odgkins, M.A. Holiday edition ; with frontispiece, 16mo, pp. 251. Macmillan Čo. 60 cts. net. Modern American Bible. Edited by Frank Schell Ballen- tine. New vols. : St. Paul, and the Letter to the Hebrews, 1 vol.; St. John, Gospel, Letters, Revelation, 1 vol. Each 24mo. Thomas Whittaker. Per vol., 50 cts. Fifty Missionary Programmes. By Belle M. Brain. 24mo, pp. 128. United Society of Christian Endeavor. 35c. net. SCIENCE. Studies in Auditory and Visual Space Perception. By Arthur Henry Pierce, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 361. Longmans, Green, & Co. $2. net. Neurological l'echnique. By Irving Hardesty, Ph.D. 8vo, pp. 183. University of Chicago Press. $1.75 net. On the Dielectric Constants of Pure Solvents. By Her- man Schlundt, Ph.D. Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 40. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin. Paper. ART AND ARCHITECTURE, Colonial Furniture in America. By Luke Vincent Lock- wood. Illus. in photogravure, etc., 4to, gilt top, uncut, pp. 352. Charles Scribner's Sons. $7.50 net. 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TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. up for No. 375. FEBRUARY 1, 1902. Vol. XXXIII. CONTENTS. PAGE THE NOVEL AND THE LIBRARY 73 79 THE PUBLIC LIBRARY: ITS PURPOSES AND POSSIBILITIES. William H. Brett COMMUNICATION .. What the Carnegie Institution Could Do for Libra- rianship and Bibliography. Aksel G. S. Josephson. LIBRARY FIXTURES, ' ANCIENT AND MEDI- ÆVAL. Percy Favor Bicknell 79 . THE VIGOROUS DR. SMOLLETT. Richard Burton 81 RELIGION AND REVOLUTION. Adams Ephraim D. 83 THE NOVEL AND THE LIBRARY. The great preponderance of works of fiction among the books drawn from public libraries has always been a subject of much concern to librarians and other men engaged in the busi- ness of public education. It comes discussion perennially, and various are the sug- gestions made for the correction of what is generally recognized as an evil. While there is nothing to say against the practice of reading fiction, abstractly considered, there is much to say against the novel-reading babit which seems to be fastened upon the majority of those who use our public libraries. When the statistics of circulation show that works of fiction constitute from fifty to eighty per cent of the books that are taken for home reading, there is certainly some reason to think that the library is regarded as a source of entertainment rather than of public education, and some reason to question the wisdom of taxing the people at large for such a purpose. Even if careful consideration of the whole subject convinces us that a library, put chiefly to such uses, is better than no library at all, and still on the whole a worthy object of public support, it is certainly obligatory upon those who control the supply of free books to use all possible vigilance in minimizing the evil of thoughtless reading, and in encour- aging the literary and studious tastes of readers. Very often the statistics themselves disguise the evil which they cannot wholly conceal. A library which reports sixty per cent of fiction among the books circulated will very likely report also from ten to fifteen per cent of juve- nile literature (most of which is fiction), and from five to ten per cent of books in foreign languages, of which novels form the larger fraction. Some librarians regard this condition of affairs with complacency, and, while seizing every opportunity that is offered to encourage the reading of serious books, still hold to the view which was advocated by the late W. F. Poole — the view that most of these novel- readers would read nothing at all unless they could get what they wanted, and that it is well for them to acquire the reading habit even if a wiser judgment disapproves of their habitual selection of books. There is much to be said for this view, and for its corollary that the 84 85 87 THE CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS. Clarence W. Perley . . AN “EVERYDAY LIFE" OF WASHINGTON. Charles H. Cooper RECENT AMERICAN FICTION. William Morton Payne . Gilson's When Love Is Young. - Colton's The De- batable Land. - Cable's The Cavalier. – Mitchell's Circumstance. — Ludlow's Deborah. – Davis's God Wills It! - Crawford's Marietta. Andrews's A Parfit Gentil Knight.-Merwin's The Road to Fron- tenao.-Stanley's The Backwoodsman.-Van Dyke's The Ruling Passion. — Fuller's Under the Skylights. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS Loiterings in literary fields.-The craft of bookbind- ing, and the care of books. - Painters and builders of the Renaissance. - The beginnings of American literature.- Dutch life in town and country.- More revolutionary psychology. – Pleasant gossip in a library.- Essays in Philosophy.- A record of book- prices in England.- Monuments of the Christian Church, 2d to 6th century.-Two centuries of the Middle West. — Schouler's life of Hamilton. - A compilation of the wisdom of the ages. — Essays of an ex-librarian. BRIEFER MENTION. . 90 94 NOTES 94 . TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 95 . . . LIST OF NEW BOOKS. 96 74 (Feb. 1, THE DIAL exercise of the reading habit in any form tends vices, or of all of them together; if they have to bring about a gradual elevation of literary proved adequate to effect the reduction reported taste, especially if the reader be supplied all from Springfield, the case is as surprising as along with gentle and unobtrusive incitements it is exceptional, and few librarians will be to the acquisition of better standards and hopeful of accomplishing similar results by broader interests. This sort of stimulus has such means. What we wish now to consider to be applied tactfully, and it is a distinctive are certain methods of a farther-reaching and characteristic of the good librarian that he more radical sort that have either been put into knows how to apply it with judgment and with operation of late years here and there, or that out ruffling the reader's temper. The natural have been suggested by the recent revival of man, who has outgrown the years of tutelage, interest in the discussion. The “Saturday resents being practised upon by others for his Review” of the New York Times” not long own good, and, although he may be led to the ago invited professional opinions upon this sub- water, he must be left to believe that he is ject, and elicited several suggestions that are drinking it of his own volition. deserving of serious consideration. The subject of fiction in the public library Mr. Herbert Putnam, who by virtue of his has recently come up for renewed discussion official position is the leader of the profession in connection with a report from Springfield, of librarianship in America, makes a sugges- Massachusetts, according to which the librarian, tion that may be pronounced radical, but that during the past four years, has reduced the commends itself to the sober intelligence after circulation of fiction by about one-fourth. This the first shock of surprise is over. It is, may not seem strange news to the general simply, that no works of fiction be purchased reader, but to those who know anything of by public libraries for at least a year after library work from its professional side, the publication. Nothing could be more sensible report is so startling that it seems almost sen than the following words : sational. One librarian says it is what Lord « There is, however, a demand for fiction which I do Dundreary would have called a “staggerer.' not believe can legitimately be met by the public Experience shows the percentage of fiction to library. That is the demand for the latest new novel merely because it is the latest new novel. We all be so nearly uniform from year to year that a change of as little as five per cent would excite read current novels also and enjoy and profit by them. But the demand for them is largely artificial, for a pur- comment. Naturally, then, a change (and for pose merely social, and it is apt to be transitory. No the better) of something like five times that free library can meet it adequately, and the attempt to percentage is a cause for both surprise and meet it is an expense and annoyance to the reader and curious interest. By just what means so great expense and burden to itself.” a reduction of novel-reading has been brought The exclusion of the newest fiction from the about we do not know, but so gratifying a result library shelves would doubtless occasion a great is sure to excite the spirits of both inquiry and outcry, but the loss to the public would be emulation in the breasts of librarians all over more imaginary than real. Every librarian the country. knows how hollow is the pretence of meeting There are many devices of the obvious sort the popular demand for the novels of the day. for the lowering of the percentage of fiction To supply that demand would entail an ex- and the raising of the percentage of serious penditure that no librarian could sanction. reading, and these have been used by all good Take such a novel, for example, as “The librarians in the United States during the Crisis," and such a library, for example, as that quarter-century that librarianship has been rec of Chicago. Probably five hundred people ognized as one of the professions. They in were daily clamoring for that particular novel clude such things as the limited supplying of during the weeks that immediately followed novels and the liberal supplying of better books, its publication. To satisfy them, it would the publication of annotated and descriptive have been necessary to purchase several thou- lists upon special subjects, the coöperation of sands of copies, with the absolute certainty librarians with teachers in the work of the that next year they would be collecting dust schools, the opening of the library shelves to upon the shelves, if not actually consigned to easy access on the part of the public, and the the lumber-room. The satisfaction of an ephem- judicious use of personal counsel on the subject eral fancy of this sort is an absolutely illegiti- of reading. But there seems to be a rather mate demand to make upon any public library, narrow limit to the efficacy of any of these de- | The only library that has a right to spend 1902.) 75 THE DIAL once money in this reckless fashion is the private small one - much less than that charged by enterprise of the Mudie type, which exists for the private libraries -- and yet sufficient to the special purpose of catering to the taste of make the books thus circulated pay for them. the moment. What such a library as the selves. The average novel costs the library Chicago institution actually does in the case of rather less than one dollar; it may be in con- a novel like “The Crisis" is to purchase forty stant use for a year or more before it is worn or fifty copies of the work, and supply one out; if it is made to bring in two cents a week applicant out of every two or three hundred. during that year, the transaction will be fair “In proposing to supply such a novel,” says to all parties — no appreciable burden, cer- Mr. Putnam, “ the library deludes the public tainly, upon the reader, and no burden upon and reduces its capacity for service really the budget except on the score of library service. serviceable.” It does not really supply the At the end of the book's career, it will have demand, and succeeds only in gratifying an provided entertainment for possibly fifty fam- occasional applicant at the cost of creating ex ilies, at practically no cost to the library; it will asperation in the breasts of the thousands who, have paid for itself, and may be thrown away knowing that the book is in the library, ask with a good conscience. If the public library for it from day to day until they desist from is, in any real sense, to provide its patrons with sheer weariness. the latest novels, we believe that this is the We are inclined to think, on the wbole, that only legitimate way of doing it. But we are every public library would be well-advised in sufficiently tainted with the educational theory adopting Mr. Putnam's suggestion, thus forc of the library to think Mr. Putnam's plan, ing its patrons to take, as far as the library after all, the one better deserving to be pursued. is concerned, Emerson's well-known advice The two suggestions thus considered are the against reading books that have not kept alive only ones that go to the root of the matter. for at least a year. Using 6. The Crisis" Other suggestions are of the nature of ingenious more for our illustration, it is safe to say that devices or persuasive methods. One of the by next summer the demand for that excellent best of them is the two-card system which gives story will have fallen to normal proportions. every card-holder the right to draw two books It will still be asked for by a few people, and at the same time, only one of which may it will be as proper to provide copies to be read work of fiction. This encourages collateral as it is proper to provide copies of “The reading of the serious kind, and is said to secure Spy.” This, of course, presents an extreme good results. Practical librarians are now gen- case, for, besides the two or three novels that erally learning how much good may be done a capricious public marks for its favor every by such things as open shelves, special bib- season, there are two or three hundred others liographies of timely interest, talks with teachers of merit sufficient to entitle their claims to be and school children, object-lessons in model recognized. But the reasoning to be employed collections of standard literature, the encour- is similar in all the cases; the demand for cur. agement of clubs and study-classes, and the rent fiction is essentially temporary and artifi. judicious selection of the fiction that is provided cial, and it is doubtful if it be the policy of for circulation. These means are all praise- wisdom to put into a public library any books worthy, and are, in their aggregate employment, for which there may not be some reasonable productive of marked benefit. And, in all this demand year after year. discussion, it must not be forgotten that the The librarian who is unwilling to make him- reading of good fiction is something more than self disliked by refusing to supply the public entertainment, that it is a study of one of the with current novels may find a sort of way out great forms of creative literature, and one of of the difficulty by adopting a plan which has the most potent agencies whereby the sym- already been successfully operated in a few pathies may be quickened, the horizon enlarged, places. the higher interests aroused, and culture at- department of new fiction, buying enough books tained. We have forever passed the day when to meet the demand, and making a small charge thoughtful people could condemn the reading for their use. The doctrinaire objection that of fiction as such; we have come to understand all the services of a public library must be free for good that the best novels are among the may be met by stating the obvious fact that best books there are, however we may deprecate this particular service is impossible unless it be the reading of the shallow and sensational sorts made self-supporting. The fee might be a very of fiction. be a This is the plan of opening a special th 76 [Feb. 1, THE DIAL dent the means of making individual research, by di culating department, they are not coming upon THE PUBLIC LIBRARY: unknown ground, but are entering a territory with ITS PURPOSES AND POSSIBILITIES. which they may have already made themselves acquainted, and in which they will find familiar Those who are working for popular education landmarks and guides. The curricula of the public and the betterment of social conditions are again schools are carefully studied, and books which will indebted to the Commissioner of Education, who aid the pupil in enlarging the subject, broadening includes in his last annual report a chapter devoted his horizon, and deepening his interest, are plepti- to the statistics of public libraries in the United fully supplied,- the books recommended for col- States. The rapid and greatly accelerating growth lateral reading being, of course, included in the which is shown to have taken place since the report number. of five years ago, in the number of libraries The education of the individual in the schools reporting, the number of volumes which have been and beyond, is comprised in three periods, as fol- added, and the work the libraries are accomplish- | lows: ing, comes as a surprise' even to those who have First: That of acquisition alone, in which the text been most interested in watching the development books are descriptive, little more than statements of of the library movement. fact, and the work mainly that of memory. In view of this evidence of material prosperity, Second : That of comparison, in which truths and and the prominence which has in the past few years facts are placed in relation to each other and inter- been given to the public library, it may not be preted; the work of the reason and of judgment. unprofitable for us to consider what the public The two are not separated by a definite line, the library of the present day stands for; what is its work of acquiring knowledge going on still in the aim and purpose; what the place it holds in the second stage. civic life of this day, that cities should so readily Third : That of investigation and original re- assume its support; what the meaning of the oppor. search, whether under the auspices of an institution, tunity it holds which makes it appeal so forcefully to or independently. In this the student uses the the philanthropist, not only as a means of enriching knowledge already acquired as stepping-stones to the daily life of the people, but of giving to the stu- discovery in realms still unknown. In the first stage the library is of value by furnishing the rare and costly collections which are broadening and presenting in a more attractive necessary for such work; in short, to consider to way the facts of the text books. As the pupil what the public library has already attained, and passes gradually into the second stage, of compari- to discover, if we can, to what larger things the son and interpretation, the value of the library spirit which has been moving so mightily in these becomes greater, and its use essential to any full latter days may be leading us. understanding of the relations of the subjects under The function of the public library is to supply consideration. For work in the third stage the books, for purposes of both entertainment and library, the storehouse of all human knowledge, is information, to its readers. It aims to supply the indispensable. He who would reach out and pluck best books to the largest number. It seeks not treasures from the unknown in any field, must first only to supply the needs of the individnal reader, master and plant himself firmly upon that which is but to supplement all other educational forces of known. Dr. Gilman, in describing the function of the city and to aid any effort which is made for its a university in conserving knowledge and promot- good. In its educational work, the city library of ing investigation, has happily said that “Libraries to-day parallels the schools, from the kindergarten and museums are the dwelling places of univer- to the university, and goes beyond the latter in its sities.” services to the advanced student and investigator. While the library is thus the handmaid and The children's rooms in our libraries know helper of the school throughout the entire course, no age limit, and welcome the youngest children and is the workshop of the advanced student, the that are able to use books, or even to enjoy pic- investigator and explorer, it has a function of even tures; showing them that a book may be to them greater importance for those whose opportunities a source of delight, rather than a task, and solicit for education do not go beyond the public schools, ing their interest in its proper care and handling. and a function which no other institution can so well Each important subject, as history, biography, perform; that is, to continue the education for good travel, science, poetry, and even political science, citizenship that is begun in the public schools. To ethics, and religion, is represented by books suitable the large number, — to the great majority of our for younger readers ; and this collection is cata boys and girls, — who leave school at the age of logued, classified, numbered, and arranged in a fourteen or fifteen, when they are just ready to manner similar to that of the main collection. If enter the high school, whose work in school has in addition to this, as is often the case, the holders been largely that of learning the art of reading and of juvenile membership cards are allowed to use of storing their memories with elementary knowl. the main collection, when the time arrives that edge, whose work has been almost entirely in the their membership is transferred to the general cir first stage of education, - to these the public 1902.] 77 THE DIAL library must be high school, college, university ; it work of the schools. That department which deals must give to them the only opportunity they are with public questions such as highways, sewers, likely to have of broadening and increasing their lighting, car service, police, sanitary and fire pro- knowledge, of properly relating and interpreting tection - is a practical library of information for the facts of nature and of life, and making their the municipal authorities upon subjects that are of knowledge a consistent whole instead of a mere the greatest importance to the welfare of the city; collection of isolated facts. This is an additional and also gives to the private citizen an opportunity and still more weighty reason for training children to form an opinion as to the conduct of city affairs. in the use of the library from their earliest school- | Indeed, there is no phase of the work of the library days; as, in addition to its immediate advantage which is of such importance as that of affording to in their school work, it will make them acquainted all of our citizens, and to the boys and girls who with that institution which must be their main reli. are preparing for citizenship, an opportunity to fit ance in continuing their education beyond the themselves for their civic duties. An American period of their school life; and having once tested citizen is called upon to express, at the voting booth its usefulness in answering the questions of the and elsewhere, an opinion not only upon municipal schoolroom, they will more readily turn to it for questions of vital importance, but, in the wider assistance when confronted by the larger problems realm of state and national politics, he must decide of life. upon questions of foreign policy, upon great eco- The library is in touch with every phase and nomic problems upon which the prosperity of the interest of human life, and may be helpful in all. country largely depends, which are complex and To the man or woman who is merely breadwinner difficult and should have careful study. The de- or homemaker, it offers practical suggestion and partments of sociology and history should be of helpful information from its store of books on the great value to the thoughtful citizen. While the various arts and handicrafts. In addition to the public library cannot lend itself to the propaganda many books on practical matters which are of gen- of any particular school of opinion, it is the arena eral interest and in demand always and every. into which all opinions worthy of consideration may where, every library should consider the business enter with the assurance of fair presentation. The interests peculiar to its location, — as shipbuilding, public library has already become an important manufactures, mining, agriculture, — and should factor in the political education of our citizens, and provide itself with the best literature upon these there are wonderful possibilities for greater devel- subjects, to the great practical benefit of those opment along this same line. engaged in these occupations. It is a fact that Thus far I have only spoken of the economic and certain towns in this country which have good social value of the library, as an aid to the citizen technical libraries have attained preëminence in and the city in material interest and in civic duties. certain manufacturing industries, largely due, I But beyond this is its use in the enlarging, the up- believe, to the fact that the library had quietly, lifting, the sweetening of the individual life. I need year after year, supplied to the workman the best not argue this; we all recognize the value of good books upon his special work, and thus enabled him books to the human soul, — of the opportunity they to come to his daily task with more exact informa- give us of communion with the masters, of realizing tion and with greater intelligence; and in this way the permanent, the eternal, the worthy. Words- the libraries have yielded to their cities direct finan worth has said : cial returns for the outlay. It is a fact also, to « There is wbich the records of public libraries generally will One great society on earth, bear witness, that books on house-building, home- The noble living and the noble dead." making, the care of children and of the sick, the It is not given to many of us to commune familiarly household arts and elegancies, are in large and con in the flesh with those who are recognized as standing stant demand; and while it is not possible to preëminently above their fellows; but we may from measure the results of their use, it is fair to assume the shelves of our library choose at will our intimate that they are doing a great deal toward the making companions from the greatest and noblest of all of more comfortable and happy homes. The ten. time, and we may in the solitude of our own rooms dency of the reading habit is toward economy and commune with them as with familiar friends. A thrift. A taste for books restrains from unprofit. great man once said: able, expensive, and harmful amusements, and “ But when evening falls I go home and enter my arouses interest in the things that are better worth study. On the threshold I lay aside my country gar- while. The reading of books for entertainment ments, soiled with mire, and array myself in courtly merely, within reasonable bounds, is a pleasure garb. Thus attired I make my entrance into the an- which is followed by no disagreeable recollections. cient courts of the men of old, where they receive me The library is not only a direct aid in the arts with love, and where I feed upon the food which only of life to the individual, but is also helpful in public is my own and for which I was born. For four hours' affairs. The pedagogical department of a city space I feel no annoyance, forget all care; poverty can library is the library of city school teachers, and not frighten, nor death appal me." their use of it renders it exceedingly valuable to the This realm is the heritage of us all; but for many 78 [Feb. 1, THE DIAL the it is really understood, we may hope to see met by of us, for most of us, indeed, the only way of ap siderable part of its funds to the purchase of books proach lies through the open alcoves of the public for the use of advanced students ; although it may library. recognize clearly the value of such work, and may So far as the pablic library lies parallel to the see that it does ultimately yield benefits to the primary and secondary work in our schools, it re community. ceives its support in the same way and for the same The need of adequate housing for libraries, of reason; namely, that it is educating the younger buildings which shall be convenient and dignified and generation for the duties of citizenship. The same beautiful, and which shall be built amply enough claim may fairly be made for all library work, on to supply the wants of future generations, is being the ground that whatever helps a man to do his met by state and municipal appropriations and by work more ably and honestly, and to earn a better magnificent private gifts. During the year ending living for his family, - whatever enables a woman July 1, 1901, about $19,000,000 was given to the to make a home in which grace and comfort and libraries of the United States, of which sum tbe elegance shall be more abundant, - and whatever larger part was given expressly for the erection of instructs them both as to their social relations and buildings. With this want supplied comes the need civic duties, is, beneficial to the State. And the of larger collections of books ; a need which, when same may be said with almost equal truth of the range of library work which is general and popular; endowments for the definite purpose of supplying for whatever makes a man better informed, broader book funds. The building logically comes first; in his views, and contributes to his happiness and for, unless a library has a home which is commo. .contentment, will tend to make him a better citizen. dious and convenient and reasonably secure from The city which spends thirty dollars a year on the loss by fire, it cannot bope for any considerable ad- elementary education of each of its school children dition to its collections by gifts. If it is fortunate can well afford to spend one dollar per year for each enough to have a building which is not only ample in support of a library to enable them to continue and safe, but beautiful and dignified, its attraction their education. for the donor is still greater. After the building It is only when we come to that higher range of is supplied, the most urgent need is for more books, library work which meets the needs of advanced for larger collections, both for the special student students and original investigators, which involves and for popular use. The noble gifts which have the purchase of expensive collections to be used by been made within the past few years give us reason to comparatively few people, that a practical question hope that when these needs of the library are under- arises as to how far the municipal tax-supported stood, they will be met in the same generous way. library should go. I said a practical question, for A study of the reports of our city libraries from there can hardly be a doubt as to the right of pro year to year shows that the collections are not being .viding for higher education at public expense. We increased as largely as is necessary to do the work have in its favor the authoritative opinion of the which should be done, owing to lack of funds; and fathers of the Republic, and of some of its greatest the testimony of librarians in public libraries gen- statesmen, from Washington to Edward Everett. erally will be that the demands upon their libra- We have precedent in the great state universities, ries are much greater than they can meet. An ad- which, under the fostering care of the state and by equate supply of books is of no less importance than. its support, are doing a wonderful educational work. a noble building. And this is a perennial need; But with the municipality it is not a question of it cannot be met sufficiently by a single gift, but theoretical right, but of ways and means. Our city rather by vested funds which shall provide for ad- libraries are usually supported by taxation, and re ditions regularly from year to year. Side by side ceive only a small fraction of the amount levied for with the name of him who provided the building municipal purposes. In one city with whose work will be the name of him who endows the institution I am familiar, and which received rather a larger with ample book funds, and thus continuously and part of the levy than in most cities, this proportion cumulatively increases its educational power, its of the municipal levy devoted to the library is about influence for social betterment, for generation after one and one-half per cent of the whole. This pro generation of readers in all the years to come. portion seems small; but in the great pressure for WILLIAM H. BRETT. improvements which are essential to the growth of the city, and for protection, and with a burden of taxation already heavy, it is not easy to see how Mr. FRANCIS P. HARPER, New York, will have ready any considerable increase can fairly be made in the early this month Captain Hiram Martin Chittenden's levy for library purposes. This is the condition in “ The American Fur Trade of the Far West : A His- most of our rapidly growing cities. And in most tory of the Pioneer Trading Posts and Early Fur Com- of them the demand for books to be used in con- panies of the Missouri Valley and the Rocky Mountains and of the Overland Commerce with Santa Fe.” This 'nection with the school work, or of immediate value important original work is largely based upon unpub- along the other lines I have indicated, is much lished records which are scattered in all parts of the greater than can be met. In this condition it is United States, and forms a new and consecutive history difficult for the public library to devote any con of the Great West down to 1850. 1902.) 79 THE DIAL COMMUNICATION. The New Books. WHAT THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION COULD DO LIBRARY FIXTURES, ANCIENT AND FOR LIBRARIANSHIP AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. MEDIÆVAL.* (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) There are three undertakings in the interest of schol A few years ago the Registrar of Cambridge arly users of libraries, and in the interest of librarians University, on being invited to deliver the themselves, which seem to come directly within the Rede Lecture before that university, chose as scope of the Carnegie Institution. his subject, “ Libraries in the Mediæval and The first of these is the establishment of a lending library for libraries, to consist of serial publications Renaissance Periods." The lecture was pub- and other large and expensive works that an average lished and is doubtless familiar to many libra- library, and even a library of more than average size, rians. A much more elaborate and compre- could not obtain, but which might be needed in research hensive work on the same general theme is work by some of its constituents. This would seem, in a way, to conflict with the expressed intention of the now issued by the same writer. Not since the Librarian of Congress to do this very thing. But, for appearance of Gottlieb's “ Mittelalterliche one thing, the claims on the Library of Congress in Bibliotheken ” has there been offered to those this respect would be yery numerous, and would very interested in library history a book of equal often come from persons who would not use the books importance in this special department. Indeed, for purposes of pure research; further, there would be a not inconsiderable number of publications that the in choosing his somewhat restricted province Library of Congress could not, for one reason or another, of research, the author has entered a field com- procure, but which the Carnegie Institution might re paratively free from competitors, and his work gard as its duty to supply. has the merit of novelty to add to its more The greatest burden on the modern scientific inves- substantial excellences. tigator is the necessity of working out the bibliography of the subject on which he is to engage. It consumes First to be treated is the library (or record- valuable time that he could use to better purpose, and rooms) in the palace of Assur-bani-pal (Sar the bibliography which he ultimately does procure is danapalus) at Nineveh, discovered by Layard usually of very inferior workmanship, for the reason in 1850. We are told that the books, or tab- that few scientific specialists are trained bibliographers. lets, were devoted to history, law, science, • If the Carnegie Institution would establish a biblio- graphical department where the investigator could magic, dogma, legend ; that there was a special have his bibliographical material collected for him, it officer to take care of them ; that they were would be a great boon. Of course such a department arranged in series, with precautions for keeping would necessarily have among its officers and assistants the tablets of each series in their proper se- men of scientific training, so that each topic could be assigned to a man who in some measure would combine quence; and that there was a general catalogue, the attainments of the bibliographer and the scientific and probably a class catalogue as well. This. specialist. The department should also engage on its information is meagre, but interesting. Why, own account in the preparation of special bibliographies one is tempted to query, did not Mr. Clark go which might be found to be particularly needed. By a jadicious use of electrotypes and printed cards, dupli- back to the older Babylonian libraries for a cation of work could be avoided, and every entry once beginning? Of Sargon's library, at Agane, made would serve all future purposes. we know at least something. Its catalogue It would be particularly useful to the library world bas been unearthed and shows that each tablet if the Carnegie Institution would offer facilities for was numbered, so as to be called for by number post-graduate study of bibliography and library admin- istration. There is at present no place in this country rather than by title. Egyptian libraries do not where the would-be librarian or bibliographer can fit detain our author long, nor does he so much himself, beyond an elementary stage, for his life work. as mention the library of King Osymandyas The subjects of study which one wishing to prepare (Rameses I.) in the Ramesseum near Thebes, himself for bibliographical or library work would pursue of which Diodorus Siculus tells us that it bore are: 1, The literature of bibliography and librarianship; 2, The use and handling of books as literary tools; the apt inscription, “ Dispensary of the Soul.” 3, Bibliographical methodology (i. e., methods of com Of the libraries at Alexandria — for there pilation and recording); 4, Comparative history of lit- were two next to nothing is known as to their erature and science; 5, Classification of knowledge and of books; 6, History of libraries and library adminis- housing and arrangement; so the writer passes tration; 7, History of writing and printing, including on to Pergamon, and then to Greece and Rome. the study of the methods of the mediæval scribes and Information of the kind sought is scanty, the early printers. AKSEL G. S. JOSEPHSON. *THE CARE OF Books. An Essay on the Development of Libraries and their Fittings, from the Earliest Times to The John Crerar Library, the End of the Eighteenth Century. By John Willis Clark, Chicago, January 22, 1902. M.A., F.S.A. Illustrated. New York: The Macmillan Co. 80 (Feb. 1, THE DIAL although the ancient authorities appear to have was not taste, it was not thoughtfulness, it was learned been most diligently ransacked. From the From the extravagance — nay, not even learned, for they had elder Pliny, from Strabo and Plutarch and bought their books for the sake of show, not for the sake of learning, — just as with many who are ignorant Vitruvius, the following is gleaned concerning even of the lowest branches of learning books are not the famous library at Pergamon : instruments of study, but ornaments of dining-rooms. “ These magnificent structures, which won for Per- Procure then as many books as will suffice for use; but gamon the distinction of being · by far the noblest city not a single one for show. ... Excess in all directions in Asia Minor,' were in the main due to Eumenes the is bad. Why should you excuse a man who wishes to Second, who, during his reign of nearly forty years possess book-presses inlaid with arbor-vitc wood or (B. C. 197–59) was enabled, by the wise policy of ivory; who gathers together masses of authors either supporting the Romans, to transform his petty state unknown or discredited; who yawns among his thou. into a powerful monarchy. The construction of a library sands of books; and who derives his chief delight from is especially referred to him by Strabo, and from the their edges and their tickets? You will find then in statement of Vitruvius that it was built for the delight the libraries of the most arrant idlers all that orators of the world at large (in communem delectationem), we or historians have written — book-cases built up as high may infer that it was intended to be public. That he as the ceiling. Nowadays a library takes rank with a was an energetic book-collector, under whose direction bathroom as a necessary ornament of a house. I could a large staff of scribes was perpetually at work, may be forgive such ideas, if they were due to extravagant gathered from the well-known story that his biblio- desire for learning. As it is these productions of men graphical rival at Alexandria, exasperated by his activity whose genius we revere, paid for at a bigh price, with and success, conceived the ingenious device of crippling their portraits ranged in line above them, are got to- his endeavours by forbidding the exportation of papyrus. gether to adorn and beautify a wall." Eumenes, however, says the chronicler, was equal to By far the greater part of Mr. Clark's book the occasion, and defeated the scheme by inventing is devoted to mediæval libraries. Why he parchment. It is probable that Eumenes not only began chose for his title-page " the end of the eight- but completed the library, for in less than a quarter of a century after his death (B. C. 133) the last of his eenth century" as indicating the limit of his descendants bequeathed the city and state of Pergamon labors, is a little puzzling, since his volume to the Romans. It is improbable that they would do closes with an account of the library of John much to increase the library, though they evidently took Boys, Dean of Canterbury, who died in 1625, care of it, for ninety years later, when Mark Antony and is said to have given it to Cleopatra, the number of few references are made to a later very works in it amounted to two hundred thousand.” period. The splendors of the Vatican Library receive due attention at his hands, both in text Classical allusions to collections of books in and in illustration. But it is in the occasional Greece are scanty and disappointing, merely excursions to one side of the main theme that proving the existence of such collections. Strabo, as cited by our author, preserves a tra- the general reader will find most of real human dition that Aristotle was the first to make a interest. Apropos of monastic libraries, we collection of books, and that he taught the kings have the following, from St. Benedict's Rule : “ Idleness is the enemy of the soul; hence brethren of Egypt how to arrange a library. Hadrian's ought, at certain seasons, to occupy themselves with Stoa at Athens is the only ancient building in manual labour, and again, at certain seasons, with holy the nature of a library that we know of in that reading. . . . Between Easter and the calends of Oc- city. Its ground plan and Pausanias's brief tober let them apply themselves to reading from the fourth hour till near the sixth hour. From the calends allusion to it are given by Mr. Clark. But of October to the beginning of Lent let them apply when we come to Rome we find more abundant themselves to reading till the second hour. . . . During material for study. No fewer than twenty-six Lent let them apply themselves to reading from morning public libraries are said to have flourished until the end of the third hour . . . and, in these days there, at one time or another, under the Em- of Lent, let them receive a book apiece from the library, and read it straight through. These books are pire, and earlier private collections are known to be given ont at the beginning of Lent." to have existed. The public libraries first found Thus it appears that monastic librarians, no shelter in temples. An interesting passage from less than public librarians of the present day, Aulus Gellius is quoted, concerning the library had their labors increased at the Lenten season. the temple of Hercules. Seneca (De Tran. quillitate Animi, ix.) is drawn upon for a para- graph throwing much light on the collection and care of books. He says: “Forty thousand books were burnt at Alexandria. I leave others to praise this splendid monument of royal opulence, as for example Livy, who regards it as a noble work of royal taste and royal thoughtfulness. It libraries of the Middle Ages; and that no re- ligious house was considered complete without its case of books is evident from the old epi- gram, " Claustrum sine armario, castrum sine armamentario.” The chaining of books, the pledges exacted for their safe return when lent, and, quaintest of all, the elaborate curses in- - ---- 1902.) THE DIAL 81 scribed, as a deterrent to book-thieves, in author, in twelve volumes, of the large-paper, mediæval volumes, all bear witness to the high illustrated, sumptuous kind, and inclusive even value put upon these literary treasures in an age of the odds and ends of the vigorous Dr. Smol- when books were few and costly. Most readers lett's works. will be surprised to learn that wall-shelves did The appearance of such an edition seems to not come into use, for libraries, until the six mean an interesting change in the public taste teenth century ; before that time the shelves in English fiction. It indicates in the first were placed at right angles to the wall. place that, owing no doubt to the prevalence of In this brief sketch scant justice can be done much realistic writing of the plain-spoken sort, to the work under review. Its full treatment we are now more sympathetic to the coarse, of ancient and mediæval library appliances, more tolerant of the occasional foul, than we with copious photographic illustrations, can were, say, a quarter of a century ago. Again, only be alluded to here. Abundant foot-notes there is in all probability more interest on the serve the purpose of a bibliography, and a part of the public in fiction as such than was dozen pages of index close the volume. Our true earlier; the Novel to-day is more fiercely only disappointment is to find that, despite the dominant than it was when Wilkie Collins somewhat comprehensive claims of title-page died, only a dozen years ago. Hence this in- and prospectus, so many of the world-renowned terest, acting retrospectively, includes a novel- libraries remain untouched upon by the author. ist of one hundred and fifty years ago like Perhaps they were not deemed by him illustra Smollett. tive of his subject. The British Museum Li And yet again : the critical and scholarly brary, the Bibliothèque Nationale, the national attention paid to this typical modern form of libraries at Florence and Naples and Madrid, literature has had its effect in drawing the gen- the Imperial Public Library at St. Petersburg eral reader's attention to older work; and the and that at Vienna, the royal libraries at Berlin fact that fiction is now studied commonly in and Munich_and Brussels, the university college courses attracts to the eighteenth cen- libraries of Leyden, Utrecht, Louvain, Bo tury men who founded and shaped the Novel logna, — all of these, and a dozen more that attention at once earnest and intelligent. No might be named, are shut out in the cold. doubt all these influences may be operative in But it would be both rash and ungracious to making such a mercantile venture as a fine criticize the learned author's choice of material, definitive edition of Smollett advisable, even after he has laboriously gleaned for us so rich profitable. I would in no wise imply by these a harvest of curious and valuable information reflections the slight importance of Tobias from sources that are in many cases by no Smollett. He was vastly enjoyed as a story- means easy of access. One hundred and fifty teller in his day, as he was well-bated as a man; six illustrations, including forty-three full-page he is a by no means slender link in the evolu- plates, adorn the text; and the wide margins, tion of English fiction ; and, which is the main clear print, and substantial binding, all con thing for the present-day reader, he can still tribute their share toward clothing a scholarly be read in his best books with bearty relish. work in a becoming garb. To be sure, both Richardson and Fielding are PERCY FAVOR BICKNELL. more important in the fictional development, coming earlier and being greater novelists. Yet it may well be questioned if, for handing on the story of episode and picaresque adventure a branch of fiction now much in evidence in THE VIGOROUS DR. SMOLLETT. * current story-making — Smollett is not more Wilkie Collins late in his life (he died in directly in the line of Cervantes, LeSage, and 1889) declared that no publisher would dare Defoe than even Fielding. There is, too, a risk a complete edition of Smollett or Sterne. certain benefit, in these days of extravagant He had in mind the coarseness of those eight- statement regarding living and very new novel- eenth century writers. Yet here, not many writers, in looking back at the by-gone wor- years after, is a handsome complete edition of thies in order to realize that, after all, brave the former and perhaps more objectionable men lived before Agamemnon: that superla- tives steadily used lose their emphasis. *THE WORKS OF TOBIAS SMOLLETT. With an Introduction Nine of the dozen volumes comprising this by W. E. Henley. In twelve volumes. Illustrated in photo- gravure. New York: Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons. new edition are taken up by Smollett's major 82 (Feb. 1, THE DIAL stories : “ Roderick Random," " Peregrine stark pagan,” says Mr. Henley, with a sort of Pickle," Ferdinand, Count Fathom,” and grim approval : in fact, one feels there must be Humphrey Clinker.” The generous type some sympathy between the seamy, vigorous and large-paper form necessitates two volumes novelist and the poet who in the splendid lines for each novel,—three in the case of “ Pickle.” | beginning “Out of the Night that Covers Me,” To handle such books sets one on dreams of preaches a doctrine of agnostic stoicism. the good old leisurely days of the three-decker, In his relative placing of the novels, with when hurry was not in writer or reader. The “Humphrey Clinker” at their head, Mr. remaining three volumes contain such minor Henley's judgment is sound, and he pulls the things as the tale called “Sir Lancelot second-rate work to pieces with a roughness Greaves," the travels and miscellanies in such as Smollett was wont himself to use in verse and prose, oply of value to the student regard of others. The critic speaks of his who would trace the novelist's growth and de "stinks and nastinesses," of how in The Ad- cadence and have a fuller understanding of the ventures of an Atom” so he bemerded every- man. Smollett's very bad dramas, here printed, bad dramas, here printed, thing and every body,” — until the reader at bring a realization of how ill it fares with the times wonders in which century Mr. Henley cobbler who leaves his last. belongs,—the eighteenth or nineteenth. Truth The introduction is written by Mr. W. E. to tell, this latter day writer is no more for Henley, who is just now in the public eye be- squeamish stomachs than is the novelist he cause of his churlish, curious exhibition of bad introduces. taste in attempting to throw disillusionment Of the four main novels of Smollett, three, upon his old-time fellow in life and literature, “ Roderick Random,” “ Peregrine Pickle,” R. L. Stevenson. Trenchant critic and true and 66 Humphrey Clinker," -- are still well- poet Mr. Henley is, however; and this bit of known and read. The fourth, Sir Lancelot criticism is in his familiar jerkily brilliant and Greaves,” Mr. Henley dispatches in a charac, bookish style. Those who expect a critic to teristic manner : “I have said nothing of it,” show cause why he takes the trouble to bow he remarks, " for the simple reason that I find some piece of literature into their presence, may perhaps wonder that Mr. Henley was say,” — which is a good example of modern selected to do this task; he is savage enough impressionist criticism, though accurate enough with Dr. Smollett, who is not to be numbered so far as the work in question is concerned. among his literary loves, and who, as a man, Of the other stories, “Roderick Random” is he exposes in all his weakness. But there is important because · (like Dickens's “ David much to stimulate the student in what he says, Copperfield") it is more autobiographic than and in the final summing-up full credit is given his other books, and has some telling portraits ; the eighteenth century story-teller's contribu “Peregrine Pickle” is a better novel, having tion to English fiction ; especially does he praise less exaggeration, and on the whole more of him for his high spirits and vividness of char- unity unity — although disfigured by the episodic acter drawing (in which Dickens was later to “ Memoirs of a Lady of Quality.” In these imitate and surpass him). One of the most books and in “Clinker," the latter written so little merit in it that I have no more to interesting things about Smollett, by the way, when he was physically broken, such characters is the fact that he was confessedly a favorite as Bowling and Bramble and Pipes have names with Charles Dickens, and that there is a cer of the conjuring kind — and, surely, a fiction- tain resemblance of method and manner (inter- ist's power in permanent portraiture is what vallo longo) between the older man and his far gives him a lasting place. In “Clinker,” too, greater successor. Mr. Henley, too, very prop the usual faults are minimized. There is a erly compliments Smollett on his initiating “go” to the book, and indeed in the other two, truthful pictures of the British Navy, - a field a hearty participation of the author in the life afterwards cultivated with admirable results depicted, that produces an answering effect by Marryat; and quite as properly points out upon the reader and is a mark of our elder fic- Smollett's lack of proportion and construction tion in contrast with the modern method, which in his stories, his tendency to caricature, his places the author coldly outside of and aloof absence of high ideals. He makes the story of from his creations, it being deemed a sign of his literary life dramatic by leading up to the literary bad breeding to obtrude himself or best novel, Humphrey Clinker," published show personal interest in his puppets. Which- the year of his death. “So passed the old ever way is best, few will fail to relish this 66 II 1902.) 83 THE DIAL earlier hearty abandonment in the work. Of treme statement of the thesis maintained by the diction of Smollett it should be said that the author attract instant attention. he has the great gift of making his personages Mr. Sloane's thesis, as presented in his pre- talk in character and exhibit themselves through face, is that historians have overestimated the dialogue rather than by description. political and social causes of the Revolution, In comparing a novelist like Smollett with and of the spasmodic progressions in that Re- the best in English fiction to-day, the final volution ; that in considering the conditions thought, nevertheless, is likely to be — with all which checked the normal course of reform, recognition of his talent and sturdy force undue emphasis has been placed on national that the gains in both art and ethics have been bankruptcy, secular feudalism, and the “ mys- substantial. The careless rough-and-tumble terious, secret upheaval attributed to mental display of venality, profligacy, and brutality exaltation, of which so much has been sug- in these eighteenth century pages is all uncon gested and hinted, but about which nothing is sciously a revelation of how far we have since known.” known.” Later it is admitted in the body of advanced in decency, in refinement, in spiritual the work that the interference of foreign powers ideals. And quite as truly, the progress in the was a potential factor in hurrying France into technique of novel-making since Smollett's time excesses, yet neither this nor all other causes is a matter for satisfaction. No novelist of our combined equalled in intensity that “mightiest day has more genius for fiction than had Henry obstructive force . . . ecclesiastical fanaticism Fielding; but all novelists of the first rank both positive and negative.” In the character now will avoid Fielding's defects and those of and organization of the church and in its arti- his contemporaries : the carelessness of con ficial connection with the state, Mr. Sloane struction in the bringing in of loose, rambling finds the conditions that most irritated the episodic material; the failure to respect truth reformers of France. In the stubborness of rather than theatric effect of scene and char the higher clergy in clinging to lucrative abuses acter; the lapses from the clean, the frank upon which they fattened, he discovers the catering to gutter tastes; the clumsiness in main source of the fatal contentions of the attempting to make dialectic or other varia- National Assembly. In the struggle between tions from normal English speech. Yet, since the honest fanaticism of the lower clergy upon life is more than art, those earlier novelists the one side, and the equally honest fanaticism often have an effect of power, of reality, of the of the theoretical reformers of church and atmosphere that makes for illusion, that has faith upon the other, the author finds the cru. not since been surpassed. And Smollett, in cial antagonisms which, developing into bitter his obvious faults and equally obvious virtues, hatred, wrecked the cause of moderate reform. stands at Fielding's shoulder, a doughty lieu In brief, questions of church and religion are tenant of that incomparable captain. depicted as causative to a greater degree than RICHARD BURTON. any other, both in the inception and in the progress of the French Revolution. Mr. Sloane's work is a delight to the student of history for its scholarly method, its keen RELIGION AND REVOLUTION, * analysis, and its choice language. It carries The substance of Mr. Sloane's new volume with it the impression of thorough research, was delivered in a course of eight lectures be and of exact and painstaking intellectual hon- fore the Union Theological Seminary of New esty. It presents in more logical form than York. Considered as lectures before a distinctly has bitherto been offered in English, the mental professional body, interested primarily in the attitude of churchmen and reformers in France, relations of church and state in a critical period and the incidents which made evident that at- of history, the point of view of the author titude. Hence it is that anything approaching would not require extended examination. But a criticism of the book as a whole is undertaken regarded as a scholarly analysis of the spiritual with extreme diffidence, for so masterly a work causes of the French Revolution, and it is in in general deserves only critical approbation. this light that Mr. Sloane presents his expanded Nevertheless, if the author's thesis is rightly lectures to the public, the novelty and ex. understood, it is impossible to accept without question the conclusions presented. Is it not *THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND RELIGIOUS REFORM. By William Milligan Sloane. New York: Charles Serib possible that Mr. Sloane bas elevated occasions ner's Sons. into causes; and that, judging events uncon. 84 (Feb. 1, THE DIAL sciously distorted, he may have misapprehended to projects of reform, nor was the general vio- their true relation ? It is no doubt true that lence of the Revolution due to that cause. The immediately before 1789 questions of clerical attack upon the Church and upon the Catholic privilege and of the badly adjusted relations religion was essentially due to the blind desire of church and state formed a considerable part to find a scapegoat. The general and increasing of the general topic of reform agitating the tendency to violent methods was partly the circles in which such affairs were being dis result of the purely selfish machinations of cussed. Yet these circles included but a small politicians, partly an exhibition of that des- proportion of the people of France, for, as pairing fanaticism which dared any excess in Mr. Sloane freely recognizes, the majority of the worship of its God — the Revolution. The Frenchmen were fairly well satisfied with exist- clergy and the ancient faith were in truth bit- ing church conditions. But even if we go so terly assailed and unjustly charged with the far as to admit that the National Assembly of failure of the radical programme. But do the 1789 ranked first in importance the renovation debates and agitations over church and faith of the church by the curtailing of unjust priv. prove that questions of church organization, ileges, it does not follow that the subsequent and of religious belief, were in themselves the contests over religion and religious organiza vital causes of contentions ? Is there not great tion constituted the central essential struggle in reason to regard these contentions as exhibi- the battle of factions, nor is that historical per tions of the inherent violence of the party in spective necessarily correct which exhibits the power, which, seeking a scapegoat, found it violence and license of the Revolution as due to in the Church, — the only remaining repre- repeated conflicts between religious partisans. sentative of the ancient monarchy. It will be admitted that the French Revo If this view is correct, if the angry debates lution, however unique in many particulars, on religion, the rapid and startling changes in had this in common with all other revolutions church organization and in faith, were less or similar periods of public exaltation — that causes of excesses than occasions of them, then the Revolution itself became the God of the Mr. Sloane's proposition is not convincingly revolutionists. It was idealized, incarnated ; In undertaking a specialized study it became the Great Cause without any true for a limited audience and upon a limited topic, conception of the principles for which it stood, he has seemingly fallen into the specialist's or the point to which it tended. When after error of over-estimating the importance of the 1789 it became evident that the hoped-for po particular subject investigated, at the expense litical and social millenium was not to be im of other and equally potent factors. Never- mediately realized, and that the Cause was in theless, while it seems impossible to accept the danger of failing in its objects, determined extreme statements of the author of the causa- opposition, either secret or open, was immedi. tive position occupied by questions of religious ately suspected, and the attempt made to remove reform after 1789, it is still but just to credit the obstacle. Gradually the religion of revo him with having proved that somewhat greater lution increased its bold upon the people, and importance, than has been customary with his- the removal of obstacles to progress became torians, should be attached to the religious more and more a matter of vengeance. After situation after that date. the flight of the Emigrès, the Church was the EPHRAIM D. ADAMS. only existing body in France which stood for that most hated thing, the ancient Regime. When, therefore, hopes and expectations were THE CLASSIFICATION OF BOOKS.* frustrated, and prophecies of social and polit- ical betterment were unfulfilled, promoters and In the early part of last year, the Librarian preachers of revolution sought a cause. It is of Princeton University, Dr. Ernest C. Rich- not strange that they attributed failure to the ardson, was invited to deliver before the New secret opposition of the clergy. The result York State Library School, under the auspices was a series of violent and embittered attacks of the Alumni, two lectures on the science and upon the clergy and upon religion itself. This art of classification. These lectures proved violence, displayed by each successive faction so notable a contribution to the subject that in control of the government of France up to their appearance in book form, with the added 1795, was not, as Mr. Sloane maintains, caused * CLASSIFICATION, Theoretical and Practical. By Ernest by the stubborn opposition of clerics and people Cushing Richardson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. proved. 1902.) 85 THE DIAL ers. virtues of an Introduction and an Appendix AN “EVERYDAY LIFE” OF WASHINGTON.* containing an “ Essay towards a Bibliograph- ical History of Systems of Classification," is a Mr. Norman Hapgood's life of Washington matter for congratulation among library work is sufficiently unlike all others of the many that Dr. Richardson's work not only reflects have been written to warrant its publication. great credit upon himself as a high type of the It may be called an every-day life of the first scholarly librarian, but fully justifies the wis. American, as distinguished from those that dom of the Alumni Association in instituting give only the dignified and the formal in his these valuable lectures. life. Yet it is not like the "true" lives that are It may be said at the outset that the book is so popular just now, for it does not confine itself in no sense elementary or technical, but pre to the trifles that are not worth preserving and supposes on the part of the reader a fair to recounting the shortcomings of its subject acquaintance with practical library systems. and the charges that hostile venom may have Indeed, the first lecture, on “ The Order of concocted during the bitter struggles of that the Sciences,” is sufficiently formidable even most bitter period of our national history. Mis- to the trained librarian, with its " mirroring of takes and shortcomings are not passed over, the outer cosmos,” its “complex of ions,” and even the trivial things that throw light upon so forth ; yet with all its rather profound phi- | Washington's character are not wanting; but losophical and theoretical character it does these do not make up the whole story. They nevertheless present in a very sound scientific appear in the proportion of real life. This way the true order of the sciences, and should treatment distinguishes Mr. Hapgood's book, be of distinct value to the librarian as a theo and gives it strength and interest. retical basis of classification. It is not a political nor a military biography, However, it is in the second lecture, devoted though, of course, the military and the politi- to “The Classification of Books," that the cal sides of Washington's life are given in due book reaches, in our opinion, its greatest inter-proportion. But they are given in a general est and value. The subject is treated in a way; important battles are sometimes dismissed fascinating and stimulating manner which must in a line, or are left unmentioned. Great pol- arouse feelings of gratitude to the author in icies are passed over, or get but a word. It is, the mind of every thoughtful librarian, and rather, a setting forth of the personal life and cannot fail to be extremely helpful in creating character of the man to whom Americans have a practical and at the same time scientific atti- given the first place in their esteem, if not in tude toward the work of classification. The their love, whom the whole world considers one importance of classification to the library and of the consummate flowers of the Anglo-Saxon to the reading world is given brief but ade- The formal Washington, the demi-god quate notice, and the “ Decimal” and “ Expan. of the older biographies, is not here. The hu- sive" systems come in for their due share of man element is made prominent, the tone being praise. Dr. Richardson concludes his notice throughout sympathetic and appreciative. It of these two systems with the following words, is realistic and distinctly modern in manner, which may serve at the same time as a helpful yet fair and well-balanced, giving the nobler stimulus to every librarian engaged in classifi side of the life and shattering no sane ideals catory work. " As classification itself is the of our national hero. highest function of the librarian's work, calling Perhaps the most valuable service rendered into play every faculty and every attainment of by the book is the opportunity it gives the knowledge,—the acme of bibliothecal work, reader to see the development in Washington's so these two systems of classification mark the character. His childhood was ordinary; “not high-water line of American library science, until the time for deeds does any touch of dis- and are the climax of its achievement." tinction appear." As an Appendix the author gives an excel “ This poverty might be ascribed to chance, and to lent and fairly complete bibliography of classic barren witnesses, were it not that, for many years after fication systems from the time of Plato to the Washington became conspicuous in action, the accessi- present day, in many cases including an out- ble expressions of this personality were so bare that their interest depends wholly on his importance. line of the system advocated. That his learning was small is not to be attributed to Dr. Richardson's book should be hailed as scant opportunity, since he never showed much hunger a most welcome addition to the literature of * GEORGE WASHINGTON. By Norman Hapgood. Illus- library science. CLARENCE W. PERLEY. trated. New York: The M race, illar 86 [Feb. 1, THE DIAL for books, and many famous men, who later surrounded or supplies, too many of whom were insubor- and obeyed him, won more education against greater dinate and even cowardly ; too many of his odds." officers were incompetent, foisted upon the He seems to have had but a short boyhood and army through political intrigue, or cowardly or no free youth. At sixteen he was a public sur- veyor, enduring the hardships of that profes- soldiers abandoned the army in regiments at greedy. Officers intrigued against him ; the sion in the wilderness. At the same age, his critical moments. The States were jealous of journal, with the formal sentiments of a pre- one another, and the Congress was incompetent. mature manhood, contains references to a low- And as President, he had to suffer from the land beauty,” confirming other indications of same popular vices, though they were differ- a later period that his heart was extremely ently manifested. It was through the fires of susceptible to feminine charms. At nineteen such trials that his patience was developed, his he was made adjutant-general (with the rank wisdom and tact were perfected, and all the of major) in one of the four military districts lower forms of ambition were eliminated from of Virginia, and at twenty he inherited Mount his character. But who can wonder that his Vernon through the death of his brother. At terrible responsibilities, together with the evils twenty-one his public life began with his famous mission to warn the intruding French at Fort him and shadowed his life with gloom? He against which he had to contend, oppressed Duquesne, and the next year he fired the shot lacked the sense of humor that enabled Lin. that was heard around the world and set a large coln to throw off for a time even heavier bur- part of it aflame with war. dens and preserve the elasticity of his mind. During his earlier life, we find him displaying Mr. Hapgood's judgments upon the charac- many human traits. He was insistent in demand- ing promotion, and not backward in informing and sound, and we are tempted to quote some ter and work of Washington are sympathetic those in authority of his services. He was a of them in conclusion of our notice. stickler for every point of "honor,” and had to be tactfully managed to prevent his resigna- cluding an aggressive, dominating will, with an intensely “ It was this combination of a passionate nature, in- tion. He was ready to make statements to the just and ethical spirit, that made it possible for him to Indians that are charitably called “fictions" have one of the rarest and greatest of his qualities — to get them to do as he wished. He was obstin the unequalled dignity of bis presence. .. The ate for his opinion ; it was said by an associate, eulogies of him are full of immortal tributes to the worth of blood and judgment well commingled. Per- on one occasion, that “his behavior about the haps it is largely because, although passionate, he was roads was noways like a soldier.” He was some not passion's slave, that the world has worn bim in its times ready to blame the other side for doing heart's core. With such a character, and without genius, the very thing that he was trying to do. He he needed occasion to show his worth. ... Without was much fonder of giving advice than he was great events, Washington would not have been famous; and, on the other hand, he made events great by his of taking it. All of this goes to show only ability in meeting them. It does not follow because a that the great qualities had to grow in him as man is of the type that waits for occasions that he does they have to grow in other great men. The less to mould history. .. Goodness is universal rather young Washington was neither sage nor saint, than peculiar, and the greatness of Washington had its base in the power to be largely and impressively right. though he was a remarkably forceful and effi- . . Born to lead some of the most difficult movements cient young man ; the common ideal of him of history, he saw only the things which were, and his was realized only in his later life. life illustrates the sublimity that truth and strength We think of Washington as a grave, stern may reach without beauty or imagination. ... Wash- ington's appeal has been great to the masses, because man; be was this, except in the inner circle he was a hero; not less strong to the first minds of all of friendship, and through most of his career nations, also because he was a hero, but different from a gloom seemed to rest upon him that was the rest. It is to the merely clever that he must fre- partly natural and partly caused by the almost quently seem dull. Those to whom Washington seems impossible burdens that he was called upon to good but uninteresting perhaps need an argument that goodness and interest are inseparable; that large right- bear, which were made heavier by ill-bealth. ness is, maturely seen, the foremost human trait. With If all Americans had been self-sacrificing pa this moral justness in Washington went courage. triots like himself, as we fondly used to think If Washington's name is as great as any in the annals they were, the burdens of his military and of of political history, it is because of deeds which the world his civil life would have been comparatively values now even more than it did a hundred years ago. His was a noble nature, with a sanity, a balance, a light. But as a general, he had to work with power of endurance, seldom rivalled; but his glory is soldiers that were untrained and without arms not mainly personal. It is not primarily the effulgence 1902.) 87 THE DIAL ence. of some rare and individual superiority. It is universal. and is lost. We can at least recommend this book It is the concentration in a man of those merits which as suitable for Sunday school libraries. Just what are most needed in the rulers of mankind. It is the it is doing in the "American Novel Series” remains. triumph of integrity, of patience, of courage, of loyalty in the service of his country. It is because he was a mystery. « The Debatable Land” is an impressionistic with constancy for the right, and so powerful in its service, that he has such honor from the world. Only story of the Civil War. The narrative is found in great talents could have accomplished wbat Washing- streaks, imbedded in a matrix of futile philosophical ton accomplished; but no genius alone, however pro- musings. The scene of the story is first placed in digious, could fill that place in the world's history which the neighborhood of Hamilton, New York, and then is held by Washington's clearness of view and unbend transferred to the Shenandoah Valley at the time ing moral strength." of the Peninsular Campaign. The characters and CHARLES H. COOPER. their motives are throughout hinted at rather than defined, and most of the threads of the interest are dropped without being unravelled. The book is a very unsatisfactory performance, and brings the RECENT AMERICAN FICTION.* series to anything but a brilliant conclusion. Re- The “ American Novel Series,” which has occu- viewing the series as a whole, we must say that it Such pied our attention upon several occasions during represents a good idea badly carried out. the past year, is now completed by the publication unevenness is not often found in a set of books that of “When Love Is Young,” by Mr. Roy Rolfe are intended to have some sort of uniform excel- Gilson, and “ The Debatable Land," by Mr. Arthur lence. There are two really fine novels among the Colton. There are an even dozen of the volumes dozen, “ Martin Brook,” by the late Morgan Bates, altogether, one for every month of the year. Mr. and “ Days Like These," by Mr. E. W. Townsend.. Gilson's story is the tale of a boy's love affairs from Four others may be called tolerably good novels, ten to twenty-five. There are several of these af- but the rest have no reasonable excuse for exist- fairs, from the childish entanglements of the village We judge that the publishers, having seen school to the serious passion which comes at the their way to give the series a fair start, trusted to. Robbie Dale offers some slight suggestion luck for its completion. If so, it must be admitted of Mr. Barrie's “Sentimental Tommy,” but the that luck deserted them upon a number of occa- story of his infantile affections is not thrilling. sions. When he goes to the great city to earn his living, Mr. Cable’s new novel, “ The Cavalier,” is a we hope for better things, and the episode of the story of our Civil War as viewed from the stand- innocent Bobemia into which he is plunged for a point of the Confederate soldier. The scene is laid few months is prettily managed. After his charmer in Mississippi, and the action is concerned with deserts him, he becomes melancholy, goes back to raids, skirmishes, and bushwhacking, rather than bis village home, and there meets his fate in the with the pitched battles and the larger aspects of person of a young woman who teaches music, plays the struggle. There is little of the war passion in Chopin most seductively, and sits on the front steps its pages, and no rhetorical exploitation of the great when the day's work is done. Robbie goes to her issues of the struggle. The soldiers do their fight- house one morning, helps her to wash the dishes, ing as a matter of business, and the real interest of the story is private rather than public or historical. * WHEN LOVE Is Young. By Roy Rolfe Gilson. New York: Harper & Brothers. “ The Cavalier” is not an easy book to read. Mr. THE DEBATABLE LAND. By Arthur Colton. New York: Cable has always had the fault of supersubtlety, Harper & Brothers. and never more noticeably than in this case. Не. THE CAVALIER. By George W. Cable. New York: rarely tells a story or exhibits a character in plain Charles Scribner's Sons. terms, and even the minor incidents are related by CIRCUMSTANCE. By S. Weir Mitchell, M.D. New York: indirection. We are constantly puzzled to under- The Century Co. stand his argument, and to view his figures in the DEBORAH. A Tale of the Times of Judas Maccabæus. By James M. Ludlow. New York: Fleming H. Revell Co. right light. If Mr. Cable were not so very charm- GOD WILLS IT! A Tale of the First Crusade. By William ing a writer, this quality would be fatal; as it is, Stearns Davis. New York: The Macmillan Co. we find it exasperating, but are unwilling to miss MARIETTA: A Maid of Venice. By F. Marion Crawford. the refined art and the delicate sensibility that are New York: The Macmillan Co. characteristic of his work. A PARFIT GENTIL KNIGHT. By Charlton Andrews. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. Circumstance," Dr. Weir Mitchell's new novel, THE ROAD TO FRONTENAC. By Samuel Merwin. New seems somewhat dull in the opening chapters, and York: Doubleday, Page & Co. we expect from it little more than agreeable enter- THE BACKWOODSMAN. By H. A. Stanley. New York: tainment in the society of the respectable Philadel- Doubleday, Page & Co. phians whom it presents to the view. But presently, THE RULING PASSION. Tales of Nature and Human and in spite of the essentially commonplace people Nature. By Henry van Dyke. New York: Charles Scrib- ner's Sons, who figure in its pages, we become conscious of a UNDER THE SKYLIGHTS. By Henry B. Fuller. New quickening of interest, which reaches a considerable York: D. Appleton & Co. degree of intensity as we approach the end. In the : 88 (Feb. 1, THE DIAL adventuress and her scapegrace brother, whose con historical romances of Mr. Sienkiewicz. The author duct serves to relieve the good breeding and refine has saturated himself in the history of the period, ment of the other characters, we have two singularly and has besides rich sto and has besides rich stores of imagination upon effective examples of skilful delineative art; while which to draw. Contrasting the book with Mr. the characters who represent respectability soon Crawford's crusaders' story of a year or two ago, develop interesting individualities, owing to the for example, we get some idea of its remarkable analysis which gradually brings out the finer shad- qualities. In the comparison, Mr. Crawford's book ings of their thought and temperament. The ad is pale while this is glowing, it is mechanical while venturess is the chief figure in this drama of private this is living, it is grudging of its gifts while this is interests, and she is almost worthy to be placed by lavish in its largess. Most important of all, while the side of Becky Sharp, whom she resembles in Mr. Crawford's romance is little more than mildly ber feline ways and her heartless selfishness, but exciting, this romance of Mr. Davis is thrilling from whom she is differentiated by the possession throughout, and the effect is produced by legitimate of criminal instincts. Dr. Mitchell is to be con means, not by any resort to sensationalism. These gratulated upon the sterling excellence of this novel, remarks are meant to be high praise, for such and upon the success with which he has handled his “God Wills It!” deserves. It spreads before us a difficult material, creating a strictly legitimate in- magnificent panorama of both historical and human terest which does not depend upon exaggeration or interest; it has for its background France, and sensationalism for its effect. It is not a brilliant Sicily, and the gorgeous East; it has for episodes book, but brilliancy is an easy achievement as com the preaching of Peter, the siege of Antioch, and pared with the social insight of this novel. the capture of Jerusalem ; it has for characters Dr. James M. Ludlow, who won a deserved rep Godfrey, and Raymond and Tancred and Robert utation about fifteen years ago with a historical of Normandy. It is, moreover, historically just in novel of the days of Scanderbeg, has gone still far its weighing of the forces — religious fanaticism, ther back in history for the theme of his “De economic pressure, and personal valor — that de- borah,” which is a romance of the time of Judas termined the course and the consequences of the Maccabæus, and which deals with the revolt of that crusading movement. great leader against the oppressions of Antiochus Mr. Crawford's new novel, “ Marietta,” is some- Epiphanes. The conquest of the Greek by the thing more than fiction. It is a tale of Venice in Jew, and the triumphant occupation of Jerusalem the fifteenth century, and makes us acquainted with by Judas and his followers, offers material for a the famous glass-makers, Angelo Beroviero and highly-colored and effective story. Of this mate Zorzi Ballerin. Even the heroine, the daughter of rial Dr. Ludlow has made good use, and his por- Angelo, whom Zorzi wins despite paternal oppo- trayal of the Jewish champion is a masterly piece sition and a contemplated alliance with a noble of characterization. His heroine and her Greek family, is a character of actual history. Still, the lover (who turns out in the end to be also of Jew interest of the romance is essentially private, and ish birth) are sympathetically-conceived figures, the material is handled in Mr. Crawford's most although we must say that the portraits of the hero- charming manner. His knowledge of Italian life, ine, which serve the book for illustrations, are too both present and past, is so intimate that he is en- evidently photographs of a modern girl in mas abled to invest his figures with much vitality. That querade costume to suggest the Deborah of the the book is one of invention coupled with observa- Dr. Ludlow's diction, although inspired tion, rather than one of mere manufacture, is the pre- by biblical phraseology, now and then makes an un dominant impression that it makes upon us, which fortunate descent from the exalted level deinanded cannot be said, for example, of “Via Crucis,” or by such a book, and becomes mere twentieth cen certain others of Mr. Crawford's later writings. tury American. Archeological faithfulness is out Mr. Charlton Andrews is a new writer of histor- of the question in any book of this sort, but a cer ical romance, and his book with a Chaucerian title, tain conventional artificiality is required for the “A Parfit Gentil Knight,” is a highly creditable purposes of the illusion, and from this the author first production. Its scene is the French court of too frequently lapses. Nevertheless, the story is a Charles IX. and the Queen-Mother, its historical conscientious piece of workmanship, and fulfils setting is the strife between Catholics and Hugue. most of the demands of romantic historical fiction. nots, culminating in the Massacre. The young Mr. William Stearns Davis is the author of a Duke of Guise and the Prince of Anjou are among romance of the First Crusade, with the historical the chief characters introduced, and are about evenly cry of the crusaders for its title. Except for matched as exemplars of villainy concealed beneath “ Count Robert of Paris," the author says, this the courtly graces. The hero is a brave soldier, most interesting of all the crusades has not been attached to the Prince of Montpensier, loving the put into a novel. It seems strange that the oppor princess with an unsullied devotion and finally tunity has been neglected, yet we cannot from our giving his life for her. He is indeed “ a verray recollection controvert the statement. “God Wills parfit gentil knight,” although his nobility of soul It !” may best be described by saying that it makes is possibly a trifle over-emphasized — in the Marquis much the same sort of impression as do the Polish of Posa fashion. Mr. Andrews has told an inter- romance. - - - 1902.] 89 THE DIAL commit many esting story, full of moving or exciting incident, fession of the author makes it seem natural, and and well-sustained as it leads up to its climax. the good sense of the petition quite justifies the We said some few weeks ago that the Indian departure from precedent. “ Lord let me never was coming back into American fiction. Two un tag a moral to a story, nor tell a story without a usually good Indian stories with a historical back- meaning.” Not a few novelists might profit by ground have recently been published, and give this example. Ruskin once wrote in “Fors": further evidence of the truth of our earlier state “You might at first think that Dante's divisions ment. “ The Road to Frontenac,” by Mr. Samuel were narrow and artificial in assigning each circle Merwin, is a straightforward story of new France to one sin only, as if every man did not variously at the close of the seventeenth century. The hero But it is always one sin, the fa. is a French officer sent from Quebec to Frontenac vourite, which destroys souls. That conquered, all on an important mission, and incidentally charged others fall with it; that victorious, all others follow with the escort of a young woman. The journey with it.” Conversely, we may say that one virtue ap the river provides a sufficiency of adventure to saves souls, bringing the other virtues in its train. fill the book and keep its readers wide awake all This is the essential thesis presented by Dr. van the time. Mr. Merwin succeeds very well in his Dyke, and he exemplifies it by studies of ruling management of the picturesque and metaphorical passions as varied as the angler's habit, the love of language which, according to the accepted conven music, and the sacredness of a trust. The passion tion since the days of Cooper, was used by the for justice is the theme of still another of these Indians in their harangues. The main thing is to stories, and the hero is not a man, but a dog. The be sustained and consistent in its use, and in this book is exquisitely written, expressive of tender the author has been successful. His hero is a very sympathies and natural human feelings. Though doughty person indeed, who can out-talk the most the scenes and the characters are varied, “the sub- eloquent of the braves. As for the love-story, it ject is always the same, the unseen, mysterious, may easily be imagined, since the circumstances of ruling passion weaving the stuff of human nature the expedition make it inevitable. into patterns wherein the soul is imaged and re- Mr. H. A. Stanley, in “The Backwoodsman,” vealed.” has told a story of the same Iroquois country, but The gift of gentle satire, made evident by Mr.. the date is nearly a hundred years later, for the Henry Fuller's earlier novels, has been given its story is of the American Revolution. Its scenes most effective display in "Under the Skylights," and characters are curiously coincident with those a collection of three stories bearing upon the con- used by Mr. Chambers in his “ Cardigan,” and the ditions of artistic and literary life in Chicago. It comparison is unfortunate, for Mr. Stanley's book is a book à clef, no doubt, yet the portraiture is cannot vie with that extraordinarily interesting ro rather typical than specific, and the traits of each We have the Johnsons, and the Butlers, character are combined by a sort of eclectic process. and Joseph Brant as conspicuous figures, while the In “The Downfall of Abner Joyce,” the type por- hero is not unlike Cardigan in his fortunes, and in trayed is that of the rugged genius from the country, his relation to the historical happenings of the who comes to town with the grim determination time. The story runs pretty well through the Rev. of reforming society from its very base, who believes olutionary period, and Sullivan's devastation of the in himself to an absurd extent, and whose earnest- Iroquois country occupies a central place. Mr. Stan ness offers a standing rebuke to all the graces and ley's Indian talk is of two kinds. There is the refinements of the polite world. He is an uncouth formal kind, which is unconvincing, because it puts product of nature, and succumbs with difficulty to such words as these on the lips of the orator : “ For the taming process. His “ downfall ” consists in peace, brothers, surely hath victories, - bloodless yielding to the blandishments of a young woman of victories, victories that are not symbolized by the the society that it is his function to denounce, and bloody scalp.” The other kind is such talk as this, becomes complete when, as her submissive husband, which we make no doubt is the kind of language he appears at a dinner in evening clothes, and par- that an Indian really used : “Captain Brant, him takes of the wine that is served at the table. In glad Quedar choke White Skunk. All Mohawks the story of “Dr. Gowdy and the Squash " the type glad. Quedar brave lad. Senekees all thirsty is that of the rhetorical clergyman who talks mag- Want drink blood White Oneida.” Mr. Stanley's niloquently about art, and imposes himself upon manner of narration is rather stiff and prosaic, but his followers as an authority upon subjects of which he is evidently intimate with the history of his he is profoundly ignorant. This particular kind of period, and knows the life of the Iroquois and the humbug bas never been more mercilessly exposed white ranger as nearly at first hand as one can than in the present instance. “ Little O'Grady vs. know it after the lapse of a century. the Grindstone,” the third of Mr. Fuller's stories, The “ tales of nature and human nature ” which relates to an artistic competition for the decoration Dr. Henry van Dyke has brought together under of a bank building. Its teaching is that art has a the title of “The Ruling Passion," are eight in poor enough chance when forced to assert its claims number. They are prefaced by a prayer, which is against the forces of social intrigue and commercial rather unusual for a work of fiction, but the pro Philistinism. We have hesitated to give these ab- mance. 90 (Feb. 1, THE DIAL stracts, or any abstracts, of Mr. Fuller's stories, taste : “ The writer who is not greater than bis because almost everything that is characteristic writings is a kind of impostor, for he creates in the escapes in the process of condensation. An abstract minds of others a false conception of himself." of Heine's “ Reisebilder" would be anything but adequate to convey a notion of the charm of that The craft of A handbook on “Bookbinding and work, and for about the same reasons we must say bookbinding, and the Care of Books," by Mr. Douglas the care of books. that to read Mr. Fuller's book is the only way of Cockerell, with many drawings by finding out how thoroughly delightful a book it is. Mr. Noel Rooke, forms the initial volume of the “ Artistic Crafts Series" (Appleton). In a gen- WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. eral preface to the series, written by the editor, Mr. W. R. Lethaby, there is no mention of the fur- ther handicrafts to be given consideration, but the frequent mention of the name of William Morris BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. leads one to conjecture that all the various trades That Mr. James B. Kenyon — him which at one time or another engaged the attention Loiterings in self a writer of graceful verse — is of that well-nigh universal genius will be included, literary fields. also an ardent admirer of others'—these, of themselves, making a list fairly com- achievements in poetry, is made abundantly evident plete. The particular object of the series is dis- by his little volume of literary sketches entitled closed by Mr. Lethaby in words which leave nothing “Loiterings in Old Fields” (Eaton & Mains). unsaid. That these slight essays should contain any impor “We would have this series put artistic craftsmanship tant contribution to literary criticism is perhaps too before people as furnishing reasonable occupation for those much to expect. At any rate, they seem likely to who would gain a livelihood. Although within the bounds of academic art, the competition, of its kind, is so acute profit the young student of letters rather than the that only a few per cent can fairly hope to succeed as. more mature. To the latter it brings a little shock painters and sculptors; yet, as artistic craftsmen, there is of surprise to be detained, at the mention of George every probability that nearly every one who would pass Henry Lewes's name, by the explanation that he through a sufficient period of apprenticeship to workmanship and design would reach a measure of success.” “ was a student of philosophy, the author of a few philosophical treatises, and the writer of a Life of There are some excellent observations on the part Goethe"; and apropos of George Eliot's pen-name, which design should play in all good workmanship, to be thought in need of the following: “We know it being the intention of the series to insist upon of but one other such instance of equal interest on both as equally essential to the best results ; but the record, and that is of a notable French woman crux of the matter is in the concluding sentence of who for many years sent forth her writings under the paragraph quoted. Mr. Cockerell, on his part, the fictitious name of George Sand.” Moreover, is explicit in describing, minutely and accurately, in the fugitive essay, which lays no claim to depth all the various processes which are used in bringing and substance, the reader is entitled to look for into existence a worthily bound book. He makes something like perfection of form; and it arouses a nice distinction, which can be commended, be- a slight feeling of disappointment, if not of resent- tween “binding" a book, meaning the envelopment ment, and an incipient distrust of the author's of its back and sides in some permanent material, nicety of taste, to open the book and find would and “casing" a book, signifying its enclosure in (p. 200) carelessly. used for should, the impossible boards covered with paper or cloth, for commercial form illy (p. 122) usurping the place of the adverb purposes. With the latter procedure he is con- ill, and “the tuneful ilk” (p. 138) chosen as a cerned no further than to point out the essential happy designation of poets as a class. Sweetly differences between the two; but he makes it clear (p. 125) is made to serve as an adjective, perhaps at all times that modern bindings are in some by justifiable analogy; and, finally, a fondness for instances without any element of permanency, and the split infinitive manifests itself. Dr. Kenyon's modern casings almost invariably so, even to the inclusion of “broad colloquialism” among the char- extent of requiring the librarian to rebind his entire collection acteristics of George Eliot's prose style is mislead- every few years. Mr. Cockerell's volume, ing, his meaning probably being that she makes her describing as it does every process and tool con- characters speak the language most natural to them. nected with bookbinding, and containing much Although by occasional references he shows his sensible advice on the care and preservation of familiarity with Edward FitzGerald, he fails to in- books, is one that the librarian should not do with- clude that rare genius either among the noted letter-out. writers of our day or in the list of famous men To the series of Great Masters in Painters and born in the annus mirabilis, 1809. But — to wind builders of the Painting and Sculpture” (Macmil. up, like the Hebrew prophet, with words of peace + Renaissance. lan) we have the addition of a vol- we have nothing bnt good to say of the chapters on ume on Francia, by Dr. George C. Williamson, and Keats, Rossetti, and William Morris ; and it is no one on Brunelleschi, by Mr. Leader Scott. The more than fair to close with a pregnant word from volume on Francia contains considerable new matter the essay on Lowell's letters, as a pleasant after- l unearthed quite recently by the author through 1902.) 91 THE DIAL careful personal work in Bologna, where the artist “ The New England Primer,” and Bacon's Rebel- was born and spent most of his life. Here he estab lion. John Smith, Cotton Mather, and Benjamin lished a school of artists, numbering some two hun. Franklin are the three worthies whose portraits dred students ; but notwithstanding this, and that rightfully preface the several volumes. The titles he impressed his own ideas very firmly upon his of these volumes indicate their range. The first is pupils, his influence appears to have extended little “ The Transplanting of Culture,” with such writers beyond his immediate surroundings. His pictures as Bradford, Winthrop, Cotton, Williams, Hooker, betray no special sympathy with the classic or hu and Anne Bradstreet. The second is “The Begin. manistic movement of his time. Perchance he was ning of Americanism,” with such writers as John- then looked upon as somewhat old-fashioned and son, Eliot, Wigglesworth, Penn, Sewall, and the out-of-date ; while now that his works are becoming Mathers. The third is “The Growth of National better known, and some pictures that have been Spirit,” with such writers as Prince, Edwards, heretofore attributed to Raphael or Perugino are Franklin, and Hutchinson. Each volume has an now placed to his credit without fear of dispute, he editorial preface, and each author represented has stands among the choice spirits at the close of the a biographical note. The entire work is so well Renaissance in Italy. The biographer of Brunel. contrived that it places us under a large debt of loschi has to deal with a man of entirely different gratitude. Nothing of the sort has heretofore been type, a man who made his impression both at once accessible to the general reader, unless, perchance, and for all time on the worlds of art and science. he happened to own a Dayckinck, or had the vol- He found architecture languishing and rapidly umes of the Stedman and Hutchinson “ Library” tending to become a mere mechanical art; it was on his shelves. But he can put these books in his collective rather than individual in its efforts. De- | pocket. scriptions of the earlier Roman and Tuscan build- One of the desirable results of the ings record the name of the patron or ruling operaio, Dutch life in political situation of recent years is town and country. but very seldom the name of the designer. After to make the American more than Brunelleschi's grand strike for freedom, artists dared ever interested in what his fellow-citizens of the to stand alone, and the builders of the Renaissance world — the citizens of other nations — think and shine out as separate men whose distinctive minds do and feel. Our remoteness from most of the are impressed on their buildings, - Alberti, San - Alberti, San world-powers is apt to strengthen our indifference Gallo, Michael Angelo, and the rest. The first to in this respect, and to induce in the popular mind apply the classic bias to architecture, Brunelleschi a contempt for the foreigner that is not easily dis- carried it out on the purest possible lines ; that guised. The series of volumes called “Our Euro- Italian Renaissance architecture is less noble than pean Neighbours" (Patnam) is to be commended it might have been, is largely because later builders as a worthy undertaking which will do much to departed from his lead. The illustrations, mainly counteract this undesirable tendency. The vol- made from photographs, are a notable and delightful ume on “ Dutch Life in Town and Country ” comes feature of both of these volumes. from the pen of Mr. P. M. Hough, who has long been a resident of The Hague, and has made good The beginnings The set of three neat volumes en- of American titled “Colonial Prose and Poetry” use of his opportunities. There is much of interest in the present-day life of this thrifty and sturdy (Crowell), prepared by Messrs. W. people. From the country folk to the University P. Trent and B. W. Wells, represents a happy professors, from the merchant to the professional thought on the part of both publishers and editors. classes, from laborer to courtier, the Dutch have We hasten to add that both have done their best in developed a national life of their own, not to be giving concrete expression to the thought, and that confused with that of their neighbors. Their inde- the resulting work is both outwardly delightful and intellectually stimulating. To those who are doubtful pendence of spirit is a heritage that still is active in shaping their life in town and country. They of the intellectual stimulus to be got from Cotton form a nation well worth knowing; and Mr. Mather and Michael Wigglesworth, we can say only Hough's volume offers the most convenient and that our colonial writers have abundant interest for interesting way of becoming acquainted with them, those who are willing to look for it. Viewed from accessible to English readers. It is a sympathetic the narrow standpoint of æsthetics, they have little yet critical, a discerning and comprehensive account to offer ; but seen in the wider vision that broadens of life in modern Holland. before the student of social history and the spiritual life, they occupy a large place in our annals. There is a well-recognized literary "Many who have gone to them with a smile have revolutionary disease which may be called logo: remained to be edified,” say the editors; “ in the psychology. mania, and which subjects its victim earlier period men lived earnestly if not largely, to the irrational influence of words. The intoxica- they thought highly if not broadly, they felt nobly tion at times becomes complete, and the victim reels if not always with magnanimity.” About fifty under the dominance of the poison, though main- names are represented in this collection, besides taining a semblance of coherence and occasionally such impersonal subjects as “ The Bay Psalm Book," of wisdom. The author (Mr. J. W. Thomas) of literature. More 92 (Feb. 1, THE DIAL “ Intuitive Suggestion : A New Theory of the Evo liophile from adding to his library an incomplete copy of luţion of Mind” (Longmans) offers an obvious White's 'Selborne,'a book which is particularly ofton offered in a mutilated or 'faked' condition." though not an extreme case of this unfortunate malady. “ Intuitive suggestion” is to him the key This describes the difference between the former that unlocks all mystery. This means that the author and the latter edition of “Gossip in a Library” of this book, after asking any of the fundamental with sufficient particularity, and it is pleasant to questions relating to the constitution of the universe realize that no further changes have been made. and of life, receives a satisfactory thrill when pro- The book is to be commended to all who love ele- nouncing the words o intuitive suggestion." He gance and scholarship. tells us that water must know intuitively when 32° Fahrenheit is reached in order that ice shall be Professor Howison has placed not Essays in formed; that the magnet has an intuitive feeling Philosophy. only the special student of philos- for the north pole; that the soaring of birds is far ophy, but the general reader as well, better explained by referring it to an intuitive knowl- under obligation to him for his e88 on “ The edge of the laws of motion than to mechanical and Limits of Evolution” and other subjects (Macmil- physiological principles ; that the chemical elements lan). Not that the treatment of these themes is have an intuitive seeking for their affinities; and popular,- on the contrary, it is strictly philosophic; even that the land leeches of Ceylon do not smell but Professor Howison possesses the enthusiam and but intuitively know the approach of their prey. mastery of style which are ordinarily absent from That we are also taught that telepathy will in the works of this kind. The purpose of the book, as future be the normal mode of communication ; that, stated by the author, is to illustrate“the metaphysical indeed, psychic force will outdo wireless telegraphy, theory " which he calls “ Personal Idealism.” This and that suggestion will destroy noxious weeds and theory he seeks to present "in its bearings on all vermin, - all this seems of a piece with the theory the chief human concerns, - on knowledge, joy, of “intuitive suggestion.” Such a volume is the and devotion; on Science, Art, and Religion.” The inevitable result of the attempt to reason without paper which gives title to the book subjects the the natural or acquired ability to distinguish between current doctrine of Evolution to a searching crit- true explanations and those that merely counterfeit icism which that doctrine preëminently calls for, the explanatory process. and yet from which it in a measure revolts. It may yet present itself in its finality, not as an all- That most delightful form of literary embracing theory of life and thought, but as having Pleasant gossip causerie which Mr. Edmund Gosse well-defined limits within which it is useful and in a library. contrives to write with so much dis valid. We can call special attention to the essay tinction is found nowhere in better exemplification on the “ Art-Principle as Represented in Poetry.” than in his “Gossip in a Library in a Library” (Dodd, Mead This discussion of the significance of art, and the & Co.), now republished with additional matter, place of poetry in the order of the fine arts, will be after enjoying a healthy and successful existence found timely and instructive. The paper on “Human through half a score of years. Originally written Immortality" places that quæstio vexata in a new at the suggestion of an American editor for Amer and surprising light, and gives to the hope which ican readers, it has never lost the merit of an orig- mankind seems incapable of relinquishing a form inal method especially adapted to the hurried needs that fortifies it against many of the serious assaults of American general culture. Its readers will that are made upon it. The reader will find these recall that in substance it contains the briefest little papers everywhere stimulating and elevating; and discourses on books of all sorts and conditions, whatever his views may be upon the final questions addressed by a collector of rare volumes to other dividing philosophers and mankind at large, he will collectors or, at least, to those in sympathy with gain from these discussions new insights, new points his aims. The original preface is rightly retained, of view, and helpful illuminations. with its wondering protest against the imposition, by a nation calling itself civilized, of an import A record of An English reviewer has character- duty on books worth having; an imposition the book-prices ized Mr. Elliot Stock's “ Book-Prices in England. more marked, had Mr. Gosse chosen to speak of Current” as the “book.collector's it, for permitting books in languages other than Bible," and the phrase is altogether fitting. This English to come in duty free. A new preface for work and its American companion are now indis- this edition has been added, sufficiently brief and pensable items in the equipment of everyone who informing to deserve quotation in full. Says the has to do with old books, be he bookseller, essayist : librarian, or private collector. The fifteenth vol. “It is with a great deal of pleasure that I learn that the ume, compiled as usual by Mr. J. H. Slater, is at passion for rare books still flourishes in America, and that a hand, and covers the English auction season from new edition of this little book is called for. In order to give October, 1900, to Jaly, 1901. Though containing it a certain character of freshness, I have added, for America only, an essay on a volume which grows steadily, and almost fewer entries than its immediate predecessor, the year by year, in value and interest. Perhaps the bibliograph new volume is rather more balky; a fact which ical data which I have given may prevent some ardent bib Mr. Slater attributes to the large number of very 1902.) 93 THE DIAL rare or unusual items that came into the auction tle-known worthies of Western history are brought rooms during the season, and that call for full de to public attention. The book will be useful in a tailed description in this record.' The English way, though one might wish that so skilful a writer auction season of 1900-01 was unusually successful, had more fully covered the ground appropriated by the total amount realised on the 38,377 lots sold his title. being something over $650,000. The average price The life of Alexander Hamilton in per lot, about $17., is the highest on record. Oddly Schouler's life the series of "Beacon Biographies" enough, one of the factors that Mr. Slater mentions of Hamilton. (Small, Maynard & Co.) has been as having to do with the general rise in the price written by Mr. James Schouler, whose work as of old books is the advent of the new century, historian showed him to be in sympathy with Jef- " which, in imagination, has suddenly aged them ferson, rather than with Hamilton, in the party by a hundred years.” conflicts that attended the establishment of our gov- ernment. But this lack of partisan sympathy results Monuments of the In preparing a work upon the “Mon- Christian Church, uments of the Early Church” for a in giving us a truer estimate of Hamilton than we 24 to 6th century. series of “Handbooks of Archæology can get from one who is blinded by the genius of the brilliant statesman, and few writers of more and Antiquities” (Macmillan), the Rev. Walter Lowrie, M.A., has not contented himself with ab- aristocratic principles have escaped this fascination. There is little of narrative in the book; the author stracting his material from the literature of the subject already in existence, but has given the re- devotes himself to the higher task of discussion, sults of entirely independent researches into such explanation, and judgment. He gives due praise subjects as the Christian Cemeteries, Christian Ar- for the fruitful labors of Hamilton in bringing about chitecture, Pictorial and Minor Arts, and Ecclesi. the adoption of the Constitution and in establishing the finances of the new nation. But he also sets astical Dress, from the second to the sixth century of the Christian era. He has also, by reason of forth clearly Hamilton's defects of temperament his having lately been a Fellow of the American and opinion, his restless egotism, his aristocratic School of Classical Studies at Rome, been able to contempt for the common people, and his lack of anticipate the publication of some important works ability as a political leader that nearly thwarted by recent explorers in these fields. His book is his wise plans and did wreck his party. therefore a valuable contribution to a knowledge of Those who are interested in what A compilation Ecclesiastical antiquities, at a time when the pop of the wisdom men bave thought and said in regard ular knowledge of that subject is undergoing revision of the ages. to the conduct of life, from the be- by reason of the interesting facts being brought to ginning of recorded history to the present time, light by the scientific investigations of men like will be grateful for the compilation made by Mr. Wilpert, Marucchi, De Fleury, Le Blant, Ficker J. N. Larned, entitled “A Multitude of Counsel- Holtzinger, Venturi, Professor Ramsey, and others. lors” (Houghton). The collection is a very com- As an introduction to the subject of which it treats, plete and well-chosen one, giving, first, extracts the book is invaluable, especially in view of the ex from the “ Egyptian Book of the Dead," following haustive "Select Bibliography ” which it furnishes. with selections from Marcus Aurelius, Erasmus, It is evident that the author exercised great self- and many others more and less well known, and restraint in keeping his treatment of the subject concluding with so modern a counsellor as Thoreau. within the proportions of a handbook. In the conclusion of the introductory essay, Mr. Larned says of his work : “I end it with a deep- In “ A Short History of the Missis- ened conviction that the knowledge of good and Two centuries of sippi Valley”(Houghton) Dr. James evil has been complete in the world from the begin. K. Hosmer has endeavored, in a ning of history, and that mankind has had nothing small volume of a little over two hundred pages, to to learn since but the application of it.” The vol. cover a vast range of both time and space. The ume is appropriately supplied with a full index. book is very readable, both from the interest of the subject-matter and from the manner in which the Users of the “Encyclopædia Brit- interesting story is told; yet only a few points are Essays of an tannica” and the “ National Dic- ex-librarian. selected from a great number that demand atten. tionary of Biography" know that tion. Fifty pages are given to the Indians and the articles signed by Richard Garnett usually contain French; another fifty to the early pioneers and the all upon the subject that can be discovered by a man Revolution ; a third fifty carries the story on from of sound judgment and discrimination who, as Cura- the Ordinance of 1787 to Jackson's victory at New tor of Printed Books in the British Museum, has Orleans ; fifty are devoted to the Civil War; and a had exceptional opportunities. Dr. Garnett has brief chapter treats of the region at the close of the also written a good many introductions and maga- century. This outline will show the inadequacy of zine articles, and has published two or three vol. the book as a history of the region between the umes of poems. Aside from his poems, however, Alleghanies and the Rockies ; but certain aspects his collection of “Essays of an Ex-Librarian ” of the history are admirably treated, and some lit- | (Dodd, Mead & Co.) is, if we mistake not, the first the Middle West. 94 [Feb. 1, THE DIAL volume entirely from his pen. The book contains a part of his output for the last fourteen years, and its subjects range from one “On Translating Homer" to one about “Shelley's Views on Art.” In some of them, especially those on Moore, Matthew Arnold, and Emerson, the author shows unusual acuteness and ability to phrase elusive discrimina- tions clearly. “ Ap- BRIEFER MENTION. The eight volumes of “Social England,” edited by the late H. D. Traill, are to be reissued in six much larger volumes, revised under the editorship of Mr. J. Š. Mann, and copiously illustrated in the instructive manner made familiar to us by the illustrated edition of Green's “Short History." The first volume of the new edition has already appeared from the press of the Messrs. Putnam, the American publishers, and makes us eager to see the others. The text of this work, as our readers know, is a sort of mosaic of chapters or paragraphs by eminent specialists; much of this matter has been revised for the new edition. The illustrations of this one volume are literally hundreds in number, and the list of them alone, with a few brief notes, fills over thirty large pages of the work. The lover of Thoreau wishes, above all else, light on the personality of the man; but we cannot say that Mr. F. B. Sanborn in “ The Personality of Thoreau” (Boston : Charles E. Goodspeed) is very illuminating. The sketch is extremely brief, and is mostly concerned with external characteristics and details, — as in ac- counts of Thoreau's house, relatives, and friends. Mr. Sanborn's remarks on Thoreau's imitation of Emerson are of interest. He sees great similarity, for in- stance, in the penmanship of the two, which can scarcely be discriminated, but he regards the imita- tion as wholly unconscious. Some light is thrown on the works of Thoreau, particularly the Journals, and on his life ; but we have not the personal study we might expect from one who knew Thoreau so intimately. The volume, produced at the Merrymount Press of Boston, is a fine example of the printer's art. The fac- simile reproductions of Thoreau's handwriting, and the beautiful photogravure illustration, lend it an addi- tional attractiveness. The Detroit meeting of the National Educational Association was the fortieth annual gathering of our chief American organization of teachers. The Journal” of the meeting has now made its appearance, and comes to us, as usual, from Mr. Irwin Shepard, the efficient secretary of the Association. The proceedings of the Chicago meeting of the Department of Superintendence, held in February of last year, are also included in the present volume. Among its noteworthy features are the address of President James M. Green, Bishop Spalding's “ Progress in Education,” Mr. F. M. Crun- den's “The School and the Library,” Mr. George E. Vincent's “ Social Science and the Curriculum,” Mr. E. G. Cooley's “ The Gospel of Work," and President Hadley's “Use and Control of Examinations." All the departments of educational activity are represented in the thousand and more pages of this' volume, and no educator can fail to find somewhere between its cov- ers something of peculiar personal interest and value to him. NOTES. The « Love Poems of John Suckling.” are published by Mr. John Lane as a volume of the dainty “Lover's Library.” Mr. William R. Jenkins publishes “En Son Nom," which is no other than a French translation of Dr. Hale's “In His Name," made by Miss Mary Prince Sauveur. “Neurological Technique," by Mr. Irving Hardesty, is a manual of laboratory practice in a difficult depart- ment of anatomy. It is published by the University of Chicago Press. “Britain and the British Seas," by Mr. H. J. Mac- kinder, will be issued at once as the first volume in an important geographical library to be known as pletons' World Series." «Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick, 1625-1678," by Miss Mary E. Palgrave, is a new volume in the series of “Saintly Lives,” edited by Mr. R. F. Horton, and published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. Three more volumes of the “Temple Bible” (Lip- pincott) have appeared. Exodus is edited by Dr. A. R. S. Kennedy, Leviticus by Dr. J. A. Paterson, and the Gospels of Matthew and Mark by the Dean of Ely. “ The Bibliographer," a monthly magazine devoted to bibliography and rare book news, is soon to make its appearance, under the editorship of Mr. Paul Leicester Ford. Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. are the publishers. “ Tales of Past Times” is a volume of “ Temple Clas- sics for Young People,” published by the Macmillan Co. The tales are no other than those of Perrault, with “ Beauty and the Beast” added because it belongs there. “ Four American Inventors," by Miss Frances M. Perry, is a book for young readers just published by the Werner School Book Co. Fulton, Whitney, Morse, and Mr. Edison are the respective subjects of the four stories. The work on “Chinese Porcelain " completed by the late Cosmo Monkhouse just before his death, will be issued in this country by the A. Wessels Company. The volume will contain numerous colored plates and other illustrations. To the series of “Modern Plays," of which the Charles H. Sergel Co. are the American publishers, there has just been added a volume which contains • The Revolt” and “The Escape" of Villiers de l'Isle Adam, both translated by Miss Theresa Barclay. A reprint of Boker's tragedy of “Francesca da Rimini” is sent us by the Dramatic Publishing Co., Chicago. It is a good-looking volume, and will doubt- less secure readers on account of the recent successful revival for acting purposes of this sterling tragedy. The Messrs. Macmillan are publishing a new popular edition of Thackeray, with the original illustrations, and « The Newcomes " is the first volume to be issued. The use of thin paper brings the upwards of eight hundred pages into a volume that is not overswollen. Messrs. L. C. Page & Co. publish a translation of “ The King's Ring," by Zachris Topelius. This is all very well, but the publishers are greatly mistaken in supposing that they are publishing Topelius for the first time in America. Not only “The King's Ring," but the entire series of “The Surgeon's Stories" to which it belongs, has been before our public in an ad- 1902.) 95 THE DIAL mirable translation for upwards of fifteen years, having portant part in the later development of American been produced by the enterprise of Messrs. A. C. literature, and whose intellectual and moral qualities McClurg & Co., and made widely familiar to English were of the finest type. Aside from the writing of his readers. early books for children, Mr. Scudder's work was done John Richard Green's “Oxford Studies,” edited by so unobtrusively that his name was not familiar to a Mrs. Green and Miss Norgate, is a new “Eversley” very large public. To be the editor of the “ Atlantic volume published by the Messrs. Macmillan. To the Monthly,” as Mr. Scudder was for a number of years, same always attractive series the two volumes of Pro is not to be conspicuously in the public eye, but to those fessor Clifford's "Lectures and Essays” bave also been who know how to recognize real values, it is rather added. more of a distinction than to be President of the United In connection with the New Sydenham Society, States. Many a piece of Mr. Scudder's best work Messrs. P. Blakiston's Son & Co. announce the publi- went into the magazine, and escaped recognition; many cation of “An Atlas of Clinical Medicine, Surgery, and another piece of that work took the shape of editorial Pathology," selected and arranged with the design to matter done for some book or new edition published by afford, in as complete a manner as possible, aids to Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., and few were the diagnosis in all departments of practice. readers who knew to whom they were indebted. For- A timely volume on Nicaragua will be published at tunately for his fame Mr. Scudder's last years brought an early date by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co., under him the opportunity of doing one important piece of the title “Ocean to Ocean." It is written by Lieuten- literary work on a large scale and in his own name. ant James G. Walker, U. S. N., a son of Rear Admiral We refer, of course, to the biography of his old friend Walker who was in charge of the Nicaragua Survey of and neighbor, James Russell Lowell. The more we 1898. At the same time Messrs. McClurg will also recur to this biography the more are we impressed issue a new edition of Mr. Henry I. Sheldon's “ Notes with its judicious use of materials and its constructive excellence. For the sake of his literary memory, we on the Nicaragua Canal,” uniform in style with Lieu- tenant Walker's book. are glad that Mr. Scudder has left us this magnum opus. His personal memory needs no such aid, as far as those “ The Land of Sunshine," under its new name of who were privileged to know him are concerned. It is *Out West," continues to be what it has been hitherto, the memory of a scholar and a gentleman, of a clear only “ more so." Dominated by the vigorous person- intelligence and an engaging character. ality of its editor, Mr. Charles F. Lummis, it preaches with no uncertain sound the doctrine of national righteousness. Its belief in the West as the only sec- tion of the country in which sound minds in sound TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. bodies are possible is insisted upon with possibly too February, 1902. much of strenuousness; but the fierce diatribes of the Abbott, Dr. Lyman. H. W. Mabie. World's Work. -editor against the crowded and effete East are to be Agriculture under Cloth. Arthur Goodrich. World's Work. taken as humorous affectations rather than as serious America's Commercial Invasion. F. A. Vanderlip. Scribner. propositions. In its new form, the magazine is more Anarchism, Treatment of. Henry Holt. Review of Reviews. profusely illustrated than ever. A fine poem by Miss Battle-ship, Launching a, from Congressional Ways. No. Am. Sharlot M. Hall emphasizes the new departure taken Belgium's Art Crusade. C. M. Robinson. Harper. by Mr. Lummis and his associates. Better Half, The. Edward S. Thacher. Harper. Birds, Journeyings of. F. H. Knowlton. Popular Science. We spoke the other day of the late William Ellery Black Belt, Theology versus Thrift in the. Popular Science. Channing as having constituted a link between our own Browning in Venice. Katharine de Kay Bronson. Century -age and the past. Our age has been linked to a still Butler, President, of Columbia. Review of Reviews. remoter past by the poet whose death must now be California Big Trees. R. T. Fisher. World's Work. chronicled. Aubrey De Vere was born in 1814, and Cathedral, Building of a. Roger Riordan. Century. became a name in English poetry sixty years ago. Cathedral, Uses of a. Henry C. Potter. Century. Since then, upwards of a score of volumes in verse and Chicago's River Harbor. Elliott Flower. Century. China, Settlement with. Mark B. Dunnell. Forum. prose have borne that name, and won for their writer Cleveland. William Allen White. McClure. an honorable place among English men of letters. A Cleveland, Best Governed City in the World. World's Work Wordsworthian in spirit, baving also some affinities College-Man as Leader. R. H. Thurston. Popular Science with Shelley, his poetry will richly repay examination. College Presidency, Training for. F.P. Graves. Forum. Fortunately, we have the volume of selections which College Professors and the Public. Bliss Perry. Atlantic. Mr. G. E. Wood berry made eight years ago, represent- Criminals, Reformation of. J. Franklin Fort. Forum. ing the poet's work in its variety and at its best. We Cuba's New President. Review of Reviews. particularly recommend this book together with its Dependent Children in Indiana, Care of. Forum. sympathetic critical introduction. Aubrey De Vere's England, February in. Edward Thomas. Atlantic. Environment and Sex in Human Culture. Popular Science. volume of personal “Recollections” will be remembered Foreign Element in Our Population, Assimilation of. Forum. by many readers. Among many titles, the following Frontier Gone at Last. Frank Norris. World's Work. may be named: “The Search after Proserpine," "The Gaucho's Day's Work. William Bulfin. World's Work. Legends of St. Patrick,” “ Alexander the Great," Goldsmith's Deserted Village. Austin Dobson. Harper. .“ Antar and Zara,” “St. Thomas of Canterbury," and Grain-Buyers' Trust, A. C.H. Matson. Review of Reviews. “The Foray of Queen Meave.” Hugo, Victor, Fame of. George McL. Harper. Atlantic. Just before the last number of THE DIAL was issued, Ice Jam, An April. Judson Grenell. World's Work. Industrial Peace, Conference for. O.S. Straus. No. American. but too late for mention upon that occasion, came the Infancy, Strong Points of. E. S. Martin. Harper. news of the death of Horace Elisha Scudder, at his Isthmian Ship-Canal, Proposed. W. H. Burr. Scribner. home in Cambridge. Even at this late hour we must Japan's National Debt. Yasufumi Sawaki. No, American. find a few words to say of a man who played an im Li Hung Chang. Gilbert Reid. Forum. 96 [Feb. 1, THE DIAL The Writings of James Monroe. Edited by Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, Vol. V., 1807-1816. Large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 390. G.P. Putnam's Sons. $5. net. (Sold only in sets.) Zuri Folk Tales. Recorded and translated by Frank Ham- ilton Cushing; with Introduction by J. W. Powell. Illus.. large 8vo, uncut, pp. 474. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3,50 net, The Art of Life. By R. de Maulde la Clavière; trang. by George Herbert Ely. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 342. G. P. Putnam's Song. $1.75 net. Oxford Studies. 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The Salt-Box House Gilt top. $1.50 net. By JANE DE FOREST SHELTON. Eighteenth Century Life in a New England Hill Town. Beautifully illustrated with six full-page drawings by JOHN HENDERSON BETTS of Philadelphia. The success of Miss Shelton's book led the publishers to add to its literary charm some sketches which greatly increase the Colonial atmosphere of the book. Benj. H. Sanborn & Co. BOSTON – CHICAGO-LONDON Secondary School and College Text Books CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED THE BAKER & TAYLOR Co., NEW YORK THE DIAL - A Semi.fMonthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAOL 112 C THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION. each month. TERMS or SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries Rarely has the educational world experienced comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the such a thrill as was aroused by the announce- current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or ment of Mr. Carnegie's offer to the nation of postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and ten million dollars for the establishment of an for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished institution to encourage research and the cause on application. All communications should be addressed to of learning. As the terms of the endowment, THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. the special purposes of the foundation, the se- lection of the trustees, the choice of Dr. Gilman No. 376. FEBRUARY 16, 1902. Vol. XXXII. for the presidency of the institution, success- ively became known, the thrill of expectancy CONTENTS. became a happy assurance that the tidings were joyous indeed. "THE CARNEGIE FOUNDATION. Joseph Jastrow 109 There is so much aimless and undiscerning discussion in regard to educational ends and MR. PINERO'S LATEST DRAMA. Martin W. needs and values and methods — and much of Sampson it unfortunately emanating from high places COMMUNICATIONS 115 and influential voices — that it is but natural Tests of Culture. Celia Parker Woolley. that, more than occasionally, men of wealth Poetry in Politics in Japan. Ernest W. Clement. with benevolent intentions become distracted Another Protest againgt“ Proven." Edwin F. Mack. amid the clamor of hungry mouths, and in the LORD CHIEF JUSTICE RUSSELL. Percy Favor end yet another instance of misdirected phil- Bicknell anthropy is added to a long list. One is often tempted, under the inspiration or the irritation THE LATEST CRITICISM OF AMERICA. A. M. of so much misguided effort and weakly in- Wergeland vested capital, to favor the appointment of a THEORIES OF LIFE AND CONDUCT. Claric S. national Director of Philanthropy, and give Northup 121 bim dictatorial power to shower philanthropic millions where the consensus of informed THOMAS'S LIFE OF SCHILLER. W. H. Carruth 122 judgment believed it to be most potential of AN AMATEUR IN MEXICO. Frederick Starr ... 124 future benefits. Yet in the light of recent benefactions it would be both unjust and un- THE SCOPE OF FAITH. John Bascom . 126 Savage's The Passing and the Permanent in Relig. kind to repeat the pessimistic dictum that the ion. - Fiske's Life Everlasting. – Two Centuries of only good sort of a benefactor is a dead one; Christian Activity at Yale. — Fielding's The Hearts far better is the live one who is wise enough of Men. · Bettox's Science and Christianity. - to invite the coöperation of experienced and Frank's The Doom Dogma and the Dawn of Truth.-M’Intosh's Is Christ Infallible and the Bible scholarly men, and to entrust to such men, True ?— Morgan's Theology at the Dawn of the without hampering restrictions or narrowing Twentieth Century. conditions, the supreme task of breathing the breath of life into the body corporate which BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 127 the munificent gift supplies. Mr. Carnegie The fallen Stuarts and their influence.- Latest re- searches in “Mycenean" civilization. The founder has erected a supremely worthy monument and of the order of St. Francis.- Lincoln among his con- inscribed it “ To the man who knows !” Such temporaries. - Royal habitations in London. - An conspicuous recognition of learning as an expert indispensable manual for the printer and writer. - art of national consequence is most exhilar- The principles of perspective in art and nature. ating, - especially in contrast to the more Story of the Pennsylvania Dutch.- Literature in Europe in the early 16th century.- A short life of general distrust of learning and the thinly. Paul Jones. veiled condescension toward its professors, which a common worship at the shrine of ma- NOTES 130 terial success has made prevalent. LIST OF NEW BOOKS. 132 • In the broadest and most liberal manner . • 117 . . . 110 [Feb. 16, THE DIAL to encourage investigation, research, and dis- widespread prestige and appreciation of suc- covery, to show the application of knowledge cessful intellectual endeavor which it is likely to the improvement of mankind "; "to increase to disseminate. the efficiency of the Universities ... by aid Without assuming the uncertain rôle of the ing teachers in the various institutions in ex prophet, one may recognize in the Carnegie perimental and other work ”; “ to discover the foundation a powerful instrument for the ad- exceptional man in every department of study, vancement of learning, and one may anticipate whenever and wherever found, and enable him eminent success from the wise determination by financial aid to make the work for which he of the makers of this instrument to focus it seems specially designed his life work"; " to upon a specific field of influence. Such a policy secure, if possible, for the United States of is far better than the duplication of existing America leadership in the domain of discovery resources at the national capital (with its al- and the utilization of new forces for the benefit most inevitable entanglement with political of man "'; - such are the expressed purposes aspirations), which the well-meaning enthus- of the Carnegie endowment. That they will iasts for a national University had been so be both liberally and wisely interpreted, and loudly advocating. We may interpret Mr. likewise vigorously administered, is assured by Carnegie's assurance that “ were Washington the fortunate selection of the directive head still with us, his finely balanced judgment would of the institution. As president of the Johns decide that, in our generation at least, such use Hopkins University, Dr. Gilman has exhibited of wealth would not be the best as a patriotic two qualities which are most needed for success tribute to the father of his country; yet it in educational pioneering. He showed his testifies as well to the wise dominance of pro- ability to discover the real significance and the gressive educational principles in the framing real weakness of an educational situation, and of the institution that is to be. True is it that steadfastly to adhere with singleness of purpose the plan is an innovation and carries with it. to the chosen goal of his activity ; he recog- the element of venture incident to untried ex- nized more fully than any other at the time periments; yet “ he that will not apply new the necessity for graduate study in the Ameri- remedies must expect new evils, for time is the can University and the practical possibilities greatest innovator.' What we demand of in- of its development. And he showed himself And he showed himself novation is that it shall be born of ripe judg- peculiarly successful in selecting at a compar ment and bear promise of conformity with the atively early stage of their development the natural trend of evolution. An Englishman, men of promise who were to be the leaders of himself a Conservative, defined Conservatism their craft in the near future. Unlike the as the unwillingness to adopt a newer way of mother in the play who dismissed the promis- doing things until it was shown to be a better ing young men who presented themselves as way. Under that dictum we should all be Con- suitors for her daughter's hand in a vain servatives, no doubt; yet we should continue search for a man who had his future behind to differ as to the kind of evidence necessary him, Dr. Gilman appreciated the stimulus to to produce such conviction ; and an unreason- achievement that comes of timely recognition, able and over-cautious disinclination to venture and the assumption of high responsibilities. a hazard of new fortunes will ever be charac- He was willing to follow Mark Twain's philo-teristic of some sorts of men. Conservatism sophic advice to “put all your eggs in one in education has been a peculiarly hampering basket and watch that basket." Even more - though not rarely also a saving - influence; fundamental was the recognition thus accorded and this, because convention, crystallized tra- to the vital, though not self-evident, truth that dition, and worship of the status quo (to say men of outwardly equal rank are born and nothing of the indolent comfort of a policy of develop with conspicuous inequality. To dis- laissez faire), have been such constant and cover the exceptional man and to provide him potent factors in the history of educational with the environment suitable to the richest reforms. Latterly, our transgressions have fruitage of his talents, constitutes an invest changed somewhat in character. We are doubt- ment of material and intellectual resources of less as ready as is good for us to try new the very highest possible value, whether meas methods, to establish new curricula, to discard ured by the practical benefits inevitably to flow ancient traditions, to bow down before new therefrom, by the reflex stimulation of learning theories and proclaim, not a royal, but a demo- which it is certain to encourage, or by the I cratically short-cut road to learning. Yet to a 1902.] 111 THE DIAL discerning and disinterested observer the edu at once place the case upon a more hopeful cational hives of industry where these products footing. It is not well to chill the optimism are put together, would seem more like great of the friends of the investigative career, or to repair shops than smoothly-working and well restrain the joyous belief of underpaid and ordered factories. We putter and fuss and overburdened professors that there is a good talk glibly of growth and improvement, while time coming ; yet it is well to remind ourselves the really vital problems receive neither dis- of the slow growth and careful nurture that cussion nor any other helpful form of attention. such ideals require. Not to all who wearily It is at such a time, when the few are striving climb the hill to see from afar the pleasing with strained vision to foresee and direct the prospect, will it be granted to enter in and next stages in educational unfoldment, that the possess the promised land. Yet the influence innovator provided with material means and of this message of good will to productive au- intellectual resources finds his opportunity. thorship is sure to penetrate far and wide. The expressed purpose of the Carnegie founda Likewise is it worthy of note that the in- tion “to promote original research, paying vestigative career, and doubtless the mission great attention thereto, as being one of the of the Carnegie institution, embraces a far wider chief purposes of the institution," indicates a scope than the application of scientific princi- serious attempt to remedy one of the great ples to practical arts and inventions. Investi- deficiencies of our academic organization, and gations likely to reach the self-supporting stage to make the devotion to research as a life without too long or costly an infancy are the occupation as well established and as worthy ones least needful of philanthropic protection. in dignity, attainments, and reputation as the When pecuniary profit seems likely, the neces- highest positions devoted to the dissemination sary “ angel” to safeguard the auspicious vent- of learning by teaching. ure is usually, though not always, to be found. The lack of a proper income, the lack of Far more typical of the career which requires leisure, the lack of inducements toward the fostering care and helpful stimulus is that of investigative career, the lack of a congenial at the scholar in any one of the sciences or hu- mosphere to nurture such devotion to research manities, at present laboring with inadequate as survives among the professorial and allied means and amid distracting obligations, to classes, — these are of a nature all compact; penetrate a step farther into some unexplored and together constitute one of the most serious recess of nature's Africa, to interpret the sig. adversities incident to the academic life in nificance of social and political tendencies, to America. A partial alleviation of any one of restate for present-day needs some chapter of these is certain to prove a partial alleviation the story of human evolution, or some pertinent of all; and it is because the founders of the aspect of the forces that make for culture and Carnegie institution have recognized in these civilization. “To discover the exceptional needs a fundamental weakness of the present man in every department of study, whenever educational outlook, and because they foresee and wherever found” suggests a pleasingly the great practical opportunity to administer liberal interpretation of the purposes and the to these needs, that the Carnegie foundation scope of the investigative career, and gives must be set down as an event of extraordinary promise of a broad as well as a profound de- consequence. This pronounced defect in Amer votion to the cause of productive scholarship. ican Universities has naturally not escaped And it does more than this : for it recognizes notice. It is most forcibly and discerningly that creative industry demands its own condi- set forth in Professor Münsterberg's arraign. tions and will not respond to arbitrary demands ment of the dearth of productive scholarship nor imposed conventions. The Muse is coy in this country (" Atlantic Monthly," June, and the Sphinx is dumb; and success is to wit 1901); and his keen diagnosis of the cause of as well as to valor. It is difficult enough under the malady is as wholesome reading as is his most favorable circumstances to direct intel- prescription of the remedy that is to be applied, lectual energy into the most profitable channels. along with the directions for its application. In If we but knew where lies El Dorado surely the ordinary course of events public sentiment there would be no lack of philanthropic enter- upon this topic would have had to be well prise to equip expeditions for such tempting shaken before the remedy would have been rewards. But as things are, the least and the taken. The fortunate appearance of Mr. Car most we can do, is to provide that some future negie's devotion will act as a stimulus that will Columbus need not go begging from court to 112 (Feb. 16, THE DIAL court for a few ships to start him upon his riage is impossible unless conditions change materi- voyage of discovery, nor have to encounter the ally. Chief among Iris's rejected suitors is Fred. growing dissatisfaction and the threatened mu- erick Maldonado, an immensely wealthy Jew of Spanish-American extraction, who, despite his re- tiny of his crew because the shores of the new world are not soon enough in sight. jection, is at any moment at Iris's call. Beside him, Trenwith is but a boy, physically and intel- Yet last as first, the success of such projects lectually. These three characters are the protag- as that inaugurated by Mr. Carnegie depends onists, and the dramatic problem is to develop out upon the individuality of the men who are to of the obviously unstable equilibrium of the initial direct its fortunes. It is men that make a situation a series of incidents that shall make out University and differentiate one academic of Iris's playing with her chances an inevitable ruin. milieu from another; and next to them, or, bet This problem Mr. Pinero handles with entire sin. ter, because of them, the intellectual atmosphere cerity and outspokenness, and without vulgarity. in which they live and move and pass on to He has thought out his subject, if not convincingly, others the lights that they have kept burning. at least in a way that is fair and above board. He has no desire to make vice attractive, any more The deepest cause for congratulation is that a than he has to disguise the consequences of sin. gift so potent for good should have been so Indeed, he has given a striking proof of his sincerity wisely given ; that with good intentions has in depriving himself of one of the playwright's re- been united good counsel. For “the greatest wards : he does not once let the curtain go down trust between man and man is the trust of on a situation that tempts to spontaneous applause; giving counsel, for in other confidences men and this from a dramatist who, even in a disagree- commit the parts of life — their lands, their able situation (witness the scène à faire in “Qaex"), goods, their child, their credit, some particular can keep an audience alert with sympathetic inter- affair; but to such as they make their coun. est. It is a sacrifice of the continuous effect of sellors they commit the whole.” approval for the sake of the ultimate effect, as if Mr. Pinero had said, “I do not care how the play JOSEPH JASTROW. is received at any given moment, if I can have my audience go away in thought.” That effect, at least, is secured. MR. PINERO'S LATEST DRAMA. The play begins with Iris's farewell dinner party before she goes to the Continent for the summer. Mr. Pinero, the most conspicuous English dra Most of the first scene is purely expository: the matist of the day, is a playwright who seeks to say guests tell each other what an attractive woman something, and who says it with no small amount Iris is, and the praises of “our divinity” are scat- of dramatic technique. He succeeds thereby in tered lavishly through the first three acts. So far having his utterance heard by an extremely large as the play is concerned, Iris does absolutely noth- number of people, and in provoking a good deal of ing to deserve the extravagant eulogies, for in words sober second thought. The casual first impressions and actions she is not lovable, witty, or sensible ; of his latest drama have now had time to fade, and we must take her on faith. It is remarkable that it may be worth while to put together the impres modern” a dramatist as Mr. Pinero shonld sions aroused by several bearings of the play. revert to the undramatic, old-fashioned novelist's The story of “Iris” must by this time be fa trick of telling us how charming his heroine is, lest miliar to all readers of current dramatic criticism. perchance we should not discover it from what she Briefly, it is the tragic downfall of a weak-willed, says and does. The initial situation is leisurely attractive woman to whom the luxuries of life are put before us. Iris's friend and man of business, necessities, and the necessities — love and honor Archie (it is mostly first names in the play — there are, one bad almost said, luxuries. About this char are no outsiders), finds occasion to tell Iris that her acter is woven an interesting and depressing plot, friendship for Trenwith is causing gossip,-scandal. whose structure and doctrine I propose to discuss, She is surprised and pained, but immediately other by way of testing the reality of Mr. Pinero's art. guests enter, and there is talk and more talk. As Iris, a widow of twenty-six, will lose her fortune the scene closes, with the guests going down to din- if she remarries. The suitors whose wealth would ner, Iris holds Maldonado back for a moment and make this condition insignificant do not move her, promises to become his wife. The real action bas and the one man who attracts her fancy is a pen now begun: Iris is to marry Freddy Maldonado to niless young fellow, Trenwith, a burden to his rela. put a stop to the scandalous and false reports. The tions, who have, as a final act of charity, found an curtain immediately goes up on the same scene; opening for him in British Columbia. He would dinner is over. This device of splitting up an act willingly leave England but for his infatuation with into episodes, marked by the dropping of the cur- Iris, who lets him dance attendance on her, perhaps tain merely to indicate the lapse of time, is several in the hope that through some acquaintance or other times effectively employed. The guests are about a good position may yet be found for him. Mar to go. Trenwith begs Iris for a few minutes after BO 1902.) 113 THE DIAL the rest have gone. She tells him that Maldonado not, she begs him to delay another month before has asked for the same privilege ; Trenwith per they face the question of the future ; and Trenwith sists ; then sbe suddenly relents, and tells him to agrees. A few minutes that Fanny and Croker then come after Maldonado has gone. Alone with have together suffice to emphasize Fanny's dread of “Maldo,” she repulses his caresses, and tells him the gossip that is now on in full cry indeed. Fanny's fairly that she does not love him, and that she can hesitating unwillingness to believe the worst, and only engage to be the mistress of his house, “ faith Croker's impassioned appeal to believe only the fally and honorably.” Maldonado hears her with best, come to the spectator, who knows that the indignant surprise, but impetuously declares that worst is true, as the keenest of dramatic irony. he will take his chance. The third episode of the This finely balanced scene closes at the re-entrance act brings Iris and Trenwith together. Thunder of Iris and her lover. Suddenly, as the four friends struck at her engagement, the young fellow bege are at déjeuner. Croker stumbles upon a newspaper her to break it, to marry him and go out with him paragraph that means financial ruin to them all: to the ranch. Iris is obdurate: she is " not fit to Archie has absconded, after losing all their money be a poor man's wife," she tells Trenwith, speaking in speculation. Croker and Fanny are penniless, to him as frankly as she had spoken to Maldo. In and Iris, the luxurious, has left bat a hundred and a sadden passion of despair, Trenwith kisses her; fifty pounds a year. Upon this desolate group, just and as if carried away by her affection for the as the curtain drops, saunters Maldonado, the mill- younger man, Iris writes a hasty word to Maldo, ionaire. This act has been simple and straight- breaking the engagement, and cries to Trenwith, forward in its development. The calamity is well “ Follow me to Switzerland." led up to, and the characters speak without ambig- Thas much, with somewhat inert movement, the uity. The dramatist has now stated the second first act bas presented. Stated bluntly, the first phase of the problem: a woman who has refused phase of the problem is : given this woman, who is poverty with the man she loves, and luxury with the fond of comfort, and who is offered an honorable man she does not love, and has chosen the hazard- choice between love without laxury, and luxury ous lot of unwedded love which preserves her lux- where she does not love, she will seek to evade the ary, is deprived of the independent wealth that choice, that she may have both of the things she alone made the doubtful position tenable for a desires, even at a frightful cost. The play has re- while. What will she do now? vealed this dramatic weakness, however : Iris has What she does, and what, moreover, she will do, pledged her word and then has broken it; and in the strong third act makes perfectly apparent. Like spite of all the dialogue, one does not fully know the first act, the third is in three episodes, each why she has done either. However obscure her with its central incident, its controlling emotion, reasons may be to her, to the spectator they should and each hurrying on the story, if not irresistibly, be absolutely lucid. Instead of using incident to yet powerfully. First of all, Iris announces her interpret character, Mr. Pinero has devoted his first engagement to Trenwith. The marriage is not to act to describing character which is expected to in take place at once, for Trenwith is at last to go to terpret incident. The slow movement is then a British Columbia, and is to come back in two or structural weakness, and not a too full elaboration But as Trenwith prepares to go, it is of a well-arranged scheme. Maldonado who dominates the scene. His generous The second act, six weeks later, is at Lake Como, offers of aid have been refused by each one of whither not merely Trenwith, but Fanny Sylvain Archie's victims; it only remains for them to part and Croker Harrington, have followed Iris. Fanny and try their luck as best they may. Wineglass in (an intimate friend of Iris) and Croker (one of the band Maldonado makes a long and flowery speech, several rejected suitors) are practically the Chorus proposing Trenwith's health and happy return to of this on-Greek drama; devoted to their heroine, his loving and virtuous fiancée. The sneer is well- they sing her praises in and out of season ; and in concealed, but it immediately defines Maldonado's default of lyric odes, favor the spectators with epi position as the disturbing element of the drama. grams that are the only enlivening features of the The following episode contains the best and also play. The comparison to the Chorus is not entirely one of the least satisfying moments in the play. fanciful: Mr. Pinero has cut down his real action The dawn breaks upon Iris and Trenwith, who have to three figures, and Iris's two devoted friends have put off the final parting until the last moment. as their main function only to pass comment on the Through sheer weariness, Iris has fallen asleep, and drama of which they are spectators. This office is as the watching Trenwith awakens her, she starts vividly performed in this act, after Iris and Tren up to the horror of the cold, rainy dawn, which with have bad a dialogue alone together. Trenwith sends all the courage out of her blood. Again (who does not at any time in the play win the spec Trenwith asks her to marry him and come with tator's sympathy) tries to make a stand: he has him, and again Iris refuses, this time because she enough manhood in him to feel that the situation is would prove to him that she can bear poverty alone becoming impossible - his small remnant of money and thereby be worthy to become bis wife. Tren- is disappearing, and the ranch is his only hope ; Iris with does not urge her (he is after all but a puppet would have him take her money, and when he will in Mr. Pinero's hands), and here of course at a three years. 114 (Feb. 16, THE DIAL critical moment the play is structurally weak. The purposes the dramatist has kept the spectator ig. plot demands that Iris and Trenwith shall be sep norant of Iris's downright suffering and abject arated, and the dramatist seems content with any poverty before she fell to Maldonado. However reason instead of the one inevitable reason. A rea effective the story is at this point, its previous sup- son, indeed, he takes the trouble to provide, but he pression has had the effect of making us judge Iris establishes no connection between it and what has more sternly than if we had known the whole truth. gone before. This process of going back only one This is dubious dramatic art, to sacrifice a sym- step, instead of creating a train of events, is now pathy and then try to regain it by an impassioned seen to be the explanation of the structural weak. explanation. The grief-stricken recital does not ness of the first act. But this important objection win over the dazed Trenwith. To Iris's cry, “ Take waived, the rest of the scene under consideration is me back with you!” he can only reiterate, “ I am superb, and rises to a lofty moral tone instinct with sorry-extremely sorry," and leave the room slowly dramatic quality as Iris cries out to her lover, and with downcast head. Maldonado bursts in, and “Remember me always, but forget more than you after a fiery denunciation of the woman, drives her remember when you come back to me, come as out into the night. Then he impotently smashes to a stranger.” The concluding episode of the act some vases, the curtain falls, and the spectator is is quick and decisive. Maldonado offers to Iris a left to phrase for himself the solution of the prob- cheque-book, which she refuses to accept, but he lem. One emerges on the dark and crowded leaves it, asking her to destroy it herself if she will streets, half expecting to see the deserted woman not use it. The amount deposited to her credit “is wandering aimlessly along. Perhaps this is Mr. but a few hundreds - or thousands." The first Pinero's meaning; we are given no other clue. One cheque is almost immediately drawn. Fanny's suddenly thinks of suicide as Iris's alternative : will niece, a young girl who has fluttered through the she accept it or enter the ranks of lost women? In play just to be utilized in this scene, tells Iris that any event, the solution is tragic. Miss Pingent, who used to be Iris's companion, has When one attempts to find out precisely what also been one of Archie's victims. Iris's quick the play means, he finds his way blocked by the sympathy brings the cheque-book into use. The dramatist's apparent wavering between the conven- step is taken ; when she leaves the house she takes tional and the unconventional points of view. This the cheque-book with her; and the spectator fore- prevents the play from declaring a clear moral sees the end. The third phase of the problem, now principle. I do not use the term in its conventional indeed hardly a problem, is phraseable thus : Iris, sense, for morality is too large a thing ever to be who will risk scandal for the sake of the man she conventionalized effectively. But I do not see that loves, is unable to brave the conditions of life that the play stands for any specific idea. Very obvi- such love renders imperative; accident will take ously Mr. Pinero does not intend his play to be her whither it will. judged by conventional standards; his Iris is too In the fourth act, two years later, the foreseen poignant a presentation of character to be regarded has happened. As Maldonado's mistress, Iris is as a type to be labelled and thus disposed of. The installed in luxury. In this act there is little move author means her pitiful case to be judged upon its ment, and much dialogue, pitiless and resentful, be individual merits ; and yet at the end, is it not the tween Maldo and Iris. Maldo offers her marriage, very height of conventional morality to take refuge but Iris scornfully puts off consideration of a step in the banal conclusion of punishing the woman and that could not rehabilitate her in her own self- letting her two partners in guilt go free? To my esteem. Iris's last remaining friend, Croker, enters, mind, Mr. Pinero's remarkable play falls into the and Maldo leaves them alone together. One does logical fallacy of insisting on the special case while not often see on the stage more pathetic incidents having in reserve only the general verdict. If Iris than Iris's eager, heart-broken listening to Croker's is by nature a vulgar courtesan, only withheld by account of Fanny's wedding and the people who circumstances from the inevitable end, then the were there — "I knew them all, I knew them all.” conclusion is logical; but every word of the first Croker tells, too, of the return of Trenwith, ignor- four acts pleads the reverse : if at any moment she ant of all that has happened, save that Iris has might fall, so at any moment she might be redeemed. ceased to write to him. The meeting that Iris In reality, Iris's fall is more accidental than inevit- craves is arranged, after Croker's final cry against able. To urge that the end happens as it might his own degradation to a mere go-between Croker happen in life is to waive the question ; for art has is by the way the best piece of character portrayal hardly the right to make the accidental seem rep- in the play); and Maldo who, by a not too ingen resentative. Mr. Pinero uses his art to interpret ious device of piecing the fragments of a torn letter, Iris's strange character, but when one expects the has discovered the plan, prepares to overhear the final word of interpretation, one hears only the meeting. The fourth phase, then, is that the wo blunt record. Thus the play leaves its hearers an- man has found the futility of luxury and craves satisfied, but the disappointment is of a kind that only her heart's desire. an inferior play could not produce. In the moving fifth act, Iris tells Trenwith her MARTIN W. SAMPSON. whole story. For dramatic--or rather theatrical London, England. 1 1 1902.) 115 THE DIAL POETRY IN POLITICS IN JAPAN. COMMUNICATIONS. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) The Japanese are quite like Silas Wegg, — prone to TESTS OF CULTURE. drop off into poetry; and this propensity has recently (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) displayed itself in a funny way. Baron Kanaguchi, I have read Mr. Payne's article, in your issue of Vice-Minister of the Imperial Household, suddenly re- January 16, on “Recent American Poetry,” in which signed. That he was compelled to resign was the gen- he relates a story of Mr. Herbert Spencer, who some- eral impression, which was strengthened by the following where speaks scornfully of the man who is not ashamed verses which he composed and published on retiring to be ignorant of the Eustachian tubes, but who would from office: blush if caught saying “Iphigénia." Mr. Payne, com- “Kako wa kumo, Mirai wa mizu ya menting, expresses his “sympathy rather than scorn Yuki-botoke. for such a man, adding: “One can be well-educated without knowing anything of the Eustachian tubes, but “Saraba tote ignorance concerning the pronunciation of Iphigenia' Oyeba niguru ya betokens a defect of culture.” Fuyu no hai." I read this twice to make sure whether the writer This may be translated: were in earnest or only practising a little humorous “The past a cloud, aside upon us. If in earnest, then it seems to me his The future water Or a snow-image. own test of culture is of the same ex parte order as that wbich he condemns in Mr. Spencer. It is the literary “Farewell then: man's definition against the scientist's. Similarly, some Driven I flee, A winter fly." scholarly divine might tell us that one can be well- educated and know nothing about either the Eustachian I take pleasure in calling the attention of similarly tubes or the right penultimate accent in the word unfortunate office-holders in the United States to this Iphigenia, but it is indispensable that one should know poetical method of facing a prosaic matter like com- all about the spelling of Jahweh and the chapter and pulsory resignation. ERNEST W. CLEMENT. verse where the second writer in Isaiah begins. A Tokyo, Japan, Jan. 16, 1902. socialistic writer and reformer would probably reject all three of these tests, and declare that that alone was true culture which included a perfect knowledge of the ANOTHER PROTEST AGAINST “PROVEN." (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) wage system and how to rescue the submerged tenth. The artist would tell us that whatever we did or did A correspondent in a recent issue of THE DIAL is not know, we must, if we make any pretensions to cul- annoyed at the growing use of proven for proved. He ture, understand the difference between a life-study says it is “a distressing perversion” and “a silly affec- and a drawing from the flat. The musician would say tation of an unreal archaism." This is serious; and, we must have a perfect comprehension of the intricacies worse still, our leading newspapers and magazines are of Brahms and the harmonic subtleties of Wagner. “every week, if not every day," saying proven. He And so on! Each bas his own definition of what we call very properly remarks that “instruction will have but culture, or of what constitutes an educated man; but little effect if we are constantly to have before us such must we depend upon or be limited to any one of these weighty examples to the contrary." judgments? Is there not a definition, or at least an Writers and speakers are too apt to imagine that they ideal, larger and truer ? Is culture to be measured may make new words or modify old ones to suit their by one's proficiency in any single branch of human taste or convenience. They appear to consider words knowledge, gathered from books, the study, laboratory, only as tools for aiding and expressing thought, and, or workshop? Is it not rather to be defined in terms like other tools, subject to change as convenience or of life and human experience, as spiritual energy and fancy may dictate. In the fusion of the elements of power? If this idea seems too wide and vague, cer- our language the people seem to have helped themselves tainly the others mentioned fall far short of the real to French and Saxon prefixes, suffixes, inflectional end- requirements. ings, and other loose word-material, to suit their needs Emerson told us long ago that culture “kills exag- and fancy, without strict regard at all times for the geration, the conceit of our village or city." It also sanctity of pedigrees or grammatical rules. However, kills the conceit of our particular calling or point of the laws of “old English inflectional endings” are view. “Man's culture can spare nothing, wants all the greater than the people, and must be observed at all hazards. material.” It begins “in the organic effort of Nature to mount and meliorate,” its end being “ to convert the The dissyllabic form proven seems a little easier to Furies into Muses and the hells into benefit." say, and sounds a little more euphonious than proved All this without disparagement to Mr. Payne, whose with its “y” and “d” following each other without a literary reviews in The Dial are of great value to all relieving vowel sound between. Proven has, also, grown who read, and one of its indispensable features. I am somewhat familiar to us in poetry, and in the Scots one of many who, in the rush of books from the modern verdict “ Not proven.” Perhaps, too, there is to the press, am quite content he should do a large share of popular mind just a little more of homely strength, a my reading for me, especially in the way of present- little more proof, in proven. However, these slightly day fiction and poetry, where he is a recognized expert. extenuating circumstances are far from excusing “a silly affectation of an unreal archaism." CELIA PARKER WOOLLEY. EDWIN F. MACK. Chicago, Feb. 7, 1902. Chicago, Feb. 9, 1902. 116 (Feb. 16, THE DIAL The New Books. prosperity was reached in 1893, when his fees amounted to 22,517 pounds. In 1894 he was appointed Lord Chief Justice, succeeding Lord LORD CHIEF JUSTICE RUSSELL.* Coleridge who had just died. Before that he Disraeli, as quoted in the work under review, had held the office of Attorney-General, and once “ described the legal mind as chiefly dis- had been made a Lord of Appeal. He was playing itself in illustrating the obvious, ex- proud to declare himself the first Roman Cath- plaining the evident, and expatiating on the olic attorney.general, and the first Roman commonplace”; and the reported utterances Catholic chief justice, since the Reformation; of even so eminent a jurist as Lord Russell and it is interesting to note that Gladstone would hardly seem to abate the keenness of endeavored to have the chancellorship thrown this thrust. The qualities of mind that insure open to Catholics for his benefit. A premature success at the bar are not brilliance, high cre- death terminated his career, at the height of ative genius, or great originality; they are his usefulness and wbile his fame was still rather common sense, clear-headedness, energy, growing, August 10, 1900. indomitable perseverance, and self-control. His biography, by Mr. R. Barry O'Brien, These latter endowments the late Lord Chief barrister-at-law, a fellow-countryman and co- Justice possessed in an eminent degree; and to religionist, is sympathetic and highly interest- them he added the combativeness, quickness of ing. Devoted as it is almost exclusively to repartee, and the fiery temper, together with Russell's professional activity, and written so the impulsive warm-heartedness, that charac soon after his death, it cannot be pronounced terize the true son of Erin. The fact that he the best possible or most authoritative and dis- visited this country on at least two occasions, passionate memoir of the man; but its pages that be delivered the address before the Amer breathe his personality, and the narrative moves ican Bar Association in 1896, that be pleaded on with all the briskness and breeziness one the cause of Great Britain in the Behring Sea could desire. controversy, and was one of the arbitrators in Although he advocated home rule for Ire- the Venezuelan dispute, lend his life an added land, and appeared as Parnell's counsel before interest for us. the Parnell Commission, Lord Russell never Charles Russell was born at Newry, County joined the Irish party, but remained a Liberal Down, in 1832. He was fortunate in his par in politics. Yet no Irishman was ever more entage : his father was neither rich nor poor, unflinchingly true to the land of his birth. A and was warmly attached to his children; his friend once said to him, “ Russell, if you could mother was comely in person, energetic, clear-only give up your Irish brogue, it would be beaded, and strong-willed, and something of a worth to you at least another 500 pounds a Spartan in domestic discipline. To the mother, year.” “ I would not give it up,” was the rather than to the father, Charles seems to reply, “ for the additional 500 pounds.” The bave owed the qualities that afterwards made activity that enabled him to crowd four days' him famous. In 1838 the family removed to work into each twenty-four hours, is illustrated Killowen, a beautiful spot on Carlingford in the following: Lough. After reading law, and after a brief “ Russell could not sit quietly in chambers. He had career as solicitor in Belfast, young Russell to do some practical thing. If he (was) not working, decided to fit himself for the English bar. he was walking. Action was the principle of bis life. First completing his education at Trinity Col- One day he came into the robing-room at St. George's Hall, Liverpool. Several members of the Junior Bar lege, Dublin, he hastened to London and en were standing round the fire. Why are you loafing tered at Lincoln's Inn. Called to the bar in about here ?' he said; "why don't you do something?' 1859, be threw himself heart and soul into his • We have nothing to do,' said the Junior Bar. Why don't you go to the races ?' he rejoined; do some- profession. His experience as a briefless bar- thing, don't be moping.'” rister was short: before the close of the year he had made 117 pounds, 261 pounds was his The allurements of both the green table and income for the next twelve months, and after the green turf were too much for Russell's that, for several years, he annually doubled his powers of resistance, at least before he had the receipts. The high-water mark of his pecuniary dignity of the Bench to maintain, and he is said to have squandered his princely income as * THE LIFE OF LORD RUSSELL OF KILLOWEN. By R. Barry O'Brien. With a Portrait and Facsimiles. New fast as he made it, and to have been more York: Longmans, Green, & Co. noted for his debts than for his subscriptions . II .. . -- . .. ... ::: 1902.] 117 THE DIAL this story to charitable causes. His masterful, even over. He was not a bit angry. He took it very well. * But bearing, way with judge and jury alike, is well how,' I asked, did you know it? You never read the brief; you had nothing but the note.' Quite true, my shown by an anecdote first published by Mr. boy,' said he, but I felt sure it must be so from the Charles Mathews in the “ Daily Telegraph,” lie of the other facts. The courage of the man, his and quoted by Mr. O'Brien. faith in himself, amazed me. He felt assured from the “ In Mr. Russell's young days in silk, when the late general bearings of the case, without any special knowl- Mr. Justice Denman was going the Northern Circuit, edge, that this particular thing bad happened, and he just before the rising of the Court, on a warm summer said so with complete confidence.” afternoon, some very high words were flung from the “ What is the punishment for bigamy?” Bar to the Bench in a tone and in a vehemence which was once asked him, according to report. caused the learned judge to say that he would not trust “Two mothers-in-law," was the ready reply. himself to reprove them in his then condition of sorrow • and resentment, but would take the night to consider But his biographer, we regret to add, discredits wbat he ought to do, and when they met again the Se non è vero, è ben trovato. next morning he would announce bis determination. In The last days of Lord Russell's life were considerable commotion the Court broke up, and on the darkened for him by the lamentable course of following day it was crowded in anticipation of a scene,' an anticipation somewhat encouraged by Mr. events in South Africa. His attitude as pre- Justice Denman's entry into Court with if possible siding judge at the trial of the Jameson raiders more than ordinary solemnity, and on taking his seat, it was his charge to the jury that procured commencing the business of the day by saying: •Mr. their conviction — foreshadowed his position Russell, since the Court adjourned last evening I have with reference to the Boer War. " What a had the advantage of considering with my brother judge the painful incident' . . . Upon which Russell quickly terrible business this war is,” he writes to Sir broke in with, My Lord, I beg you will not say a word Edward Frye, “and what ignorance of the more upon the subject; for I can honestly assure you forces and difficulties to be met!” And again, that I have entirely and for ever dismissed it from my in another letter to the same: 66 What a sad memory'- a turning of the tables which provoked a roar of laughter in the Court that even the learned business this war is! And what makes it judge himself could not but join in.” worse in my mind is the fact that one does not “When Russell is there,” as was once well feel assured we are wholly in the right, and that it might have been avoided." His high said of him, “ the judge is n't in it. Russell dominates every one. official station forbade him to express himself The intolerance he showed toward all stupidity, folly, verbosity, freely in this matter, and it was only in guarded utterances to trusted friends that he revealed and affectation, was voiced in his abrupt ques- tion to a pretentious coxcomb: “Have you bis hearty disapproval of his country's course. read. The Newcomes '?” “ Yes," drawled the he Despite the native pugnacity of his tempera. coxcomb. ment, he was always for arbitration rather than “Well, you are very like Barnes Newcome.” But a kind heart underlay all war, as the proper mode of settling disputes. this brusqueness. His sense of justice also was too strong to per- mit him to countenance a wrong. One of his “devils tells a story of legal PERCY FAVOR BICKNELL. acumen on Russell's part that almost amounted to inspiration. Mr. O'Brien gives the incident in the narrator's words. “I bad made a full note for him in a case. He did THE LATEST CRITICISM OF AMERICA.* not read the brief himself. He spoke from the note. I sat behind him as he was addressing the jury. Sud Professor Münsterberg's book on “ Amer- denly I remembered that I had omitted one most im- ican Traits” has already been before the read- portant fact. I was horrified. I felt the cold perspi- ration running down my back. What was I to do? If ing public in the shape of articles published I interrupted him he would be angry, and if I let him from time to time in two of our leading period. close his speech without mentioning this fact, he would icals. The subject is not new, nor the treat- be angry too. What was I to do? It was not at all ment profound ; but the author, as a foreigner an easy thing to pull him up and go into this new mat- and a professor in one of our most renowned ter. There I sat still in doubt, while Russell rattled along. Gradually he got to the point where this fact institutions of learning, cannot fail to command ought to come in, while I sat undecided, when suddenly, some attention throughout the land. Indeed, to my astonishment, out came in its proper place in the owing to their racy conversational style and narrative the fact in question. I was amazed and re- entertaining comment upon American customs lieved. How did he get it? He had never opened the brief — that I knew. As we walked away from Court * AMERICAN TRAITS, FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF A I told him how sorry I was to have left out that fact, GERMAN. By Hugo Münsterberg. Boston: Houghton, and what a funk I was in all the time he was speaking. Mifflin & Co. 118 (Feb. 16, THE DIAL and affairs, the articles have been widely read impression of sham earnestness which more and discussed. And small wonder; for the than anything else serves to discourage and zeal of the social philosopher, and perchance offend the sincere observer. reformer, is upon the Professor, and he pro Professor Münsterberg comes before the nounces many uncharitable judgments on what public with the confessed aim of creating a he regards not as the natural faults of a still better understanding between the United States youthful and essentially struggling civilization, and Germany. The way to do this, as the au- but as the failures of one already completed thor rightly perceives, is to change the mental to come up to his own, necessarily German, attitude of each nation toward the other, thus ideals. effecting a juster valuation of the charac- In five articles, the author discusses those ter, ideals, and institutions of each. What things which are regarded as chiefly at fault he may have said to the Germans about in this republic, — to wit, the American char America is carefully withheld from us; but acter, American education, American scholar what he wishes Americans to think about ship, American women, American democracy, Germany and the Germans is in plain print matters which now have become world-renowned before us. It is with this purpose in view by being dragged through the dreary waste of that he so persistently shows us our inferiority. foreign literature and served over again in the All through the book, American ideals and hash of newspapers. The author picks out in institutions are compared with German, and these what he regards as representative traits the comparison is insistently in favor of Ger- of American life, and bends upon them what many. This may be well-meant and patriotic be considers a friendly, yet avowedly not un in our author, but we doubt whether it will prejudiced, scrutiny. The result may be fore much help the ardent mediator in achieving seen. Except a very few features that may be the cordial enteinte which is declared to be the retained, American culture and ideals sadly purpose of the book. The intelligent American need regeneration. To answer such criticism who goes abroad makes observations for him- in full would mean writing a much larger vol self; and Professor Münsterberg's enthusiastic ume, and a much more thoroughgoing expla- guidance will not materially alter his view. nation of the phenomena of our life, than Pro-Nor are we quite sure that the German nation fessor Münsterberg in his leisure hours, and is in all respects the one to be held up to us as with his limited opportunities for observation, a fit object to learn from. In some things, has been able to do. The understanding of Germany may rather learn from America. and familiarity with our problems which we America is not, and has no desire to become, have a right to expect from our critics, Pro a Germany, but to hold its own course and fessor Münsterberg as yet possesses not, and solve its problems for itself. Every nation is perhaps will never possess, since his point of in some way indebted to another; the debt can view is essentially foreign to our ideas and in- be easily acknowledged, and the two remain on stitutions. However great, in his opinion, is good terms as before. These two nations, the similarity between what is German and however, are too different in political position, what is American, this likeness is in fact but history, and tendencies, to benefit by conscious superficial, while the differences are funda imitation. The social and political problems mental. Besides this German point of view, of a state such as Germany, and those of the which makes nine-tenths of his criticism worth- free union suggested and realized by this com- less as a corrective, the chief fault of Professor monwealth, are of such widely different nature Münsterberg's book, and the one most fatal to that what suits the one is by logical necessity its real value, is his habit of basing his eulogy almost excluded from the other. To try to as well as his apology - in fact, his whole in fact, his whole make them fit together is another instance of argument - upon what he calls the typical, the gnome running after the moon. but which we feel impelled to call the exag Taking his articles one by one, there is no gerated or peculiar, character or situation doubt that our critic's remarks often contain found in a particular city or portion of the much truth. The man must be born blind country. For representative purposes, there who cannot see that this community has gone fore, his material is hardly worth the time too far in some respects and not reached the spent in gathering it. But Professor Mün. medium in others. But what of it? Every sterberg strives for brilliancy of effect, not for nation may have this said about it without plainness of truth; hence his book leaves an blushing. It is not safe, however, for the out- - 1 !! 1902.) 119 THE DIAL sider, who, with his limited observation, does her military régime, is fast dying away. Of not know the secret springs of health within, this feeling, he sees but the fitful outbreak in to suggest the panacea. If he wishes to know, political gatherings; and it strikes him as let him, like Mr. Carl Schurz and others, put puerile. Besides, is materialism altogether his shoulder to the wheel of American progress; absent from the experience of foreigners who let him attempt with us to work out some of love and admire “ love and admire " Germany? The quantity our problems, and he will soon see with better may not be so abundant, but the quality gen- vision where our difficulties and our failings erally makes erally makes up for it. really lie. The old-world standards of the In his chapters on Education and Scholar- good and the right do not fit the magnitude of ship, Professor Münsterberg has subjects with our task, and we are trying to establish new which he is more familiar, and his points of standards in keeping with our conditions and criticism are mostly both sound and well pre- ideals. To our German critic, this doubtless sented : our lack of system and thoroughness, is mere cant; and because it seems cant, he our inferior educational ideals, and our dom- is unable to understand either our men and inating mercantile spirit. Yet we are not women and their relation to each other; or the altogether certain that our critic really under- inferior degree of our scholarship and the ele- stands just what ideals Americans have, or mentary character of our public education; or what education we are trying to give. The the fact that the word “democracy,” like the multitude of illiterate people that come to word “constitution," has a different and more our country we attempt to make into citizens native meaning in this country than it has any- by giving their children equal educational where else: chances with those of the best native families. In his first article, which serves as an intro- Should not Professor Münsterberg consider ductory chapter, the author is in his most en what an exceedingly complicated matter edu- tertaining mood, as he shows the ridiculous cation on these principles must be, and how exaggerations which the two nations consider little old-world systems will avail in the treat- representative of their respective peculiarities; ment of a heterogeneous population of such and he takes pains to dispel the common notion magnitude ? Our elective system, too, is that America is altogether materialistic. This found to be the source of many educational may be taken as the kindly act of a scholar sins. But he overlooks the fact that our who has been the guest of this country for institutions, which accord equal rights to seven years and enjoyed unbounded courtesy everybody, must also give to the individual and facilities for becoming acquainted with the privilege of choosing the line of work best the true character of this new world. Yet it adapted to his temperament and natural gifts. is everywhere clear that the idealism which With us, it is not the State that paternally he finds here is not of such fine grain as the decrees, but the commonwealth that leaves the stamped and approved German article. The choice with the individual. And the same idealism of which we can boast is, to be sure, principle which demands that the individual not so much concerned with profession as with shall have this right, demands also as a further realization, — with giving the ideal a pair of consequence that whether bright or dull, rich stout legs on which to walk this earth. Our or poor, laggard or industrious, he shall lack ideal is necessarily that of a commercial nation no opportunity, no care, no pains on the part of republican instincts and liberal antecedents ; of the teacher to help him to see what his needs “prosperity and equal opportunities for all ” and adaptabilities are, and to have him learn is our creed. Hence the surface of our public what he set out to learn as fast and as effect- life may easily impress an observer as a ively as possible. It should be no wonder that scrambling mass of hands and mouths yelling under these conditions we have many educators for booty; but is there any country of any but few scholars. So long as this burden of size which does not on fit provocation produce bringing up new millions every year to the a like spectacle? To Professor Münsterberg level of intelligent membership of a free coun- it may easily appear that we have sold our try remains with the teacher, so long will his birthright for a mess of pottage. But below whole energy be consumed in his work. For the surface is the old, old current of stanch this side of the educational labor, with its en- belief in the rights of man, a current which ormous responsibility, Professor Münsterberg has not yet become sluggish, but remains a has little sympathy; yet the devotion to this swell of enthusiasm such as in Germany, with democratic ideal of benefitting each for the 120 [Feb. 16, THE DIAL ultimate good of all has caused generation capacity may reach. The law of Nature, which upon generation of students and scholars to lay has assumed constantly greater significance in aside tbeir ambitions and obediently perform the human mind and stands behind all demo- their task till they are ground to powder in the cratic institutions, allows women an entire educational mill. Such an article of faith may right to develop their faculties. Where slavery very likely seem something like nonsense to a is abolished and serfdom an anomaly, the su- foreign and unsympathetic observer, but on it premacy of one sex over the other is also obso- is founded our national greatness. The typical lete. Professor Münsterberg's light nonchalant bigber school of Germany and the Gymnasial treatment of this subject is at best but an imita- lehrer bave no counterparts in this country; tion of the raillery prevalent in certain circles but we doubt whether the educational ideal, of American university life; yet such circles after all, is higher there than here. represent not the progressive but the reaction- In his fourth article, on American women, ary element in our national life. Furthermore, Professor Münsterberg has done what, with his the woman of whom he has so much to say is uncertain grasp of our institutions, he could not the American woman as America kpows least afford to do: he has censured the edu- her, but a species peculiar to but a small sec- cated American woman, despite his flattering tion of the whole vast area. Yet it is worth comments on her individual charm, as being remembering that these very women seek a nothing less than a social superfluity, an article college education and enter a professional ca- of luxury, if not a danger and a nuisance. Of reer for purposes that honor themselves and course, Professor Münsterberg is here, as else the civilization that fostered them a civili- where, especially thinking of our beloved Bos-zation which is, above all, ethical, as distinct ton, which is rich in women of culture, ambition, from the æsthetic, the practical, or the phil- capacity, and often leisure as well. In Boston osophical, of which European countries may there are plenty of women who do not marry, boast. There is something beautifully sug- who go to lectures instead, or pursue profes- gestive of the ultimate fulfilment of our dem- sional careers; and these, by mere force of ocratic ideals in the hand-in-hand progress of numbers, have given him the impression that our men and women toward a truer and com- in America all culture is in the hands of wo- pleter life and a nobler and freer society than men, wbile men are ousted from some of their the warlike traditions of the old world have especial offices. Hence it is time for our social created. reformer to call a halt, and remind us of the The concluding article, on Democracy, ap- true woman on the other side of the water, pears to us to carry the least weight of all the who knows she is but an appendix and makes chapters in the book. Though we have an no special claims for herself. Yet, judging Yet, judging occasional laugh at the writer's drollery, we from recent events, we might imagine that this regret that he can so little succeed in making German woman wishes to be in the clothes of his view convincing. Somehow our critic no- her American sister rather than otherwise. In where truly realizes that we have traditions speaking of the equality between the sexes, underlying our life as powerful as the traditions which he declares Nature never admits, our to which he refers as so superior. The good critic has been guilty of a trifling mistake in and the evils of this commonwealth are based the use of words. Nature certainly admits upon the same thing individual liberty; equal forces and influences, though not similar and this sacred right we are not minded to functions. We think it is due to a true under give up for any time-honored device, however standing of the difference between “equal” glittering. In Germany, if we may be so bold and similar" that American life has assumed as to make a comparison, the individual, his its varied aspect and that the American woman wishes, his personal happiness and rights, are in her professional capacity can make her influ not factors to be much taken into account, but ence felt as she does. It is not strange that rather to be subjected to the welfare of the men of Professor Münsterberg's type should, structure of which he is but an infinitesimal after some trifling with the matter, be anxious part. It is the State which alone has liberty, to have women kept properly within the bound power, wisdom, needs; and the individual par- aries of domestic exclusiveness. But the rea takes of these only in so far as he is in harmony son why they should strive to get beyond these with the State. Professor Münsterberg has a bounds is undoubtedly their inborn right to truly Byzantine conception of the excellence strive for whatever intellectual prizes their of the omnipresent and omniscient government ; 1902.] 121 THE DIAL which protects, trains, utilizes the individual THEORIES OF LIFE AND CONDUCT.* for its own ends, but otherwise lets his life run in the established narrow groove. When read Mr. Hugh Black's latest book, “Culture ing his praise of the institutions of the father and Restraint,” should have a wide reading. land, it may occur to one to ask in what manner It is an exposition, well thought out and sys- the German institutions reward the individual tematically presented, of two methods of attain- for the sacrifice of his identity. The almost | ing the highest good, — the method of self- daily growth of the socialistic party in that expression and the method of self-repression, country is the surest sign that the individual and of the relative merits of each. Since does not look upon himself as so greatly bene everyone must in a measure act according to fitted after all. The marvellous iron scaffolding one of these two methods, an understanding of of officialism in Germany, however efficacious wherein each is good and wherein each fails is it may be in holding the four corners of the of prime importance. building together, cannot prevent our seeing The ideal of culture is the healthful outgoing the big crack from top to bottom. But Pro- of all human activities. These suggest and fessor Münsterberg's view of all these matters determine the life which man was meant to is the traditional and confirmed von oben herab live; let him therefore live that life naturally attitude characteristic of the remoteness of and fearlessly. The soul has room for all the university men of the semi-official upper classes. world of beauty and of knowledge which man In studying American conditions the author bas conquered. Culture insists upon the duty sees not, what is only too visible, that our of seeking the fulfilment of all human possi- shortcomings are in the main faults of youth bilities, of attaining and preserving health and rather than of innate inferiority. As a nation integrity in every sense, of ripening all our we are still in the formative stage; yet we are powers to maturity. Our business, in the words working not after the old models but toward of Bishop Blougram, is to “make the absolute new ones based upon our own peculiar require best of what God made.” The æsthetic ideal ments. Professor Münsterberg may be for saves its follower from vulgar standards, by given for forgetting this, since his brief Ameri- showing him “that there are larger things in can life has been spent in the oldest centre of the world than getting on, and more worthy American culture ; but this does not exonerate things to worship than the great goddess of him from the charge of recklessness in pub prosperity.” It saves him, further, from pro- lishing his ill-considered views, and thus in vincialism and narrowness of interest; it brings voking a criticism which must necessarily be wideness of outlook and catholicity of taste. as severe in tone as many of his statements It broadens the judgment and helps its follower are crude and flippant. to avoid one-sided views and hasty and preju. In conclusion, we may be permitted to ask: diced conclusions. It corrects the vanity of Would Professor Münsterberg, if he lived in ignorance and gives true balance, or poise. London or in Paris, be found lecturing the Yet this ideal, in spite of its great value, has English or the French as from Boston he has in the long run, taken by itself, always failed, lectured the Americans ? Max Müller stayed not only in making life nobler and sweeter, at Oxford for half a century; but no one ever but even in keeping true to its own best self. heard of any attempts on his part to reform The effort to get the most out of life, to acquire the English, their educational methods, the the richest experience by “ever curiously test- characters of their men and women. Friendly ing new opinions and courting new impres- criticism and admonition should neither be sions,” is apt to lead to the old philosophy of disdained nor resented; but we believe that a short life and a merry one. Judged by the America can and must work out her own sal. highest ethical standard, too, the man who vation, with little aid from foreigners who makes self-culture his absolute ideal cannot be understand neither our people nor our institu acquitted of selfishness; an illustration of this tions; and whose criticisms, wholesome as they is seen in Goethe. This theory of the conduct might be for us in some respects, lose their of life fails, on the whole, because it takes a effect and value by reason of their unsym shallow conception of the needs of man and pathetic point of view and the air of self. the world. complacent superiority with which they are The other theory of life and conduct (for uttered. *CULTURE AND RESTRAINT. By Hugh Black. Chicago : A. M. WERGELAND. Fleming H. Revell Co. 122 (Feb. 16, THE DIAL which “ restraint” is too mild a word) is that to secure the best instruction in literature and of the ascetic. Self-control, moderation, avoid philology. Not that travel and study abroad ance of excess, are all good, even necessary to are no longer desirable; they will always be any scheme of life; but the extreme type of so, since the great manuscript stores are still self-repression, or asceticism, fails even more in Europe, and since, moreover, contact with signally than the method of self.culture, since a variety of minds and methods will always be it is prohibition which does not prohibit, which among the foremost elements of culture. cannot prevent; since, instead of removing, Professor Thomas is most widely known as it only creates, temptation. Sacrifice, as an one of the best of “Faust” editors. His in- end in itself, “is the barrenest and the most terests have been supposed to lie chiefly with dangerous object man can set before him.” In Goethe, wherefore the announcement of his the teaching of Jesus, rightly understood, Mr. Life of Schiller caused some little wonder. Black thinks that both culture and sacrifice And in his Preface the author frankly admits are reconciled and made reasonable by the that there was a time when his attitude toward thought of service. “ A man's contribution Schiller was scarcely so sympathetic as to war- to society will mean all the riches and resources rant undertaking to write his life," when my of his nature, his heritage of race, and personal mind was very hospitable to demonstrations of capacity, and education.” his artistic shortcomings.” But he adds : Such, in brief, is Mr. Black's thought. We “ Time has brought a different temper, and cannot agree with all of his conclusions, -as, this book is the child of what I deem the wiser for example, that to define evil as simply the disposition.” imperfection involved in finite being destroys It has been said that every good poem is a the moral view of evil; we regret, too, that he self-revelation. Perhaps the same observation so persists in speaking in the now meaningless applies to every product of a man's activities. terms of a worn-out theology. Still, with his certainly it holds good in the case of this Life main line of reasoning and with his general of Schiller. For the treatment of nearly every conclusion we find ourselves in complete accord. phase of Schiller's activity contains, as it were, CLARK S. NORTHUP. strata from the earlier and the later stages of the author's thought. Doubtless this was Pro- fessor Thomas's plan; but in any case the outcome is most advantageous for his readers, THOMAS'S LIFE OF SCHILLER.* since they are thus presented with a more Two such works as Francke’s on German evenly balanced view of the favorable and the Literature and Thomas's Life of Schiller, with unfavorable estimates of Schiller than could in five years, are not only creditable to a pub.have been produced by one who had always lishing house, but they are an index of the held to either side of the unfortunate Goethe- advanced stage of American scholarship in the Schiller contest. The result is, indeed, when study of modern literatures as compared with both the favorable and the unfavorable opinions a generation ago. Then Longfellow, Hedge, are vigorous and when they appear in close and Lowell, as interpreters who had their juxtaposition, an apparent inconsistency of knowledge at first hand, were exceptional schol. judgment, but stubborn consistency is one of ars in the modern languages, who knelt while the worst vices in a critic. they burned incense to the rulers on the German The self-revelation of our author lies in Parnassus ; and Germany was almost a land the conflict between his critical judgment and of romance. For nearly a score of years, how the spontaneous tribute of his heart to the ever, study abroad has been a matter of course noble mastery of the poet's art. After all, for those preparing to enter collegiate work in Schiller and Goethe are touchstones for the philology and literature, since the sources and spiritual and philosophical tone of those who the authorities were formerly all foreign. But deal with them. The one-sided realist will be a time has come when Americans may regard repelled by Schiller, and just as surely the in- the best of their own scholars with complacency, tense idealist will recoil from Goethe. But knowing that they are the peers of the best those who have, by turns or by fits, both ideal- scholars abroad; and when we may declare the istic and realistic sympathies, will find pleas- fact that it is no longer necessary to go abroad ure accordingly in both of the great Germans, THE LIFE AND WORKS OF FRIEDRICH SCHILLER. By and may even learn to see realistic leanings in Calvin Thomas. Illustrated. New York: Henry Holt & Co. Schiller and idealistic strivings in Goethe. 1902.] 128 THE DIAL And as the one or the other of these tendencies At this point Professor Thomas undertakes to prevails in the student, even so is he inclined explain that such scenes (as that between to yield precedence to one or the other of the Johanna and Lionel) are tolerable in “Lo poets. In general it is true that the critical hengrin” but not tolerable in a serious drama, temper is in sympathy with realistic methods, because in the first case they are within the but the wide world loves an idealist. Criticism | limits of tradition, and in the second not. But at first undertakes to tell us what we ought to inasmuch as nine-tenths of the average audi- admire; in time it learns to be satisfied with ence do not know the details of the tradition, explaining why we admire what we do admire. the application of the distinction is not evident. And so Professor Thomas approaches Schiller. However, let us continue our quotations. “ For the poet who wins the heart of a great people “ It is really quite futile to discuss the artistic rea- and holds it for a century is right; there is nothing sonableness of this scene. If one likes it and is touched more to be said, so far as concerns his title to renown. by it, very well; but a prudent poet might well have The creative achievement is far more precious and im had some regard for the very large number of people portant than any possible criticism of it. This does not who would find such a scene ridiculous rather than mean that the critic is in duty bound to abdicate his touching.” (P. 379.) lower function; - it means only that he will be best And yet on page 382 we read : “ It [Die occupied, generally speaking, in a conscientious attempt to see the man as he was.' Jungfrau von Orleans) was a great deed of poetry," etc., as already quoted. But on the Over and over again Professor Thomas him. next page : self sets the example which he commends in It must be admitted that a heroine who excites in- speaking of Die Jungfrau von Orleans : terest chiefly by virtue of her patriotic sentiments and “ It was a great deed of poetry, in the presence of the bravery of her conduct does not represent the which a right-minded critic, after duly airing his little highest type of creation. The muse will always lend complaints, as critics must, will be disposed to doff his virtue and bravery to any common poetaster for the hat and say Bravo!” mere asking; but she does not so readily vouchsafe a The appreciation of the poet is all the more convincing semblance of human nature.” grateful and convincing because it comes so But on the other hand, on page 384 : often almost grudgingly, despite the theoretical “ Shall we then take refuge in the position that the condemnation. We may take as illustration of Maid's story is not adapted to dramatic treatment at this, and at the same time of other features of all ? Such a position is at once rendered absurd by the Professor Thomas's work, his treatment of Die perennial popularity and effectiveness of Schiller's play. Until some great realistic poet shall prove the contrary Jungfrau von Orleans, — “a tragedy in by deeds, the mere critic is certainly justified in holding which he proceeds still further along the path that, whatever may be thought of his love-episode, the of romantic idealization, proceeds indeed so ghost and the miraculous escape from bondage, the general requirements of the theme are best met by far that one can no longer follow him without Schiller's romantic treatment." some rather serious misgivings ” (p. 372). On the page after this, we find the following Yet on page 375 we find : anent the minor characters of the play: “ A dramatist is justified if his intention is good and he succeeds in it. . . . His experiment was received “In short, the characters of. The Maid of Orleans' leave much to be desired on the score of verisimilitude. with ecstacy at its first performance and has ever since held its place in the affection of German play-goers. One has the feeling all along of being in an artificial They are not troubled by its irrationalities, but receive world made to order by an imaginative fiat. To enjoy them with pious awe, as Schiller intended. For the the play it is necessary to put aside one's rationalism reader, too, • The Maid of Orleans ' has a deep and per- ennial fascination. Theorize about it as we may, it is the author wishes to produce. The Maid of Orleans' a great popular classic, wbich has exerted an enormous does not compel the surrender, like “Wallenstein '; educative influence, and proves how thoroughly its au- one must meet the poet half-way. That done, however, thor knew the heart of the German people." everything is in order, for the technique of the play is faultless." And then he proceeds to theorize on page 378: Finally, speaking of the end of the second act : “ As the play stands, however, it must be allowed that the demand made upon the imagination is quite “One who is not touched by this portion of the play; too severe. The love-incident is preposterous in itself who does not return to it with ever renewed pleasure and a mere episode at that, serving no purpose finally after each sojourn in the choking air of naturalism, is — to state the case as gently as possible — unfortu- but that of picturesque contrast. It is a sort of thing nately endowed." which one can put up with very well in a romantic opera, but not so well in a serious drama." After a series of such passages, we And further, on page 378 : imagine a reader asking in despair: “But what, “ It is difficult to justify such a scene upon any then, is Professor Thomas's opinion of The theory of poetic art." Maid of Orleans '?” Is it not evident that he can 124 (Feb. 16, THE DIAL nean, feaze. has various opinions of it? And who that is And who that is tale of rare or unlisted words will prepare the honest has not? One impression the reader is intending reader for surprises : interjacent, sure to get : that despite all technical defects, strumous, cicisbeo, bewray, dubiety, cunctatory, it is a great piece, and that Professor Thomas, operose, monodistich, religiosity, vulgarian, like other good Germans, finally doffs his hat. revenant, ineluctable, pococurantism, arach- One whose allegiance to Schiller and idealism has been unwavering might be satisfied with The fulness of the yet incomplete biog- this tribute, but for a few traces of the old raphies of Minor and Weltrich could not be patronizing attitude, such as, “Unquestionably rivalled (perhaps happily !) in a single volume, Goethe at his best was a far greater poet than and some side of the subject had to come short. Schiller ”; “Goethe's was the rarer genius "; Undoubtedly Professor Thomas acted wisely in “ The other and higher method, as exemplified taking space for full literary discussions at the by Shakspere and also by Goethe "; “It is not expense of petty biographical details. to be denied that his (Schiller's) poetry at its The student of German literature will find best is seldom supremely good ”; “Unquestion in this book the most helpful of material : clear ably Schiller lacked the supreme qualities that and adequate abstracts and statements of Schil- go to the making of a great world-poet ”; and, ler’s plots and purposes ; the frank and orig- most exasperating of all, “ A distinctly human inal utterances of a man of virile but refined Jobanna, — such as Goethe might have given taste regarding the times and the man ; an us had he turned his thoughts in that direc- extraordinary variety and fairness of view tion!” Where is the use, please, and where taken all in all, and a genuine enjoyment of the grace, in still insisting that “one of the the poet's masterpieces which will prompt to real immortals” is less great than another ? reading at first hand and to re-reading for com- Why not have let it stop with the generous parison. It is not only an indispensable mem- Goethe's own words : 66 They ought rather to ber of the library of every student of German be glad that they have two such fellows ” ? literature henceforth, but it deserves a welcome A few mildly unfair criticisms might be from the wider public of general culture. The pointed out. For instance, in the discussion publishers have given the work a worthy dress of Schiller's ballads, page 320, it is mentioned, in the dignified volume, with its solid paper, seemingly as a reproach, that “not a smile is clear print, and valuable illustrations. provided for in the whole list.” Pray, do we Typographical and kindred errors are almost expect to smile over ballads ? How many wholly lacking. The Lost Son,” page 41, smiles are provided for in “ Lenore” and “ Der should be « The Prodigal Son." On page 141, Erlkönig, or in our old English ballads? “gratification” would be clearer as benefit." But the same reproach against “ Wallenstein,” | Page 189, for “ lacrimose," read lachry- page 353, “ Humor plays no part,” is hardly mose.” Page 229, the word “ century” has warranted by the fact. Not to mention the been inadvertently omitted at the bottom of “ Lager," which is probably intended to be the page. Page 376, for “Althougn," read excluded from consideration here, Tiefenbach “ Although.” On page 429, for “ The Bloody and Isolani in “ Piccolomini,” IV., 6, are not Marriage (Bluthochzeit) at Moscow," read wholly without humorous touches ; and Isolani 6. The Massacre at Moscow." .” For “ rodoman- at the close of II., 5, “ Wallenstein's Tod," tade,” page 449, read “rodomontade.” certainly compels a smile. The dickering of W. H. CARRUTH. Buttler with the murderers in “Tod," V., 2, has also some rather grim fun in it. Professor Thomas's style deserves comment. AN AMATEUR IN MEXICO.* It is certainly clear and forcible. But it is more than that. It is distinctly individual. It is a disagreeable task to criticize a book There is in it at the same time the freedom of which has been heralded by its publishers and conversation and the vocabulary of omniverous praised by reviewers as an important contri- reading. It makes the difference between the bution in its field : it is still more disagreeable, handbook and the work of literature which this when the author of the book is a brilliant and Life of Schiller actually is. We have already charming woman. But no one who knows quoted too much to feel free to cite more in Mexico and reads Mrs. Tweedie's “ Mexico iſlustration of the vigor and unconventionality *MEXICO AS I SAW IT. By Mrs. Alec Tweedie. Illus- of the author's expression. The following brief trated. New York: The Macmillan Co. ; 1902.) 125 THE DIAL - - 1 has selected for her book saves her from a I as I Saw It" can review it without severe (aguacate), and speaks of the god Fenecatl criticism. (Ehecatl) and the ruler Ahuistotl (Ahuitzotl). It is true that the title which Mrs. Tweedie This list of mis-spelled words leads us to Mrs. Tweedie's remarkable statements in natural great deal of criticism. One can hardly find history. She speaks of bowling wolves, and fault with a simple narrative of what an author says she is “ well acquainted with their music sees on a journey. And when Mrs. Tweedie and appearance" — yet describes them, under really confines her attention to what she saw the name “boyote," as "small like a fox"; in Mexico, she is interesting and on fairly safe the little peccary or javali (her “dabali") is ground. She saw some phases of Mexican life said to be the “wild boar"; the aguacate, she under exceptionally favorable circumstances. says, “ is a vivid green lemon used in salad ” The President of the Republic was interested yet she has eaten aguacates ; we are told in her work; governors, and their representa- that “the lion and the panther live along tives, exerted themselves in her behalf; rail the Tampico branch of the Central Railroad, road officials extended to ber every courtesy ; and might paturally infer that the lady is foreign residents vied with each other in show-speaking of two animals, instead of one. Mrs. ing her attention; the best native Mexican Tweedie is probably the only person who has society extended that gracious and beautiful seen“ beautiful birds of paradise” in Mexico. hospitality which it knows so well how to She certainly had an unique experience on the offer. In describing these attentions and the tropical river, where “a taper (sic) peered places and things which they opened to her upon us from a bough." inspection, Mrs. Tweedie is interesting and en But Mrs. Tweedie's natural bistory, peculiar tertaining as it is, does not surpass ber ethnography and But outside of the simple narrative of her arcbæology. These are sometimes observation, own experience Mrs. Tweedie's book is value and sometimes quotation from or reference to less. As a contribution to knowledge of Mex. authorities, whom she knows so little that she ico, it not only has no worth, - it is often cannot read their names after her notes are misleading. We need not search for evidence cold. She visited a "cruciform cross" in the of this; it may be found by simply opening neighborhood of Mitla ; in the same region the book anywhere. To sbow bow fundamental she saw walls of “natural stones, - adobes her ignorance is, one example suffices. Mrs. (the native sun-burnt brick)”; in Oaxaca Tweedie sees but two types in Mexico, — the Valley, she found, what will astound the best- Spaniard and the Indian.” Yet neither the informed ethnographers, stone-tipped arrows Spaniard nor the Indian is much in evidence shot with blow-guns, shot with blow-guns, -as she says: “A man in the greater part of the country through will fashion his arrowhead in a few minutes which Mrs. Tweedie travelled. The cowboys — five at most — and with his long reed blow- of Northern Mexico and the common people of pipe and stone head fixed to his arrow shoot the cities of the high tableland are not Indians, with no uncertain aim !” (The exclamation though Mrs. Tweedie so styles them. The true mark is fortunately in the text; it saves the Mexican of the highland, is the mestizo. Mrs. reviewer trouble.) In one picture Mrs. Tweedie seems never to have seen the name : Tweedie represents a man in a “grass coat true, at one point, when quoting (without ac made from cactus," and in the text identifies knowledgment) she misquotes the word, mak the species of cactus as the “ palm cactus "'; the ing it nestizo, and defining it as “a performer coat is not a grass coat, nor is it made of cac- of witchcraft”! The word, however, is the tus, nor is chere a palm cactus. common term applied to mixed-bloods. But Mrs. Tweedie is at her worst in refer- That Mrs. Tweedie misprints her Spanish ring, with an air of familiarity, to authorities at times is excusable. We all do so, but while in archæology and ethnography. Poor Seler it is unfortunate, it does no great harm. We We will hardly recognize bimself as Eeler. Bel- bave but tried to write words as we heard mar’s list of Oaxacan languages is almost un- them. But the case is different with Aztec recognizable, with five out of the thirteen words. These are gathered from reading, and names mis-spelled. And what can we say of we ought to be able to copy them from the her commendation of archæological books, – printed page quite exactly. But our autbor her list of the best ending with “Sandelier mis-spells Aztec words often. Thus she writes Medaillac's Prehistoric America.' Poor boyote (coyote), dabali (javali), and aquacate | Bandelier's book dropped out of the bastily 126 [Feb. 16, THE DIAL DIAL jotted list and he himself sadly mixed with The religious views of Mr. Fiske have had a some- the Marquis de Nadaillac! But that Sandelier what fictitious importance attached to them because Medaillac was as nearly correct as Mrs. he was so early and profoundly imbued with the Tweedie knew, is clear from its having gone opinions of Mr. Herbert Spencer. Those who have through the proof-reading and appearing in never been equally burdened by a philosophy so full in the index. spiritually barren are tempted to say, “ How this We should find the statements regarding interesting.” empirical creature is creeping heavenward! It is social and economic conditions quite as unre “ Two Centuries of Christian Activity at Yale” liable, but we will not say more. We regret is a work chiefly written by Professor H. B. Wright. that Mrs. Tweedie did not do a little serious The narrative is clear, succinct, and instructive. study, if she cared to go at all outside of her Professor Wright is supported by a variety of au- subject — “Mexico as I Saw It.” thors on special points. Many will enjoy the book, FREDERICK STARR. and Yale men will find it especially interesting. “ The Hearts of Men” is the title of a peculiar, not to say a queer, book. In style it is a reiterated question ; in substance it is a series of unqualified affirmations. Its colors are white and black; there THE SCOPE OF FAITH,* are no grays. It presses hard on dogma in a most dogmatic temper. It attacks reason with a long Such a breaking out of religious belief as we now and closely compacted argument. Yet the book is witness has never before been seen. It is the burst. interesting and instructive. It has at bottom one ing of a cloud which fills old channels and makes profound truth, which needs constant enforcement, many new ones. A freedom is in the air, as when -that religion is a thing of feelings even more the buds of Spring are everywhere pushing. than of thoughts, and demands our sympathetic The work on “ The Passing and the Permanent apprehension in every form in which it offers itself. in Religion,” by Dr. M. J. Savage, expresses this In the spiritual world, knowledge flows into feeling liberty in its exultant form. The style is clear and and feeling into knowledge with a pulsation which popular, the thought is sober and just, and the au leaves neither significant without the other. If the thor walks with joy amid the sudden shifting and up author had presented his views with more propor- ward trend of events. For him the salvage con tion and qualification, he would have rendered bet- tains the vital centre of every living thing. If the ter service. author does not always touch bottom, he makes a We unite the three volumes entitled “Science manly effort to do so, and leaves the deep spaces and Christianity,” “ The Doom of Dogma," and for the rest of us to fathom as best we may. “ Is Christ Infallible and the Bible True?” because “ Life Everlasting,” the last work of John Fiske, they are all 80 extreme in their views, and, looked has the author's usual lucidity, and somewhat more at as a product of Christian philosophy, so pathetic than his ordinary rhetorical force. The argument and so wearisome. They are the fruit of much is just, though it by no means reaches the full thoughtfulness and patient labor, and yet they lead ethical energy of the theme. It is what can be us to no sufficient results. Taken together, they soberly said in view of physical facts, rather than nullify each other. Two are made up of extended what can be justly drawn from our own inner life. and opposed criticism, and the third of minute and ineffectual defense. “Science and Christianity THE PASSING AND THE PERMANENT IN RELIGION. By Minot Judson Savage, D.D. New York: G. P. Putnam's seems to be written by one who holds fast to tra- Sons. ditional beliefs, and is more successful in accumu- LIFE EVERLASTING. By John Fiske. Boston: Houghton, lating material than in making use of it. The book Mifflin & Co. is fitted to leave two impressions strongly: the Two CENTURIES OF CHRISTIAN ACTIVITY AT YALE. closeness of the limits of knowledge, whether that Edited by James B. Reynolds, Samuel H. Fisher, and Henry B. Wright. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. knowledge pertains to religion or science ; and the THE HEARTS OF MEN. By H. Fielding. New York!: readiness with which we fall into excess of asser- The Macmillan Co. tion, whether on the physical or the spiritual side. SCIENCE AND CHRISTIANITY. By F. Bettox. Translated We carry a flickering torch in a cavern; we catch from the German. Cincinnati: Jennings & Pye. New York: glimpses, lost as quickly as obtained. The author Eaton & Mains. THE DOOM OF DOGMA AND THE DAWN OF TRUTH. By is keenly sensitive to the over-confident temper Henry Frank. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. with which the new theology of science is urged, Is CHRIST INFALLIBLE AND THE BIBLE TRUE? By Rev. but does very little to help us out of the darkness. Hugh M'Intosh, M.A. New York: Imported by Charles He fulfils his function in repeatedly declaring how Scribner's Sons. dark it is. The author of “ The Doom of Dogma THEOLOGY AT THE DAWN OF THE TWENTIETH CEN- TURY. Essays on the Present Status of Christianity and Its is equally fertile in criticism, but aims at the de- Doctrines. Edited by I. Vyrnwz Morgan, D.D. Boston: struction of dogma, not at its retention nor its re- Small, Maynard & Co. statement. The criticism is extreme rather than ter 1902.) 127 THE DIAL --- Stuarts and secure. sober. That men of active minds should reach BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. results so anfraitful, is not comforting. Rashly pushing forward and obstinately holding back are The fallen Mr. F. W. Head is the author of a alike ill-timed. One does not wish to stand between scholarly monograph entitled “The books which express so earnest a phase of individ- their influence. Fallen Stuarts” (Macmillan ), treat- ual lives and any readers they might otherwise ing of the services rendered to various European The first volume will bring to the reader states by the several Pretenders to the English many weak points in current theological specula throne. The book is an elaborated essay which tions, and lead him to feel that current beliefs and was presented for and won the Prince Consort Prize unbeliefs are not so free of difficulty as they seem in 1900. Necessarily the character of the study to be. The second volume will give him, in nearly involved, as well as the regulations of the prize four hundred pages, a great variety of criticisms contended for, required that the author should pro- which have accumulated against traditional beliefs, duce a scientific detailed treatise, enumerative of and leave him to make what way he can among minute historical incidents, rather than a readable, them. The third volume will furnish him, in nearly popular book. Not that “The Fallen Stuarts” is seven hundred compact pages, an exhaustive and ex unreadable, for Mr. Head has done much to illumi. hausting defence of the essentially infallible charac nate an exceedingly dry subject; but its concise ter of Scripture. Neither of the three volumes seems statements, and rapid reviews of connecting inci- to us to grasp the true intent of dogma, as offering dents preclude any general interest other than that transition steps in intellectual and spiritual unfold of the close student of history desirous of examining ing. . The ultimate result of the destructive criti the results of recent and specialized research. As cism seems preferable to that associated with ortho a monograph, Mr. Head's book takes high rank, for doxy. The author of “ The Doom of Dogma" it is accurate, exhibits thorough study, is replete affirms, though in an extravagant form, the unity with references to the best authorities, and is logi- of nature, of man, and of God. The world is one cal in arrangement. By far the greater portion of and coherent. The author of the third volume the work is devoted to the international rather than reaches the conclusion of a conflict between reason the insular influences of the Stuarts. The accounts and revelation, and the necessity of a choice be of their attempted invasions of England are but tween them. We can hardly be surer of any one briefly related; while their relations with foreign thing than of unity in God's work and method. monarchs, and their reception at foreign courts, are The work on “ Theology at the Dawn of the dwelt upon at greater length. Thus, in illustration Twentieth Century covers a wide field. It is of Mr. Head's thesis, the exact use to which Louis made up of many brief contributions of men of XIV. wished to put the first Pretender, James II., ability and prominence, who represent a large vari. the effect of the latter's presence at Versailles upon ety of opinion. It is sure, therefore, to have points French international policy, the motives actuating of interest for an eqnally wide range of readers. the treatment accorded his royal refugee by the Though the themes considered are principally doc-King of France, occupy all of the author's at- trinal, they include a few of a practical character, tention to the exclusion of events and conditions in as “Divorce and Re-Marriage," " Religious Condi- Religious Condi- England attendant upon the revolution of 1688. tion of the Anglo-Saxon Race,” etc. It is the pro- In like manner, very little space is devoted to noting. gressive rather than the conservative element that the influence exerted, by the mere existence of the is represented in the book, the attitude of the more Stuarts in exile, upon the internal development of thoughtful men rather than of the masses. It is | English church and state. The author's thesis is, the midway point among thinkers that receives em. in short, the influence of the Pretenders upon for- phasis. Those who stray, either by holding back eign policy in Continental Europe, and this ground or pushing on, fail of representation. The book is he has covered with a scientific detail that renders a snap-shot at the head of the column. Mr. Fred his book a valuable if not a very interesting addi- eric Harrison follows an analytic introduction by tion to the historical literature of the period. An the compiler with an essay on “Christianity at the appendix of thirty-five pages contains illustrative End of the Nineteenth Century.” It seems to us extracts from the Gualterio Manuscripts at the unduly pessimistic. Mayor Jones, in one of the British Museum. closing articles on "The Religious Condition of the In • The Oldest Civilization of Working Men in America,” strikes a clearer and Mycencan” Greece” (Lippincott), we have an more cheerful note. The volume would have been interesting addition to the rapidly more satisfactory if the practical side of Christi- increasing literature treating of “Mycenean” civi- adity had received more attention. There is no lization. The author, Mr. H. R. Hall, is an assistant recognition of the Labor movement, which has in the department of Egyptian and Assyrian an. sprung up under the second great command, and tiquities at the British Museum ; and is by location has been more revolutionary of social sentiment and training well equipped for his task of present- than any other event in the century just closed. ing the results of archeological discovery and of JOHN BASCOM. estimating their bearing on the great question of Latest researches civilization. 128 [Feb. 16, THE DIAL ; cenean Lincoln among his the origins of Greek civilization. In the substan have been a little longer. The generalizations with tial volume before us, Mr. Hall bas thrown together which it is mainly filled should have been supple- his notes made during the course of some years' mented by particularizing details or illustrations, study of the problems of " Mycenean” archæology. which would have saved the background against How modern the study of these fascinating ques wbich the figure of the saint is seen from the hazi- tions is, can be appreciated only by those who know ness that more or less obscures the significance of that twenty-five years ago our knowledge of Greek the man himself. But, with this reservation, it is history could hardly be said to have extended much a very bright picture that the lover of men and of further back than the beginning of the seventh all God's poor and lowly things makes in these century B.C. In Mr. Hall's words, “ The Homeric pages, from the time of his idle, flaunting youth, to period seemed to be entirely isolated ; an impassable the hour of his death, when “with his songs were gap separated the Greece of Homer from the Greece mingled those of the little birds he loved so well." of Herodotus ; and behind Homer lay impenetrable Useless as seems now much of the self-abnegation darkness.” Schliemann's energy and enthusiasm, that made up his life, the telling of it here reveals and the scholarly appraisal of his discoveries by a most engaging personality, a sweet and inspiring cooler intellects, bave, partially at least, raised this faith. The story of the stigmata, the appearance veil, and enable us in these early days of the new of the marks of the crucifixion on the body of century to formulate working hypotheses which are Francis, Mr. Adderley tells in quotation from the successively more and more persuasive. Mr. Hall Fioretti, thus escaping the necessity for expressing remembers, and reminds bis readers, that we are an opinion himself. The very beautiful frontispiece not beyond the region of hypothesis. His own ex of St. Francis shows in the hands and the feet the planation of the phenomena he admits to be pro marks of the nails. The book closes, sadly enough, visional; but it is consistent with the facts, and is with a showing of the return to worldliness of the elaborately wrought out. He assumes, as to date, Franciscans themselves, even during the lifetime of that the rich and varied civilization called “ • My. St. Francis. was already nearly universal in Greece and had entered upon the period of its fullest de- In these days of scientific research, velopment in the sixteenth century B.C.; and he and of application of iconoclastic contemporaries. believes that the Homeric civilization, traditionally methods to history and biography, a dated to the ninth century B.C., was a decadent | life of Abraham Lincoln on old-fashioned lines form of that of Mycenae. Below the relics of the seems unusual reading. The underlying thought of Dr. Robert H. Browne's “ Abrabam Lincoln and Mycenean (or Bronze) age, are found those of the “ Præ Mycenean the Men of his Times" (Jennings & Pye) is, that or copper age, which dates roughly about 2000 B.C. As to the curious and the great war president was a chosen agent of beautiful art-work called “Mycenean," Mr. Hall Providence, a man for his time designed to meet a does little beyond repeating the conclusions and special exigency, just as Moses or Luther, Cromwell reproducing the illustrations of such works as Perrot or Washington had been, each in his particular and Chipiez's great Histoire. Schuchhardts "Schlie- period of history. This idea appears everywhere mann,” and Tsountas and Manatt's “ The My. throughout the twelve hundred pages filled with cenean Age.” His most original and elaborate anecdote, reminiscence, and record of personal ex. 'work is done in tracing the lines of ethnic connec- perience. The author's father, a Scotch engineer tion between Mycenae and the Archaians, the who settled in Springfield, Illinois, in the middle of Egyptians, Pbæuicia, Cyprus, and Crete. The the last century, was a close friend of Stephen A. book is not for the general reader, nor even for Douglas, and the son grew to manhood in a com- the intelligent layman who is not acquainted with munity which witnessed many of the everyday the previous literature of the subject. Its appeal scenes in the life of great actors on the ante-bellum is to the scholar who can weigh its arguments and stage. At a later time be became identified with the estimate its conclusions. It is well printed and fortunes of Mr. Lincoln as a worker in the cause of bound, and abundantly supplied with indices, ap- the new Republican party, and had the best of op- pendices, charts, and illustrations. portunities to know those who secured the nomina- tion for the “Illinois rail-splitter" at Chicago in Far removed as the spirit of our 1860. This event is the culmination of the author's The founder of the order modern life is from that of the story; and a very interesting story it is, showing of 81. Francis. founder of the “ Brothers Minor,” from the stand point of an Illinoisan the forces the story of so sincere a life, told with sympathetic which were at work during the ten years before the directness, is not without its measure of appeal for war developing the man for the time. That things a reader jaded with the tinsel glories of a popular do not simply " happen” in politics, but come to novel. Mr. James Adderley's "Francis, the Little pass according to deliberate plans carefully worked Poor Man of Assisi ” (Longmans) is a brief but out, is clearly shown by Dr. Browne. There is a very finely appreciative study of the man and his vast amount of local coloring in this account of the influence upon his age. For the ordinary reader, environment surrounding Abraham Lincoln from his the chapter on “ The Times of Francis” might well birth to his death, and also a good deal of the cur- 1902.] 129 THE DIAL - art and nature. rent history of the country needed to illustrate his Writers for the press are too apt to assume that life; the resulting impression being that desired by the niceties of panctuation, capitalization, com- the author, of a Providential leader coming into the pounding of words, and other essential details of kingdom at exactly the right time. correct composition, are the concern of the printer only. Careless and slovenly "copy" is too often In this age of innumerable “ process Royal the rule rather than the exception, as every printer habitations methods of pictorial reproduction, and magazine editor knows. and magazine editor knows. No writer, whatever in London. in which the sun and the kodak are his degree of experience, could fail to profit by usually the artists, it is refreshing to see a collec. Mr. De Vinne's concise and common-sense precepts tion of honest old-fashioned lithographs in black and well-chosen exa xamples. An invaluable feature and white, and to find in them some - artistic feel- of the volume is an appendix giving a list from ing” as well as some skill in drawing. So we are which may be seen at a glance the variations in grateful to Mr. Thomas R. Way for having chosen spelling, among the seven standard English dic- lithography as his medium for depicting the “ An- tionaries, of over sixteen hundred words. We cient Royal Palaces in and about London” (John should like to see a copy of Mr. De Vinne's book Lane). His twenty-four plates illustrate thirteen not only in every American newspaper and printing palaces, or surviving portions of palaces, includ- office, but in every school and college library as ing Eltham Palace, Greenwich Palace, the Tower, well. The result could not but be a distinct advance Crosby Hall, Savoy Palace, Whitehall Palace, St. in the prevailing standards of literary composition. James's Palace, Kensington Palace, Kew Palace, Richmond Palace, Hampton Court, and Windsor The principles In his “ Applied Perspective for Castle ; Backingham Palace is omitted because of of perspective in Architects and Painters" (Hough- its lack of age. It might be doubted if lithography ton), Mr. Longfellow bas limited is the best pictorial method of presenting architec his field and has set forth only such principles as taral details ; but Mr. Way has certainly been very must needs be known to the practical draughtsman, successful in grasping the picturesque features of pointing the students of the theory and science of some of his scenes. His subjects have not in all perspective to a completer work which already cases been inviting ; Americans who have never exists for them. In his Preface, Mr. Longfellow been in England will doubtless be surprised to see advances the opinion that “the practice of per- how unpalatial some of these royal palaces are in spective depends not so much on many principles their external appearance,-Kew and Kensington, as on the varied applications of a few," an opinion for example. Mr. Way's pictures are accompanied that is shared generally by perspective draughts- by architectural, antiquarian, and historical notes, But to the knowledge of a few general of great value and of deep interest, by Mr. Fred principles and the power to apply them must be eric Chapman. From these notes we may learn, added a fine sense of perspective to save the for example, why it is that we speak of our “am draughtsman from running into serious complica- bassador to the Court of St. James.” St. James's tions. The “feeling" for perspective is something Palace was once the hospital of St. James the Less, that no book can supply, and the more finely this and retained its saintly name long after it was sense is developed in a draughtsman the less does transformed into a royal abode ; and it still retains he consciously depend on principles. Mr. Long- the name, though it is now no longer a royal abode, fellow's book will help the general practitioner, for but is yet admirably adapted to Court ceremonials. it not only shows how principles are applied prac- Lithographs and letter-press together form a sump tically, but it illustrates their application by photo- tuous quarto volume of one hundred and seventy graphs from art and nature. The Introduction five pages, printed on fine paper with liberal contains material of interest to others than archi- margins. The edition is limited to four hundred tects or painters, — indeed, to everyone who would copies. view a picture intelligently; while the explanation An indispensable “Correct Composition, the second of the horizon and its varying relation to the ob- manual for the volume in Mr. Theodore L. De server as he changes his base, and its fixed relation printer and writer. Vinne's series on * The Practice of to him no matter how he changes, is very sugges- Typography” (Century Co.), is a thoroughly useful tive. The work contains seventy-five drawings in and much-needed manual “intended to give infor the text, and thirty-three full-page plates, many mation about the correctness of type-setting, which being in half-tone. It fills well its own field. is not minutely taught in English grammars or clearly explained in technical manuals of printing.” Story of the A very interesting story is that told It is designed for the use of not only the printer Pennsylvania by Prof. Oscar Kuhns in “German and proofreader, but for all who are concerned in Dutch. and Swiss Settlements of Pennsyl- the production of the printed page. It has to do vania” (Holt). While a review of the conditions no less with the proper preparation of “copy” by in the homeland following the religious wars gives the author than with its proper reproduction by the historic setting, and the importance of religious the printer; and, indeed, it is the author who is questions in determining movements of population most in need of such instruction as the book affords. is clearly shown, the author has made a successful men. 180 [Feb. 16, THE DIAL effort to treat the subject from a social standpoint, For some prominent men of the past, and thus has produced a very convenient handbook A short life of a complete biography in the com- Paul Jones. regarding the “ Pennsylvania Datch.” The reader pass of a magazine article seems an finds interesting details about the way in which the absurdity; but for the dashing Paul Jones, Mr. oppressed peoples were attracted to America, now Hutchins Hapgood's little life in the “Riverside by a translated pamphlet by William Penn, now by Biographical Series" (Houghton) is sufficient for the influence of a letter from an old friend or by all readers except special students. This is due to the conversations of a returned colonist sent back the skill of the writer, who has been able on this to Germany to lead others to the land of peace, or small canvas to paint a complete picture of the again by some wily agent of a transportation com man, and to set forth in sufficient detail his bril. pany. The privations of the journey and the toil. liant and important work for his adopted country. some efforts in the wilderness find equal place with We have him here, with his burning ambition, bis the certain improvement in temporal condition and reckless but well-calculated daring, and his profes- the moral and social influence upon the new country. sional skill. He is thus summed up: “ As far An attempt is made to show what the race has done as his deeds are concerned, Paul Jones appears for the history of the commonwealth, and the claims in the popular consciousness as he really was, – a are made without partisan prejudice or special bolt of effectiveness, a desperate and successful pleading. A liberal use of footnotes permits the fighter, a sea captain whose habit was to appear introduction of many brief items of interest; a bib unexpectedly to confound his enemies, and then to liography indicates the growing literature regarding disappear, no one knew where, only to reappear the general subject; and in the appendix is to be with telling effect. He has been the hero of the found a discussion of Pennsylvania-German family novelists, who, expressing the popular idea, have names with annotations of much value. On the whole pictured him with essential truth. A popular hero, the little volume is the most complete and inter indeed, he was, and will remain so, justly, in the esting for the general reader that has yet appeared memory of men.” about this element of the pioneer population of the United States. A list of more than one hundred and fifty titles shows something of the literature of NOTES. the subject, and also suggests again the earnestness Messrs. Ginn & Co. publish “ A Course in Inverte- and zeal with which in recent years the claims for brate Zoology,” by Professor Henry Sherring Pratt. the minor elements of our colonial population are “ The Book of Bulbs,” by Mr. S. Arnott, is published being advocated. by Mr. John Lane in his useful and attractive series of “ Handbooks of Practical Gardening." Literature in “ The Earlier Renaissance” (Scrib Stevenson's “A Child's Garden of Verses " is pub- Europe in the ner) belongs to the series entitled lished in an inexpensive form for use as a school early 16th century. “ Periods of European Literature,” reading-book by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. and edited by Mr. George Saintsbury. It is the Messrs. Ginn & Co. publish the “ Elements and No- fifth volume in the serial order, and the seventh in tation of Music,” an elementary text-book for public the order of publication. The editor is in this case school use, the work of Mr. James M. McLaughlin. also the author, as in the case of the volume on “A Laboratory Manual of Physics for Use in High “The Flourishing of Romance," which has the Schools,” prepared by Professors Henry Crew and second place in the series. The period of the new Robert R. Tatnall, is published by the Macmillan Co. volume is roughly the first half of the sixteenth “ The Passenger Traffic of Railways," by Mr. Walter century, which assigns to it the names, among many E. Weyl, is a monograph in the political science series of publications issued by the University of Pennsylvania, others, of Erasmus, More, Ariosto, Machiavelli, and offered for sale by Messrs. Ginn & Co. Politian, Rabelais, and Hans Sachs. The opening The American Book Co. publish “ L'Enfant de la chapter, called “ The Harvest-Tide of Humanism,” Lune," by Mme. Jeanne Mairet, edited by Miss Edith discusses the Latin writing of the period. From Healy, and Labiche's “Le Voyage de Monsieur Per- this the transition is easy to the Italian vernacu richon," edited by Mr. G. Castegnier. larists of the Cinquecento, thence to the French Messrs. Ginn & Co. publish a “ Herbarium and Plant epoch here styled“ From Rhetoric to Pleiad,” Description" portfolio, with sheets for mounting speci- thence to the Elizabethans wbo were (mainly) be mens, and blanks for describing them. It is a useful fore Elizabeth. A chapter on German literature adjunct to any elementary course in botany. then follows, then studies of early dramatic and The 1902 volume of “The Daily News Almanac," as critical writing, and the work ends with a few ran. useful as ever, comes to us from the office of the enter- dom notes on Scandinavian, Dutch, and Slavonic prising Chicago newspaper whose name it bears and authors. The book has all the familiar character. spreads abroad. Mr. James Langland is the compiler of this volume. istics of Mr. Saintsbury's work; it is exasperating The Riggs Publishing Company is the title of a new in style, but gives evidence of enormous reading. firm soon to begin active work in New York City. It is as even in execution as one has a right to ex One of its founders is Mr. John Russell Davidson, pect, and in point of accuracy is not open to serious already well known in connection with his New York criticism. literary agency. The new firm is fortunate in its ini. 1902.] 131 THE DIAL tial volume,“ Uncle Sam, Trustee," a serious study of there are nearly one hundred and twenty-five in all, present conditions and problems in Cuba, by Mr. John including eighteen in colors, forming together a most Kendrick Bangs. The book will appear in April. interesting exposition of the subject. One of the plates A new “Eversley” volume, published by the Messrs. is a beautiful stencilled fan design printed in colors Macmillan, is a second edition of Professor R. C. Jebb’s upon white silk. “Modern Greece,” which contains two lectures, written Mr. Joseph B. Mayor's "Chapters on English Me- over twenty years ago, but still pertinent as to the tre" has for many years been one of the best books essential aspects of their subject. upon its subject to be had in our language. A new “A Text-Book of Applied English Grammar," by edition, with three added chapters, has now been pre- Mr. Edwin Herbert Lewis, is published by the Mac pared by the author, and is published by the Macmillan millan Co. It is an elementary school book for the Co. The metres of Shelley, the recent theories of Mr. upper grades, brief and practical, as are all of the text Bridges and Dr. Skeat, and the hexameter in English, books of this experienced teacher. are the subjects of the new chapters. A very charming "Whist Calendar," published by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons import for the Amer- Messrs. Noyes, Platt & Co., is designed by Miss Mil ican market the fourth edition, revised and enlarged, dred Howells. Her decorative work is fetchingly of “A History of Architecture on the Comparative artistic, and her textual extracts, although brief, pro- Method,” by Messrs. Banister Fletcher and Banister F. vide a pleasant surprise for nearly every page. Fletcher. The work now contains 256 full-page plates, “Who's Who” for 1902, being the fifty-fourth year one-half of which are photographic representations of of the issue of this useful dictionary of living English- typical architectural monuments. men, comes to us from the Macmillau Co. As hereto The latest modern language texts are the following: fore, the biographies include a few Americans, although “A German Reader and Theme-Book” (Holt), by the selection of names seems to have been made after Professor Calvin Thomas and Mr. W. Addison Hervey; a hapbazard fashion. Schiller's “ Die Jungfrau von Orleans” (Appleton), Mr. William R. Jenkins is the publisher of “A edited by Professor Lewis A. Rhoades; Freytag's “ Die Course in First Year Latin," by Mr. W. W. Smith. Journalisten” (Appleton), edited by Mr. Thomas Ber- The work is prepared especially for students who ex- trand Bronson; Schiller's “Die Braut von Messina pect to take the Regents’ Examination in New York, (Silver), edited by Professor William H. Carruth; but would not be out of place as a text-book, intro- Storm's “Immensee” (Ginn), edited by Mr. Richard ductory to Cæsar, in any high school. Alexander von Minckwitz and Miss Anne Crombie “ Asinette,” is a French story for English children, Wilder; “The Elements of French Composition written by Mrs. J. G. Frazer. It has the Dent im- (Holt), by Mr. J. Howe Cameron; « Une Semaine à Paris print, and is published in this country by Messrs. E. P. (American Book Co.), a book of conversations Dutton & Co. Eight charming colored plates, and a prepared by Mr. Edwin F. Bacon; “Les Forceurs de great number of marginal cuts, help to make this vol- Blocus” (Appleton), by M. Jules Verne, edited by Mr. ume exceedingly attractive to a young reader. C. Fontaine; and “A Spanish Anthology” (Silver), containing lyrics from the thirteenth to the nineteenth A dainty pocket edition of "The Pilgrim's Progress" centuries, and edited by Dr. J. D. M. Ford. is issued in the “Caxton Series," of which Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons are the American publishers. The section on the History of Mediæval and Modern Literatures of the International Congress of Historical The two volumes are well printed, bound in limp blue lambskin, and supplied with photogravure frontispieces Sciences, whose third biennial session will be held in and other illustrations from the clever pen of Mr. E. J. Rome next April, has as yet a very limited American membership, and therefore is seeking to enlist the Sullivan. further interest of American scholars in its work. To “The Gospel Story of Jesus Christ," by Miss Ida this end a special American committee has been ap- W. Hutchinson, is a pretty book for young people, pub-pointed, whose secretary is Dr. J. E. Spingarn, Columbia lished by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. Another book University, New York. It is hoped that all American from the same source is “My Island," a volume of scholars interested in this field of study will secure stories for children, by Miss Eilian Hughes. Both of membership in the section. The membership fee of these books are manufactured in England by Messrs. twelve francs may be sent to Professor Francesco No- J. M. Dent & Co. vati, 25 Via Borgonuovo, Milan, Italy. The publica- Messrs. Knight & Millet are the publishers of a tions of the Association are sent to all members. The volume of “Studies of Trees in Winter," by Miss papers of this section at the Paris meeting of 1900 fill Annie Oakes Huntington. The work is scientific in a volume of some three hundred pages under the title, method, although not without an occasional æsthetic “ Annales Internationales d'Histoire: Congrès de Paris, touch, and is abundantly illustrated. Professor Charles 1900. 6me Section: Histoire comparée des littératures" S. Sargent contributes an introduction, and thus stands (Paris, 1901: Armand Colin). It is also hoped that in a way as sponsor to the book. original contributions within the field will be offered “Modern Design in Jewellery and Fans” is the sub for presentation at the coming Congress from Amer- ject of this year's special winter number of “The ican scholars. American scholarship has its own point Studio” (John Lane). The text consists of a half of view and has its own contributions to make in the dozen brief essays on the present condition and tenden- study of literary history. The reciprocal advantages cies of these branches of artistic craftsmanship in of closer relations with the representatives of European France, England, Austria, Germany, Belgium, and scholarship are manifest. The project is being con- Denmark, contributed by art-workers in each of the sidered of trying to induce the Congress to hold its respective countries, the whole being edited by Mr. next meeting (in 1904) in some American city. Amer- Charles Holme. As in all “Studio " publications, the ican coöperation at this year's meeting will be sure illustrations are notably profuse and well-executed; / greatly to further this design. 182 (Feb. 16, THE DIAL The Failure of Success. By Lady Mabel Howard. 12mo, pp. 320. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.50. LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 62 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS. Philip Freneau, the Poet of the Revolution : A History of his Life and Times. By Mary S. Austin ; edited by Helen Kearny Vreeland, great-granddaughter of the poet. Illus., large 8vo, uncut, pp. 285. A. Wessels Co. $2.50 net. Scottish Men of Letters in the Eighteenth Century. By Henry Grey Graham. Illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, uncut, pp. 441. Macmillan Co. $4.50 net. Cecil Rhodes: A Study of a Career. By Howard Hensman. Illus., large 8to, gilt top, uncut, pp. 382. Harper & Brothers. $5. net. Robespierre: A Study. By Hilaire Belloc, B.A. With photogravure portrait, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 387. Charles Scribner's Sons. $2. net. The Medici and the Italian Renaissance. By Oliphant Smeaton, M.A. 12mo, pp. 286. “ World's Epoch-Makers." Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25. James McNeil Whistler: The Man and his Work. By W. G. Bowdoin. Illus., large 8vo, uncut, pp. 75. M.F. Mansfield & Co. $1.50 net. Governor Thomas H. Hicks of Maryland and the Civil War. By George L. P. Radcliffe. Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 141. "" Johns Hopkins University Studies." ' Paper, 50 cts. HI The Great Persian War and its Preliminaries: A Study of the Evidence, Literary and Topographical. By G. B. Grundy, M.A. Illus., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 591. Charles Scribner's Sons. $5. net. Wales. By Owen M. Edwards. Illus., 12mo, pp. 421. “Story of the Nations." G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net. La Chronique de France. Publiée sous la direction de Pierre de Coubertin. 16mo, uncut, pp. 267. Paris. GENERAL LITERATURE. Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, 1796–1812. For the first time collected and translated ; with notes social, his- torical, and cbronological, from contemporary sources, by Henry Foljambe Hall. With photogravure portraits, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 330. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3, net. The English Chronicle Play: A Study in the Popular His- torical Literature Environing Shakespeare. By Felix E. Schelling. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 310. Macmillan Co. $2. net. Modern Greece: Two Lectures Delivered before the Philo- sophical Institution of Edinburgh, with Papers on "The Progress of Greece" and " Byron in Greece." By Sir Richard C. Jebb, Litt.D. 12mo, uncut, pp. 172. “Evers- ley Series." Macmillan Co. $1.75. Homeric Society: A Sociological Study of the Iliad and Odyssey. By Albert Galloway Keller, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 332. Longmans, Green, & Co. $1.20 net. NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE. Rubályát of Omar Khayyam: A Paraphrase from Several Literal Translations. By Richard Le Gallienne. New edition, with 50 added quatrains. 12mo, uncut, pp. 102. John Lane. $1.50 net. Thoughts from the Letters of Petrarch. Selected and trans. by J. Lohse. With photogravure frontispiece, 18mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 147. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1, net. POETRY. Ulysses: A Drama in a Prologue and Three Acts. By Stephen Phillips. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 178. Mac- millan Co. $1.25 net. Poems. By Arthur Symons. In 2 vols., with photogravure portrait, 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. John Lane. $3. net. The Watchers of the Hearth. By Benjamin Sledd. 24mo, uncut, pp. 84. Boston: The Gorham Press. $1.25. FICTION. The Second Generation. By James Weber Linn. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 305. Macmillan Co. $1.50. The Strength of the Weak: A Romance. By Chauncey C. Hotchkiss. 12mo, pp. 371. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50. TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. In the Footprints of the Padres. By Charles Warren Stoddard. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 335. San Fransisco : A. M. Robertson. $1.50 net. British-American Guide to Carlsbad. By S. A. Arany, M.D. Illus., 12mo, pp. 91. Abbey Press. Paper. THEOLOGY AND RELIGION. The Ancient Catholic Church, from the Accession of Trajan to the Fourth General Council (A.D. 98-451). By Robert Rainy, D.D. 8vo, pp. 539. “International Theo- logical Library." Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net. The Apostles' Creed: Its Origin, Its Purpose, and its His- torical Interpretation; a Lecture, with Critical Notes. By Arthur Cushman McGiffert. 8vo, pp. 206. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net. The Personal Life of the Clergy: By Arthur W. Robin- son, B.D. 12mo, uncut, pp. 163. Handbooks for the Clergy." Longmans, Green, & Co. 90 cts. net. A Primer of the Christian Religion, Based on the Teach- ing of Jesus, its Founder and Living Lord. By George Holley Gilbert, Ph.D. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 76. Macmillan Co. $1. net. Minister's Manual and Pocket Ritual. By Rev. C. E. Mandeville, D.D. 18mo, gilt edges, pp. 146. Jennings & Pye. Leather, 60 cts. net. The Life of Love. By James Mudge, D.D._24mo, pp. 139. “Little Books on Devotion.” Jennings & Pye. 25 cts. net. Soul-Winners' Secrets: A Primary Revival Text-Book for Christian Workers. By G. F. Oliver, D.D. 24mo, pp. 137. Jennings & Pye. 25 cts. net. SOCIOLOGY. - POLITICS. - ECONOMICS. The Basis of Social Relations: A Study in Ethnic Psy- chology. By Daniel G. Brinton, A.M.; edited by, Living ston Farrand. 8vo, pp. 204. "Science Series." G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50 net. Philippine Affairs: A Retrospect and Outlook. An ad- dress by Jacob Gould Schurman. 8vo, pp. 109. Charles Scribner's Sons. 60 cts. net. The Theory of Prosperity. By Simon N. Patten, Ph.D. 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 237. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net. Municipal Engineering and Sanitation. By M. N. Baker, Ph.B. 12mo, pp. 317. “Citizen's Library." Macmillan Co. $1.25 net. The Care of Destitute, Neglected, and Delinquent Chil- dren. By Homer Folks. 16mo, pp. 251. Macmillan Co. $1. net. The Americanization of the World; or, The Trend of the Twentieth Century. By W. T. Stead. With maps, 12mo, pp. 444. New York: Horace Markley. NATURE. Handbook of the Trees of New England, with Ranges throughout the United States and Canada. By Lorin L. Dawe, S.D., and Henry Brooks. Illus., 16mo, pp. 196. Ginn & Co. $1.35 net. A Garden in the Suburbs. By Mrs. Leslie Williams. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 195. John Lane. $1.25 net. The Book of Bulbs. By S. Arnott, F.R.H.S. Together with an introductory chapte