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THE DIAL
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THE HUGO CENTENARY.
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must Nearly seventeen years ago, the death of
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or
Victor Hugo, at the age of eighty-three, plunged
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and into mourning the whole civilized world. At
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; Goethe's age, and Voltaire's, within a few
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
months, he entered into rest, and of all the
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
great men of European letters since Shake-
speare, those two alone seemed worthy to be
No. 377. MARCH 1, 1902. Vol. XXXII.
named with his. For more than half a century,
bis rank had been preëminent, not among
CONTENTS.
French writers alone, but among those of the
whole world, and his venerable declining years
THE HUGO CENTENARY
141
had been crowned with such glory as is won by
THE JOHNS HOPKINS ANNIVERSARY.
few indeed among the sons of men. His genius
J. Franklin Jameson
144
had so dominated the century which it illus-
COMMUNICATION .
146
trated that it seemed as if history must hence-
Mary Stuart and the “Casket Letters.” W. H.
forth remember the period by his name, and
Carruth.
A JOURNEY TO AUSTEN-LAND. Edith Kellogg
speak of the Age of Hugo as it speaks of the
Dunton
146 Age of Dante or the Age of Shakespeare.
THE WORLD AND THE INDIVIDUAL. William
Now that the years of Victor Hugo's life,
Caldwell
148 added to the years that have elapsed since his
OUR YOUNGER POETS. William Morton Payne 151 death, have made up the full sum of one hun-
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY. Irving
dred, and men touched with his spirit and in.
K. Pond.
. 153 spired by his message are engaged — not alone
AN OPTIMISTIC VIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS. in the country that has the first claim upon his
Lewis Worthington Smith
155
memory - in recalling his splendid services to
RECENT BOOKS OF TRAVEL. Wallace Rice · 156 humanity and his priceless contributions to the
Baker's Seen in Germany. - Horton's Modern treasury of that literature which has the breath
Athens.- Chambers's The Destiny of Doris.- Mrs.
of life everlasting, now that the centennial
Bacon's Our Houseboat on the Nile.- Miss Lorimer's
By the Waters of Sicily.- Haggard's A Winter year of his birth has been reached, it becomes
Pilgrimage.- Miss Sykes's Through Persia on a Side-
pertinent to ask how time has dealt with his
Saddle.- Creelman's On the Great Highway.- Miss
Meakin's A Ribbon of Iron.-Gray's At the Court of
reputation, and how strong is still the hold of
the Amir.- Mr. and Mrs. Workman's In the Ice his works upon the artistic sense and the con-
World of Himalaya.-- Carey's Adventures in Tibet.
science of the generation that has come after
-- Parker's John Chinaman.
him. The final appraisal is not yet possible,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
160
Women and men of the French Renaissance.- Hab-
nor will it be for perhaps a hundred years to
itability of the solar planets.- A manual of every come, but some things may now be said that
day philosophy.- Animal life of long ago.— Life of
our posterity will not be likely to repudiate.
Victoria, by one of her own family.— The study of
dependent and delinquent classes.— The “River-
For it must be remembered that Hugo's work
side" life of Irving.- Garden-making on walls and has been tested by the apparatus of the critic
water. The priestly element in the Old Testament.
during a much longer period than the term of
Ruskin's principles of art-criticism.- National
parks and reservations.— A study of British shells.-
years that he has been in his grave. It is now
A sketch of Edwin Booth.-Material for the history three-quarters of a century since the famous
of the Civil War.
pronunciamento of “ Cromwell " was delivered,
BRIEFER MENTION.
164
and it is nearly as long since the pitched battle
NOTES
165 between the romanticists and classicists that
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
165 was occasioned by the première of “ Hernani."
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
166 During all that time, the genius of Hugo has
.
.
.
.
.
.
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3
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142
[March 1,
THE DIAL
been hotly championed by some, and bitterly of scholarship and grotesque perversions of
assailed by others. When he died, detraction the truth. This charge may fairly be allowed.
had already done its worst upon him, and his “L'Homme Qui Rit,” for example, is a ro-
fame had emerged well-nigh untarnished from mance pour rire, as far as its background of
the smoke of the critical conflict. Since 1885, historical fact is concerned. “Notre Dame de
his assailants have found nothing to say of bim Paris," with its “ deux tours de granit faites
so severe as what was said long before that par Charlemagne,” is not in much better case,
date, and the recognition of his finer qualities— although its subject is the history of the poet's
always admitted by those who dealt with him own country. In short, the history of Hugo's
the most roughly — has been less grudgingly blunders is as lengthy as it is amusing. The
admitted even by those who have felt bound second charge is that he is a rhetorician, who
to enter their caveat against his acceptance as cultivated a turgid, bombastic, and sensational
one of the great figures in the history of liter manner of composition, instead of following in
ature.
the footsteps of the great masters of style.
We have observed with close attention the This charge has a qualified truth, although it
currents and counter-currents of recent opinion reduces for the most part to the complaint
concerning Hugo's work, and it seems to us which the classicist always makes of the ro-
that there has gradually shaped itself, in the manticist, and begs the deeper question which
consciousness of his own compatriots as well is really at issue. And if "
And if “Hernani," for
as in the consciousness of the cosmopolitan example, is rhetoric rather than poetry, as
tribunal of letters, an image of the poet that perhaps it is, what splendid rhetoric it offers
looms larger and larger as the age recedes from its readers! When before in the French
him, an image so colossal that it dwarfs all drama were “ points ever made with such
others of his world-contemporaries in the re- telling effect as in this melodramatic inven-
trospective vision. Can we as Englishmen, tion ! “Vous n'allez pas au fond,” “Cou-
great as must be our reverence for the mem vrons nous, grands d'Espagne,” “Dieu ! je
ories of Shelley and Wordsworth and Ten- suis exaucée,” “ J'en passe, et des meilleurs,
nyson, of Carlyle and Ruskin and Emerson, how the examples crowd upon the memory!
can we in fairness claim that any of these It may be rhetoric, but the emotions which it
men matches Hugo in artistic and moral sta arouses are not readily to be distinguished
ture? Can a German make the claim for Heine, from those which we experience from the
can an Italian make it for Signor Carducci, purest tragic poetry.
can a Russian make it for Tourguénieff, can a Concerning the third charge, which makes
Norwegian make it for Dr. Ibsen ? Can a the poet out as a person of unbounded egotism
Frenchman fairly make it for Musset or Balzac and colossal self-esteem, it may be admitted
or Renan ? To ask these questions, it seems that Hugo frequently spoke of himself in terms
to us, is to make it clear that negative answers that his truest friends might wish had been
are the only possible ones. Certain aspects of left to others to formulate. Yet modesty and
the genius of these other men may appeal to self-effacement are virtues that may be carried
us more deeply, or strike more responsive chords too far, and in Hugo's case their assumption
in our consciousness, but the noblest personality would have been a hypocritical affectation.
of them all, with the sum total of its achieve. The prophet must be self-conscious, else he is
ment, set beside the personality and the achieve no prophet; he must have an exalted sense of
ment of Hugo, must suffer in the comparison. his mission, and a fervent belief in the truth
“The spiritual sovereign of the nineteenth cen of his message. And if any nineteenth cen-
tury,” Mr. Swinburne calls him, and, whatever tury utterance may be called prophetic, it was
critical reservations we may make upon this surely that of the man who proclaimed that
point or upon that, it seems that the ascription
“ Le poète, en des jours impies,
is still the just due of the great poet, novelist,
Vient préparer des jours meilleurs,"
and dramatist whose writings have now been and whose faith in the sacredness of his calling
steadily pouring from the
press
for a period of did not waver to the end. Posterity never
nearly eighty years.
condemns a man for taking the true measure
Against this secular canonization of the poet of himself, even if that measure be a large
the devil's advocate has advanced three main one; it is only to his contemporaries, and dur-
charges. The first is that, while parading ing the period when his true dimensions are
omniscience, he is guilty of
gross inaccuracies the subject of controversy, that such self-
-


1902.]
143
THE DIAL
-
appraisal seems an act of questionable taste. after the beautiful, never forgot its allegiance
When we read of Shakespeare declaring that to the true and the good — to the other aspects
his rhyme shall outlive “the gilded monu of what must ever remain the triune ideal of
ments of princes,” or of Dante saying, with the soul of man.
magnificent arrogance, — the question being of
the question being of One thing more must be said to round out
an important embassy, — “S'io vo, chi sta; s'io this commemorative tribute to the poet whose
sto, chi va ?” we applaud rather than con centenary is now at hand. Of another great
demn, we admire rather than deride, the abso poet it has been written :
lute conviction of the phrase. Posterity has
" It is indeed
accepted these men at their own estimates ; it
Forever well our singers should
is more than possible that posterity may accept
Utter good words and know them good
Hugo at his own estimate.
Not through song only; with close heed
Lest, having spent for the work's sake
There are spots upon the sun this is about
Six days, the man be left to make.”
the substance of what unsympathetic criticism It is “not through song only” that we love
discovers in its examination of the work of
and cherish the memory of Victor Hugo. To
Victor Hugo. But those who all their lives
the man also our tribute is due the man who
have bathed in the sunlight, and felt its vivi.
spoke brave words for freedom when such
fying warmth, are content to be simply grateful, words were most needed, the man who, at the
and will not, for knowledge of the sun-spots, sacrifice of all that was dear to him, translated
declare the moon to be a more satisfactory orb. into action the faith that was his, and made his
The positive achievement of Hugo is so im.
protest against tyranny doubly eloquent by his
mense that a volume would be needed for the
example. One of the most grudging of his
barest summary. Leaving aside his miscella- English critics is inspired to enthusiasm by the
neous prose, descriptive, fanciful, speculative, contemplation of the chief act in Hugo's life,
critical, and political, there remain the three
and writes of it in terms of such admiration
great categories of strictly creative work, poetry,
that we can suggest nothing to add. 66 The
romance, and drama. This seems to be the
great fact remains. M. Hugo, in scorn of am-
order in which they will eventually stand, the nesties and invitations, lived out nineteen years
order in which serious criticism has already of exile ; his voice did not fail nor his heart
placed them. To the creator of “Hernani,"
falter; he stood on his rock in the free British
“Ruy Blas,” and “ Marion Delorme,” we
seas, like Elijah on Carmel, spokesman and
must give the credit of accomplishing the champion of all those who had not bowed the
romantic revolution in French dramatic art.
knee to Baal.” The example is one for all
To the creator of Notre Dame de Paris,"
time and for all men. Only one man in a cen.
"Les Misérables,” and “Quatre-vingt-treize,' tury may embody his protest against wrong in
we must give the credit of promulgating a new a volume of “Châtiments," but every man may
conception of the teachings of history and a
have the strength of purpose to stand for what
new gospel of social solidarity. To the creator
he believes to be the right, whatever the forces
of “ Les Contemplations,” « Les Châtiments,”
that are leagued against him. In these lax
and “ La Légende des Siècles ” we must give days of service to the spirit of compromise,
the credit of first revealing the full singing there is no lesson more needed than that of
possibilities of the French language, of rising Victor Hugo's “ Ultima Verba ". those words
to such a height of lyric expression as had been
which seemed futile enough at the time of their
attained by no French poet before, of crown deliverance, but which, in the light of sub-
ing the splendid edifice of French literature
sequent history, are seen to have been the very
with its supreme revelation of pinnacled beauty.
sign and seal of the poet's prophetic function.
In this lyrical domain Hugo out-sang all the
other poets of his age,
and most of the poets
of all ages ; he rose as upon the pinions of the
eagle, and matched the richness of Pindar; he THE JOHNS HOPKINS ANNIVERSARY.
soared as with the skylark's wings, and matched
It has become somewhat difficult to picture to
the pure note of Shelley. When at the height
ourselves the conditions which surrounded the work
of his inspiration, he poured forth strains of
of higher education in the United States in 1876.
everlasting melody, which were yet linked in
Wonderful as the industrial advance of the country
thought with the noblest aspirations of the during the last twenty-five years has been, it is not
human spirit; for his genius, while ever striving at all more striking than the educational progress


144
(March 1,
THE DIAL
700
which has carried us far from those provincial con autumn into the hands of Dr. Ira Remsen, whose
ditions. It is easy to quote figures : - four hun. formal inauguration occurred on the second day of
dred graduate students (in arts) in 1875, six the recent festival.
thousand in 1902,— or those sums of money in Mr. Gilman and his trustees resolved, not to add
vested which the newspapers use as the ready and to the educational system of the country one more
exact measure of academic greatness. But there college just like the rest, but to cap it with a uni.
has been a change of spirit, or at any rate of atti-versity in which graduate instruction, elsewhere
tude and emphasis, which statistics cannot adequately faintly beginning, should be the main object.
express. In 1876 the phrase "higher education" Training in original investigation, and the publica-
usually meant college education; now, wben it is used tion of important researches in scientific journals
by a careful speaker or writer, it is likely that he supported by the university, were to be its constant
means an education which begins where the college task. Professors were to be chosen who were great
leaves off. In that year, while it had lately ceased investigators, and were to be given every facility to
to be true that most Americans desiring training of continue their researches while teaching. The chief
that kind sought it in Germany, it was still true investment was to be in men. Expenditure on build-
that those who desired and could afford to have it ings was to be kept at a minimum. Sylvester dis-
under favorable conditions went there to obtain it. coursed on the Abelian and Theta functions, Gil.
Now, the ratio of those who are pursuing it in dersleeve began the training of a generation of
America to those who are pursuing it in Germany Grecians, Rowland conducted his researches into
is as fifteen to one. Many teachers devote them- the mechanical equivalent of heat, in modest old-
selves to this sort of training exclusively. Men fashioned Baltimorean dwelling-houses. The new
who have not received it, in some measure, cannot university was to raise its influence to the second
hope for employment in colleges, can hardly hope power, so to speak, for it was to teach the teachers
for places in the best schools. The great public of America.
draws somewhat definitely the line of distinction It all seems obvious enough in 1902, Columbus
between university and college, and shows already having long ago balanced the egg; but to us of
a high appreciation of the methods and achieve. 1876 it was a revelation. Entrance into the at-
ments of the former. The professional schools in-mosphere of the Johns Hopkins was, to those who
tended for the education of doctors and lawyers went there in its earliest days, like the opening of
and ministers have been elevated and broadened by the Pacific before the eyes of Balboa and his men.
the same impulse, and by the example of the grad Here were no dated classes, no campus, no sports,
uate schools of letters and arts.
no dormitories, no gulf between teacher and student
It is because of the singularly important part where all were students, no compulsion toward
which the Johns Hopkins University has played in work where all were eager. Moreover, the intel-
this remarkable movement that the celebration of lectual freedom was such as befitted a university
its twenty-fifth anniversary has been regarded in having the admirable motto,“ Veritas vos liberabit.”
the academic world as an event of national signifi As time has gone on, other universities, with en-
About a generation ago a rich Baltimore larging resources, have developed their graduate
merchant resolved to devote his fortune, in sub- schools, while the Johns Hopkins has had a period
stantially equal parts, to the foundation of a uni of pecuniary difficulties (now apparently ended by
versity and of a hospital. Neither he nor the the generosity of its Baltimore friends); and has
trustees to whom in his life-time he entrusted the felt obliged, besides supporting a medical school of
former project had much knowledge or experience the highest class, to put much of its strength into
of universities and their management; but they its undergraduate department. Nevertheless, the
had the sagacity to choose and to follow wise ad. concourse of representatives of other universities at
visers, and the courage to approve and sustain a the recent celebration, and the tone of the addresses
novel experiment. At the tenth anniversary the which some of them made, showed that the Johns
president of the board of trustees told the remark Hopkins, past and present, still holds a high and
able story of the choice of a president for the con indeed unique position in relation to the most ad-
templated institution. They wrote to the presidents vanced work. Hundreds of enthusiastic alumni,
of six of the leading universities of the country, all of them young of course, yet many of them
asking them who was the best man for the post. already distinguished in science, testified to the
All six gave the name of the same man - Daniel fruits of the Johns Hopkins experiment; it is a
Coit Gilman, then president of the University of rare college, in whatever part of the land, that
California. No one doubts that they were right. has not at least one Hopkins man in its faculty.
Most persons would agree that nobody but Mr. And the citizens of Baltimore showed, by their
Gilman could have created in Baltimore the Johns presence, their enthusiasm, and their hospitality,
Hopkins University that we know. It is his mon how cordially they appreciated the school and the
ument; and it was only natural that he should be occasion.
the central figure of the celebration of February On the evening of February 20 there were re-
21 and 22, though he resigned the presidency last unions of the men who had worked in particular
cance.


1902.)
145
THE DIAL
laboratories or departments. The pupils of Pro vice as professor of chemistry. After the conferring
fessor Gildersleeve commemorated his quarter of honorary degrees, President Eliot of Harvard,
century of service by a dinner and the presentation who from the first foundation of the university has
of a memorial volume made up of contributions to been its faithful friend, made a brief but impressive
classical philology written by divers of their num closing address. He frankly declared the obliga-
ber. On the next afternoon, at Music Hall, in the tions of all other universities to the Johns Hopkins,
midst of a memorable storm, the formal exercises saying that it had lifted all to a higher level; and
began. The President, the President Emeritus, he warmly praised the work of its young medical
Cardinal Gibbons, and a long train of trustees,
school.
university presidents, delegates, guests, professors, The rest was social: a luncheon at the Johns
and alumni marched in, in imposing procession. Hopkins Hospital, and in the evening the alumni
Mr. Gilman, in a most skilful and comprehensive dinner, with large attendance and excellent speak-
address, reviewed the history of the last twenty-five ing, presided over by Professor Josiah Royce of
years, and set forth once more those Hopkinsian Harvard. Here the President Emeritus described
ideals which he has so often before expounded on in general outline the present plans of the Carne-
Commemoration Day, and which he has done so gie Institution, of which he has just been made
much to make the common property of educated president, and Dr. Remsen gave a description,
America. Then Professor Woodrow Wilson of very interesting to the alumni, of the beautiful
Princeton, the most eloquent of the alumni, in their Homewood tract of land, at the north of the city,
behalf presented to Mr. Gilman a beautifully illumi which by the munificence of a few citizens has been
nated address commemorating with gratitude and given to the university as a site for its future home.
affection his labors for the university and his ser The inauguration of a new president marks
vices to education, — services, it was justly said, always a new point of departure in the history of an
“not surpassed by those of any other American.” American university, especially since it became
The address was bound as a volume with the auto customary to lodge preponderant power in the
graph signatures of 1012 alumni; its presentation
hands of one man. But in the present case there
was accompanied by a demonstration from the are still other, and manifest reasons for expecting
audience which, coming from such a body of men, a new era in the development of the Johns Hop-
could not but be very grateful to Mr. Gilman, many
king. Removal to the new site will no doubt soon
as are the honors and commendations which he has take place, and will make a difference that it is
received. After this, there were short addresses
hard to estimate. There will be more room,
of felicitation by Principal Peterson of McGill greater quiet, the influence of beautiful surround-
University, Montreal, President Hadley of Yale, ings, a better opportunity to foster the social and
President Dabney of the University of Tennessee, athletic life of the undergraduates. On the other
and President Harper of the University of Chicago. hand, the heart of a great city is in some ways a
In the evening, there was a brilliant reception in better place for a great university than its outskirts,
the principal hall of the university.
and graduate work in some departments must suffer
Saturday was President Remsen's day. The at least until the library has become so far devel-
morning's exercises began with an address of wel oped that remoteness from the Peabody Institute
come by the governor of the State of Maryland, has ceased to be important. It is also evident that,
who had been unable to be present on the preceding however generous the people of Baltimore are dis-
day. Governor Smith expressed forcibly and even posed to be toward the university of which they
eloquently the pride of Marylanders and Balti have become so proud, the city is not rich enough
moreans in their university, and declared with an to enable it to maintain, in comparison with uni-
emphasis which his position made significant his versities planted in wealthier towns, the preëmi.
conviction that the state should, as of late it has nence in graduate work which for several years it
been asked to do, assist pecuniarily in the mainten- enjoyed. Let us hope that they will enable it to
ance and development of the institution. This remain in this respect an equal, though doubtless
duty, by the way, was eloquently enforced upon the with a constituency less national and more largely
minds of the alumni, at the dinner in the evening, Southern, than in its first years.
by the doyen of presidents of state-aided universities, But there were phases of the Johns Hopkins
President Angell of Michigan. President Remsen, celebration which suggested also the close of one
in his inaugural address, studiously avoided pre era in the general life of American universities at
dictions and declarations of policy. But his de. large, and the opening of another. In the making
scription of the proper spirit and aims of the uni of doctors of philosophy, as in other new American
versity's work, and his cheerful confidence in its industries, there has naturally come first an era of
future, left no doubt of his high success, certainly competition, a competition not ignoble and not
no doubt in the minds of those who know his serene without public utility, yet marked by some regret-
and genial temper, his honesty and good sense, his table excesses. The reaction has already set in.
intellectual breadth, and the devotion he has shown The first and most important influence exerted in
to the university during his twenty-five years' ser restraint of excessive competition has been that


146
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DIAL
of the many national scientific societies, in each of
which, at their annual meetings, the professors
The New Books.
of many colleges join in discussing the matters of
their common Fach and in laying plans for its ad.
vancement. They meet as friends, and immerse A JOURNEY TO AUSTEN-LAND.*
themselves for the time in concerns which transcend
“The readers of Jane Austen," so Mr.
those of any particular college or university. When
Howells has lately told us, “ are hardly ever
they go home, the sense of these wider interests
abides in their minds; and they can be relied on to
less than her adorers: she is a passion and a
uphold them. All universities have members creed, if not quite a religion.” If Mr. Howells
presidents or others — who are veritable academic
himself is to be taken as fairly exemplifying
Chauvins, consumed with myopic zeal for their own the attitude of the cult, we need not question
universities. They are growing fewer. The set his terms; with him Jane Austen is assuredly
who attend scientific meetings are holding them in a passion. If, on the other hand, we feel that
check. Again, the most potent source of what is his praise is a little warm to be representative,
called commercialism in American universities is
we shall still be in no doubt of the existence
the unchastened ambition of presidents, eager for of admirers whose enthusiasm will insure a
the pecuniary assumed to be identical with the
cordial welcome for Miss Constance Hill's
intellectual) aggrandizement of their own institu-
tions. Against this evil also the most effective delightfully sympathetic volume entitled “Jane
counterweight has been the zeal of professors for
Austen : Her Homes and her Friends."
larger and loftier interests, which must be harmed Of course there may be “ adorers
” of Miss
by vulgar competition, but will be signally for Austen who are content to study her as she
warded by inter-university friendship, cooperation, laughingly whispers, “What a dear, simple
and dependence. This broader spirit has grown old gentleman!” from her shadowy corner
rapidly in recent years. The university presidents behind Mr. Woodhouse's chair; or as she
themselves have joined in an association for the
peeps demurely and very unobtrusively over
annual discussion of common topics. The age
of
Elizabeth Bennet's shoulder, still smiling
mutual combination is displacing that of competi-
kindly at the Vanity Fair — not, in spite of
tion. Of the “outward and visible signs” of this kindly at the Vanity Fair
new and most welcome stage of progress one of the
Solomon, all vanity — which she analyzes so
most agreeable is the cordial enjoyment and fra- keenly and paints so deftly. Other admirers
ternal feeling with which all the universities join in will not care to go beyond Miss Austen's let-
the celebrations of any one among their number ; ters, as delightful in their way as her novels,
for, in the profoundly Christian phrase which and marked by the same dainty finish, the same
President Eliot used with such happy effect, “ we freshness and vivacious wit. And if such
are all members one of another."
readers want a background of biographical
J. FRANKLIN JAMESON.
detail, they will choose a brief sketch like Mrs.
Malden's in preference to anything more am-
bitious. But Miss Hill is quite safe in counting
on the twentieth century zest for what may
COMMUNICATION.
called the geography of genius; on the modern
temper, which, distrustful that the style — at
MARY STUART AND THE “CASKET LETTERS." least in the novel is the man, wants to hear
( To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
its literary lion roar; or, if that is impossible,
In connection with my review of Mr. Andrew Lang's to know how, and furthermore where and in
“ The Mystery of Mary Stuart" in a recent issue of
The Dial, the following extract from a note which I
what company, he learned to roar in print to
have received from Mr. Lang is of interest :
such purpose.
"I put in the forged letters to show how easily the Queen's Just such a study of environment Miss Hill
hand could be imitated. I have since found unknown MSS.
offers us.
Her book is primarily a record of
in another case, the Gowrie affair of 1600. Here there was
Austen-land,”
wholesale forgery, but comparing the forged letters (of Logan
her pilgrimage to “
of Restelrig) with his genuine letters (which had never been we say to the Austen-lands, since Miss Austen
done) we cannot detect any difference. This of course only lived successively in the little Hampshire vil-
shows the practicability of successful forgery of Mary's let-
ters. The comparison of Logan's was made at the time, but
lage of Steventon, at Bath, at Southampton,
failed to detect forgery: I mean that it has not been done and finally in Hampshire again on her brother
since 1609. The difficulty as to Mary, is to say whether she Edward's estate at Chawton. In each of these
repeated herself in sonnets and letters, or whether the letters
are forged from the sonnets. Bad is the best."
places, and several more where Miss Austen
W. H. CARRUTH.
* JANE AUSTEN: Her Homes and her Friends. By Con-
Lawrence. Kansas. Feb. 24, 1902.
stance Hill. Illustrated. New York: John Lane,
be
or shall


1902.]
147
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>
made lengthy visits, her home or lodging has excitement by a letter or perhaps a flying visit
been searched out that it may be carefully from one of her sailor brothers. She lived, in
described, and also pictured for us by Miss short, the wholesome village life that she por-
Ellen Hill, whose quaint little sketches add trays, and she lived it quite in the spirit of her
much to the interest of the text. Miss Austen heroines. For though the first drafts of “ Pride
was not essentially an out-door woman in and Prejudice,” “Sense and Sensibility,” and
her day fragile and feminine were likely to be “Northanger Abbey were written at Steven.
synonyms, - nor does description of natural ton, “ amid the cheerful chatter” of the family
scenery play any considerable part in her novels. sitting-room, there was not then — indeed there
So Miss Hill's task is limited to telling us of never was—anything of the professed authoress
each home and its garden, always a favorite in Miss Austen's view of life; and here no
resort with the ladies of the Austen family, doubt lies one secret of her genius.
of the houses at which Jane visited oftenest, Miss Hill does not stop at such general re-
and of the Assembly rooms where she indulged semblance between Jane Austen's environment
her fondness for dancing.
and the setting of her novels. The “wood
Among her friends her large family stood walk” at the parsonage reminds her of the
first and indeed almost alone, if we are to pleasure grounds of Cleveland in “ Sense and
judge by Miss Hill's account. Dearest of all Sensibility.” Frank Austen's letter telling of
was her only sister Cassandra, from whom in his promotion to the rank of commander sug-
her childhood she was so inseparable that her gests those announcing a like good fortune for
mother once declared, “ If Cassandra were William Price. At Bath Miss Austen's visits
going to have her head cut off, Jane would in. to the “Lower Rooms are reminiscent of
sist on sharing her fate.” She was very fond of Catherine Morland's first meeting with Henry
all five of her brothers; but Henry, who helped Tilney. And her stay at Lyme makes an
her with the publication of her novels, and opportunity for conducting us, as Tennyson
Edward, who after his father's death gave his insisted upon being conducted, to the scene of
mother and sisters a home, were perhaps her Louisa Musgrove's accident. 6. Don't talk to
favorites. Her father and mother, while closely me of the Duke of Monmouth," cried the poet
associated with her, seem to have inspired awe to his friends who were doing the honors of the
rather than such affection as she lavished on historic village, “show me the exact spot where
Cassandra and later on some of her young Louisa Musgrove fell !”
nephews and nieces. With them ends the tale While these parallels between Miss Austen's
of friends to whom Miss Hill has accorded personal experiences and the life portrayed in
more than mere mention.
her novels are kept up all through the biog-
Her unique contribution to Austen literature, raphy, the general reader's curiosity about the
then, consists in her conscientious picture of genuineness of Miss Austen's realisın is satisfied
Miss Austen's environment. Further than this, by the time the Steventon period of her life
and as corollary to it, she aims to portray has been recounted. He has then made sure
Miss Austen's character, as her friends saw that for once at least the style is emphatically
it and as her home life revealed it, and to
the woman.
He sees that it was because she
trace the connection between the author's ex dealt with the life she knew intimately that
periences and the scenes and incidents of her she was able to master her material so perfectly;
novels.
because she loved her dull little world, finding
In this latter attempt Miss Hill is particu- it neither too small nor too dull to be intensely
larly successful in the first third of her book, interesting, that she was able to show its un.
which is devoted to Jane Austen's life at the derlying charm and its real significance, — in
Steventon parsonage. Here, except for a “short short to mould it into the form we call art.
school course” and an occasional visit, she spent Very properly, then, through the rest of her
the first twenty-five years of her life. Very book Miss Hill is chiefly occupied with de-
uneventful years they were in the main, passed picting Jane Austen's personality, as her little
in the pleasant companionship of her own circle of friends knew it and as her home life
family circle and of three or four congenial showed it. Here she is of course on ground
neighbors. She read and embroidered and trodden by all Miss Austen's biographers; and
kept house, paid calls, revelled in the balls at like the rest she must depend for her material
the Basingstoke Assembly rooms, and was oc upon Mr. Austen Leigh's memoir of his dis-
casionally thrown into a delightful flutter of l tinguished aunt, upon the various editions of


148
(March 1,
THE DIAL
her letters, and upon family manuscripts re of religion. Owing to a bequest from the
lating to her and now in the possession of the late Lord Gifford, one of the judges of the
Austen family. But if this feature of Miss Scottish Court of Session, each of the four an-
Hill's work is least original, it is perhaps most cient seats of learning in Scotland (the Uni-
remunerative for the reader. Miss Austen is versities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and
after all of interest not as having lived here or St. Andrews) has now a sum of money which
there and done this or that, but as being Jane yields from $3000 to $4000 a year for lectures
Austen, a personality powerful enough to domi- | by men of note upon the problems of Natural
nate her quiet life and give its rather bare Theology — the ultimate meaning of the uni-
chronicle charm. Her life was indeed without verse so far as its bearing upon man and his
incident and, in spite of the efforts of all her destiny is concerned. A lecturer is invariably
biographers, including Miss Hill, to prove the appointed for two years, and the universities
contrary, apparently without romance; but in their wisdom have seen it fit to exact of him
about herself there is nothing commonplace. only ten lectures a year; so that the fortunate
Her sprightly wit and unaffected sweetness appointees, in addition to the honor of the
endeared her to all who knew her.
Her won election and the subsequent profit from publi-
derful energy made novel-writing a mere epi- cation in book form of their lectures, enjoy the
sode, not interfering at all with household remunerative features of giving some twenty
duties, needlework, charities, or the visits of lectures at from $300 to $400 a lecture. The
nephews and nieces. More remarkable still is appointment of a lecturer lies entirely in the
her perfect poise - that of the real humorist. hands, not of the head of the university (as
If she ever lost herself it was in pleasure at the might perhaps be the custom with us), but of
success of her novels.
For the most part she the professors, in particular in the hands of the
maintained absolutely that mean between ab. professors of philosophy and theology - in
sorption and ennui which marks the temper of consultation, to be sure, with their colleagues.
the great artist; who, playing his part in life's By the terms of the will no conditions what-
drama, still can catch the critic's point of view, ever of religious belief or disbelief are to be
but who is always too much the player to grow considered of importance in determining the
cynical over the tinsel whose deceptive charm election of a lecturer. The appointee may be
he himself has felt.
long or not belong to a religious body or de-
Such is the picture Miss Hill gives us. Occa nomination. And also, by the express conditions
sionally the personal narrative form of the book
of the bequest, the lecturer is not allowed in
is too obtrusive; but the style is always admir his argument to place explicit reliance upon
ably clear, the verification satisfactory, and the any so-called positive revelation. He may, in-
material interesting. It remains only to speak deed, be known in his private capacity to rely
of the illustrations, which, besides the numer upon Revelation for a solution of the question
ous sketches of Miss Austen's homes and haunts of the mystery of the world ; but in the Gifford
already spoken of, include many photogravure | Lectures before the universities and their public
reproductions of family portraits. Another he is to dwell especially upon a philosophy or
feature of the book is the dainty cover design, theory of the teachings of nature and of human
which is a facsimile of the embroidery upon a
muslin scarf worked in satin-stitch by Jane As in the case of a great many recent be.
Austen.
EDITH KELLOGG DUNTON. quests to universities, the universities them-
selves had at first grave doubts and difficulties
as to the way in which the Gifford money could
best be spent. To most men of mature years
THE WORLD AND THE INDIVIDUAL.*
who have passed the greater part of their lives
The Scottish universities may now be said in scientific and philosophical investigation
to have the most excellent kind of provision, there seems to be something rather fatuous,
in the shape of ample pecuniary endowment, something almost serio-comic, in the spectacle
for original speculation upon the eternally old
of four men getting up every winter before the
and the eternally new subject of the philosophy public in four different Scottish towns to attack
* THE WORLD AND THE INDIVIDUAL. Gifford Lectures,
the old question of the proofs for the Being of
delivered before the University of Aberdeen. By Josiah God. And indeed it must be confessed that
Royce, Ph.D. First Series : The Four Historical Conceptions
it is a somewhat serious expenditure of time
of Being. Second Series : Nature, Man, and the Moral Order,
New York: The Macmillan Co.
and nervous energy to listen year
after
year
reason.


1902)
149
THE DIAL
----
(as must a sufficient pumber of professors to Müller, Campbell Fraser (one of Barrie's
make up a platform for politeness' sake) to the “Edinburgh Eleven "), Lewis Campbell, and
same eternal debate on a question that you others, should start the series. Men of science,
may,
in your own way, believe to be evident or too, like Sir George Stokes of Cambridge,
to be insoluble by mere science. For after all were also selected. But soon the Scottish pro-
the man who does his duty, or the “ least” in fessors, who could, of course, hardly hand
the kingdom of heaven, may have visions de round the lectureships among themselves, had
nied to a great logician or specialist.
to look abroad for help, and called upon schol-
Be all this as it may, the Scottish universities ars like Pfleiderer of Berlin, Tiele of Holland,
found in the law courts that they must spend and James and Royce of Harvard University.
the money very much in the way indicated in Professor James has as yet delivered but one
the will of Lord Gifford, who had been known series of lectures.
to be a profound student of the pantheism of Unlike most of the works that have appeared
Spinoza and to have the most decided kind of in England or America since the early days
opinions about the importance of Natural The of the “ Hegelian invasion ” into our philo-
ology. All attempts to use the Gifford money sophical world (it was forshadowed of course
for the creation of special chairs or lectureships by the Transcendentalism of Carlyle and Em-
or fellowships for the study of the science of erson), i.e., since the first writings of Hutchison
religion, or of Eastern religions, or of com- Stirling of Edinburgh (the famous “ Secret of
parative religion, or what not, had to be aban-
had to be aban- | Hegel ") and the Cairds of Glasg and Green
doned. And so for all time we shall see every of Oxford and Dr. W. T. Harris (once as
year in Scotland these four men standing forth famous as the editor of the “Journal of Specu-
and offering reasons for their scientific or phil. lative Philosophy” as he now is as the United
osophic creed ; and we shall soon have an array
States Commissioner of Education), the pub-
of published volumes whose magnitude will lished lectures of Professor Royce lay their
altogether surpass that of the celebrated Bridge- main emphasis not upon an impersonal - Uni-
water Treatises or of the Oxford Bampton versal” or “ Absolute” in which God and man
Lectures. The very giving of these lectures and the world seem to be fused into one another,
and the issuing of these volumes may to the but rather upon the Individual and his free
minds of
many, who have perhaps a groundless moral effort and upon a Personal Deity who has
prejudice against state universities, seem to be both Reason and Will. Hegelianism or Neo-
a somewhat disturbing influence upon the Hegelianism (for the English interpretation of
minds of young people in Scotland, in making Hegel does not represent all the sides of his
them think of certain matters as unsettled rather teaching) has been, as nearly all college gradu-
than settled. But on the other hand, all lovers ates of the past two decades know, the inspir-
of truth and progress and light cannot but ation of the Idealism that has nobly served as
welcome this provision for unprejudiced in a counter philosophy to the growing Naturalism
quiry into and discussion of the greatest ques.
and the Materialistic Evolution of the last third
tions that can occupy the mind of man. And of the nineteenth century. Professor Royce
all true Scotchmen can again pride themselves himself only too gladly confesses in his lectures
upon the fact that, while their country may the extent of his debt to the writings of Kant
justly be known as a land where a sound atti. and Hegel and their followers, and indeed it
tude upon the deeper realities of life is an in may be said that without their work his work
gredient in the national temper, it will also and nearly all the important work in recent
continue to be known as a thinking country - philosophy would have been impossible. But
as a country where men look before they leap. all the deeper students of Neo-Hegelianism
And it would indeed be an evil day for Scot know from their own experience how well-
land or for any other country when the univer- grounded have been the complaints of the
sities, the special creation of the Protestant upholders alike of Orthodoxy” and of “Com-
spirit, should stand before the public for any mon Sense,” regarding the extent to which the
thing else than truth and light above all things. realities of man's separate personality, the re-
It was natural enough that the Gifford lec alities of individual effort, of right and wrong,
turers should be drawn, in the first few years of the personal will of God, seem to suffer in
after 1888, from within Great Britain, and Hegel's “ Panlogism,” as it has been called (if
that such well-known thinkers as Hutchison this be Hegel)— in that “dialectic” or moving-
Stirling, the two Cairds, Andrew Lang, Max shadow world in which an eternal thinker seems


150
[March 1,
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to be eternally thinking his own mere thoughts, or the Apostle Paul) their salvation. It may
or to be setting up logical difficulties merely be claimed that just as the great book of Mr.
for the pleasure of overcoming them. So far Bradley has closed by a negative criticism the
does “Hegelianism " sometimes seem to travel first Neo-Hegelian period in English thought,
from the world of ordinary reality that some of so the lectures of Professor Royce are the first
the most important events of the philosophical great positive attempt in English to rise beyond
world of the last twenty-five years have been the closed circle that was for some time wrongly
the conversions or the confessions or the recan taken to be the essence of Hegel. The lec-
tations of distinguished thinkers who were once tures have already been discussed in this light
deeply imbued with the very spirit and letter at the annual meeting of the American Psy.
of what they believed to be Hegelianism. Two chological Association at Chicago University
of the most conspicuous instances of these re last Christmas, and they are certain to affect
cantations have been the writings of the accom the constructive period of philosophy upon
plished successor of Fraser at Edinburgh in the which we are entering with the century. " It is
chair of Hamilton, - Professor Andrew Seth
Professor Andrew Seth precisely,” says Professor Royce, “ the restor-
(now A. S. Pringle-Pattison), whose return to ation of individuality to the self that constitutes
the rationality of the but recently despised the essential deed of our Idealism.” Of course
Scottish « Common Sense" philosophy was out of all this preliminary polemical work will
doubtless the occasion of the interest manifested there come in due time a fuller and juster ap-
in his Princeton lectures upon Theism ; and, preciation of Hegel and Hegelianism, for it is
further, the brilliant and epigrammatic writ- eternally true that Hegel's philosophy is to a
ings of F. H. Bradley, the popular Oxford great extent but another name for systematic
thinker who is regarded by many men of letters thinking and that “outside ” Hegel there is no
as the English master of the art of dialectic,- philosophy.
as a modern Parmenides. In the great meta But Professor Royce's work is interesting
physical treatise of Bradley on “ Appearance
Appearance for another reason. Next to the interests of
and Reality" (dubbed by some witty critic the theology and a common sense justice to the
“ Disappearance of Reality ") a kind of nega- divine rights of the personality of man, there
tive Hegelian dialectic is turned against the re is perhaps no question that so interests the
ality of the “ Neo-Hegelian "God, and thus the popular mind of to-day as the social question.
very pillars of that spiritual philosophy, which Theology itself, in fact, is becoming (not al-
has kept a generation of men from turning to together rightly to be sure) largely a social
the “busks” of materialism, seem for the gospel, and the reality of the life of the indi-
moment to have been torn down by an intellec-vidual is held by some to lie in his power of
tual Samson. And in the wake of these two losing ” it to find it again in the life of others.
older men several of the younger thinkers have And from the standpoint of philosophy it
not been slow to follow, in books and articles must be confessed that the “social spirit,” the
that draw inspiration not merely from Hegel social conception of the "self” and the socio-
but from “fresh fields and pastures new” that logical conception of the world, have practically
have been partly ignored by the Hegelians. At revivified the metaphysic of to-day. No one
Oxford (as we read in a London review) a need be surprised at this. The student of
number of young men have banded them- philosophy can tell the average man that both
selves together to produce a volume of essays in Germany and in England some of the most
that shall do more justice to personality and cogent tests of the reality or the unreality of
aspiration and the moral life than has been any philosophy have always been found in the
accorded to these things by some of Hegel's writings of men who have shown its bearings
followers.
upon our common life as human beings. The
It is the distinctive merit of Professor Royce's socialistic writings of Marx and Lasalle kept
published lectures to have given, as the result alive the spirit of Hegelianism long after its
of a logic as rigorous as that of Bradley or letter had ceased to have a hold upon the Ger-
Green or Caird, an idealistic philosophy of the man mind; and in England itself the social
world, in which a separate reality and a genuine writings of men like Edward Caird (whose
moral experience and a personal immortality little book on Comte is one of the best things
are given to all finite beings who are capable he has done) and Mackenzie and Bosanquet
of “ working out” with the help of God (he be have revealed the social mission of Idealism at
lieves in this too, as does the Hebrew Psalmist a time when the technicalities of Hegel's Logic


1902.]
151
THE DIAL
are ignorantly supposed to have been set aside reason to be proud of her first lectures in the
as a kind of jargon of the schools.
Gifford series. We shall look forward to the
The social spirit and the social idea have had lectures that another American philosopher,
the very greatest kind of influence upon Pro Professor William James, is at the present
fessor Royce. Without at all entering into time giving at Edinburgh, for his book called
precise detail, it may be said that one of his “ The Will to Believe has already created
most fundamental positions is to the effect that quite a voluminous literature.
it is only in our dear daily life of common
WILLIAM CALDWELL.
effort, in the life of family and state and
“church,” that man enters into his true king-
dom — enters upon the realities of what he
(Royce) calls the World of Appreciation (i. e.,
OUR YOUNGER POETS.*
the world of “ideals” and “ values"), as dif.
The minor poet has fallen upon fortunate
ferent from the appearances of the World of days. So much attention is paid at the present
Description (i. e., the world of “sense" and time to literary production of every sort that
"science"). The “appearances of the World the humblest of writers gets his share of ephem-
of Description"! Yes! that is one of the main
eral glory. It was not always thus, and form-
lessons of the book, - the sad error of materi-
erly the minor poet had to be content with
alism and materialistic living! That the world the furtive publication of bis slender volume
of physical science, the world of “atoms” and
(at his own expense), with a few lines of com-
“ cells” and “motion” and “laws,” is in a ment, kindly or severe, and with the balo that
very vital sense an appearance ” world - I encircled his brow in the eyes of his family
will not say an unreal world, but an apparent and immediate friends. But now he gets him-
world, a world that is simply a version or self into print without difficulty, receives grave
description of the world in the interests of our attention at the hands of novelists, clergymen,
moral and intellectual life! It is only from and other competent critics, and enjoys some-
the standpoint of the social and ethical life
thing very like fame for at least a brief period.
that we can logically (the pith of the argument So it comes to pass that such a book as Mr.
is to show this regard our life of sense and all William Archer's " Poets of the Younger Gen-
the physical world as essentially a meaning eration," containing over five hundred pages
a meaning that is completed in the certainties of characterization and extract, can secure both
of the religious life. Paley used to talk about a publisher and a public. We are determined
design and purpose, Professor Royce talks to magnify our poets, and, since the greater
about meaning ; that is, Paley saw things from voices are nearly all silenced, the lesser voices
the outside, whereas Professor Royce sees them have their innings, and are treated as if they
from the inside. No wonder that Darwin and also were gifted with the divine accent and the
Huxley refuted Paley! The chief effort of the prophetic utterance.
lectures upon The World and the Individual”
We have no thought to speak scornfully of
is to show that the reality of everything, or of the minor poet, or to begrudge him any of the
anything, is to be found ultimately in its honest praise which Mr. Archer bestows upon
meaning ; and the true meaning of the life him. We have often, in all sincerity and
of the world and of sentient beings is to be thankfulness, bestowed upon him the same sort
found in one vast Society, one great realm of of praise, and discussed him in the same spirit
beings, whose lives find their meanings com of seriousness. Yet the sight of this big and
pleted in a Kingdom of God, — a kingdom in sumptuous book, with its array of names all of
which human beings live again to realize which have yet to be tested by time, somehow
“ All we have willed or hoped or dreamed of good ..." suggests a disproportion between means and
The ordinarily educated person who has an ends, and the anticipation of a verdict that
interest in the higher thought of this age, or cannot in the nature of things be returned until
the thinker who is troubled about the revolu most of us who are now living are in our graves.
tion hypothesis,” will find a great deal in Pro One should long hesitate about enshrining in
fessor Royce's two volumes. And their thor a big book of any sort the names of men and
oughly practical character may be said to set women whose own books may be absolutely
forth on a large scale the possible contribution forgotten two or three decades hence; it were
of the American spirit to the solution of old
* POETS OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION. By William
and world-wide problems. America has every Archer. With portraits. New York: John Lane.


152
[March 1,
THE DIAL
better that opinion concerning these persons
bred Scotchman.” The note is to this effect:
should shape itself by natural processes rather “ It might perhaps be desirable, for the guid-
than be given thus prematurely the semblance ance of the person criticised, that a statement
of a permanent form.
of the critic's athletic record, his chest meas-
Again we must disclaim any intention of urement, and his fighting weight should be
impugning Mr. Archer's motives in producing included.”
the present volume, or even of disputing his Coming to the author's confession of taste,
main positions and judgments. The book, de we learn that he is insensible to music, save of
spite its bulk, is essentially modest and unpre the simplest, that he had the usual boyish
tentious, and the author takes us so frankly attack of Byronism, and that from Words-
into his confidence that adverse criticism is for worth he learned the true meaning of poetry.
the most part disarmed in advance. The story Greek and Latin poetry mean little to him,
of the book is, briefly, that Mr. Archer enjoys Chaucer and Shakespeare much. Milton he
poetry, that he has read widely among the did not really discover until nearly thirty, but
younger poets of our time, that he has selected that poet has been to him ever since “ an in-
thirty-three of the English and American exhaustible mine of the pure gold of poetry.”
writers who have most appealed to him, and When it comes to Shelley, he says " Sibbo-
that to each of these he has devoted a few ex leth” in defiance of those who would slay him
pository pages, abundantly eked out with illus-
"at the passages of Jordan.” Of American
trative examples. The book is subjective in poets, Poe, Emerson, and Whitman are the
method. The author tells us what he likes, chief. German poetry he loves, although he
and evidently hopes that his readers will like cares more for Heine than for Goethe, but to
it also. If they do not, and he should be asked French poetry he remains color-blind. After
to justify his judgment, he would be quite the frankness of these confessions, we are pre-
helpless. He admits that he has not included pared for an occasional surprising saying, as,
certain excellent poets for the simple reason for example, that he would be puzzled to dis-
“that their work does not happen to chime tinguish from internal evidence the poets who
with my idiosyncrasy.” Intellectually, he rec wrote" Songs from Vagabondia,” and that there
ognizes their merit, but it does not touch his is no very wide gap between Mr. Le Gallienne's
emotions. Everything that the objective critic Omar and the immortal poem of FitzGerald.
regards as fundamentally important is eschewed Every man has a right to his own opinions,
by Mr. Archer. He makes no comparisons, and we cannot quarrel with one who makes
invokes no canons of literary art, traces no re no effort to erect his subjective fancies into
lations between the poet and the tendencies of objective dicta.
his age. He simply tells us what he likes and What we find, then, when we turn from the
what he dislikes.
introduction to the volume proper, is a series
In order that we may reckon with the per of pleasantly written discussions of such of
sonal equation in Mr. Archer's estimates, he our younger poets as Mr. Archer likes suffi.
supplies us with a sort of spiritual autobiog- ciently to care to take into consideration. The
raphy, in which we learn when, and by what list of poets is worth giving. On the English
means, his taste for poetry developed, what side, it comprises Messrs. Beeching, Benson,
are the poets who mean the most to him, and Binyon, Quiller-Couch, Money-Coutts, David-
to what others he is relatively insensible. In son, A. E. Housman, Laurence Housman,
doing this, he adopts a suggestion of Mr. John Kipling, Le Gallienne, Newbolt, Phillips,
M. Robertson, who declares it to be the critic's Symons, Thompson, Trench, Watson, and
duty to give his readers “an opportunity of
Yeats seventeen men,
and Mmes. Hiuk.
checking his individual judgments.” Says son, Hopper, Meynell, Nesbit, Radford, Siger-
Mr. Archer : “ The day may very well come son, Watson, and Woods
eight women. Of
when every critic will be called upon to fill up this list one may say that a number of equally
[a] schedule of temperament and qualification, important names are omitted, but that it is
in order that readers may know clearly through excellent as far as it goes.
excellent as far as it goes. The selection of
what medium they are invited to contemplate the eight American poets cannot be accounted
any given work of art.” A note to this pas for by any process of rational thought. They
sage embodies what we should be tempted to include the three Canadians, Messrs. Roberts,
think a jest were it not for the author's con Carman, and Scott, and their friend, the late
fession on the next page that he is “ a pure-
Richard Hovey. But the wildest guess would
-


1902.)
153
THE DIAL
-
sance.
never hit upon the four writers who are se and vanished civilizations. Spain is rich in the
lected to represent the art of poetry as now memories of this conflict; but it is to Italy that
practised by the younger writers of this coun we are drawn with the keenest sympathy, for
try. According to Mr. Archer, these four
are from that land of sunshine vivifying beams of
Miss Alice Brown, Professor Santayana, Mr. art have penetrated into the great cold heart
Madison Cawein, and Father Tabb. Mr. Archer of the north, and from the heart of that north
would have done vastly better to leave Amer are we of the Western World. To behold these
ican poetry out of his reckoning than to rep monuments, and recognize their superficial
resent it in this meagre and eccentric fashion. beauty, is one thing; to feel the life-blood of
His own disclaimer concerning “ the hopeless- great races rushing through them is another,
ness of attempting to do more than cull a and toward this latter end a sympathetic his-
flower here and there” cannot be accepted as tory will materially help the student. Mr.
a sufficient warrant for this extraordinary Charles A. Cummings, an American architect
showing WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. of distinction, has essayed a work of this sort,
in his recently published history of Archi-
tecture in Italy, surveying the field from the
time of Constantine to the dawn of the Renais-
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY.*
It is a wide field, and the author esti-
In all forms of art expression, there is a
mates very modestly — possibly underestimates
spirit which lies deeper than the surface; though because, although needed and greatly to be de-
the value of his work, which was undertaken
in Architecture it is the superficial aspect which
appeals foremost, and perhaps finally, to the
sired, no similar work exists in English, and
works in other languages, though numerous
great majority of observers - or, better, spec-
tators, for one is hardly an observer whose
and in some instances extremely full and com-
glance does not penetrate beneath the surface. plete, are found to have limitations which im-
In the art of an individual worker, this spirit pair their value to the student. To write a
has a quality almost wholly subjective, and is history of social and political life, one must of
revealed only to the discerning student of human necessity be an historian in the recognized sense
of the word ; to write sympathetically a history
nature; so that the study of the individual's
efforts in art is, to a great extent, a study of
of architecture, one must of necessity be both
an architect and historian, for architecture is
personality. When the individual's effort is
merged in the achievements of the race, the art
an expression of the social and political life of
is a matter for history. The personal equation, combination of architect and historian must be
a people in the terms of art. Obviously, the
though not wanting, is generally lost sight of
in the broader problem of the race-spirit. The
rare, if not quite impossible, in an age of
history of architecture is the history of the specialization ; but Mr. Cummings has suc-
deepest life-passions of the races, which some-
ceeded in combining the functions in a high
times, building “ better than they knew,” have degree, and his work is one of great value
to the student, as well as of extreme interest:
raised to their memory enduring architectural
to the “general reader,” who will follow it:
monuments.
with a volume of mediæval history at hand for
The lands stretching southward from the
side excursions into other than architectural
Alps and the Pyrenees to the borders of the
fields.
great inland sea hold for us a most vital in-
terest; for over them ran the hordes of the
Mr. Cummings regards Christianity as “the
north, that met the civilization of the east
mother of Italian architecture," and finds " its
and of the south in sustained and bitter con-
earliest appearance in the catacombs.” From
flict, to the end that the southern and eastern
this germ, according to his view, sprang the
civilizations were swept from the continent of early basilicas, “ from which were developed
Europe and the northern barbarism was tamed
the great churches which are still the admira-
tion of the world.” The work, until the last
and softened and developed into a newer and
fuller civilization, in whose monuments are
chapter is reached, has to do mainly with
reminiscent the beauty and power of the older
churches; for they are the principal monuments
remaining to us from the middle ages, and
ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY. A History of Italian Archi were built for the most part, perhaps, in the
tecture, from the Time of Constantine to the Dawn of the
Renaissance. By Charles A. Cummings. In two volumes,
spirit and to the glory of the religion of Jesus
illustrated. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Christ. But many of them were built through
;


154
(March 1,
THE DIAL
Rime succession from those of ancient Rome.” Romanesque."
fear and superstition, and in fulfilment of vows; been made heavy and broad to support it, and where
for a great marauding band rarely set forth on the whole disposition of parts bas a more or less organic
a predatory expedition without first invoking arrangement, the definition is clearly applicable; but it
would as certainly exclude the Romanesque of Central
aid at some great shrine and vowing the erec and Southern Italy, in which the internal disposition is
tion of a greater shrine should the venture prove essentially that of the Roman basilicas, and in which
successful. Often the vows were fulfilled, and the ornaments and the general exterior design are the
frequently at the expense of some beautiful
features which distinguish the Romanesque church from
its Roman prototype.”
Christian church already existing, which was
despoiled of its riches of sculpture and orna-
The lack of homogeneousness in the Ro-
ment for the adornment of the newer edifice.
manesque of Italy leads the author to discrim-
All of this in no way diminishes the romance
inate between its various geographical aspects,
of the tale, but makes difficult the writing of
and so he gives the name “ Lombard Roman-
architectural history, and is only an instance
esque ” to that style which developed in Milan,
of the difficulties with which the historian has
Pavia, and the Lombard cities of the north of
to contend.
Italy, and that of “ Central Romanesque” to
After tracing the development of the early Tuscany and the region between Tuscany and
the more classic forms which are found in
Christian church from its germ in the cata-
Rome; while that mixed style which grew up
combs, Mr. Cummings says: “No essential
feature can be cited of the early basilican church,
contemporaneously over Apulia, Calabria, and
or of the square, circular, or polygonal churches
the other provinces of Southern Italy (a style
of the first four centuries after Constantine, perhaps an equal share, and of which the
in which the Lombard and the Norman had
which had not its prototype in the temples or
the civic buildings of the Empire.” These
abundant and fascinating ornament is largely
churches and the contemporary buildings in
due to the Greek sculptors by whom these
Italy." were in the main the production of the
provinces were overrun from the eighth to the
eleventh centuries), is appropriately desig-
line of succession from those of ancient Rome."
nated by Mr. Cummings as the “Southern
And a remarkable fact is then stated, a fact in
which is seen the prophecy of the Renaissance,
The Romanesque in Italy dates from the
Lombard invasion. There has been not a
that the Italian race, through all its changes
little speculation as to how so rude a race as
of government and population, has adhered
the Lombard was at the time of the invasion
steadfastly to the classic traditions, and has
could produce so fine an architecture as the
accepted with reluctance and never with hearty
Lombard Romanesque. Much, without doubt,
support the styles forced upon it from without
was due to the order of the Masistri Coma-
by Lombard, Byzantine, Norman, or the Cis-
tercians bringing the Gothic of Northern
cini, of which Mr. Cummings treats with neces-
France. The Gothic invasion impaired the
sary fulness, noting the origin of the Coma-
chain of Roman builders, the Lombard inva-
cini, according to legend, on a little island
sion broke it absolutely; and for six centuries,
in the Lake of Como, where an independent
or till the coming of the Renaissance, the Ro.
Roman Colony endured for twenty years after
manesque held sway in Italy. Mr. Cummings
the invasion, yielding finally to the Lombards
speaks interestingly and with clearness con.
after a protracted siege. He then gives an
account of the laws of the Lombards, which
cerning the term Romanesque, and after giving
its origin, says:
established the order of master builders, “Mag-
istri Comacini," from among the already
“The Romanesque, in character as well as in time,
lies between the Roman and the Gothic, being in great
famous builders of the region, regulating its
measure an inheritance from the one, and carrying
work and fixing a scale of payment.
within itself, at least in most of its forms, the promise The differences between the various phases
of the other. Yet Quicberat's definition as an archi-
of the Romanesque, Mr. Cummings has set
tecture which has ceased to be Roman, though it retains
much that is Roman, and has not yet become Gothic,
down clearly and in a manner full of interest;
though it has already something of Gothic,' is, as far as
but the subject necessarily receives treatment
its application to the Romanesque of Italy is concerned, in such great detail as to make epitomizing a
certainly faulty, since it implies that all Romanesque difficult task. In fact, the same may be said
is on its way to become Gothic. To the Romanesque
of the other themes which serve to mark the
of France and Germany, and to a certain extent that of
Northern Italy, where the wooden roofs have been
division into chapters. The meat of the Ro-
superseded by vaulting, where the walls and piers have man builders is presented with the Roman-


1902.)
155
THE DIAL
esque, but the wine and juices of the feast as exemplified by Rome, toward the democratic
come with the Byzantine influence. While the form as understood by the Hebrews. Following
eastern builders left in Italy no churches of this are chapters on political, industrial, edu-
the Byzantine type, the eastern sculptors and cational, and religious rights, in the discussion
colorists left on the Italian buildings of the of all of which it is maintained that no man has
middle ages the impress of their great love for any inherent right to impose government of any
flowing line, free form, and brilliant color, sort
upon
another man, whether as king or as
with the result that from Venice to Palermo, member of a democracy, save only as by such
through Milan, Ravenna, Rome, the Byzan government greater protection in his rights is
tine ornament in sculpture and mosaic hangs secured to the individual. Politically, then,
like rich grapes upon the vine. Only in con man has a right to personal security, and only
servative Rome, where the classic spirit never by the possession of an enlightened conscience
was extinguished, is the flavor less sweet. The a right to share in government. “The first
chapter on Gothic is of great interest, and is industrial duty of society is to protect every
beautiful in its illustrations; while that on man in his right to labor and in his ownership
Sicilian Architecture, beginning in romance of the fruits of his labor.” This is defined as
and warmed throughout by the blood of the an absolute right; artificial rights, such as the
south and the east, is equally attractive in right to land, are those established by society,
matter and in its illustrations. The work is and our present industrial system is unjust
very attractive in its make-up, both volumes because it " is based upon the private owner-
being especially rich in illustrations, which are ship of common wealth.”
Taxation as now
well chosen, well executed, and well printed. managed is also unjust, since it does not fall
All plans and sections are in line, as are a few most heavily upon those whose rights are most
of the details; but the great majority of the in need of protection from government. As a
details, and all the interior and exterior views, remedy for these evils, Dr. Abbott gives a very
are in half-tone from photographs, many of the lucid presentation of the Single Tax theory.
subjects so unhackneyed yet beautiful as to Educationally, man has a right to “ the devel-
cause wonder that they are so little known. Aopment of his own, true, ideal, divine person-
list of over a hundred authors consulted, and ality"; and religiously, “ It is the right of
copious foot and marginal notes with refer man to pursue this quest (the quest for God]
ences, add greatly to the value of the work. unhindered ; to find God for himself, in his
Mr. Cummings has done a valuable service to own way, with his own faculties, after his own
the student and to the general reader in the fashion.”
production of this history.
Having shown that a democracy is not by
IRVING K. POND. inherent right any more a just government
than an oligarchy, he goes on to the conclusion
that democracy is the best government because
it more fully than any other provides for the
intellectual and moral development of the
AX OPTIMISTIC VIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS.
people. He understands the distinguishing
The problems that now confront our Amer- characteristic of the American Republic as one
ican democracy call for renewed discussion of embodying the spirit of faith in man, hope for
the basis of government. The fundamental
man, and good-will toward men." The result
questions of man's relation to the State and of of this with us he sees as a large balance on the
the State's obligation to the individual are yet | side of good in our religious, political, social,
matters of dispute, and on the way in which and industrial life. More than this, Dr. Ab-
they are to be answered will depend the solu- bott finds good reason for believing that democ-
tion of much that is of vital moment in present racy is to reconstruct society, coming to the
day politics. Dr. Lyman Abbott, in his dis- time when it shall em body these five principles:
cussion of “The Rights of Man,” takes up 1, the diffusion of happiness ; 2, through the
first “ The Conflict of the Centuries,” founding development of character; 3, by a process of
the general development of his argument on gradual growth ; 4, the secret thereof being
the thesis that the advance of society has been the indwelling of God in humanity ; 5, the
away from the autocratic idea of government end thereof being a brotherhood of man cen-
*The Rights OF Man. By Lyman Abbott. Boston:
tred in God as the Universal Father."
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
Dr. Abbott takes notice of many domestic


156
(March 1,
THE DIAL
problems, many foreign problems, many perils.
RECENT BOOKS OF TRAVEL.*
The Indian, the negro, the political machine,
the boss, the plutocrat, imperialism, and the Few books are more interesting than a good ac-
democratic spirit, — all these are discussed in count of travels by one who knows the folk to whom
the light of the general principles which have
his book is addressed no less than the stranger folk
been carefully worked out in the preceding of whom he writes. The interest lies in powers of
pages. The concluding paragraph of the book
observation and comparison, the ability to see clearly
and to point out resemblances and differences.
sums up its conclusions briefly :
Necessarily, resemblances are many, differences
« The conflict of the centuries is one between the
few, and human nature is the same wherever found.
doctrine of pagan imperialism, that life and the world
“I have travelled far," said Lady Mary Wortley
are made for the few, whom the many are to serve;
and that of the Hebraic democracy, that life and the
Montagu," and have always seen men and women.”
world are made for the many, and the great are to be
Of all books recently written of journeys in
their servants. This democratic or Hebraic or Chris strange or familiar lands, few surpass in interest
tian doctrine involves: in politics, All just government Mr. Ray Stannard Baker's “Seen in Germany."
is for the benefit of the governed; in political economy, It is informing, it is shrewd, and it is always intel-
The common wealth is for the benefit of the common ligent. Best of all, it is quite free from that as-
people; in education, A fair opportunity for the devel-
sumption of superiority so prevalent in accounts of
opment of every individual; in religion, The right of
foreign peoples as seen with “ Anglo-Saxon " eyes,
every soul to learn for itself what it can of the Infinite,
a racial habit which too often degenerates into the
and to tell what it thinks it has learned. Of the He-
braic democracy the United States affords the best
cant of patriotism. Mr. Baker was, first, an edu-
modern example; in the faithful application of these
cated man; secondly, a man with a newspaper
simple principles it will find the solution of its prob- training. His acquirements have enabled him to
lems, both domestic and foreign. Its perils are great, see what it is his readers will enjoy, and to observe
but the grounds for hopefulness as to the final issue are accurately. He does not show us the German
greater. That issue, if it be successfully achieved, in people, from the Emperor to the laborer, as ignor-
volves the material welfare of all the people, based on ant and foolish because they differ from Americans,
their intellectual and spiritual development; the free-
but simply as “different," and this difference is
dom of the community, based on the recognition of a
divine law enforced by reason and conscience; and a
shown us in a way that makes very pleasant read.
brotherhood of humanity, based on loyalty to one Father
ing. The book begins with “common things,”-
and manifested in glad service rendered by his sons as
the effect of “good” government as distinguished
freemen to one another."
*SEEN IN GERMANY. By Ray Standard Baker, New
As here expressed, these conclusions are York: McClure, Phillips & Co.
little more than hopeful sentiments ; but they
MODERN ATHENS. By George Horton. New York:
have been reached through a course of very | Ch
Charles Scribner's Sons.
THE DESTINY OF DORIS. A Travel-Story of Three Con-
patient reasoning, - reasoning illumined by tinents. By Julius Chambers. New York: Continental
the glow of a most contagious enthusiasm.
Publishing Company.
OUR HOUSEBOAT ON THE NILE. By Lee Bacon. Boston:
The premise of the first chapter, that Roman
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
and Hebrew political thinking were opposed BY THE WATERS OF SICILY. By Norma Lorimer. New
as autocratic and democratic, may easily be
York: James Pott & Co.
disputed. But the validity of the argument
A WINTER PILGRIMAGE. Being an Account of Travels
through Palestine, Italy, and the Island of Cyprus, accom-
does not depend upon the truth of this. Nei plished in the Year 1900. By H. Rider Haggard. New
ther does it greatly matter what has given us York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
the growing sense of human brotherhood, the
THROUGH PERSIA ON A SIDE-SADDLE. By Ella C. Sykes.
Second edition. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
thought of the fatherhood of God, as Dr.
ON THE GREAT HIGHWAY. The Wanderings and Ad-
Abbott thinks, or a clearer recognition of our ventures of a Special Correspondent. By James Creelman.
mutual interdependence. We may pass by
Boston: Lothrop Publishing Company.
A RIBBON OF Iron. By Annette M. B. Meakin. New
these and some other personal elements in the
York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
discussion as being interesting, but not con- | Ar the Court of THE AMIR. A Narrative. By John
vincing, and there is still left a substantial Alfred Gray, M.B. New York: The Macmillan Co.
IN THE ICE WORLD OF HIMALAYA. Among the Peaks
body of thoughtful comment on the course of
and Passes of Ladakh, Nubra, Suru, and Baltistan. By
human development and present conditions. Fanny Bullock Workman, M.R.A.S., and William Hunter
Students of social problems and the general
Workman, M.A. New York: Cassell & Co., Ltd.
reader should alike be grateful for so reason-
ADVENTURES IN TIBET, Including the Diary of Miss
Annie R. Taylor's Remarkable Journey from Tau-Chau to
able and stimulating a discussion of matters of Ta-Chien-Lu through the Heart of the “ Forbidden Land."
such moment, even if in its genial optimism
By William Carey. Boston: United Society of Christian
Endeavor.
they are not at all times able to sbare.
Joan CHINAMAN AND A FEW Others. By E. H. Parker.
LEWIS WORTHINGTON SMITH. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.


1902.)
157
THE DIAL
from “self” government, the police, politeness, for the Mediterranean ; in the third chapter, Vernon
shops, beer, the American circus in Berlin, notions Blake joins Doris at Gibraltar; in the intervening
about Americans, machinery. Successive chapters chapters, Blake makes love to Doris and the nar-
are devoted to the Kaiser, to the private soldier, to rator to her mother; in the last chapter there is, as
the workingman, to a typical student in the person Mr. Chambers phrases it, “ a quatrain of destiny."
of Professor Ernst Haeckel, to a typical scientific Making love over parts of three continents must be
institute as it may be seen at Charlottenburg, to very good fun, and Mr. Chambers sees to it that
the glass-works at Jena and Professor Abbe's profit no chance is omitted to supply sound information-
sharing system, to shipbuilding at Stettin, to the somewhat Baedekerish at times, but often original
novelties in German education like the new com in its conclusions, as in the estimate made of Gen-
mercial university at Leipzig, to duelling among eral Gordon while in the Soudan :
university students, and to the problems of the “His bravery, his conscientious sense of duty to the gar-
“new” Germany. Mr. George Varian has pro.
risons he had taken over, and his fidelity unto death to the
vided numerous drawings for the book, which is
Arabs who stood by him, is [sic] beyond question. His size
was that of a regimental, or brigade, commander. He was
one to be heartily commended.
not equal to the government of a province. His Chinese rec-
For several years the American consul at the ord as a commander who struck promptly and with awe-
capital of Greece, no one speaks of that land with
inspiring severity, was nullified by his year's shilly-shallying
at Khartum. As I stood on the top of the Serail,- where he
more authority than Mr. George Horton ; and his
had stood so often during those long and agonizing months of
“ Modern Athens” affords an entertaining picture suspense, - and gazed over the surrounding country for miles,
of one of the least known and most worth knowing I could only marvel that Gordon had held out against the
cities of Europe. The narrative is one in which
Mahdi as long as he had. The possibilities of defending the
promontory from artillery-fire are meagre. I understood
the writer admits his readers freely into intimacy
perfectly what Lord Milner meant by describing the imprac-
with the modern Greek, his virtues, bis foibles, his ticable Arab chieftain, Wad el Nejumi, who tried to lead an
life at home and in the public streets, in summer army across the Nubian desert into Egypt, as 'the Gordon of
and winter, in peace and war. It is difficult to
Mahdiism.""
realize that there is a country on earth in which
There are numerous reproduced photographs to add
ancient Greek of the best classical period is readily
to the desirability of the book; and it may be freely
understood by the common people, where Homer
admitted that Mr. Chambers's experiment of writing
stands nearer popular comprehension than Chaucer
a book of travel with an abundance of “ beart in-
among English-speaking folk and is read generally terest” is successful.
by “the man in the street”; but Mr. Horton shows It is difficult to extract anything new from a
us these things are facts. “Coming from the voyage in a dahabéah up the Nile, but “ Our House-
quaint, mediæval quarter into a London or German boat on the Nile" is not without interest, if lacking
emporium on Stadium Street,” says Mr. Horton, in originality. Mrs. Lee Bacon tells the story, and
" is like jumping from the Middle Ages into the her husband, Mr. Henry Bacon, furnishes a number
present century "; and he goes on to describe the of delicate drawings for illustrations, the frontis-
Athenian method of shopping :
piece in color being exceptionally beautiful. It
“The Oriental method of doing business still prevails. shows the wonderful façade of the temple at Abou
The dealer sets a price, the buyer another, and often three Sembel, with its repeated statue-portraits of Ra-
or four hours of patient will-contest pass before a compromise
is reached. The patron asks How is this piece of silk ?'
meses II., described by Mrs. Bacon thus :
One dollar a yard,' is the reply. "Thirty cents' is offered.
“The band of time has touched the facade of the temple
The merchant is thrown into something resembling an apo-
sufficiently to add to its beauty rather than detract from it.
plectic fit. He swears by his father's soul that it cost ninety-
Instead of four colossal seated figures, as the children would
five cents. The lady takes a seat with a sigh, and after
say, ' pin for pin alike,' with four heads wearing crowns, eight
twenty minutes, inquires, innocently, ' Finally, thirty cents ?'
legs, and ever so many fingers and toes in exact rows, the end
*Never! But to keep you and not lose your custom, you may
of the nineteenth century sees one figure broken away down
have it for what I paid, ninety-five cents.' 'Kaiemeni!'
to the waist, three out of the four crowns gone, one set of
sighs the lady, sarcastically (You poor thing)! There are a
legs crumbled away; a most picturesque ensemble. The
dozen or more women sitting about the store. When finally
proportions, the architecture, and the sculpture are what at
the proprietor comes down to a price that one is willing to
first hold one spellbound ; later the beauty of the faces, the
pay, she rises, receives her bundle, and departs, declaring,
generosity of the great six-feet-wide mouths, kind, calm,
good-naturedly, that she has been swindled, and that she will
benign. The crown lies broken at the feet of the figure,
never come back again.”
which is itself broken away. Why is it that the three re-
maining figures are more beautiful than four could ever have
The book is well illustrated with drawings by Mr. been? Why is the number three as subtly beautiful in ar-
Corwin Knapp Linson, from photographs taken by chitecture as it is fraught with grace in music ?”
Mr. Horton, and is worth possessing.
This extract will give a better idea of the real
Mr. Julius Chambers has sought to make his
charm in the book than much description. A
account of a journey through Spain and Italy and simple, cultivated style, a keen sense of the humor-
Egypt more entertaining by weaving into it a pretty ous, and great kindliness of heart, make the narra-
love-story, indicated by the title, “ The Destiny of tive exceptionally readable.
Doris.” In the first chapter the teller of the story Under the guise of letters from a brother to a
(it is in the first person) meets the mother of Doris, sister, Miss Norma Lorimer writes “ By the Waters
an old flame now widowed, on the steamer bound of Sicily,” half the contents dated from the city of


158
[March 1,
THE DIAL
Syracuse, and the rest divided between Castrogio of Miss Sykes as accurate. The revision of the
vanni, the centre of the sulphur trade, and the cap. text appears to have been limited to minor matters,
ital of the island province, Palermo. The story of and differs in no essential way from that of the
this storied soil is told with sympathy and vivacity, first edition several years ago. Miss Sykes's journey
as may be seen in an extract from the description through the East was completed in 1896, and events
of the Capella Palatina at Palermo, built by Roger II. have been marching with singular rapidity for the
in 1132, as follows:
Orient ever since; but of the extension of Russian
“If I told you that the beauty of the famous Easter can influence in the Shah's dominions, no account is
dlestick, which stands fourteen feet high and came from
taken here. The maps and pictures of the earlier
Constantinople, although it was carved by Norman workmen,
almost brought tears to my eyes, you would say that I had
edition suffer no change; but the book loses noth-
been reading Ruskin, and undermining my constitution by a
ing of human interest, except in a political sense,
prolonged diet of slaughtered kid ; and I wonder what idea through the years which have elapsed.
you would carry away of the marble pulpit if I were fool
“On the Great Highway,” by Mr. James C.
enough to tell you the truth: that it is one of the pulpits built
by those earnest men of long ago, who thought that no stone
Creelman, is something more than a more book of
was too rare or priceless, no time too long, no money too much travel, though its author fairly journeys around the
to devote to the beautifying of a throne from which the word world in its pages. But as a special correspondent
of God was to be preached. These mediæval artists seem to for one or another New York newspaper, his vari-
me to have been men sent by God to beautify His sanctuaries
on earth. They were divinely inspired for divine art. The
ous expeditions were undertaken only when im.
chapel is small, and it is so full of such priceless marbles that portant news was forthcoming, and his presence in
I should not have been surprised if it had been guarded night the various kingdoms and principalities he mentions
and day by a piquet of soldiers, for if such a glorious thing
was usually of a stormy-petrel character. The
as the priceless Easter candlestick was ever mutilated and
carried off, the jewel of Sicily would be despoiled.”
only newspaper man to be accorded an interview
with the Pontiff of the Church of Rome, he rightly
There is a colored frontispiece after a painting by places his account of that event at the opening of
Miss Margaret Thomas, with several other excel.
his narrative, following it with the establishment
lent illustrations from photographs. At the close of another record in the interview he had with the
of the story a pleasant bit of romance is woven in
King of Corea. The war between China and Japan
for good measure, adding greatly to the charm of
for the mastery of Eastern Asia is followed from
the book.
Corea to the mainland ; and the battle of Port
Mr. Rider Haggard evidently enjoyed his “ Win Arthur, with the massacre which followed, is de.
ter Pilgrimage,” the only drawbacks to complete scribed with vivid effect. Thence there is a swift
happiness being the mistakes which the foreigners passage to Count Tolstoy, and an extended interview
insisted upon making from time to time,- exactly had with that apostle of peace.
The book is one
the sort of thing an American complains of in En of quick transitions and strong contrasts, the next
gland, for example. The book is readable, but it
figure being that of General Weyler, “The Butcher,"
owes a great deal of its best thought and matter to as Mr. Creelman calls him, whose wreath of poison
the inspiration of Baedeker. The following obser.
The following obser- ivy some of the American generals in the Philip-
vation, made in Cyprus, is more original :
pines seem trying to wrest from his brow. An
“Nicosia is a place of many amusements. Thus, they interesting chapter on "yellow journalism ” follows,
play golf there on a course of nine holes. It is odd to do the
with this justification, unfortunate in its opening
round with a gentleman in a fez acting as your caddie, and to
observe upon the greens - or the yellows, for they are made
sentences, but none the less significant:
of sand - Turkish ladies veiled in yashmaks engaged in the
“If the war against Spain is justified in the eyes of his-
useful tasks of brushing and weeding. What in their secret
tory, then "yellow journalism'deserves its place among the
hearts do the denizens of the harem think of us, I wonder ?
most useful instrumentalities of civilization. It may be
Would not their verdict, if we could get at it, be · Mad, mad,
guilty of giving the world a lop-sided view of events by ex-
my masters'? But English folk would celebrate book-teas aggerating the importance of a few things and ignoring
and play golf or any other accustomed game upon the brink others, it may offend the eye by typographical violence; it
of Styx. Perhaps that is why they remain a ruling race.”
may sometimes proclaim its own deeds too loudly; but it has
never deserted the cause of the poor and the downtrodden;
Mr. Haggard went from Italy to Cyprus, and thence it has never taken bribes, - and that is more than can be
to Palestine. He was an observant, if insular trav said of its most conspicuous critics."
eller, and decidedly skeptical regarding the authen Some part of this estimate may be applied to Mr.
ticity of holy places and relics. But he avers, in
But he avers, in Creelman's own work. He is evidently not of a
closing, that he had a good time; and the reflection retiring disposition, — else his occupation would be
of it is in these pages, plentifully illustrated, as gone. But he is interesting, whether talking about
usual, with reproduced photographs.
others, or, more frequently, about himself. The
That excellent book of Miss Ella C. Sykes's,
book is illustrated with portraits of many of the
“ Through Persia on a Side-Saddle,” has been re persons mentioned, reproduced from photographs.
vised and republished, with a new introduction Iron rails and iron steamships took Miss Annette
by Major-General Sir Frederic Goldsmid, C.B., M. B. Meakin from London to St. Petersburg,
K.C.S.I., in which there will be found an explana over the Trans-Siberian railway to Vladivostock, to
tion of one of the border disputes in which Persia Yokohama, to San Francisco, to New York, to
is interested and strong commendation of the work | Liverpool, and so back to the place of beginning,


1902.)
159
THE DIAL
-
me not.
massacres.
as the lawyers say; but it is her experience in had not with me the medicine I wished to take. His High-
crossing Europe and Asia on the great Russian ness asked, Would I take native medicine if he prescribed
it? I said I should be most grateful His Highness if he
railway line that gives title to her book, “ A Ribbon
would honor me so far. His Highness gave some directions
of Iron.” Miss Meakin left the British metropolis to a Hakim, who presently brought a small jar. With a little
March 18, 1900, and returned to that spot August silver spoon he took some dark-looking confection out of the
31, having spanned the whole round world in that jar, made a bolus of it, and gave it to me. It tasted hot and
space of five months and thirteen days, without
very nice. There was no more in the pot, and he sent the
Hakim away to make some fresh. It was then that my
haste or hardship. She was in Blagovestchensk on
mind became troubled in me, for I knew the Hakim loved
June 28, only four days before the firing of the
shot which led to the most dreadful of modern Presently the jar was brought back, and as they were
While in the city she was told by the
about to give it me, His Highness asked for it. He scooped
a little out with a spoon, and was raising it to his lips, when
manager of the hotel that war between Russia and
the Hakim stopped him and whispered in his ear. The Amir
China was imminent. “ There seem to be as many turned and looked at him, and the Hakim hurried away with
Chinamen as Russians in this town,” she remarked ; a very red face. By-end-bye he returned with the jar.
“What will happen to them if there is a war?”
Again the Amir took it, and looking at me, he raised a spoon-
ful to his lips and swallowed it. ... To appreciate fully
“ The moment war is declared they will all have to
the honor he did me, one must be conversant with Oriental
leave,” he replied, “ every one of them.” And so customs. To taste a medicine before handing it to the pa-
it proved; but their souls left, not their bodies. tient is the duty of an Oriental physician when he is attend-
The neighboring city of Aigun, inhabited chiefly
ing the King. I was a servant but also a stranger and a
guest — and the Amir treated me as though I had been a
by Chinese, was wiped off the earth. Our author
Prince."
bought a photograph of a local dignitary, of which
Doctor Gray was also a painter in oils, and a pho-
she remarks :
togravure from the portrait he made of the late
“As we were steaming down the Amur, I took the photo-
Amir serves as a frontispiece here.
graph and wrote on the back, 'Governor of Aigun, Chinese
town on the Amur.'
Mrs. Fanny Bullock Workman and Doctor
“To-day there is no Aigun, and no Governor !"
William Hunter Workman, to follow the order of
The story is a simple one, conveying successfully the names on the title-page of their interesting ac-
the freshness of the youthful author's impressions ; count of mountain climbing and exploration In
and it is well illustrated.
the Ice World of Himalaya,” succeeded in con-
The interest taken in Afghanistan, through the quering several peaks of the great Asiatic range
death, in October, 1901, of the Amir Abdurrah which had never known the foot of man before.
man, and the enthronement of his son Habibullah These are in the Skoro La circle, and were ap-
in his stead, has led to a republication of Doctor proached from the Shigar Valley during the sum-
John Alfred Gray's intensely interesting volume mer of 1899; Zarbriggen, a noted Swiss guide,
entitled “ At the Court of the Amir," first given being in the party. The most notable ascent is
the reading world in 1895, narrating his extended described as follows:
sojourn in that troubled land as a physician at-
“We reached the top, 19,450 feet, at ten o'clock, four
tached to the native court. A new preface has
hours from camp, which time in no way represents the diffi-
culties of the ascent, which began at Avalanche Camp, seven
been written for this edition, in which the recent to eight hours below. . . . Speaking from the point of
change of rulers is dwelt upon briefly; but the in. view of ordinary Alpinists, whose knowledge is born of expe-
trinsic merit of the narrative loses nothing by the
rience with many of the best known mountains of Switzer-
lapse of time, and the book may be read for the
land, Tyrol, the Dolomites, and some of the numerous
untrodden ones of the Himalayas, we should say, unless the
actual fascination in its pages. Doctor Gray was climbers are experts, this is not a mountain to be attempted
in Kabul many months before the great Amir's without a competent guide.
health was entrusted to his skill, the royal patron-
“We ate our breakfast with good appetites, and, except
for some headache and loss of breath on sudden exertion,
age being withdrawn soon after through the machi-
suffered in no way from the altitude. ... We named the
nations of a designing and worthle88 Hindoo.
peak Mt. Bullock Workman, and left our cards, with name
When illness attacked the monarch again, the given and record of ascent, in a glass jar, in the snow at the
Englishman saw that he should not be called in highest point. The temperature at ten o'clock was 56 Fahr.,
until the native Hakim, or physicians, had brought
about the same as on the Siegfriedhorn."
the Amir almost to the point of death, and that the
Numerous descriptions of native life separate the
blame for Abdurrahman's death, which would be accounts of the several mountains ascended, and
likely to follow as a matter of course, would be
there are numerous photographs in half-tone repro-
laid at his door. He therefore resigned his some-
duction. There is a map and a glossary of native
what thankless position, after a residence in Afghan words, but no index.
istan from March, 1889, to May, 1892, interrupted Mr. William Carey has gathered together such
by a vacation of eight months in England. Of facts as have been well authenticated by way of
the last Amir a most fascinating portrait is painted, introduction to “ Adventures in Tibet," the only
leaving no doubt of the man's inherent nobility and new matter in the handsome volume being the
power. Not much is said of the new ruler, but of transcriptions from the diary of Miss Annie R.
his father this anecdote is told :
Taylor, who succeeded in wandering into Tibet by
“ His Highness had heard that I was ill, and I told him I one route and out by another during the years
1


160
(March 1,
THE DIAL
new.
>
1892–3 in a manner nothing less than remarkable. long enough to learn that the majority of the hu-
Her account of her own journey, written in pencil man race there is full as manly, as womanly, and
in a note-book day by day during her travels, has as childlike as the minority which chances to be
the merit of being entirely unadorned, though seri born in Europe or America, he takes it for granted
ously injured through her lack of comparative that his readers are quite as familiar as he with
knowledge, - in fact, missionary zeal led her into this self-evident truth, and proceeds to share the
undertaking a task nothing less than preposterous, joys and sorrows through which he passed while
and she seems to have accepted hardship with the among the yellow-skinned people with his fellow-
resignation of the early Christian martyrs. Miss whites. The book is composed of incidents ar-
Taylor left the Chinese frontier city of Tau-Chau ranged under minor headings into chapters, but is
September 2, 1892, by stealth, and promptly ran altogether informal in arrangement as in style. It
into a nest of brigands. Her escort of five men is anecdotical to a degree, and the anecdotes are
dwindled to one, and all the pack-horses died; but All are worth reading, but to Americans
such reflections as “I am God's little woman, and this is perhaps the best :
He will take care of me,” sustained her until she "No foreigner has ever yet succeeded in obtaining a Chi-
was within three days' journey of Lhassa, the cap-
nese degree, nor is it at all likely that any one has tried ; but
ital city. Here she was arrested and held for fif-
as special arrangements are made for Miao-tsz (a sort of
gipsy) and other tribes, it is not improbable that a European
teen days, during which she was continually fighting
student would be admitted if he went through the usual cur-
for her own life and the lives of the two servants riculum. On the other hand, both Chinese and Japanese
with her, being unarmed, and without food, except have shown that they possess the requisite mental capacity
to obtain English degrees, and to pass the Inns of Court ex:
as her captors provided her. In her darkest mo-
aminations for call to the bar. When it is considered that,
ments, with her life lawfully forfeit to her judges,
in order to do this, the Oriental must have some knowledge
she calmly wrote, “Quite safe here with Jesus," — of Roman as well as of English history, it becomes evident
and the sequel justified her faith. She was turned that, besides mastering Law, a Chinese who can pass for call
back, it is true, but not until her captors had re-
must possess considerable intellectual power.
turned to her all her confiscated property, together
“One of the students at the Middle Temple in 1876 was
Ng Choy (the Cantonese way of pronouncing Wu Ts'ai).
with "a tent, horses, and provisions sufficient for The Wu family of Canton, to which it is almost certain Mr.
the return to China." She reached Ta-Chien-Lu Wu must be more or less distantly related, is no other than
April 13, 1893, the months she passed in Tibet
the 'Howqua'of old Co-hong days; and I suppose . Howqua'
being the least endurable of the year.
Her own
may be a Portuguese attempt to render the syllables Ng-ka,
or Wu family.' Archdeacon Gray several times took me to
narrative, though made readable and consecutive by see the family mansion. Mr. Ng, after being called to the
Mr. Carey's careful editing, is not as interesting as bar, returned to Hongkong, where he practised for a time
his summary of it, and has no scientific value, before the Supreme Court there. Before long his services
though she traversed, in part, territory quite un-
were requisitioned by Li Hung-chang at Tientsin, where he
remained for many years as legal adviser, and thus obtained
known to Europeans. There are a few photo formal entrance into the Chinese public service. He is no
graphs and several rough drawings by Miss Taylor other than Wu T'ing-fang, the present able Minister at
herself, by way of illustrations.
Washington. ... When a Chinese becomes a mandarin,
he adopts an official Christian' name, and T'ing-fang or
Mr. E. H. Parker's " John Chinaman and a few 'hall fragrance,' is accordingly the bureaucratic designa-
Others" is a book of many delights. Its theme,
tion of Ng Choy; the idea is that of a statesman, the sweet-
as far as it has one, is the demonstration of the
smelling savor of whose reputation 'fills the court.'
humanity, even from the Anglo-Saxon point of The pictures in Mr. Parker's eminently readable
view, of the Chinese of all sorts and conditions. A
book are of the same nature as the text : seen
keen sense of humor, a quick sympathy, a complete
through his eyes, the most obtuse observer can as-
grasp of the universality of man's shortcomings,
sure himself that there are at least as many kinds
and a ready pen, make this a book from which no of Chinaman, good, bad and indifferent, as there
one can arise without refreshment, both mental and are of Caucasians.
WALLACE RICE.
spiritual. Mr. Parker was consul at various places
in the Orient, and his life has been devoted to the
service of the British Crown; but the book will be
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS,
laid down with the feeling that he would have
made a notable missionary in the usual sense of the Women and men
It is a brilliant procession that files
word; no one better calculated to give the China of the French before us through the pages of Miss
man a decent idea of the European can be imag-
Renaissance. Edith Sichel's “ Women and Men
agined. There is not a trace of the tendency to of the French Renaissance" (Lippincott). How
contrast a Chinese mob with a fashionable Euro could it be otherwise, when those who compose it
pean church congregation, nor to expect rather are none other than the foremost figures of that
more of a Chinese servant than from a European most fascinating time? And though the men are
ambassador; nor is there, on the other hand, any numerically in the great majority in this bright
attempt to set the better sort of Chinese on a ped array, the precedence given to women in the title
estal as an example for the worse sort of European is justified by the central and commanding place
to profit by. Having lived in China and the East allotted, not without reason, to Margaret of An-


1902.]
161
THE DIAL
-
-
some
goulême. It is not the author's purpose to give be drawn aside into fruitless speculations on such
anything like a full and connected picture of the matters, and confines himself to the simple question
Renaissance in France, but only to illumine “a whether our planets are at present suited to the
little corner of it” principally contained within the support of such life as exists upon the earth. One
limits of the reign of Francis I.; and even within by one, from coy Mercury to slow-footed Neptune,
this portion not to follow closely the movement of the major planets are passed in review, and the
ideas or events, nor to penetrate their inner con latest and most authoritative observations of the
nections, but only to “recall a few of the less appearances and physical conditions of these bodies
known figures ” of that day. This modest purpose are discussed in a fair-minded judicial fashion.
has been achieved with reasonable success. We The asteroids and the satellites of the planets are
have accordingly not a historical or critical study, also considered; an entire chapter is devoted to an
but a little gallery of portraits, most of them admirable description of conditions at the surface
sketches rather than finished paintings, done with
of our moon. Flights of fancy are not wanting,
an alert
pen and with a jast perception of the but they are founded upon fairly well established
salient features. In the foreground beside Marga- facts, and add to the charm of the writer's treat-
ret are her mother, Louise de Savoie, her daughter, ment of the subject. Even professional astrono-
Jeanne d'Albret, and her brother, Francis I. ; and mers, who usually have scant patience with specu-
about her come and go the men and women, lations concerning the habitability of other worlds,
scholars, artists, poets, beauties, wits, who made will find little to criticise, even when the author
the epoch, — Charles V., Henri d'Albret, Madame touches upon such a theme as the possibility of
d'Etampes, Diane de Poitiers, Marot, des Périers, aëreal navigation upon Venus. Occasionally full
du Bellay, Ronsard, Dolet, Erasmus, Rabelais, credence is given to supposed discoveries which
Benvenuto Cellini, Philibert de l’Orme, Pierre have not yet been verified; an instance of this is
Lescot, Jean Goujon, and a host of others. Indeed, found on page 195, where the ninth satellite of Sat.
80 many and so various are the figures that hasten urn is mentioned. The concluding chapter con-
across the field of vision that the effect is a little tains six charts showing the chief stars of the
kaleidoscopic. Some preliminary chapters furnish zodiacal constellations; these are to be used in
a background by setting forth the general condi- connection with the Nautical Almanac or
tions of the society of the Renaissance, the main other source of information with reference to the
current of its ideas, and its historical connection apparent positions of the planets in the heavens.
with the past. It is perhaps inseparable from the Thus the reader may acquaint himself with them,
plan of the book, perhaps also in a measure due to and watch their wanderings in starry fields.
the character of the period, that the general
impression it leaves is somewhat confused, fragmen-
Dr. Robertson Nicoll has lately told
A manual of
every-day
tary, and disconnected. But there is much infor-
us that “the highest wisdom is to be
philosophy.
mation in the book, and it may be read with pleas-
found in commonplaces." Like
ure and profit by any who seek an agreeable children, with their fondness for endless repetition
introduction to the first half of the sixteenth cen-
in their plays, we delight to exercise our minds
tury in France. The serious student will go at
along well-worn grooves.
Mr. R. de Maulde la
once to the sources from which it has been drawn.
Clavière, in his latest book, “ The Art of Life”
The mechanical execution of the book is excellent, (Putnam), gives us all the pleasure of imagining
and its attractive pages are freer from misprints
we are thinking, without the fatiguing exertion of
than is often the case with books containing 80
thought. How trite, yet how true, are his obser-
many foreign names and quotations. There are,
vations on the hideous designs of much of our wall.
however, a few rather irritating ones, · for in.
paper; and what responsive chords he touches in
stance, Causeries de lundi (p. 226).
And one
alluding to its effect upon us in hours of sickness
wonders whether the long-suffering "proof-reader"
when we are condemned to lie with eyes riveted
could be justly held responsible for making the upon its floral monstrosities and its absurdly im-
title of du Bellay's well-known dainty lines read in
possible foliage! And yet, to do him justice, he is
English " A Sower of Corn, to the winds."
occasionally thought-provoking, and even instruc-
tive. “ The choice of colours for our rooms,” he
Mr. Garrett P. Serviss is well known
says,
“ demands the greatest care. Red, without
Habitability of
as an entertaining writer upon popu. affecting men as it affects bulls, stimulates them to
the solar planets.
lar themes in astronomy, and bis energetic action, or at least to movement, to such
latest work, “Other Worlds” (Appleton) will add an extent that in Germany red has been employed
to his reputation as a trustworthy popularizer of in certain factories as a filip to activity!” In his
one of the most abstruse of the sciences. His aim, in philosophy of life he finds love to be the all-important
the book before us, is to present an account of the thing.
thing. We must love something, but what?” he
planets of the solar system from the stand point of asks; and then, like the true Frenchman that he
their habitability. While freely admitting that is, sends us to woman to round out and complete
intelligence may exist in worlds which are quite our lives. Indeed, as might have been expected
unfit for human habitation, Mr. Serviss refuses to from the author of that subtle study in feminism,


162
(March 1,
THE DIAL
“Women of the Renaissance,” the gentler sex claims but its dimness is often a source of disappointment.
a large share of his space; and, it should be added, After the death of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria
he handles the theme with delicacy, and at times showed the hardiest heroism. The affairs of state,
with distinction. Mr. George Herbert Ely's trans as the years grew on, became more and more com-
lation strikes us as excellent.
plicated. The events on the European continent
and in Asia, between the seventies and eighties,
The story of the rocks is one in
among Germany, France, Russia, and the East,
Animal life which the leaves are turned but
of long ago.
added greatly to her burdens of state. But she
slowly, and, like the palimpsest, the was brave, heroic, and full of faith. Her voice was
writing must often be restored before the untrained
ever against war, and for everything that made for
reader can scan the tale. It is the dragon chapter
peace. The last years of the Queen were full of
which Professor H. G. Seeley has given us in his pathos, well described in this volume, and affec-
“Dragons of the Air” (Appleton), an account of tionately, appropriate.
extinct flying reptiles. The author is the authority
upon Pterodactyles, and gave to the public the re-
Professor Charles R. Henderson's
The study of
sults of his many years of investigation in a series dependent and “Introduction to the Study of the
of lectures now presented in book form. The work
delinquent classes. Dependent, Delinquent, and Defec-
is in the main tecbnical, intended for the palæon- tive Classes, and of their Social Treatment”
tologist, though the broader phases of the subject (Heath) provides material that should awaken the
are not neglected. Thus the babits and affinities interest of intelligent philanthropy, and undertakes
of these ancestral forms are discussed and the prin- “ to aid educated social leaders to enter upon a
ciples of palæontological interpretation are eluci method of study which will conduct them to codi-
dated.— Of a more popular vein is “ Animals of the fied results of wide experience and investigation, so
Past” (McClure, Phillips & Co.), from the pen of that they may think more effectively, observe more
Mr. F. A. Lucas, one of the curators of the United shrewdly, and cooperate in the wisest methods of
States National Museum. His connection with this action.” Naturally, such a book must have more
public institution has given the author an excellent than a passing interest for every thoughtful per.
opportunity to find out the lives of public interest son who concerns himself about the welfare of his
in palæontology, and his book answers many ques-
less fortunate fellow-men. The book is intended,
tions concerning fossils, their methods of forma- primarily, as a text-book for colleges and univer-
tion, their affinities and their meaning. Popular sities ; but its scope and purpose are much wider.
misconceptions, such as fossil men and living mam The author has divided his work into four parts,
moths, are explained, and an effort is made to give “The Phenomena of Dependence and their Expla-
the real facts concerning the size and nature of ex nation," " Social Organization for the Relief and
tinct monsters. The illustrations in this book are Care of Dependents," “ Social Arrangements for
noteworthy - since they combine the scientific im the Education, Relief, Care, and Custody of De-
agination of the author and the artistic skill of fectives,” and “An Introduction to Criminal Soci-
Mr. Charles R. Knight. The author's style is free ology.” An appendix gives valuable suggestions
and easy, and he has furnished a very readable to the student, indicates what authorities can be
book. Each chapter closes with a few references consulted if further investigations are desired, gives
to pertinent literature of reliable character, and the brief summaries of measurements, several valuable
museums are noted in which the best examples of tables, and copious references in support of the
the animals described may be seen.
text. The questions discussed show mature judg.
ment, painstaking investigations, careful study of
Life of Victoria,
The Marquis of Lorne (now His the best literature of the time, and a happy faculty
by one of her Grace the Duke of Argyll) was a of presenting ideas and conclusions succinctly and
own family.
most appropriate person to be selected
yet in a manner likely to provoke further inves-
to write a life of the late Queen Victoria.
A son-
tigation on the part of the inquiring mind.
in-law of the great queen, he was familiar with her
home-life one of the best indexes of character in
In the opening of his compact biog-
any person. “V. R. I. Queen Victoria, her Life
raphy of Washington Irving in
life of Irving.
and Empire” (Harper) is a well-written, eminently
the Riverside Biographical Series
readable biography. It traces the great queen from (Houghton), Mr. Henry W. Boynton tells us that
her early days, through her whole long career, to Irving's "original publishers are now selling, year
her demise ; devoting by far the larger part of the by year, more of his books than ever before."
book to her life anterior to the death of the Prince This is interesting as a bit of literary statistics ;
Consort in 1861. The author handles his material but when, interpreting for us, he adds, “There is
with wisdom and a due sense of proportion, though little doubt that his work is still widely read, and
the reader would often be greatly delighted if he read not because it is prescribed, but because it
could obtain a little fuller picture of political affairs gives pleasure; not as the product of a standard
as seen from the palace.
the picture as author,' but as the expression of a rich and engag-
given is mainly that seen and painted by the royalty, I ing personality, which has written itself like an
The "Riverside"
Of course,
"11IT-
.
..
111!!!
!!


1902.)
163
THE DIAL
art-criticism.
endorsement across the face of a young nation's references to scripture texts, and many
solid
pages
literature,” there will doubtless be many to raise dis of references to English, German, French, and other
senting voice. By Mr. Boynton's own showing, the literature on the themes under discussion. These
larger body of Irving's work is, if not exactly me scripture and outside references are ample for the
chanical, at least lacking in the fire of genius. He most ambitious student of this theme. Part I. deals
also makes it clear that, while Irving was not quite a with the general scope of the priestly element;
dilletante in his attitude toward literature and life, Part II. with the history of worship in the earlier,
his inspiration was rather that of sentiment than middle, and later Old Testament periods — accord-
passion. We need not insist too much on the ing to the arrangement of the history on the modern
strenuous life to make it apparent that the impress evolutionary hypothesis. Part III. is a compara-
of such a personality through its own immediate tive study of the laws and usages of worship. These
power is not likely to be great upon the reading pertain to the priest, the place of worship, sacrifice,
world to-day. For the purposes of this brief biog feasts, the Sabbath and kindred institutions, clean
raphy, however, it is well that the author thinks and unclean, and prayer and related forms of wor-
otherwise. His enthusiasm for his subject, the easy ship. The book is not intended for, neither will it
fluency of his style, bis nice sense of proportion, prove to be, interesting reading. It is first and
make the book a very pleasant volume for a winter last an outline, such as can be most profitably used
evening by the fire. As, biography, it is perhaps by students in investigative work.
better reading than Irving's own life of Washing-
ton, and the reader may have more assurance of Ruskin's
Foremost among the men who have
his author's accuracy.
principles of contributed toward the two coördin-
ate movements that are destined to
Garden-making
If we were not over-civilized, it is make the twentieth century illustrious was John
on walls
not likely we should yearn for such Ruskin. A social reformer as well as an art critic,
and water.
an admixture of nature and art as is he stood chief among those who have insisted upon
implied in Miss Gertrude Jekyll’s “ Wall and Water the incorporation of Christian principles into ordi-
Gardens” (imported by Scribner). It is one of nary business relations, and upon the application of
several score of recent works of its kind, and shows art to common life. The principles of these reforms
that the subject has become one for specialization have so saturated society that they are now ac
accepted
in limiting itself to the consideration of “ simple by many persons who have never read Ruskin's
ways of using some of the many beautiful mountain books, and who would be dismayed in contemplation
plants and the plants of marsh and water.” As in of the shelf-full of volumes in which they are im-
most works on horticulture, it is written by an bedded. A volume of “ Ruskin's Principles of Art
amateur for amateurs, and has in consequence a
Criticism," compiled by Miss Ida M. Street and
literary flavor throughout the text, the bolus of in- published by H. S. Stone & Co., performs a real
struction being made palatable thereby. The walls service in selecting and classifying and arranging
referred to are not necessarily those of houses ; the most fundamental of his utterances, prefacing
many of them, in fact, are what are called “fences": each group with an adequate though brief introduc-
in New England, and most of them are erected in tion concerning the special point of view. The pre-
spots that need that sort of beautification. Nor dominant note in Ruskin's teaching, whether in art
are the waters spoken of necessarily natural or political economy, is a spiritual one, as opposed
streams; small ponds and pools, tubs even, will to the materialism of the eighteenth and of the first
suffice for implanting aquatic plants and lending half of the nineteenth centuries. Both as editor and
variety to the scene. There is due recognition of expositor, Miss Street has brought this spiritual
the formal gardening that is coming into fashion meaning clearly to the reader, and the work is to
once more, and the book is both thorough and sin. | be commended as one of the best of its kind.
cere without being technical. It is embellished with
many half-tone reproductions of photographs, and
No one has done more to draw the
National parks
will be treasured by the amateur gardeners and
attention of the public to the desira-
and reservations.
nature-lovers for whom it is designed.
bility and necessity of forest preser-
vation than Mr. John Muir, the “veteran of the
The priestly
Advanced students of the Bible are Sierras," whose recent book on Our National
element in the differentiating the various elements Parks ” (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) embodies some
Old Testament.
of its literature, its religion, and its of his most trenchant appeals for public interest
philosophy, so that thereby they may be the better and legislative action. The forest reservations,
prepared to appreciate the development of the now so extensive, and our great national parks, the
nation in the midst of which these different ideas breathing-places for the people, owe much to his
grew up. “ The Priestly Element in the Old Testa- untiring efforts. Nature wild and free is Mr.
ment” (University of Chicago Press), by President Muir's delight, and he takes his readers through
W. R. Harper, is a series of constructive studies for these great public parks and reservations, many of
advanced Bible classes. It is essentially a student's which are as yet but little known, with a sympathy
book, analyzed for elaborate work with copious which inspires and an enthusiasm which is conta-


164
(March 1,
THE DIAL
the Civil War.
British shells.
gious. He rejoices in the flowers, the wild beasts history; owing to its conciseness, it recalls a very
are his friends. He delights in the trees, and scarce volume (published in 1846) called "The
worships the sequoid - and who would not bow at Actor,” a biographical sketch of the elder Booth.
such a shrine? The prophet of the big trees is as
free and unrestrained in his marshalling of adjec-
Material for
It is not with great expectations of
the history of
tives as he is in his lonely travels in the Sierras,
either pleasure or profit that one
and his descriptions are as unconventional as the
takes up a book which on its face
waterfall or the mountain peak which charms.
shows that it has been written by a man who is
Perhaps life in the open conduces to breeziness of possessed by one idea, especially if the idea is a
style.
small one and the book is published by the author.
Such a book is “ The Assassination of President
The latest volume in the “ Library Lincoln,” written and published by Mr. Osborn H.
A study of
of Natural History Romance” (Fred | Oldroyd, of Washington, D. C. But the experi.
erick Warne & Co.) is Mr. Edward ence of the writer has been like that of him of old
Step's “ Shell Life,” an introduction to the British who came to scoff and remained to pray. He is
Mollusca. The author is a well-known leader glad to acknowledge that he has read the book with
among the many natural history field-clubs of En interest, and with the profit that comes from the
gland, and his book is planned to meet the needs study of abnormal character as it may affect a
of the upscientific lover of nature.
The greater
nation's history. The author has carefully worked
part of the Mollusca indigenous in the British Isles out every detail in the lives of the conspirators
and adjacent seas are briefly described in this little during the days that preceded the assassination,
volume, whose utility is greatly enhanced by over and their pursuit, trial, and execution; and the
six hundred excellent illustrations. The wo is book deserves a place on the shelves that hold the
not intended to be a shell-collector's manual, but materials for the history of the Civil War. There
rather to encourage a study of the living animals. are eighty-two illustrations.
Their structure, habits, mode of life, enemies, their
many modifications for protection, and the adap-
tations to their surroundings, are brought into
greater prominence than is usual in works of this
BRIEFER MENTION.
class. Well planned and well executed, it is
· Philippine Affairs : A Retrospect and Outlook,” is
a model popular guide. In accordance with the
the title of the book which contains President Jacob
custom fostered in these societies of natural-history Gould Schurman's recent Boston address, now put
amateurs, our author uses common names for the forth in convenient shape by the Messrs. Scribner. It
shells. In a popular work this may be commend. is a publication which deserves the attention of all
able; but it may become quite as pedantic and thoughtful Americans. President Schurman is not
disagreeable as the binomial nomenclature of science. exactly an anti-imperialist yet, but we have hopes of
Contrast the “Pod Razor” with Solen viliqua !
his complete conversion in time, for it has been evident
Euphony and precision, if not also usage, sanction
all along that his conscience was troubling him, and
that he has found it hard to approve of the administra-
the latter, while the former has only the vernacular
tion policy of the past three years. We particularly
to commend it. A recent writer has well said :
call attention to these closing words : “ Any decent kind
“Scientific names are no harder than others, simply of government of Filipinos by Filipinos is better than
less familiar, and when domesticated they cease to the best possible government of Filipinos by Americans."
be hard."
If this principle of action be once accepted, everything
else that can fairly be urged in behalf of our national
Mr. Charles Townsend Copeland's honor and ideals will follow as a logical consequence.
A sketch of
life of Edwin Bootb, traces the ca The name of John Amos Komensky, under its Latin-
reer of the great tragedian in a ized form Comenius, is well known to students of the
manner characteristic of the “Beacon Biographies’ educational art. That he was a philosopher whose
in which series it appears.
The author has speculations embraced a far wider field than that of
quoted freely from previous records, and has also
education is a fact not so widely known. His “ Laby-
added to his own opinions extracts from contem-
rinth of the World," for example, although a work of
porary authors. A number of hitherto unpub-
his youth, is one of the classics of Bohemian literature,
and presents a wonderful picture of the life and thought
lished letters, written by Booth to Mr. Thomas
of the early seventeenth century. This famous work,
Bailey Aldrich, reveal incidents and minor touches
which is of the class that includes the “ Utopia " and
of an eventful life. A rare photograph, which the “Civitas Solis,” is also an allegory that has certain
Booth considered his best likeness, is reproduced affinities with the Pilgrim's Progress." It is differ-
as frontispiece
ent, because Komensky was a scholar of wide range,
“It was thus
whereas Bunyan was a man of comparatively untutored
He looked ; such pallor touched his cheek;
mind and narrow outlook. Count Lützon, in making
With that same grace he greeted us —
an English translation of this work, bas done a real
Nay, 'tis the man, could it but speak!”
service to comparative literature, and made accessible
Mr. Copeland's book is one to be read attentively a really important document in the history of modern
by those who take an intellectual interest in stage I thought. (Dutton.)
Edvin Booth.


1902.]
165
THE DIAL
-
are
NOTES.
A new edition of Mr. Richard Le Gallienne's para-
phrase of Omar, with fifty quatrains in addition to
those before published, is sent us by Mr. John Lane in
a tastefully-printed volume.
A new edition, with illustrations, of Mr. Reuben
Gold Thwaites's “ Down Historic Waterways,” which
has been out of print for several years, will be published
shortly by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co.
A « Handbook of the Trees of New England," by
Messrs. Lorin R. Dame and Henry Brooks, is pub-
lished by Messrs. Ginn & Co. It gives botanical de-
scriptions of the arboreal species of the New England
States, and has nearly a hundred full-page plates by
way of illustrations.
Three German texts just published by Messrs. D. C.
Heath & Co. are Lessing's “ Minna von Barnhelm," ed-
ited by Dr. Sylvester Primer; Körner's “ Zriny,"
edited by Dr.Franklin J. Holzworth ; and Herr Heyse's
story of “ Niels mit der Offenen Hand,” edited by
Professor Edward S. Joynes.
An interesting exhibition of choice first editions and
books in fine and unique bindings was held by Messrs.
Charles Scribner's Sons at the Auditorium, Chicago,
from February 21 to 27. The work of nearly all of
the leading American, English, and foreign binders
was represented in the exhibit.
The Open Court Publishing Co. send us a volume of
translations from Leibniz, made by Dr. George R.
Montgomery. The contents include the “ Discourse
on Metaphysics,” the “Monadology," and the corre-
spondence with Arnauld. M. Paul Janet writes a
philosophical introduction to the volume.
An excellent translation of M. Charles Wagner's
“ The Simple Life” is published by Messrs. McClure,
Phillips & Co. Miss Mary Louise Hendee is the trans-
lator, and an introduction and biographical sketch of
the author are supplied by Miss Grace King. The
book itself is one that deserves the widest reading.
Two lectures on Newman, constituting an appre-
ciation of that great theologian and still greater writer,
are comprised in a volume by Dr. Alexander Whyte,
published by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. Some
choice selected passages from Newman's writings are
added to the lectures, and make up nearly one-half of
the volume.
Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole is engaged in revising and
enlarging bis bibliography of Omar Khayyam for a
new edition of the “ Multivariorum” edition of the
“Rubaiyát,” to be published this Spring by Messrs.
L. C. Page & Co. Mr. Dole, whose address is Jamaica
Plain, Mass., will be grateful for any information re-
garding new material for this work.
A novel of unusual interest soon to be issued by
Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. is Miss Ottilie A.
Liljencrantz “ The Thrall of Lief the Lucky,” a story
of Viking days. The book will be elaborately illus-
trated in colors from paintings by Troy and Margaret
Kinney. Messrs. McClurg have also in press a new
edition (the thirteenth) of Mr. James Baldwin's “The
Book Lover," beautifully printed at the Merrymount
Press.
A new series of publications issued by the University
of Chicago Press is entitled “Contributions to Educa-
tion," and the numbers are octavo pamphlets of mod-
erate size. Three have now been published, and three
others are announced. The numbers now on our table
“ Isolation in the School,” by Mrs. Ella Flagg
Young ; " Psychology and Social Practice,” by Profes-
sor John Dewey; and “ The Educational Situation,"
also by Professor Dewey. They are educational read-
ing of the most stimulating quality, and deserve to be
widely circulated.
“ Thoughts from the Letters of Petrarch,” selected
and edited by Mr. J. Lohse, is issued by Messrs. E. P.
Dutton & Co. in connection with Messrs. J. M. Dent &
Co. of London. The reader of this daintily-printed
book will agree with its editor that “those who only
know Petrarch by his Sonnets, cannot fully understand
his true genius, his pure and liberal mind, his great
erudition, and the power and authority he had over his
fellow-men,"
Among the books of fiction to be issued by Messrs.
Little, Brown, & Co. this Spring are the following :
“ The Heroine of the Strait,” a romance of Detroit in
the time of Pontiac, by Miss Mary Catherine Crowley ;
« The God of Things,” a modern society novel, by Miss
Florence Brooks Whitehouse ; “ The Eagle's Talon,"
a romance of the Louisiana Purchase, by Miss Shep-
pard Stevens; and “ In the Country God Forgot," a
tale of the Southwest, by Miss Frances Charles.
A little volume of child verse by Charles Lamb en-
titled “ The King and Queen of Hearts,” hitherto un-
authenticated, will be published this Spring by Messrs.
McClure, Phillips & Co., in a facsimile reprint of the
original edition, with an introduction by Mr. E. V.
Lucas. Noteworthy among other forthcoming publica-
tions of the same firm are a volume of “Unpublished
Letters of Daniel Webster,” and Signor Guglielmo
Marconi's own account of “Wireless Telegraphy."
Mr. Elliot Stock, of London, is publishing a series of
volumes entitled “The Church's Outlook for the
Twentieth Century.” A recent volume in this series
is by Mr. Arthur Galton, and is entitled “Our Atti-
tude toward English Roman Catholics and the Papal
Court.” The “ Church," it need hardly be added, is
the Anglican communion, and Mr. Galton, having been
a Romanist in his earlier years, writes from an intimate
acquaintance of the two organizations which he now
compares.
.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
March, 1902.
Agriculture, Scientific, in South, Need of. Rev. of Reviews.
Alabama Bicentennial, An. Review of Reviews.
Alps, Pennine, Sanctuaries of the. Edith Wharton. Scribner
Arbitration, International. Hannis Taylor. No. American.
Arctic Cliff Dwellers. R. N. Hawley. World's Work
Astronomer's Night's Work. T.J. J. See. World's Work.
Bandit, A California. 0. P. Fitzgerald. Century.
Bavarian Bric-à Brac Hunt. P. G. Hubert, Jr. Century.
Bible, English, Lineage of the. H. W. Hoare. Harper.
British Possessions, Public Debts of. Harold Cox. No. Am.
Burr, Aaron, Trial of. Ida M. Tarbell. McClure.
Chinese Exclusion in Australia. H. H. Lusk. No. American.
Dante as Lyric Poet. W. R. Thayer. Atlantic.
Desert, American, Wonders of. Ř. T. Hill. World's Work.
Earth's Interior Heat, Utilization of. World's Work.
Editor, Provincial, Confessions of a. Atlantic.
Eliot, President, of Harvard. G. P. Morris. Rev. of Revs.
Elizabethan Theatre, The. Felix E. Schelling. Lippincott.
Emotion in Modern Art. Claude Phillips. North American.
England and War of Secession. Goldwin Smith. Atlantic.
England, The Heart of. John Corbin. Scribner.


166
(March 1,
THE DIAL
Hochelaga Depicta ; or, History of Montreal. Edited by
Newton Bosworth, F.R.A.S. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 284.
“Facsimile Reprints of Early Canadian Books." Toronto:
Congdon & Britnell. $3.
Medieval Rome, from. Hildebrand to Clement VII., 1073-
1600. By William Miller. Illus., 12mo, pp. 373. Story
of the Nations." G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net.
The Rending of Virginia: A History. By Granville
Davidson Hall. Illus., 12mo, pp. 622. Glencoe, Illinois :
Archie C. Hall. $2.
Fiction, Point of View in. Agnes Repplier. Harper.
Gardens and Window-Boxes. E. E. Rexford. Lippincott.
Gardens, Joy of. Julius Norregard. Harper.
German Emperor, The. W. von Schierbrand. World's Work.
Germany, A Letter from, W. C. Dreher. Atlantic.
Germany's Political Turning-Point. North American.
Indian Policy, A New. W. A. Jones. World's Work.
Isthmian Canal, The. Charles Morris. Lippincott.
* King James" of Beaver Island. E. F. Watrous. Century.
Korea and her Emperor. Alfred Stead. Harper.
Kubelik, Jan. H. E. Krehbiel. Century.
Language, Anarchism in. Joseph Fitzgerald. Harper.
Life and Mind, Mysteries of. Carl Snyder. McClure.
Loeb's Researches and Discoveries. McClure.
Manchuria, Muscovite Designs on. L. Miner. No. American.
March Meeting, An Old-Time. R. E. Robinson. Atlantic.
Marconi and his Transatlantic Signal. P.T. McGrath. Cent.
Marionette Theater in New York. F. H. Nichols. Century.
Metaphysical Movement, The. Paul Tyner. Rev. of Revs.
Missions, Practical. E. M. Bliss. Review of Reviews.
Municipal Self-Government. E. B. Smith. Atlantic.
Naval Lessons of the War, Some Neglected. No. American.
Nerve Impulse, Nature of the. A. P. Mathews. Century.
Nineteenth Century, Riddle of. Clara Morris. McClure.
Patti, A Playmate of. Augusta de Bubna. Lippincott.
Philippines — after an Earthquake. S. Bonsal. No. Amer.
Philippines, Economic Future of. C. A. Conant. Atlantic.
Philippines, Educational Problem in. F. W. Atkinson. Atlan.
Power-Transmission, Longest in the World. Rev. of Reviews.
Science, Measurements of, beyond our Senses. Harper.
Sculpture, Frontier in. Arthur Goodrich. World's Work.
Seashore Laboratory, A. H. F. Osborn. Harper.
Senate, Constitutional Powers of. W. H. Moody. No. Amer.
Society, American, Uniting of. Frederic Emory. W.Work.
South American War Issues. Edwin Emerson Jr. Rev. of Rev.
Southern Question, The Real. E. C. Branson. World's Work.
Southwest, Old Regime in the. A. E. Hyde. Century.
Stevenson, In Samoa with. Isobel O. Strong. Century.
Tennyson, Personal Recollections of. W.G. McCabe. Century.
Theatre, Question of the. Brander Matthews. No. American.
Trappist Monks, Flemish Home of. J. B. Osborne. Lippin.
Trollope, Anthony. Gamaliel Bradford, Jr. Atlantic.
Trusts in Light of Census Returns. W. R. Merriam. Atlantic.
Tuberculosis Problem, The. S. A. Knopf. North American.
University, Launching of a. D. C. Gilman. Scribner.
U.S. Banking and Treasury System. J. H. Walker. No. Am.
Vivisection. H. C. Merwin. Atlantic.
War and Economic Competition. Brooks Adams. Scribner.
Washington City, Improvement of. Charles Moore. Century.
Westminster, Two“Grandes Dames" Buried in. Lippincott.
Whipple, Bishop Henry B. H. P. Nichols. Century.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Language and Metre of Chaucer, Set forth by
Bernhard Ten Brink. Second edition, revised by Frie-
drich Kluge; trans. by M. Bentinck Smith, 12mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 280. Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
Newman : An Appreciation in Two Lectures; with the
Choicest Passages of his Writings Selected and Arranged
by Alexander Whyte, D.D. 12mo, pp. 256. Longmans,
Green, & Co. $1.10 net.
Pen and Ink : Papers on Subjects of More or Less Import-
ance. By Brander Matthews. Third edition, revised and
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No. 378.
MARCH 16, 1902. Vol. XXXII.
CONTENTS.
PAGB
INTERNATIONAL AMITY
191
.
.
COMMUNICATIONS
193
Who Reads the Good Old Books ? John Albee.
Professor Münsterberg's Book on America. James
Taft Hatfield.
The Dictionary Made for Man, W. H. Carruth.
MEMOIRS OF AN OBSERVANT WOMAN. Percy
Favor Bicknell .
194
.
SHAKESPEARE AND THE CRITICS. Melville B.
Anderson .
INTERNATIONAL AMITY.
A full generation has now passed since the
publication of “The Coming Race,” by the
versatile novelist who had given us books as
various as “ Pelham,” “ A Strange Story,"
“Harold,” “The Caxtons," and “Kenelm
Chillingly.” This forecast was impressive in
many ways, but in no way more impressive
than in its assertion that war would eventually
be made impossible through improvements in
the means of destruction. Weapons would
become so deadly that war would practically
mean annihilation of the contending forces, and
the good sense of the nations would prevail in
the abandonment of this barbaric way of set-
tling disputes. The past thirty years have
witnessed, not exactly the literal fulfillment of
this prediction, but marked progress in the
direction of its fulfillment, and, as a natural
consequence of the increased effectiveness of
fighting instruments, a marked reluctance to
resort to the arbitrament of war.
Within much more recent years, a great
Russian authority upon the art of war, as well
as a man of the widest experience in practical
affairs, has argued with convincing logic that
war is fast becoming a practical impossibility.
This beneficent result of scientific progress is
due, not simply, as in Bulwer's argument, be-
cause of the increasing deadliness of weapons,
but rather because, with this increasing deadli-
ness, the advantage to the defense becomes so
much greater than the advantage to the attack
that all wars of the ordinary type, in which an
invading army seeks to conquer a foreign
country, must henceforth be so hopelessly one-
sided as to be entirely futile. The position of
the late M. de Bloch has received ample con-
firmation during the course of the distressing
struggles of the last three years, in South
Africa and the Philippine Islands, and the
lesson of these conflicts is not likely to be
missed. Entirely aside from the moral issues
involved, both of these wars have borne out the
essential assertion of M. de Bloch that a small
body of men, armed with the modern means
of defense, can resist, for an indefinite period,
an invading body of overwhelmingly superior
strength. In making this principle clear, it
196
COLONIAL LARES AND PENATES. George M. R.
Twose
· 200
.
INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC LAW. Henry Wade
Rogers .
201
.
TRAVELS AND STUDIES IN ARMENIA. Ira M.
Price
203
.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
204
The psychology of hysteria.- History of chivalry in
Europe. - The famous art pavements at Siena.- For
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philosophy.— New volumes in a popular art series.-
A now Dooley book and some fables in slang. -
A short history of the Hebrews. — Racy chapters
on men and manners. - Tales of the great mutiny
told anew.
BRIEFER MENTION .
208
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS. ... 208
A classified list of over 750 titles of books to be
issued by the American publishers during the Spring
of 1902,
NOTES
216


192
[March 16,
THE DIAL
may well happen that these wars will prove to glitter of the event shall have grown dim in
have been blessings in disguise, and that the our recollection.
last turning point in the centuries may prove Another recent event of similar significance
to have been a real turning-point in the history has been the visit of the Baron d'Estournelles
of mankind.
de Constant, bearing the greetings of the
A glance at the European situation seems great European Republic to its sister Republic
to us also to offer reassuring signs. A few in the West. This distinguished statesman,
years ago a general conflict of the powers journeying from Paris to Chicago for the ex-
seemed inevitable, and it was doubtful whether press purpose of paying a Frenchman's tribute
the century would end without the precipita- to the memory of the greatest of Americans,
tion of hostilities. To-day the danger seems has pleaded in eloquent terms for the cause
far less imminent, and it looks as if the great of international good will, for the sinking of
international rivalries and jealousies might political jealousies and commercial rivalries
somehow be settled by peaceful means. There in the larger interests of the common human-
is the Hague Conference, for example. It is ity of the race, and wherever he has spoken,
customary to speak slightingly of that remark his noble idealism - which is nevertheless that
able gathering, but it was nevertheless symp of a practical man of the world — has aroused
tomatic of the growing strength of cosmopolitan echoes of responsive sympathy in the breasts
opinion. This is a factor in warfare which of his hearers. Now the influence which is
must henceforth be recognized, and, while it represented by such visits
represented by such visits as these, and sup-
has not averted the deplorable wars of the last plemented by the many other modern agencies
few years, it has made those responsible for which tend to the creation of a mutual un-
them feel very uncomfortable. We have little derstanding between our own people and
doubt that the historian of the future will look those of a foreign country, amounts in the total
back to the Tsar's eirenicon as to the begin. sum to an incalculably great force exerted
ning of a new era in international relations, in the interests of civilization and for the
and that the permanent tribunal which remains removal of ancient prejudice. Whenever men
as the substantial result of the Hague Confer are brought together on the basis of a common
ence will be invoked more than once.
interest, whether intellectual or social, the
The growing conviction of the impossibility racial barriers erst raised between them are at
of accomplishing. by means of warfare what once cast down, and are as if they had never
has been easily accomplished by the stronger existed. Every international gathering of men
force in past years is already acting as a quiet of politics, of science, or of literature, offers a
deterrent upon the minds of generals and states silent but effective protest against the passions
men. Coöperating with this influence is the which set nations at war with one another.
other influence which comes from the growth of We do not expect that the world will be
international sympathies and the cementing of swayed by reason alone for many generations
the bonds of friendship in many obtrusive and yet. Nevertheless, the ascendancy of reason is
unobtrusive ways. There is a story afloat that by slow degrees making itself felt. In spite
Prince Henry of Prussia the other day, in an ex of all discouragements, “man is being made,"
pansive moment, said that he was having the in Tennyson's phrase, and
time of his life in America, adding that when at « Prophet-eyes may catch a glory slowly gaining on the
home they only used him to send to funerals. shade."
Certainly a better use has been found for him To the logical mind the outcome of the evolu-
than that, when his few days' stay in this country tionary process, however long-delayed, is sure.
has been productive of so much good-will and Such a mind must admit that even patriotism
mutual esteem between the two great nations is selfishness, although at several removes
concerned in the exchange of courtesies. When from what we commonly call by that name.
the surface-character of the visit, its pomp and There is the selfishness of the individual, first
its parade, shall have been forgotten, when the of all, which has no redeeming quality. Then
tumult and the shouting shall have died away, there is the selfishness of the family, in which
its symbolical character will remain as the one the element of altruism first appears. Then
memorable thing about it, and will be likely to there is the selfishness of the clan, the nation,
influence the relations between Germany and and the race, and in each of these stages of the
America for many years to come.
The visit sentiment the altruistic character becomes
will remain a gracious memory long after the more and more marked, until the clear thinker


1902.)
193
THE DIAL
99
us.
finds it impossible to believe that even race no more mentioned by reviewers, is no index to their
should set an absolute barrier to his sympa-
real place in literature or to their permanent sale.
A recent critic, in a publication devoted incidentally
thies, or that anything less than the whole of
to the review of books and chiefly to miscellaneous lit-
mankind should be held in his affection. To
erary news and gossip, had the temerity to state, in
take this final step to a complete altruism is, effect, that there was no longer any sale for Emerson's
no doubt, to overcome the “last infirmity of writings. He had his ready figures, for these critics
noble mind,"
are mathematical in their distribution of honors to
no easy task, — yet was it not
authors, and settle their position by the formula, “ How
taken by a Roman freedman over two thousand
many copies does he sell in a week?” They forget to
years ago, and did not the audience in the
inquire in regard to the steadiness of the demand, or
Roman theatre greet with thunders of applause the class of readers, — which latter point is the most
the famous line which declared that no man
important of all for any just estimate of the ultimate
fate of a book.
may remain unconcerned by aught that touches
As for Crabbe, I repeat that he is read. I am a
the interests of humanity at large?
very obscure person, living in one of the most remote
corners of New England; yet I still read Crabbe with
admiration, and I know of others who do. I cannot
believe that we are exceptional; nor can I doubt that
COMMUNICATIONS.
among those of larger opportunities, and with an am-
bition to know the best in English literature, there
WHO READS THE GOOD OLD BOOKS ?
must still be numerous readers of Crabbe's “ Tales."
But whether there are or not, makes no difference to
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
A recent article in “ The Atlantic "
We stand up boldly, and are not ashamed to de-
gives a just and
clare that we read and admire these works, and that
appreciative tribute to the poet George Crabbe, which
I am sure will do something toward the revival of his
they ought to be read and admired. If we need an
ally and defender, there is Edward FitzGerald, a man
poetry, if it is in need of reviving. The writer in “ The
whose instincts were infallible in poetry.
Atlantic ” wonders why Crabbe is not now read. Per.
mit me to answer that he is read. Let no one draw the
I was very glad to see that the writer in “The
inference that because standard books are not adver-
Atlantic” laid much emphasis upon the atmosphere"
tised and bruited in the critical and personal columns
of the “Tales." This is true insight. To be sure,
of newspapers and magazines, therefore they are not
" atmosphere" is rather a large and a vague word; but
read. They do not need such exploitation; they have
there is none nearer the thing meant, and after reading
Crabbe one may feel the force of the term and need not
passed that unhappy experimental stage, and have come
finally to their own. They rest from the dread ordeal
try to analyze it. Let him enjoy it, and give the poet
which a novel venture must undergo. The crowd goes
his due measure of praise. This “atmosphere” is, I
to see a new invention put in operation; when it is a
believe, the distinguishing characteristic which Crabbe
success, they stay at home and reap and enjoy the
would claim for his work; for, contrasting his own
benefits of it.
style — in the preface to the second series of “ Tales”
Crabbe, and many other good old authors like him,
- with that of Pope, he says that the poems of Pope are
are still read by those to whom newspaper advertising
without "atmosphere."
and uncritical puffery of books have become a nuisance
The style of Crabbe is simple enough; it has no
and a stench in the nostrils. It seems as though the
conceits and little embroidery; the plots are rather
bare and loose-jointed. When he paints “men, man-
last degradation of literature bad arrived when quantity
rather than quality is the criterion. But let us take
ners, and things,” which he says is his chief aim, his
courage; it is only noise, bluster, superlatives, large
pen is truly his own, and inimitable. This is why I
believe he is still read, — such is my faith in the live
type, and monotonous adjectives that make us feel for
the moment that all discrimination is submerged, all
ing strength and continuance of the attraction which
real literature possesses.
real distinction no longer possible. Far
John ALBEE.
in more
away
quiet seats, the wise and sincere lovers of good litera-
Pequaket, N. H., March 5, 1902.
ture are still reading good books, the good old ones,
and sometimes the good new ones which are equals of
PROFESSOR MÜNSTERBERG'S BOOK ON AMERICA.
the old and by some miracle creep in between the
( To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
pushing and blatant hundred-thousand editions of phe Many Americans, not conspicuously lacking in loy-
nomenal and soon-to-be-forgotten works.
alty to their land and its institutions, will deeply regret
What, in general, is a new book? It is one you do Dr. Wergeland's censure, in The Dial for Feb. 16, of
not care to read again, only another, newer Professor Münsterberg's “ American Traits from the
Such books are printed to sell; they do not endure, Point of View of a German." Sincere students of in-
and never do they depose the old. They may be kept ternational relations have for years yearned to see such
on the surface of a shallow and rapid stream, but sink a candid expression concerning America, after all the
when they come to deeper and wider waters, waters prejudices, caricatures, and traditional misrepresenta-
navigated by experienced pilots sailing by the sun and tions upon which the Germans are everlastingly harp-
stars. All the while these monstrous editions of pop ing. Here is a foreign scholar with eyes and a heart,
ular books are being printed, there goes on the quiet fair-minded, sound, and modern, who actually tells the
sale and reading of those to which the seal of time and truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. He
fame has been set, and from which the accidents of shows how ignorance has led to mutual antipathy where
chance have been eliminated. The fact that certain there should be sympathy between Americans and Ger-
writers are relegated to the rear in catalogues, and are mans; as he significantly puts it, “ they do not like each
one.


194
[March 16,
THE DIAL
men.
other, because they do not regard each other as gentle-
.” Professor Münsterberg is the first man, as far
The New Books.
as I know (with the possible exception of Herman
Grimm), to show that the typical American is an ideal-
ist through and through, and not essentially greedy MEMOIRS OF AN OBSERVANT WOMAN.*
and vulgar, brutal and corrupt. Quite as helpful are
the little-understood truths which he tells us about his
King George the Second was one day prom-
own people (of unusual interest being his comparison enading in state on the Broad Walk at Ken-
between the Emperor William and Theodore Roose- sington with the Royal Family, when a little
velt), and even more valuable are his open, friendly,
girl who, with her French
had
governess,
and'impartial suggestions about some features of our
come
own civilization.
to view the spectacle, broke away from the
Is it true that America prefers to work out its diffi. astonished “mamselle" and danced up to his
cult problems “ with little aid from foreigners ” ? In Britannic Majesty with the laughing salute, -
my opinion, such aid is most welcome, when tendered in
“Comment vous portez-vous, Monsieur le Roi?
a wise and humane spirit. JAMES TAFT HATFIELD. Vous avez une grande et belle maison ici,
Evanston, Ill., March 7, 1902.
n'est-ce pas ?” Old King George was delighted
with this naïveté, and desired the little maid to
THE DICTIONARY MADE FOR MAN.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
be brought often to see him. At these visits
Anent some recent discussion in your columps of the she frequently found her royal host either en.
permissibility of "proven " as past participle of “prove,” gaged with one of the court ladies or busy
and of similar discussions regarding "correct usage,"
,"I
counting out his money, which he used to
beg to call attention to a recent address of Professor
E. S. Sheldon as President of the American Modern
receive regularly every Monday morning ; but
Language Association, entitled “ Practical Philology." he was always glad to break off and have a
As one of the chief workers on the last edition of the romp with his little friend. On one of these
International Dictionary he might be expected to favor occasions he suddenly snatched the child up
the doctrine of the infallibility of the dictionary. But
and popped her into a great china jar that
observe how he regards the matter:
“ Among the misconceptions which embarrass us, espe-
stood in the room, shutting down the cover on
cially at the outset, in our teaching is the narrow view often her to prove her courage. But the little pris-
taken of the relation of grammar to language and of the dio oner immediately began in a merry voice to
tionary to language. People are accustomed to look upon
grammar as containing the rules to which they must conform
sing the French song, “Malbruc,” which so
in the use of language, and they are only too apt to think delighted her jailor that he straightway re-
that the larger English dictionaries contain all the words that leased her.
anybody has the right to use in speaking or writing English,
and that any word in the dictionary may be so used. We
This lively and interesting child was Lady
should hardly need to explain that we look upon grammar Sarah Lennox, fourth daughter of Charles,
simply as the description of tho structure of a language, of its
second Duke of Richmond, and Lady Sarah
condition during some definite period of its constantly chang-
ing history, and that to us a dictionary is a more or less in Cadogan. She was born in 1745, and was
complete list of the words and phrases used in a language in about five years
old when she thus captivated
some period of its life, with definitions, often inexact, of these
words and phrases."
her sovereign by her innocent charms. Fifteen
And further:
years later the young Prince of Wales was
* We must accept the principle that in the use of lan smitten with her beauty and winsome ways,
guage, whether it be a question of syntax that arises, or one and soon after his accession made overtures of
about the proper pronunciation of a word, good usage is de-
cisive. The philologist can perhaps tell what would be the matrimony to her, which after some hesitation
regular pronunciation if phonetic laws were observed without she accepted. But objections to the marriage
any interference of disturbing influences, but it does not fol-
were raised in various quarters, and the claims
low that the regular pronunciation is really the correct one.”
of Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg were
And the same attitude is correct regarding the forms
of the verb “prove," or any other matter of language.
upon the youthful ruler until be
By various processes, such as analogy and euphony, yielded and renounced the lady of his choice.
strong verbs have become weak and weak verbs have She was touched rather with scorn at her
become strong. If “prove” shows a tendency to de-
lover's duplicity and inconstancy than with
velop a strong past participle after the analogy of
"woven,” there is no more reason for virtuous indigna-
grief at bis loss; and as her thoughts were
tion and protest than when the orange develops a seed-
just then preoccupied with the death of a pet
less “sport,” or when the neglected apple reverts to its squirrel, the whole affair moved her but little.
thorny kind. All are processes of nature. The dic To the reader of Lady Sarah's life, romance
tionary was made for man, and not man for the diction-
ary. However, in an imperfect and belated way, the
- not free, alas! from evidences of human
grammar and the dictionary attempt to tell the rank *THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF LADY SARAH LENNOX,
and file of us what good usage is.
1745–1826. Edited by the Countess of Ilebester and Lord
W. H. CARRUTH. Stavordale. In two volumes, illustrated. New York: Im-
University of Kansas, March 8, 1902.
ported by Charles Scribner's Sons.
66
pressed


1902.]
195
THE DIAL
frailty — is its keynote, and fittingly enough, cousin, Lord William Gordon, she appears to
for she was the offspring of a romantic mar have entertained a warmer regard than con-
riage. Its singular details are worth record- sisted with her duty as a wife. A separation
ing here. Charles, Duke of Richmond, one of followed, and then a divorce; but after that
the Lords of the Bedchamber to King George the injured husband paid her occasional visits
II., had been, as was not unusual in those days, and even wished to remarry her. In 1781
married while yet a mere boy to a young lady Lady Sarah married the Hon. George Napier,
not of his own choice. His girl bride was who had lost his first wife two years before.
Lady Sarah, daughter of that Earl Cadogan He bad served through the American war, and
who distinguished himself as a cavalry officer he afterward held high military office. By
in the Duke of Marlborough's wars. This her second husband Lady Sarah became the
match was made to cancel a gambling debt, mother of three daughters and five sons, in-
the young people's consent being the last thing cluding Charles, George, and William, who
thought of. The bridegroom, then Earl of adopted their father's profession, rose high in
March, was summoned from school, and the the service, and all three took part in the Pen-
bride brought from her nursery ; a clergyman insular War, of which Sir William has left his
was in attendance, and the children were told well-known history. Charles was the con-
that they were immediately to be made man queror of Scinde, and each of the three broth-
and wife. The young lady offered no com ers was eventually knighted for distinguished
ment, but the lad exclaimed, “ They surely services to his country. To her large family
are not going to marry me to that dowdy!' Lady Sarah appears to have been an exem-
Married, however, he was, after which a postplary mother, carefully providing for the edu-
chaise was called, and the young
husband was cation of her boys out of a very modest income,
packed off with his tutor to make the “grand and in every way showing herself worthy of
tour,” while his bride was sent back to her the high honor that her famous sons afterward
mother. After some years abroad Lord March brought her. Her husband's death in 1804
returned, a well educated, handsome young made her task the more difficult, until the
man, with no very agreeable recollections of king, her sometime lover, granted her a gen-
his child wife. Thus it was that, instead of erous pension in recognition of Colonel Napier's
hastening to her embraces, he made his way to services. She passed her declining years in
the
opera, where he amused bimself between London, where she died, surrounded by her
the acts in examining the assembled company. children, at the age of eighty-one.
He had not long been thus occupied when : Such, in outline, is the life which the Coun-
very young and beautiful woman caught his tess Ilchester and her son, Lord Stavordale,
attention, and he turned to a gentleman beside have presented for our edification and amuse-
him and inquired her name. “ You must be ment. Two contemporary memoirs, by the
a stranger in London," was the reply, “ not to first Lord Holland and by Mr. Henry Napier,
know the toast of the town, the beautiful Lady son of Lady Sarah, are here published for the
March.” Most agreeably surprised, the er first time in full ; and they are followed by a
rant husband hastened to the lady's box and generous selection from Lady Sarah's letters,
claimed her as his bride, — the very “dowdy
very“ dowdy” and prefaced by a biographical introduction.
from whom he had scornfully turned away at Numerous portraits, many of them by Sir
their first meeting, but with whom he after- Joshua Reynolds, are handsomely reproduced
ward lived so happily that she died of a broken for the adornment of the volumes. A short
heart within a twelvemonth of his decease in extract from the letters, which, by the way, are
1750.
most carefully edited with abundant explana-
To return to the subject of this sketch, Lady tory footnotes, appendices, and index, will
Sarah appeared as chief bridesmaid at the serve to give their style. Writing in 1779 to
marriage of the king who had so ardently her bosom friend, Lady Susan O'Brien, Lord
courted and so coolly rejected her, and she had Ilchester's daughter, she says:
the satisfaction of noting that even then he “I am sure, my dearest Ly Susan, to please you
had eyes only for her. A few months later with my account of dear Harry Fox, who has spent a
she herself was married, at the age of seven-
week here; he is a good portly figure, but not a bit too
fat to be active, stirring, an excellent walker, &, in
teen, to the eldest son of Sir William Bun.
short, it's nothing more than that he's inclined to fat.
bury. She continued to have many admirers All his accounts of the service are told with such
after her marriage, and for one of them, her modesty & propriety that it's charming; as to his


196
[March 16,
THE DIAL
It is no
opinions, I dare not venture to give them for fear I than about any other subject imaginable.
should misquote his ideas by any mistakes, but this
Specifically, the agreement seems general among
I'm certain of, be adores the Howes, he thinks America
cannot be conquered, & laughs at the folly of suppos-
intelligent readers everywhere that Shake-
ing it; be says the Americans never plunder without speare was not merely a child of genius, a rare
leave, he don't say so of the English; he is tired of poet, a keen observer, and a happy delineator
that sort of war, but longs to pursue all sorts, for tho' of human action and passion ; but that he was
he don't say it í fancy bis ambition is to be a general withal an unrivalled dramatic artist.
as soon as proper.
There are two fleets now at
Spithead, one with troops for America, the other with
longer the fashion to attribute his successes to
old Mother Hardy [Admiral Sir Charles Hardy), as an astonishing conjunction of untutored genius
it's the fashion to call bim. I am mighty busy just at and good luck; nor to assume that his depar-
present, having the command of a flying camp of 3
tures from trodden ways were due to his lam-
tents with about 40 soldiers, who are all at work mov-
entable ignorance. Surely no literary mon-
ing a great lump of ground that stood in the way of
my edifice, & which the dear old stupid laborers would uments have ever been the objects of more
have pretended to remove in about 4 years I suppose, searching scrutiny than that to which these
but this detachment of Militia is quite a godsend to plays have been subjected during the past cen-
me, for it enlivens work most excessively."
tury. The result is comparable to the immense
To those who, with Mr. Birrell, are fond of widening of man's conception of the universe
“ turning off the turnpike of history to loiter
upon the acceptance of the Copernican theory.
down the primrose paths of men's memoirs of There was a time when Galileo could besitate
themselves and their times,” this book will and Bacon refuse to accept that theory, and
afford no little entertainment, all the more Shakespeare criticism was in much the same
perhaps that the “ men's memoirs "are in this
are in this stage little more than a century ago.
If Gar.
case a woman's, and a very wide-awake wo-
rick went beyond bounds in admiration for
man's, too. For, to quote Mr. Birrell once
“ the god of his idolatry," Dr. Johnson was
more, Lady Sarah is emphatically not one of
there to assert that Shakespeare never has six
those “ good, honest people who no sooner take lines without a fault, that Congreve had writ.
pen in hand than they stamp unreality on ten a better descriptive passage than can be
every word they write.” Her letters breathe
found in all Shakespeare, that Tate's alteration
the life and gaiety that characterized their of the conclusion of “ King Lear
was an im-
writer.
PERCY FAVOR BICKNELL. provement. Garrick himself imagined he had
done his author a service by clearing the play
of Hamlet of “ all the rubbish of the fifth act.
Modern criticism, of which Lessing and Cole-
SHAKESPEARE AND THE CRITICS. * ridge were the morning stars, has indeed thrown
Few indeed are the subjects concerning which
a much stronger light upon Shakespeare ; but,
the nations of the world have come to so good
what is still more important, it has placed us
an understanding as concerning the poetic and
at a more advantageous point of view. We
dramatic supremacy of Shakespeare. German
now perceive clearly that these plays are greatly
and Dane, Dutchman and Spaniard, French-
planned. Marlowe and Shakespeare saw, if
man and Italian, Englishman and Russian, Sidney did not see, that the dramatic art of
acknowledge here a common loyalty. Perhaps
Seneca bad had its day,— if, indeed, it may be
said to have had so much. If these dramatists
Shakespeare is drawing the nations together
by a tie more universal than that of the new
were somewhat regardless of ancient lights, it
learning of the Renaissance. At the moment
was because, having the sun, they felt no need
when Professor Lounsbury is launching the
of other illumination. Shakespeare is quite as
first of a series of substantial volumes descrip- well aware what he is about as was Sophocles.
If the mirror which the modern master holds
tive of “Shakespearean Wars," it is profitable
to bear in mind that critics the world over
up to nature be not more perfect than that of
seem less inclined to fall out about Shakespeare the Greeks, it is certainly more variously and
widely faithful; while the images it presents
SHAKESPEARE AS A DRAMATIC ARTIST. With an ac are none the less works of creative art.
count of his reputation at various periods. By Thomas R.
Lounsbury, L.H.D., LL.D., Professor of English in Yale
Such is the point of view at which modern
University. (Yale Bicentennial Publications.) New York: sympathetic criticism has established us and
Charles Scribner's Sons.
which the minute research of scholars of sev-
TWELFTH Nighth, or What You Will. Being Volume
XIII. of a New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare. Edited by
eral nationalities, headed by the Germans, en-
Horace Howard Furness. Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Co. ables us to defend. Professor Lounsbury's
חדר


1902.]
197
THE DIAL
of envy.
volume is devoted to a history of the contro perceive, the nuance - the delicate distinc-
versies that raged in the seventeenth century tions wherein the truth is apt to lie concealed.
and throughout the eighteenth with respect to The similarity of the style to Macaulay's does
the legitimacy of the dramatic art of Shake not extend to the main excellences of that great
speare, and of the vicissitudes through which stylist. The style of the book before us is
the reputation of the great dramatist had to sometimes diffuse and too frequently slipshod.
pass before reaching a place beyond the reach There are some rather desperate attempts at
We are informed that this is only humor, which may help us to account for
the first of a series of volumes having to do the author's want of appreciation of Shake-
with what the author chooses to term "Shakespeare's light word-play. Professor Lounsbury
spearean Wars." The title seems singular in feels and expresses nothing but loathing for
view of the humane and peaceful temper which
the "
quips and cranks and wanton wiles"
made the poet's contemporaries unanimous in which are often so charming a feature of the
applying to his name the epithet of gentle.plays, and which furnish such interesting evi-
Its grim irony is not lessened when we think dences of the taste of that time and of the
who it was that prophesied (and how truly !) master's ability to do whatever he liked with
· I came not to send peace, but a sword.” The words. But such considerations are too nice,
next succeeding volume is to bear the sugges- involving as they do some degree of artistic
tive title, “Shakespeare and Voltaire." A self-detachment - a thing quite foreign to this
general enumeration of the contents of the critic's robustly subjective habit of mind.
volume now published may give some notion Shakespeare's quibbles and plays upon words
of its scope. Three chapters deal with the exemplify " the lowest form of intellectual de-
gradual development of the right view of pravity"; they are
pravity"; they are “ dreadful,” “ execrable
Shakespeare's neglect of the dramatic unities intellectually," "inexpressibly wretched,” « vic-
of time and place; one, respectively, upon the ious." A moral consolation is found in the
intermingling of the comic and the tragic, upon theory that licentious allusions are generally
stage representations of bloodshed and violence, wrapped up in verbal quibbles which have been
upon minor dramatic conventions (such as the rendered obscure by the changes in the mean-
use of prose, rhyme, and blank verse), andings of words. It is easy to imagine what
upon the alterations to which so many of the would have been Charles Lamb's comment
plays were subjected. There are two chapters upon all this.
upon the conflicting views of critics in the The author might easily have made the vol-
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and a ume of much greater value to scholars by
final chapter dealing with the dramatist's dis being less chary of footnotes, by giving a
regard of the conventional theory of poetic greater number of facts in support of his gen-
justice.
eralizations, and by taking care to give the
These important subjects Professor Loung-reader an opportunity at every point to verify
bury handles with clearness and vivacity. He statements. The audience he has in view
has made a comprehensive survey of a field seems to be that intelligent middle class of
which has been too much neglected, and his readers who care more for the results than the
book is, on the whole, a substantial contribu processes of scholarship. At page 382, with
tion to Shakespearean criticism. If he has reference to the early editions of Shakespeare's
fallen short of producing a model of the way plays the following sentence occurs : "Fur-
literary history should be written, it is not thermore, when once published, no one of his
because of any defect in learning or vigor. contemporaries equalled him in the frequency
His analysis of his subject is perspicuous, his of republication during the century in which
argument cogent, his general attitude sane and his death took place." The italics are mine.
just. Such a combination of qualities is so This is a sample of the author's manner of
comparatively rare that to ask for anything expressing himself, — style it can hardly be
more may appear ungrateful. Both the style called. The careful reader is given no means
and the habit of mind frequently recall Ma of verifying this statement; some bibliographi-
caulay, who was not, even in his own opinion, cal data in a footnote would have been welcome.
a good literary critic. There are some of the But the author has a fine scorn for the class of
same mannerisms, there is a similar tone of readers at whom he repeatedly sneers as the
being “cocksure," and, far worse, there is a “select few.” Speaking of Mason's “Carac-
similar tendency to disregard, or inability to tacus," he takes occasion to remark :


198
[March 16,
THE DIAL
“It was a saying of Aristotle that the mass of men ments, so long as he presents us with a readable
are better judges of music and poetry than a small
book, written in a confident tone.
number of them, however eminent. Mason's fortunes
furnish an additional proof to the many that exist of
The reader of Professor Lounsbury's volume
the justice of the dictum, rightly understood. All the has scarcely turned a leaf before being con-
glorification of his poetry by the select few could never fronted with a gratuitous assumption put for-
make him really popular" (p. 247).
ward with an air of positiveness. Referring
The reader is given no clue to the quotation to the early opinion that Shakespeare was the
from Aristotle and is left in doubt whether the representative of nature and Ben Jonson of
dictum is “rightly understood ” by the writer art, the author remarks that this distinction
himself. Assuming that Aristotle made use “May not be absolutely implied in the well-known ref.
of an expression equivalent to “the mass of erence in • L'Allegro' to the native woodnotes wild'
men,” did he mean by it just what the hasty
of Shakespeare and the • learned sock' of Jonson. But
reader whom the author is addressing will
in Milton's lines prefixed to the folio of 1632 there can
be little question that, in asserting that the former
be likely to infer? It does not appear that writer's ease of composition was to the shame of slow-
there was anything exclusively " select” about endeavoring art, the great Puritan poet had also the
those who admired Mason in his day. Bog-
latter writer in mind."
well, for example, regarded “Caractacus" Passing over the clumsiness of the compo-
as a masterpiece ; Dr. Johnson ridiculed it. sition, I must in justice to the author remark
Possibly the expression “ select few," as used that, in his dialect, the formula “ there can
here and elsewhere, is intended ironically ; but be little question” means little more than “it
the class of readers who will be edified by such is just possible” from the pen of a cautious
passages as the above will draw the inference writer. It may also be suggested by the way
that, with respect to Shakespeare, the critics that the young man who on this notable oc-
have always been in the wrong and the uncrit-casion first saw himself in print was yet far
ical always in the right. Until the present from being “ the great Puritan poet.” In the
volume shall be out of print, it will be cited absence of evidence, there is every reason to
on lecture platforms and in reading circles in assume that the young poet would not have
support of the cheering democratic doctrine seized upon precisely this occasion to gird
that a Bowery music-ball audience has, after at the first man of letters of the time; a man
all, a sounder taste in music than Mr. Theo whom Milton read and respected ; a man now
dore Thomas. In opposition to Professor advanced in years and extremely sensitive;
Lounsbury's citation of Aristotle let us quote and who would be sure to see the passage,
an authority at least as good in such matters : placed as it was by the side of his own une-
“... the censure of the which one must, in quivocal and enthusiastic tribute to the su-
your allowance, o’erweigh a whole theatre of premacy of Shakespeare's art.
others.” The great dramatist had quite as student of Milton knows, his own art was of
much regard as had Milton for the “fit audi- the “slow-endeavoring
the " slow-endeavoring ” kind, the numerous
ence" and was quite as well aware that such erasures and interlineations in his manuscripts
an audience is always the few. If Shake- giving proof that he was a poet of happy after-
speare's audience has been relatively large, it thoughts. He may have taken his cue from
has no doubt always included a fair sprinkling the words of Heminge and Condell : “ His
of the " select few.”
mind and hand went together: and what he
This volume is put forth under the auspices thought he uttered with that easiness, that we
of a great university as one of the examples of have scarce received from him a blot in his
the researches of its professors. It is but just papers.” This would very naturally have sug-
that such a publication should be judged by a gested to Milton, by contrast, his own blotted
higher standard than that by which a volume papers. To adopt our author's formula, “ There
of Sunday-evening lectures by the average can be little question ” that Milton has given
As every
clergyman is judged by the religious weekly us in this passage one of the first of his many
of his denomination. The impression forces autobiographical references; and that the con-
itself upon one that the author might have trast he had in mind was that which, he felt,
made the book much better, and that he has existed between the easy numbers of the great
not deemed it worth his while to give anxious dramatist and those in which he himself
attention to details. Meanwhile to our chorus plucked the unripe myrtle-berries" with forced
of indolent reviewers it makes no odds how a fingers rude."
man writes nor how inexact may be his state I add a few brief corrections : At page 13


1902.)
199
THE DIAL
-
.
the play of “Hamlet is said to “ disregard scholars and have often been referred to in
utterly” the unity of place. On the contrary, these columns. The first volume was published
this unity as defined at page 10 and as prac more than thirty years ago ; the one before us
ticed by Ben Jonson is strictly preserved in is the thirteenth. Inasmuch as two volumes
“ Hamlet.” The “plain in Denmark” (IV. were devoted to “ Hamlet," and one to each
iv.) is an unnecessary invention of the editors. of the other plays, “ Twelfth Night” is the
Hamlet meets the troops on his passage from twelfth play in the series. In at least one im-
the castle, which overlooks the sea, to the neigh- portant respect Dr. Furness resembles his
boring place of embarkation. In the detailed author: no one else could have improved upon
analysis of the play of “ Volpone
one of the
his work. This 6 Variorum” edition is so
most striking and dramatic incidents is over much superior to anything of the kind ever
looked : the attempt of the parasite Mosca to thought of before that the early volumes were
keep possession of the estate which has been at once recognized as approaching about as
temporarily handed over to him (V. iii). At near perfection as human work may. Yet it
page 307, the title of D'Avenant's play is is hardly too much to affirm that every suc-
misquoted. At page 138, a fine sentence ceeding issue of the series has been, in some
from Dr. Johnson is quoted and pronounced important respect, superior to the foregoing.
“ somewhat ambiguous.” The sentence is Perhaps Dr. Furness reached the limit beyond
quoted thus : Tragi-comedy, he said, “ how which the force of Nature could no further
ever generally condemned, her own laurels
go
” in the edition of “Much Ado about
have hitherto shaded from the fulminations of Nothing ”*; it is enough to say that the present
criticism.'” Whereupon Professor Louns volume does not perceptibly fall below its im-
bury comments : “ The end apparently con mediate foregóer. I have marked several minor
tradicts the beginning.” Here he goes out of lapses, — such they appear to me, — but it
his way to condemn what he does not under would be attributing undue importance to them
stand. Johnson's allusion is of course to the to cite them here. In the course of the minute
belief that the laurel cannot be hurt by light- scrutiny of every word of a play and of every
ning. He says, in substance, that although word about it, no human wit could remain in-
thunderbolts have been launched against tragi- variably unclouded. Amid such a din of voices,
comedy, they have been ineffectual. The the voice of our great editor is always welcome,
bibliography, arranged by years, is not easy and is apt to be the one that leads the discus-
of reference when the date of a publication is sion back to sense and harmony. His union
not stated in the text.
of brightness and urbanity is always charming.
In conclusion I repeat that the book is not His chief defect is an occasional and, I think,
only interesting but well worth reading. Even an increasing tendency to supersubtlety. It
those versed in the subject will gather sug-
is as a moderator of the extreme pronounce-
gestions from its pages. It is greatly to be ments of others that his fitness for his place at
hoped that, in the volumes that are to succeed, the head of the board is most happily shown.
the author will cultivate correctness and pre He holds his own in comparison with the best
cision of style, rather than vigor, of which he commentators, however celebrated their names,
has enough and to spare; that he will be more and has fairly earned his primacy among ed-
liberal in the disbursement of his stores of fact itors of Shakespeare.
in exemplification of general statements ; that
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON.
he will be less sparing of footnotes and exact
references to authorities ; that, in short, he The long-evident need of an accurate and moderate-
will direct his thought to a somewhat more
priced library edition of the Lewis and Clarke Travels
exacting audience than he seems to have had
will be met by Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. with a
reprint which they will issue early in the coming Fall.
in view.
For the text the Philadelphia edition of 1814 will be
followed, and the work will be under the editorial
I have left myself too little space for an supervision of Dr. James K. Hosmer, the well-known
adequate tribute to the excellence of Dr. Fur authority in Western and Northwestern history. In
addition to this work, Messrs. McClurg are planning
ness's noble edition of “ Twelfth Night.” This
an extensive series of American reprints in choice lim-
is the less to be regretted inasmuch as little is
ited editions; the first of wbich, to be issued in the
to be said of it except in the way of praise. The Fall, will be Hennepin's Travels, edited by Mr. Reuben
character and merits of the “ New Variorum
Gold Thwaites.
Edition of Shakespeare are known to all * Reviewed in THE DIAL, Dec. 16, 1900.


200
(March 16,
THE DIAL
exoteric that the novice can read it as freely
COLONIAL LARES AND PENATES. *
as the expert. When there is no evidence on
It is perhaps seldom that two books pub a certain point, the fact is stated with a freedom
lished almost at the same time so complement from surmise that is rare even in the best bis-
each other as the recent volumes of Miss torical society; and on the other hand, where
Singleton and Mr. Lockwood. The nearly there is evidence it is attached to its object
simultaneous issue of these somewhat large with great clearness. In arrangement Mr.
volumes on the same subject hints rather at Lockwood's book follows the natural division
redundance and a necessity for deciding, like of furniture into chairs, tables, and chests; all
the small brother of the new twins, which we is very orderly and straightforward, and this
will keep. Happily here there is sufficient charm has been still further enhanced by plac-
difference to make such decision unnecessary, ing the illustrations where they belong close
and what one seeks in one book is tolerably to the text they illustrate. Taking it all in all,
sure to be found in the other, while even in the the volume is, I should imagine, the work of
very limited field of genuine colonial furniture one with a well-tempered enthusiasm for his
the illustrations and plates are duplicates in subject, well read and even learned in its his-
only one instance.
tory, and willing to treat his learning as what
To the lady all acknowledgements must be the dramatic critics call reserve force.
made for having upheld the reputation of Miss Singleton as an historian has no idea
women as conservators of the raw material, of reserve force, but relentlessly insists on ex-
so to speak, of history, — the tradition, the hibiting the entire result of her industry; and
legend, the old-time scandal, and the fairy tale, with inventories in extenso, letters, diaries,
- which on feminine lips lies ever ready for and proceedings, ad. lib., finally creates in a
repetition, for the instruction and the edifica somewhat wearied mind an impression like a
tion of the young. Miss Singleton's raw ma read-up lecture. The documents that Mr.
terial is not exactly legend nor fairy tale, Lockwood refers to merely, Miss Singleton
being matter obtained for the most part from quotes almost in their entirety. This has still
inventories, price list proceedings, and law the advantage of being complementary ; so that
suits; but if repetition can accomplish anything if to a
anyone
the method of “ Colonial Furniture
she must be considered as one who has acted in America " appears sketchy he can take up
nobly. When nearly two-thirds of the text of “ The Furniture of our Forefathers" and verify
a book carry quotation marks it is, even as each and every allusion. On the mechanical
evidence of mere industry, most impressive, — side, however, in the number and magnificence
and it would be more were it not that when of the illustrations and the general “get up
one settles down to read there comes a time of the book, Miss Singleton has a production
when nobility palls, industry palls, and raw that is really grand. Not only the number of
material palls, and if the subject is history one the plates, but their variety also, are unusual,
has an appetite for something with more in two of them, — the kitchen of the Hancock.
terpretive value.
Clarke house at Lexington, which is arranged
This is where Mr. Lockwood comes in. He, as a kitchen museum, and the kitchen of the
without so much repetition, has an equal amount Whipple house at Ipswich, — being easily the
of industry and raw material, having also read most interesting things in either book. Mr.
all the inventories and bills of sale — it takes Lockwood hasn't so many pictures, but he has
nigh seven years, if we may believe the pros- had the advantage of a clear aim to aid him
pectus, – but instead of extracts from his in writing his book. This, as given in the
reading he tells “in his own words” a clear earlier announcements, was to write a history
connected story of our furniture since the first of furniture in America with precise informa-
pilgrim chests, cupboards, chairs, and beds tion on certain points, — such as the evidences
landed on these shores. Without pedantry he of age, periods, and authorship, so that all who
has contrived to present the historical facts buy may read.
Mr. Lockwood is to be con-
and much special information in a narrative so gratulated first on his clear aim, and secondly
THE FURNITURE OF Our FOREFATHERS. By Esther
on the scholarship and ability which enabled
Singleton. With critical descriptions of plates by Russell him to achieve it, and the public is to be con-
Sturgis. In two volumes, illustrated. New York: Double-
gratulated on Mr. Lockwood. The tendency
day, Page & Co.
of the collector to endow his collection with a
COLONIAL FURNITURE IN AMERICA, By Luke Vincent
Lockwood. Illustrated. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. value out of proportion is occasionally evident,
-


1902.)
201
THE DIAL
sense.
but we still have to wait for an enthusiast who served the country as a diplomat in Europe,
can say, like Nanki-Poo,
and on his return to this country became a
“ It is true that I adore with a passion that's intense, lecturer on International Law at Harvard.
But one ought not to ignore all the rules of common But the last edition of his work appeared in
1866, and a new and exhaustive American
It is rather a disappointment to find in both
treatise on the subject was much needed. To
books that Colonial Furniture has always been
meet this need Hon. Hannis Taylor has written
so sophisticated — except for a few interesting his treatise on International Pablic Law.”
objects which, being sheer utilities first, last,
Mr. Taylor became favorably known through
and all the time, do not bore one with æsthetic
the publication in 1889 of his scholarly work
minauderies. With the objects which have a
on “The Origin and Growth of the English
merely useful reason for existence one gets a Constitution.” That work clearly demonstrated
pioneer flavor which is lacking in the stuff im.
that its author possessed scholarship and ability.
ported from London for honorific purposes. In 1893 Mr. Taylor was appointed by Presi.
Looking back, the antiquity of many modern dent Cleveland Minister to Spain, and for four
ideas is astonishing, some of them being an-
years he represented this country with credit
cient enough to give distinction even to the
at the Court of Madrid. He is a graduate of
Society, of which one has heard rumors, com the University of North Carolina. That he is
posed of those whose ancestors were killed in fitted by his learning, his ability, his experience
folding beds. There are of course plenty of
as a lawyer and diplomat, to write the work
histories of furniture already, but these two
which has just appeared, will be, we think,
present the subject in the modern and sym conceded. It will also be conceded that Whea.
pathetic garb. Presuming that it is a some-
ton's treatise is the only work which has been
what difficult matter to treat interestingly, written in this country with which Mr. Taylor's
that it was necessary to treat it at all, and that
work can be compared. President Woolsey's
the publications are something more than
work, a most scholarly and valuable one, and
à propos of the Colonial Renaissance of Grand
one most properly held in very high esteem at
Rapids, then we may consider that the subject home and abroad, was not intended to be as
of American furniture has been well attended to.
full and comprehensive as Wheaton's. Bat
GEORGE M. R. TWOSE. Mr. Taylor's work was undoubtedly intended
to supplant Wheaton's, and has been written
on as comprehensive a plan. The author has
INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC LAW.*
every reason to expect that his work will be
recognized as a standard authority, and will
In 1836 Henry Wheaton published his “ Ele be consulted in this country as Wheaton here-
ments of International Law.” The work was tofore has been. No book written nearly seventy
at once recognized, in Europe and America, years ago, however well written it may be, can
as a most important contribution to the liter hold its place as against a book reasonably
ature of the subject with which it dealt. It well written and on an equally comprehensive
became a standard authority. Editions were plan, and which brings the subject down to the
published in London, Paris, and Leipsic. It present time.
present time. Wheaton's book would have
was afterwards translated into Chinese, and been displaced long ago had it not been for
published at the expense of the imperial gov his accomplished editors, Mr. Dana and Mr.
ernment. It was likewise translated into Ja. Laurence, whose valuable annotations made a
panese. The statesmen of the world have new work on the subject unnecessary until
consulted its pages and been governed by its recently. In saying that Wheaton's work will
conclusions. While other Americans have be displaced” by Taylor's we do not mean
written on this subject, and written well, Whea-
to convey the impression that Wheaton will no
ton's work has remained the monumental work, longer be consulted. His opinions will no doubt
this country's greatest contribution to the lit be cited for years to come, as are the opinions
erature of the subject. Mr. Wheaton was a of Grotius, Vattel, Burlamayin, Bluntschli,
graduate of Brown, an able lawyer, and for a Bynkershoek, and others. The publicist will
number of years the distinguished Reporter of continue to cite Wheaton as the lawyer con-
the Supreme Court of the United States. He tinues to cite Blackstone and Kent. But
* A TREATISE ON INTERNATIONAL Public Law. By Taylor's work is one which every publicist in
Hannis Taylor, LL.D. Chicago: Callaghan & Co.
the United States will find it necessary to have
.


202
[March 16,
THE DIAL
on his shelves, and he will examine it when under the law of nations, in each case the criterion is
ever he is in doubt as to the international usage
not whether the rule so expressed, or the usage or the
right so asserted, is humane, or is just, or is moral; the
of to-day on any given question.
sole question is whether it has received the assent and
Mr. Taylor has written an excellent book, consent of civilized nations: placuit ne gentibus ?.”
and one which meets a decided want. He has
This theory finds support in the judgments
done his work in a scholarly way and his trea-
pronounced by Lord Chief Justice Coleridge
tise is indispensable to every American pub.
and his associates in the Franconia case.*
licist. He has not, however, produced a work
The counsel for the United States at Paris,
which can for a moment be compared with the
Mr. James C. Carter, advanced a different
great work of Calvo's; it is only fair to say
theory, and cited in support of it the American
that he did not attempt to. In 1868 M. Carlos
writers on the Law of Nations, and some of
Calvo published his great work in Spanish
the, earlier English writers. His statement
under the title of Derecho International Teo.
was that in determining in what International
rico y Practico de Europa y America. It
Law consisted we were to look to two sources :
was afterwards translated into French as Le
Droit International Théorique et Pratique. law of nature.
1. The practices and usages of nations ; 2. The
He said :
It is regarded in Europe and America as the
“ The points in which nations come into connection
leading treatise in existence on the subject of
with each other, or into collision with each other, are
International Law. It is much to be regretted comparatively few, and therefore the occasions for the
that no English translation of this most im study, the development, and the application of the law
portant work has ever made its appearance.
of nations have, in the course of history, been com-
Such a translation should have been made long
paratively few. For the most part, therefore, when
new questions arise we are referred at once to the law
before this.
of nature, which is the true source upon which the
The definition which Mr. Taylor gives of whole system of the law of nations rests; and these we
International Law is as follows: “ The aggre are entitled to and to take as law, the plain deductions
gate of rules regulating the intercourse of states,
of right reason from admitted principles, unless we find
that those plain deductions have, somewhere or some-
which have been gradually evolved out of the
how, been disavowed by the nations of the earth in
moral and intellectual convictions of the civil-
their actual intercourse with each other."
ized world as the necessity for their existence
has been demonstrated by experience”(p. 86).
And Mr. Justice Harlan, who was one of the
arbitrators, declared his opinion that
Again he says (p. 157) that International
Law " is a system of rules created by civilized
“ True wisdom, indeed the Treaty and public law, I
submit, require that this Tribunal accept the doctrine
nations, since the beginning of the Reforma that whatever is demanded by right reason, justice, and
tion, to regulate their intercourse with each morality has the sanction of the law of nations, unless
other.” In the light of his definition he tells
it has been otherwise determined by the general assent
us that the relation of international to natural
of mankind.”+
law loses its importance. The importance of It would be absurd to suppose that Mr. Taylor
the relation depends wholly upon the view one is unaware of this discussion at Paris, although
entertains as to what really constitutes Inter he has nothing to say about it. The question
national Law. English writers insist that the raised is fundamental and a matter of the
only source of International Law is actual greatest possible importance, and his attempt
usage, and that no principle can be said to be to dispose of the subject by his definition of
a part of International Law until it has been International Law, and the declaration that in
actually incorporated into the usages of States. the light of his definition the relation of Inter-
This is the theory of Hall, Laurence, and national Law to Natural Law loses its import-
Walker,— all English writers. This was the ance, is anything but satisfying.
theory advanced by Lord Russell, afterwards On some of the topics which he treats Mr.
Chief Justice of England, in his argument be- Taylor has not been as full and explicit as is
fore the Tribunal of Arbitration at Paris, in desirable. Take, for example, the subject of
1893, in the case between the United States reciprocity treaties. Does the treaty-making
and Great Britain respecting the Fur Seals. power confer on the Senate and President the
He there declared :
right to make commercial treaties and thereby
“ The phrase of Grotius, placuit ne gentibus, sums up fix duties, regulate commerce, and raise revenue
the only possible and the only true idea of the law of without the concurrence of the House of Rep-
nations; and when text-writers and theorists and dip-
lomatists assert that such and such a usage is recognized
* L. R. 2 Exch, Div. 63. (1876),
by the law of nations, that such and such a right exists † Fur Seal Arbitration, vol. I., p. 142.


1902.]
203
THE DIAL
resentatives ? Senator Cullom made a speech admitted that the United States is possessed
in the Senate the other day in which he an of the primacy of the New World.
swered the question in the affirmative. The Mr. Taylor treats the subject of Intervention
House of Representatives evidently thinks quite fully, and justifies this country's interven-
otherwise. It is not a new question. It was tion in Cuba by the general principles of Inter-
before the Senate in 1844, and at that time national Law, and leaving the Monroe Doctrine
the Committee on Foreign Relations, speaking entirely out of view. Recent disclosures from
through Rufus Choate, reported that the Senate Berlin make it plain that the representatives
possessed no such power. The matter has been of the Powers at Washington did not believe
before the Senate at other times. When such that the United States, after the receipt of the
treaties have been negotiated they have in Spanish note of April 10, was justified in in-
cluded a stipulation that they are not to tervening.
become operative until Congress enacts the Notwithstanding the minor criticisms in
legislation necessary to carry them into effect. which the writer has indulged, and any work,
About all this Mr. Taylor is silent.
no matter how carefully done, is always liable
Again, one could wish that Mr. Taylor had to such criticisms, it is only fair to say that
explained a little more fully the meaning of Mr. Taylor's work is a notable contribution to
" the most favored nation" clause. To be the literature of International Law, and that
sure, he says that it only refers to gratuitous it will be welcomed by public men in England
privileges, and does not cover privileges granted as well as in the United States. Mr. Taylor has
on the condition of a reciprocal advantage completed his task in an admirable manner, and
(p. 375). But this is not entirely satisfactory, his book is really deserving of praise. Here
and if it were it would have been well to have and there we wish he had gone more into detail
made mention of the course pursued by Ger and been more specific. But the merits of the
many in 1875 in its construction of the clause book greatly outweigh its minor defects, and
in our treaty with Hawaii. The fears of some it will undoubtedly long be recognized as a
Congressmen at the present time that if we do standard authority on International Law.
our plain duty by making concessions to Cuba
HENRY WADE ROGERS.
by way of tariff reductions, we shall have
trouble with other nations having treaties with
us which contain the “ most favored nation
clause, only serves to show that there is con-
TRAVELS AND STUDIES IN ARMENIA.*
siderable ignorance abroad as to what the
clause means. That ignorance, we fear, is not
There is no such country, politically, as Ar-
menia. But there is a section of Asia now
likely to be much dispelled by anything Mr.
Taylor has to say.
ruled by at least two powers, which was form.
In making mention of American writers on
erly, and is now in part, occupied by Armenians.
International Law the author (pp. 68 and 69)
This territory lies between Asia Minor on the
makes no mention of Gallaudet or Gardner.
west, the Caspian Sea on the east, and between
Neither of these writers made any great con-
the Black Sea and the river Kur on the north
tribution to the literature of the subject, but
and northeast, and Persia and Mesopotamia on
they are as deserving of mention as some the
the south. It is traversed by some of the most
author has named.
picturesque of mountain ranges, and is the
Mr. Taylor sympathises with Mr. Cleveland's source of some great rivers, such as the Tigris
Venezuelan Message of December 17,1895, and
and Euphrates. Its valleys and table-lands
so, for that matter, does his critic. He speaks are pitched amid some of the grandest of moun-
of Mr. Cleveland as “a resolute and far-sighted tain scenery, and are watered by the purest of
statesman,” and that such is to be the verdict springs and streams.
of history seems pretty well assured. The
Mr. H. F. B. Lynch, the author of two noble
Monroe Doctrine, he says, is purely a creation
volumes on Armenia, made two trips to this
of the executive power, and is to be classed region, one in 1893–4, and another in 1898.
with those sources of international law which
He had already spent a considerable portion
rest upon instructions given by States for the *ARMENIA: TRAVELS AND STUDIES. By H. F. B. Lynch.
guidance of their own courts and officers. In In two volumes, with 197 Illustrations reproduced from
Photographs and Sketches by the Author, numerous Maps
Mr. Taylor's opinion Great Britain by accept-
and Plans, a Bibliography, and a Map of Armenia and Ad-
ing arbitration of the Venezuelan Question has jacent Countries. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
>


204
[March 16,
THE DIAL
of 1889 and 1890 in Mesopotamia and Persia, gard to the relation of Assyria to this country
and was quite familiar with the customs of this in the most prosperous period of the Ninevite
portion of Asia. Drawn by curiosity largely, empire. Erzerum, the strongest fortress in
he thoroughly equipped himself, and set out to Turkish Armenia, receives large attention both
make a comprehensive study of this country for its local and for its political importance.
and its people. He admits, too, in the course It is practically the key to this section of Ar-
of his discussions, that he was greatly interested menia, and its capture by Russia at any time
to see how the Armenian problem appeared would mean the loss to Turkey of this great
from an inside study. This led him to investi- region.
gate carefully the condition of the population Some of the author's diary notes are not of
in each considerable city that he traversed. special interest to the reader, but such can be
The first volume deals with the Russian easily passed by, and he can go on to the de-
provinces of Armenia. The author sailed up scriptions of localities, of mountain
ranges, and
the Black Sea, making an extensive stop at to his studies of geographical, political, and
Trebizond, and landed at Batum, the western historical subjects.
terminus of the Russian railway. Thence he One chapter (XXIV.) of the second volume
entered Russian territory, crossing by stage into is a graphical summary of the statistical and
the Kur valley. The most notable halts in his political status of Armenia. On the basis of
next journey in the Araxes valley were Alex. the best statistics at command, he finds in
andropol, Erivan, Ani, and Kars. Each of Turkish Armenia 387,746 Armenians, and in
these, and many smaller places, he examined the Russian provinces 906,984, being about
with great care, looking especially into the one-third of the whole population of the former
schools, the churches, the character of the popu- district, and nearly two-fifths in the latter. We
lation, and the ruins. Of some places, such as are glad to find in the Appendix the National
Kars and Ani, he goes into great descriptive Constitution of the Armenians in the Turkish
detail, and gives a mass of useful information, Empire,” which was granted by the Porte in
the result both of others' investigations and his 1862.
own. In some chapters, such as XVI. (pp. 228– The Bibliography of twenty-six pages is all
315, on the Armenian Church), he gives long one could wish for a full study of Armenia,
studies of historical interest, touching the Ar- historically, ecclesiastically, politically, or geo-
menian peoples and their history. In connection graphically, including even the philological
with the chapter on Ani, we have an admirable study of the Vannic inscriptions. The tinted
summary, from the best sources, of “the Ar- photographs and the many plans and charts
menian kingdom of the Middle Ages.” The that fill up the volumes make a splendid equip-
most inspiring part of this volume is the de ment for a popular study of some of the urgent
scription of Mt. Ararat and the party's ascent problems presented to-day by the peoples of
of it—to an altitude of 16,916 feet. The
The Armenia.
IRA M. PRICE.
writer's energetic style, and his admirably-taken
photographs, carry the reader along with the
party. The large map of Armenia also adds
greatly to the vividness of impression made by
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS,
the narrative.
Volume II. deals with Mr. Lynch's expe-
Few works that appeal with equal
The psychology
directness to psychologists and to
riences in the Turkish provinces of Armenia.
specialists in nervous and mental
Having crossed the backbone of the Aghri diseases have united clinical skill and psycholog-
Dagh range of mountains, he went direct to
ical analysis as successfully as Dr. Janet's classical
Van, with its wonderful lake, fortress, and volume upon Hysteria, which, though written ten
dead crater. There is no more interesting spot years ago, still finds a useful place in the present
in all Armenia than Lake Van and its sur English translation. The translation called “ The
roundings. The author took careful measure-
Mental State of Hystericals" (Putnam) is due to
ments, examined sites, and gives us an admirable
the late Mrs. Corson, wife of Professor Corson of
Cornell. The work constitutes a most important
summary of his results.
We are glad to see
contribution to abnormal psychology; and likewise
that he notes with full credit the investigations
has most important general bearings alike for the
of the German Assyriologists, Belck and Leh-
interpretation of historical events — witchcraft
mann, in this region within the last decade. manias, psychic epidemics, miraculous cures, relig-
These scholars established several facts in re. ious delusions, legal trials involving false testimony-
of hysteria.


1902.]
205
THE DIAL
at Siena.
and for the comprehension of such present-day honor, courage, pride, liberality, love of ladies
topics as mental treatment, faith-cures, fads, and were the ruling principles. The Crusades strength.
mental obliquity generally. While hysteria pre ened the order of knighthood and supplied a mo-
sents certain fairly well definable groups of symp tive. When the Crusades ceased, chivalry became
toms, yet these appear in protean variability, to be more and more a mere form and ceremonial, and
recognized only by the expert; and in the end the gradually died out. That its principles were fre-
interpretation of the symptoms themselves depends quently violated, goes almost without saying; and
upon the central psychological conception of the it is equally true that its standards of purity and
malady. A peculiar and interesting enfeeblement justice were not ours, and that along with their
of the faculty of psychological synthesis, a weak virtues the knights had faults which show them as
ness of the will, a contraction of the field of con partly savages. Nevertheless, chivalry, by means
sciousness; a suppression of certain of the sensory of the crusades, by means of the literature it
stimuli by the fact that consciousness is not at home brought forth, by means of the new ideals it
to them; a consequent favoring of a tendency brought to rude and warlike men, left its mark for
toward a dissolution of the personality and the good on all later history. This Mr. Cornish proves
formation of parasitic groups of ideas, — these are conclusively, opposing himself to those students of
some of the psychological generalizations which history who “can see nothing in chivalry but the
bring under a provisional unity the endless series exaggeration of the military spirit, a childish cere-
of symptoms which hysteria reveals. It is clearly monialism, and the degradation of the family by an
more the exaggeration or perversion of a tempera unnatural code of gallantry.” The book contains
ment than a disorder; and as a temperament con many interesting illustrations, reproduced from old
tributes much to that which makes life interesting prints.
and complex, sincerity and disingenuousness diffi-
calt, deception and self-deception easy. Dr. Janet The famous
Siena, unfortunately, does not lie
arl-pavement
has presented the problem with masterly skill from
directly upon the most frequented
the professional side. A popularization of the field
routes of Italian travel, and has been
he has so successfully exploited would not be with unreasonably slighted by tourists and little visited
out public usefulness.
save by the adventurous. Hence scant justice has
been done to the contributions she is capable of
“Chivalry,” by Mr. H. Warre Cor. making to art history. The Duomo is but a tran-
History of
chivalry
nish, is the sixth published volume sept of the building projected in the eleventh cen-
in Europe. in the “Social England Series tury, when Siena was in her prime, - a formidable
(Macmillan). Noting the title of the series, one rival of Florence,— and wanted to build a cathedral
naturally expects to find a treatment of chivalry as that would be second to none in Italy. But she
developed in England; and it is somewhat sur suffered irreparably in the great plague of 1348 ;
prising to find that the material on England, if and the following year, abandoning the plans
abstracted, would amount to not more than an for the building she wanted and contenting herself
eighth of the book. It is true that the ceremonies of with the building she had (which is yet thought by
chivalry took slight hold in England; yet it would competent critics the most beautiful in Italy), she
be possible to take the contemporary life of conti began the ornamentation of that, and succeeded in
nental Europe as a background, and deal with making it especially rich in art treasures. It has
English chivalry, such as it was, more in detail. frescos attributed to Pinturricchio after designs by
This is our first serious criticism. Three other Raphael, choir-stalls and intarsia work by Giovanni
faults are conspicuous, since they detract from the da Verona, a sculptured monument supposed to be
value of the book as a work of reference: there by Michel Angelo, besides paintings by artists who
are numerous quotations from Old French and Old made forever famous the Sienese School of the
English, with scattering ones from other languages, thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. But, most
which should be translated in notes or appendix ; important of all, it has “The Pavement.” The
there should be a glossary of obsolete words, and floor of the entire structure presents a scheme of
of terms peculiar to the science of heraldry, etc.; pictures not altogether Christian or religious, but
there is no index. In spite of these defects, how- extremely interesting, and particularly go to the
ever, and of a lack of clearness in the author's student of art archæology. It differs from ordinary
style, the book contains much information valuable mosaic (excepting in one panel), and belongs to a
and interesting to the general reader," the peruser class of work that “ seems to have been peculiar to
of historical novels, and the student who is not a the artistic mind of the Sienese." There are only
specialist but who wishes a sketch of social life during three other similar pavements in existence, and of
one of the most fascinating periods of the world's these two are in Siena and the third is in Lucca,
history. Take it all in all, a fairly comprehensive not a hundred miles distant. This Duomo pavement
picture is here presented of life among the upper is made the subject of an illustrated volume of 155
classes from the eleventh to the sixteenth century. pages, by Robert H. Hobart Cust, M.A., on “ The
Knighthood, with its attendant panoply and cir Pavement Masters of Siena," to serve as the initial
cumstance, was the mainspring; the virtues of volume of a series of “ Handbooks of the Great
>
A
:
i i


206
[March 16,
THE
DIAL
Craftsmen” (Macmillan). There were fifty-four | latter class will scarcely be less than that of the
" Pavement Masters," including those who in the former is apparent from the ever increasing ten-
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have worked dency of broad-minded men and women to seek the
upon the restoration of the original designs. Of origin and connection of present-day thoughts and
some of the fifty-four, absolutely nothing is known problems in and with those of the past, since ideas
but that they did their work and received their no less than events have their history. The sim-
pay. Most of them are unknown to fame, but at pler and less abstruse such a presentation is, the
least two of them - Matteo di Giovanni and Do greater, of course, will be its aid and the more
menico Beccafumi — have high places in the “fair effective the introduction it can afford to the books
and luminous record ” of the Sienese school of art. of larger scope and more specific character. That
The chapter Mr. Cast devotes to these workers the subject sometimes revenges itself, as it were, on
evinces very careful researches among the archives the author for treating weighty matters so lightly,
of the Cathedral; and not only is the volume a and breaking the edge of their obscurity so com-
valuable contribution to popular art history, but it pletely in response to the needs of inexperienced
whets the reader's appetite for the forthcoming minds ), is seen in his occasionally falling into the
issues of the series.
habit of offering explanations that are no whit
clearer than the thesis, and in his frequent relapse
“The Making of a Country Home”
For the man who
into a hasty conversational style that is chatty
(Doubleday) records the successful
wants a home.
experiment of a man who was tired
when compared with the utterances of the old sages
whom he quotes and whose every phrase is sur-
of endlessly camping out in a flat that cost a fourth
of his income, and willing to undergo all sorts
charged with meaning that seems to mock the pop-
erty of words. But while Mr. Rogers's book can
of temporary deprivations and discouragements for
the sake of the final recompense, a real home of
in no way compare with, for example, Windel-
his own. How he and his wife who, if not always
band's exact and learned work, it should neverthe-
quite of his mind, loved him enough to trust in
less be judged on its own merits; and among these
him — surrendered gentility for two years that they
we count its conquest of the practical difficulties of
the case, which are not small. They are here met
might later go house-hunting through the environs
of New York City, and how, having made their
not only by great familiarity with the ideas pre-
choice, they transformed it into the veritable home
sented, but also by an individual mode of present-
beautiful of their dreams, is the theme of the book.
ing them, by general accuracy in treatment, by a
The affair is related as it happened, - 80 the author
happy habit of quoting extensively from the philos-
ophers, and by an earnestness that lets no problem
assures 08, with no fictitious glamour of romance
drop until it has to some extent been viewed from
to delude the young couple who may haply be
tempted to go and do likewise ; and from a literary cessful where he treats of problems that touch upon
all sides. In our opinion, the author is most suc-
as well as from a practical point of view, it is this
our modern ideas of life and the world, where he
pervasive note of reality that constitutes the charm
of the story. A country lawyer, a Swedish maid, naturally has more light to guide him. He is less
a pair of lovers who meet and woo under the new
convincing when he portrays the remoter life of
vine and fig-tree, a married couple who scoff at life
of his kind. On the whole it may be said that
in a cottage and make their own disastrous attempt
while the defects of the book may to some extent
to escape
from the same humdrum round that dis-
mayed the hero and heroine, all these add variety
mar the enjoyment of it to those who are already
far advanced in philosophic study, these defects
to the main thread of the narrative. But the real
value of the book lies in its suggestive and yet
would not generally interfere with its usefulness to
those whom it especially strives to benefit.
definite answer to a question that must come some-
time to every man with a small income and a family:
Miss Hurll's “ Riverside Art Series"
“How, if we keep on renting a house, are we ever in a popular (Houghton) has already made a rec-
going to have a home?” Every such man will
ognized place for itself, and it is only
appreciate “ The Making of a Country Home.” necessary to say of its ninth volume, devoted to
John's ideals may not be his, but they will at least Landseer, that the same excellent features prevail
set him to thinking and perhaps inspire him to act as in the case of its predecessors in the series. The
for himself.
pictures are fifteen in number, each accompanied
In Mr. Arthur Kenyon Rogers’s | by three or four pages of quite elementary descrip-
A helpful
history of
“Student's History of Philosophy tion and interpretation. The Introduction contains
philosophy.
(Macmillan) we can without exag the more scholarly and technical criticism, and is
geration welcome what is, on the whole, a good divided into five heads : Landseer's Character as
and useful text-book. It will prove helpful to col an Artist, Books of Reference, Historical Directory
lege classes of not very advanced standing, as also of the Pictures of the Collection, Outline Table of
to the general reader who is taking his first some the Principal Events in Landseer's Life, Some of
what uncertain steps along the path of philosophic Landseer's Contemporaries. The life of Sir Edwin
knowledge. That the number of readers of the
Landseer spanned almost exactly the first three
to the mind but in this he shares the fate of many
New volumes
art series.


1902.]
207
THE DIAL
book and some
quarters of the nineteenth century (1802–73), and
Modern methods of scholarly investi-
the long list of illustrious painters and authors who
A short history gation are producing wide-reaching
of the Hebrews.
were his contemporaries reminds us once more that
results in the field of Old Testament
this period is one which will be looked back upon study. The Rev. R. L. Ottley's “Short History of
by posterity as one of the most brilliant in the an the Hebrews" (Macmillan) is another serious at-
nals of the history of culture. Among these names, tempt to popularize the newest results announced
Landseer's, not one of the greatest, was certainly by critics of the Old Testament. The book is a
one of the most popular; he chose his subjects from presentation, in narrative form, of the history, 80-
every day life, he knew how to tell a story with his called, of the Hebrews from the beginning down to
brush, and he won the heart of the English-speaking the Roman period. The narrow limits of 324 pages
world. Much greater artists may
well
envy
bim made this a hazardous undertaking. Upon an ex-
his unique fame. — The tenth volume of the same amination of the author's method of compressing his
series is given to Correggio, who, although one of material to fit this space, we discover the expected
the half-dozen most famous painters in the his defects. He has attempted too much. If he had
tory of art, as a personality is one of the least satisfied himself by introducing fewer unsolved
known. The legends and misapprehensions of his problems and unanswered questions, the book would
first biographer, Vasari, passed unquestioned until have been more readable and less discouraging to
about thirty years ago; but within the last quarter the bulk of readers. Since he has introduced many
of a century, we have had two scholarly studies of such problems, at least comparative completeness
the life and works of the artist, Dr. Julius required that he should have given the best answers
Meyer's in German and Signor Carrado Ricci's in that modern scholarship proposes, thus considerably
Italian. Both have been translated into English, enlarging the work. As it is, Kittel's work—which
and Miss Hurll's little book is based on these au he closely follows, especially in the patriarchal and
thorities. Within its limits, it may be commended nomadic stages of Israel's history - is quite superior
to beginners in the study of art history.
to the condensed book before us. If the reader is
Neither of Chicago's most prominent
already familiar with the outline facts of the He-
A new Dooley
brew history, he will find those twelve chapters an
humorists lacks honor in his own
fables in slang.
orderly arrangement of that matter, though pre-
country. Mr. George Ade has slain
senting nothing strikingly new.
The book is sup-
his thousands and Mr. Peter Dunne his ten thou.
sands. The journals that contain their contriba. Stanford; also chronological tables, list of works
plied with seven well-executed maps, done by
tions are more eagerly sought for than the special consulted, and an index. We are still waiting for
editions of the Congressional Record. Mr. Ade's
the strictly up-to-date history of the Hebrews.
“ Modern Fables” (Russell) have been introduced
as supplementary reading into eleven university
In “ Letters on Life” (Dodd, Mead
Racy chapters on
courses in modern dialect, while Mr. Dooley's opin.
& Co.), Dr. Robertson Nicoll, writ-
ions rank in many quarters above those of the
ing under the pseudonym of “ Clau-
United States Sapreme Court. All in all, Mr. Dooley dius Clear,” gives a series of brief essays on a
has a better flavor than the Fables. It is not only variety of every-day subjects, written in the terse
that brogue is more lovable and more forgivable style of a man whose observations of life have
than slang; Dooley on the whole “makes for made him sure of his ground. Of special interest
righteousness," while the satire of the Fables gives at the moment is the chapter on “ Firing out the
a sub-cynical reaction when held in a current of Fools," a bit of advice to Englishmen to adopt the
fresh air. Both writers reflect phases of contem more aggressive and successful business methods of
porary life that will escape the novelist and the the New World. This is followed by two other
historian; but Dooley's is a magic mirror that shows chapters touching upon other phases of the same
behind the picture of unhappy things that are a subject. “Good Manners," "The Sin of Over-
shadowy image of what ought to be. Mr. Ade's work,” “ The Art of Conversation," are titles that
studies of the vulgar female man-hunter, the hypo- indicate the range of the nearly thirty chapters.
critical “leading citizen,” the variegated “dead In all of them there is wholesome good-sense and
beat,” the empty-pated "Chawley-boy,” and their wise helpfulness, presented with such point and
kin ought, indeed, to disgust, as do the pictures of pith and breezy freshness as atone for the sin of
Hogarth's “Rake's Progress," but there is not a didacticism. There is something in the book for
little danger that incipient members of these groups everyone, man or woman, scholar or workingman,
will think the types intended for heroes. Mr. and almost all of it is full of vitalizing good for
Dooley, to be sure, is keener and gentler and fairer
anyone.
than the dispenser of “five cints' worth iv flude
About the Great Indian Mutiny of
Tales of the
extbract iv hell f'r fifteen cints” on Archey Road
1857 there has gathered a mass of
could possibly be; but we are more willing to have a
heroic story unsurpassed in all his-
man rise above himself than to sink below. We can tory. Nothing can appeal more strongly to the
laagh over both books, but it is to Mr. Dooley rather masculine love of daring and steady bravery than
than to the Fables that we turn for a second perusal. the story of the handful of British soldiers who
men and manners.
great mutiny
told anew.


208
[March 16,
THE DIAL
grimly reduced to subjection the swarms of native
soldiers whom they had themselves trained to high
efficiency. Dr. W. H. Fitchett has told anew, in
popular form, the thrilling story that gathers about
the cities of Cawnpore, Lucknow, and Delhi, in his
“ Tale of the Great Mutiny ” (imported by Scrib-
ner). It is full to the brim of ghastly horrors, yet
the deeds of the heroic officers, and of the equally
heroic rank and file, faithful natives as well as
British, stir the blood. It is good for our boys, in
these prosaic days, to see to what almost impos-
sible achievements men can be inspired by the
combination of patriotism, courage, and fidelity to
duty.
BRIEFER MENTION.
We have received from the Government Printing
Office at Washington the Report of the Librarian of Con-
gress for the year ending last June. The volume is
much more than a mere report, for it includes a man-
ual of the library organization, a select list of recent
purchases, an account of the new plan for the distribu-
tion of catalogue cards, and much other matter of more
than transient interest, besides numerous illustrations.
" A List of Books on Samoa and Guam comes to us
from the same source, as also a pamphlet scheme of
classification in the department of bibliography and
library science.
Mr. Russell Sturgis's “ Dictionary of Architecture
and Building ” (Macmillan) has already received ex.
tended notice in these columns, and the appearance of
the third and last volume of the set serves in no wise
to alter the impression created by the preceding parts.
The work is one of great interest and value, being
more than a dictionary, almost an encyclopædia. The
lack of care looking toward a piece of beautiful book-
making in the matter of illustrations continues through-
out the work; and now and again the illustrations do
pot serve to illustrate, as in the definition of « clear-
story," where the cut represents, and is labeled, “a
church without a clearstory.'” However, a large and
efficient corps of expert writers on architecture and
kindred subjects has served to present a comprehensive
and authoritative work in a field where it was much
needed.
The success attained by the previous issues of the
“ Department of Special Editions” of Messrs. Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co. has resulted in a determination on
the part of the publishers to produce from six to eight
volumes of the same sort each year. The first of the
issues for this Spring is a reprint of the address on
“ Democracy" delivered by James Russell Lowell at
Birmingham, England, in 1884. It forms a little vol-
ume of seventy-five pages, produced in similar general
style to the edition of Thoreau's “Of Friendship,” pub-
lished last Fall, and shows the same artistic and intel.
ligent workmanship in all the details of mechanical
make-up. A short introductory note is supplied by the
late Horace E. Scudder. This volume will be followed
shortly by reprints of Sir Walter Raleigh's account of
“ The Last Fight of the Revenge at Sea," Henry Field-
ing's “ Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon," and (most
acceptable of all) a complete edition of the Poems of
Edward Rowland Sill.
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS.
Herewith is presented THE DIAL's annual list of
books announced for Spring publication, containing this
year more than 750 titles.
With a few necessary ex-
ceptions, books recently issued which have been already
entered in our regular List of New Books are not
named in the present list; and all the books here given
are presumably new books — new editions not being
included unless having new form or matter. The list
is compiled from authentic data supplied for this pur-
pose by the publishers themselves, and it is believed
presents an accurate survey of the Spring books of
1902.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
The Autobiography of Sir Walter Besant, illus., $2.40 net.-
Modern English Writers Series, new vol.: Thomas Henry
Huxley, by Edward Clodd, $1. net.-Ellen Terry and her
Sisters, by T. Edgar Pemberton, illus., $3.50 net.-Six
Saints of the Covenant: Peden, Semple, Wellwood, Cam-
eron, Cargill, Smith, by Patrick Walker, edited by D.
Hay Fleming, with foreword by S. R. Crockett, limited
edition, 2 vols., $7.50 net. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
English Men of Letters Series, new vols.: James Russell
Lowell, by Henry van Dyke, D.D.; George Eliot, by
Leslie Stephen; Ralph Waldo Emerson, by George
Edward Woodberry; William Hazlitt, by Augustine
Birrell, Q.C.; Benjamin Franklin, by Owen Wister; Mat-
thew Arnold, by Herbert W. Paul; Edgar Allan Poe, by
William Peterfield Trent, M.A.-Napoleon, a sketch of
his life, character, struggles, and achievements, by Hon.
Thomas E. Watson, illus.-Life of Sir George Grove, by
C. L. Graves. (Macmillan Co.)
Personal Reminiscences of Bismarck, by Sidney Whitman,
with portraits.-Appletons' Popular Biographical Series,
first vol.: Father Marquette,' by Reuben G. Thwaites,
illus.-Great Commanders Series, new vol.: General
Forrest, by J. Harvey Mathes, illus., $1.50 net.- Personal
Memoirs of Philip Henry Sheridan, new and enlarged
edition, with an account of his life from 1871 to his death
in 1888, by Brig.-Gen. Michael V. Sheridan, 2 vols., illus.,
$4. net. (D. Appleton & Co.)
Reminiscences of Sixty Years in Public Affairs, by Hon.
George S. Boutwell, 2 vols., with portrait, $5. net.
(McClure, Phillips & Co.)
With Napoleon at St. Helena, from the memoirs of Dr.
John Stokoe, Naval Surgeon, trans. by Edith S. Stokoe,
illus., $1.50 net.--Terrors of the Law, being the portraits
of three lawyers, by Francis Watt, with photogravure
portraits, $1.50 net. (John Lane.)
William Black, Novelist, by Sir Wemyss Reid. (Harper &
Brothers.)
Five Stuart Princesses, edited by Robert S. Rait, with
portraits, $3.50 net.--The Autobiography of Lt.-General Sir
Harry Smith, Bart., of Aliwal, G.C.B., edited by G. C.
Moore Smith, 2 vols., illus., $8. net.-A Grand Duchess
and her Court, by Frances Gerard, 2 vols., illus., $7.50
net.--Peter III., Emperor of Russia, by R. Nisbet Bain,
$3.50 net.-Little Memoirs of the Nineteenth century, by
George Paston, illus., $3. net. (E. P. Dutton & Co.)
Biographical History of the United States, first vol.: Life
of James Madison, by Gaillard Hunt, illus., $2.50 net.
(Doubleday, Page & Co.)
The Recollections of Sir Edward Blount, 1815-1901, jotted
down and arranged by Stuart J. Reid, with portraits.-
Edward E. Bowen, a memoir, with some literary remains,
by Rev. the Hon. W. E. Bowen. (Longmans, Green, &
Co.)
Charles Eliot, Landscape Architect, illus.-The Life of
John Ruskin, by W. G. Collingwood, with photogravure
frontispiece, $2. net.—Daniel Webster, by Samuel W.
McCall.-Riverside Biographical Series, new vols.:
Stephen A. Douglas, by William Garrott Brown; Samuel
de Champlain, by Henry D. Sedgwick, Jr.; George Rogers
Clark, by Frederick J. Turner; each with photogravure
portrait, 65 cts. net.-Molière, by Leon H. Vincent, 85
cts. net. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
The True Napoleon, by Charles Josselyn, illus., $3.50 net.
(R. H. Russell.)


1902.)
209
THE DIAL
The Hand of God in American History, by Robert Ellis
Thompson, S.T.D., $1. net.-Pioneer Towns of America
Series, new vol.: The Story of Pemaquid, by James Otis,
illus., 50 cts. (T. Y. Crowell & Co.)
The War in South Africa, its cause and conduct, by A.
Conan Doyle, 10 cts. (McClure, Phillips & Co.)
Heroes of the Nations Series, new vol.: Edward Planta-
genet (Edward I.), the English Justinian, by Edward
Jenks, M.A., illus., $1.35 net. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
Napoleon I., by August Fournier. (Henry Holt & Co.)
Authors of our Day in their Homes, personal descriptions
and interviews, edited with additions by Francis Whiting
Halsey, illus., $1.25 net.-Eminent Actors and their
Homes, personal descriptions and interviews, by Marguer-
eta A. Haum, illus., $1.25 net. (James Pott & Co.)
Memoirs of the Countess Cosel, by Joseph Krasjowski,
illus., $2. net.–Madame Du Barry, by the Brothers Gon-
court, illus., $1.50 net. (Brentano's.)
Historical Memoirs of John Heneage Jesse, second series,
comprising: Richard the Third, 1 vol.; George the Third,
5 vols.; George Selwyn and his Contemporaries, 4 vols.;
Celebrated Etonians, 2 vols.; London and its Celebrities,
3 vols.; per vol., $2.50. (L. C. Page & Co.)
The True Aaron Burr, a biographical sketch, by Charles
Burr Todd. (A. S. Barnes & Co.)
Life of Theodore Roosevelt, by Murat Halsted, $1.50.
(Saalfield Publishing Co.)
Headley's Historical Biographies, by P. C. Headley, new
and cheaper edition, 4 vols., comprising: Empress Jose-
phine, Napoleon Bonaparte, Mary Queen of Scots, and
Lafayette; each with portrait, $1. (Lee & Shepard.)
Among the Great Masters of Warfare, or Scenes from the
Lives of Great Military Commanders, edited by Walter
Rowlands, illus., $1.20 net. (Dana Estes & Co.)
HISTORY.
New France and New England, by John Fiske.-Lee at
Appomattox, and other papers, by Charles Francis
Adams. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
The Story of the Mormons, by William Alexander Linn,
illus.-A Short History of Germany, by Ernest F. Hen-
derson, A.B., 2 vols.-Dyer's History of Modern Europe,
revised by Arthur Hassall, M.A., Vol. VI., completing the
work.-The Early Age of Greece, by William Ridgeway,
M.A., Vol. II., illus.-A History of Greece, by J. B.
Bury, M.A., library edition, 2 vols.-A History of the
City of Rome in the Middle Ages, by Ferdinand Greg-
orovius, trans. by Mrs. Hamilton, Vol. VIII., completing
the work.--Arnold's Expedition to Quebec, by John Cod-
man, new edition, illus., $2.25 net.-The Tower of London,
by Lord Ronald Sutherland Gower, F.S.A., Vol II.,
Stuart and Hanoverian Times, illus. in photogravure,
etc. (Macmillan Co.)
The Story of the Louisiana Purchase, by Dr. James K.
Hosmer, illus.-A History of American Privateers, by
Edgar S. Maclay, illus.,' $3. net.-The Private Journal of
William Maclay, United States Senator from Pennsyl-
vania, 1789-91, edited by Edgar S. Maclay, A.M., with
portrait, $2.25. (D. Appleton & Co.)
Historical Essays and Reviews, by Mandell Creighton, D.D.,
edited by Louise Creighton.-China and the Powers, a
narrative of the outbreak of 1900, by H. C. Thomson,
illus.-Records of Lumsden's Horse, edited by Reginald
Rankin, illus.--Studies in Irish History and Biography,
mainly of the Eighteenth Century, by C. Litton Falkiner,
$5.-Roman Africa, an outline of the history of the Roman
occupation of North Africa, by Alexander Graham, F.S.A.,
$6.-The Old Royal Palace of Whitehall, by Edgar Shep-
pard, D.D., illus.-Tales of My Father, by A. M. F.
(Longmans, Green, & Co.)
Story of the Nations Series, new vol.: The Papal Monar-
chy, by Wm. Barry, D.D., illus., $1.35 net.-Social Eng-
land, edited by H. D. Traill, "King Edward" edition,
Part II., From the Accession of Edward I. to the Death
of Henry VII., illus. in colors, etc., $5. net. (G. P. Put-
nam's Sons.)
A History of Russia, from Peter the Great to Nicholas II.,
by W. R. Morfill, $1.75 net. (James Pott & Co.)
A Narrative and Critical History of the Roman People, by
Charles Seignobos, illus.-Political History of the United
States, by J. P. Gordy, Vol. II., 1809-1829. (Henry Holt &
Co.)
The Sectional Struggle, by Cicero W. Harris, $2.50 net.
(J. B. Lippincott Co.)
American History Series, concluding vol.: Reconstruction
and the Constitution, by John W. Burgess, Ph.D., $1 net.
-When Old New York Was Young, by Charles Hem-
street, illus., $1.50 net. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Fashions in Literature, and other literary and social essays
and addresses, by Charles Dudley Warner, $1.20 net.-
Miscellanies, by Austin Dobson, second series, $1. net-
Editorial articles from The Outlook, by Hamilton Wright
Mabie, $1. net.--Sister Beatrice, and Ariadne and Barbe
Bleue, two plays, by Maurice Maeterlinck, trans. by
Bernard Miall, $1.20 net.-The Mystery of Justice, by
Maurice Maeterlinck, $1.40 net.—The Secret Correspond-
ence of Maria Theresa and the Comte d'Argenteau, 3
vols., illus., $6.50 net.-Journals of Hugh Gaine, with a
biography of Gaine and a bibliography of the issues of
his press by Paul Leicester Ford, limited edition, 2 vols.,
$15. net.-Samuel Johnson's Prologue, spoken at the
opening of Drury Lane Theatre in 1747, facsimile reprint
of the only known copy of the original edition, with intro-
duction by Austin Dobson and notes by A. S. W. Rosen-
bach, limited edition.--The Young Man in Modern Life,
by Beverley Warner, D.D., 85 cts. net. (Dodd, Mead &
Co.)
Letters of Daniel Webster, hitherto unpublished, collected
by Prof. Van Tyne, with frontispiece.-The King and
Queen of Hearts, by Charles Lamb, facsimile of the pri-
vate edition of 1805, with introduction by E. V. Lucas, 75
cts. (McClure, Phillips & Co.)
Some Unpublished Letters of Horace Walpole, edited by
Sir Spencer Walpole, K.C.B., with portraits.-Letters of
the Princess Lieven during her residence in London,
1812-1834, edited by Lionel Robinson, with photogravure
portraits.--Essays and Addresses by Sir James Paget,
selected and arranged by Stephen Paget.-Selected
Essays and Papers of Richard Copley Christie,
M.A., edited with a memoir by W. A. Shaw, Litt.D.,
illus., $5.-Owens College Essays, edited by T. F. Tout,
M.A., and James Tait, M.A., with maps. (Longmans,
Green, & Co.)
Letters to an Enthusiast, by Mary Cowden Clarke, illus. in
photogravure, $2.50 net.—Little Leaders, and Editorial
Echoes, by William Morton Payne, each $1. net.-The
Book Lover, a guide to the best reading, by James Bald-
win, Ph.D., new edition from new plates, $1. net.-A
Selection of the World's Best Short Stories, by Sherwin
Cody, $1. net.--Right Reading, quotations from ten
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210
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1902.]
211
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