the ways of their elders. A note for
makes this Dictionary of great value in a ref-
the naturalist is the New Jersey diarist's sur-
erence library.
prised comment on Virginia's exemption from
The definitions in the main have been fur-
mosquitoes — late in July, too! Apparently * A DICTIONARY OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING, Bio-
the Jersey variety of that insect was famous
graphical, Historical, and Descriptive. Edited by Russell
Sturgis. In three volumes, illustrated. Vol. I., A-E. New
even in colonial times.
A sys-
Another pupil is in trouble with vulgar wh
York: The Macmillan Co.


1901.]
803
THE DIAL
nished by Mr. Van Brunt and Professor Ham. contains examples of distorted perspective, and
lin. Mr. Sturgis has contributed many articles among the illustrations, which now and again
but has left the longer to specialists in the are lacking in lucidity and pointedness. For
various fields : thus Messrs. Blashfield, Crowinstance, the Alhambra is dismissed with eight
inshield, and La Farge write on painting and short lines and two illustrations which in no
color decoration ; Messrs. Hutton and Purdy way represent the structure, while Casas
write on structural engineering ; Mr. William Grandes receives four times the number of
Paul Gerhard writes ou sanitary science ; Mr. lines and no illustration. The Alhambra is
W. R. Letharby on design ; Professor W. C. one of the best known piles in the literature
Sabine on acoustics ; Mr. Charles A. Platt on of history and romance, and a sympathetic
gardens; while Messrs. R. Phene Spiers, C.H. word concerning it would not have been amiss.
Blackall, R. Clipston Sturgis, and Professor The presentation of the drawing of the struc-
Hamlin write of the Architecture of Asia tural work in the “ Court of the Lions" is as
Minor, Belgium, England, and Egypt, respec- though one dealing with the topic of Humanity
tively. Mr. Barr Ferrée has furnished a list should present a model skeleton in illustration.
of the more important churches of Western As there is no cross reference to " Moorish
Europe, with notes on each, to supplement the Architecture” or to “ Court,” the subject pre-
article on Churches. Sixty specialists, of whom sumptively is dismissed. The cut which is
the above are fairly representative, have con intended to illustrate the term “ Alley” does 80
tributed to the work.
very blindly, in fact not at all; while the
Not only in the historical and descriptive building represented appears again in a full
departments is the work strong, but also in the page half-tone plate to illustrate the term, “Cor.
department of biography. Mr. E. R. Smith, belling,” which it does with equal blindness.
of the Avery Architectural Library, has con The plate, however, makes a pleasing picture,
tributed liberally in this field, furnishing the which probably accounts for its introduction.
bulk of the material — furnishing, as a matter The Editor deserves sincere thanks for drawing
of fact, a goodly portion of the entire con his illustration of “Collegiate " Architecture
tents of the Dictionary. To each of the biog- from the “real thing ” rather than yielding to
raphies Mr. Smith has appended a list of the any temptation to present the exotic types
buildings designed by the architect in question, which in their Eastern form are “ Academy
and also, following the system used throughout Architecture, and in their proposed Western
the Dictionary, has added a list of the works form are of the “Exposition” type of building.
wbich may be studied in further pursuit of the It is in the illustrations, however, that the
subject. In the matter of ascribing buildings work is weakest. They are drawn, as the text
to their proper designers, the work has been says, from many sources, and evidently no
done in so thorough and scholarly a manner, pains have been taken to create a uniformity
original sources being sought and carefully either in method of reproduction or in scale.
sounded, that the result is a trustworthy pre- Reproductions of not too perfect wood-cuts are
sentation of the fruits of the best knowledge. met on the same page with not too perfect re-
Referring again to the contributors, it is productions of crude pen-drawings. The idea
noted that of the sixty or more on the list, two of proportioning the size and number of plates
are Frenchmen resident in France, two En. to the importance of the subject, seems not to
glishmen resident in England, one an American have presented itself. While there are but
resident in Italy, and the remainder all of few illustrations one would wish to have omitted
them resident in America, so that, while Amer- altogether, there are points at which other
ica has not developed a national architectural illustrations would have been of service, notably
style, it cannot be laid at her door that she in the fairly comprehensive article on Apart-
has not artistic and technical knowledge, skill, ment Houses, which is illuminated with a half.
and vitality, sufficient to produce a compre tone plate of a Parisian Apartment house but
hensive Dictionary of Architecture.
contains no plan from the French, who are
The work commends itself alike to the prac masters in this special line of design.
ticing architect and to the layman, and pos But the defects are lost, almost, in the mass
sesses so high an order of merit, and is so of well edited, pertinent material, and the
much of an undertaking, that it were almost shortcomings, possibly, are the unavoidable
ungracious to look for flaws. But faults do accompaniment of the speed with which the
manifest themselves, both in the text, which work has been produced ; for that, considering


304
(May 1,
THE DIAL
the magnitude of the work, was remarkable, honesty of his mind kept him true to the per-
and the Dictionary as it stands is to be grate. formance of it.
fully received as a most necessary adjunct to the Selborne lies but fifty miles southwest from
working library of the Architect, and a very de London, and it was the custom of the parish
sirable reference book on the shelves of the man curate to leave his retreat by times for a brief
of general culture.
IRVING K. POND.
communication with the life of the metropolis.
He went up in the Spring of 1767, and came
in contact with a man of like interests with
himself, Thomas Pendant, Esq., a scientific
GILBERT WHITE OF SELBORNE.* writer of considerable authority, especially in
How mysterious, how incalculable, are the the department of ornithology. Thence arose
quality and the circumstance which give the a correspondence between the two gentlemen
work of a man's hand and brain a hold on
which has made the name of Gilbert White
immortality. How little can he who puts his
famous in the annals of natural history.
imprint on the product of his thought and For thirteen years these missives were de-
sends it forth to effect its purpose in the world, spatched from the “Wakes” at Selborne, each
foresee the influence it shall have and the one couched in formal yet unaffected style, and
length of life it shall attain.
each laden with carefully considered, carefully
A hundred and fifty years ago there dwelt
recorded observations of the phenomena of
in an obscure village in the southern portion of
Nature in the restricted region of the parish.
England a quiet-minded clergyman, following The scope, variety, and accuracy of the writer's
the simple routine of daily duty which his investigations alike excite our wonder, while
tastes and his profession opened out to him. He the simplicity, the tenderness, the oblivion of
was uncompanioned in his pursuits, and the
self manifest in his character draw us to him
solitary master of the “Wakes," a picturesque with affectionate admiration. He was the first
old house surrounded by ample grounds in-
of the students of Nature to glean his knowl-
cluding garden, orchard, meadow, and wood-edge exclusively from personal investigation,
land. The spirit of the naturalist animated who affirmed only that which he had proved,
him, affording him in his seclusion sources of who was patient and trustworthy in experiment
endless, unaffected delight. Every
object and conclusion.
and conclusion. And these prime qualities,
within the range of his activities excited curi- unconsciously entertained by him, have been
ous inquiry and stimulated him to close obser- duly appreciated among men of science.
vation and research. He studied the character The letters to Thomas Pennant, and a simi.
and habits of the wild creatures round about, lar set addressed to the Honorable Daines
he learned the ways of the trees and the plants, Barrington, were published in 1789 under the
he noticed the peculiarities of the soil and the general title of “The Natural History of Sel-
rocks, and of the past life they entomb, and
bourne.” A translation into the German ap-
marked the variations in the seasons with a peared in Berlin in 1792. The death of Gil-
vigilant scrutiny.
bert White occurred in 1793, and since that
Not an aspect or a mood of Nature passed date over eighty editions of his book have been
him unnoted, and each, marked by a feature produced. Naturalists of eminence, as Sir
of importance, was stamped with minute par William Jardine, Professor Bell, Frank
ticularity upon his retentive memory.
There Buckland, and Grant Allen, have in turn taken
was an incessant gathering of interesting facts the work in hand, and by additional letters
which had not before been reported for the and other matter, revised and annotated, en-
benefit of science at large. The gentle curate hanced the worth of the original form.
had no means of measuring the value of his It is included in Sir John Lubbock's list of
investigations. He was following the bent of the best hundred books,” and is regarded
his inclinations in single-heartedness and purity universally as a classic in the library of the
of aim. Love set him on to the work, and the naturalist. Dr. Bowdler Sharpe, of the British
* THE NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES of Selborne,
Museum, who is the editor of the beautiful
and A Garden Kalendar. By the Reverend Gilbert White, edition of "Selborne" now before us, remarks
M.A. Edited by R. Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D., with an Intro-
in his introduction to the volumes :
duction to the Garden Kalendar by the Very Reverend
S. Reynolds Hole, Dean of Rochester, and Numerous Illus “I have pondered a hundred times on the wonder-
trations by J.G. Keulemans, Herbert Railton, and Edmund J. ful fact that the world should take such a heart-felt
Sullivan. In two volumes. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. interest in the work of a retiring and modest eighteenth-


1901.]
305
THE DIAL
0
century clergyman! Apart from Westminster where is it more declared than in religion. Religious
Abbey, Windsor Castle, and other places of historical belief, which had become remote, obscure, and
interest in the British Islands, there is probably no speculative, is now earnestly interrogated on all
place, save Stratford-on-Avon, to which the pilgrims
sides, and incessantly asked for its vouchers. And
of the Anglo-Saxon race render more respectful tribute
than to the lowly head-stone which marks the grave
yet in spite of this clamor of inquiry which has
of Gilbert White of Selborne. The occupant of that
been so annoying to many persons, the period is
simple grass-grown grave would probably have been
marked by an accumulation of religious facts and
the most astonished of all people in the world could he religious experiences which places it above, not
have realized that his celebrity as an Englishman would below, beyond, and not in the rear of, other periods.
have come near to equalling that of Shakespeare; and This is seen in the books before us. A portion
yet there exists at the present date as much affection,
are theoretical, apologetic, and comparatively inef-
among naturalists at least, for the sayings and doings
fective. Another portion are practical, and stand
of Gilbert White as is felt for the records of Shake-
for a temper that is conquering the world.
speare and his time.”
But little is known of the life-bistory of tific Evidences of Revealed Religion,” though quite
“ Reasons for Faith in Christianity” and “Scien-
Gilbert White. In his writings self was put diverse in form, are very like in purpose and spirit.
behind him, yet it could not be kept out of The main object of each of them is the defense of
sight. Enough was visible to make us long the Bible as a special, preëminent, divine revela-
to know more. He was a fellow of Oriel Col. | tion, a revelation that does not so much crowd
lege, Oxford, and held a curacy under his
other revelations into the background as exclude
uncle Charles, Rector of Bradley and Vicar of
them altogether. Dr. Leavitt, the author of the
Swarraton. His family were people of position,
first volume, is exclamatory in style, and expects to
His
carry the defenses of the enemy with a rush.
and he had evidently leisure and means. A
words are full of enthusiasm, and are fitted to give
biography is promised in the near future by much satisfaction to those who entertain the same
the present editor of his works, and from his
opinions as the speaker — the method is that of a
enthusiasm and the material at his command, speaker rather than that of a writer - and who
we may expect as full and authentic a narrative wish only to have them confirmed. Dr. Leavitt has
as can at this late date be made out.
information rather than knowledge. He does not
The two-volume edition which Dr. Sharpe make a well-defined point and bring his knowledge
now presents, is in all respects worthy of
to bear closely upon it. He covers a wide range of
praise. Every pains has been taken to do themes, such as one might find in a series of dis-
justice to the memory and the achievements
What he says on hypercriticism would
have point if it were only put less sweepingly.
of Gilbert White, and the book stands as the
Dr. Shields, the author of the second book, has a
loving tribute of one of the foremost of modern lacid, pleasing, and persuasive style, and one whose
naturalists to one who served science nobly
first impression is of carefulness and candor. This
its early stages a century and more ago. The vol first judgment is not fully sustained when we weigh
umes are richly illustrated with nearly two hun up the entire discussion. He regards the divine
dred full-page drawings and an almost equal revelation in the Scriptures as “infallible and in-
number of smaller size. SARA A. HUBBARD.
errant, the very word of God.” And yet, when he
has made all the allowances which he is inclined to
make for the personal qualities of the writer, the
circumstances of the time, the intelligence of those
FAITH AS A THEORY AND AS AN
to whom the word was addressed, and the errors
EXPERIENCE.*
incident to transcription, we are hardly able to see
The swing of our time is from theories to facts. in what this special divine element consists. The
Though the movement has an extreme and reac nature of inspiration cannot be blurred advantage-
tionary tendency, it is a most wholesome one. No- ously in such a discussion as this of the evidence of
REASONS FOR FAITH IN CHRISTIANITY, with answers to
revelation. In what exactly does a special inspira-
Hypercriticism. By John McDowell Leavitt, D.D., LL.D. tion consist, and what is the proof of it? Much of
New York, Eaton & Mains ; Cincinnati, Jennings & Pye. the proof that the author offers is not pertinent to
THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCES OF REVEALED RELIGION.
the discussion. If the fact that the astronomical
The Bishop Paddock Lectures. By Rev. Charles Woodruff
Shields, D.D., LL.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
implications of the Scriptures are more frequently
THE AGE OF FAITH. By Amory H. Bradford, D.D.
than otherwise consistent with the facts of Astron.
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
omy proves special inspiration, then the text-books
JESUS CHRIST AND THE SOCIAL QUESTION. By Francis on Astronomy, still more exact in their agreement,
Greenwood Peabody. New York: The Macmillan Co.
should also be a Revelation.
The New EPOCH FOR FAITH. By George A. Gordon.
The author lays considerable emphasis on the
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION IN ENGLAND AND AMER-
assertion that we cannot regard the Bible as errant
ICA. By Alfred Caldecott, D.D. New York: The Mac in science and history and inerrant in ethics and
millan Co.
religion. To this we make no objection. Indeed,
courses.


306
[May 1,
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sense
portions of the Bible seem more plainly errant in of the poor, and industrial order. If the flood of
morals than in any other direction. There could religious literature casts ashore occasionally such a
hardly be a spiritual enigma more insoluble and volume as this, let it remain at high-water mark.
confusing than the assertion that God sent pesti Dr. Gordon is so profoundly interested both prac-
lence to consume the people because David bad tically and speculatively in the present wide and
unwisely numbered them.
general changes of faith as to make his words
Neither of these authors seems to have the stimulating, aside from any exact agreement with
slightest apprehension that Christianity is not very his conclusions. He offers a favorable example of
closely associated with these theories, and is not a deeper concurrence in the present force of our
likely to suffer from their failure. On the other religious life than that formed in a system of belief.
hand, this notion of inspiration they regard as lying “ The New Epoch for Faith” expresses the en-
at the
very
centre of belief. It may be important to thusiasm with which he regards the present move-
a given doctrinal system, but it has very little to do ments in the religious world. The last portion of
with a divine life.
the volume is occupied with a forecast of the de-
The next two volumes are of a very different velopments which are to be anticipated in social
spirit. Though not offered as defenses of Christian and spiritual life; and the body of the book, with
ity, they subserve that purpose more effectively the influences which are to contribute to this growth.
than the two which precede them on our list. Chief among these influences are the broader,
“ The Age of Faith” indicates an author more deeper sense of human life; the new appreciation
impressed by the new hold of men's minds on re of the true Christian temper which comes with it;
ligious truth, than by the sceptical attacks which the discipline of doubt; the rooting of faith in fresh
the outworn attitudes of belief have suffered. In- soil; the better interpretation of history. Salvation
deed, this very scepticism is often but another is thus deeply incorporated in the human spirit,
expression of faith. The burden of the book is the and in its spiritual unfolding. It is no more to be
Fatherhood of God, and it is fitted to bring in- | missed or to miscarry than are the great purpose
struction, courage, and contentment to many minds. and process of Creation.
Dr. Bradford is an excellent example of a “suc One can not anticipate many readers for “ The
cessful preacher” – both words used in their best
Philosophy of Religion,” though he can not fail to
suited to the time in which he lives. recognize the knowledge and industry of the author.
Dogma plays but a small part in his volume. The It is a history of the doctrine of theism in England
iron in the smelting pot is thoroughly fused, and and America since the reformation. Indeed, simply
comes forth a glowing stream ready for the mould as an historical sketch, it is capricious, omitting and
in which it is to be cast. The method of presenta- including authors according to the interest felt in
tion is literary and impressional rather than philo- them by the writer. As a critical production, it is
sophical. A mind and heart, warmed by the too fearfully analytic. Everything falls apart.
divine goodness, strive to make that goodness more There is no synthetic purpose, no pushing of con-
tangible to man, and this with reasons that appealclusions to a definite result. Thus, more than
to every man's life.
ninety compact octavo pages are expended on an
That the underlying philosophy does not always analysis of theism, which issues in thirteen distinct
touch bottom is seen in the brief Introduction, which varieties, each to be presented at length in a series
affirms two incompatible things: Revelation brought of writers. One must have great interest in naked
to the test of reason, and an infallible guide. In facts to get pleasure out of such a presentation.
fallibility cannot be a living pertinent fact to a This simple rehearsal of facts without handling
thoroughly fallible man, whose primary dependence them is to most persons wearisome and barren.
is his own reason.
JOHN BASCOM.
“Jesus Christ and the Social Question " is a book
to which we wish to give the warmest welcome,
both for its own sake, and because of the aptness
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
of its message. It is a book of diligent inquiry
and wise insight — not of information but of
A book on “ Italian Cities ” (Scrib-
The Italy
knowledge. No one interested, both in social
ners), by Mr. and Mrs. Blashfield,
of the artists.
growth and Christianity, can afford to overlook it.
makes us at first feel a desire for
It is the spirit of Christianity brought to the very pictures ; we want illustrations. This may be rather
world in which that most divine revelation has been unreasonable, for we believe that the painting of
made. It helps to unite the two, the mind of Christ cities is not exactly Mr. Blashfield's forte. Perhaps
and the wants of men, in a Kingdom of Heaven. we are led astray by recollection of Mr. Pennell's
Here is defence where alone an adequate defence drawings and etchings for Mr. Howells. These
can be found, in a simple exposition of the Christ sketches (non-pictorial) are very different from
like temper as a fact among the facts of this human those of Mr. Howells, who writes as an observing
spiritual world of whose needs we know something. traveller, having his guide-book quite frankly in
It treats specifically of the teaching of Christ in hand or in his trunk. Such a one needs pictures,
connection with the family, with wealth, the care and is lucky to have Mr. Pennell instead of having


1901.]
307
THE DIAL
“Man-
to depend on photographers. Mr. and Mrs. Blash with its predecessors on "South London," “ West-
field do not themselves appear much in their book. minster," etc., is its human and modern interest,
The papers are historical and artistic, chiefly (of its close portrayal of the elements and types that
course) on history and art in the Renaissance. the seeing eye discerns in the outwardly common
Well-worn as much about Italy has become, we and prosaic hurly-burly of toil and traffic, coarse
have here a good deal which if not new is at least pleasure-taking, and headlong hunt of the guinea
not hackneyed. Rather out-of-the-way places, or, alas! more often of the irreducible and indis-
Florence, of course,
and Siena, but also Ravenna, pensable halfpenny, that sums up life in the main
Spoleto, Parma (because of Correggio), Cortona, at the East End. Sir Walter’s pen is graphic, bis
Assisi, Mantua. Still, so much is written of Italy knowledge of his theme exhaustless, and his soul
and read even to-day, that it is a bold band that is full of sympathy for the toils and sorrows, the
writes a new book. Not only Mr. Howells comes dim-lit lives of London's workers in the rank and
to mind, but the differing reminiscences of Mr. file; nor does the hopeless human derelict, adrift,
Hewlett with his earthwork, M. Paul Bourget and rudderless, and bound to no haven here below, fail
his so-called sensations, not to mention Vernon to win his charitable, appealing word. The pic-
Lee's tortuous dialogues and musings among the tures have the uplifting touch of art, and a word of
ilex-groves and other such places. Mr. and Mrs. praise must be given to the felicitous cover-design.
Blashfield do not strike a new note a good deal
When the author of “
of the book is of the highly-colored imaginative
Man-building”
tapestry sort of revival of the glowing and glorious
(Scribner), Dr. Lewis Ransom Fiske,
building."
life of the Renaissance centuries, and for this, we
tells us that be “sought a title for
confess, we do not care. It is apt to surfeit; it is
this book which would clearly express its character,"
sweetness not long-drawn-out but thick-spread-on.
he explains without enlightening. This “ Treatise
Aside from this "word-painting," however, there
on Human Life and its Forces” is composed of an
is a good deal that is simpler and sarer in touch, introductory, a psychological, a physiological, and a
and that really gives some of the specific aspects of sociological part. Out of this composite is supposed
the time and more particularly some of the artistic
to emerge a potent elixir that shall arouse the talents,
qualities of the masters. Thus it is pleasant to
quicken the energies, and enlarge the opportunities
hear that Giotto did not neglect stuffs, and paint
of the young. The volume is in fact added to an al.
blades of grass because he wished to glorify God, ready swollen literature without any genuine raison
but because he was quite sincere in being as real-
d'être. It is composed without insight, written
istic as he could be and in pushing his work as far
without adornment or attraction, scattered through
as he could go : since he was unable to paint stuffs
and through with vague and pointless generalities,
as well as blades of grass, he omitted detail in one
displays a painfully weak grasp on the vital issues
and inserted it in the other. This example of the
that are presented, and has no powers to charm,
way an artist looks at the thing is interesting to a
instruct, impress, enlighten, or (to add in fairness)
mislead. Good intentions do not furnish a highway
generation fed on the art-criticism of moralists.
There is a good deal that is interesting in the book;
for profitable or attractive travel; on the contrary
two volumes are a little cloying, but no one need
we are proverbially informed that paving of this
read them all at once.
kind is in use in the dwelling-places of moral failure.
Neither do fervor and interest furnish the means
The Century Co. have made a hand for an intellectual success. Criticism is misdirected
Graphic pictures
some book of Sir Walter Besant's against such a work as “ Man-building”; it is suf-
of East London.
interesting articles on “East Lon ficient to point out its negative significance, its fail-
don,” with the illustrations by Messrs. Phil May, ure to contribute anything to the information or
Joseph Pennell, and L. Raven-Hill. The present the inspiration or the accessibility of the world's
volume, unlike the author's previous books on knowledge. It has, indeed, the weakly exhortative
London, has little to do with history or antiqui- and strongly tiresome tone that we encounter when
ties, for the reason that the area described in it we take down from a neglected shelf a dusty volume
can hardly be said to have either. East London of “moral and mental philosophy” of a half-century
that is to say, the area lying east of Bishopsgate or more ago.
Street Without and north of the Thames, the region
As an unvarnished account of actual
east of the river Lea, and the aggregation of now
life before the mast in the merchant
of the sea.
conterminous towns that were once the suburban
and the naval service, we bave read
villages called Hackney, Clapton, Stoke Newington, few books as good as Mr. Stanton H. King's “ Dog-
Stepney, etc. — is virtually a modern industrial Watches at Sea"
Watches at Sea” (Houghton). Mr. King, who
city, a swarming hive of trade and manufacture, as sailed the brine, as boy and man, for twelve years,
unlike its ancient neighbor of Westminster as sooty is now superintendent of the Sailors' Haven,
Glasgow is unlike the picturesque and storied con-
on- | Charlestown, Mass., a snug berth no doubt to bring
geries of wynds and courts and time-worn structures up in after much knocking about in all sorts of
that form Old Edinburgh. The distinctive note ships and all sorts of weather. What we like most
of Sir Walter's book on East London, as compared | about Mr. King is that he is content to tell a plain
Plain tales


308
(May 1,
THE DIAL
the American
tale without "penny.dreadful” trimmings, and that Ellery Channing, Theodore Parker, Horace Bush-
he does not plainly lay himself out (as even Mr. nell, Henry Ward Beecher, and Phillips Brooks.
Bullen does sometimes) to “make your flesh creep,' It may be doubted whether this assignment does
as the fat boy in Pickwick said to Mr. Wardle. not lay a disproportionate emphasis upon the six
Mr. King's adventures, stirring enough many of preachers selected, especially in view of the osten-
them, were of the regular kind that every sailor is sible purpose to show the relation of the clergy to
bound to have if he sails long enough. He has a American letters. It is, however, the preacher as
sensible word to say of the American deep-water such that one principally sees, although the titles
ships, usually described as unmitigated “floating of literary works, and frequently something more,
hells” officered by fiends incarnate. Mr. King are conscientiously given. A strictly literary his-
admits that he has at times seen men wantonly torian would have allowed greater space to strictly
abused by “bucko mates” on these vessels ; but he literary work, and would have regarded the whole
asserts, what everyone of experience knows to be more consistently from the literary standpoint.
true, that the precarious rule of the half-dozen of The opening chapters call for a power to seize
ficers of a deep-water ship over the average ship's upon essentials, and to express them in clear and
crew is in many cases only to be maintained by concise English, a power not always conspicu-
violence or a show of it. A sort of reign of terror ously present; but the chapters furnishing oppor-
has to be instituted at the start as the only alter tunity to treat individual preachers at length are
native to shirking, insubordination, and possible generally just, appreciative, and vigorous. It is
mutiny. Your “Christian captain ” would get on no more than fair to say that the author manifestly
beautifully with a Christian crew; but the gang is dealing with a familiar subject, upon which his
that usually herds in the forecastle of a deep-water genuine interest and prolonged study have been
ship is anything but Christian the more shame industriously employed.
to us for it. Mr. King's in its kind capital book
An interesting series of sea “yarns”
is handsomely printed, and it contains four accep Some interesting and recollections written by Mr.
table pictures after drawings by Charles Copeland. "yarns" of the sea.
Frank T. Bullen for the “Spectator"
Recollections of The little volume containing the
are neatly reprinted in a volume of some 380 pages
an exile of
“ Recollections of a Georgia Loyal entitled “ A Sack of Shakings ” (McClure, Phillips
Revolution. ist” (Mansfield), by Elizabeth Lich-
& Co.). Shakings,” we find, is the name given
tenstein Johnston, tells in artless style the story of
to the odds and ends of rope and canvas accumu-
the adventures and wanderings, during and after
lated on sailing.ships during a voyage, which were
the war of the American Revolution, of the daugh- formerly the perquisites of the Mate. The term
ter of one of the numerous Southern families who aptly describes the somewhat miscellaneous contents
remained true to King and Parliament after the
of the present volume, which is, however, lifted
Colonies had declared for independence. After the
above the average book of its class by the really
success of the “rebellion ” was assured there was a magical bits of description that stud its pages.
great exodus of “ Tories," for of amnesty to the
Mr. Bullen has the gift of the seeing eye and the
vanquished there was little or no sign. The author
luminous word, and there is at times a touch of
But
of the “ Recollections ” fled first to Florida, then to
something akin to genius in his writing.
Scotland, then to the West Indies, and finally to
we wish he would eschew dialect and the melo
Novia Scotia, where she settled, and where her
dramatic, pitfalls into which he is somewhat prone
descendants now form a family of social and political
to stray
note. The narrative was penned by Mrs. Johnston
Continued interest in J. Fenimore
in 1836, when she was seventy-two. As a family
A new biography of Cooper is attested by the inviting
J. Fenimore Cooper.
memorial it is doubtless of much interest; and the
little biography by Mr. W. B. Shu-
general reader may find in it glimpses of a side of brick Clymer, in the series known as “The Beacon
our early history not so familiar as it should be. Biographies ” (Small, Maynard & Co.). Of neces-
sity considerably dependent upon Lounsbury, the
The relation of
“ The Clergy in American Life and author yet makes profitable use of hitherto unpub-
the clergy to Letters (Macmillan ), by Rev. lished letters, and clearly knows the nooks and cor-
American letters.
Daniel Dulany Addison, aims, as ners of his subject at first hand. Within the narrow
the preface states, mainly “ to tell the story of the limits of his volume he finds room for an interesting
influence upon American life and letters of the account of the public disputes that embittered
clergy during the national era of American litera Cooper's latter years, in which appear the novelist's
ture.” The important qualification in the last fearlessness, his love of justice, and his accuracy as
clause accounts for the dismissal of Cotton Mather a naval historian. Cooper, it appears, was usually
with half-a-dozen lines, and for the estimate of right in his main contention, and, moreover, was
Jonathan Edwards in thrice as many. The plan of sustained by the courts. He made favorable im-
the book is to treat the work of a great many pression upon such men as Parkman the historian,
clergymen in four introductory chapters, and then Morse the inventor of the telegraph, and Balzac of
to give a chapter each to Timothy Dwight, William the “Comédie Humaine.” His biographer shows


1901.)
809
THE DIAL
that Cooper, despite his long unpopularity with his
countrymen, was throughout a lover of America
and her institutions. No one will now deny his
title as creator of at least one or two wholly original
characters in English fiction. Mr. Clymer does not
spare Cooper's novels of lower rank, while suffi-
ciently praising his best. The biographer's style is
necessarily condensed, now and then almost blunt,
sometimes picturesque, and always clear.
or
NOTES.
“ The Common Sense of Commercial Arithmetic,” by
Mr. George Hall, is published by the Macmillan Co.
A new life of Sir Walter Scott, by Professor William
Henry Hudson of Stanford University, is announced by
the A. Wessels Co.
The Laurel Press of New York will issue at an early
date a limited edition de luxe of the “ Amoretti
Love Sonnets of Edmund Spenser.
Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co. publish a new edition of
Mrs. Fawcett's “ Life of Her Majesty Queen Victoria,"
with a special introduction by Mrs. Bradley Gilman.
• Early Days in Maple Land,” by Miss Katherine A.
Young, is a book of readings in Canadian history for
young children. Messrs. James Pott & Co. are the
publishers.
“ Religion in Literature and Life,” by the Rev. Stop-
ford A. Brooke, is a little book of two essays, beauti-
fully printed at the Merrymount Press, and published
by the Messrs. Crowell.
Mr. Thomas Whittaker has nearly ready a new col-
lection of sermons by Dean Farrar, entitled “True
Religion.” This will form the initial volume in a series
of “ Preachers of To-Day."
A series of volumes descriptive of famous private
presses is in preparation by the Kirgate Press of Can-
ton, Pa. The first volume will be devoted to the
Strawberry Hill Press of Horace Walpole.
The “Modern German Literature” of Dr. Benjamin
W. Wells has just been reissued by Messrs. Little,
Brown, & Co. in an enlarged edition which describes
the latest developments in the literature of the Empire.
An “Intermediate Physiology and Hygiene,” by Dr.
Winfield S. Hall and Mrs. Jeannette Winter Hall, and
“ The New Century Primer of Hygiene," by Mrs. Hall,
are recent elementary school publications of the Amer-
ican Book Co.
Mr. George Gissing's novel, “Our Friend the Cbar.
latan,” will be issued by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.
early in the present month. The same publishers also
announce a new novel by Mr. John Oxenham entitled
“Our Lady of Deliverance."
Mr. Wm. R. Jenkins is now the publisher of “The
Complete Pocket Guide to Europe," edited by Mr. E.C.
Stedman and Dr. Thomas L. Stedman. This useful
book has just made its annual reappearance, revised to
date, and as compact and serviceable as ever.
“Some Ill-Used Words,” by Mr. Alfred Ayres, is a
useful manual by the author of “ The Orthoëpist " and
“ The Verbalist.” The title is self-explanatory, and
the earlier books of Mr. Ayres will commend the new
one to popular favor. The Messrs. Appleton are the
publishers.
« A Little Book of Tribune Verse," by Eugene Field,
will form the first publication of Messrs. Tandy, Wheeler
& Co., a new firm of Denver publishers. The book
will include practically all of the verse contributed by
Field to the “ Denver Tribune” during the two years in
which he was associate editor of that paper.
The “ French Dramatists of the 19th Century,” by
Mr. Brander Matthews, is republished by the Messrs.
Scribner in a third edition, with an added chapter on
the work of the last decade of the century. This is one
of the best of the many books that Professor Matthews
has given us, and will be welcome in its latest form.
Mr. Richard James Cross has made a selection of
choice passages from the “Divina Commedia,” and
published them through Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. in
a pretty volume with originals and English translations
facing each other on opposite pages. The beginner in
Dante will find this book a pleasant and serviceable
pocket companion.
The books of Henry Ward Beecher, hitherto pub-
lished by Messrs. Fords, Howard & Hulbert, have re-
cently been acquired by The Pilgrim Press, of Chicago
and Boston. The titles include the original Plymouth
Pulpit Sermons in five volumes, four volumes of later
sermons, four miscellaneous works, and a life of Beecher
by Mr. J. R. Howard.
“ Atkinson's Ganot” has been for the past quarter-
century one of the most popular text-books of physics,
and in its present (ninth) edition enters, we trust, upon
a prolongation of its career of usefulness. The revision
is by Professor H. W. Reinold, and the publishers are
Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. “Natural Philosophy
for General Readers and Young People” is the title.
Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. publish “A French
Grammar for Schools and Colleges," by Professors
H. W. Fraser and J. Squair of the University of
Toronto. The volume includes a brief French reader
and a great supply of English exercises. The same
publishers also send us a volume of « Exercises in
French Syntax and Composition," by Miss Jeanne M.
Bouvet of the Chicago High School.
The success attending Messrs. L. C. Page & Co.'s
edition of the French historical memoirs of Lady Jack-
son has led the same firm to undertake a reprint in
similar form of the English historical memoirs of John
Heneage Jesse, covering the period from the beginning
of the reign of James the First to the time of George
the Third. The edition will comprise thirty volumes,
fifteen of which will be issued this Spring.
Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. have just published two
volumes of much interest, intended for supplementary
reading in schools as well as for young readers outside
of school. “ Stories of Pioneer Life for Young Read-
is by Miss Florence Bass, and “Strange Peoples'
is by Professor Frederick Starr. A work of allied inter-
est and usefulness is the volume of “ Wigwam Stories,”
told by Miss Mary Catherine Judd, and published by
Messrs. Ginn & Co.
Dr. George Willis Botsford's “ History of Greece ”
has proved one of the most satisfactory of recent text-
books, and is widely used in the best high schools and
academies. A constituency is thus ready and waiting
for “ A History of Rome” by the same author, now
published by the Macmillan Co. The work takes the
student down to the time of Charlemagne, thus fitting
itself to the division of the field of general history most
favored by educational authorities.
ers


310
[May 1,
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, containing 83 titles, includes books
received by TAE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY.
The Love of an Uncrowned Queen: Sophie Dorothea,
Consort of George I., and her Correspondence with Philip
Christopher Count Königsmarck. By W. H. Wilkins.
New edition in 1 vol.; with portrait, 8vo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 578. H. S. Stone & Co. $2.
Life of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, By Millicent Garrett
Fawcett. New edition, with Introduction by Mrs. Bradley
Gilman. Illus., 12mo, pp. 272. Little, Brown, & Co.
$1.
GENERAL LITERATURE,
The Love Letters of Victor Hugo: Being Letters to His
Fiancée and Wife, 1846-1889. Authorized by Prince
Herbert von Bismarck, and trans. from the German under
the supervision of Charlton T. Lewis. With portraits,
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 428. Harper & Brothers. $3.
Ephemera Critica; or, Plain Truths about Current Liter-
ature. By John Churton Collins. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
pp. 379. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net.
The Progress of the Century. By various writers. 8vo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 583. Harper & Brothers. $2.50.
Speeches and Addresses. By D. M. Delmas. With por-
trait, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 363. San Francisco :
A. M. Robertson. $2.50.
The French Academy. By Leon H. Vincent. 16mo, gilt
top, pp. 159. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.
Corneille. By Leon H. Vincent. 16mo, gilt top, pp. 198.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.
Modern German Literature. By Benjamin W. Wells,
Ph.D. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 12mo,
pp. 429. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.80.
The Love Letters of a Liar. By_Mrs. William Allen.
32mo, uncut, pp. 68. New York : Ess Ess Publishing Co.
50 cts,
HISTORY.
The Old Now York Frontier: Its Wars with Indians
and Tories, its Missionary Schools, Pioneers and Land
Titles, 1614-1800. By Francis Whiting Halsey. Illus.,
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 432. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$2.50 net.
English Politics in Early Virginia History. By Alex-
ander Brown, D.C.L. 8vo, gilt top, pp. 277. Houghton,
Mifflin & Co. $2.
A Landmark History of New York. Also, The Origin of
Street Names, and a Bibliography. By Albert Ulmann.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 285. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50.
Faneuil Hall and Faneuil Hall Market; or, Peter Faneuil
and his Gift. By Abram English Brown. Illus., large
8vo, pp. 226. Lee & Shepard. $1.50.
POETRY.
A Reading of Life, with Other Poems. By George Mere-
dith. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 128. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.50.
FICTION
Sir Christopher: A Romance of a Maryland Manor in 1614.
By Maud Wilder Goodwin. Illus., 12mo, pp. 411. Little,
Brown, & Co. $1.50.
Mistress Nell: A Merry Tale of a Merry Time. By George
C. Hazleton, Jr. With photogravure frontispiece, 12mo,
uncut, pp. 313. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Old Bowen's Legacy. By Edwin Asa Dix, 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 289. Century Co. $1.50.
The White Cottage. By Zack. 12mo, uncut, pp. 243.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Understudies: Short Stories. By Mary E. Wilkins. Illus.,
16mo, pp. 229. Harper & Brothers. $1.25.
The Delectable Mountains. By Arthur Colton. 12mo,
uncut, pp. 237. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
From a Swedish Homestead. By Selma Lagerlöf; trans.
by Jessie Brochner. 12mo, uncut, pp. 376. McClure,
Phillips & Co. $1.50.
The Ways of the Service. By Frederick Palmer. Illas.,
12mo, pp. 340. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
The Successors of Mary the First. By Elizabeth Stuart
Phelps. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 267. Houghton, Mifflin
& Co. $1.50.
The Story of Eva. By Will Payne. 12mo, pp. 340.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.50.
Robert Annys, Poor Priest: A Tale of a Great Uprising.
By Annie Nathan Meyer. 12mo, gilt top, pp. 347. Mac-
millan Co. $1.50.
The Devil's Plough: The Romantic History of a Soul Con-
flict. By Anna Farquhar. With frontispiece in colors,
12mo, pp. 342. L. C. Page & Co. $1.50.
The Lion's Brood. By Duffield Osborne. Illas., 12mo,
pp. 361. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.50.
Under the Redwoods. By Bret Harte. 16mo, pp. 334.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
The Observations of Henry. By Jerome K. Jerome.
Illus. in colors, 16mo, pp. 182. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25.
Penelope's Irish Experiences. By Kate Douglas Wiggin.
16mo, pp. 327. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25.
The Master-Knot of Human Fate. By Ellis Meredith.
12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 309. Little, Brown, & Co. $1.25.
On Peter's Island. By Arthur R. Ropes and Mary E.
Ropes. 12mo, pp. 478. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
The Aristocrats. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 309. John
Lane. $1.50.
Ballantyne. By Helen Campbell. 12mo, pp. 361. Little,
Brown, & Co. $1.50.
Miss Pritchard's Wedding Trip. By Clara Louise Burn-
ham. 12mo, pp. 366. Houghton, Miffin & Co. $1.50.
Souls of Passage. By_Amelia E. Barr. Illus. in colors,
etc., 12mo, pp. 327. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50.
The son of Amram. By Rev. G. Monroe Royce. 12mo,
gilt top, pp. 324. Thomas Whittaker. $1.50.
The Prince of Illusion. By John Luther Long. 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 304. Century Co. $1.25.
Clayton Halowell. By_Francis W. van Praag. Illas.,
12mo, pp. 304. R. F. Fenno & Co. $1.50.
The Way of a Man with a Maid. By Franoes Gordon
Fane. 12mo, uncut, pp. 301. G. W. Dillingham Co.
$1.50.
John Winslow. By Henry D. Northrop. Illus., 12mo, gilt
top, pp. 383. G. W. Dillingham Co. * $1.50.
The Foundation Rock: A Story of Facts and Factors. By
Sarah M. De Line. 8vo, gilt top, pp. 368. Jennings &
Pye. $1.25.
For the Blue and Gold: A Tale of Life at the University
of California. By Joy Lichtenstein. Illus., 8vo, uncut,
pp. 232. San Francisco: A. M. Robertson. $1.50 net.
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THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAOB
THE DIAL (founded in 1880 ) is published on the 1st and 16th of TENDENCIES IN LITERATURE.
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so amusing as the habit the amateur observer
current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or has of indulging in broad generalizations con-
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cerning contemporary literature. Some book
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proves to be the fashion of the hour, and
on application. All communications should be addressed to
straightway it is made the subject of pbiloso-
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. phizing. What is merely a ripple upon the
surface of popular taste is viewed as a fresh
No. 358. MAY 16, 1901. Vol. XXX. and deep current of human thought, and this
supposedly new departure of the spirit serves
CONTENTS.
as a starting-point for many a solemn disquisi-
tion upon types and schools and movements.
These grave inductions from a single instance,
TENDENCIES IN LITERATURE.
325
or a few instances, however philosophical the
COMMUNICATIONS
327 parade of the terms in which they are presented,
Our Literary Folk-Lore. George Morey Miller. betray their essentially unphilosophical char-
Variations in Tennyson. W. J. Rolfe.
acter by the obvious inadequacy of their basis
THE IRON CHANCELLOR IN A NEW LIGHT.
of fact. They are made only to be forgotten,
E. G. J. .
329 as, in the majority of cases, the books that
occasioned them are forgotten, after the lapse
THORPE'S CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY. James
of a few years. It is not so very long ago that
Oscar Pierce
. 331
the American public was reading and talking
A JOURNEY TO NATURE. William Morton Payne 333 “ Trilby," with such frantic enthusiasm that
OUR CONTEMPORARY STAGE. Ingram A. Pyle 335
one would have thought a new literary era had
dawned. Many were the seeming-wise reflect-
RECENT ENGLISH POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY. ions of which this entertaining story was the
A. M. Wergeland .
. 336
innocent provoking cause, many were the hopes,
THE WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA. Wallace Rice . . 340 or the fears, for our literary development that
The Times History of the War in South Africa. took their starting point from the vogue of this
Hales's Campaign Pictures of the War in South
particular piece of fiction. All this discussion
Africa. - Ralph's An American with Lord Roberts.
was the work of the amateur, and we now
- Burdett-Coutts's The Sick and Wounded in South
Africa.
realize how absurd it all was. The novel in
question is clean forgotten to-day, and with it
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
342
the whole argument based upon its success.
An anthology of Canadian song. — Truth and error
in hypnotism. — The narrative of a prisoner in Luzon,
Anyone can see now what the practised critic
-The irrepressible dramatist. — Theories on Colonial saw all the time, that there was no more
liberty. - The love-letters of Victor Hugo. - A significance in the astonishing vogue of “Tril-
scholarly history of Canada. — The cult of the by” than there had been a score of years
book-plate. - Another book of “manners." —South
earlier in the equally astonishing vogue of
Carolina in the Revolution. — Pleasures of balloon-
ing. - The latest study of Stevenson.
“ Helen's Babies."
In point of fact, when the philosophical
BRIEFER MENTION.
346
student of literature confronts the question of
NOTES
. 346 literary tendencies, he sees two things with ab-
solute distinctness. One of them is that the
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
. 347
study of tendencies, of movements, of the
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
transformations of a nation's idealisms, is the
a
.
.
· 348


326
[May 16,
THE DIAL
most important thing about the history of any filled. The season of analysis and introspec-
literature, the only thing, indeed, that invests tion is clearly upon us.
In such a period as
a literature with real significance for the his- ours, versatility, good taste, and excellence of
tory of culture. If he cannot discern the evo workmanship, and the number of good writers,
lutionary process at work, be misses all the as distinguished from the great masters, is as-
salt and savor of his subject, and his conclu- tonishingly large. Sometimes they spring up
sions are empirical or merely subjective. The in the most unexpected quarters, and anticipa-
other thing is that this process of development, tion flutters at the thought of a possible resurg-
this history of movements and transformations, ence of the creative impulse. But we must
requires for its proper observation a consider not deceive ourselves into thinking that our
able period to be taken into survey, and a con bustling literary activity is swelling to any
siderable detachment, in point of time, from appreciable or noticeable extent the stock of
that period. The one well-nigh impossible task the world's masterpieces. Our literature of
is to trace the direction of the evolutionary to-day is various and entertaining, it has
process in one's immediate surroundings, or to taste and even distinction, but it is not a
make any prophecies for the future save those literature adorned by the opulent blossoming
that are the logical outcome of some tendency of genius.
that has been in operation long enough to be If we may venture, after the preceding dis-
come clearly discerned.
claimer, to indicate any distinct tendencies in
Suppose one were to take some representa the English and American literature of the
tive collection of contemporary literature, such, past few years, we would say that it has moved,
for example, as the closing section of either of and is still moving, in the direction of artistic
Mr. Stedman’s great anthologies, and read it freedom, of cosmopolitan interest, and of broad-
through intent only upon the detection of tend- ened social sympathy. It no longer suffers,
encies, or of unifying principles, he would find for example, under the reproach of being pro-
it an extremely difficult matter to reduce to duced with an exaggerated deference to the
order his confused and varied impressions. In Young Person. To place under the ban whole
such a case, it is impossible to see the woods tracts of human life, to refrain from dealing
for the trees. To discern the tendencies at with whole groups of the most important of
work in such a mass of literary production, to human relations because their treatment gives
find the pattern in so complex a web of intel-offence to immature minds, is a procedure not
lectual activity, to distinguish the currents justified by the larger view of what literature
from the eddies in so wide an expanse of waters,
This lesson we have learned of recent
would be a task well worth attempting, indeed, years. If we take into account the newest of
but one likely to baffle the most persistent ef new women and the youngest of emancipated
fort. Of course the problem might to a certain young men, it may seem that the lesson has
extent be simplified by discarding the great been too well learned, but, on the whole, our
mass of the work as merely reflecting the hues literary art has gained strength with its newly
caught from the greater poems, as merely echo acquired freedom. Our literature is also meas-
ing the significant ideas of the age put forth urably freed from its old time provincialism of
by the few writers who set the pitch for the outlook.
outlook. We have seen established for the
symphony. The lesser writers contribute to mintage of the mind a broader compact than
the harmony (or the discord) and the tone any Latin Union; if an idea have but intrinsic
coloring of the composition, but they do not value, its currency does not now need to be
modify the fundamental character of the move forced in other countries than that of its origin.
ment. Nevertheless, the difficulty is not really This, too, is a great gain, and will make the
removed by this process of elimination; it is next creative period all the easier of approach.
somewhat lessened, and that is all.
But the greatest gain of all, to our thinking,
A few generalizations, however, concerning is the awakening of the new social sympathy
the tendencies and characteristics of our con. that characterizes our recent literature. We
temporary English literature it seems reason hear a good deal of “democratic art," and
ably safe to make, and one of them is that we much of what we have thus far got is distress-
are living in a critical rather than a creative ingly crude and dull with didacticism. But the
period. As the few great survivors of the future of our race belongs to democracy, and
earlier age one by one pass away, we feel literature must make the best of this inevitable
acutely conscious that the places are left un movement. That it will eventually learn how
means.


1901.]
327
THE DIAL
to shape the idealism of democracy into forms
VARIATIONS IN TENNYSON.
of convincing beauty we make no doubt, and
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
the signs are not wanting that such an issue is
I was much interested in Professor Albert E. Jack's
near at hand. We might make specific men-
notice of Mr. J. Churton Collins's “Early Poems of
tion, to support this proposition, of the remark-
Tennyson," in a recent issue of THE DIAL. As he re-
able recent work of one of our younger poets, marks, Mr. Collins is wrong in assuming that his is the
but since we propose to consider that at first attempt to record the various readings of these and
some length in the next issue of THE DIAL, other poems of Tennyson; nor was the work that I did
the hint shall suffice us here. An illustration
in the “Cambridge · Tennyson, to which Professor
Jack refers, the first of the kind.
of more resounding significance may be found As long ago as 1857, when I was reading “The
in the work of the greatest of living Russians. Princess" with a high-school class, I happened to notice
The writings of Count Tolstoy, or to be more
that variations occurred in different editions of the
exact, the earnest attention which they have
poem; and I copied all these into the edition I was
using. Later I found and recorded variations in other
received during the past few years, offer im-
poems that we read in school. In 1883 I published an
pressive example of the power of the social annotated edition of “The Princess,” in which I gave
motive as embodied in the forms of fictive art, all the various readings, so far as I could ascertain
to make itself felt as a force in literature.
them. For the first edition of the poem I had to depend
Here is a writer whose whole genius is spent
on the American reprint, which I collated with the sec-
ond London edition and the fourth and fifth American
in an impassioned appeal to purely democratic
editions. I could not get hold of the third edition
sympathies, and, as the years go on, his figure (1850) in which the intercalary songs first appeared,
assumes grander and grander proportions, and but the copy of the second edition that I used had these
his utterance seems to become more and more
songs inserted in manuscript.
invested with the attributes of prophecy.
For the third issue of my edition (1890), I had the
privilege of examining an interleaved copy of the first
English edition of “The Princess" belonging to my
friend Dr. F. J. Furnivall of London, in which he had
recorded the new readings of the third and fifth edi-
tions. This enabled me to settle some doubtful points
COMMUNICATIONS.
and to supply several omissions in my collation of those
editions; and also to detect sundry curious misprints in
OUR LITERARY FOLK-LORE.
the first American edition and a few errors in the
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
manuscript copy of the songs mentioned above. I bad
The readers of THE DIAL, or at least part of them,
also received a very kind letter from Lord Tennyson,
are interested no doubt in what may be called literary
calling attention to one or two slips in notes quoted
folk-lore. If so, I trust that some of them will be will-
from Mr. Dawson's “Study of. The Princess.'
ing to assist in the collection of a very interesting body
In 1884 I edited “Select Poems of Tennyson," in-
of such folk-lore now swiftly passing out of existence.
cluding many of those given by Mr. Collins, and noted
That constituency of The Dial which had the good
all the variations from the English edition of 1884
fortune to be raised in the country will doubtless re-
which I found in the American reprints from 1849
member the way in which the young people of their
down. For the readings of the editions of 1830, 1832,
neighborhood used to get around the sensitive con-
and 1842, I had to depend mainly on quotations in the
sciences of Presbyterian elders and Methodist class-
reviews and in the commentaries of Shepherd, Tainsh,
leaders, by calling their dances by the innocent name
Wace, Bayne, and others. For the first edition of the
of “singing games.” When they wanted to dance at
Wellington Ode, I used a copy given to the Harvard
their parties they asked permission to “play games,"
Library by the poet Longfellow.
In 1887, I edited “Enoch Arden and Other Poems”
and then they would dance to the choral singing of
“Lead her up and down to your best liking,” “ Weevilly
on the same plan; and for this and the second edition
Wheat," and “Pop Goes the Weasel." Both words
of the “ Select Poems” (1886) I had the opportunity
and music of these choral dance songs were in every
of making a rather hurried examination of the 1830
case traditional. Some of them, like the singing games
and 1832 editions in the British Museum, which was
of children, were evidently the broken-down remains of supplemented by some work of the kind done for me
old folk-ballads. A recent attempt to secure some of
by a person recommended by the Museum authorities,
them shows that in fifteen years they have disappeared
but in which I subsequently found many errors.
completely from one neighborhood, but there must be
Revised editions of these two books, with additional
communities where they are still played or at least may
poems, were published in 1895; and for these editions
be collected from the memories of those who played
I was able to consult a good number of the English
editions.
them in their youth. It is to be hoped, therefore, that
this nineteenth century survival of old folk-poetry will
In 1895 I also published an edition of “In Memo-
receive the attention it deserves while there is yet time.
riam," much of the work on which had been done dur-
Personally, I shall be grateful for any help to save the
ing the ten years previous. For the various readings I
had the benefit of a copy of the first English edition
GEORGE MOREY MILLER.
given me by Dr. Furnivall, in which he had recorded
Washington Agricultural College,
most of them.
Pullman, Wash., May 3, 1901.
In 1896 I edited the “Idylls of the King,” using most
old songs.


328
[May 16,
THE DIAL
3
of the earlier English and American editions in the col written; but it is curious that he should have put the
lation of the text. I also corrected the irregular and famous nebula of Orion « below" the constellation.
often inconsistent pointing, capitalization, etc., of the Probably, however, he was thinking at the moment of
English editions, and in an appendix filled nearly two the belt of the giant.
pages of fine print with specimens of these errors and This omission in Mr. Collins's notes reminds me of
incongruities.
another which is more surprising, for even if he never
In 1895–1897 I edited the complete de luxe edition happened to see Palgrave's book, he must be familiar
of Tennyson brought out by Messrs. Estes & Lauriat with “ The Foresters.” On p. 295 he gives the “ Nat-
in twelve volumes, with variorum and other notes; and ional Song,” printed in 1830 but afterwards suppressed
in 1898 the “Cambridge” edition, in which the various for sixty-two years or until 1892, when it was inserted
readings were given more concisely.
in « The Foresters," with no change except in the
I have spent perhaps half a dozen hours in examining chorus of the two stanzas, which read thus in 1830:
Mr. Collins's book, and have already noted many errors
“CAORUS. - For the French the Pope may shrive 'em,
and omissions. Most of these, like those to which Pro-
For the devil a whit we heed 'em :
fessor Jack refers, are “ very slight,” but not a few of
As for the French, God speed 'em
them are much worse than the general character of the
Unto their heart's desire,
work would have led me to expect. Some of them in-
And the merry devil drive 'em
dicate apparent carelessness in collation, and others in
Through the water and the fire.
proofreading
“FULL CHORUS. -Our glory is our freedom,
On p. 53, for instance, two entire lines of a stanza of
We lord it o'er the 988 ;
“ Mariana in the South," as printed in 1833 (1832),
We are the sons of freedom,
are omitted:
We are free."
“Backward the latticeblind she flung,
And leaned upon the balcony."
I quote from the de luxe Tennyson, Vol. xi. p. 298.
For the chorus as it now stands the reader can refer
I give them as they appear in my “ Enoch Arden, etc.,” to “ The Foresters." Mr. Collins notes neither the
(1895).
insertion of the song in the play nor the change in the
On p. 66, the 1833 version of a line of the first song chorus.
in “ The Miller's Daughter" (" And I would lie so
In “The Talking Oak," Tennyson made only two
light, so light”) is given simply “ So warm and light." changes after its first publication in 1842. Shepherd
It should be (if my edition is right) “I would lie round
so warm and light.” This, by the way, is a specimen
(“ Tennysoniana," 2d ed., 1879) says there was only
one, and Collins gives only one. It is amazing that he
of a class of errors - giving an early reading only in
part. The use of the capital in “So” is misleading;
should have overlooked the second (line 215): “The
but in all such cases Mr. Collins begins his quotations
murmurs of the drum and fife” for “ The whispers of
with a capital. Even the article a when given alone
the drum and fife.” It is given in my “Select Poems”
in a note (as in that on “Like one great garden glowed,"
(p. 232). I think that nobody else has called attention
to it. I first detected it in 1884 in the American
p. 26, where the 1830 reading is “a great garden"),
edition of 1842. As I had not seen the English edition
is printed thus: “1830. A."
of 1842, it occurred to me when I did not find it in
On p. 68, the fact that two stanzas of “The Miller's
Daughter were added in 1842 (the two preceding the
Collins's book that it might be only in the American
edition, which was printed from advance sheets of the
last one, as the poem now stands) is not mentioned.
Mrs. Kemble, in the “Democratic Review” for Janu-
English; but Professor Jack informs me that it is in
the latter. I could hardly believe that two collators
ary, 1844 (Vol. xiv. p. 62 fol.), is very severe in her
overlooked it, but it seems that they did.
comments upon this addition to the 1832 form of the
poem. I quote the passage (nearly a page of it) in
The reader may be surprised that I should suspect a
“ Select Poems,” p. 200.
variation of this kind in an American edition printed
my
On p. 95, the three stanzas of the “ Palace of Art”
from advance sheets; but I had previously detected a
which Tennyson gives in a foot-note of 1832 as omitted
curious one (unknown to all the critics) in the “ Idylls
from the poem because it is “already too long,” are
of the King." In “Merlin and Vivien” (entitled
cited; but Mr. Collins is apparently not aware that the
simply “Vivien ” at first), the American edition of
poet corrected the astronomical allusions in them when
1859 reads (lines 148 fol.):
they were printed in Palgrave's “Lyrical Poems of
“She loathed the knights and ever seem'd to hear
Tennyson,” 1885. The original reading in the third
Their laughing comment when her name was named.
For once, when Arthur walking all alone,
stanza was:
Vexed at a rumor rife about the Queen,
“She saw the snowy poles of moonless Mars,
Had met her," etc.
That marvellous round of milky light
Below Orion, and those.double stars," etc.
This reading is found nowhere else. The poet must
have altered the passage before the English edition of
In Palgrave's book it is given (according to my "Select
1859 was printed, but after the advance sheets bad
Poems,” p. 218) thus, without even a hint that it had
been changed since 1832:
been dispatched to this country. The reading in 1857,
when “six trial-copies" of "Enid” and “ Vivien "
“She saw the snowy poles and moons of Mars,
printed (of which the copy in the British Museum is
That marvellous field of drifted light
In mid Orion, and the married stars," etc.
believed to be the sole survivor), was this:
“She hated all the knights because she deem'd
No critic, so far as I am aware, has noticed this varia-
They wink'd and jested when her name was named."
tion. Tennyson from his early years was intensely in-
terested in astronomy, and is remarkably accurate in The present reading is:
his frequent allusions to it. The moons of Mars were “She hated all the knights, and heard in thought
not discovered until long after this stanza was first Their lavish comment when her name was named.
were


1901.)
329
THE DIAL
unless my
For once, when Arthur walking all alone,
Vext at a rumor issued from herself
The New Books.
Of some corruption crept among his knights,
Had met her," etc.
I have given only a few specimens of the more serious THE IRON CHANCELLOR IN A NEW LIGHT.*
of Mr. Collins's errors and omissions. I have found
many others in the hasty examination I have made of It is complained that if publishers go on
perhaps a fifth part of the book.
'feeding the current popular craving for sweets
Misprints are not uncommon: as “Confutzer" for
in the form of love-letters it will end in the
“Confutzee” in a suppressed stanza of “The Palace
of Art” (p. 93); "books” for “ book” in an 1832 public's losing its taste for plain food altogether,
reading of a line in “ The Miller's Daughter” (p. 63)
and having its digestion permanently spoiled.
“The letters of the books she reads
There may be something in this, but the danger
note in the “Select Poems” (p. 198) is wrong, which seems overdrawn. Reading, say, Victor Hugo's
I do not believe; the misplacing of a reference to a
love-letters through at a sitting would certainly
foot-note on p. 100, which makes the 1832 reading of
• Where I may mourn and pray to be “Dying the
be like eating one's way unassisted through a
death I die” (which should refer to “ And save me whole box of caramels — the results might be
lest I die” in the preceeding stanza), etc.
unpleasant. But it is not so of the Love Let-
I agree fully with Professor Jack in regard to the
ters of Bismarck, which we have now before
foolishness of noting insignificant variations in spelling,
like though and tho', gray and grey, etc. While giving
us in a comely volume of 480 pages. These
these quite uniformly, Mr. Collins is very irregular quite German examples of the billet-doux are
in regard to Tennyson's whimsical omission of the sensible, practical, “newsy,” only moderately
hyphen in hundreds of compound words. Thus we saccharine. They are indited to Fraülein von
find “ silkensailed,” “ pearlgarland,” “ darklatticed,” Pattkamer — a name not savoring particularly
“sharpshadowed," "chestnutboughs,” etc. Mr. Collins
of sentiment. We do not mean that the letters
prints many of these as Tennyson does; others he
prints with the hyphen; others as two separate words;
are not affectionate, that they contain no tender
and all three forms he often has in the same poem, and passages, no terms of endearment. The Chan-
sometimes on the same page. In my editions I follow
cellor “makes love" throughout the earlier
Tennyson's eccentric method in all cases; but I should
not quarrel with anybody who chose to conform to or-
epistles at least, if in a rather rough, Junkerish,
dinary usage instead, if he would do it uniformly.
half-cynical way. Once, in a burst of unusual
Mr. Collins is also irregular in regard to the punc-
tenderness, he calls Frl. von Pattkamer “a
tuation of his quotations from the early editions; but little pink angel,” but as he soon goes on to
some of the variations (periods in place of commas and
talk of a package of sausages and some socks
the like, which confuse or pervert the sense of the
she has sent him, the reader's nerves are re-
passage) are probably the fault of the proofreader.
With all its defects the book is a valuable one. The lieved. In fine, if the affection breathed from
labor involved in preparing it can hardly be appreciated the letters is not of the ecstatic order, it is at
except by the few who have tried their own hands at
all events a manifestly strong and durable
similar tasks. In the case of Tennyson, who probably fabric, made in Germany, and warranted to
“ tinkered” his poems more than any other English or
American author, it is not likely that we shall ever
wear.
have a perfectly complete and accurate variorum edition. The letters extend from the time (1846) of
He never brought out a new edition without some the writer's engagement to Frl. von Puttkamer,
changes in the text — perhaps a single little word in a
line that had been unaltered for forty years or more,
to 1889; and about a third of them were writ-
and one must carefully scrutinize every line and every
ten before the marriage took place. A few
word in each of many editions in order to detect these extracts will serve to show their general drift
occasional trivial changes; and after all he may over and quality. A letter of 1850 indicates the
look some of them, as I find from Mr. Collins's book
writer's opinion of the liberal movement of the
that I have done in two or three instances in poems
that I have collated again and again. I have sometimes
time. Speaking of the possibility of a clash
come very near making other mistakes. To give a between Prussia and Austria, Bismarck goes
single instance, Tennyson made no change in “The
on to say:
Poet's Song," published in 1842, until forty-seven years “ Robert Blum's bust, draped with black and white
lat (1889), when he put “fly" instead of “bee” in
sashes and cockades, is the emblem by which members
the line “ The swallow stopt as he hunted the bee." I
of the Berlin militia, and democrats of all countries
had printed it in 1886 in a little book that I have not
here, at Frankfort, and elsewhere, celebrate their fes-
mentioned above (“The Young People's Tennyson"),
tivities and swear vengeance on monarchs; to this has
and it was by the merest chance that, in adding it to the
Prussia grown. It is for these people we shall be
enlarged “Select Poems” in 1895, I happened to refer
to an English edition of that year and caught that
*THE LOVE LETTERS OF BISMARCK : Being Letters to
“ fly.” If I had not known the poem by heart I might
his Fiancée and Wife, 1846–1889. Authorized by Prince
Herbert von Bismarck, and translated from the German
have missed the insect even then.
W. J. ROLFE. under the supervision of Charlton T. Lewis. With portraits.
Cambridge, Mass., May 6, 1901.
New York: Harper & Brothers.


330
(May 16,
THE DIAL
victorious, if we are victorious; and every democrat I could say nothing; it was all over, and all shook
will exhibit his wounds to the King as an unpaid bill, hands."
when, with his help, we have conquered. I cannot
The following passage from a letter of
restrain my tears when I reflect what has become of
my pride, my joy, my fatherland, the faithful, brave,
1847 will answer better than the foregoing
honest Prussian nation, intoxicated by the giddy cup
extracts to show the Chancellor in the guise
which they call Prussian honor, in the leading-strings of a lover:
of a gang of Rhenish place-hunters and scoffing “Why do you so lament your last letter? I found
democrats."
nothing in it that was not dear to me, or could have
The following sketch (1851) of Amschel been dearer. And, were it otherwise, where should you
Rothschild shows that the Chancellor was no
in future find a heart on which to disburden your own
poor hand at a portrait :
of that which oppresses it, if not with me? . . . My
dear, dear Johanna, must I tell you once more that I
“... I have picked the enclosed leaves for you in
love you; sans phrase, that we ought to share with each
the garden of old Amschel Rothschild, whom I like, other joy and suffering, - I your suffering and you
because he is simply a haggling Jew, and does not pre mine; that we are not united for the sake of showing and
tend to be anything else, and, at the same time, a sharing with each other only that which gives pleasure;
strictly orthodox Jew, who touches nothing at his din but that you may pour out your heart at all times to
ners, and eats only 'undefiled' food. Johann, dage me and I to you, whatever it may contain; that I must
vid you some bread for de deers,' he said to his servant and will bear your sorrows, yonr thoughts, your naughti-
as he came out to show me his garden, in which there nesses, if you have any, and love you as you are — not as
were some tame fallow deer. Baron, dat blant costs you ought to be or might be? . . . Do not keep your
me two thousand guilders, honor bride, two thousand gloomy thoughts for yourself while you look on me with
guilders cash; I vill let you have it for one thousand, cheerful brow and merry eyes, but share with me in word
or, if you vant it for nuddings, he shall bring id to your and look what you have in your heart, whether it be
house. God knows I abbrejiate you highly, Baron; blessing or sorrow. . . . Look upon us as mutual father-
you are a nize man, a brave man.' With that he is a confessors; as more than that, since we, according to
little, thin, gray imp of a man, the patriarch of his the Scripture, are to be one flesh.'
tribe, but a poor man in his palace, childless, a widower,
cheated by his servants, and ill-treated by aristocratic-
The letters contained in this volume are, in
ally Frenchified and Anglicized nephews and nieces, point of fact, for the most part letters written
who will inherit his treasures without gratitude and by Bismarck to his wife. To entitle them,
without love."
therefore, collectively “Love Letters” is not
In 1852 Bismarck fought his famous duel wholly accurate, although perhaps a third of
with Vincke, and his account of the affair does them belong fairly in that category. They are
not greatly heighten one's esteem for his char- certainly better worth reading than if they all
acter.
harped constantly on the same tender string.
“Vincke wished to defer the matter for forty-eight They are various in tone and matter. They
hours, which I granted. On the 25th, at 8 A. M., we
bring us very near sometimes to the Chancel-
rode to Tegel; to a charming spot in the woods by the
seashore; it was beautiful weather, and the birds sang
lor's secret opinions on topics whereon he was
so gayly in the sunsbine that, as we entered the wood,
accustomed to be reticent. For the most part
all sad thoughts left me; only the thought of Johanna they show Bismarck in an unusually amiable
I had to drive from me by force, so as not to be affected light. He is the affectionate, domestic, prac-
by it. With me as witnesses were Arnim and Eberhard
tical-minded, confidential lover and husband
Stolberg, and my brother as a very dejected spectator.
With V. was Sauken, and Major Vincke of the First throughout. We see how thoroughly whole-
Chamber, as well as a Bodelschwingh as impartial wit some and pleasant his home relations must
ness. The latter declared before the matter began that have been ; how, amid the distractions, respon-
the challenge seemed to him to be, under the circum- sibilities, triumphs of his public career, it was
stances, too stringent, and proposed that it should be
modified to one shot apiece (four had been agreed upon).
about his own hearthstone that his affections
Sauken, in V.'s name, was agreeable to this, and had and deepest
and deepest interests really centred. The
word brought to me that the whole thing should be biographical value of the letters is consider-
called off if I declared I was sorry for my remark. As able, and they certainly tend to soften the
I could not truthfully do this, we took our positions, rugged lines of the usually accepted portrait
fired at Bodelschwingh's command, and both missed.
God forgive the grave sin that I did not at once recog-
of the Iron Chancellor. Clearly, the man of
nize His mercy, but I cannot deny it: when I looked
blood and iron, the cynical statesman who de-
through the smoke and saw my adversary standing clared that the moral law had no bearing on
erect, a feeling of disappointment prevented me from politics, was a lovable man in the home circle.
participating in the general rejoicing, which caused The volume is handsomely got up, and contains
Bodelschwingh to shed tears; the modification of the
challenge annoyed me, and I would gladly have con-
some interesting portraits after unfamiliar orig-
tinued the combat. But as I was not the insulted party,
inals.
E. G. J


1901.]
331
THE DIAL
as
well adapted for the presentation of those de-
THORPE'S CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY.*
tails which he has assumed to be of prime
Professor Thorpe's “The Constitutional importance. To treat with fidelity all the
History of the United States " is a record of minutiæ of so vast a general theme, or to give
the rise and progress of the American consti even slight attention to every detail for which
tution, from a new point of view. While this any one of a thousand readers might perhaps
work differs from all those on the subject which be expected to make a demand, would be ob-
have preceded it, it does not aim to displace viously impracticable. Some limits must be
any of them, but constitutes a distinct addition set to the size of the work, and only those de-
to the group. Though the author extends his tails which are of more general interest can be
observations over the entire period of our nat- allowed discussion in the text. A happy com-
ional history down to 1895, he is less discursive promise between vague generalization and in-
than Von Holst, whose work included an elab-terminable minuteness has been adopted. The
orate presentation of our political affairs, such period of time from 1765 to 1895 has been
as are generally considered not a part of our divided into six epochs, of varying length, to
constitutional history. Mr. Thorpe aims to
each of wbich is devoted a section of the
elaborate such political movements only as
treatise, called a “Book.” The transition of
were fundamental in their bearing. His treat-
thirteen detached colonies into one national
ment of his subject somewhat resembles that State, during the years from 1765 to 1787, is
of Curtis, but he covers a longer period, thus presented in Book I., under the title of “The
requiring more pages. The three volumes of New Nation.”
New Nation.” Book II., devoted to “ The
his work are not unduly expanded. Indeed, Formation of the National Constitution,” re-
in view of one consideration noted below, the lates the preparations for and the drafting and
treatise might well have been made larger.
submission of that instrument. Its reception
The present work serves either as a supple- by the people, and their adoption of it with its
ment, or a companion treatise, to Mr. early amendments, including the twelfth in
Thorpe's earlier “ Constitutional History of 1804, occupy the space allotted to Book III.,
the American People.” That work was intended with the heading, “The Constitution before
as an exposition of the State side, and the the People.” Then follows the period of “Con.
present one as an exposition of the National test and Compromise,” from 1804 to 1861, in
side, of our dual system of government. Ref. Book IV., wherein is traced the path of con-
erences are here frequently made to passages troversy over the compromises of the Consti-
or chapters in the former treatise. Those who tution concerning slavery, down to the time
possess both works, or who find them together when swords took up the quarrel. Book V.
in the same library, can utilize them jointly by presents the four years of the Civil War, under
means of these references. But the two parts the name of “ Emancipation,” the word which
of our dual system are so far one, as the author's sums up the great change effected by that war
present references to his earlier volumes indi in our governmental system. “The Extension
cate, that his readers could have no ground of of the Suffrage” is the theme of Book VI.,
objection to the size of the new treatise if it describing the next great change in that system,
had been expanded to five volumes, by em which was adopted as a logical development
bodying in it all the matter which was included
from the immediate results of the war. Thus
in his first “ Constitutional History.” The is attained an easy analysis, into periods of
two elements of this dual system may well be varying duration, of our entire constitutional
considered together as parts of one whole; and progress as a Nation, down to the advent of
there are certain advantages to be gained by the present entirely new era.
this mode of studying them which are not se-
The mode of treatment chosen by Mr.
cured when these elements are examined separ. Thorpe, for the presentation of the constitu-
ately. As Mr. Thorpe said in his earlier work: tional features of each of these epochs, is to
“ Originally as well as lawfully, the common illustrate them by drawing largely upon the
wealth constitutions are a part of the national.”
current debates and discussions, and expres-
The plan of construction adopted for this
sions of individual and aggregate opinion, in
treatise by Mr. Thorpe is advantageous, and is legislatures, conventions, and other public as-
semblies. The controversies of the time, repro-
*THE CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES,
1765–1895. By Francis Newton Thorpe. In three volumes,
duced in condensed form, speak for themselves,
Chicago: Callaghan & Co.
in the arguments advanced, the clashing of


332
[May 16,
THE DIAL
contrary views, the statutes or resolutions the paramount allegiance of citizens to the
adopted, and the constitutional amendments National government.
presented and considered. Those who have It is refreshing to observe that Mr. Thorpe
read with pleasure the pages of Mr. Thorpe's finds no warrant, in the facts of our history,
earlier work will find here the same vivid and for the theory of the rightfulness of secession.
picturesque presentation of the living issues of The Declaration of Independence was a joint,
each of these epochs in our history. It is most not a several act. “In practical politics it
interesting reading to trace, in practically the announced the birth of a new nation." Months
language of the time itself, the course of de- before, Congress had advised the people that
bate, not only upon the framing by the conven “it would be very dangerous to the liberties and
tion and the discussion by the people of the welfare of America for any colony separately
original Constitution, but also upon the consid to petition the King or either House of Par.
eration of the early amendments; of the com liament.” The Provincial Congress of New
promise legislation, prior to the Civil War, York, in 1775, had declined to declare in favor
respecting slavery; of the unsuccessful move of independence, leaving “a so general and
ments toward further compromises; and finally, momentous concern to the Continental Con-
of the successive post-bellum amendments, each gress.” The recommendation of Congress to
advancing to a constitutional outpost not pre- Massachusetts, that she take steps toward a
viously occupied. The movement of an epoch, provincial government in that colony, until
a century old, is thus brought before us with the King's governor should consent to govern
the freshness of the present time, and the vital the colony according to its charter, "proves
interests of the eighteenth and nineteenth cen. the truth of the saying of Lincoln, that the
turies, in questions fundamental to our system Union is not only older than the Constitution,
of government, become vital to us to-day. but older than the States." The mere fact
One agreeable instance of Mr. Thorpe’s that in the Continental Congress each colony
method is in his paraphrase of the President's was allowed one vote “cannot in justice be
arguments for nationality in 1861. Lincoln made the basis for the later claims of the ad-
stepped into his office with an authoritative and vocates of State sovereignty."
categorical statement of the constitutional rights Though it may seem ungracious to question,
and powers of the central government, and the
in any respect, so excellent a treatise, it must
utter unconstitutionality of secession, which be confessed that this work is in one way dis-
were to be the basis upon which his adminis- appointing. The author seems inclined to treat
tration would wage a defensive war for the with less than justice the efforts of the colonial
preservation of the Union as its prime object. Fathers in resisting the British aggressions.
Mr. Thorpe wisely adopts the ideas advanced
Their opposition to the Parliamentary claim of
by Lincoln, in this and his later state papers, right to tax the colonies is clearly stated, but
and the language in which they were presented, is pronounced groundless.
as the best exposition in our literature of the
“ The right, though successfully questioned by the
nationality which underlies our Constitution. Americans, seems now, when we may calmly reflect over
His argument was clear and vigorous, befitting it, to be well founded in the principles of government.”
his high theme; and his presentation of the
“ The best argument against parliamentary taxation
national idea was then, and still remains, un-
must be economic rather than legal, and must proceed
from a revolutionary interpretation of government.”
answerable.
“ They denied the supreme power of Parliament to tax
Graphic is our author's picture of the insti-
America, though without good authority for the denial.”
tution of slavery entrenched in the compromises “ Thus the Congress attempted to put the British
of the Constitution, the inertness of the national government in the wrong.”
government, and the general torpidity of the So it was that “ Acts of Parliament, strictly
public mind on the subject, as indicated in the legal and constitutional, became the ostensible
projected thirteenth amendment of 1861 which
excuse for American Independence."
was to perpetuate the institution. Graphic,
These impeachments of the legal ability of
too, is his representation of the change of pub- the colonial bar are coupled with two significant
lic sentiment, even in the border States, and
admissions : the accused were diligent students
the movement toward State constitutions de-
of the Constitution, and they were honest in
claring against slavery, when the progress of
their convictions.
the war had proven the institution effete, and
“ The Americans were thoroughly convinced of the
the adoption by the States of the doctrine of
truth and justice of their own interpretation of consti-


1901.]
333
THE DIAL
Post"
tutional principles, [and] it is not unjust to say that, at complete in all its parts, with powers legislative, ex-
this time, the idea of constitutional government was ecutive, and judiciary, and in all these powers extend-
more clearly recognized in America than in England.” ing over the whole nation."
Yet he compares these colonials with those It is with regret that the reviewer has found
who in 1861 proposed to sever the Union, and occasion to qualify, by these discriminations,
says that, with the beginning of the Revolu- his commendation of a work so well conceived,
tion, “nullification was rapidly becoming seces- and, in most respects, so admirably accom-
sion.” These are our author's generalizations, plished.
JAMES OSCAR PIERCE.
without either explanation in argument or
citations of authority. The constitutional argu-
ments of John Dickinson against the Parlia-
mentary power of taxation over the colonies,
A JOURNEY TO NATURE.*
and of John Adams and James Wilson against About six months ago, a series of papers
the existence of any legislative power of Par-
legislative power of Par- appearing weekly in the New York “Evening
liament whatever over the colonies, in 1774,
attracted our attention. They were
were based on numerous early British prece written in a style that was noteworthy even
dents. If these arguments are to be condemned among the excellent literary papers that one
by the impartial historian as groundless, they habitually finds in that journal, and as the
should be shown to be either inherently weak, chapters went on from week to week, we found
or overweighted by sound adverse arguments. ourselves eagerly awaiting the Saturday issue
There are other generalizations in our au of the “ Post” in which a continuation of the
thor's work which seem to be hastily made. series might be expected. Presently they came
It is said of the introduction by Randolph into to an end, but we were confident of their res-
the Federal convention in 1787, of the Virginia urrection in a book, so clearly deserving they
plan, contemplating a national government, were of the more substantial form of publica-
consisting of a supreme legislative, executive, tion. The confidence was justified, and the
and judiciary, that “this was the first use of entire series is now reproduced under the title
the term national, in the sense in which it is
“ A Journey to Nature,” while in place of the
now commonly understood.” If it be desirable mysterious initials “ J. P. M.” (which sug-
to fix the earliest use of this term, further in- gested to us nothing but the name of Mr. J.
vestigation may be needed. Aside from its Pierpont Morgan), we find upon the title-page
use by individuals, as by Washington and the name of Mr. J. P. Mowbray.
Paine, in 1783, it is found in the Report of the The book is remarkable in more ways than
Committee of Congress, drawn by Madison, one, and is sure to attract much attention. Its
under date of September 25, 1783, on the me humor, its philosophy, its pungency of style,
morial from Massachusetts respecting the grant and its wholesome view of life are qualities that
of half-pay to the officers of the army, wherein
go to the making of literature rather than of
that measure is referred to as “an act finally journalism, and more than once, while reading
adopted, and the national faith pledged to the several chapters in their original form, we
carry it into effect.” Again, it is said :
felt that we were enjoying some such rare ex-
" It is difficult to fix the exact time or occasion when perience as was enjoyed by the fortunate .dis-
the word Nation was first employed to describe the
coverers of “My Summer in a Garden” in the
government of the American people, but there is reason
to believe that one of the first uses of the word in this
columns of the Hartford “ Courant,” or even
sense was made by President Lincoln in his Gettysburg
of the 66 Essays of Elia” in the pages of the
address, in which he spoke of the Government of the “ London Magazine.” Now re-reading the
People as that of a new Nation, conceived in liberty, and
papers in their collective form, our early im-
dedicated to the proposition that all men are created
pression is deepened, although we are conscious
equal."
of an occasional reservation of praise of the sort
To take this view, we must forget that in
that almost necessarily results when the mental
1793 Judge Wilson of the Supreme Court
attitude is shifted from that of a skimmer of
found it easy to answer affirmatively the ques-
newspapers to that of a reader of books. But
tion, “Do the people of the United States form
these reservations are very slight indeed, affect-
a Nation” (and this with a big N); and that ing only a word or a phrase here and there, and
in his answer he said :
more than adequate compensation is offered for
“ The people of the United States intended to form
themselves into a nation for national purposes. They *A JOURNEY TO NATURE. By J. P. Mowbray. New
instituted, for such purposes, a national government York : Doubleday, Page & Co.
"


334
(May 16,
THE DIAL
a few trifling defects in the sense of continuity half. There's a spring in the medder yonder, but the
and artistic unity that we get when the book is
lemon crop ain't very good this year.'
“« That's so,' said his companion, wiping his face
taken at a single reading.
with his shirt-sleeves, 'the potato bugs burt the young
In a way, the book is a story-book, although lemons awfully last season.”
the whole of its story may be told in a few The Doctor comes up for a few days of rough life,
words. Briefly, it deals with the experiences and is highly pleased with his patient's condition,
of a Wall Street stock-broker, plunged in the until a chance remark awakens dark suspicion.
thick of business and social life, and suddenly
6. You 're convalescent - that's all. You must keep
confronted with the vision of sudden death. this jig up for one year. I do not propose to let up on
An attack of heart failure pulls him up short,
my prescription, if you expect me to carry you through
and hurries him into the country for a cure.
to a good old age. You see, I've got a good deal at
stake in this matter. You've been a pretty good boy
He is a man in the forties, a widower, with
so far. I did not believe you could do it. In fact,
one small boy, Charlie, whom he takes along.
you 're the first man I ever met who could give up
The place of refuge provided is a cabin, an female society entirely and take to the woods on sani-
appanage of a decayed manorial homestead, tary principles, and you will make a shining example
somewhere in Central New York. In this
when you go back to Broadway and Wall Street.'
" At that moment Charlie came to the door and
cabin the man and the child and a yellow dog shouted, Say, Dad, where do you suppose Griselle
set up a primitive form of housekeeping, being keeps the pepper and salt ?'
cared for in the grosser ways by Gabe Hotch “ I remember that the Doctor, who looked very ab-
kiss, the farmer who occupies the homestead,
surd in his bare feet, came over and stood in front of
me, and said with as cavernous an intonation as he
and ministered unto in somewhat more delicate
could command, “Who in thunder is Griselle?'”
fashion by his niece Griselle. These are the
dramatis
of the story,
personce
these, and
One night the invalid drinks coffee recklessly,
the Doctor, who, delighted to have found a
has a nightmare, wakes up with violent heart-
patient who will take his advice, comes out
throbs, and loses his nerve completely. Think-
now and then to see how things are getting ing of nothing else to do, he proposes to the
along. The book is made up of communings
yellow dog that they have a wood fire.
with nature, the natural incidents of vaga-
“I might as well put down that dog's reply, if for
no other reason than that it is a true dog's reply, and
bond life, occasional dialogue, and - Griselle.
not man's, wbich dog talk is so apt to be. This is what
This young woman seems to be merely a lay he said, exactly: I can't make out what it is that you
figure in the earlier chapters, but her person-
propose to do, but I understand in a general way that you
ality is gradually insinuated into the substance
are going to do something, and I'm with you whatever it
is. Let's make as much hullabaloo about it as we can.'
of the story, until she more than shares the
“I have learned that a dog apprehends a man's mean-
interest with the narrator bimself. The author's
ing very much as a man apprehends the meaning of a
management of this charming person is the symphony. It is purely a matter of tones and not of
most artistic feature of his work. Casual ob-
articulations. He seizes upon your moods, not upon
your ideas, with the marvellous generalizing capacity
servation, curiosity, sympathetic attention,
of a sympathetic ear. He responds to the allegros and
sentimental interest, affection, love, and chas-
andantes, appropriates the rhythms without conscious-
tened disappointment, these are the successive ness, and keeps time to the feelings as they slip and
notes in the gamut of the relationship between merge. Man must be a continual Beethoven to a dog,
the man and the maiden. It is a familiar se-
uttering mystic strophes that he cannot analyze. A dog
is thus superior to a man in that he is always saved
quence, but one not often presented with such
from being a critic."
delicacy and charm.
One more passage may be given, illustrative of
But quite enough has been written about
the graver moods of the book, and showing
and around this book ; let us turn to the more
how well Nature did her work, no less for the
convincing task of illustration. The exile has
soul than for the physical frame of her patient.
arrived at his cabin, and has set his teeth in
It takes the form of a soliloquy.
grim determination to “stick it out.”
I feel confident that a healthy adjustment of facul-
“ This was the bravado of the will, and even while ties, and the suspension of an agressive egotism, put a
it was flourishing I was conscious that I would give man en rapport with new harmonies that he never be-
the hovel and the two big boxes that had been set down fore suspected. If he walk in the cordial but silent
at its door for a cocktail.
woods, he finds that the defiance goes out of his verte-
“I asked the two men who had driven us and the bræ, and he is acquiring the bowed head; and if we
boxes up where I could get some ice and a lemon. They look narrowly here we shall find, I think, that the
looked at each other as if I had asked them for a French bowed head of the savant and the saint are the tokens
menu. Ice ?' said one of them. You might git some of a similar but unequal humility. These conclusions
at the butcher's in Spelldown. It's four miles and a bore into one's old timbers unobserved like the teredo,
66


1901.)
835
THE DIAL
when one lives apart from his fellows for a while; so written foolish things about Hamlet; the sbarp differ-
that I grew to think, like the Doctor, that it was good ence between him and Schiller over Egmont was on a
for every man to have hermit hours, and to keep a wil subject where both were masters; the meanderings of
derness somewhere into which he can escape from him Tolstoi's What Is Art?' are matched by aberrations
self. In such sequestered moments tides of soft of Hume, Voltaire, Johnson, and Dryden."
intimations come from afar, and there are apt to be
As a corollary to this we may add that dra-
astral banners fluttering in one's outreach — whisper-
ings of origins and outcomes, never before heard in the
matic criticism is one of the most difficult
soft procession of the universes; faint, kindly voices forms of criticism, for it has no written form-
reaching up from the lowliest processes, trying to speak of ula, no stereotyped standard, to fall back
upon.
kinship and fatherhood. There are new and tiny links far
It is man's opinions based on man's knowledge
down the inscrutable depths, and they glitter in the gloom
with threads of promise, forever weaving the continuity
of preëxisting and present conditions, on man's
and indestructibility of life in a majestic synthesis.”
accepted and preconceived conclusions as to
On the walls of the Doctor's city office, we
what should constitute the ideal form of that
are told, there was a Scriptural motto, 6. For
particular branch of art under discussion, and
thus saith the Lord God, the Holy One of
of man's understanding of the technique of the
Israel. In returning and in rest ye shall be
drama. The higbest and brightest achieve-
ment in dramatic criticism is reached when the
saved. In quietness and confidence shall be
critic remains true to his own convictions,
your strength, and ye would not.” It is the
lesson of this passage that “ A Journey to Na- albeit his ultimate conclusions may be at vari-
ture” inculcates, and the lesson is one that we
ance with the world at large, for every thought
Americans, more than most other people, need
of the true critic assimilates, respires, and en-
to learn. The book is an evangel of the quiet larges in that sphere of art which he has
life, the life freed from the unnecessary per-
chosen to study; and in arguing with oneself
plexities of man's own making, the true life of
one has always a respectful antagonist to whose
the spirit for which so many of us vainly strive.
objections every attention must be given.
It is a beautiful book, and we count it a privi-
Mr. Hapgood touches upon the problems of
lege to have had this opportunity of saying the stage in a manner which reveals a clear
even these few inadequate words in its praise.
and comprehensive insight. In speaking of
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
the theatrical trust (a product of one of the
gloomy qualities of American life: the exces-
sive love of wealth) he says:
“Its growth was rapid, its power immense, and the
history of its rise, if intimately known, sounds like a
OUR CONTEMPORARY STAGE. *
melodrama or a satirical romance. This syndicate
Mr. Norman Hapgood's volume, “ The Stage
can say to the theater owner: If you do not do busi-
ness with us on our own terms, we will not let you have
in America, 1897-1900,” treats those aspects
first-rate attractions. If you do, we will destroy your
of the acted drama which have played the rival, or force him to the same terms. For the book-
most important part in American theatrical ings we will take a share of the profits.' To the actor
history during the past few years, besides pre or traveling manager it can say: You must play in our
theaters or in barns. For our theaters we make our own
senting a purely critical consideration of the
terms.' To both it can say: "Nominally, we act as your
histrionic notabilities connected therewith.
agents. In reality, we are your absolute masters.'
The
purpose
of the book — so far as any chief
These sentiments are voiced by the majority
purpose can be discovered in the work of one
of our actors and critics.
who is so emphatically a critic of detail —
In his chapter on “ The Drama of Ideas,”
seems to be to rescue from unmerited oblivion
records of those productions worthy of a more
the author proves himself to be a diseur de
enduring place than that which is given in
bon-mots, as the following quotations, picked
the daily newspaper.
at random, will attest:
Says the author:
" It was a sadly demoralized man who said he had
“So many influences enter into the formation of a
three rules for the conduct of life; of which the first
dramatic opinion, or even into a mere narration of
was, never to see the plays of Henry Arthur Jones, and
theatrical incident, that to select among the facts, im-
the other two did not matter - but it was an artist
pressions, and beliefs of four years those which sum up also and a critic who spoke.”
the period is full of peril. After reversing my view of
“The kinship between intellectual innocence and real
Henry Esmond's ability in comedy, or of the degree of
culture is what makes bad melodramas so good and
Mrs. Fiske's talent, what shall I think of my next con-
good melodramas so bad."
viction? The difficulty is not new: even Goethe has
“ The greatest literary ideas are dramatic ideas; most
* THE STAGE IN AMERICA, 1897–1900. By Norman Hap of the world's highest literature is poetry, and most of
good. New York: The Macmillan Co.
its highest poetry is drama. We need not fear that


336
[May 16,
THE DIAL
modern times are undramatic, for artistic genius is But as all productions are here given in Ger-
creative, and when it exists it will create somewhat in
man, its clientelage is limited.
its universal manner.”
“Great dramatic ideas are imaginative and emotional
It is impossible to do more than point out
conceptions, and the nearest to an exact statement that the general purpose of the book under consid-
can be made about them will tell what feeling of life eration. The titles of the principal chapters
they imbue."
give an idea of the numerous topics treated :
Mr. Hapgood tells us that there is a drama, Ibsen,” “ Recent Shakespeare, Foreign
not large but distinct, which belongs espe- Tragedy," “Rostand," “ Pinero, Shaw, and
cially to the United States of to-day, and, Jones," « From the French," “ Histrionic and
whether lasting or not, to contemporary ob- Literary Side-shows,” etc. We are glad to note
servers seems to move on more artistic princi- that the performances given through the efforts
ples than any native plays of the past. of the Independent Theatre Company, which
“Two men stand, as far as we can see, clearly ahead had its headquarters for two years at the Car-
of their predecessors: James A. Herne for intellectual
gie Lyceum in New York, have been given
qualities, supported by considerable stagecraft; William
Gillette for the playwright's talents, working on ideas
the space that they deserve.
of his own.
Their plays are equaled by single efforts
Mr. Hapgood is “nothing if not critical”;
of other men, but no other American dramatist has done but whereas that expression, as applied by Iago
as much of equal merit.”
to himself, denoted a mind especially on the
Speaking of American humor, he reminds us alert to discover weak points in everything, it
that a certain form of humor, not the high means something essentially different as applied
est, and yet not unrelated to the larger kind, to the present critic. In fact, the author shows
is found as incessantly in our farces and va himself to be a kind of Benthamite in art. It
riety shows as in our presidential campaigns. is true that there are some statements made
“Fatalism and buoyancy, love of exaggeration, which he may some day wish to withdraw. The
and a taste for slang are some of the compon peculiarity of his critical ability consists in his
ents.” But he merely lessens the dignity of power of assimilating the thoughts and the
his arguments by inserting some very insipid
work of others - its pliancy is its strength.
quotations from broad farces and burlesques
INGRAM A. PYLE.
which, for some reason or other, draw intel-
lectual audiences to a certain metropolitan
music hall. Who was it that said human nature
RECENT ENGLISH POLITICAL
in America is somewhat like the articles in a
PHILOSOPHY.*
great exhibition, where the largest and loudest
Our age forsooth is still in the throes of
things first catch the eye and usurp the attention?
transition. We begin the twentieth century
Upwards of forty years ago, George Henry with a number of problems and questions per-
Lewes, speaking of the frivolous character of
taining to their solution which have by no
our plays, said: “Unless a frank recognition
means found even approximately satisfactory
of this inevitable tendency cause a decided
answers. New ideas and theories chase each
separation of the drama which aims at art
other like clouds on the spiritual horizon. That
from those theatrical performances which only they are but clouds is due largely to the lack
aim at amusement of a lower kind (just as
of true philosophical training in those who at-
classic music keeps aloof from all contact and
tempt to advance them. It is sometimes even
all rivalry with comic songs and sentimental
painful to witness the vagueness of issue com-
ballads), and unless this separation takes place pared with the ado with which the answer is
in a decisive restriction of one or more theatres
sought. The blending of sociological with
to the special performance of comedy and the
poetic drama, the final disappearance of the political and historical ideas, or rather the
forcing of the two latter to conform to the still
art is near at hand.” This quotation is not
somewhat indefinite and artificial reasoning of
inserted for the sake of calling attention to
sociology, is more of a confusion than an assist-
and praising the so-called “palmy days” of
ance to a reader. Against the sense of in-
the stage, but merely as a preliminary remark
in calling attention to the fact that, according turn back upon the path, and review with some
security thus produced, it is an antidote to
to Mr. Hapgood, there is only one high-class
* ENGLISH POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY from Hobbes to Maine.
theatre in America : the Irving Place Theatre,
By William Graham. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
in New York, where the running of a theatre AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH POLITICS. By John M.
is looked upon more as an art than as a trade. Robertson. New York: New Amsterdam Book Co.


1901.]
337
THE DIAL
friendly author the work of those serious think. and just. With Burke it seems difficult for
ers of the past whose labor has largely con him to distribute the sun and shade of valua-
tributed to raise the foundation on which the tion properly. Burke's greatest, and in our
present edifice of social and political reasoning opinion his only, fault was his lack of under-
is erected, and whose efforts have largely standing of such a tremendous departure from
proved true. Thus it is possible, by way of
the slow beaten track of social progress as the
contrast, to bring into comparison two recent French Revolution. Burke was of course wrong
books whose difference in scope and treatment in this ; yet he was the only statesman in Eu-
would scarcely suggest each other. In a way rope who said anything against it which was
they may serve as fair examples of the philo- neither puerile in tone nor bigoted in idea, —
sophical and the unphilosophical attitude of which, on the contrary, has been generally pro-
many writers of to-day.
ductive of good to this day. It is indeed
Professor Graham's “ English Political strange that as an Irishman, to rebellion bred,
Philosophy from Hobbes to Maine" is one be should so misconstrue everything done on
the serious contributions to the study of polit- the other side of the Channel; although if it
ical theory which thoughtful people welcome. had been for the immediate deliverance of his
We recognize that there is nothing especially own race, he might have sanctioned much. If
new and original in the author's presentation Burke had not been ground so steadily and
of his thoughts about these writers. The book thoroughly in the English Parliamentary flour
would have been very well named “Introduc- mill, he might have looked at matters differ-
tion to the Study of,” etc. It strikes one ently, and he, the English subject, not been
largely as a course of lectures condensed for outdone in liberal sympathies by the nobleman
convenient purposes into book form, explana-
into book form, explana- of hard feudal stock, the Prussian Count Schla-
tory, discursive, rather scholastic in tone and brendorf, who hastened to France in anticipa-
not very argumentative. The criticism applied tion of the new star of liberty to be born there,
to the theories of these authors is drawn from and lived through most of the Jacobin sessions
the later discoveries in the world of thought of stormy memory.
But when will Celt ever
and from the burning problems of to-day which understand Celt?
their ideas have not succeeded in solving, and Bentham, as a political theorist, will claim
it is no wonder that they crumble before so more of the interest of our readers than Burke,
fierce a light. The treatment is not perfunc- largely because America is the country where
tory nor shallow but earnest and painstaking, his doctrine of the greatest happiness for the
and therefore the book will doubtless become a greatest number has been more generally ad-
considerable help and guide to the serious hered to and realized. Yet his prophetic words
student. And to become such a guide is, as in the defence of security, even if it be at the
we understand it, the author's special object. expense of equality (p. 223), may well resound
By bringing the six foremost English thinkers in the minds of many who watch the gradual
upon political theory within one frame, and change from an individually independent to a
discussing their relation to each other and to semi-feudal relation which the lower social lay-
other philosophers, a continuity in the devel ers are fast undergoing, conditions which have
opment of thought is presented which one come “for to stay " and will not be discussed
otherwise does not easily meet with. Locke is away. We quote his words : “When security
usually studied from the point of view of ab- and equality are in conflict it will not do to
stract philosophy, Burke from the point of hesitate for a moment. Equality must yield.
view of literary merit, and Mill in connection The first is the foundation of life; subsistence,
with Political Economy, whose chief light he abundance, happiness, everything depends upon
is. The study of Hobbes we believe is almost it. Equality produces only a certain portion
obsolete, and Bentham too is usually taken up of good. Besides, whatever we may do, it will
only incidentally, since the memory of these never be perfect; it may exist a day ; but the
first explorers in the realm of Political Science revolutions of the morrow will overturn it.
is obscured by the fame of their far more suc The establishment of a perfect equality is a
cessful followers. Professor Graham finds both chimera; all we can do is to diminish inequal.
Hobbes and Bentham (and Burke, too, for all ity." Still more interesting is Bentham's de-
that) lacking in penetration of thought and mand that the laws be codified and made
grasp upon actuality, but in his appreciation accessible in form and content to every body.
of their fundamental value he is both sincere As Professor Graham expresses his wish :


338
(May 16,
THE DIAL
cause
“If now the laws which concern everybody were in in spite of our philanthropy and altruism, this
one volume, and those which concerned only classes precious feeling as a gift, a disposition, seems
were in small separate volumes, if the general code had
become, as with the Hebrews, a part of worship and a
to have faded out of our too practical lives and
manual of education; if a knowledge of it were required
is now preserved in the original force only by
as a condition of the franchise, the law would then be a few simpletons. This feeling, it appears, is
truly known, every citizen would become its guardian, the real love of humanity ; which evidently
its violation would not be a mystery, its explanation
Bentham did not invent, but which he had
would not be a monopoly, and fraud and chicane would
no longer be able to elude it” (p. 231).
pigeonholed properly in his theoretical mind
We believe it would have given the venerable
and was going to advocate as worth striving
philosopher a genuine delight if he could have
for. If, in fact, the genuine article were dis-
beheld — as perhaps through celestial omnis-
tributed more widely, and were less spoiled by
the influence of some “
cience he has — the late publication of the
or other urging
Civil Code of the German Empire, printed for
the individual to act in a stereotyped way, it
would bring the gentle tact that prevents fric-
everybody's use in a small volume which can
be held in the hollow of one's hand, yet read
tion, and the losses and crosses of life would be
with perfect ease and costing but a mark. But we
not left to specialists, as Professor Graham
shall have to wait long before such a boon is given suggests (p. 198), but be borne by every body;
to this lawyer and judge ridden community.
and we boldly state that if love of humanity
Speaking of Bentham's impossible Love of
becomes a cumbrance rather than a help, that
Humanity, Professor Graham says with a touch
is because true goodness is largely lacking.
But we will leave this difficult subject, and
of some pertness :
“ As far as the love of humanity' is concerned, it is
make our only general criticism of Professor
not here necessary to inquire how far it is possible to
Graham's mode of discussion. He is some-
have any definite feeling for a vast entity like humanity, times so given over to common sense that he
the best and noblest part of wbich is dead and passed becomes rather trite. But this and the frequent
away, while some part is not yet born, and much of what
repetitions are faults easily committed in books
is alive and concrete may affect us in a manner that
arouses anything but love. To form the conception of
of this kind where clearness and simplicity are
such is difficult, to have any real feeling for the com necessary characteristics.
posite object of it, is difficult. But it is perhaps psycho Mr. John M. Robertson's book, “ An Intro-
logically possible to have a kind of love for the vast
duction to English Politics,” will presumably
Being (much of which is not in being) through its best
representatives, who are chiefly and necessarily the
cause a good deal of controversy between the
mighty dead, whose character and works are beyond adherents of the old and the new school of his-
dispute" (p. 199).
torical writing. Mr. Robertson is rather a
How will that do in America where Shake- rabid modernist; the historical writers of many
speares and Michel Angelos of to-day, if we nations pass in review before him, are all
trust the local reporter, are neither few nor weighed, and found wanting. What is it, then,
far between, and admirable characters, accord that Mr. Robertson himself must supply, since
ing to Bostonian terminology, are not rare, but it is nowhere else to be found ? Briefly stated,
in fact crowding the public theatre so that it appears to be the presentation of some all-
there is hardly standing room? We warn the important phases of a nation's life explained
pessimists of Professor Graham's type off the primarily by sociological causes, with the pur-
planks, for they will surely be hooted at! And pose not only of furthering a new doctrine, but
after all, is love of humanity as a distinct part also with the noble intention of thus teaching
of one's make-up such an impossibility ? It is the nations of to-day, particularly those of
all very well, as Professor Graham suggests, English speech, to avoid mistakes already com-
to do the best we can for ourselves and those mitted and occasionally repeated. No one can
who depend upon us, and let the matter rest feel anything but sympathy with such an at-
there, but there is such a thing as generous tempt. The question is whether Mr. Robert-
sympathy with outsiders just because it is a son is successful in proving his point, and
beautiful thing to be friendly and “God loveth whether the method employed speaks in his
a glad giver.” This feeling of genuine warmth favor as an independent and at the same time
and good will toward all till they themselves profound thinker. But Mr. Robertson himself
repel us -- a feeling which makes one beloved disclaims any thoroughness, which of course
by his fellow beings, and lifts the meeting of is for him the saving clause.
strangers into a charming experience, — we The book consists of five parts, the first
look upon as not at all an impossibility. True, treating of political evolution, particularly


1901.)
339
THE DIAL
among the Romans and Greeks; the second Rome by general indifferent causes in which
concerned with economic forces among these conscious striving had no share, it is not pos-
and also among the Byzantines. Part Three sible to see that he has come nearer to solving
discusses the culture-progress in antiquity ; the problem why constitutional life had so
Part Four the Italian Republics. Part Five much more of a chance in Rome than else-
deals with the fortune of the lesser European where. In Rome political life had less inter-
states. In fact, the book covers a vast field, ference from outside, if that is what he means ;
and presents matters in themselves exceedingly but even so the faculty for constitutionalism
difficult to handle. Nor are they rendered remains. Mr. Robertson says (Part One)
easier by the fact that the author depends evi- justly enough that Rome was in for plunder
dently, if not confessedly, on second band in and went on plundering, the mythical wolf
vestigation. His views are those acquired which nourished her infant kings remaining,
mainly by the reading of other authors, and as it were, ber symbol. This thought is further
his book is largely a discussion of their views. carried out in Part Two, where it is stated
Although the author says both good and true that military expansion was an economic need
things, his pages contain less of what is indi and that the perpetual despoilment of the
vidually the result of his labors than a constant provinces was the chief doctrine of Roman
polemic against the faulty opinions of other economic law. But did Rome give the prov-
writers. It is sometimes amusing, sometimes inces nothing in return? What had they pos-
exasperating, to find this incessant warfare. sessed before, and what did they possess after,
Mr. Robertson's own points often bave very the incorporation in her vast body politic? A
little weight; he applies his theory loosely or nation conquering so vast a territory and or-
substitutes merely new words for other words, ganizing it on a military scale, it is true —
a new theory for an old, for, e. g., the seven teaches the world at least one of the chief prin-
points in Paragraph Four of Chapter II., Part ciples of civilization, i. e., subordination, dis-
I., which give very little help to anybody in cipline. That Rome abused her power was a
finding a new solution for the old question why result of the limitations of that same system,
Rome was thus and not otherwise. Besides, lacking as it did any outlet in individual effort.
by virtue of the uncertainty of the remote But that Rome developed a system of law, a
past, any statement, however vague and inad. monument of its conception of subordination,
equate, can summon imaginary proof and as speaks for its having an ideal of life which we
sume the aspect of truth; but to establish this
now are unable properly to criticize and from
truth beyond dispute is the difficult thing, and whose faults we can after all profit very little,
therein most writers fall short, Mr. Robertson, because the basis of our existence lies elsewhere.
be it said, not less than any other. *
Certain phases which can serve as illustrations
Part Two of the book (to which we can de of his theory Mr. Robertson treats, others which
vote but scant attention) is by all means the demand more acute questioning, he lets lie.
best. Here as elsewhere the author employs Mr. Robertson is justly incensed against
the racy disjointed style of a notebook rather slavery, too, and sees the source of the economic
than the dull logical reasoning of a thesis. The decline of the Roman empire in this “under-
common use of the words “ faculty” and “in buying " the labor of the free worker. No
nate genius ” may indeed be unscientific, but doubt; but where lies the remedy for such
Mr. Robertson's ridicule of them and insistence sporadically returning change of social status ?
only on outside causes quite overlooks the fact Under certain conditions slavery appears as a
that there is also something in the mind of a lamentable necessity. If the signs far and
nation that moulds its fate. If perchance near do not entirely mislead us, we are on the
faculty means nothing more than the capacity verge of such an age ourselves, when human
to take advantage of opportunities, there is no life is too cheap to be maintained except by
denying that some nations, taken as a whole, the severest drudgery. Life is after all nothing
possess this faculty very much as some indi. but a perpetual experiment with contingencies
viduals do. If, therefore, in Part One Mr. of which no generation can foresee the result;
Robertson explains the constitutionalism of
one age tries one remedy, another tries a dif-
*One may be permitted to think of Professor Theodor
ferent; the outcome can never be permanent, and
Mommsen's amused smile, if his eye should meet Mr. Rob the rotation of layers in the course of time brings
ertson's verdict upon his "strenuous superficiality.” We
may question whether - all things considered — the super-
one at the top, while another sinks far below.
ficiality of our esteemed writer is even strenuous.
In spite of certain defects, for which we can


340
[May 16,
THE DIAL
and may
If by any
prescribe no particular remedy, since they are patriotism on both sides of the Channel, and leaving
inherent in the writer's view, Mr. Robertson's the critics and criticized equally impassioned and
book will very likely create interest as a con-
equally prone to special pleading. It would seem
troversial contribution to the understanding of
that some American, bound to England by the ties
history. One thing is certain, the author is
of a common language, common laws, and common
very much in earnest. His book is no doubt aspirations, and bound to the doughty burghers by
a well-meant effort and a most energetic one
love for self-government, for independence, and for
liberty of national action, should make the best and
toward establishing new standards of practical fairest historian of the war which is still waging on
value, especially toward awakening interest in the South African veldt. When such a book comes, it
the study of history as a source of political will certainly be welcomed. But it is not before us yet.
wisdom, of which many, both nations and in All these considerations become effective when
dividuals, may be sadly in need.
such a work as the “ London Times” has under-
A. M. WERGELAND.
taken comes into the critic's hands. In the first of
its five large octavo volumes, edited by Mr. L. S.
Amery, a fellow of All Souls College, there would
seem to be room for the dispassionate presentation
THE WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA.*
of both sides of the controversy within the 392
It should hardly be necessary to point out that pages
which
carry
the reader from the year 1815,
the prevailing fashion of historical fiction differs when the Congress of Vienna confirmed the British
very little from its kindred fashion of contempo-
title to the Cape, to the beginning of actual hostili-
raneous history in either intention or effect. In
ties, on October 12, 1900. True, the “ London
both the writer makes a study of the time and the
Times” has been notoriously the organ of the ex-
occurrences within it, selecting the material which
treme imperial faction of the Conservative party,
is most available for his purpose, straining it through
and any editor it might select must represent its
his prepossessions and prejudices, and producing editorial policy; yet the “Times” has borne a
reading matter which is intended to be interesting
great reputation for accuracy and candor in days
or may not — be accurate.
gone by, and it has published communications, if
chance it comes out fair, impartial, and inclusive,
not despatches, in its columns which did not leave
the gods are to be thanked for unusual mercies; if
the Republics without some advocacy.
not, it will still compare quite favorably with all
The work clearly shows an endeavor to give
the other books in the world which make historical everything which can elucidate the matters in dis-
pretensions, from Herodotus, “the Father of Lies,"
pute. It contains an extraordinary number of
to Sir Walter Raleigh, who could obtain no corrob portraits in photogravure, and in these Briton and
orative evidence for what he saw in a chance-medley
Boer are certainly represented with all impartiality.
beneath his window in the Tower.
There is a map; and there are appendices contain-
Mr. John F. Bass has recently borne testimony
ing a chronological table of events in South African
that the facts as he learned them at first hand in history and many excerpts from official documents.
the Philippine Archipelago have not been disclosed
But the place of honor, the frontispiece, is given
with either accuracy or completeness; yet it seems
the Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain ; the map assumes
certain that there are fewer prejudices involved in
the incorporation of the two Republics into the
that struggle than in the analogous battling in
British Empire as a fact accomplished; and the
South Africa. The United States has not been
conventions which are contained in the appendices
operating, so to speak, in the face of the world, and are not complete, and one, at least, of the omissions
the constant travel between Manila and San Fran is injurious to the presentation of the burgher
cisco has been on the other side of the world, and
In like manner the Editor's Introductory
away from the forum of Christendom. Great Brit-
follows his Preface in a confession of the failure
ain has been conducting her plans for the extinction
of impartiality, and in acting along the lines of a
of two Republics in a manner which has earned her policy announced in the following words :
the hatred of continental Europe, arousing the bit “ The present volume has been written frankly from
terest feelings of partisanship and (so-called)
the point of view of one who is convinced that the es-
sential right and justice of the controversy have been
THE TIMES HISTORY OF THE WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA, with his own country, and that the policy which has
1899–1900. Vol. I. Edited by L. S. Amery. New York:
been pursued by the British Government has been, bo
Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons.
politically and morally, justifiable. There is, no doubt,
CAMPAIGN PICTURES OF THE WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA
a Boer side to the controversy, a point of view based
(1899–1900). Letters from the Front. By A. G. Hales.
New York: Cassell & Co., Ltd.
on the memory of old grievances, on peculiar social and
AN AMERICAN WITH LORD ROBERTS. By Julian Ralph.
political ideals, on a far-reaching national ambition.
New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co.
But it is a side which it is not easy for the ordinary
THE SICK AND WOUNDED IN SOUTH AFRICA: What I
reader to sympathize with, unless he can both appreciate
Saw and Said of Them and of the Army Medical System.
and share the sentiments which have animated the
By William Lehman Ashmead Bartlett-Burdett-Coutts. burghers of the Republics in their hostility to the Im-
New York: Cassell & Co., Ltd.
perial Government. To that side the present account,
cause.


1901.]
341
THE DIAL
ume.
in so far as it endeavors to give a true description of It must have been not one, but a dozen, of these
the Boer policy and of Boer aspirations, can do no real cattle which undertook the education of Mr. Julian
injustice. There is, however, another view with which
Ralph, whose book, “An American with Lord
the account given in this volume is entirely incompatible.
Roberts," is most misleadingly named. Mr. Ralph
That is the pseudo-Boer' or 'pro-Boer' view — a view
begotten mainly of ignorance as to the real character
was the special correspondent of the “ London
and aims of President Kruger's policy. It is a
Daily Mail,” the British equivalent of those Amer-
fictitious case."
ican “yellow journals ” which bragged about the
Perusal of the book will confirm this sufficiently
little war with Spain as “our war." Some allow
candid declaration of its intent. It proceeds on
ance must doubtless be made for the policy of his
the assumption that the Great Trek was an unau-
paper, which would probably have rejected anything
thorized secession from British rule, though Sir
which did not seek the justification of Great Britain
Henry Cloete, cited as an authority for that period,
by unlimited abuse of the other side, but even with
leaves quite a different impression. It pays no at-
this made it is impossible to understand how Mr.
tention to the works of the Rt. Hon. James Bryce,
Ralph could style himself “ an American” in any.
though it does rely on “Mr. Rider Haggard's vari-
thing but the purely technical sense of that much-
ous writings." The chapter on the years following
abused word. He has no word of praise for any
the Jameson Raid from an anonymous hand
man who fought for the two Republics, and never
an extraordinary failure of authority for the most
a word of dispraise for those on the other side. It
critical and momentous period discussed in the vol-
would not be difficult, if it were worth while, to pick
The chapter on the movement which led to
absolutely contradictory statements out of the pages
Imperial intervention is from the hand of Mr. W.F.
of Mr. Ralph and Mr. Hales, the former speaking
Monypenny, at that time the editor of the “Star,"
on what he admits to be mere hearsay and the lat-
a subsidized organ of the mine-owners, and later
ter from individual experience. Mr. Ralph's book,
the correspondent of the “ London Times” itself.
interestingly written as it is, remains chiefly valu-
Colonel Frank Rhodes is thanked for
able as showing in an American what many of us
valuable
many
suggestions. Mr. J. F. van Oordt, though styled
bave always taken to be the characteristic of the
by Mr. Amery himself “a fanatical partizan," is
Briton abroad - a willingness to believe anything
relied upon to furnish “ample refutation of what I
that can expand the pages
of a book.
have called the pseudo-Boer' case.” Truly, the We much prefer to regard as the work of an
history is poisoned at its sources. The four remain “ American ” in this most disastrous struggle be-
ing volumes will deal with hostilities in the field. tween Imperial Britain and the two Republics the
Mr. A. G. Hales, whose “Campaign Pictures”
efforts of Mr. Bartlett-Burdett-Coutts as set forth
never lacks interest, is an Australian, the author of in his pamphlet, “The Sick and Wounded in South
a well-received book of travel, and the special cor Africa.” Though a member of Parliament, this
respondent of the “ London Daily News” during a American-born English gentleman went at his own
part of the war. Attached to the Australian con expense to the scene of war and distress, and having
tingent under General Methuen, he was taken pris seen with his own eyes the evidences of the break-
oner by the Boers at the battle of Rensburg, released ing down of the military medical system under the
and returned to the British lines as a non-combat burden of too much red tape and officialism, re-
ant by President Steyn after seeing much of the turned to make known the results of his journey
Boers in field, hospital, and camp, and only recalled from his seat in the national legislature. What he
to England after the victory at Thaba 'Nchu. His saw is made clear in his book; but it is no less evi-
narrative is vivacious and, to a marked degree, im- dent that he incurred the displeasure of that class
partial. He bears willing testimony to the humanity of devotees who see in the most rational criticism
and disinterested self-sacrifice of the burghers, and of their fellow-countrymen the voicing of treason —
he does not consider himself in any way obligated
Mr. Hales also incurred the same unreasoning
to close his eyes to abuses on the British side. For slander. His account is therefore eked out with a
that bloodthirstiest of all the English, the man who re-statement of his position, made necessary by the
does all his fighting with his mouth, he has a few misrepresentations of his enemies, indignant at his
excoriating paragraphs, the close of one of them refusal, unlike Mr. Ralph, to be the servile mouth-
worth quoting, in view of what follows.
piece of those who would further destroy the pres-
“ The old British pioneer may have whelped a few tige of the English name by as much indifference
million good fighting stock in his time, but this class of to human suffering as there had been indifference
animal is no lion's whelp; it is a thing all mouth and to the rights of a foreign and weaker people. The
no manners, a shallow-brained, cowardly creature, al book has on its cover the apt quotation " Lest we
ways howling about the Boer, but too discreet to go out
forget,” a reminder to Americans that similar hor-
and fight him, though ready at all times to malign him,
rors in the Cuban campaign seem not to have bet-
to ridicule him as a farmer or a fighter. And it is a
tered the attention given our soldiers in China,
perfect bear's feast to this hybrid animal to get hold of
a gullible newspaper correspondent to tell him gruesome
during the recent massacres and looting there.
tales relative to Boer fighting laagers."
WALLACE RICE.


342
(May 16,
THE DIAL
assumes
peutics, as likewise of the presentation of the topic
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
to a wider public, depends on the tact and acumen,
“A Treasury of Canadian Verse" the critical ability and foresight, the avoidance of
An anthology
of Canadian song.
(Dutton), edited by Dr. Theodore exaggeration and error, with which it is done. On
H. Rand, is an acceptable anthology all these points the present volume, when weighed
of Canadian song. The editor himself is one of fairly, is found to be wanting. There is a fair
the veteran men of letters of his country, and has measure of good material; the account of cases
performed his task with skill and discrimination. treated is particularly interesting and worthy of
One hundred and thirty-five writers are represented record; and when compared with such a pernicious
in all, and this number would have been greater by volume as the recent one of Quackenbos, this book
one were it not for the omission (through no edi-
a comparatively meritorious character.
torial fault) of Mr. William Wilfred Campbell. But when judged by what an account of this topic
Those who have not kept close watch of Canadian should be, its success is quite overshadowed by its
poetry will no doubt be surprised at the number of defects. Much of the volume is concerned with
singers and at the high average quality of their exaggerated theories of the influence of the uncon-
work. It is difficult to fix upon characteristic scious self, with telepathy which foresees the future,
qualities in the poetical expression of a whole peo and with rapport which transcends ordinary men-
ple, and this collection, like similar anthologies of tal powers. Within the special field of hypnotic
the verse of England and the United States, illus education, we have not only cases of nervous weak-
trates nearly all of the moods and intellectual in-
nesses, bad habits, and mental assymetries success-
terests of the modern mind. There is one feature fully treated by hypnotic suggestion ; but even bad
of Canadian song, however, which cannot fail to spelling and incorrect English yield to this per-
arrest the attention of even the casual reader. It suasive method. But it is not so much the æsthetic
is admirably expressed by the editor in these words: judgment of the author that arouses condemnation
“ Here are reflected the singular loveliness of our as his intellectual judgment. The most weakly
evanescent spring, the glow and luxuriant life of evidenced occurrences, the most weakly established
our hasting summer, the sensuous glory of our theories, are considered as of equal importance and
autumn, and the tingle of our frosty air and the credibility as any others; while any refusal to agree
white winter's cheer. Every form and aspect of with the author in these peregrinations is set down
natural beauty is, in some degree, caught and ex to prejudice and lack of fair-mindedness. Such a
pressed sometimes in homely, sometimes in clas democracy of facts and hypotheses in which there
sical phrase; often with striking simplicity, and shall be freedom and equality to one and all, would
generally with much purity of thought and an au be bereft of all logical worth. It is not open-
thentic note.” The names of the poets here repre mindedness that is wanted in the discussion of these
sented include a few of wider than Canadian
problems so much as it is critical judgment and
renown, the names of George J. Romanes, Grant logical insight. Men do not to-day refuse to look
Allen, and Professor Goldwin Smith, for examples. through any telescope that promises to show them
As for Professor Roberts and Mr. Carman we are anything worth looking at. Stubborpness and dog-
now beginning to claim them as at least half our matism are not the bugbears that they are generally
own, since they have taken up permanent residence regarded to be. It is not any conservative clinging
on this side of the border. We regret the absence to old-fashioned balances that prevents our results
from this collection of Mr. Carman's “ Death in
from being more reliable than they are ; but it is
April," the finest of all his poems, and probably insufficient training in the employment of the new
the finest poem ever written by a Canadian. We ones. And so long as this state of affairs continues,
miss also “ The Palms” of Professor Roberts, al. we shall have writers like Dr. Mason mixing to-
though we are consoled by his matchless lyric “ The gether much that is reliable and suggestive (and
Falling Leaves.” There are brief biographical still more that is interesting), with much more that is
notes upon all the poets included, and we learn questionable in all respects, serving uncritical res-
from them that Professor Roberts “ was one of the urrections of Reichenbach's sensitives, and theories
literary arbiters at the World's Fair, Chicago," of psychic intuition, and explanations of heredity
which is a dark saying.
by subconscious personalities, and abuses of the sig-
nificance of “experimental psychology,” along with
Dr. R. Osgood Mason supplements
Truth and error his former volume, " Telepathy and
some valid and pertinent considerations of the
in hypnotism.
the Subliminal Self,” by one en-
scope of the mental in the treatment of physical,
intellectual, moral, and educational deficiencies.
titled “Hypnotism and Suggestion in Therapeutics,
Education, and Reform” (Holt). The matter and
Albert Sonnichsen, the author of
Dr.
manner of both books are much the same.
The narrative of a
“ Ten Months a Captive among Fili-
prisoner in Luzon.
Mason emphasizes the increased scope of the mental
pinos" (Scribner), is what his por-
factor in the treatment of disease, and the specific trait shows him to be, and his book abundantly
opportunities afforded by hypnotic suggestion in proves, a young American of great candor, great
this respect. But the success of such psychic thera adaptability, little learning, and none too intelligent


1901.]
348
THE DIAL
1777.
We
Theories on
prejudices. His book is, as the sub-title declares, have so much of it and are so winning thereby -
“A Narrative of Adventure and Observation during is an excellent article, and Mr. Shaw's recognition
Imprisonment on the Island of Luzon,” and the of it constitutes his real realism. If only people
map showing his itinerary attests the opportunities would not pretend this and that, if only they would
given bim for seeing the workings of Aguinaldo's be real. In “The Devil's Disciple” we unfortu-
government during the time he was held prisoner. nately (for ourselves) miss this element; we find
Interesting as the account is, the chief interest lies little more reality in the play than in the locality
in the facts that the author did not know himself of the play, which is south of Boston and north of
to be disclosing. He is not aware, for example, Albany and yet in New Hampshire, and, in addi-
that he is constantly judging his captors by a tion, a place where there were Presbyterians in
standard which he does not make the slightest at-
We do not get interested in “ Diabolonian
tempt to live up to himself a common fault with ethics” either in theory or practice. But Lady
us all, perhaps, but more than ordinarily significant Cicely brings up the balance, leaving “Cæsar and
when the attitude of the writer is one of inevitable Cleopatra” to the good very decidedly.
and invincible superiority. Another instance is to cannot think this last a very playlike play, but it is
be found in the fact that his chief miseries came, excellent reading. Some things seem a trifle ab-
not in the least from his darker-skinned guards, but surd, as when Britannus declares that there should
from a fellow-member of the Anglo-Saxon race, an be a matron when Cleopatra visits Cæsar, and much
Englishman whom he significantly calls Arnold. has a contagious levity, as when Cæsar is inspired
Taken just before the American rifles, advanced to leap into the sea and swim to the Rhodian gal.
several miles beyond the environs of Manila, to leys and they toss Cleopatra into the water after
which they were limited by the terms of the peace him. Still it would be bad to have monotony even
protocol, had opened fire upon our recent allies, in excellence, and such breaks are doubtless useful
young Sonnichsen was enabled to escape by Joaquin as a relief from the serious strength and even
Alejandrino, and returned safely to Manila by the thought of the piece as a whole.
“ Oregon.” He bears cheerful witness to the hu-
manity of the Filipinos, and to the huge distress
The name of Alexander Brown, of
brought upon them by the American occupation. Colonial liberty.
Nelson county, Virginia, has long
been associated in the field of his
His book is entertaining and instructive, and throws
torical literature with some decided views the
upon
many valuable side-lights on the dark picture in the
Philippines.
birth of America's free institutions. He would
annihilate the decades of slow political evolution,
Like other readers of Mr. Bernard and have Freedom in present-day garb step forth
The irrepressible
Shaw's earlier plays, we looked for from the church at Jamestown or the cabin of the
ward to “ Plays for Puritans” “Mayflower.” His latest volume, “English Politics
(Stone) with pleasurable anticipation. We read in Early Virginia” (Houghton), essays to prove
them with successive and often mingled feelings. that “our founders first settled this country upon
The Prefaces, of course, gratified our love of smart proper political charter rights but were wilfully
ness. “The Devil's Disciple,” however, was a great robbed of this distinction by the crown's licensed
disappointment at the beginning, and we only roused historians.” It is a kind of essence extracted from
to a sort of conventional interest in the last act. his “ First Republic of the United States " and his
We were amused at the succeeding note on Bur “Genesis of the United States," but colored with
goyne. At the beginning of “Cæsar and Cleo defiance and reassertion. Like a stag at bay, he
patra” our spirit needed stimulant, and the play turns upon his critics in a kind of preface in the
provided what was wanted of the best quality. middle of the book, and at tbe same time discloses
With the Notes our spirit sunk again, and “Captain the woes of “the first person under the Republic
Brassbound's Conversion ” we began with a certain to undertake sincerely the task of correcting this
weariness. This was largely caused, however, by historic wrong.” He confesses “the great difficulty
the philological difficulties interposed by the dia of compiling a book in the best form for correcting
lectic spelling in the first act, for on getting to the the wrong impressions which have resulted from
real matter we revived and finished in style. So an almost absolute control over the history and all
that on the whole the net result was good: it is the evidences for nearly one hundred and fifty
true that the book is not everywhere of the author's years, by the crown officials ”; the long search for
very best, but that is by no means remarkable. “a publisher liberal enough and patriotic enough
These plays are for Puritans because Mr. Shaw de to undertake the publication of an article or a book
sires to harp on some other string than the amatory. opposing opinions which have grown gray with age
He explains himself in one of the Prefaces: in the and become popular"; and then the difficulty of
plays it appears that he appeals rather to a certain selling a sufficient number of advance orders to
common-sense in mankind which is certainly more justify the printing, etc.” Yet he is led to rejoice
inspiriting than the common sensuousness, as he that the press and historians who under former
might call it himself, which most other plays appeal license might have burned his books and imprisoned
to. This common-sense Cæsar and Lady Cicely him can now only “roast” bim, as he puts it. Even
dramatist.
..


344
[May 16,
THE DIAL
The love-letters
those who cannot follow him in reading into the the times of which Parkman treats, and of her
commercial lives of our fathers our high political development, than he knows of any important
ideals, nor in thinking a king would employ his country of Europe or Asia. Yet the history of
time in such trivial matters as planning to suppress Canada is related to our own at many points, and
evidences of free ideas among his ew colonists, is fu