ker maiden, who serves as an effective
sort of life with which it deals, and is not without foil to the titular heroine. Tbe book is a mixture
touches of delicate human feeling. It certainly of wit and tender sentiment, alternately sparkling
gives us life — of a sort — and it comes near to with the one and melting with the other, and is
giving us literature - of a minor order.
fascinating from first to last.
The American railway is the real subject of Mr. In "The Shutters of Silence," Mr. G. B. Burgin
Frank Spearman's “ The Daughter of a Magnate,' has made effective use of a Trappist monastery in
although a love-story is provided as a sort of sub the northern wilderness of Canada. In this estab-
sidiary attraction, and as a concession to the con lishment a boy, abandoned by his mother and lost
ventions of fiction. The scene is the far West, the by his father, takes refuge, and grows to manhood
language is that spoken in those parts by men en in its peaceful and austere seclusion. He is of ille-
gaged in railway work. It is rather too technical gitimate birth and his unnatural mother has rid
for the comfort of the average reader. “ Even the herself of him in order that she may marry and be
porter of the dead car deserted his official corpse, safe from the discovery of her sin. When the boy
and after Number One pulled out of Medicine Bend has grown up, the father learns his whereabouts,
and stuck her slim, aristocratic nose fairly into the and rescues him before he has taken his vows to
big ranges the Lalla Rookh was left as dead as a the order. He is taken to England, introduced to
stringer to herself and her reflections" this is the society, and made to know something of the joys
sort of thing we find in every chapter. We have and sorrows of life. Next to the description of the
no doubt of its truth to life and to railroading, but monastic life itself, which is pictured with sombre
too much of it wearisome. There is always some and haunting fidelity, the study of his development
thing fine in the spectacle of man struggling against under this startling change of conditions is the most
nature and coming out triumphant; we get this interesting feature of the storyThe young man
sort of satisfaction in two scenes particularly, one falls in love, but the cup of happiness is dashed from
of which represents the hero at work repairing the his lips when he learns the secret of his birth, and
damage done by a disastrous washout, while the be flees to the refuge of his earlier years. Here he
other finds him bringing a train (and the heroine) is at last found by both father and mother, the
safely through a perilous blizzard. The whole story former now a widow and the latter at the point of
is informed with a tense energy that at least keeps death; a belated marriage ceremony takes place,
one in a state of breathless attention to its movement. and the youth goes back into the world with a name
A novel written even in part by the late Stephen that he may now legitimately bear. Such is the out-
Crane comes to us at this late day as a surprise. line of a story which may lay claim to a fair degree
The other part is the work of Mr. Robert Barr, but of originality, and which is of more than ordinary
whether by way of collaboration or the piecing-out interest.
of a fragment we are not informed. At all events, “The Key of Paradise,” by Mr. Sidney Pickering,
the book is not obviously composite, and proves to is an Italian romance of a hundred years ago, when
be much more of a story than any of the books of the Napoleonic wars filled the world, and brought
Mr. Crane that were published during his lifetime. terror into the fairest of lands. The interest of the
It is called “ The O’Ruddy,” and is the tale of a story, however, is private, and the history serves only
roistering and dare-devil Irishman who comes to for relief. There is an Italian princess, the husband
England after his father's death on a mission to the who maltreats her, and the sympathetic English


122
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
own book.
soldier who seeks to win her love. The outcome illustrate the indusia of Cystopteris shows really
is rather unexpected, for the princess, despite her nothing that can be so recognized. Our author
wrongs, remains faithful to her marital obligations, wisely gives precedence in each case to the common
and wing her husband's devotion in the end. The name; but he also presents the name by which each
work is carefully planned, and wrought out with form is known in science, although without citing
such nicety of finish that, although the performance the name of the author of the binomial approved.
is slight, it is unusually satisfactory from every While it is refreshing to be delivered from the cas-
artistic point of view.
tomary inane discussions of questions of nomencla-
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. ture, still no scientific name in natural bistory may
be correctly written unless the name of the author
accompanies it. It may be worth saying here that
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
for appearance sake, if for no other reason, it were
well to begin every specific name, no matter what
Let no one suppose from the plain
The fern-lover's
its origin, with a small letter. But these are minor
title “ Ferns, a Manual for the
criticisms; the book as a whole is a beautiful one,
Northeastern States" (Holt), by
and likely to be widely useful. It is one of the few
Mr. Campbell E. Waters, that we have here simply
real nature-study books so far offered to the Amer-
a text-book, or at best a descriptive list of species,
ican people. Here is no nonsense, no child's-talk ;
as manuals of plants and animals are wont to be.
and if the author's style be somewhat conversa-
The work is this, and very much more. It is a very
handsome volume, beautifully bound and printed, tells his story in an interesting and straightforward
tional, and confidential at times, he nevertbeless
with ornate cover and gilt top, fit to lie upon the
way.
table among the latest and bandsomest books of the
year. Furthermore, text and illustrations alike are
There is a fascination in any bio-
not designed primarily for the man of science, but New glimpses of graphic material relating to the Ros-
the Rossettis.
for the amateur, for the men and women who love
setti family. The readers of the
ferns, the most graceful and beautiful forms of all new volume of “Rossetti Papers, 1862 to 1870"
the green world about us, and, loving them, would (imported by Scribner) will feel the charm of the
fain be able to give appropriate name to each and subject, and will delight in subtle glimpses of char-
every one. To such the volume will certainly make acter and environment, but they will deplore the
a strong appeal. The original feature in the pres lack of chapters or similar divisions into which the
ent treatment of the ferns is the effort made to use material might have been more conveniently and
stem-structure, revealed in cross-section, as a means effectively grouped. More than five hundred pages
of identification and so for the framing of an arti of consecutive letters and journal-extracts, with a
ficial key. This may sometimes be helpful, and the few parenthetical notes, become wearisome when
facts so brought out may be at times confirmatory; there is no break in structure and but meagre
but after all, it would seem that anyone sufficiently dramatic incident. This volume continues the two
skilful to use his lens to meet the requirements of earlier compilations entitled “Ruskin, Rossetti,
this key sbould be able to study in the old-fashioned | Preraphaelitism” and “Preraphaelite Diaries and
way the fruit-dots, indusia, pinna, etc., and would Letters." The latter volume ended with the death
find the effort far more interesting. For some of Gabriel Rossetti's wife, and the burial of bis
reason, several species described in the text are not poems in her casket; the present book deals with
named in this key. The illustrations are nearly all the intervening events until 1870, when the poems
half-tones from photographs, and show well the were resurrected and published. Much of the ma-
advantages and disadvantages of the process. The terial here presented has been incorporated already,
views of the species in their nativ haunts are, many indirectly, into other books upon the Rossetti family.
of them, very beautiful; but the reproductions of With a revival of interest which comes from a
the individual fronds are generally disappointing. perusal of the direct sources, however, one reads
The process is not adapted to the subject. The again of the estranged relations between Ruskin
delicacy of these filmy things is lost. This is espe and Rossetti, of the brotherly interest of Gabriel
cially the case where the illustration represents the in the publication of Christina Rossetti's poems, of
object enlarged. Here the photograph reminds one William Rossetti's appreciative studies of Walt
of the pictures of plaster casts taken from the faces Whitman, Shelley, and Blake, and of the tragic
of the dead. Photography cannot, or at least does | blight upon the eyes of Gabriel and his forced renun-
not, portray these things. One touch of Gibson's ciation of art. The growth of the artist's power
pencil were worth it all. No doubt some of the and popularity, the submerged yet exquisite skill
illustrations, showing details, fructifications, sori, of the poet, are clearly portrayed in the letters of
etc., will be serviceable in identifying generic types; friendship and appreciative criticism from Ruskin,
but the camera is clearest only where it is less needed, Hamerton, Madox Brown, William Bell Scott,
as in the case of some of the shield-ferns and spleen. Mrs. Gilchrist, and the American friends, Professor
worts, and brings no help, or little, where illustra- Norton and W.J. Stillman. Among the later and
tion should serve. Thus, the figure intended to most interesting of the letters is one written by


1904.]
123
THE DIAL
Gabriel from Scalands, Sussex, to Professor and of their being. The remaining lectures in the vol-
Mrs. Norton, then at Florence. In it, he refuses an ume are by railway men, merchants, manufacturers,
invitation to join them, because of his troublesome and bankers well known in the city of Chicago, few
eyes, but expresses the most cordial friendship in of them with any theoretical training, but all with
a tone of unwonted intimacy. Of the poems then achieved success gained by personal effort and
just published he wrote:
practical work. These papers make most interest-
“I hope that when you get my book you will agree with ing and instructive reading; but it cannot be said
me as to the justness of my including all it contains. I say
that they lend themselves to proof of Professor
this because there are a few things -- and notably a poom
called Jenny - which will raise objections in some quarters.
Laughlin's contentions for his new school.
I only know that they have been written neither recklessly
The mournful narrative of England's
nor aggressively (moods which I think are sure to result in
The woful past
the ruin of Art), but from a true impulse to deal with sub-
seven centuries of oppression and
of Ireland.
jects which seem to me capable of being brought rightly within
misgovernment in Ireland has been
Art's province. Of my own position I feel sure, and so wait retold in summarized form by Mr. Thomas Addis
the final result without apprehension."
Emmet, under the composite title of “Ireland under
Practical essays
" Lectures on Commerce” (Univer- English Rule, or A Plea for the Plaintiff" (Putnam).
on commerce and sity of Chicago Press) is the title of He tells his profoundly moving story in calm and
industry.
a volume edited by Mr. Henry Rand dignified language, without outburst or objurgation.
Hatfield, and containing sixteen papers read before the only severity found in his relation inheres
the students of the recently founded College of in the extraordinary character of the events re-
Commerce and Administration in the University cited, and throughout his work the historical spirit
of Chicago. In the first of these papers, entitled dominates. It does not, however, profess to be a
“ Higher Commercial Education," Professor J. history; it is a historical summary, merely, but one
Laurence Laughlin, dean of the new college, pre- susceptible of much use by students. Mr. Emmet's
sumably defines the scope of the undertaking. "To “plea” consists largely of copious extracts from
the virile and enterprising spirits who are tempted historical writings of past centuries. Naturally,
by the great rewards of banking, railways, insur these quotations are derived in great measure from
ance, trade and industry,” he observes, “the uni. Irish sources, yet enough of them appear from
versities have
- at least not until very recently – British and continental writers to relieve the book
offered no inducements.” Further on, he says: from any appearance of resting on a purely parti-
“ It is startling to think how little influence the
san basis.
The writers quoted are all in substan-
universities of to-day have had in training the great tial accord as to the merits of Ireland's claims and
men in the constituencies of banking, railways, in the character of her wrongs. A running thread of
surance, trade and industry, diplomacy, journalism, jadicious commentary by the author connects to-
and politics.” Only with reference to the older gether this summary of quotations from older
subjects, the “humanities,” does he accord · accu writers. The sad history will appeal forcibly to
racy of statement, precision, logic, the judicial spirit, American readers, for whom primarily Mr. Emmet
the love of truth, and a sense of form," and he asks writes. But one can read between the lines a calm
if it is not possible to extend these virtues into the and earnest address to the better sense of the
actualities of commerce and administration. But British people, whose government it is, and not
the stress of his remarks seems still to be laid
upon
themselves, that is so severely indicted. While Mr.
“the great rewards,” “the great men,” and not Emmet confessedly “holds a brief " for the cause
apon “the love of truth.” His lecture also illus of Ireland, and has prepared his essay in some
trates the prime difficulties of the new education sense officially, as the President of the Irish Na-
in a brief discussion of journalism, assuming as tional Federation of America,” it is not merely nor
he does that the practical training of a newspaper even largely an oratorical effort. It is apparent
office makes “hacks,” and that “the policy and from the character and style of the “ plea” that the
influence of a newspaper depend upon whether pleader feels a day of redemption for Ireland is at
or not it shows a masterly grasp of the political, hand, and that his summary of the merits of the
economic, legal, and literary subjects which the cause he loves is intended, not to increase nor even
public are thinking about.” But it is not because to perpetuate the past tension, but to lead toward
of their editorial columns, where this “masterly and assist in establishing a better and a more harmo-
grasp ” may only be displayed, that modern news. nious understanding for the future as to the deserts
papers are influential; it is because of their news of Ireland. These two handsomely printed volumes
columns almost wholly. The real journalistic are a worthy American contribution toward that de-
“ hacks are those with the training Professor sirable result, while at the same time furnishing
Laughlin intends giving in the college of which he much justification for the Irish contention of the past
is dean ; "the great rewards” come to those whom centuries. A bibliography of one hundred and
he thinks are made into “hacks.” The fact is, in seventy titles attests the extent of reading which has
the last analysis, that newspaper success depends qualified Mr. Emmet for the work he has undertaken
mainly upon such a knowledge of contemporary life of arousing in a new form, for the new century, in-
as is denied university faculties by the very terms terest in the welfare of “the Emerald Isle.”


124
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
Lord Ronald
That a part is often better than the of necessity much technical matter in his pages,
he
Sutherland-Gower whole is well illustrated by Lord is always lucid and intelligible even to the tyro.
in abridgment. Ronald Sutherland-Gower's “ Rec The first chapter has to do with the practical side
ords and Reminiscences” (imported by Scribner), of the subject, describing minutely the technical
a handsome and profusely illustrated octavo of 624 process of mezzotint engraving, both in monotone
pages. It is at once an amalgamation and an abridge and color, and giving directions for the care,
ment of the author's well-known “ Reminiscences preservation, and identification of prints. The re-
and “Old Diaries," the curtailed one-volume form maining three chapters are largely historical and
being prepared, we are told, by request. But even critical, dealing respectively with the best known
in abridgment the noble lord has in no wise slighted seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century
the claims due to himself and his family, fifty pages engravers. It is interesting
It is interesting to know that, though
being devoted to the record of his birth and ances engraving in mezzotint has not lacked for exponents
try. Although a man's progenitors, like his chil on the continent, the greatest masters in this me-
dren, are more interesting to himself than to others, dium have been Englishmen, and mezzotinting may
the author has succeeded in enlivening these open- properly be called an English art. For the future
ing chapters with anecdote and history of some of his subject Mr. Davenport is not very hopeful.
thing more than personal significance. Under his A few gifted mezzotinters are still working, but the
genial guidance we follow the fortunes of the recently improved methods in photogravure repro-
Sutherlands, the Gowers, and the Levesons for duction have introduced a formidable rival to the
all three are his family names, though he contents art. Modern photogravure work has not yet been
himself with the use of but two — and find them able to attain the depth and velvety lustre of pure
in general prosperous even to the point of tameness. mezzotinting; and being almost entirely a mechan-
This tameness is occasionally relieved, however, as ical process it may never hope for much favor in the
by the fatal poisoning of the eleventh earl of Sather eyes of collectors.
Bat for all practical ends the
land and his Countess, in 1567, by Lady Isabel photogravure fills the place of the mezzotint, and
Sinclair. The tragedy was attended by other thrill is of course infinitely less expensive, especially
ing events worthy to be embalmed by the historical where large numbers of prints are required. The
novelist. On the Gower side of the house, one of plates selected to illustrate Mr. Davenport's text
the family was all but immortalized, unenviably, by are excellent specimens of the best results in modern
having his name inserted in Dr. Johnson's Dictionary photogravure work. There are forty in all, exem-
as a synonym for renegade ; bat the printer refused plifying the art of nearly every master in mezzotint
to humor the lexicographer. Such, at least, is the engraving. The mechanical form of the present
story. In the author's account of Cliveden House volume is dignified and excellent in every detail, as
he takes unnecessary pains to quote from Pope that such a work should be. The binding especially, 80
familiar but untruthful line which places the death often a deplorable feature in English book-making,
of Buckingham “in the worst inn's worst room,' is thoroughly serviceable, a minor point worthy of
whereas the Duke breathed his last in the farm commendation being the method of mounting the
house of one of his tenants. As is already known, plates on linen guards instead of flimsily sewing
it is Lord Sutherland-Gower's extended travels and them in, as is almost invariably done.
his interviews with noted persons that give the chief
valae and interest to his pages. In this particular
That the fashion of regarding his-
American history tory solely from the viewpoint of
the new book has all the charm of its parent vol and geography.
umes, besides being freed from many of their
politics is passing away, is evident
from two books which have recently appeared. The
superfluities. But the reviewer, to be true to his
traditions, must note with regret the lack of an
first, by Miss Ellen Churchill Semple, is entitled
index.
"American History and its Geographic Conditions”
(Houghton), and presents an extremely careful and
A great many besides those who dare comprehensive arrangement of the successive events
A monograph claim the flattering title of connois in American history, with a convincing argument
on mezzotints.
seur will rejoice in the series of luxu to prove that the determinant factors in its develop-
riant monographs projected by Messrs. G. P. Put ment are geographical. The second book, by Mr.
nam's Sons, in connection with an English house, Albert Perry Brigham, “Geographical Influence in
under the general title of “The Connoisseur's American History” (Ginn), is a shorter work, evi-
Library.” The series will comprise twenty volumes dently designed to show what are the geographical
in all, covering exhaustively and authoritatively and geological features of America, and to prove
every form of objet d'art affected by the modern that these are real, but by no means the only, in-
collector. The editor of the series, Mr. Cyril fluences in the country's development. This author
Davenport, is responsible for the initial volume, lays great stress on the fact that racial characteris-
dealing with Mezzotints, the most interesting and tics help to mould civilization ; berein differing from
beautiful, as well as the most difficult to produce, Miss Semple, who declares their impotency, citing
of all forms of artistic engraving. Mr. Davenport the comparison of Canada and the United States as
knows his subject thoroughly, and though there is an example. Both Miss Semple and Mr. Brigham


1904.]
125
THE DIAL
-
give essentially the same descriptions of the purely in homes of their own, or in little colonies by them-
geographical conditions of America: the various selves. In this way she thinks the work would be-
sections of the country, their topographical features come more definite, the grade of service demanded
and connecting waterways. But while Mr. Brigham and rendered improved, and the loneliness of the
takes geology as his point of departure, and has a position remedied. In all this, it is a question
great deal to say of “the background of ages of whether the remedy is not worse than the disease;
physical evolution,” the “glacial belt,” and the but we must heartily agree with the statement that
“ ice-sheets,” Miss Semple confines herself to com “the housekeeper's problem is largely one of self-
paratively modern conditions, i. e., to those since government.” The sub-title of the book, “ A Col-
the discovery of America. Moreover, although she lege Woman's Experience as a Domestic Servant,”
treats such subjects as the Early Settlements, the leads one to wonder what college training resulted
Louisiana Purchase, and the Civil War, in detail, in the production of an English style so careless,
yet she places her emphasis on the present and would-be-sarcastic, and often obscure, as that con-
future. This is especially true of her chapters on stantly used by the author.
the geographical distribution of cities and indus-
tries, and of railroads. And aside from the differ-
Shortly before his death, the late Pro-
The self-told
ent points of departure, the further treatments of
story of a
fessor Joseph LeConte completed for
noble life.
the subject differ, - that of Miss Semple being
his children and grandchildren a
sketch of his eventful life. This autobiography
the more detailed, that of Mr. Brigham the more
general. Miss Semple states in the beginning her
has been prepared for publication (Appleton) by
conclusion: “The most important geographical fact
Professor W. D. Armes, his pupil and colleague.
in the past history of the United States has been
LeConte was born of Huguenot and Puritan par.
their location on the Atlantic opposite Europe ; and
entage, in the New England community in Liberty
the most important geographical fact in lending a
County, Georgia, in a family noted for its intellect-
distinctive character to their future history will
ual brilliancy and scientific predilections. It is not
probably be their location on the Pacific opposite strange, therefore, that he should have chosen med-
Asia." Mr. Brigham similarly gives as "the one
icine as a career; nor that he should have found its
fact of overshadowing importance in the history of
practice, as conducted in those days, very irksome.
America, that a wide ocean separated an advanced
The early chapters of the autobiography, dealing
civilization and a relatively dense population from
with these years, give a charming picture of social
life in ante-bellum days on Southern plantations.
a wide, rich, and almost unoccupied continent."
Both books are of unusual interest, not only to the his-
In 1850 LeConte went to Cambridge and became
torian and geographer, but also to the general reader.
one of Agassiz's first pupils, graduating in the first
class from the Lawrence Scientific School. He at
In Miss Lilian Pettengill's book en once began his busy career as educator, investigator,
The problems of
titled “ Toilers of the Home” (Dodd, scientist, and philosopher, at first in his native South
domestic service.
Mead & Co.), another attempt is and after the war on the Pacific Coast. His ac.
made to throw light upon the question of domestic count of an extended tour through the Northwest
service. Believing that the opinions of the average
and about the Great Lakes, in 1844, and his por.
mistress are not only vague but unfair, the author trayal of conditions in the South during and after
spent nearly a year in household service, that she the war, are of historical value as faithful pictures
might view the problem from all sides. It would of the times, and these, as well as the whole book,
perhaps be impertinent to suggest that experience are written in charming style, simple and direct, 80
as mistress might also be necessary to absolute fair that the interest of the reader never flags. The
But the author is evidently sincere in her greatest value of the book lies, however, in its par.
intention, and the book might furnish a wealth of tial self-revelation of the man whose intellectual
material for discussion in a woman's club. She
She virility and gentle unfailing courtesy made“ Pro-
records, in five somewhat long chapters, her experi- fessor Joe "the idol of many generations of students,
ence in as many
families. The book is full of details and still keep his memory green from the Sierras
and personal gossip, and certainly presents all sorts to the sea.
and conditions of women, from the delightful “spin-
The Puritan Revolution in England
The flight of
sters three” to the would-be great lady and the
is a subject to which the world has
all-too-rare good housekeeper. The conclusions,
given much serious thought; but thus
summed up in a final chapter, add nothing to facts far the marvellous career of the great Protector and
already worn with much discussion; their greatest the tragic death of Charles Stuart have received the
interest is in their naïveté. The long and indefinite greater share of this attention. Charles II., on the
hours of service, the lack of home and social life, other hand, has not proved so attractive a subject
and the supposed disgrace of being a domestic ser either to the historian or to the novelist. Recently,
vant, are mentioned as the difficult factors in any however, that inglorious monarch has found an en-
satisfactory settlement of the problem. By way thusiastic biographer in Mr. Allan Fea, who seems
of solution, Miss Pettengill suggests that servants to have made the Restoration period his particular
should never live in the houses of their employers, but
field of research. Not long ago he published an
ness.
Charles II.


126
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
science.
account of Prince Charles's escape across the Chan are of Slavonic origin,-Czechs, Croatians, Servians,
nel after the battle of Worcester; this year he has Ruthenes, Poles, Slovaks, and Austrian Bulgarians,
given us a companion volume entitled “After Wor Others are of races nearly allied to the Latin group.
cester Fight” (John Lane). In this new work be Roumanians or Wallachians, and Italians. And
republishes the materials used in writing “ The of Jews, Greeks, Turks, and Gipsies, there are not
Flight of the King," consisting of five tracts pro a few. There are corresponding differences of lan-
duced either in printed or manuscript form during guage, religion, and habits of life, making it diffi-
the reign of Charles II. Source materials are, as cult to describe in a single volume the characteris-
a rule, not very interesting reading, but in this case tics of such a complex nationality. Yet we find
a work has been compiled which is singularly at this dual kingdom and its people not only intelli-
tractive. The book is beautifully printed and sup- gently, but most entertainingly, treated by Mr.
plied with numerous illustrations of historic value. Francis H. E. Palmer, in “ Austro-Hungarian
The editorial work has been done with considerable Life in Town and Country,” issued as a volume
care; the editor has added some information from in “Our European Neighbours” series (Patnam).
tradition and state-papers, most of which is, how Possibly the author's successful treatment of his
ever, of the antiquarian order and has but slight difficult subject is due to his having already for-
value as history. Still, Mr. Fea's zeal is to be com nished a volume upon Russian life in the same
mended, and anyone who has read his earlier work series. With Russian life he repeatedly compares
will be sure to appreciate this companion volume. what he finds in Austria-Hungary, and he gives
us an insight into Austro-Hungarian affairs that it
Dangers of
The popularization of the results of
would be scarcely possible to obtain otherwise than
popularizing
research in the various fields of the through a long residence in the country.
physical and natural sciences is more
and more demanded by the ever increasing class
of readers whose previous information and training
have opened to them the gates of science, but who
BRIEFER MENTION.
still lack the technical information or the recourse
Mark Twain's “Jumping Frog" in what may be
to original sources which alone can give immediate
called its tri-lingual form is made into a small volume
access to her latest revelations. Our popular mag of its own by Messrs. Harper & Brothers. The text
azines have attempted to meet this demand, in some comprises the original English of the tale, then the
cases by contributions from specialists, in others, French version as published in the “Revue des Deux
unfortunately, from less trustworthy sources. Not Mondes,” and finally the author's painful reconstruc-
only readability, but reliability, is a prime requisite,
tion of his pet story, “clawed back into a civilized lan-
if such papers are to command respect in scientific
guage once more by patient, unremunerated toil.” This
circles. Mr. Carl Snyder's "New Conceptions in
re-translation is one of the funniest things ever done
by Mark Twain, and goes well with his commentary on
Science” (Harper) meets the first prerequisite, for
the German language.
here the latest news from the firing-line of research
Messrs. Herbert S. Stone & Co. publish two com-
is given with the dash and abandon of the field cor-
panion volumes respectively entitled “A Book of Amer-
respondent, and with something also of his disre ican Prose Humor" and " A Book of American Humor-
gard for the petty details of fact. The author is not ous Verse.” The editing is anonymous, but appears
an authority in any field of science; yet be essays to be particularly well done in the case of the volume
what no single expert would dare, a “clear and con of verse. The other volume, representing only a baker's
cise exposition of the newest conceptions in science
dozen of authors, did not offer the same opportunity for
in various fields." To an evident lack of informa-
skilful selection and combination. Both are noteworthy
tion on the older and more fundamental conceptions
for the representation of very recent humorous writing.
A recent addition to the “ Historic Lives " series
and facts of science, the author adds his attitude of
the special-pleader for a materialistic philosophy,
(Appletons) is a volume on Champlain, the founder of
New France, by Mr. Edwin Asa Dix. The various
and for fundamental changes in present social
editions of Champlain's “Voyages " seem to have been
methods. The critical reader, though not informed followed closely in collecting the material for the
in the technicalities of science, may readily detect sketch, and a number of Champlain's drawings from the
fallacies in these parts of the book.
same source are reproduced. It is a modest and straight-
forward narrative, devoid of either fulsome eulogy or
If for no other reason, the dual king a spirit of disputation.
Everyday life in
dom known as Austria-Hungary is of
Professor William MacDonald's “ Select Statutes
Austria-Hungary.
world-wide interest because of the
and Other Documents Illustrative of the History of
strange assemblage of races occupying the domin- | the United States, 1861–1898,” published by the Mac-
ions of Emperor Francis Joseph. The Germanic
millan Co., supplements the author's volume of "Select
Austrians and the Hungarians or Magyars, taken
Documents,” covering the earlier period, in a highly
satisfactory way. The number of papers given is one
together, form less than half of the total popula-
hundred and thirty-one, beginning with Lincoln's first
tion. The majority of Austro-Hungarian peoples call for volunteers, and ending with the Treaty of Paris.
belong to races which are neither “Austrian" nor Teachers of American history will find this collection
Hungarian,” properly so-called. Most of them an invaluable adjunct to their work.


1904.]
127
THE DIAL
Touch,”
Don Pedro A. de Alarcon's “El Niño de la Bola,”
NOTES.
edited by Mr. Rudolph Schwill, is a Spanish text just
Anster's translation of the first part of “Faust” is
published by the American Book Co. The work is
added to the series of “ Pocket Classics " imported by abridged to something like half its natural dimensions.
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons.
Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. send us the seventh
Mark Twain is reported to be at work on a new
edition, revised, of “Longmans's School Geography," by
novel, which will appear some time this year, with the
Messrs. George G. Chisholm and C. H. Leete. The
imprint of Messrs. Harper & Brothers.
work is in ordinary book form, with no maps but other
Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co. will issue this month a
illustrations in abundance.
one-volume life of Napoleon, prepared by Mr. R. M.
The first book of fiction to be brought out this year by
Johnston, recently appointed Austin Teaching Fellow
the Lothrop Publishing Company will be «The Human
at Harvard University.
a story of Western life. The author, Miss
“ Political Parties and Party Policies in Germany,”
Edith K. Nicholl, is an English woman, a daughter of
the late Dean of Westminster.
by Professor James Howard Gore, is a pamphlet pub-
lication of the Messrs. Putnam, issued in their series
An analysis of Tennyson's “ In Memoriam," prepared
called “Questions of the Day.”
by Mr. Charles Mansford, was printed privately for the
use of the author's students some fifteen years ago. It
“Machiavelli and the Modern State," three lectures
delivered at the Royal Institution, London, by Mr.
is now given to the larger public by Messrs. E. P.
Louis Dyer of Harvard University, will be published
Dutton & Co., who issue the work in a neat volume.
at an early date by Messrs. Ginn & Co.
The Delegates of the Clarendon Press are making
The “Tannbäuser” metrical romance of Herr Julius
arrangements for a thorough revision of Liddell and
Wolff, translated into English by Mr. Charles G.
Scott's standard “Greek-English Lexicon,” under the
Kendall, makes a two-volume work now published in
supervision of Mr. Arthur Sidgwick. They solicit con-
holiday guise by Mr. Richard G. Badger.
tributions from scholars in the way of corrections or
additions.
“Sunshine and Love," compiled by Miss Katharine
G. Spear, is a book of devotional prose, giving selections
Under the general title of “Unknown Heroes of the
for every day in the year. It is prettily bound in limp
Navy,” Mr. Edgar Stanton Maclay is preparing for the
Baker & Taylor Co. a series that promises to possess
leather, and published by Messrs. Jennings & Pye.
Mr. William C. Sprague's “Napoleon Bonaparte,"
considerable popular and historical interest. The first
volume will be devoted to Moses Brown, a captain in
published by the A. Wessels Co., is a history written
our navy of the Revolution.
for boys, which presents the character of the imperial
brigand in the popular, rather than the ethical light.
Mr. Stephen Gwyon, author of “John Maxwell's
Marriage," has finished his work on “ Landmarks of
Mr. E. Phillips Oppenheim, whose novel entitled
“A Prince of Sinners” attracted attention last year,
Literature," and the Macmillan Co. will publish it within
a few weeks. Later in the spring the same firm hopes
has written a new romance, “ Anna, the Adventuress,'
which Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co. will publish shortly.
to bring out Mr. Gwynn's life of Thomas Moore in the
English Men of Letters” series.
“Outlines of Greek History," by Professor William
C. Morey, is a school text-book just published by the
A pamphlet imported by the Messrs. Scribner gives
American Book Co. The book is topical in method,
us “ The Hundred Love Songs of Kamal Ad-Din of
illustrated, and furnished with references for outside
Ispahan,” translated from the Persian by Mr. Louis H.
reading.
Gray, and put into quatrains by Mrs. Ethel Watts
Mumford. This is stated to be the first translation of
Wycherley and Shadwell (the latter a new volume the work into any occidental language.
edited by Professor Saintsbury) have been added to the “On the Eve” and “ Fathers and Children" are two
new thin-paper edition of the “Mermaid Series of
volumes just added to the new subscription edition of
English dramatists, now being imported by the Messrs.
Tourguénieff, published by Messrs. Charles Scribner's
Scribner.
Sons. The translation is by Miss Hapgood, who also
Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons send us a third (author-
supplies an introduction to each novel. The frontis-
ized) edition of “The Gentle Art of Making Enemies,"
piece illustrations are very happily conceived.
by the late James McNeill Whistler. The entertaining
book will doubtless find amused readers for many years
Mr. Henry E. Krehbiel, the musical critic and lec-
turer, has furnished an introduction to Kufferath's
to come.
“ Parsifal of Richard Wagner," which Messrs. Henry
Herr Wilhelm Meyer-Förster's story of “Old Heidel Holt & Co. announce for immediate publication. Mr.
berg," upon whicb Mr. Richard Mansfield's latest popu Krehbiel considers this “the best single help to the
lar play is based, comes to us in an English translation study of Parsifal' with which I am acquainted.”
by Mr. Max Chapelle, and is published by Messrs. “ A List of Books on the Philippine Islands in the
Dodge & Metcalf.
Library of Congress,” prepared by Mr. A. P. C. Griffin,
We have received Volume VII. of the “ Publications is a recent volume sent us from the Government Print.
of the Mississippi Historical Society,” edited by Mr. ing Office. It includes references to periodicals, and a
Franklin L. Riley. It is a substantial octavo of more chronological list of maps compiled by Mr. P. Lee
than five hundred pages, largely filled with original Phillips. The whole work makes a volume of four
historical material.
bundred pages.
“ Joseph and the Land of Egypt,” by Professor A. H. It is announced that the letters of John Ruskin to
Sayce, and “Joshua and the Palestinian Conquest,” by Charles Eliot Norton are to be published in two volumes
Professor W. H. Bennett, are the latest volumes in the next autumn by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., and
• Temple Series of Bible Handbooks” published by the that, in the meantime, selected portions of this corre-
J. B. Lippincott Co.
spondence will appear in the “ Atlantic Monthly.” As
99


128
[Feb. 16,
THE DIAL
is well known, Professor Norton was Ruskin's most of Jefferson, one an original signed etching by Mr. W.
intimate friend in this country, and the letters are said H. W. Bicknell and the other a photogravure, and a
to reveal a more genial and pleasant side of Ruskin's vignette etching of Monticello. The volume will be
personality than has been shown in any of his corres printed upon Imperial Japan paper, in an edition lim.
pondence previously published.
ited to 500 copies.
A text of “General Zoology," by Professor Charles The publication of Mrs. Irene Grosvenor Wheelock's
Wright Dodge, is published by the American Book Co. handbook to the “ Birds of California" wbich has been
The work is based upon Orton's “ Comparative Zoology,” postponed several times on account of the elaborate
one of the most successful of the older treatises upon nature of its make-up, is now definitely announced for
the subject. The same publishers send us a volume of the latter part of this month. Mrs. Wheelock's book
“ Homeric Stories for Young Readers,” retold in simple will no doubt take its place as the standard reference
language by Professor Frederic Aldin Hall.
book on Pacific Coast ornithology. It has been lavishly
An « Elementary Guide to Literary Criticism,” by illustrated by Mr. Bruce Horsfall.
Professor F. V. N. Painter, is a recent school publica Four new volumes have come to us in the series of
tion of Messrs. Ginn & Co. The aim of the book “is illustrated reprints published by Messrs. D. Appleton
to show the student what to look for in the study of & Co. They are: “ The Third Tour of Doctor Syntax
any literary work." In other words, it is a practical in Search of a Wife," with Rowlandson's colored plates;
rhetoric of an elementary sort, as well as an exposition “ The National Sports of Great Britain," by Henry
of the elements of excellence in literary productions. Alken, with colored plates; Pierce Egan's “Life in
“The Select Tennyson,” edited by Mr. J. Logie London," with colored illustrations by the Cruikshanks;
Robertson, is a volume for school use and for private and Lover's “Handy Andy," with the author's illus-
study published by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. trations in black and white.
It includes many of the shorter poems, besides large
parts of “The Princess” and “In Memoriam.” The
selections are all made from the poet's earlier work
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
upon which copyright no longer exists.
Volume IV. of the “ American Art Annual,” edited
[The following list, containing 777 tilles, includes books
by Miss Florence N. Levy, is at hand. This useful
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
publication has not been issued during the past two
years, and so the present volume is really a review of
HISTORY.
the sales, exhibitions, publications, and reports of a
A History of Modern England. By Herbert Paul. Vols.
period of three years. It also includes an index to the
I. and II., each 8vo, gilt top, uncut. Macmillan Co. Per
vol., $2.50 net.
whole four volumes thus far published.
The Cambridge Modern History. Planned by the late
“ Pendennis" follows “Vanity Fair" in the new Lord Acton, LL.D.; edited by A. W. Ward, G. W. Proth-
subscription edition of Thackeray which the Messrs.
ero, and Stanley Leathes. Vol. II., The Reformation.
Large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 857. Macmillan Co.
Scribner are engaged in publishing, and fills, like its $4, net.
predecessor, three of the thirty-two handsome volumes Rocky Mountain Exploration: A Brief History, with
of which this set is to be made up. They are highly
Especial Reference to the Expedition of Lewis and Clark.
satisfactory volumes to look at and to handle, and we
By Reuben Gold Thwaites. Illus., 12mo, pp. 276.
pansion of the Republic Series." D. Appleton & Co.
are tempted for their sake alone to read our Thackeray $1.25 net.
all over again.
Medieval England: English Feudal Society from the Nor-
An interesting study of " The Philosophy of Ernest
man Conquest to the Middle of the Fourteenth Century.
Renan," by Mr. Herman G. A. Brauer, is a doctoral
By Mary Bateson. Illus.. 12mo, pp. 448. “Story of the
Nations." G. P. Putnam's Song. $1.35 net.
thesis of the University of Wisconsin, and is published The Real Birth-Date of Columbus, 1451: A Critical Study.
as a number in the “ Philology and Literary Series" of With a Bibliography. By Henry Vigoaud. 12mo, gilt
that institution. To the “ Engineering Series" of the
top, uncut, pp. 121. London: Henry Stevens, Son &
Stiles.
University publications a brief paper on “ The Progress
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
of the Ceramic Industry," by Mr. Edward Orton, has
Abraham Lincoln and his Presidency. By Joseph H.
just been added.
Barrett, LL.D. In 2 vols., illus., large 8vo, gilt tops,
The following German texts are sent us by the uncut. Cincinnati : Robert Clarke Co. $5. net.
American Book Co: “ German Composition," by Mr.
Samuel Chapman Armstrong: A Biographical Study.
B. Mack Dresden; “ Bunte Geschichten für Unfänger,"
By Edith Armstrong Talbot. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, un-
cut, pp. 301. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.50 net.
by Miss Emma M. Stoltze; a selection of Grimm's Memorials of Mary Wilder White: A Century Ago in
“Kinder- und Hausmärchen, edited by Professor B. J. New England. By Elizabeth Amelia Dwight; edited by
Vos; and • Undine,” edited by Professor J. Henry
Mary Wilder Tileston. Illus. in photogravure, large 8vo,
Senger. From Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. we have
gilt top, uncut, pp. 409. Boston: Everett Press Co.
$2.50 net.
E. Werner's “Heimatklang," edited by Miss Marian
The Story of the Lopez Family: A Page from the Hig-
P. Whitney.
tory of the War in the Philippines. Edited by Canning
An undertaking of interest to lovers of fine book-
Eyot. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 217. Boston:
James H. West Co. $1.
making no less than to students of American history
is announced by the University Press of Cambridge and
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Messrs. A. W. Elson & Co. of Boston, in conjunction. English Literature: An Illustrated Record. By Richard
This is a series of “ Monographs of the American Rev Garnett, C.B., and Edmund Gosse, M.A. Vols. II. and
olution," with a hitherto unpublished essay on Thomas
IV., completing the work. Illus. in color, photogravure,
Jefferson by the late Paul Leicester Ford as the first
etc., 4to, gilt tops, uncut, Mucmillan Co. Per vol., $6. net.
Essays and Addresses, 1900-1903. By the Right Hon.
volume. The illustrations will form an important Lord Avebury, P.C. Large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 296.
feature, consisting in the initial volume of two portraits Macmillan Co. $3. net.


THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
PAOE
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
THE STATE UNIVERSITY.
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
The public university supported by taxation,
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the and forming the keystone in the educational
current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or
arch of the Commonwealth, offers one of the
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; most familiar, and at the same time one of the
and SAMPLE Copy on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished most distinctive features of the American sys-
on application. All communications should be addressed to
tem. In our Western and Southern States,
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
indeed, this part of the educational machinery
is so taken for granted as both necessary and
No 425. MARCH 1, 1904. Vol. XXXVI.
logical that we should find much difficulty in
dismissing it from the terms of our thinking
CONTENTS.
about educational matters. That the State uni.
versity is the logical outcome of our national
THE STATE UNIVERSITY
137
attitude toward education will be admitted with-
WALTER PATER IN PERSPECTIVE. Mary out much argument. We believe it a para-
Eleanor Barrows .
140
mount duty of the State to provide for the free
COMMUNICATION
142 education of its citizens, and that principle
Bryant's Index Expurgatorius. Q. R. S.
once accepted, the question of how far public
ARMSTRONG AND THE HAMPTON SCHOOL. education shall be carried becomes one of mere
Percy F. Bicknell
143
expediency, of ways and means only, involving
AN EPIC OF QUEEN BESS. Charles Leonard no fundamental principle whatever. It is ob-
Moore
145
vious that the education provided at the publio
MAN AS THE CENTRE OF THE UNIVERSE. charge should be the best that is demanded by
Herbert A. Howe.
148 intelligent opinion, the best that is justified by
SCULPTURE IN AMERICA. Ingram A. Pyle , 150
economic conditions.
A LATTER-DAY PEPYS. Josiah Renick Smith 152
On the other hand, it is equally evident from
our educational history that the public univer-
RECENT BOOKS OF TRAVEL. Charles Atwood
Kofoid
155
sity is not necessary in the sense that we shoald
Thwaites's On the Storied Ohio. -Stutfield and bave no higher education at all without it.
Collie's Climbs and Explorations in the Canadian That agency failing us, we should still have
Rockies. -- Rhodes's A Pleasure Book of Grindel-
wald. - Wood's Norwegian By-Ways. --- Hatfield's
private institutions of learning, and these, if
From Broom to Heather. -Smith's Budapest. in unrestricted occupancy of the field, would
Curtis's To-Day in Syria and Palestine, – Krausz's undoubtedly be much more numerous than they
Towards the Rising Sun. — Nicholas's Around the
Caribbean and across Panama. - Williams's The
now are, possibly numerous enough to make up
Land of the Dons.-Williams's Toledo and Madrid. fully for the failure of the community to recog-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
158
nize its higher responsibilities. The fact that
An illustrated record of English literature.-Feath-
a national ideal which leaves to private initia-
ered life in the land of sunshine.- Masterpieces of tive so many matters fostered by government
legal literature.--A Southern literary woman in the
Civil War.— The Catholic revival in England. -
support in other countries has not been willing
New volumes in the “Historic Highways " series.
to leave this matter also to take care of itself
History of the Peninsular War. – Journalism
offers convincing evidence of the seriousness
as a profession.--Elements of architectural criti-
cism.- A new life of Philip Schuyler. --- An un-
with which we confront our duties in the edu-
eventful period of French history.
cational field. Hardly any other nation even
BRIEFER MENTION
162
now confronts those duties as seriously as we
do; no other nation has a record as long and
NOTES
163
consistent as ours for recognition of this solemn
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
164
educational obligation of the State.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
165 The early history of college education in
.
.


138
[March 1,
THE DIAL
America is not only interesting in itself, and them from serving as representative agencies
even romantic at times, but it is also singularly of a plastic society tending to shape itself upon
instructive in the light which it throws upon lines more and more democratic.
We conse-
the persistency of the national attitude toward quently find that resolute attempts were made,
education. Mr. Elmer Ellsworth Brown, the beginning some time before the Revolution
author of a recent publication of the Univer. and extending many years beyond it, to enlarge
sity of California, entitled “The Origin of the scope of governmental control, and to con-
American State Universities," has made an vert these essentially private corporations into
interesting study of the conditions surrounding quasi-public institutions.
the higher education in our early bistory, the These attempts failed all along the line.
influences that shaped our pioneer colleges, They were particularly persistent, before the
and the tendencies that at last resulted in the Revolution, in the cases of Yale and King's ;
type of institution now known as the State after the Revolution they were continued in
university. It is the case with nations as well these cases and several others, the movement
as individuals that ideals which eventually receiving its coup de grace in 1819, when the
become distinctly defined originate in some adjudication of the Supreme Court, in the
semi-conscious impulse, and grope their way leading case of Dartmouth College, forever
toward complete realization. This is notably settled the long-vexed question. This case is
the case with the American ideal of the higher chiefly famous because of its wide bearings,
public education, as Mr. Brown makes clear and because it enforced in unmistakable terms
in the course of his investigation. That all
That all the Constitutional provision probibiting a State
education, the highest no less than the lowest, from making any law impairing the obligation
must be a matter of public concern, is a cor of contracts. In its educational significance,
ollary from the very principle of democracy, which alone concerns us here, it meant that the
and the gradual establishment of this view charters of the colonial colleges were not sub-
in our polity is the subject of an important ject to revison, in the sense of enlarged State
chapter in the history of our institutional evo control, by legislative enactment. Webster's
lution.
masterly argument disposed of that question
The colonial period in America witnessed for good, and thus transformed the whole
the foundation of nine colleges, of which the list movement for making public institutions out
is as follows: Harvard (1636), William and of the existing colleges into a movement for
Mary (1693), Yale (1701), Princeton (1746), the establishment of new institutions under
Pennsylvania (1753), King's, afterwards Co the complete control of the State.
lumbia (1754), Brown (1764), Queens, after The nearest colonial approach to a State
wards Rutgers (1766), and Dartmouth (1769). university as we understand the expression was
All were established primarily for the purpose probably offered by Harvard in its earliest
of religious instruction ; but all showed early days. “Up to 1650,” says Mr. Brown, “it
tendencies to escape from that limitation. Gen. was as nearly like a state university as the
erally speaking, these colleges, whatever the colony was like a modern state.” But it lost
ecclesiastical organization for which they stood, much of this character after an amendment to
were tolerant enough in their conditions of the charter enlarged the powers of the Corpo-
membership. Also generally speaking, they ration. We have seen how the attempts to
received from the State some measure of sup make state institutions out of the other col.
port, either directly or indirectly - by money leges were marked by failure, although Penn-
appropriations, land grants, exemption from sylvania, Columbia, and Dartmouth “ had each
taxation or permissive legislation in the matter its brief term of service as a State institu-
of lotteries — and in return for these favors, tion." Soon after the Revolution the movement
the State claimed a certain degree of control for permanent State universities took definite
over the colleges. As the period of the Rev. shape, and the Southern States were the first
olution drew near, there came to be a growing to make such establishments. The legislature
consciousness on the part of the public that of North Carolina erected a State university in
the colleges were somehow failing to respond 1789, and the legislature of South Carolina
to the needs of the commonwealth. They in 1801 followed the example thus set by its
remained sectarian in management, and their neighbors. In the Old Dominion, after re-
close-corporation type of government prevented peated attempts to transform the ancient foun-


1904 ]
139
THE DIAL
dation of William and Mary had been thwarted, for nearly all the newer States of the West and
the efforts of Thomas Jefferson to establish a Southwest, the States made out of the Louis-
true State institution came to fruition, and in iana Purchase, the territory wrested from
1819, the year of the Dartmouth College de Mexico, and the Oregon country. Both Mich-
cision, the University of Virginia entered upon igan and Wisconsin took the lead at the very
its honorable and influential career.
start in the matter of public higher education,
The chief opportunity, however, for the ex. and have never had to contend against import-
ercise of this new governmental function first ant or richly-endowed private foundations. It
clearly recognized in the South was to be found was as early as 1817, long before Michigan
in the new Northwest. Here was a field free became a State, that the territorial legislature
for experiment, and unbampered by any insti. called into being the “Catholepistemiad or
tutional inheritance. Congress had already University of Michigan," although the institu-
prepared the way by providing the Territory tion, under its more chastened modern desig-
with a fundamental law in the form of that nation, was not opened for students until a
great Ordinance which has been the Magna quarter of a century later. The founding of
Charta of the liberties of five great common the University of Wisconsin dates from 1848,
wealths. Congress had also, in its character having been coincident with the creation of the
as universal landed proprietor, devoted to the State itself. The influence of these two great
educational purposes of the future a not incon institutions upon the educational development
siderable fraction of the national domain. The of the West has been very marked. They have
history of State universities in the Northwest is set the pace, as it were, for the institutions of
not easy to present in simple outline, because similar type that have been organized during
of the gradual stages by which the several in the last fifty years in a score or more of the
stitutions have come to their full growth. Ohio Western and Southern States. They have also
University was chartered in 1804, the year shown, for the first time, that the State univer-
after the admission of the State, but it re- sity may be so liberally planned, and brought
ceived no public support except from the Con. to so high a degree of efficiency, as fairly to
gressional grants of land. Ohio is thus in a rival the rich private foundations of an earlier
way descredited educationally, in spite of its day.
forty colleges (mostly small and sectarian), The large endowments of the great private
and in spite of the fact that in the University university corporations are doubtless imposing,
of Cincinnati it offers a pioneer example of but the potential endowment of a flourishing
the public city university which is bound to be State university, backed by the public opinion
one of the general educational developments of a populous commonwealth, should be found
of the future. Indiana and Illinois, which more so. Not only does the "plant"
come next in the order of statehood, have exbibited at such places as Madison and Ann
done better. The University of the former Arbor compare favorably in impressiveness
commonwealth has a history beginning with with what may be seen at Ithaca or New Haven,
the Indiana Seminary of 1820, and the Uni. but their regular annual appropriations, if
versity of the sister State, growing out of the capitalized, would represent totals of the same
Industrial University chartered in 1867, has order of magnitude as those represented by
made up for its youth by its rapid recent de the invested funds of the private corporations
velopment.
concerned in this comparison. And the pos-
It is to Michigan and Wisconsin, however, sibilities of growth, in the case of the State
the last two States organized in the North- university, are not limited by the generosity
western Territory, that we must look for ex of a few wealthy individuals, but are as bound-
amples of the American State university in its less as the wealth of the whole community.
most typical form. These strongly.manned And even, as the University of California has
and generously-supported institutions, making recently shown us, the State institution may
their influence felt in every county and town become the mark for private philanthropy as
of their respective States, have for the first well as the object of public expenditure, thus
time shown what higher education at the public uniting both sources of supply in a common
charge may mean, and have thus set examples
and have thus set examples beneficent aim.
and served as models, not only for their less We have no idea that public competition in
progressive neighbor-commonwealths, but also the matter of university education will ever


140
[March 1,
THE DIAL
force the private institutions out of existence.
WALTER PATER IN PERSPECTIVE.
The experience of the last thirty years, marked
as it is by such foundations as Johns Hopkins, In these days of abbreviations and brusqueness,
Bryn Mawr, Clark, Stanford, and Chicago, when the diction and manners of shop-girls and
makes it fairly evident that we shall have new
political rings penetrate even college circles, when
private universities in increasing numbers.
few people take time for the formalities and graces
But the State establishments must henceforth
that dignify and beautify social intercourse, we
be counted as worthy competitors in this field rejoice that a new biography, a reprint of his here-
tofore uncollected essays, and another edition of
of generous rivalry. In the course of time we
“Marius the Epicurean,” turn our attention once
shall also have tax-supported colleges in our
more to Walter Pater.
He appears like a courte-
larger cities, for this must be the natural course
ous gentleman of the old school. Coarseness and
of development of our city high schools. And slanginess did not seem to him necessary concom-
all these institutions, public and private, will itants of virility. He is not a mere stylist: most
- The
tend more and more to offer public service in of the critical judgments in his works on
the broadest sense, and to discourage all par-
Renaissance” and “Plato and Platonism” are
row aims and antiquated methods.
The only
sound, and the scholarship evinced in “Marius the
sufferers in this competition will be the insti- Epicurean” is genuine and broad; yet nothing of
tutions that ought to suffer — those that offer sion. That he lived “unspotted from the world,”
haste or shoddiness mars his thought or its expres-
an indignity to the very spirit of education by his life, his love of truth and beauty, and his per-
setting some form of sectarian teaching in the
sonal charm, all indicate.
foreground of their activities, those that do not
We know Pater, not from outward life and posi-
encourage the most absolute freedom of teach-
tion, but from his inward experiences, embodied in
ing and investigation, those that remain so hide pages where thoughtful heroes - Marius, Gaston,
bound in tradition as to be unable to adapt Sabastian, Emerald Uthwart, and the rest
- pace
themselves to the ever-changing and ever-broad-
with stately mein. Still, it may be interesting to
ening demands of an advancing civilization. recall that, born in London in 1839, of Catholic
In this light, we may await without alarm the
parents, he was descended from Watteau's pupil
Pater,
survival of the fittest among educational types,
for, as one stands before the small pictures
and view without a pang the disappearance of
of Pater, the eighteenth-century French artist in
the collection La Caze in the Louvre to-day, he
those that are based upon prejudice and con-
sees the origin of some of the English critic's love
secrated to outworn creeds.
of delicate colors and restful charm. When twenty-
There is evidence upon every hand that we two years old, Pater was graduated from Queen's
are now in a fair way of approach toward the College, Oxford, and placed by the examiners in
realization of the principle “ that no sort of the second class, where Matthew Arnold's name
higher education can possibly be a merely stood eighteen years before.
stood eighteen years before. After becoming Fel-
private concern,” that all the types of univer-
low of Brasenose in 1865, he never severed his con-
nection with that college, being always a lecturer,
sity management “are leading up to the one
and eventually dean. But even if the setting of
type of American university, which is that of
his life plays little part in our knowledge of him,
an institution ministering liberally and con-
we are glad to hear from Mr. Gosse and Mr. Sharpe
stantly to the higher life of the people and of
that he was a pale-faced, thick-set man, walking
all the people.” These words of our author heavily, almost as if lame, fond of young people as
are enforced by a series of striking quotations well as of golden light, — though we almost knew
from Governor Livingston of New York, one beforehand that his rooms, furnished in blue, were
of the most enlightened educational thinkers characterized by "delicate austerity,” and feel as
of the eighteenth century. It would not be though we had already seen the Wedgewood vase
easy to improve upon the following programme,
full of flowers standing against the soft yellow wall-
which was framed by Livingston exactly a cen-
paper, the two bronze ornaments of fine Italian work-
manship, and the Lucca della Robbia Madonna on
tury and a half ago :
his walls. Nor are we surprised that the creator
“ The true use of education is to qualify men for the of the sensitive Marius did not enjoy walking under
different employments of life to which it may please
an overhanging rock, that snakes disturbed his calm
God to call them. 'Tis to improve their hearts and
that the fragrance of white jonquil and syringa
understandings, to infuse a public spirit and love of
their Country; to inspire them with the principles of
almost gave him pain, while meadow-sweet brought
honor and probity; with a fervent zeal for liberty, and
a sudden “fugitive sense of distant pastures and
a diffusive benevolence for mankind; and in a word, to twilight eves and remote scattered hamlets.”
make them more extensively serviceable to the Com Yet, well as we know this quiet Oxford writer,
monwealth."
we are almost at a loss with whom to compare him.


1904.]
141
THE DIAL
cer-
In English letters, his eight volumes of criticism and of common things, the faint shadows of pigeons
imaginary portraits stand alone, suggesting neither against a white wall, moving heads of golden grain
predecessor nor contemporary. Still, it may not be beneath the wind, the curve of the green wave be-
too strained to discover resemblances between his fore it breaks. For each, too, the world had lost
spirit and that of the fifteenth century Florentine something of its careless, primitive blitheness. As
painter, Sandro Botticelli. Perhaps in comparing a rule, the Greeks emphasized the type, and rested
the two we must eliminate from Botticelli something happy in their sense of Nature's stability. Did not
of his quaintness. Yet, as Bacon says, “ There is the Homeric sea forever wash the bases of moun-
no excellent art that hath not some strangeness in tains, the purple clusters and green olives return
the proportion," and our sense of meeting an old each year? and were not the soft cream Doric
fashioned gentleman, when we see Pater, may be a columns prominent against the sky's deep blue,
lesser degree of the feeling with which we survey friendly to the laws of Zeus, and to be depended
the figured gowns and oddly imagined flowers in upon as Mother Demeter herself? Not permanent
Botticelli's pictures. Naturally, they share those types, but changing individuals, compose the world
primal attributes, the final test of an artist's genu of Pater and Botticelli; men and women wounded,
ineness, - reverence for truth, and supreme care for like Amfortas with the Saviour's spear, from which
beauty as its only complete expression; attributes they blindly shrink. The fleetingness of life, its
so mixed that each was both philosopher, grasping wistful vistas and sad mysteries, are a large part
firmly fundamental principles, and artist, infinitely of their conception; and whether it be the “
interested in details of form. Botticelli writes a tain fresh way” the leaves of Florian's poplar
commentary on the Divine Comedy, yet rarely fails have of “ dealing with the wind, making it sound
to wreathe the roses or coil the silken scarfs about in never so slight a stirring of the air like run-
his angels' heads. And Pater, interpreter of Plato, ning water," or Marius's “ upright stone, still with
so demands beautiful words that his caricature is mouldering garlands about it,” marking the heaven-
the heartless Mr. Rose, cold devotee of art for art's touched spot where the lightning had struck dead
sake, walking through the pages of Mallock's “New the ancient laborer, whether it be the limpness of
Republic.” So united in both men is the love of the Madonna's hold upon her baby, or the droop-
ideas and a sense of concrete images, that each is ing head of the Spring Goddess, their lovely images
kin to Pater's contemplative Marius, to whom, with usually border the fountains of tears.
all his abstract speculation, the word “home” must Born of their conception of individuals, in ever-
always have presented a pale red-and-yellow marble changing relations, a sensitiveness to the compro-
house, “ with two centuries of sea-wind in the velvet mises that knit the universe together distinguishes
of the mosses, along its inaccessible ledges,” where
both men.
Botticelli, as Pater himself suggests, is
the small glazed windows framed “the pallid crags interested neither in Paradise nor Inferno, but in
of Carrara like wildly twisted snow-drifts above the the great middle-world between the two. All of
purple heaths.” Moreover, because of their devo his angels have a human look. On every page of
tion to truth and beauty, both take unusual pains Pater lie subtle distinctions, the blending shades
in their task of pressing thought and feeling into always spanning the spaces between black and
form, as a result of which carefulness, the work white. It is the modern relative spirit. No tinge
exhibits singular freedom from exaggeration, a of the coldness of the partisan toward all but the
kind of disciplined restraint. That this seeming favorite truth lingers in him, none of the bitter-
passivity expresses reserve power and not weakness, ness of the cynic, no trace of the metallic imper-
Botticelli's 56 Calumny," so full of vehement im viousness of the dogmatist to whatever contradicts
petuosity that even the statues in their niches join his theory. Whether we read his delineation of
the action, — and the strong human tragedy of Gaston de Latour, perceptibly incorporating the
Emerald Uthwart, testify.
form and color of the Chartres Cathedral; or of
However, not simply the common property of Watteau, the court painter, cherishing his lovely
artists, but more special individual traits, do Pater dreams amid sordid actualities; whether he tells
and Botticelli hold in common. Like his hero us that we come to Michael Angelo's figures in the
Marius, Pater's “first boyish sense of priesthood, Sacristy of San Lorenzo, “for solemnity, for dignity
the sense of dedication,” survived, and so strength of impression perhaps, but not for consolation,'
ened that at the time of his death he contemplated or defines the qualities of style as mind and soul,
taking orders; and we read that Botticelli, turning “reasonable structure” and “ color and mystic per-
from his painting, became a follower of Savonarola, fume,” we feel his to be the “intellectual finesse”
although the stern Monk of San Marco doubtless and “tender and delicate justice in the criticism of
thought the artist's Venus only fit for burning on human life” of which he writes.
the Pile of Vanities. The world of neither reveals Indeed, Pater and Botticelli always possess to a
the child's certain God, at hand to ward off evil | large degree that of which they treat. That is, both
giants in the dark.
men illustrate Maeterlinck's saying, “nothing be-
But if theirs is the maturer insight that knows falls us that is not of the nature of ourselves.” The
the difference between faith and knowledge, they subjectivity of Botticelli's ideal of beauty makes his
respond no less fully to the divine suggestiveness Madonna and his Venus twin sisters. And in spite


142
[March 1,
THE DIAL
of Pater's singular catholicity of sympathy, furnish neither the greatest nor the most popular, is meeded
ing him insight into lives dissimilar as Winkelman's by their comparatively few intimates a share of love
and Wordsworth's, Plato's and Lucca della Robbia's, inordinately large. So, although Pater's are neither
he usually detects in his object certain qualities of theunmeasured heights of the Shakespeares and Mil-
feeling his own soul knows : in Charles Lamb, a dis tons, nor the foot-hills of the Macaulays and Longfel-
interested practice of literature, treatment of prose lows peopled with crowds, perhaps a few, untempted
style as an art, and criticism as appreciation; in by the loftiest peaks, and shunning the swarming
Rossetti, a “sustained impressibility toward the mys lesser ridges, always may be found on his unassuming
terious conditions of man's everyday life,” giving summit, calmed by the charming vistas of his broad
“ a singular gravity to all his work"; in Raphael, and quiet view. MARY ELEANOR BARROWS.
a power of painstaking and joining of the philoso-
pher's mind to the artist's hand. In his "Imaginary
Portraits ” this subjectivity is even more conscious.
Pater is our comrade, whatever the tim or place,
COMMUNICATION.
whether we enter with Marius the presence of
BRYANTS INDEX EXPURGATORIUS.
Marcus Aurelius, skate with Sabastian Van Stork
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
in an Ostade landscape, or, enclosed by bare white The list of forbidden words and phrases prepared by
walls, dream with Emerald Uthwart of the rose per William Cullen Bryant for the guidance of his subor-
fumes of his mother's garden.
dinates on the New York Evening Post has often been
But Pater and Botticelli resemble one another reprinted as law and gospel for those that would speak
not merely in their union of philosophic and ar-
and write correctly. A few items bave been dropped,
tistic susceptibilities, in their sense of the shadow
having passed into good usage since Bryant's time. I
wish to draw my pen through a few more, hoping others
of change upon men's faces, in their belief in the
will follow my example, until the cancellation becomes
relativity of truth, and in their subjective tempera-
too broad and black to be erased.
ment; nor is it these characteristics chiefly that
First, the prepositions "over" and "above
are for-
endear them to the hearts of their lovers. There bidden in the sense of “ more than." I may, it appears,
is also that ever undefined quality which we call call myself under ninety, but not over eighty; I may
"charm," for they both belong to that group of count from one up to one huodred; I may speak of the
artists who, as Pater says, “have a distinct faculty higher numbers and the lower numbers; but I must not,
of their own by which they convey to us a peculiar
so far as the interdicted prepositions are concerned,
quality of pleasure.” In each we find a "profound
conceive of my numeration as ascending. I rebel.
expressiveness,” that “seal” upon his work “of
The usage is convenient and time-saving. In case of
any possible ambiguity, I will cheerfully use the circum-
what is most inward and peculiar in his moods and
locution “more than "; but where no such misunder-
manner of apprehension." This charm, this per-
This charm, this per- standing is possible I choose the shorter form. The
sonality, sounding gently through the mask of form,
Germans have adopted an exactly analagous usage with-
lives in the lines of Botticelli's angels' feet, his out fear and without reproach. Furthermore, see I. Cor.
fluted shells and spiral candles, the curved limbs of xv. 6. “He was seen of above five hundred brethren."
his Graces beneath their diaphanous draperies, the More briefly, I wish to defend the use of “reliable."
leafy decorations of his Pallas. And hardly less is
Its formation is illogical, it is true; but so is that of
it visible in the turns of Pater's sinuous sentences,
some words similarly formed and now in good and
his favorite images, his delight in participles and regular standing, as laughable, indispensable, unaccount-
words in “ness,” touching with strangeness and
able, available, objectionable, perishable, marriageable.
The purist must yield here to the claims of convenience
wistfulness, loveliness and expressiveness, his style,
and custom. Again, why such an outcry against the
marking it ever with the “ intimate impress of an
word “deceased ”? Used both participially and sub-
indwelling soul.”
stantively, it fills a gap. Shakespeare did not scruple
Nevertheless, for all his charm, Pater's genuine to write, “this gentleman . . . deceased as he was
audience never will be large. He has neither ex born.” Another forbidden word is “stand point.” But
horted men to act, nor chosen themes of universal we now have good authority for its use. If our Teu-
interest. The very delicacy of his discernment and tonic cousins may regard a thing from their standpunct,
the exquisite nicety of his expression involve a want
why may not we from ours? “ Endorse,” in the sense
of incisiveness in his style, so that his thoughts slide
of “approve” is also on the list. Is it because of its too
smoothly over inattentive, weary, or unsympathetic
vivid suggestions of commerce and bill-brokerage? Yet
all terms, however abstract, had once their concrete
readers, leaving little mark. In addition to this de-
meaning. Moreover, we find the word in this derived
ficiency of emphasis, his style lacks that most pop sense as far back as Sir Thomas More. “Day before
ular literary excellence, the chief nerve of epic, yesterday" is put under the ban. We are told to say
novel, and drama, - motion. It is the smooth “the day before yesterday.” This is fipical. The
surfaced lake reflecting perfectly calm trees, shining article was made for man, not man for the article.
reeds, and cloud-crossed sky, not the on-rushing
Finally, Mr. Editor, with all due respect for the de-
stream sweeping all before it; and so dull and rest-
ceased, I hope over ten thousand of your readers will
less is the human mind that placidity, however
endorse my opinion and adopt my stand point in regard-
beautiful, soon wearies most men. Yet such is the
ing Bryant's strictures as no longer wholly reliable.
Q. R. S.
law of compensation, that to some writers, of genius Malden, Mass., February 20, 1904.


1904.]
143
THE DIAL
- the Royal School at Punabou — Kalakaua
The New Books.
and Liliuokalani, afterward king and queen,
were among his playmates. Here is his de
scription of the Kawaiabao church, where his
ARMSTRONG AND THE HAMPTON SCHOOL.*
father preached to 2500 people who swarmed
The race question, like poverty, we have to hear him from miles around.
always with us; but never has so much and
“Outside it was like an encampment; inside it was
so intelligent thought been given to it as now.
a sea of dusky faces. On one side was the King's
Dealing historically and practically with our pew, with scarlet hangings; the royal family always
negro problem, and more briefly with the In distinguishing themselves by coming in very late, with
dian question, Mrs. Talbot's life of her father,
the loudest of squeaking shoes. The more the shoes
squeaked the better was the wearer pleased, and often
General Armstrong, is instructive as well as
a. man, after walking noisily in, would sit down and
interesting. From Armstrong himself, and pass his shoes through the window for his wife to wear
later from his distinguished pupil at Tuskegee, in, thus du" :bling the family glory. Non-musical shoes
we have learned the only hopeful method of
were hardly salable.”
dealing with our inferior races ; and this book So well did the youth profit by such school-
emphasizes and illustrates the doctrines held ing as was available that he was able at twenty-
by these men. But, turning a little aside from one to enter the junior class (the class of 1862)
such weighty matters, let us direct our atten at Williams. For to this college, the birth-
tion more especially to the inspiring person place of the foreign mission movement, bis
ality of the founder of the Hampton school. father naturally sent him. After a few months
The tardy appearance of his biography, eleven of dormitory experience in old East College,
years after his death, is probably owing to his he was invited to share a room with the
express request that no life of him should be president's son Archibald. This admission to
written. Yet the author thinks now, in view of Dr. Hopkins's family circle was of advantage
the good influence such a book cannot fail to to the young man in more ways than one. En-
exert, that he would not raise udreasonable ob joying the best of social influences, he kept
jections to its publication.
clear of secret societies, relying on his own un-
Samuel Chapman Armstrong was fortunate aid
aided merits for making friends. “When one
in his parentage and in the scene of his birth. joins a secret society,” he writes in one of his
His father was of Scotch-Irish extraction, his letters home, “all in it are his sworn friends,
mother a Massachusetts woman, and he was right or wrong; this is childish.” It was the
born on the island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, influence and teaching of Dr. Hopkins, the
where his father was settled as a missionary. recognized leader in his department of instruc-
The fine climate and noble scenery of that tion, that young Armstrong valued most in his
beautiful archipelago, together with the best college course. Years afterward we find him
of home influences, were favorable to healthy teaching mental and moral philosophy to his
physical, mental, and moral development; and dark-skinned pupils at Hampton, and using his
when the young man made his way to Williams old teacher's “Outline Study of Man" for a
College and the lecture room of Mark Hopkins, text book.
he was well equipped for the position of leader As soon as he was out of college, in the
ship he so easily and naturally assumed. Gen summer of 1862, he joined the army as a vol-
ius, as Mr. Barrie has defined it, is the power unteer, raising a company at Troy for Colonel
to be a boy again at will. Armstrong never Willard's regiment, the 125th New York.
outgrew or wished to outgrow the boy that was Being, however, an alien by birth, he did not
in him, and it was the rollicking effervescence heartily espouse the Union cause until the
of youthful spirits that carried him triumph- Emancipation Proclamation brought home to
antly over obstacles which others called insur him what he was really fighting for. But even
mountable. But before coming to these a few as an abolitionist he was at first rather luke-
words of his descriptive of Hawaiian life must
As he expressed it at the time,
be given. He was one of eight children, the “I am a sort of abolitionist, but I hav n't learned to
family resources were small, and he early love the Negro. I believe in universal freedom, I be-
learned the meaning of hard work. At school
lieve the whole world cannot buy a single soul. The
Almighty has set, or rather limited, the price of one
"SAMUEL CHAPMAN ARMSTRONG. A Biographical Study.
man, and until worlds can be paid for a single Negro I
By Edith Armstrong Talbot. Illustrated. Now York: do n't believe in selling or buying them. I go in, then,
Doubleday, Page & Co.
for freeing them more on account of their souls than
warm.


144
[March 1,
THE DIAL
in the opera.
ans.
money
their bodies, I assure you. . .
The Union is to me like other men, not still and mannerish, but open, free,
little or nothing. I see no great principle necessarily hearty and happy. A good hearty, healthy laugh is as
involved in it. I see only the 4,000,000 slaves, and for bad for the devil as some of the long nasal prayers I
and with them I fight.”
have heard — yes, worse. There is religion in music,
It was not until he became lieutenant-colonel,
Ministers say the opera is bad; I
find religion there. They say to walk or ride out on
and afterward colonel, of a colored regiment, Sunday is wicked. My bethel is by the seashore; there
that he thoroughly warmed to his work, though the natural language of my heart is prayer. So of the
from the first he was conspicuous for his brav-
mountains."
ery, his command of his men, and his bold ini. Strictly orthodox himself in the essentials
tiative. Gettysburg was the only great battle of creed, and insisting that his school should
he had the good fortune to take part in, and be known as unswervingly orthodox, he yet
here he rendered brilliant service at a most was broad-minded enough to see that no church
critical moment. But the war ended before has a monopoly of truth. The American Mis-
he had found the opportunity he longed for to sionary Association was troubled with scruples
prove beyond question the valor and effect- about receiving aid for the Hampton school
iveness of negro soldiers. With the title of from unorthodox sources. But Armstrong let
brevet brigadier-general, Armstrong retired to no such considerations disturb him; and, as a
private life at the age of twenty-seven. matter of fact, a large part of his revenue for
But he was not long to remain in idleness. many years came from philanthropic Unitari-
Seeking work in the newly-established Freed 6 When it comes to the scratch,” he
men’s Bureau, he was appointed agent for ten declares in his outspoken way, “I believe in
counties in Virginia and school superintendent the prayers of the unorthodox why are they
of a large and loosely defined area. The educa- not as effectual as any ?"
not as effectual as any ?” In truth he was
tional needs of the negro soon engrossed his forced to neglect no possible means of raising
attention, and, with the support and
encourage-
in his life-and-death struggle for pecun.
ment of the American Missionary Association iary support. This was of course a ruinously
in the spring of 1868, he started his school at expensive method of carrying on his work; it
Hampton, the first vigorous and successful 80 sapped his vitality that he died when he
attempt at industrial training in the country. should have been in the prime of life, at the
This, too, was in the face of the discouraging age of fifty-four. Listen to his own account
resulte attained at Oberlin in combining agri- of the way he “drove things,” under highest
culture with book-learning. The story of the pressure, as long as strength was left him:
long fight for success at Hampton, the repeated “ It is hard this begging; it takes all one's nervous
begging excursions to the north and west, the
and physical strength, even when people are kind and
concert tours of negro students to “sing up'
polite, as they generally are. It is never and never can
be easy, and I have always to use all my strength, fire
some needed school building, the reception of
every gun in order to bring to the hurried, worried busi-
a squad of Indian pupils in 1878, and the mas ness men that powerful influence that alone can secure
terly methods employed for making the red-money in a place like Boston, where for every dollar
skins learn industry from their African asso-
that even the richest are able to give there are ten
ciates, - all this must be got from the book
chances to put it to good use and twenty demands for
it from one source or another. It is amazing how hard
itself. At intervals we catch a characteristic
is the pressure of appeal and yet how polite and good-
glimpse of the man Armstrong in his most natured most people are, how patiently they listen and
pleasingly human aspect. He had early been how many give up their last spare dollar not needed for
led to look forward to the ministry as his
personal comfort. Boston has been educated to giving
and gives splendidly. But thousands are turned away
destined calling, but something in him pro few succeed, many fail who try for money, just as
tested against pulpit-pounding for a life-work. in the business world. In all this howling appeal and
It was peculiarly distasteful to him to pray in fearful competition of charities I have been making the
public. A scrap here and there from his let best fight I could.”
ters reveals his state of mind. In 1865 he It is worthy of note that he found hard times
writes :
to have little effect on men when appeal was
“When a meeting-house burns up I care very little;
made for charity. In seasons of prosperity
under the trees it is better – under the evening sky as their hearts were hardened rather than moved
the sun goes down in glory (as we worship) is the to benevolence. The pinch of poverty seemed
grandest time and place for it. I am terribly down on
two sermons every Sunday. The drawing-out process
necessary to generate sympathy for others
is the best and truest. Set the people to work and the
needs. Among the cheering notes of the book
ministers to chewing tobacco if necessary to make them is the expressed conviction of this educator of


1904.]
145
THE DIAL
negroes that the granting of suffrage to the his best when he recognizes and reveals nature's
colored man has not been a mistake. Had we artistry in her foreground pictures of grass and
first waited for the negro's education and eleva flower and tree, in her architectures of moun.
tion, we should bave waited indefinitely; the tain, in her floating poems of cloud. Yet
Southern whites would have blocked his way Ruskin's very great and minute knowledge of
to the schoolhouse. The consciousness of being what would ordinarily be classed as scientific
entitled to vote is a stimulus to the voter to facts did not impede or imperil his poetic sense.
make himself worthy of his citizenship.
Rather it was fuel that fed his fire of creative
Dwelling a moment on the man as seen by criticism.
his friends, let us take a look at General Arm One of the first of American geologists has
strong through the
eyes
of one at whose hearth now come forward with a theory and a proof
he felt most at home.
that the scientific instinct and training are not
“ He talked little of his work unless asked directly opposed to poetic feeling and power— that they
about it. He caught up any topic that was touched are rather allied and spring from one root. In
upon and tossed the ball of conversation most nimbly
a modest and ingenuous preface to his immense
to and fro. A delightful gaiety is my most general
recollection. There were serious moments when he
dramatic romance,
“ Elizabeth of England,”
rose to very great heights of simplicity and insight. . . Mr. N. S. Shaler states that he began the work
One felt the whole striving of the man toward a goal as an experiment to see how far be had retained
he revered. But geniality, wit, humanity, all these
showed in his speech, and when he came in it was always of absorption in science. He regrets that science
his early feeling for literature after many years
as if a wind of strength and healing blew. I never saw
him discouraged or downcast, even when things seemed should make its votaries indifferent to the higher
very doubtful. I remember his telling me once about forms of literature, and denies the necessity for
a college mate he had just seen who bad grown sud it. He goes further, and claims that the scien-
denly very rich, and spreading his hands, he said,
tific and the poetic mind work with the same
• These are all there is between my little girls and the
world,' and then he threw back his head and gave a
materials and largely with the same methods.
most boyish laugh. • And that's the way I like it!' And in testimony thereof he lays before us his
He was often brilliant, always delightful, even when we five-volumed poem.
knew he was tired and suffering. . . . He told delight-
This is well! This is very well! The loss
ful stories to my children, and no one ever went away
from him without strength and fresh hope.”
which poetry has sustained in modern times
has not been the loss of the world - its hold
Bravely he lived and bravely died, sticking
to his post of duty to the last. He was buried
upon that was always precarious ; it has been
the loss of the great minds of the age, so many
at his own request "in the school graveyard,
of whom have withdrawn into science and have
among the students, where one of them would
treated the claims of literature with bitter skep-
have been put had he died next.” His por-
traits ten of them are in this book
ticism. If poetry can win them back it will
are
win the world readily enough. Poets have
especially interesting as showing how truly in
always been willing to claim all knowledge for
his case the child was father of the man. Of
their share. Plato, the most poetical of philos-
him, if of anyone, it can aptly be said that
his days were“ bound each to each by natural ophers, placed over his school the inscription
that only through mathematics could anyone
piety.”
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
enter there. Dante knew the whole science of
his age as did Goethe of his. The antagonism
has been on the side of the men of science.
AN EPIC OF QUEEN BESS."
Their supposed facts, their supposed laws, their
Ruskin in his old age seriously complained supposed exact knowledge have made them deaf
that if he had not wasted his time on art he
and blind to the music and the picture which
might have been the first geologist of Europe. body forth the real meanings of the world.
Probably he was right. Geikie in his great work
Just at present, when many of their supposi-
on Geology quotes passage after passage from
tions are beginning to crumble beneath them,
the “Modern Painters." The part of that
literature, which builds more truthfully and
work which is the surest to live is the part permanently than science, may have a chance
devoted to the laws of growth and structure in
to come into its own.
earth and its belongings. The art critic is at
So much for the thesis of faith which Mr.
Shaler has nailed to the door of his huge cathe-
* ELIZABETH OF ENGLAND. A Dramatic Romance. By
dral of verse.
N. S. Sbaler. In five volumes. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin
Important as this declaration
& Co.
is, it must not detain us, for we have the poem


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[March 1,
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itself to deal with, and that can hardly be done pitch of emotion, always as planning by herself
in a brief critical article. We may say at once or with Cecil to save or shape England. May
that it seems to us one of the largest and noblest we be forgiven the comparison, but as scene
works in pure literature which has appeared after scene, play after play unfolds the same
in many a day.
situation, England in danger and Elizabeth to
Throwing historic accuracy aside, Mr. Shaler the rescue, we are a little reminded of Mr.
has recreated and interpreted a great historic Micawber and his wife rushing into each other's
epoch. He treats history as the best of the arms and swearing eternal fidelity. The mag-
romance writers, Scott and Dumas, have done. ters are not thus monotonous. Achilles is not
But as far as his main figure and motive are always shouting in the trench. He takes his
concerned he is more delicate in insight, more ease in his tent with his friends and his female
profound in conception than they, — and his captives, and consumes huge shins of beef at
instrument of expression, his ringing, manly banquet with the other chiefs. Hamlet is not
verse, yields him effects wbich stir the blood always brooding on the infinite. He talks to
and rouse the emotions of the reader beyond the players, chaffs Polonius, and wooes Ophelia.
anything that prose can do.
Mr. Shaler seems to have been conscious of the
The central idea of Mr. Sbaler's whole work want of relief, which, in his first four plays
is Elizabeth's devotion to England. In the makes for us such a gloomy picture of Merry
first play she betroths herself to her people, England, and in the final drama of the series
takes as a lover and a spouse the realm she he tries to set this to rights by bringing before
is to rule. In the latter plays she is shown us a long succession of pastoral pictures of the
brooding like a mother over her subjects — realm that Elizabeth has saved. The intention
nobles, knights, and common men. Nothing
Nothing at least is admirable, but the tragic note re-
is allowed to interfere with her task in shaping turns and the scene closes with Elizabeth the
their destinies. Courtiers, counsellors, lovers Woman going down in utter wreck, destroyed
come to her and she tests them all, and rewards by Elizabeth the Queen.
or sends them to the Tower or the block, Granting Mr. Shaler's right to use his ma-
solely as they show their ability and willingness terials as he pleases, there can be no questioning
to aid her in making England great. Eliza the artistic effect of his picture of the epoch
beth and England — these are the two person or the power in his presentation of its central
ages of this epic drama. The many figures figure. On the first reading, his book is com-
who fill in the scenes and who are drawn in pelling, almost overwhelming. He sweeps us
many differing planes of reality and unreality, along much as he wills. His own sympathy
are merely the go-betweens, abettors or oppo with nobleness is so great that again and again
nents of that mighty passion.
he brings us to tears by his presentation of
It is obvious that Mr. Shaler is one of those utter loftiness of purpose or utter heroism of
poets who work from within outwards, whose act. It is only when we begin to reflect and
poems are moulded by the idea -- not allowed
not allowed criticize that we feel the lack of flesh and blood
to spring up from the life of the world. He in his creations.
is a Schiller rather than a Goethe. A slight The form in which Mr. Shaler has cast his
comparison of his Elizabeth with the Queen work raises the old question of the legiti-
Bess of Sir Walter Scott will suffice to show macy of the epic drama as a form of art. As
this. Scott's Elizabeth is a daylight Elizabeth, Matthew Arnold pointed out, the categories of
the stout-hearted but very worldly-minded art forms which the Greeks left us — epic,
daughter of Bluff King Hal. Mr. Shaler's tragedy, comedy, lyric, and the like cannot
Queen is an Elizabeth of the dark and the easily be bettered. To mix two of them is to
depths. She is always keyed to tragic intensity produce a bastard form which will probably
of purpose, or hovering on the verge of hyster- be weaker than either of the originals. Mr.
ical breakdown. She is never vulgar and never Shaler's dramas are hardly plays, the whole
scandalous. The crimes she commits are for work is hardly an epic, and the mixture results
the good of England, and she pays for them in weakness in the scenic arrangement and
of remorse which the real Queen the characters themselves. Take the figure of
would have scoffed at. She is a morbid Eliza. Essex in the fourth play of the series. It is
beth, an Elizabeth with nerves, who ought to splendidly conceived, but it is not realized
go under treatment to a modern specialist. in either an epic or dramatic way. He is de-
Mr. Shaler represents her always at concert scribed infinitely, everybody talks about him,
with an agony


1904.]
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he talks about himself, but he is not set on his In “ Armada Days" all pretense indeed of a
legs to do anything, at least until the very last. drama is cast aside. It is a great sweeping ode
Or take the scenes where the Queen views of England's might. As far as we know, the
from the ramparts of Dover Castle the de- passion, the exaltation, the greatness of those
struction of the Armada.
It is a fine epic days has nowhere else found such utterance.
situation, finer than Helen's view of the hosts England owes Mr. Shaler a debt for summing
from the walls of Troy. But Homer soon sends up the splendor of that, its greatest day, as no
his heroine away and plunges into the real busi historian or poet has done before.
ness of the poem, the hand-to-band fighting. In “The Death of Essex," Mr. Shaler has a
There is nothing but reflex action in Mr. really dramatic theme, but his curious fault of
Shaler's piece. The light of the burning Span. painting mainly by reflex action, of keeping his
ish ships is reflected on Elizabeth's face, and
principals apart and letting intermediaries do
the heroism of her fleets and of Galt, in whom the work they should be at themselves, destroys
is, for the moment, embodied the might of En. it as a play. It is noble poem, however, and
gland, are merely described to her by messen the conflicting emotions of Elizabeth as woman
gers. However, the question whether all this
and Queen are depicted with consummate
is not right enough and good enough, whether skill.
the epic drama has not won its place as a new The last play, “ The Passing of the Queen,”
art genre, is still open. Mr. Shaler has plenty is little more than a series of pictures of En-
of modern precedents — the works of Charles gland in its glory and of Elizabeth in her dis-
Wells, Sir Henry Taylor, Mr. Swinburne, and contented old age. Like Shakespeare in the
others.
final scenes of " The Merchant of Venice"
Mr. Shaler's first piece, “The Coronation,"
and “The Tempest,” Mr. Shaler has tried to
comes nearer to being a true play than any of present us with a vision of peace and beauty
the others. It has a central motive, fantastic to calm our spirits after the storm and stress
indeed, but beautiful, to which everything else of the previous action. We wish we could say
is related, and it has a scenic arrangement that he succeeds ; but his pastoral scenes are
which is in some measure theatrical. The early far less effective than bis heroic ones. Never
scene where Elizabeth, bidden to Mary's fes for a moment, with all his elaborated pictures
tivity, appears before her robed in black and of manor house and cottage, of wood and
uttering Cassandra cries of woe, shows the meadow and hill, does he recall the charm that
touch of the born dramatist. The scene with resides in the moon-glimpsed gardens of Bel-
Wyatt and his followers is powerfully drama mont or Prospero's airy pageant in the en-
tic, as are the scenes in the Tower, though these chanted isle.
last are too scattered. Elizabeth's flight or pas There must be fifteen thousand lines of
sage to Woodstock with Beddingfield and his blank verse in Mr. Shaler's work, certainly a
knights, while Robin of the wildwood with his gigantic experiment. It is more than that, -
yeoman march unseen around her to ward
it is an achievement. The blank verse is really
off hostile strokes, is vividly portrayed. The individual. It does not recall any modern mas-
shadowy creation of Robin, who is simply En ter at all. Mr. Shaler, in his preface, says he
gland's love incarnate, is Mr. Shaler's triumph has been told that it is in the manner of the
as an allegorizing poet.
Elizabethans, but he does not know why. It is
The second play, " The Rival Queens," has
“ The Rival Queens," has easy to tell him. It is so crowded with meta-
also a motive highly poetic if not theatrically
phors, so compact of similes, that it can recall
effective. The gloomy, silent tower in the North nothing else but the rank growths of Eliza-
where Mary of Scotland is imprisoned stands bethan dramatic verse. Open at random and
out threateningly against Elizabeth's busy, the style stares us in the face.
bustling court. But the contrast is hardly
“ And now they tramp
carried out dramatically, there is no collision Over this realm they hold with sheathed blades
of the Queens as in Schiller's great piece for And make our fields to wonder how they lack
Our bones within their earth."
the theatre, and the play falls apart at the
close. There is one figure in this play, Petrie, That is concentrated. In many of the quieter
the odd, loyal traitor, who is the most human scenes the actors seem to be handing each
and the best dramatically realized character in other borquets of posies of speech, tied up with
the whole work. He is new in kind and he does pink ribbons. Yet Mr. Shaler's verse is hardly
something
the verse of the great artificers. It lacks their


148
[March 1,
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of
sonority, their variety of cadence, most of all
it lacks their sensuousness. It is not sensuous
MAN AS THE CENTRE OF THE UNIVERSE.*
at all. We cannot indeed think of a single page Nearly a year ago there appeared in the
in the five volumes wbich has the carven form, “Fortnightly Review” an article on “Man's
the blazing or sober color, habitual with the
Place in the Universe," from the pen of Dr.
great users of English blank verse. Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace, whose name is a house-
Shaler's instrument is at its best in passages hold word among men of science the world over.
of emotion, good in a lower way in passages The views set forth in this essay were so diver-
thought, and not good at all in passages of gent from those usually advocated by writers
description. As he lacks, in the main, the
on the plurality of worlds, that much discussion
faculty of scenic composition, so he lacks the was aroused. Some astronomers, in particular,
gift of felicitous sensuous phrase. He strikes attacked the soundness of Dr. Wallace's ideas
out fine lines again and again. “How hard to with considerable vigor. But he was in nowise
rule,” says Elizabeth,
disheartened, and determined to explain his
“Men who are born with scepters in their hearts." theories in greater detail.
But that is intellectualized. In his last play Thus was born a substantial book bearing
Mr. Shaler brings Shakespeare into the busi the title of the original article, and following
ness, and for scene after scene he walks be the same general course of thought. Most
side Elizabeth and discourses with her on the writers on the plurality of habitable worlds
large subjects of life and death. We cannot have given free rein to the imagination, and
say that Shakespeare's moralities and philos- have peopled the star depths with intelligent
opby, which the Queen accepts as oracles, | beings, many of whom may be vastly superior
strike us as being very profound ; and there are to mankind in mental power. They are not
few passages which would seem fitting utter even content to leave the other bodies in our
ances of Shakespeare's golden mouth. Here solar system tenantless. The remaining plan.
is perhaps the speech that comes nearest to it. ets, especially Mars, have been made to support
Elizabeth has practically asked Shakespeare to sentient life, and the sun itself has been sup-
record her life, and he answers :
posed to shelter inbabitants who were more or
“My Queen, were you our hearer, that we'd do, less content beneath its shining surface, being
And count all time and men our audience
protected from the intense heat by a heavy
For perfect understanding of the part.
layer of black cloud. With imaginings of this
But they who wait us cannot see the play
That lives in splendor by them, for they feel
sort Dr. Wallace has no sympathy. His field
The soul that is beside them like their own, of inquiry is restricted to a consideration of
Fouled with the fellow earth they know too well; the evidence for or against the probable exist-
So we must seek the shadow land to find
ence on other worlds of such organic life,
Brave empured names of other time and realm
To bear the garb we fashion from the web
especially human, as is found upon the earth.
Our common lives here weave. Ay, the far orbs
Such an inquiry at once leads into the field of
Are as the earth, mere clods; yet they are stars astronomy. So rapid has been the march of
For they are far: but had we dwelt on them, this science during the past few years, especially
Trod in their mire and bitten of their dust
We should not see their glory."
with reference to our knowledge of the sidereal
universe, that Dr. Wallace considers it best to
Mr. Shaler has indeed made good the argu- explain at length the processes employed by
ment of his preface. The scientist who can
astronomers in this particular branch of re-
do such work as “Elizabeth of England
search, and the substantial results won by their
may confidently claim his place among the diligence. Therefore, after devoting a couple
first poetic artists of his clime and time.
of chapters to a description of the main trend
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.
of thought pursued by former writers on the
plurality of worlds, he discusses such topics
UNDER the general title of “The Belles Lettres Se-
as the distance and distribution of the stars,
ries," Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. announce an extensive and their evolution, in the light of the “ New
series of reprints, covering nearly the whole field of Astronomy.” To this discussion one-third of
English literature. The characteristic note of the series the book is devoted. The author's information
is literature for literature's sake." The list of editors
announced includes some of the most eminent scholars * Man's PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE. A Study of the
and litterateurs in this country and abroad. Several Results of Scientific Research in Relation to the Unity or
volumes will be published immediately. The books will
Plurality of Worlds. By Alfred R. Wallace, LL.D. New
be attractively bound, and sold at a very low price.
York: McClure, Phillips & Co.
>


1904.]
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is drawn from a wide range of the best astro stars are made up of the chemical elements
nomical authorities, and is substantially accu which we find on the earth and in our sun,
rate and up-to-date. He frequently refers to and these elements, together with the bodies
the writings of Professor Simon Newcomb, who which they form, are subject to the physical
is regarded by many as the foremost living laws with which we are familiar. Near the
astronomer, and to those of Miss Agnes Clerke, centre of the Milky Way the sun, with its
whose explanations of the results won by mod- planetary family, is situated. This foundation,
ern astronomy are regarded by astronomers as
28 or series of premises, is derived by Dr. Wallace
complete, trustworthy, and altogether admir- from the writings of prominent astronomers,
able.
and may be said to represent, in general, the
Here and there Dr. Wallace makes remarks opinions prevailing among those who have
which show his lack of acquaintance with prac looked into the subject particularly. Upon this
tical astronomy, but these little slips do not substructure the author, availing himself con-
affect the general trend of his writing. Fortinually of the best current ideas in astronomy,
example, on p. 38 he gives numerical values of geology, physiology, etc., erects his superstruc-
the mean errors of spectroscopic observations ture. The train of reasoning is cumulative,
of the velocities of stars in the line of sight, not and the method of presentation rouses the
realizing that the accuracy of such work has reader's interest, and puts him in sympathy
vastly increased since the observations which with the author's contentions. The mysteries
he mentions were made. On p. 79 it is stated of organic life, its close adjustment to its ma-
that the time taken by light to pass from terial terrestrial environment, the changes in
the sun to the earth is eight minutes thirteen air, water, extent and elevation of land surface,
and one-third seconds. It is several seconds atmospheric dust, etc., which would seriously
greater than this. On p. 106 we read that modify or destroy man's existence, are set forth
“violent commotions in the sun, indicated by in fascinating fashion. The other planets of
the sudden appearance of faculæ, sun-spots, our system are examined and pronounced un-
or prominences on the sun's limb, are always fit for habitation; the existence of planetary
accompanied by magnetic disturbances on the systems about other stars is discussed, and its
earth"; this is not in accord with astronomical improbability asserted.
records. On p. 113 the ignition of meteors is The prevalent ideas of the evolution of man's
attributed to “ friction," instead of to the dim. body require that climatic conditions on the
inution of their energy by the pressure of the earth's surface shall bave been substantially
condensed air in front of them. On p. 123 stable for ages past. Dr. Wallace claims that
one finds the astonishing statement that “ of the sun has probably beep near the centre of our
course all the variable stars are to be found universe for ages, and that this central position
among the spectroscopic binaries,” an item for a long period of time has been “ specially
of information which will be news to those favourable, perhaps absolutely essential, to life-
astronomers who are busied with researches on development on the earth.” But how shall we
variables.
keep the sun near the centre of the universe,
But, as we have remarked, slips of this during millions of years, in the face of the fact
sort do not affect the author's main argument, that astronomers are well-nigh unanimous in
which begins in the seventh chapter of his asserting that it is moving approximately to-
book. The conclusion toward which he works, ward the star Vega? To this the author replies
and which he endeavors to render probable by that it is wholly improbable that the sun moves
a series of arguments which are drawn from in a straight line, when all celestial movements
the universe about us, and also from the phy- known to us are in curves, and that it is “far
sical, chemical, and biological conditions which more probable that we are moving in an orbit
now obtain on the earth, is “that man, the cul. of some kind around the centre of gravity of
mination of conscious organic life, has been a vast cluster, as determined by the investiga-
developed here only in the whole vast material tions of Kapteyn, Newcomb, and other astron-
universe we see around us.”
omers; and, consequently, that the nearly
The foundation of the argument is as fol central position we now occupy may be a per-
lows. The stellar universe is not infinite in manent one.” On this point it must be said
extent, but limited. The Milky Way, which that astronomers generally think that the evi-
contains the vast majority of the stars, is a dence now at command does not indicate that
huge ring surrounding us. Its component there is a centre about which the sun revolves.


150
[March 1,
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However, this evidence does not exclude such in which men, now in the feeble beginnings of
an hypothesis, and André in his recent and a deathless life, might be trained for ends at
highly praised work on stellar astronomy shows present dimly perceived by them, but embraced
that such a theory of revolution conforms to in the all-sufficient phrase, “ for the glory of
certain facts about the observed proper motions God."
HERBERT A. HOWE.
of stars, and even deduces — by making cer-
tain assumptions- a period of twenty-two mil-
lion years for a single revolution.
SCULPTURE IN AMERICA.*
But, after all, what shall we say of a specu-
lation which suggests the startling thought that
Sculpture is an austere muse austere save
man is perchance the designed outcome and when some rare genius discovers that artifice
crown of the workings of a universe which is by which marble, or stone, is made suggestive
80 extensive and magnificent that the human of the morbidezza of painting. Art has been
mind is smitten with awe in contemplating its
described as “the harmonic expression of
vastness, complexity, and splendor ? Is it pos-
human emotion"; of the plastic art one might
sible that the Creator has employed means so
bave a prima facie right to say that it is
stupendous for the development of a creature the expression, through the emotions, of the
seemingly so insignificant as man? Let us character of the artist, it is the outcome of his
remember that the apparent immensity of the idiosyncrasy, the expression of his manner of
circuit of the Milky Way is due to the short-
feeling in the presence of the visible world.
ness of the measuring rod which we apply to Sculpture has its graces, but they are those of
it, and tbat the shortness of the measuring rod
no other art; it seldom gives rise to any rev-
is due to the fact that our physical forms are
erie ; it awakens less than any other art the
small and move slowly about the earth's sur-
sentiment of the infinite, because it is never
face, chained thereto by gravity. If we were
vague, obscure, indeterminate in its effects —
to believe that the soul of mad, when once it everything is fixed with the last degree of pre-
has laid aside “ this muddy vesture of decay," cision.
cision. As a nation, we are a practical and a
can fly to Arcturus as quickly as it can now
cynical people, and the sculptors that appeal
think itself there, how celestial distances which to us - appeal to the mind, to the soul, and
now appall us by their magnitude would shrink bear thither a thought, a sentiment, capable of
to hand-breadths! If we were to take the dis-touching or elevating it — are few.
tance from the sun to some star in the Milky
In the comprehensive introduction to his
Way as a unit of measure, how moderate would “ History of American Sculpture,” Mr. Lorado
its vast circumference appear! Perhaps we
Taft, himself a sculptor of no mean achieve-
should be willing to say with Milton
ment, points out that if British painting was
" that great
unimportant in England at the time when the
Or bright infers not excellence; the earth, American colonies were in process of making,
Though in comparison of Heaven so small, it may be said that British sculpture did not
Nor glistering, may of solid good contain
exist at all, in consequence of which our ances-
More plenty than the sun that barren shines,
Whose virtue in itself works no effect,
tors here in America were without sculptural
But in the fruitful earth; there first received
tradition.
His beams, unactive else, their vigor find.”
“ The Pilgrim Fathers were the elder brothers of
Let our conceptions of the potency, the pos-
those men who decapitated the cathedral statuary, who
burned paintings and tabooed the drama. This world
sible future magnificence, and the splendid to them was a vale of tears, and art was a temptation
powers of the human spirit become sufficiently to be strenuously resisted. . The Quakers who fol-
exalted. Perchance we may reach some sum lowed in Pennsylvania were bardly more favorable to
mit of thought where we shall be ready to
the fine arts than their brothers in New England.
declare that the Almighty is not limited by direct from the land where Rembrandt and Franz Hals
The early Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam came
our feeble and inadequate conceptions ; that were even then producing their masterpieces; but there
He — with whom a thousaud years are as “a was neither a Rembrandt or a Hals among them, nor by
watch in the night" — knows no bounds of
knows no bounds of any possibility a sculptor, since the artistic expression
time or space; that He is not parsimonious
of the Hollanders bas always been pictorial rather than
plastic. . . . It may be urged that the Virginia colonies
amid infinite resources; that He may have
brought into being our wonderful universe,
* THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN SCULPTURE. By Lorado
Taft. Illustrated. New York: The Macmillan Co.
and have watched over and directed its devel-
AMERICAN MASTERS OF SCULPTURE. By Charles H.
opment in order that it might become a school Caffin. Illustrated. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.


1904.]
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THE DIAL
were made up of different material; that the cavaliers deserves careful perusal; in it special stress is
who founded Jamestown were to some extent men of
laid upon the work of Clark Mills, who first
culture and luxury. To this fact may be attributed the
earliest patronage of sculpture in America -
the com-
taught our forefathers the meaning of the words
missions given by Virginia to Houdon in 1781 and 1785 “ equestrian statue."
for representations of Lafayette and Washington; but As their own country afforded neither sculp-
beyond this we find no appreciable results, since native
tural instruction nor examples, almost all Amer-
production in the South came even later than in the
North. . . . So this broad land lay in the sun and
ican sculptors of the first half of the century
waited — waited without knowing it for the day of art
were animated by a single desire - to get to
to appear.”
Italy. American colonies existed at Rome and
Though any attempt at classification is admit Florence, where the student adopted the Canova
ted to be more or less arbitrary, the space of tradition of sweetened classicism and worked
time covered in Mr. Taft's book is divided in
in an atmosphere tainted with artistic and
a general way into three periods: the first, political decadence. In his “American Masters
1750 to 1850, bringing to notice “the faint of Sculpture," Mr. Charles H. Caffin contends
foreshadowings of our coming achievements” that it is not surprising that much of the sculp-
-evidencing out of what unpromising material ture of this period, though considerably admired
present conditions have been wrought and tell- in its day, strikes us now as coldly and pedantic-
ing, at the same time, with practical succinct ally pull, unconvincing, and grandiloquent, or,
ness, a story of struggles and successes of the at best, innocuously sentimental. It was Emer-
deepest significance to American art; the second son who said in the presence of these uninspired
period, 1850 to 1876, was characterized by a works, “the art of sculpture has long ago per-
few sturdy men who made the succeeding period ished to any real effect.” The succeeding phase
possible ; the third period, 1876 to 1903, sig- of Italo-American art — “this universal pretti-
nalizes, in reality, the birth of sculpture in ness, which seems to be the highest conception
America a period in which the art for the of the crowd of modern sculptors,”as Hawthorne
first time reached the dignity of a national lamented, - gained for this cotorie the name
expression — "something neither Anglo-Saxon of executants, not composers.
Then followed
nor Italian nor French ; but a fusing of all a reaction against self-expatriation. Henry
these elements into an art which is vital and Kirke Brown, of whose work the equestrian
significant the true product of the country statue of General Scott at Washington is a
and the age which have given it birth." conspicuous example, studied in Italy, but with
The opening chapters are concerned with the the conviction that American sculptors should
early history of the glyptic art in the United occupy themselves with American subjects upon
States, the first worker of whom there is record American soil. Goethe used to say that no man
being Mrs. Patience Wright, who attained a can discern the heart of a movement or of a
wide reputation for clever portraits in wax long work of art, who does not put himself into
before the Revolution. Then followed the wood heart relations with that which he is trying to
carving of William Rush and the unrelated understand. Very few of that self-expatriated
efforts of Hezekiah Augur. With the opening school of American sculptors escaped the level-
years of the last century came the first Amer-ing influence of Italy. The man who reads
cans destined to make sculpture a profession, - the Iliad and the Odyssey with his heart as
Greenough in Boston, Crawford in New York, well as his intelligence must measurably enter
Powers in Cincinnati. “ It is difficult to real into the life which these poems describe and
ize,” says Mr. Taft, “ that our actual achieve interpret; he must identify himself for the
ment from the very kindergarten stage of an time with the race whose soul and historic
unknown art to the proud position held by character are revealed in epic form as in a
American sculpture in the Paris Exposition of great mirror; he must see life from the Greek
1900 has been the work of three score years point of view, and feel life as the Greek felt
and ten- has been in its entirety by not a few it. It is little wonder that the few Americans
men now living.”
who accepted commissions for American sub-
No previous work has ever covered the ground jects and chiselled these works in their foreiga
referred to as the first period so concisely as the studios failed to achieve success.
present volume. The chapters on minor sculp It was at the Centennial Exhibition that this
tors of the early days include many names country first beheld the wonders of foreign art.
hitherto omitted. A chapter devoted to the Parisian-trained sculptors rose into a prom-
native element in early American sculpture linence which, within a short time, became


152
[March 1,
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domination. With only a few exceptions all comparisons of the critical treatment of con-
our sculptors of the present generation have temporary artists by the two authors. Both
acquired their training, either wholly or in concede that the position of Augustus Saint-
part, in Paris. But our art is not now French Gaudens is one of preëminence that no other
as it was once Italian. With the advent of sculptor of our time has so attuned the tradi-
Saint-Gaudens there came a notable change tions of his art to the key of the modern spirit
in the spirit of American sculpture, - Paris for the expression of grand conceptions. Among
merely vitalized the dormant tastes and ener other sculptors treated in special chapters by
gies of America. Mr. Caffin has this to say: both writers are Macmonnies, Ward, Bartlett,
“ France, ever since the middle ages, has never been | French, Adams, Brenner, Niebaus, and Bar-
without a succession of great sculptors. When the Gothic nard. In conclusion Mr. Taft argues that in
spirit had spent itself, that of the late Italian Renaissance
this bewildering period of American history,
was imported; and the art, continually adjusting itself to
the changing conditions of national life, has been held in
elements new, varied, and contradictory are
uninterrupted honour to the present time. It is in this pouring into the national crucible; doubtless
branch of the fine arts that the French genius has found the solvent will be adequate to reduce all these
its most individual expression. Corresponding with the to a condition of homogeneity, but no man can
maintenance of fine traditions is the excellence of the
say just what the ultimate product will be.
system of teaching. The Institute and the Ecole des
Beaux Arts perpetuate a standard, characterized by
Mr. Caffin has written with notable clear-
technical perfection and elegance of style, while the ness of the great American figures in this art.
tendency to academic narrowness is offset by the influ The distinguishing feature of his book is that
ence of independent sculptors; for there is not a thought
it is a critical review, constantly illuminating
wave in modern art that does not emanate from or
finally reach Paris. It is the world's clearing-house of
facts by principles. The earnest and animated
artistic currency."
style in which it is written grows out of the
Mr. Taft's reasoning, along these same lines, subject and is supported by it, always rising
naturally to the requirements of the occasion.
on the subject of Franco-American training is
interesting. He says:
That Mr. Taft clears away a great deal of
dead wood from the obscure records of early
“While the men of the new generation have acquired
such mastery of the mechanics' of the profession as
American sculpture is a thing to be thankful
wins the praise of their foreign instructors, their lan-
for. Of the value of his book as a history for
guage is not always understood at home. Our people general reference, it would be hard to say too
have no intuitive grasp of its meaning. In spite of the much. It is true that probably no one person
oft-repeated assurance that we know what we like, we
will agree with all his statements, but, on the
do not even know what we are saying when we say it.
It is true that we recognize what we like, and that we
other hand, there are few who will not approve
like it well, for the time at least. On the other hand, of the general tendency of his remarks. That
we do not have a 'grand passion' for sculpture, taking he should now and then arouse contradiction
it to heart like the modern French. Our feelings are
is not surprising, for there are many points in
not outraged by bad work, nor by transgressions of
venerated laws of style, of balance, of movement, and
the subject he has chosen in regard to which
of other sacred traditions. Likewise are we insensible, authority and reason may justly differ.
in large measure, to the charm of these fundamental Both volumes are attractively printed and
virtues. Unless a work of sculpture shows something bound, and both contain numerous illustrations
more, unless it makes a special appeal by its significance, helpful to the text.
INGRAM A. PYLE.
its emotion, or its insistent beauty of face or form, we
are as indifferent to it as though it were not; we do
not, perhaps, even see it. We lose much, of course,
but there is after all something rather fine in this sturdy
A LATTER-DAY PEPYS.*
independence. It may, indeed it must, result in an art
of greater meaning and intensity than we have hereto Many years ago Macaulay commended to our
fore known. We say to the artist, as it were: Put in acceptance the paradox that a small man could
all the “composition," all the “ technic "you please; we write a great book; proving it by the extreme
have nothing against them; but first of all give us some-
case of James Boswell and his Life of Johnson.
thing we can understand and sympathize with. Hence
it follows that the mere · Beaux-Arts figure,' so closely
But the fallacy of the dictum lies in the un-
allied with the objet de Paris, has already had its day equal " distribution ” of the term “great.
with a considerable portion of our community. It has Boswell's hero was great, and the portrait of
followed the Graces and the Cupids of our Italian age.” him was literally a “speaking likeness,” but
Mr. Caffin's volume and the closing portion *THE CREEVEY PAPERS. A Selection from the Correspond-
of Mr. Taft's work are both descriptive of ence and Diaries of the late Thomas Creevey, M.P. Edited
by the Right Hon. Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., M.P., LL.D.,
the last quarter of a century's history of our
F.R.S. In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: E. P.
sculpture. Space will not permit us to draw Dutton & Co.


1904.]
153
THE DIAL
the eager, servile, foolish, painstaking Bozzy and he was admitted on intimate terms to some
could not produce a book that was, in any hon- of the noblest houses in England, from Windsor
orably subjective sense, great. It is the great Castle down. It is not surprising to hear that
Doctor who wrote that book on the soft recep the publication of these papers has stirred up
tive tablets of his follower's memory; and the much interest in British circles.
true fame of it is his. Yet, somehow, we would As a young man, Creevey belonged to the
not have it otherwise. Had Boswell been wiser Prince of Wales's set, with social headquarters
or more self-respecting, English literature would at the Pavilion in Brighton; and a careful search
have lacked perhaps its most entertaining biogo through these letters fails to disclose a single
raphy.
creditable item to improve the accepted reputa-
The “Creevey Papers" are of the genre of tion of the First Gentleman of Europe. None
Samuel Pepys's Diary rather than that of of George the Fourth's entourage at any
time
James Boswell's Life of Johnson. Mr. Thomas of his life had any illusions about him, and
Creevey lived for the larger part of a life of Creevey least of all. The atmosphere of those
seventy years among the royalty, nobility, and unedifying days reeks with the fumes of strong
gentry of England; instead of one adored great drink. Let one scene suffice.
man he had no hero (unless possibly it were “ It used to be the Duke of Norfolk's custom to come
Lord Grey), and yet he knew every body. Born over every year from Arundel to pay his respects to the
at Liverpool in 1768, he was educated for the Prince and to stay two days at Brighton, both of which
bar, but entered Parliament in 1802 as repre-
he always dined at the Pavilion. In the year 1804,
sentative of the borough of Thetford, which,
upon this annual visit, the Prince had drunk so much as
to be made very seriously ill by it, so that in 1805 (the
in those good old unreformed days, was in the year that I was there), when the Duke came, Mrs.
pocket of the Duke of Norfolk. His shrewd. Fitzherbert, who was always the Prince's best friend,
ness, activity, and tact made him a useful party was very much afraid of bis being again made ill, and
man to the Whigs, especially the Radical wing
she persuaded the Prince to adopt different stratagems
to avoid drinking with the Duke. I dined there on both
of that party; while his good-humor, his fund days, and letters were brought in each day after din-
of anecdote, and his willingness to fit in any. ner to the Prince, which he affected to consider of great
where, made him a frequent guest at number importance, and so went out to answer them, while the
less dinner-tables in town and country. When
Duke of Clarence went on drinking with the Duke of
Norfolk. But on the second day this joke was carried
the Whigs came into power in 1806, Creevey's
too far, and in the evening the Duke of Norfolk showed
services were recognized by his appointment to he was affronted. The Prince took me aside and said
the Secretaryship of the Board of Control,
minor position in the “Cabinet Of All the got sulky, and I must give him a broiled bone to get
Talents,” which he held for only a year, going
him in good humor again.' So of course I stayed, and
about one o'clock the Prince of Wales and the Duke of
out with the short-lived ministry in 1807.
Clarence, the Duke of Norfolk and myself sat down to
Later, he sat in Parliament for the pocket a supper of broiled bones, the result of wbich was that,
boroughs of Appleby and Downton, succes having fallen asleep myself, I was awoke by the sound
sively. In 1830, at the age of sixty-two, he
of the Duke of Norfolk's snoring. I found the Prince
of Wales and the Duke of Clarence in a very animated
received from the Whig government, first the
discussion as to the particular shape and make of the
Treasurership of the Ordnance, and afterwards wig worn by George II.”
that of Greenwich Hospital. He died in 1838.
Such is the meagre outline of an active but
Creevey's intimacy with the Prince ended
in no way illustrious career. Its interest to us
when the latter became Regent; and from this
consists in the fact that this industrious man
time on, the letters have plenty of robust crit-
life, to write voluminous letters to his step famous suit for divorce against Queen Caroline
found time, during his forty years of public icism of the Defender of the Faith, who is gen-
erally referred to as “Prinney.'
Prinney.” When the
daughter, Miss Elizabeth Ord, as well as to
numerous friends; and in this immense mass
was under way in the autumn of 1820, Creevey
of papers we have a sort of journal intime of
was an eager listener to all the proceedings.
English court, political, and society life, from
He sent off to his step-daughter hourly notes
the latter days of George the Third to the
of the trial's progress, and joined lustily in
accession of Queen Victoria. By actual count,
the general rejoicings when the Government's
the index to these volumes contains the names
attack upon the Queen bad broken down.
of about 1450 persons, mostly of high degree,
“ Three times three ! if you please, before you read a
word further. The Bill is gone, thank God! to the
with whom Creevey had some sort of acquaint-
devil. Their majority was brought down to nine — 108
ance. A more resolute diner-out never lived, to 99; and then the dolorous Liverpool came forward
6
Stay after every one is gone to-night. The Jockey's


154
[March 1,
THE DIAL
and struck. He moved that his own bill be read this day everybody else, to the inevitable; and his de-
six months. You may well suppose the state we are all
scription of his “first ride on the cars” (which
in. The Queen was in the house at the time, but
in his case was “a ride on the first cars,") has
Brougham sent her off instantly. ... The state of the
town is beyond everything. I wish to God you could
a curious interest to-day.
see Western. He is close by my side, but has not “14th (November, 1829). To-day we have had a lark
uttered yet — such is his surprise.”
of a very high order. Lady Wilton sent over yester-
In the autumn of 1814, Mrs. Creevey's chine was to be at such a place upon the railway at
day from Knowsley to say that the Loco Motive ma-
health beginning to fail, her husband took her 12 o'clock for the Knowsley party to ride in if they
to Brussels. Considering the date, it turned liked, and inviting this house to be of the party. So
out a singularly inappropriate place for an in of course we were at our post in 3 carriages and some
valid needing rest and tranquility; for the
horsemen at the hour appointed. I had the satisfac-
tion, for I can't call it pleasure, of taking a trip of five
Creeveys were still there when the return of
miles in it, which we did in just a quarter of an hour.
Napoleon from Elba brought on the Hundred As accuracy upon this subject was my great object, I
Days and Waterloo. As Mr. Creevey kept held my watch in my hand at starting, and all the time;
quite a full diary during those eventful times,
and as it has a second hand, I knew I could not be de-
ceived; and it so turned out there was not the differ-
and as he was honored with a good deal of the
ence of a second between the coachee or conductor and
Duke of Wellington's confidence, we get some myself. But observe, during those five miles, the ma-
new and vivid glimpses of the great soldier. chine was occasionally made to put itself out, or go it;
When the Duke returned to Brussels after the and then we went at the rate of 23 miles an hour, and
battle of Waterloo, Creevey visited him at his
just with the same ease as to motion or absence of
friction as the other reduced pace. But the quickest
lodgings.
motion is to me frightful; it is really flying, and it is
“As I approached, I saw people collected in the street impossible to divest yourself of the notion of instant
about the house; and when I got amongst them, the first death to all upon the least accident happening. It gave
thing I saw was the Duke upstairs alone at his window. me a headache which has not left me yet. Sefton is
Upon his recognizing me, he immediately beckoned to convinced that some damnable thing must come of it;
me with his finger to come up. . . . The first thing I but he and I seem more struck with such apprehension
did, of course, was to put out my hand and congratu than others. ... The smoke is very inconsiderable
late him upon his victory. He made a variety of obser indeed, but sparks of fire are abroad in some quan-
vations in his short, natural, blunt way, but with the tity; one burnt Miss de Ros's cbeek, another a hole in
greatest gravity all the time, and without the least ap Lady Maria's silk pelisse, and a third a hole in some
proach to anything like triumph or joy. It has been one else's gown. Altogether, I am extremely glad in-
a damned serious business,' he said. Blöcher and I
deed to have seen this miracle, and to have travelled in
have lost 30,000 men. It has been a damned nice
it. Had I thought worse of it than I do, I should have
thing — the nearest run thing you ever saw in your life. had the curiosity to try it; but, having done so, I am
Blücher lost 14,000 on Friday night, and got so dam quite satisfied with my first achievement being my last.”
nably licked I could not find him on Saturday morning;
so I was obliged to fall back to keep up (regain ?) my
The free and easy atmosphere pervading
communications with him.' Then, as he walked about,
these letters precludes any literary finish ; the
he greatly praised those Guards who kept the farm tone is colloquial and at times low; slang is
(meaning Hougomont) against the repeated attacks of not eschewed; and every
eminent person
of the
the French; and then he praised all our troops, uttering day is regularly nicknamed. George the Third
repeated expressions of astonishment at our men's cour-
age. He repeated so often its being so nice a thing
is Old Nobs", George the Fourth Prinney”;
80 nearly run a thing, that I asked him if the French his consort is “Mrs. P.'; and William the
had fought better than he had ever seen them do before. Fourth is “Our Billy.” To call the Duke of
- No,' he said, they have always fought the same Norfolk “The Jockey” is only historical; less
since I first saw them at Vimeira.' ... Now that seven
obvious are such names as “ Slice” for the
years have elapsed since that battle, and tho' the Duke
has become very foolishly, in my opinion – a poli-Duke of Gloucester, “The Pop” for the Duchess
tician, and has done many wrong and foolish things of Cleveland, and “Madagascar” for Lady Hol-
since that time, yet I think of his conversation and land; while Creevey’s distrust of the brilliant
whole conduct on the 19th the day after the battle
Lord Brougham shows itself in a variety of
- exactly the same as I did then; namely, that nothing epithets – Beelzebub,” “The Archfiend,”
could do a conqueror more honor than his gravity and epithets
seriousness at the loss of life he had sustained, his ad-
and “ Wickedshifts."
mission of his great danger, and the justice he did the We have only. passing glimpses of some of
enemy."
the wits and men of letters whom Creevey was
For so good a Radical, Creevey could be a continually meeting and dining with, such as
stout opponent of progress when it took the Sheridan, Sydney Smith, Luttrell, “ Tommy
form of railways, the introduction of which Moore, and Samuel Rogers whose deathly
was bitterly fought by his friends the landed appearance is rather heavily satirized by speak-
proprietors. He submitted, however, like I ing of him as “the deceased poet." Creevey


1904.)
155
THE DIAL
must have heard a great many mots with which and has supplied plenty of personal footnotes
he might have brightened his pages. He loy- telling us “who's who.” His task must have
ally records a gallant saying of the sailor King, been, even at this late day, a delicate one. But
William the Fourth, about Lady Wellesley it has probably been done with discrimination,
(who was a daughter of Mr. Caton, of Phila and what few comments the editor has allowed
delphia).
himself have made us wish for more. The
“When she was in waiting at Windsor, some one, in portraits, of which there are twenty-one, are
talking of Mrs. Trollope's book, said, “Do you come
beautifully reproduced in photogravure from
from that part of America where they “guess” and
where they " calculate "q, King Billy said, Lady pictures by Lawrence, Landseer, and others ;
Wellesley comes from where they fascinate.''
and the indispensable index is not wanting.
Creevey lived long enough to see the acces-
JOSIAH RENICK SMITH.
sion of Victoria, whose fresh young purity and
decision of character brought a great sigh of
relief and hope from a long-burdened nation.
RECENT BOOKS OF TRAVEL.*
The veteran politician did ready homage to The decadence of travel on American rivers, the
ber charm, but coolly and perhaps maliciously rise of the Pullman car, and the decline of the pas-
thus touches up her personality :
senger steamboat have left the present generation
“ Here comes in the Queen, the Duchess of Kent the in gross ignorance of some of the finest of nature's
least bit in the world behind her, all her ladies in a row panoramas, and have made unfamiliar to modern eyes
still more bebind; Lord Conyngbam and Cavendish on the paths of early explorers and navigators, mission-
each flank of the Queen. • . . She was told by Lord aries and soldiers, traders and naturalists. Not the
Conyngham that I had not been presented, upon which
least important among these highways of pioneer
a scene took place that to me was truly distressing.
days is the Obio river, graphically described by Mr.
The poor little thing could not get her glove off. I
Reuben Gold Thwaites in his volume entitled “On
never was so annoyed in my life; yet wbat could I do?
but she blushed and laughed and pulled, till the thing
the Storied Ohio." Here we are given the narrative
was done, and I kissed her hand. Then to dinner. of a journey by skiff in 1894 from Brownville on
... The Duchess of Kent was agreeable and chatty, the Monongabela to the “Father of Waters at
and she said, “Shall we drink some wine?' My eyes, Cairo. An earlier account of this journey was
however, were all the while fixed upon Vic. To miti- printed in 1897 under the title “Afloat on the
gate the harshness of any criticism I may pronounce Ohio.” The present new edition has been revised,
upon her manners, let me express my conviction that
and provided with numerous and suitable illustra-
she and her mother are one. I never saw a more pretty
tions. No one is better able than Mr. Thwaites to
or natural devotion than she shows to her mother in
write of the scenes which the banks of this stream
everything, and I reckon this as by far the most ami-
able, as well as valuable, disposition to start with in the
witnessed in the early days of our history, nor to
fearful struggle she has in life before her. Now for her describe the part which this pathway played in the
appearance — but all in the strictest confidence. A struggles between the English and the French for
more homely little being you never bebeld, when she is the possession of the West and in the losing fight
at her ease, and she is evidently dying to be always more which the red man waged against the pioneer a cen-
so. She laughs in real earnest, opening her mouth as tury and more ago. The book is unique in its
wide as it can go, showing not very pretty gums. .
She eats as heartily as she laughs, I think I may say
* ON THE STORIED OHIO. By Reuben Gold Thwaites.
she gobbles. . . . She blushes and laughs every instant
Illustrated. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
CLIMBS AND EXPLORATIONS IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES.
in so natural a way as to disarm everybody. Her voice
By Hugh E. M. Stutfield and J. Norman Collie. Illustrated.
is perfect, and so is the expression of her face when she
New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
means to say or do a pretty thing. . . . At night I
A PLEASURE BOOK OF GRINDELWALD. By Daniel P.
played two rubbers of whist, one against the Duchess of
Rhodes. Illustrated. New York: The Macmillan Co.
Kent, and one as her partner. ... The Queen, in leav-
NORWEGIAN BY-Ways. By Charles W. Wood. Illus-
ing the room at night, came across quite up to me, and trated. New York: The Macmillan Co.
said, • How long do you stay at Brighton, Mr. Creevey?' FROM BROOM TO HEATHER. A Summer in a German
Which I presume could mean nothing else than another Castle. By James Taft Hatfield. Illustrated. Cincinnati :
rubber for her mother. So it's all mighty well." Jennings & Pye.
BUDAPEST, the City of the Magyars. By F. Berkeley
We have spoken of these volumes as a book
Smith. Illustrated. New York: James Pott & Co.
by Mr. Creevey. So they are ; but we owe TO DAY IN SYRIA AND PALESTINE. By William Eleroy
their appearance in this form to the industry Curtis. Illustrated. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Co.
TOWARDS THE RISING SUN. By Sigmund Krausz. Illus-
and good taste of Sir Herbert Maxwell, who
trated. Chicago : Laird & Lee.
has edited them from the mass of papers placed AROUND THE CARIBBEAN AND ACROSS PANAMA. By
at his disposal by Mrs. Blackett Ord, whose Francis C. Nicholas. Illustrated. Boston: H. M. Caldwell Co.
husband was the grandson of Mr. Creevey's
THE LAND OF THE DONs. By Leonard Williams. Illus-
trated. New York: Cassell & Co.
eldest step-daughter. Sir Herbert has con-
TOLEDO AND MADRID. Their Records and Romances.
nected the extracts by explanatory paragraphs By Leonard Williams. Illustrated. New York : Cassell & Co.


156
[March 1,
THE DIAL
subject, interesting as a tale of travel and adven to the tourist. The charms and terrors of the
ture, and especially valuable on account of its very Jungfrau and the Wetterhorn are revealed in Mr.
full historical setting.
Daniel P. Rhodes's “ A Pleasure Book of Grindel-
Though the Canadian Pacific Railway has drawn wald," a work in which holiday travellers to the
public attention to their accessibility in recent years, Oberland will find much of interest “outside of the
and tourists make short excursions among them province of the regular guide-books." The read-
from Banff and Glacier, the Canadian Rockies are able text and fine illustrations in Mr. Rhodes's
but little known. The disappearance of trails over volume afford an excellent portrayal of the charms
the passes following the decline of the fur trade has of this famous valley and its environs, and an in-
80 hindered exploration that Mounts Brown and sight into the life of the villagers of the Bernese
Hooker, guardians of the Athabascan pass, have Alps. A novel account is given of Grindelwald in
stood unchallenged since they were named by the winter and the sports at the rink. Those who have
botanist David Douglass in 1827. Tbey were re been, or intend to go, to Switzerland, or who plan
duced from their high estate in 1900 by Messrs. or practise mountain climbing elsewhere, will find
Collia and Statfield, and Mounts Forbes, Colum Mr. Rhodes's book rewarding.
bia, and Alberta were raised to reign in their stead The reader who enjoys a running tale of travel,
as monarchs of the Rockies. Altbough members of full of incident and illumined by conversation and
the Appalachian Club have done much of late to small talk on topics more or less pertinent to the
bring these Canadian peaks and glaciers to the atten place and scene, will find his account in Mr. Charles
tion of lovers of mountain climbing, it is to the W. Wood's “ Norwegian By-Ways." The author
enterprise of two English sportsmen (not of the is a veteran traveller well known through his books
sanguinary sort) that we are indebted for the fullest in similar vein on Spain and France. The present
account yet published of that region. Mr. Hugh volume is not a collection of classified or assorted
E. M. Stutfield, noted for his travels in Morocco, information, or even a work dominated by any par-
and Mr. J. Norman Collie, the veteran climber of ticular aim or revealing any characteristic point of
the Himalayas, have made extended exploring trips view. The passing incident, the chance acquain-
among the Canadian Rockies, climbed many of the tance, the skydsgut, the snowfield, — mayhap the
hitherto unscaled peaks, discovered glaciers and marmalade, serve as links in the chain of smoothly.
snow fields exceeding in extent those of the Alps, flowing conversations which make up the greater
and completed a number of surveys of uncharted part of the book. Withal it gives a pleasing pic-
territory. A well-illustrated account of their ex ture of the rugged land and sturdy folk of Norway.
ploits is presented in "Climbing and Exploration The story of a quiet summer spent in a quaint
in the Canadian Rockies," a work which gives not German castle at Staufenberg in Hessia is told, in
only the personal experiences of the authors, but in a manner which brings to the reader much of the
an historical résumé tells what is known from past charm of village life in rural Germany, by Profes-
explorations of surveyors, trappers, and guides. The sor James Taft Hatfield, in his book entitled “From
recent writings of other enthusiasts are also quoted, Broom to Heather.” With its abundant illustra-
so that the volume is an epitome of all that is known tions the volume affords an excellent picture of
( at present concerning this Switzerland of America. tourist experiences among Hessian villages and vil-
A carefully prepared map gives the results of the lage folk and in the mediæval town of Rothenberg.
writers' explorations and the elevations thus far de There is an account of the water cure at Salzscblirf,
termined, while a chapter on sport and game is in and an interesting chapter on Berlin. Regarding
tended for the hunter. Near the Kootenay Plains, an the latter city, the author says that “ a new spirit
old Indian gathering-place, where the tributaries of has come into its architecture, a spirit which ex-
the Saskatchewan draining the largest icefields of presses itself in a joyous display of power and super-
these mountains unite to form the main stream, is abundant luxury, but which at the same time brings
the place which seems to the authors an ideal one to its service a caltured and discriminating taste."
for a tourist centre. “We may fairly anticipate that He notes in Berlin, also, the new movement in
at tbe mouth of Bear Creek will be the Chamonix decorative art, “a long delayed manifesto against
or Grindelwald of the Canadian Alps in days to the heaviness and dulness of traditional styles and
come, when the remoter peaks and valleys of this conventions."
beautiful region are more accessible to the outside From the point of view of the Quartier Latin,
world, and the new mountain playground of the the artist Mr. F. Berkeley Smith writes most enter-
American continent becomes no longer a dream but tainingly of “ Budapest, the City of the Magyars,"
a reality.”
of Pest, the miracle of modernity, with its broad
Mountain climbing in Switzerland presents a streets, fine buildings, up-to-date tramways and
very different aspect to the novice than in the underground railway, superb opera-house, parks,
region described in the book just dealt with. In museums, and magnificent Parliament buildings,
Switzerland experienced guides know the various and of Bada with its palace. That this splendid
routes and are aware of the dangers which beset city is not better known by the average traveller is
them. A maximum of accomplishment with a mini due, says the author, to the fact that tourists are
mum of effort is, barring hostile weather, assured systematically discouraged from stopping at Pest


1904.]
157
THE DIAL
by the Viennese, owing to the enmity existing be- tropical vermin, savage beasts, and treacherous
tween the Austrians and the Hungarians. The au natives insure variety and interest, if not comfort
thor is a clever raconteur, and he gives bis readers and safety, to the traveller. Dr. Nicholas favors
a spicy account of his visit to a Magyar nobleman's the Panama route for the Isthmian canal, and his
estate, of the theatres, music halls, baths, and clubs book contains some interesting, though poorly-
of the city, and of the gipsy camps and their fa reproduced, photographs of the proposed route.
mous music. The work is lavishly supplied with The volume is interesting and timely, though not
illustrations, notable for their excellence and fitness, as illuminating on matters of present-day interest
from scenes painted, drawn, or photographed by as many readers might wish.
the author.
Mr. Leonard Williams, author of " The Land of
In sharp contrast with the cleanliness and en the Dons,” is an Englishman, whose long residence
terprise of this Magyar city on the verge of the in Spain, together with a facile pen and ability at
Orient are the filth, antiquated facilities for travel investigation, make him competent to write a book
and comfort, and the social and political instability which covers with some degree of thoroughness not
of « Syria and Palestine of To-day,” as described only the physical features of the country and the
by Mr. W. E. Curtis, the veteran newspaper corre-
characteristics of the inhabitants, but also something
spondent. The author makes very apparent the of its literature, its political and social history, and
inadequacy of Turkish rule and the apathy of the the present national situation. One feels after read-
people toward the Sultan, and he cites the evidence ing the volume that much has been learnt about the v
of the profound impression which the visit of the country. Suggestive and interesting is the historical
German Emperor made upon the country. The sketch to which the last quarter of the book is de-
account of the changes wrought by the five German voted, under the novel captions, “ The Past of the
Lutheran colonies, which are made op largely from Present," “ The Present of the Present,” “The
American sources, is of special interest. These col Future of the Present.” Here are given a statement
onies are industrial communities which seek to and summing-up of past mistakes in Spanish policy,
regenerate the people of Palestine by offering an foreign and internal, and an analysis of the defects
example of modern civilization and honest industry in the nation's political and social life. The author
to Gentiles and Jewe. Incidentally, their clean outlines various reforms which a kindly feeling to-
beds and fair charges are a godsend to travellers wards Spain and a belief in her future leads him to
in a land where filth and extortion abound. Mr. expect. The book is made delightful by the per-
Curtis's book, though made up of newspaper sonality of the writer. It is a charmingly humorous
“copy,” is comprehensive, modern, and apparently and upright mind that is here revealed, with a poetic
unbiased — except possibly as regards the Turk. temperament occasionally showing itself in some bit
In his volume entitled “ Toward the Rising of perhaps too consciously fine writing.
San,” Mr. Sigmund Krausz takes his readers over Mr. Williams is also the author of a new volume
a much greater extent of territory than do the two entitled “ Toledo and Madrid, their Records and
previous writers, his route lying from Constanti Romances.” With light and vivid touch the writer
nople, the ports of Greece and Asia Minor, through takes us through scenes connected with Toledo's
Egypt and India. Mr. Krausz follows the beaten past and present. We visit Pedro the Armourer's
path of tourists, recording his personal impressions work-shop, and see the famous blade in process of
of the sights along the way and freely expressing construction. We roam about the city, visiting the
his opinions of the people with whom he comes in streets of the various crafts, and the ancient market
contact. His point of view appears to be that of with its cheaper stalls set apart for the poor. We
a matter-of-fact commercial traveller, and his com visit the Jew's quarter, and watch a famous duel.
ments, while interesting and often entertaining, are It is all a dream that might easily come to one
devoid of any bistorical, sociological, or artistic where every object so speaks of the past that the
perspective. The illustrations are abundant, but traveller and the present-day tenant seem anachron-
not always in good taste or of the best quality. isme. The intimate connection of Toledo with the
A story of personal adventure among the Indians ecclesiastical history of Spain, and the overshadow-
of the Mosquito Coast and with the Talamanca ing of State by Church to the detriment of the
tribe in Costa Rica, and an account of extended country, is vividly set forth, and in the author's
travel in the coastal country of the United States of summary of Toledo of to-day is furnished an epitome
Columbia, across the mountains to Bogota, and on of Spain's decline. The chapters on Madrid are
the Isthmus between Colon and Panama, is con devoted largely to historical matters, chiefly to an
tained in Dr. Francis C. Nicholas's “ Around the account of the manners and customs of the long
Caribbean and across Panama.” The author visited reign of Philip IV., who came to the throne in 1621.
these countries in the interests of mining and com The elaborate costumes of man and maid, the ex-
mercial enterprises, and also in the service of the travagant pastimes, and the vice and crime which
American Museum of Natural History in New York. everywhere flourished are described at length. The
His commissions led him far from the few main topography and economic and moral standing of
lines of travel into the wilderness of tropical forest “New Madrid are dwelt on, but little is said con-
and waterways, where torrential rains, floods, fever, cerning its art or architecture. The volume closes


158
[March 1,
THE DIAL
• An illustrated
in the land
thick paper.
with an historical sketch of the Escorial, and an come perhaps more varied in their interest. The
account of a visit to the birthplace of Cervantes, treatment comprises four “ Agen,” that of Words-
“the Shakespeare of Spain," where one may visit worth, to 1815, of Byron, to 1840, the Victorian, to
the ruins of the university he attended and see in 1870, and that of Tennyson, to 1900. An Epilogue
the church his baptismal certificate.
of a few pages follows these four sections, and
CHARLES ATWOOD KOFOID. introduces portraits of Mr. Swinburne and Mr.
Meredith, the two greatest Englishmen left us, who
might not be otherwise included because of the for.
tunate circumstance that they are still alive. An
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Appendix gives texts of the Old English facsimiles,
Volumes II. and IV. of “ English elaborate index to the whole four volumes completes
and translations of the early MSS. and letters. An
record of
Literature: An Illustrated Record”
English literature. have now been published in this
the work.
country by the Macmillan Co., and the monumental
Feathered life
In ber very gratifying account of the
work stands complete in its four volumes. What
“ Birds of California" (McClurg)
we said of it when the first volumes appeared need of sunshine. Mrg. Irene Grosvenor Wheelock has
not now be repeated; we are as glad to have shown herself possessed of prime qualities as a stu-
these sections as we were to have the earlier ones, dent of nature. She bas enthusiasm, patience, an
and the work as a whole is highly satisfactory instinct for close observation, and a capacity for
in all respects save that of its inordinate weight, arduous labor. Added to these qualities she has
the consequence of printing it upon unnecessarily an easy and picturesque habit of narration which
Two volumes of this size might allows the interest of her readers no opportunity
easily have sufficed for the whole, instead of four. for flagging. Often as she has to relate the indi-
Dr. Garnett, to our pleasant surprise, is the au vidual story of a group of beings with marked dis-
thor of about two-thirds of the second volume, similarity in traits and manners, she escapes the
carrying the record down to the death of Shake-
peril of monotony by admirable tact in the man-
speare, and leaving Dr. Gosse to begin bis sbare of
agement of incident and in the choice of felicitous
the task with the Jacobean writers. We say this phraseology. It was a somewhat daring venture to
because, on the whole, the work of the senior author follow in a special field of research so recently and
has a better balance, a surer judgment, and a greater ably covered by Mre. Florence M. Bailey, whose
degree of accuracy than that of his colleague. In « Manual of Birds of the Western United States”
his treatment of Shakespeare Dr. Garnett, in our is accepted as a standard in this department of
opinion, has too much dignified the Baconian lunacy | American ornithology. Yet the present writer has
by the amount of attention be pays to that most not imitated or duplicated the achievement of her
amazing of mare's nests. What he says is, of course, predecessor. She has produced a distinctly original
wholly by way of refutation, but we doubt if it was work, which proves its raison d'etre by the amount
advisable to allude to it at all. And on still other of novel information it presents. In this, as in her
grounds we may indulge in a little fault-finding previous popular book on “Nestlings of Forest and
when we come upon such an unpunctuated sentence Marsb,” Mrs. Wheelock pays particular attention
as the following: “Bacon might be deemed capable to the babies in the bird world. It is with refer-
of composing the speeches of Ulysses but these wood ence to them rather than to the adult tbat sbe di-
notes wild !” But the treatment of Shakespeare and rects her investigations, intent upon observing the
his group is on the whole admirable: popular in the entire course of their development under the care
best sense, yet the product of an exacting scholar and tutelage of the parent. It is a wonder how she
ship, and beyond all praise in the wealth of its illus-
comes upon so many intimate domestic scenes in
trative matter. The illustrations are, of course, the the life of the birds, how she finds so many skilfully
essential raison d'être of the whole work, and it is hidden homes and guarded secrets in their careful
not easy to say enough in commendation of this keeping. Her book is the reward of a faithful
feature of the record. So rich a collection of por watcher, up with the dawn and out all day long, in
traits, places, autographs, and illuminations has the fields and the forests, on the water and the
never before been made — could hardly have been mountain tops, never stopping for any obstacle that
imagined — in connection with the subject of En a woman's wit and will can overcome. There is
glish literature, before the appearance of these four little mention made of the difficulty and fatigue en-
volumes. Volume IV., if anything a trifle thicker countered, but this may be read between the lines.
and heavier than its predecessors, is entirely the It is pleasant to note that so much fruitful work
work of Dr. Gosse. The illustrations, as the author was accomplished without the use of a gun. There
admits, “descend through grades of picturesque was not a single instance, among the three hundred
decline to the period, not merely of the frock-coat species described, of the murder of a bird or the
and of the top-hat, but of that most inesthetic ravage of a nest. Mrs. Wheelock adds substantial
instrument, the photographer's lens.” However, testimony to the theory that the school is a regular
they remain quite as numerous as before, and be institution among wild animals, and that their young


1904 ]
159
THE DIAL
are trained by persistent discipline to walk in the
the jury –
five contributions in all. In the selec-
way they should go. She was a frequent witness tions made from this class of professional work, the
of the lessons in swimming, feeding, flying, and subjects of Constitutional Law and International
singing which the parent bird deems essential to Law are naturally favorites. Webster's persuasive
the proper education of the fledgling. She like addresses in the Dartmouth College case and the
wise furnishes considerable support to the lately- Rhode Island controversy of Luther vs. Borden,
discovered fact that many young birds in the nest Hamilton's convincing opinion in favor of the char-
are fed by regurgitation for a length of time vary ter of the Bank of the United States, and David
ing with the species. She records a hundred and Dudley Field's earnest argument in the McCardle
eighty cases in which the young hatched in a naked case, present worthily the possibilities of American
or semi-naked condition were fed in this manner Constitutional Jurisprudence. Evarts's argument
for at least three days. Vultures were so fed for in behalf of the United States before the Geneva
ten days, and a few, such as humming-birds and Arbitration Tribunal recalls a notable episode in
swallows, as long as they remained in the nest. modern International Law. This great subject is
Mrs. Wheelock has secured in Mr. Bruce Horsfall the one with which Mr. Veeder's collection appro-
the help of a competent artist for the illustrations priately opens, in Lord Mansfield's answer to the
accompanying her narrative. These number ten Prussian Memorial (anno 1753), and with which it
full-page plates and seventy-eight text-drawings. closes in James C. Carter's argument before the
The publishers have earned a full share of com Bering Sea Fur Seal Commission (anno 1893).
mendation by the rich and handsome dress in which Students will welcome the opportunity to secure and
they have clothed the book.
preserve, in this form, these masterpieces of legal
literature, most of which have heretofore been ac-
A judiciously selected group of the
Masterpieces of
cessible only in the dry and dusty “ reports.” The
legal literature.
masterpieces of English and Amer-
collection is rounded out and made symmetrical by
ican legal literature, including fo-
brief biographical sketches of these masters of fo-
rensic arguments and judicial and professional
rensic oratory, in which the reader is made easily
opinions presented during the nineteenth century acquainted with the personality of each of the au-
and the closing half of the eighteenth, has been
thors, and with the leading facts of his career and
arranged and edited by Mr. Van Vechten Veeder,
his labors and achievements as a jurist.
and published under the title of “Legal Master-
pieces ” (Keefe. Davidson Company, St. Paul). The
A Southern
Southern women during the Civil
purpose of the collection, as expressed by the editor, literary woman War have been the subject of praise.
“is to bring together, from the whole field of legal
in song and story, but they have
literature, specimens of the best models of the va seldom been the subjects of biography. The “ Life
rious forms of discourse and composition in which and Letters of Margaret Preston ” (Houghton,
the lawyer's work is embodied." This purpose, of Mifflin & Co.) will find many sympathetic readers.
illustrating precisely how great jurists have argued Margaret Preston is known as the author of some
great questions, has been well attained in these two stirring war-lyrics, and as a contributor to various
volumes of upwards of 1300 pages. The forensic magazines; and her life was one of unusual interest.
efforts selected are worthy of being gathered into Of Northern parentage and association in early life,
such an anthology. Though it is not an exhaustive she married Colonel John Preston, who was sub-
collection, and one misses some favorites and notes sequently on Stonewall Jackson's staff. As the wife
the absence from the group of such orators and of Colonel Preston, the sister-in-law of General
advocates as Seward and Garfield and Prentiss, yet Jackson, and the daughter of a stanch Abolitionist
it would not be easy to exclude any whom the editor clergyman, Margaret Preston was tried between
has admitted into his circle. Selections are made loyalty to her father and to her husband, to her
from the leading efforts of seven of the foremost native and her adopted State. With courageous
British jurists of the period indicated, among whom strength and gentle pride, she stood by her hus-
are Erskine, Curran, and Brougham. Erskine is band and his cause in the hour of their greatest
represented in five great arguments, first of which, trial. And herein lies the chief value of her pub-
in more than one respect, is that in defense of lished biography, — that although in manners and
Lord George Gordon against the charge of treason. customs she was thoroughly Southern, she saw the
Hamilton, Marshall, Webster, and Curtis are prom-
strenuous life of the Southern women in war-time
inent among the twelve American jurists whose from a sympathetic Northern woman's point of
forensic work is here accorded place. The selections view. While one can speak, not unappreciatively,
are by no means averaged in number among the of her biographer’s “magnified epitaph,” one can
speakers represented. Chief Justice Marshall and read only with keen delight the almost wholly auto-
Lord Bowen each contribute four judicial opinions, biographic chapters entitled “A Journal of War
and Webster, O'Conor, and Evarts each three legal Times” and “Post-Bellam Days." In these chap-
arguments; while Erskine is drawn upon for five ters are a gentle woman's thoughts of the suffering
similar efforts, and Cartis furnishes three arguments innocent; of woman's hand at man's work; and of
at the bar, one opinion as judge, and one charge to the weariness and cruelty of war. These chapters
in the Civil War.


160
[March 1,
THE DIAL
New volumes in
the "Historic
revival in
have other attractions : pictures of Jackson, Lee, ments to grasp evolution as a fact. An avowedly
Maury; the prices of household stuffs ; accounts living and developing theology, on the other hand,
of the occupation of the home town by Federal - a theology viewed as consisting of ideas capable of
troops; the shifts to which the women were driven organic growth, the symbolic expression of a living
to make life bearable, — all making an interesting and lasting Divine truth, --is the analogue to a sci-
and instructive commentary on woman's life in the ence which contemplates and investigates the laws
South during the days of war and reconstruction. of evolution in all other departments." Bat we no
If the author and editor of the volume had given longer recognize any other than the evolutionary
more of the Journal, and fewer letters, omitting theology; and while the history is interesting, the
even the correspondence with Longfellow, Whittier, argument is wasted. Cardinal Newman and Car-
Burroughs, and Jean Ingelow, she would have added dinal Wiseman have done their work so well that
to the interest of the book. The correspondence many of their most advanced and radical theories
between Paul Hayne and Mrs. Preston is of inter are accepted, and even enlarged, by those for whom
est only so far as it adds to our information of the the great men hoped only to prepare the way to-
struggles of Southern literary men, - a struggle
- a struggle ward a future understanding. So rapidly all sci-
only too well known in the cases of Poe, Timrod, ence, even the science of theology, has moved in
and Lanier. The Life and Letters of Mrs. Preston the last generation. The essay devoted to the life-
are prepared for publication by her step-daughter, work of Cardinal Wiseman and his personal char-
Elizabeth Preston Allan. Another Southerner, acterization is easily the most interesting and the
Professor James A. Harrison, has written a thirty most vital in the book, — the other essays concerning
seven page appendix in praise of Mrs. Preston as Persons, including the Tennyson and Huxley re-
a woman and as a poet. As to her womanly quali- miniscences, seeming somewhat out of place, and
ties, there can be no dispute ; but of her poetry adding nothing definite to our knowledge of the
there can bardly as yet be a final decision. If any men beyond some interesting personal anecdotes.
of her poems are to live, it seems likely that they
will be those written in the white-beat of her
The latest issues of Mr. Archer
“ Journal of War Times."
Butler Hulbert's series of Historic
Highways" series. Highways” (Arthur H. Clark Co.,
The Catholic
A glance at the table of contents of Cleveland) are volumes seven and nine, - the pub-
Mr. Wilfrid Ward's “ Problems and lication of an cmitted volume, relating to Military
England.
Persons” (Longmans, Green, & Co.) Roads, having been postponed for further in-
promises more of general interest than the book vestigation. Volume seven relates to “ Portage
itself fulfils, for the simple reason that most of the Paths,” which are strikingly characterized as “The
essays reprinted bere are now several years behind Keys of the Continent.” It is divided into two
the times. And yet this very fact, coupled with the parts. Part I. gives a description of portages,
knowledge that at the time of their writing
those between the head waters of rivers and those
case more than eight years ago - Mr. Ward nas around obstructions in rivers, and a history of
well abreast of the age, adds weight to the author's portages, their use by Indians and the early ex
main argument, that theology, the most nearly plorers, their strategic importance in the struggle
changeless of the sciences, has fallen into line with between the red and white man and their later em-
the other sciences in a gradual process of evolution. ployment for roads and canals. Part II. gives a
Of the eleven essays that compose the volume, the list of twenty-nine portages, with particular descrip-
majority deal with this problem in its various phases, tions of some of them. The first, connecting the
“The Time Spirit of the Nineteenth century,” | St. Jobn with the Bay of Chaleur, is not so de-
“The Rigidity of Rome," "Unchanging Dogma and scribed; and the last, connecting Lake Superior
Changeful Man,” and “The Foundations of Belief," with Hudson's Bay by way of the Lake of the
these abstract discussions being supplemented by Woode, has apparently been "pied” by the printer.
the more concrete illustrations of the life-work of The intervening portages, except for those around
Cardinals Newman and Wiseman. The book is Niagara Falls, consist of two classes, those
essentially a history of the Catholic revival in En between the St. Lawrence or the Lakes and the
gland, its causes and its leaders. But to-day we Atlantic rivers, and those connecting the Lakes
take for granted what seemed like a new revela with the tributaries of the Ohio and the Mississippi.
tion, even to progressive theologians, at the time There is a good account of the Oneida portage, but
when Mr. Ward's essays were written, namely, many of the other descriptions are very meagre. -
that the Semper eadem of the Catholic Church is Volume nine, entitled “Waterways of Western
not identical with unplastic rigidity, but is thor- Expansion,” is entirely devoted to the Ohio and its
oughly compatible with the assimilation of contem tributaries. It treats of the expedition of Céloron
porary scientific principles. “The evolutionary de Bienville, the extinction of Indian title in Ohio,
view, which broke up the old supposition as to the the difficulties of river navigation, the evolution of
fixity of theology, brings its own compensation. A river craft from the canoe and pirogue to the flat-
fixed theology, viewed as final, was the analogue to boat, keel-boat, and steam-boat, the character of suc-
a view of the universe which failed in other depart cessive generations of rivermen, and the expenditures
in po
-


1904.]
161
THE DIAL
Journalism as
of the federal government for the improvement of divisions of an army but of mere fragments of a
the navigation of the Ohio. The title “Our First division as well, results in somewhat wearisome
Glimpse of the Ohio,” which the Céloron chapter reading at times. But this is inevitable, if one be not
bears, conveys the erroneous impression that Euro deeply interested in military technique; and in any
pean knowledge of the river began with that expe event the omission of detail would have deprived
dition. The Indian treaties of 1785 and 1786, the author alike of his own chief interest and of
recounted in the second chapter, were never carried his distinct service to history.
into effect, but were superseded by the treaty of
Greenville. The extracts from “ The Navigator
Few men have been better qualified
suggest some account of that publication, and of
to write of the trials and tribulations
a profession.
other river-guides; but none is given. We natur-
of journalism as a profession than
ally look for narratives of pioneer voyages down
was Mr. Julian Ralph. A quarter of a century of
the river, but do not find them. Both of the vol active experience in the newspaper business in
umes exhibit the merits and the faults of the earlier America and Europe, not to mention magazine
ones. They are entertaining and suggestive, but
work in the lines of travel and descriptive work
are so far from complete that the reader cannot
6 which is closer than a cousinship to newspaper
resist the conclusion that the work has been pushed work.” has given him an intimate knowledge of
too rapidly. The publishers have decided to break
this field of endeavor. In “ The Making of a
a hundred sets of the series, so that, for a time at Journalist” (Harper) he has shown us that news-
least, the volumes may be had separately.
paper life is "not a little subject,” and has pointed
out how widely one can stray without losing touch
The second volume of Mr. Charles of it. “Napoleon not only depended upon the press
History of the
Oman's “ History of the Peninsular
Peninsular War.
to prepare France for his plans and to execute many
War” (Oxford University Press) is of them, but he directed and worked the newspapers
of even larger bulk than was tbe first. This is due in a way which was instinct with the spirit and
mainly to the existence of much more original ma genius of journalism. Bismarck's death leaves him
terial for the campaigns of 1809 than was found revealed to us as an editorial manipulator of news-
for 1808, and to the fact that the unity of treatment papers in a way and to a degree which assures us
hitherto permissible is prohibited in 1809 by the that the spirit of the newspaper man, as well as a
multiplication of the centres of military activity. correct view of the power and processes of the press,
In the later year the campaigns in some degree were his.” The author has devoted interesting chap-
ceased to be national, and became local and isolated. ters to newspaper interviewing, criminal reporting,
Each of these local campaigns have been treated war correspondence, gathering of election returns,
with infinite pains in exact statement, and with the the mysterious “sixth sense ” in journalism, the
same genius for military detail evinced in the first reporter's power in state and national politics, etc.,
volume. The cordial reception given that first vol. illustrating each with incidents and examples from
ume has evidently encouraged Mr. Oman to criticise his individual experience. The work has just that
more directly and specifically the work of Napier amount of personal interest which makes us feel
as a historian, and such criticism is less apologetic that we are taken into the confidence of the writer,
ally stated. Thus, be shows us that Napier's de and does not assume that ex cathedra tone which
scription and plan of Wellesley's passage of the one frequently encounters in the writings of a spe-
Douro, in the face of a French army, are wholly cialist on any subject.
untrustworthy, and that Napier “had either never
seen the ground, or had forgotten its aspect after
Architecture is the youngest of the
Elements of
the lapse of years.” In the case also of the famous architectural arts in America, and a popular knowl.
second siege of Saragossa, Napier's denunciation
edge and appreciation of it are as
of the incapacity of Palafox is largely disproved by yet undeveloped among us. Hence a book written
Mr. Oman. Palafox, he says, was no doubt ineffi in popular language, giving some of the principles
cient in certain details of military engineering, but of architectural criticism, is timely and should prove
nevertheless had made magnificent preparations for useful. Mr. Russell Sturgis is not only the leading
the provisioning of the beleaguered city, had created, critic of architecture in this country, but he has,
largely by his personal enthusiasm, an intense fanat- through his “Dictionary of Architecture,” made
ical patriotism in the breasts of soldiers and citizens, himself an acknowledged authority upon all archi-
and was, at every critical stage of the siege, the very tectural subjects. His essays in elementary archi-
soul of the defense. In the end, Saragossa was tectural criticism, in " How to Judge Architecture”
conquered by typhus, much more than by the as (Baker & Taylor Co.), are entitled to a wide read-
saults of the French. Even in such dramatic in- ing; and the book, with its admirable illustrations,
cidents as this siege, it is evident that Mr. Oman's numbering more than eighty, is a valuable contri-
principal genius lies in the depiction of purely mili- bution to the rapidly growing number of hand-
tary movements; and it is for this that his present books of art education. It is just possible that Mr.
work must take high rank. Extreme technical Sturgis is too fine a critic, and too much of an
detail, involving the movements not only of main l expositor of his art, to treat the subject in a popu-
crilicism.


162
[March 1,
THE DIAL
lar manner; and though he seeks, by foot-note
definitions of every technical term he uses, to make
BRIEFER MENTION.
his meaning perfectly clear, he may yet fail to bring
A group of Petrarch's sonnets, nine in number,
to the gentle art of criticism many followers from together with one canzone, has been translated into
the ranks of the laity. Perhaps, however, this is English with singular success by Miss Agnes Tobin,
only to be said after a comparison of his work with and published by Mr. Howard Wilford Bell in an
such a book as Statham's “Architecture for General exquisite and luxurious vellum-bound volume called
Readers,” which must hold its own as a popular
“Love's Crucifix.” Miss Tobin's versions are good as
educator wherever it is known. But Mr. Sturgis's reproductions and good also as English poems — a
book is entitled to high praise, and will tend to a
twofold excellence which translators rarely achieve. A
series of black and white drawings by Mr. Graham
more general understanding of the subject.
Robertson adorn the volume, and are in keeping with
the charm of the verse. The edition is limited, and
A biography of General Philip Schuy only one bundred copies are offered for sale in this
A new life of
Philip Schuyler.
ler, more in keeping with the modern
country.
style of treatment than Lossing's, Two new volumes have just been added to “The
which was publisbed more than two-score years ago, Musician's Library” by the Oliver Ditson Co. “Forty
is supplied by Mr. Bayard Tuckerman (Dodd, Songs by Johannes Brahms” is edited by Mr. James
Mead & Co.). The material for the composition Huneker, and provides a typical representation of the
has been collected, it is claimed, from the papers
work of the composer in all the stages of its develop
and order-book of General Schuyler, from the Gates
ment. Mr. August Spanuth is the editor of “ Twenty
papers in the New York Historical Society, and
Piano Transcriptions by Franz Liszt,” which includes
from the archives of the Department of State in
examples from eleven composers. Among the pieces
Washington. The early part of Schuyler's life has
are Paganini's “Campanella," Schubert's “ Du Bist
die Rub," Verdi's “Rigoletto," and three of the Wagner
a just proportion, but his military services in the
arrangements. Each of these volumes has the usual
old French and the Revolutionary wars make up portrait of the composer and a prefatory critical essay.
the bulk of the volume. His civic services in later
It is so long since we have had a new volume in the
life are reduced to a minimum. The Gates-Schuyler “ Cranford Series" (Macmillan) that the appearance
rivalry occupies many pages, the substitution of the
of Fanny Burney's “Evelina” in this charming setting
former for the latter in the Nortbern command is a pleasure the more to be appreciated because unex-
being attributed to the unwillingness of the New pected. Mr. Austin Dobson as editor and Mr. Hugb
England troops to serve under " the Dutchman,” Thomson as illustrator bave rarely had a more con-
with his strict discipline and military order, and to
genial subject than is afforded them here, and it is
the persistent intrigue of Gates himself. Washing-
needless to say that the Introduction of the one and
the pen-and-ink drawings of the other are thoroughly
ton is represented as listening to “one-sided ac-
counts” in certain instances where Schuyler was
delightful. Often as we may have read “ Evelina " be-
fore, it will be impossible to resist a fresh perusal in
concerned. The writer confesses that Schuyler this latest and best of all editions.
lacked genius or extraordinary talent of any kind,
A « Recueil de Locutions Françaises," by M. Armand-
but finds a praiseworthy motive of genuine love of
Georges Billaudeau, is published in Paris by MM.
country in his actions.
Boy veau and Chevillet, and supplied to the American
market by Mr. G. E. Stechert. The work contains
An uneventful
The period in French history be about fifty thousand French phrases, proverbial, famil-
period of tween the death of Henry IV. and iar, or figurative, for which English equivalents are
French history.
the rise to power of Richelieu is provided — a matter of much ingenuity in many of the
singularly devoid of general interest. But for the
We are bound to say that a good many of the
fact that the session of the States General in 1614
English idioms here given have been invented for the
occasion, but the book, taken with judgment, ought to
was the last meeting of that body before the Revo-
lution, there is hardly anything that rises above the
be found exceedingly useful by translators from French
into English.
level of personal intrigues. Dr. A. P. Lord, who
Professor Charles Gide's “ Principles of Political
presents in bis “ Regency of Marie de Médicis"
Economy” was first translated for the use of American
(Holt) a study of the years 1610-1616, bas evi-
students about twelve years ago. The work has to a
dently felt this narrowing of interest, and his book
singular degree the qualities of lucidity and interest in
is mainly concerned with the schemes of the princes. which the French are the masters of the rest of man-
He bas also tried to throw light upon the exact cir kind, and at once took its place as one of the very best
cumstances under which Sully was forced to retire. of general treatises upon its subject. A revised Amer-
His chapters are based upon a careful study of the
ican edition of this book has just been published by
sources and of the work of the late Professor Ber Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co., having been retranslated by
Dr. C. William A. Veditz from the latest form of the
thold Zeller. One may venture to ask why he has
original, and adapted for our use (with the author's
made no apparent use of the two remarkable vol-
sanction) by the substitution of American illustrative
umes of Hanotaux upon the earlier years of Riche-
material for the French material employed by the
lieu, for they contain an important interpretation author. It is a book of singular interest and value,
of the period. The volume is enriched by several and most successfully redeems the subject of economics
portraits taken from the collection in the Louvre. from the charge of being a “dismal" science.
eases.


1904.]
163
THE DIAL
99
Mrs. Hugh Fraser's “Letters from Japan" is to be
NOTES.
published by the Macmillan Co. early in March in a
Mr. Arthur Henry's forthcoming story of a return
new one-volume edition containing all the original illus-
to Tature, entitled “The House in the Woods,” will
trations. This charming “record of modern life in the
bear the imprint of Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co.
Island Empire” was first issued five years ago.
The American Book Co. send us a book of “ Field
“ A First Book in Latin,” by Messrs. Hiram Tuell
and Harold North Fowler, is published in a revised
and Laboratory Exercises in Physical Geography," by
Mr. James F. Chamberlain. We have from the same
edition by Messrs. Benjamin H. Sanborn & Co.
“ How the People Rule,” by Mr. Charles D. Hoxie,
publishers a “ Physical Laboratory Manual for Second-
ary Schools,” by Mr. S. E. Coleman.
is a book of very elementary “civics for boys and
girls,” published by Messrs. Silver, Burdett & Co.
Dr. Josiah Strong, head of the American Institute
Dr. Max Planck's “ Treatise on Thermodynamics,”
for Social Service in New York, bas prepared for the
translated with the author's sanction by Dr. Alexander
Baker & Taylor Co. of New York a year book of
Ogg, is a recent publication of Messrs. Longmans,
“ Social Progress,” made up of social, economic, and
religious statistics from all parts of the world.
Green, & Co.
Messrs. J. F. Taylor & Co. publish a « Manual of
The “Geography of South and East Africa,” by Mr.
C. P. Lucas, extracted from “ A Historical Geography
Forensic Quotations," from speeches by distinguished
of the English Colonies," and revised to date by Mr.
lawyers, a work prepared by Messrs. Leon Mead and
F. N. Gilbert.
Hugh Edward Egerton, now makes a volume by itself,
Professor Buel P. Colton's “Zoology, Descriptive
and is published at the Oxford Clarendon Press.
Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. publish a new edition
and Practical” is published by Messrs. Ginn & Co., the
of “The Defence of Guenevere, and Other Poems," by
two parts now united in a single volume, although still
William Morris. This is a reprint of the edition of
separately paged.
The Macmillan Co. publish a “ New Physical Geog-
four years ago, which embodied the revisions made by
the author for his own Kelmscott Press edition of 1892.
raphy,” by Professor Ralph S. Tarr, the latest in a long
An interesting collection of early Victorian anecdote,
series of exceptionally good and successful text-books
gossip, and reminiscences is said to have been brought
upon this subject.
to light in England by the publication of the Memoirs
An English prose translation of Cynewulf's “ Elene,"
of Anna Pickering as edited by her son. The book is
made by Mr. Lucius Hudson Holt, is published as one
to be published soon in this country by Messrs. Dodd,
of the series of “Yale Studies in English ” by Messrs.
Mead & Co.
Henry Holt & Co.
“Consolatio" is the title of an ode written by Pro-
“Stories of the Ancient Greeks,” by Mr. Charles
fessor Raymond Macdonald Alden, and published by
D. Shaw, is a collection of myths and hero-tales retold
Messrs. Paul Elder & Co. The poem is in memory of
for children in simple language. It is published by
certain students of Stanford University who died last
Messrs. Ginn & Co.
June a few days before the time of their expected
Stevenson's “ Treasure Island," edited by Miss Theda
graduation.
Gildermeister, is published by Messrs. Rand, McNally
The new edition of the Lewis and Clark Journals in
& Co.in an illustrated edition, with biography and notes,
convenient form, which Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co. are
for the use of schools.
preparing for immediate issue, will contain a general
“ A First Book in Basiness Methods,” published by introduction and an account of the Louisiana Purchase
Messrs. Rand, McNally & Co., is a useful book for
by Professor John Bach McMaster and an identifica-
schools, and has been prepared by Messrs. William P.
tion of the route of the explorers by Mr. Ripley Hitch-
Teller and Henry E. Brown.
cock.
“Electric Traction,” by Mr. John Hall Rider, is Miss Margaret Morley, whose original nature books
“a practical handbook on the application of electricity have brought her a secure reputation, has written an
as a motive power,” published in “The Specialists' entertaining volume about squirrel life, which she has
Series ” by the Messrs. Macmillan.
named “ Little Mitchell, the Story of a Mountain Squir-
“Whittaker's Anatomical Model of the Female rel.” Miss Morley's publishers, Messrs. A. C. McClurg
Human Body,” accompanied by descriptive letter & Co., will issue the book this Spring, with sympathetic
press, and prepared by Mr. William S. Furneaux, is a illustrations by Mr. Bruce Horsfall.
recent publication of Mr. Thomas Whittaker.
The American Book Co. publish a new “Gateway
Professor W. W. Goodwin has prepared a school Series” of English classics for schools, under the gen-
edition of "Demosthenes on the Crown” by abridging eral editorship of the Rev. Henry van Dyke. Three
his larger edition of the same work published some volumes are now at hand: Macaulay's Essay on Milton,
three years ago.
The volume is published by the edited by Mr. E. L. Gulick; Carlyle's Essay on Burns,
Macmillan Co.
edited by Professor Edward Mims; and Shakespeare's
In the new volumes of the “ English Men of Letters" “ Merchant of Venice,” edited by Professor Felix
series to be published this spring by the Macmillan Co., Schelling.
the Hon. Emily Lawless will write of Maria Edgeworth, Mr. William Vaughn Moody has for some years been
Canon H. C. Beeching of Jane Austen, and Sir Leslie working on a trilogy of dramatic poems dealing with
Stephen of Hobbes.
the Promethean legend. The first of the three, entitled
Mr. Tuley Francis Huntington is the author of a “ The Fire-Bringer," will be published next month
text-book on the “ Elements of English Composition by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The second has
for secondary schools. Not rules but habits, is the already been published under the title of “A Masque
motto of the work, and an excellent one it is. The book of Judgment.” Mr. Moody expects to complete the
is published by the Macmillan Co.
third during the next two or three years.


164
[March 1,
THE DIAL
The February issue of “ The Burlington Magazine" publishers' statement, that the accounts heretofore pub-
contains an interesting prospectus of articles planned for lished have been not only more of a paraphrase than a
publication during the present year, including contribu reproduction, but they have totally ignored a great
tions from many of the most authoritative art critics of mass of valuable information. It is said that the forth-
the day. The American edition of this magazine de luxe coming edition will include much important material
now appears with the imprint of the Macmillan Co. heretofore unpublished.
Volume I. of - Testing of Electro-Magnetic Ma-
chinery and Other Apparatus,” by Messrs. Bernard
Victor Swenson and Budd Frankenfield, is a practical
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
treatise on electrical engineering published by the Mac-
millan Co. “ Direct Currents" is the special subject
March, 1904.
of this first volume.
Advertising, Public, Abuses of. C. M. Robinson. Atlantic.
The English “Who's Who” for 1904, being the Alphabet, History of the. H. S. Williams. Harper,
fifty-sixth annual issue of this valuable book of refer-
America Competing against Itself. World's Work.
ence, is sent us by the Macmillan Co. It records occur-
Animals, On Humanizing the. Jobn Burroughs. Century.
rences down to the middle of last September. The
Army, The, and Anti Canteen Legislation. No. American.
Asia, Economic Changes in. Arthur J. Brown, Century.
prefatory tables which formerly accompanied these
Ballooning over the Alps. J. I. MoCallum. World's Work.
volumes bave now disappeared altogether, to be pub Baltimore Disaster, Lessons of the. Review of Reviews.
lished hereafter in separate form, and the seventeen Baltimore Fire, The. J. M. Rogers. Review of Reviews.
hundred pages of the work now contain biographies Beggar's Pouch, The. Agnes Repplier. Atlantic.
alone. As we have remarked before, the selection of Bible Society Centennial, The. D. C. Gilman. No. American.
American names is capricious.
Bismarck, A Visit to. Henry Villard. Century.
Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons announce that here-
Books Unread. Thomas W. Higginson. Atlantic.
after their business will be carried on as a corporation
Bourse, The Paris. Cleveland Moffett. Century.
Business, The Small, as a School of Manhood. Atlantic.
under the title of Charles Scribner's Sons, Incorporated.
Civilization, A Sioux Indian's First Impressions of. Harper.
There will be no change in the management or meth Coal Strike, What Has Followed the. World's Work.
ods of the business, wbich will go on in all its depart Commercial Union, American. Wharton Barker, No. Amer.
ments as heretofore. Advantage will be taken of the Constitution and Guerrière, Fight of. A. T. Maban. Scribner.
opportunity for associating more closely some of those Desert Irrigation in Far West. L. R. Freeman. Rev. of Revs.
who for years have been connected with the organiza-
Diplomacy, American, Beginnings of. J. B. Moore. Harper.
tion. The officers of the Company are Charles Scrib-
Elasticity and Sound Banking. F. A. Cleveland. No. Amer.
ner, president; Arthur H. Scribner, vice-president and
England and the Russo-Japanese War. No. American.
Far Eastern Trade, A Menance to America's. No. American.
treasurer; Edwin W. Morse, secretary.
Farming under Glass. B. T. Galloway. World's Work.
The Messrs. Scribner will begin publication this Garden Idyll, A. Kate Whiting Patch. Harper.
month of an important series of biographical and crit Gentlewoman, Return of. Harriet L. Bradley. Atlantic,
ical studies of well-known authors of all countries, Germany, A Letter from. W. C. Dreher. Atlantic,
under the general title of “ Literary Lives.” Dr. W. Haiti, A Century of Independence in. Review of Reviews.
Robertson Nicoll is editor of the series, and the first
Hanna, Senator. L. A. Coolidge. Review of Reviews.
two volumes, on Matthew Arnold and Cardinal Newman,
Hawthorne Letters, A Group of. Julian Hawthorne. Harper.
Holst, Hermann von. Lucia Hammond. Review of Reviews.
are the work of Mr. G. W. E. Russell and Dr. William
Industrial Manager, The Modern. H. Wisby. World's Work.
Barry respectively. Early volumes are promised by
Insect Commonwealths. H. C. McCook. Harper.
Mr. W. Hale White on John Bunyan, Mr. Clement K. Japan, Men Who Are “Doing Things" for, Rev. of Reviews,
Shorter on Charlotte Brontë, Dr. Nicoll on R. M. Korea, Japan, and Russia. R. E. Speer. World's Work.
Hutton, Professor Edward Dowden on Goethe, and Miss Labor Unions, A Workingman on. R. B. Grant. Century.
Louise Imogen Guiney on William Hazlitt.
Labor Unions, Race Factors in. W. Z. Ripley. Atlantic.
“The Shorter Poems of Alfred Tennyson," edited by
Labrador " Liveyere,” The. Norman Duncan. Harper.
"Mary Had a Little Lamb" and its Author. Century.
Mr. Charles Read Nutter, and Book I. of Spenser's
Menomonie's Ideal Schools. Adele Shaw. World's Work.
“ Faerie Queene,” edited by Professor George Arm-
Mesa, The Enchanted. Benjamin Brooks. Scribner.
strong Wauchope, are two new “ Pocket Classics" pub Mommsen, Theodor. Jesse B. Carter. Atlantic.
lished by the Macmillan Co. Other English texts for Newspapers, Why Disbelieved. E. Bok. World's Work.
school use are “ Macbeth," edited by Mr. George Smith, Panama and Canal, Latin-American Views of. Rev. of Revs.
and “The Tempest," edited by Mr. Oliphant Smeaton, Panama and its People. F. C. Nicholson. Review of Reviews
published by Messrs. Henry Holt & Co.; “ The Mer-
Panama Canal, Control of Approach to the World's Work.
chant of Venice," edited by Dr. William J. Rolfe, pub-
Polar Campaign, The. J. Scott Keltie. No. American.
lished by the American Book Co.; and Macaulay's
Pope, An Interview with the Review of Reviews.
Pope, Anecdotes of the New. W.J. D. Croke. Century.
“Life of Samuel Johoson," edited by Mr. Charles Lane
Post-Office and the People. M. G. Cuniff. World's Work.
Hanson, published by Messrs. Ginn & Co.
Prescott the Man. Rollo Ogden. Atlantic,
Publication of their complete and definitive edition of Public Opinion, Making of. Rollo Ogden. Century.
the Journals of Lewis and Clark will soon be begun by Railroading, Ten Years' Advance in. World's Work.
Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., under the editorship of Mr.
Rugby, Little. Roy Rolfe Gilson. Harper.
Reuben Gold Thwaites. The original journals of the
Russia, Why Japan Resists. K. Takahira. No. American,
Russian Commanders in the Far East. Review of Reviews.
expedition are now in the possession of the American
Russian Jew Americanized. E. S. Brudno. World's Work.
Philosophical Society of Philadelphia. Although these
Santo Domingo. Charles S. Salomon. Review of Reviews.
journals have formed the basis for many published ac South American Desert, Crossing a. C. J. Post. Hurper.
counts of the expedition, it is claimed they have never Strauss, Richard. James Huneker. Scribner.
before been made public in the exact form and manner Warfare, An Untechnical View of. North American.
in which they were actually written by the explorers. Western Sea, Search for the Agnes C. Laut. Scribner,
A still more remarkable fact is, according to the
Woman Suffrage, Advantage of, to the State. No. American.


THE DIAL
a
A Semi-fronthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER,
PAGE
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
THE THEATRE AND THE DRAMA.
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must Gotthold Lessing gave the best of his life's
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the energies, critical and creative, to upbuilding
current number. REMITTANCES should be by draft, or by express or
poslal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
the German stage. Yet towards the close of
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; his career, when anyone mentioned the thea-
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
tre to him, he would say,“ You bore me," and
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
would shut his eyes and go to sleep. Some of
us, who, though without Lessing's claim and
authority, have thought and wrought for the
American stage, feel like echoing his behavior.
No. 426. MARCH 16, 1904. Vol. XXXVI.
What are the causes of the unquestioned
feebleness and futility of the American theatre.
CONTENTS.
Abroad, in Germany, France, Italy, - even in
THE THEATRE AND THE DRAMA. Charles
England, — there is a dramatic and theatric
Leonard Moore
187
renaissance. The Scandinavian countries have
been for nearly a century, indeed since the
PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AS A HERO. Wallace
Rice.
190 great Danish outburst in Oehlenschläger, the
homes of a flourishing and splendid drama.
THE BEGINNINGS OF SPANISH RULE IN THE
PHILIPPINES. Paul S. Reinsch.
192
Only in America the to-day of the stage seems
barren, the to-morrow blank.
ON THE ROOF OF THE WORLD. Ira M. Price 194
There are, of course, general causes at work
CRITICISMS OF DARWIN. T. D. A. Cockerell 196
to account for our weakness in the drama, as in
RECENT AMERICAN POETRY. William Morton every other high field of thought and work.
Payne
198 The dramatic art is particularly and above all
Woodberry's Poems. Carman's Songs of the Sea others the imaginative art. It shows the real
Children.-Mifflin's Castalian Days. - Beach's Son-
world the door, and welcomes with outstretched
nets of the Head and Heart. — Viele's Random
Verse. - Lincoln's Relishes of Rhyme. — Scollard
arms the fancy-created universe of our hopes
and Rice's Ballads of Valor and Victory. -- Gibbs's
and fears. “A poor gentleman,” says Hazlitt,
Songs of Content. — Miss Monroe's The Passing “ who lacks a guinea may best make up for his
Show.— Miss Peabody's The Singing Leaves. - want by a balf crown seat at the theatre." An
Miss Daskam's Poems. -- Miss Soule's Heartsease
American would rather have the guinea in his
and Rue. - Miss De Vere's The Wind Swept
Wheat. - Miss Bristol's A Spray of Cosmos. —-
breeches pocket than the gilded vision in his
Miss Wildman's A Hill Prayer. – Mrs. Adams's brain. We are in truth a prosaic people, the
The Song at Midnight.
pupils or victims of our philosopher and law-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
203 giver Benjamin Franklin. To me Franklin
Whittier as a man of action.—The Dutch founding seems the modern embodiment of Milton's
of New York. — The Bible in Browning. — “Not Mammon — “the least erected spirit that fell."
one but all mankind's epitome." — The philosophy
Or perhaps his better prototype could be found
of Auguste Comte. — Journal of the “Father.
in Sixteen String Jack.
of the Constitution.” — The Republics of South
America.--A down-East story-teller and preacher.
Another cause of our failure in the drama is
Printing in relation to graphic art. - - County our want of a central seat of opinion, where
Antrim in prose and verse. -
- Valuable Amer-
those capable of the best effort could gather
icana reprints. An English woman of letters.
and win recognition and reward. Every great
BRIEFER MENTION
207 drama of the past, I think, has risen in a cap-
NOTES
208 ital - a capital of wit if not of rule. But
America is like a man who has seven or eight
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS
209
A classified list of over 700 titles of books to
heads growing out of his body, each one of
be issued by the American publishers during the them wishing to go its own way and to do its
Spring of 1904,
own will. It is possible, I should say, that if
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
217 some American town, which has resigned, or
.
.


188
[March 16,
THE DIAL
arm.
W:
does not care for, supremacy in commerce, unacted and unsung, the mock of managers and
manufactures, or wealth, would set up and sup- singers, until Ludwig of Bavaria gave him his
port a theatrical establishment, where the best opportunity to enchant the world.
only of new and old plays should be presented, It is perfectly natural that when the acclaim
it might lift its head above the other cities of of the crowd throws the sceptre into the actor's
our realm and make the American people walk hand, he should wield it as if it belonged to
its way. Concentration and direction are the him of right; and he should dominate the sit-
first requisites of success in any field of effort. uation. But that it is bad for him in the end
Direction! That indeed is the knot of the to be the master of the theatre is certain. He
difficulty. Who is to direct the work that cannot create, in any real sense ; he can but
must be done to build up a great drama and execute. Yet, being at the top of fortune, it is
stage in our country? There is a story in Le only human instinct in him which makes him
Sage which is so apropos here that it is worth refuse to be ordered and lessoned by a superior.
retelling. Gil Blas and his friend Fabrieius Yet he depends on the dramatic poet for his
have attended the very successful first night of opportunities. He cannot shine in his bor.
a new play, and after the performance are in- rowed brilliancy unless the dramatist gives him
vited by the actors to take supper with them.
a role.
It is as though the moon should de-
As they are sitting at the table there comes a cide that the beadship of the sky belonged to
gentle knock on the door. The leading actor it, and should succeed in putting the sun into
gets up and opens it and admits a timid, cring- obscurity. To take one instance of the suprem-
ing, shabby person who has a roll under his acy of the poet :- How many theatres has
The actor takes the roll, dismisses the agner opened ? how many players and sing-
intruder with a few frowning words, and sits ers has he made famous ? what a huge train
down again. “Who was that?” asks Fabricius. of people has he given employment to ? If the
“Oh," says the actor, “ that was the poor devil American stage is to be reformed, it is neces-
whose play we performed to-night."
sary that the actor should realize that he is
Human nature never alters. As long as it mainly an instrument; that the breath which
is popular favor which gives the wreaths and fills him, the life to which he is lifted, comes
rewards, it is the executant who will gather from another.
these in and assume the authority. As long as I have said that the actor does not create.
the movable booths of wandering players were It might be interesting to try to draw out a
the only platforms for the Spanish playwright, little just what he does do, what his services
Cervantes, with his marvellous dramatic power, to the author are. In the first place he pub-
had to starve. But the moment the Court and lishes the play: prints it on the general mind
Inquisition found they needed a theatre, it was net by the use of little, wriggling, black marks
possible for Lope and Calderon to take the on a piece of paper, but by means of the human
port of princes. As long as the cart of voice, by the embodiment in stately or beauti-
Thespis was the vehicle of the drama, we hear ful human figures, by the accompaniment of
nothing of poets. But when the Athenians appropriate scenery. The most imaginative
dedicated a great free theatre, and made it minds will, perhaps, always prefer the printed
an institution of the state, Æschylus and his page as giving the most scope for perfected
successors took their place of highest citizen visions. But to the mass of mankind the
ship. As long as the Elizabethan dramatists theatrical ensemble is the more vivid realiza-
depended solely on popular favor, Greene, tion. So far, however, no great credit is due
Peele, Marlowe, and others were the poor and to the actor. He is engaged to recite certain
unregarded servants of the actors. But when lines and give them the benefit of his action
Shakespeare succeeded, as undoubtedly he and elocution.
and elocution. In the degree to which his
must have done, in gaining for his “ back action and elocution interpret or improve his
a clique of powerful nobles, he could make part he may claim partnership with the poet.
himself respected and wealthy. Goethe and The first stage is where he merely fills out
Schiller might have been compelled to write his role with his own passion and emotion.
Robber Dramas or Domestic Comedies all This is the stage of training and temperament,
their lives to gain a few thalers, had not the and is so engaging and satisfying that few
support of the Weimar Court given them a actors rise above it. When Kean put an
theatre through which they could dominate indescribable fire and fury into Richard's
Germany. Wagner had to freeze in isolation, I exclamations “ What do they in the North ";


1904.)
189
THE DIAL
or when he leaped upon the stage in the quarrel I have said nothing as to the part of the
scene of “Othello” and silenced the angry Manager in working for or against dramatic
combatants by the mere majesty of his pres literature. I think there is very little to say.
ence; or when Booth recited the last speeches The Manager under our American system is
of Macbeth with such haunting melody of elo- hardly more than the agent of the player. An
cution that each word seemed falling from actor or actress who is known or famous can
Fate's very lips ; — in these cases there was practically dictate what plays he or she will
practically nothing original added to the poet's appear in.
work. He might reasonably claim such inter The results of our American system of
pretation, and the mere imagination of the pri- theatrical management are threefold. In the
yate reader might give him as much or more. first place we have no dramatic literature;
But there is a second stage of theatrical whereas nearly every country in Europe has
effort where the artist on the boards does add a mass of splendid art in this kind, art
to and does improve upon his author. In a which will be remembered when our tariff.
certain scene of “Coriolanus," Volumnia has built fortunes have taken themselves wings,
nothing to do but to walk across the stage and when our strenuous politics are forgotten
But she has just heard of her son's victory save in the memories of hate which they have
over the Volscians, and Mrs. Siddons, in play- aroused. In the second place the intelligence
ing the part, came floating across the back of America has largely abandoned the theatre.
ground as if transported with exultant pride — The intelligence of America knows the old
her head triumphant, her bosom swelling, and plays by heart, and its actors refuse to produce
her step like goddess on the clouds. Again, any new ones which have a suspicion of intel-
in tứe last scene of “ Measure for Measure, lect in them. In the third place, the decadence
when justice has been done and the judgments bas affected the players themselves. Many
meted out, Madame Modjeska as Isabella good ones have had to sink to the vaudeville
gradually retires into the background and stage, and the greater ones — who, in a meas-
seeks to steal away.
Her work is over, and ure, have tried to uphold the traditions and
she claims no reward. This is as good as a dignity of their art-
dignity of their art - do not get the proper
new speech by Shakespeare. Again, Adelaide support. But their own determination to put
Neilson, in the balcony scene of “ Romeo and the cart before the horse, to place the servant
Juliet," suddenly seized the roses growing on in the master's seat, has very largely contrib-
the trellis below her and, pressing them first to
uted to such results.
her bosom, flung them down to Romeo. Again, What is the remedy? There is only one an-
when Charlotte Cushman in Macbeth
swer, - the State organization of the theatre.
forth to meet Dancan before the gates of her cas-Theory! Idealism! A democracy will never
tle her body had the sinuous grace of a serpent consent to such a project! Well, then, a de-
and her eyes were unutterable, filled seemingly mocracy will have to do without a dramatic lit-
with visions of bell. In all these cases the mind erature or a decent stage. Democracies have
of the player coöperated with the dramatist. organized the theatre before - in Greece, in
The player was an illustrator who had flashed France. Our own Democracy is just now en.
a new picture forth which must henceforward gaged in organizing a Free Library service all
be bound up with the book. He, or she, was over our country. The theatre is hardly less
a critic who had made a new study of his important. It is absolutely certain that good
author, which must be accepted as admirable dramatic literature— literature which tells and
and true. Yet even in these cases of lofty will live cannot be made to pay on a basis
effort put forth by the actor, his work remains of popular support. It is also certain, and
very
a commentary, a gloss, a realization, of some natural, that actors have more concern to make
thing which can again be commented upon, their own livings and fortunes and fames than
glossed, or realized.
to produce plays and impersonate characters
The player, then, on the whole, must be ac which are for the public good. The direction
counted the dramatist's shadow. We see this
We see this of their efforts must be from above. They must
plainly enough in his relations with authors of be assured of adequate support, and dramatists
the past, but in the matter of playwrights of must be encouraged to produce, if the nation
to-day we are content to crown the shadow in is to have any real use of the mighty powers
the foreground and let it dominate the real which lie latent in the theatre.
being behind.
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.
came


190
[March 16,
THE DIAL
get away, for fear he would lose his chance. And then
The New Books.
the look of amazed incredulity that came into his face
when the man who still had him by the hand said that
he was the President. He must have felt as I did when
I first met King Christian in Copenhagen, and learned
PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT AS A HERO.*
who the man in the blue overcoat was, with whom I had
The two recent books devoted to the charac such a good time telling him all about my boyish am-
bitions and my father and home, while we climbed the
ter and career of Theodore Roosevelt, presi-
stairs to the picture exhibition in the palace of Char-
dent of the United States through the lamen lottenburg. The idea of a real king in an overcoat and
table taking off of William McKinley and a plain hat! I had my doubts about whether he took
candidate for election to that exalted office, off his crown when he went to bed at night.”
cannot be said to be authentic history or even In pleasing contrast to Mr. Riis's thorough-
biography, nor do they disclose any facts of going acceptance of Mr. Roosevelt as the wisest
importance not previously known. All that
All that and best of mankind is Mr. Leupp's prelimi.
Mr. Jacob A. Riis and Mr. Francis E. Leupp nary declaration, after noting the element in
have demonstrated in their readable volumes him which has been able to turn circumstances
is Mr. Roosevelt's ability to make and hold his seemingly adverse to his own advantage, in the
friends,- among them the authors of these two following paragraph:
books, both men of integrity who are also ac “ President Roosevelt is not a genius. He is a man
complished writers. Both profess the utmost of no extraordinary natural capacity. As author, law-
admiration for Mr. Roosevelt, both plead their maker, administrator, huntsman, athlete, soldier, what
friendship and even intimacy, and their vol-
you will, his record contains nothing that might not
have been accomplished by any man of sound physique
umes may be taken as in a real sense official
and good intelligence. Such prestige as he enjoys
and inspired. By curious chance the titles of above his fellows he has acquired partly by hard work
the two could be exchanged to advantage in and partly by using his mother wit in his choice of
the interests of accuracy, since Mr. Riis deals tasks and his method of tackling them. He bas simply
much more with Mr. Roosevelt as a man, and discouragement, sought better ways of doing what
taken up and completed what others have dropped in
Mr. Leupp rather with his career as a citizen. others have done before, labored always in the open, and
remembered that the world moves.
difference. The Scot, however sycophantic, took It is still to be observed, notwithstanding this,
pains to present a complete portrait, showing a
that Mr. Leupp allows little or nothing to
man with many of the characteristics of great-
ness, but still fully human and with human tify his readers, if uninformed otherwise, in
appear in his pages that would not fully jus-
frailties and liabilities to err ; Mr. Riis calls bestowing upon Mr. Roosevelt the full wreath
Mr. Roosevelt “ my hero,” he discloses perfec- of genius. "But his arguments toward that
tions only, and in his partisanship does not
end are directed to the intelligence for the
scruple to condemn those who see with eyes
most part, and not, like Mr. Riis's, to the pre-
less blinded by devotion. No occupant of the
judices and sentiments. Mr. Leupp is still an
Holy See sitting ex cathedra is more infallible
American in his attitude.
than his hero; and, unlike the successors of
As might be expected, Mr. Riis's prejudices
Saint Peter, he brings bim out impeccable as lead him into statements easily challenged and
well. For all Mr. Riis's Americanism, and
some comparisons that must be odious. He
in other respects it is hardly to be called in tells for example of a German who saw some
question,— this adopted citizen seems to have
of the horrors of the Spanish attempts to
ingrained in his character a feudal devotion to
“pacify" Cuba.
princes. The inference is not forced, as may
“ He could not eat, he could not sleep until he had
be seen in the following bit of interpretation of
gone straight to Wasbington to tell there what he had
childish notions, describing an incident of a re witnessed. I can see the black look come into Roose-
ception in a little Kansas town:
velt's face and hear him muttering under bis breath, for
“The little fellow squirmed and squirmed in the
he, too, had little children that he loved. And the old
grasp of the President's hand, twisting this way and
anger wells up in me at the thought of those who would
that, in desperate search of something, until Mr.
have stayed our hand. Better a thousand times war
Roosevelt asked him whom he was looking for.
with all its horrors than a hell like that. That was mar-
“The President,' gasped the lad, twisting harder to
der, and of women and innocent children. The war that
avenges such infamy I hail as the messenger of wrath
* THEODORE ROOSEVELT THE CITIZEN. By Jacob A. Riis. of an outraged God.”
Illustrated. New York: The Outlook Company.
THE MAN ROOSEVELT. A Portrait Sketch. By Francis
Fine language that, and fully humane. But
E. Leupp. Illustrated. New York : D. Appleton & Co. where is “ the black look in Roosevelt's face"
Mr. Riis is a veritable Boswell, but with a re


1904 ]
191
THE DIAL
when he reads in the reports from the Philip- the man open to the charge of standing on both
pines of similar and less excusable outrages sides of a vital question of reform, and turning
committed
upon
innocent women and children now one way and now the other to his personal
in Batangas by troops under his own command? advantage. Nor is this the sole instance, did
And why has not Mr. Riis hailed the attempt space avail or the occasion demand. After
of the feeble Filipinos to prevent and avenge this one may read with a certain amusement
these infamies “as the messenger of wrath of Mr. Leupp's chapter on Mr. Roosevelt as the
an outraged God”?
“Knight-Errant of Civil Service Reform,"
But where Mr. Riis seems most blind to the and his enlightening observation that
“other side” of the story is in his unqualified “ Mr. Roosevelt's belief in the reformed civil service
praise of Mr. Roosevelt as a civil service re was never the blind faith of a faddist, but always tem-
former. He quotes him again and again on
pered with practical sense.”
differing phases of the question, to prove that
It is significant that both books are largely
the man who disbelieves in this sensible and apologies - in the newer sense.
Mr. Riis's
righteous measure has not a leg to stand on,
somewhat fatuous statement that Mr. Roosevelt
and is an enemy of his country and his kind. should be the unanimous choice of the people
He sums it up thus :
of the United States for any office he may wish
“ The outcome of it all? Figures convey no idea of
to hold is made nugatory by his eagerness to
it. To say that he found 14,000 governmental officers anticipate adverse criticism in many particu-
under the civil service rules, and left 40,000, does not lars. Mr. Leupp defends the attitude of Mr.
tell the story ; not even in its own poor way, for there
Roosevelt as president again and again with a
are 125,000 now, and when the ransomed number 200,-
000 it will still be Roosevelt's work.”
newspaper man's keener sense of the attacks
that have been made or are still in the making.
For Mr. Roosevelt's attitude as Civil Service
Wbile a large amount of material is held in
Commissioner, as for that of his colleagues,
common by the two, they are still complemen-
there is little but praise. It should be said,
It should be said, tary to a degree.
But it must not be thought
however, that his predecessor in the presiden, that because they have neither of them at-
tial office lessened the number of governmental tempted to tell the whole truth, they are any-
employees materially, departing from the ad-
where intentionally subversive of the truth.
mirable precedents established by Mr.Cleveland The real point is that they are writers accus-
during both his terms of office and by Harrison
tomed to take one side of a question and push
as well. But it was reserved for Mr. Roosevelt
it with all the force of their own virile
to deal this reform a more desperate blow, by alities and all the skill of pens long trained to
person-
striking at its heart. Under section eight of controversy. Both frankly admit their prepos-
civil service rule number eleven, which rule sessions, their friendship, their affection; and
prohibits removals for political or religious it will readily be granted that the very fact
opinions or affiliations, it is specified that no
that Mr. Roosevelt holds two such men in rela-
removal from the classified civil service of the
tions so close is no small evidence of bis own
nation shall be made except for just cause, worth.
upon written charges, and after full notice and
Nor is it intended to suggest that the Amer-
opportunity to defend. On May 27, 1902,
ican people are not adequately represented at
President Roosevelt issued an order, of which
this time by Mr. Roosevelt and his opportun-
the essential portion follows:
istic ideas, and that his volunteer biographers
“ The term “just cause'as used in section 8, civil
service rule 11, is intended to mean any cause other
wel here are writing for the larger audience in
than merely political or religious which will promote meting out praise- unmitigated in the case of
the efficiency of the service, and nothing contained in
Mr. Riis, somewhat tempered by wider knowl-
said rule shall be construed to require the examination edge in the case of Mr. Leupp. It is, per-
of witnesses or any trial or hearing except in the dis- haps, too much to expect that personal friends
cretion of the officer making the removal."
should remain silent, or that they should speak
It need not be stated that such a construc the whole truth as distinguished from the truth
tion leaves the administration free to dismiss as they prefer to contemplate it. This latter
any civil servant with or without cause in the is the work, as it will become the duty, of the
sole discretion of “the officer making the re historian of the future, and no small share
moval," and throws down all the barriers so of the material in these two interesting, even
painfully erected against spoilsmen and partis- fascinating, volumes will be available for his
anship. What is worse, it leaves Mr. Roosevelt purposes. But it is dangerous to set up an
ole


192
[March 16,
THE DIAL
American who has made mistakes and will con ing conditions as they are, every student and
tinue to make them, by reason of the humanity reader of history will be thankful to the edi-
that is common to all of us, as a person who tors and publishers for having undertaken this
can think, speak, and do nothing inexpedient, almost heroic work.
unwise, or wrong, or to exalt his office into one The ten volumes now published cover the first
too high and too remote for the sternest criti- quarter century of actual Spanish occupation.
cism when criticism is needed. And of these Documents connected with the demarcation
faults both Mr. Riis and Mr. Leupp are guilty. by the Pope of the Spanish and Portuguese
WALLACE RICE. claims, together with the accounts of earlier
voyages of discovery, take
up
the bulk of the
first two volumes. In the succeeding, there
are laid before us the accounts of missionaries
THE BEGINNINGS OF SPANISH RULE IN
and explorers, the reports of governors, the
THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.*
remonstrances and memorials of ecclesiastics,
The publishers of “The Philippine Islands, and the ordinances and letters of instruction
1493–1898 ” have taken occasion by the fore- emanating from the home government. Among
lock, and while the popular interest in our new the most important and interesting of these
Oriental possessions still holds out they have documents are Legaspi's relation of the con-
launched this ambitious collection of historical quest; the accounts of the geographical and
material. The great usefulness of the work ethnological features of the Philippine Islands
cannot be disputed. It will make easily ac-
by Artieda, Riquel, Laorca, De Sande, and
cessible to students and investigators the prin- De Plasencia; the administrative report of
cipal documents and contemporary accounts De Vera and Desmariñas ; the remonstrances
upon which our views of Philippine conditions of De Rada and De Salazar against the cruel.
and development must be founded. A collec ties and abuses of the Spanish conquest ; the
tion of this kind must avoid every appearance general petition of 1586 ; and the royal in-
of trying to establish definitive conclusions, for structions to Governor Tello. The picture pre-
valid inferences can be drawn only after all sented in these volumes contains in miniature
the material has been collected and carefully almost all the features of later Philippine de-
scanned. Nor can the mass of relevant ma-
velopment, and it even affords us a glimpse of
terial itself be presented in its entirety in a the impending conflict between Eastern and
collection like this. The work must, therefore, Western nations which has even now not ap-
be judged by the carefulness and justice of the proached its final settlement. The soldiers of
methods of selection, the faithfulness of repro the conquest have little regard for the rights
duction and translation, and the sufficiency of of the natives ; their cruelties impress them-
the apparatus of critical and explanatory notes. selves upon the minds of the latter so forcibly
It is evident that an approach to perfection in that they hesitate to accept the joys of the
a work of this kind can be obtained only by a Christian heaven, “where there may be some
prodigious amount of labor extending over a Spanish soldiers.”
Spanish soldiers.” The leading missionaries
long time. The complete mastery of the doc- and ecclesiastics, from the very first, take up
umentary material by the editors would alone the position of protectors of the natives ; De
require decades of work. Critical comment Rada protests against the methods of conquest
and historical elucidations of the text call for and Bishop De Salazar is bitter in his com-
minute and painstaking elaboration on the part plaints about the tyranny of Spanish officials.
of experts. A standard such as this cannot, The missionaries consider the Philippine col-
however, justly be exacted in the case of a
ony as their province, and the medieval battle
work carried on by private enterprise and un between ecclesiastical and secular jurisdiction
der
press of the necessity of publishing while
is fought over again on a lesser scale but with
public interest is alert. If the work could have
no abatement of bitterness. The natives of the
been undertaken with larger resources and Philippines, whose customs and general civ-
with more leisure for preparation, it would be ilization are in these “ relations ” usually de-
easy to frame higher requirements ; but, tak scribed from the point of view of the man who
* THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493–1898. Edited by Emma has come to redeem them from sinfulness, in
Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson; with an large numbers accept the new faith and place
Historical Introduction and additional Notes by Edward
Gaylord Bourne. Volumes I. to X. Cleveland: The Arthur
themselves under the guidance of the mission-
H. Clark Co.
aries. The commercial relations of the islands


1904.]
193
THE DIAL
are at the earliest date made the subject of re the superlative and unqualified statements
strictive regulations in order to obtain for the made in the historical introduction. The state-
Spanish conquerors the easy profits of a monop ments that Legaspi has no rival as a colonial
oly of trade. During the first decades of the pioneer ; that “the work of the conversion and
Spanish occupation numerous Chinese come to civilization of the Philippines must be pro-
live in Manila, the newly founded capital; they nounced as an achievement witbout a parallel
form a community of their own, but many among in history"; that the existence of the Filipinos
them are inclined to an at least temporary ac under Spanish rule was "on as high a plane
ceptance of Christianity. The encomienda as has yet been obtained by any people of color
system of New Spain is transferred to the Phil. anywhere in the world, or by any Orientals for
ippines, and the principal question in political any such length of time"; and, finally, that
discussions is the tribute paid by the natives “the position of women was fully as good
and the tithes demanded of the encomenderos. among the Christian Indians as among the
As far as it is possible to form a judgment. Christian peoples of Europe”; indicate that
on the basis of the documents presented in the writer of the introduction has been charmed
these early volumes, it seems apparent that the by the highly favorable accounts of Morga and
conquest was not so cruel and was also far less Zuñiga. Even the documents already pre-
difficult than that of Spanish-America. The sented in this collection would necessitate the
documents also show that the missionaries fully revision of such sweeping generalizations. In
realized the possibilities before them, that they the earlier prefaces the editors have assumed
were filled with a generous enthusiasm engen the position that the Philippine clergy were the
dered by great opportunities and with a feeling humanitarian protectors of the natives, who
of responsibility for the welfare of the natives. were ruthlessly exploited by the secular offi-
The royal instructions to Governor Tello, of cials and other Spaniards. The editors fur.
the year 1596, form a most instructive docu ther cite without dissent the views of Crawfurd
ment. They enjoined upon the governor the and of others, according to whom the natives
fostering of religious work, the construction of at the time of the arrival of the Spaniards were
a dignified cathedral, and respect for ecclesias- practically “naked savages.” As to the real
tical jurisdiction; the administrative recom condition of the natives, the relations of Loarca,
mendations deal chiefly with the collection of Artieda, and Plasencia, who looked upon them
tribute and with the monopoly of trade. with by no means favorable eyes, show that a
But no matter how favorable our judgment relatively high degree of civilization had been
may be concerning the motives of the leading achieved by the Filipino tribes before the
men in these earlier years and concerning the coming of the Spaniards. The natives had de-
fruits of their efforts, it can hardly be as un veloped mining and a diversified agricultural
qualified as that pronounced by the editors in industry, they manufactured cotton cloth and
their introduction and the prefaces. It is to silk, they were familiar with the processes of
be regretted that they should have seen fit to assaying, and their cast bronze excited the ad-
accept the view of one of the parties in the in miration of the conquerors; they had regular
terminable controversy in Philippine history, trade relations with China and Borneo ; and
and to have anticipated a judgment that can though living in great simplicity, their society
be founded only upon a very careful examina was differentiated and their laws bear witness
tion of all the documentary material. Indeed, to a social development far above that of the
it may be questioned whether this controversy savage. In the Tagal language the natives
can ever be settled satisfactorily at all. The had an instrument of expression highly de-
witnesses whose testimony we have were mostly veloped in grammatical structure and rich in
themselves in the thick of the struggle, and literary possibilities.
their accounts are full of unconscious prejudice. The slavery existing among the natives was
Impartial governmental material as well as ac abolished by the Spaniards, wbo, however, sub-
counts of unbiased observers are very scarce, stituted a new system of serfdom in the form
and the recorded forms of laws and institutions of the encomiendas. Though the principal
are very often misleading, as they did not al missionaries fought bravely and conscientiously
ways correspond to the real facts of the public against the exploitation of the natives, the dis-
administration. It will therefore undoubtedly regard of their rights was by no means always
be necessary to suspend judgment for some confined to the secular part of the population.
time to come. The more surprising must be In an interesting public document of 1592, the


194
[March 16,
THE DIAL
friars pronounced for the enslavement of cap well be given in some detail. The critical and
tives of war, and we find it repeatedly stated explanatory notes are so few as to be of slight
by high officials that ecclesiastics were practi- value, and they give but little assistance in
cally enslaving natives for their own benefit. judging of the relative importance and of the
Though slavery was formally abolished, the historical position of the individual documents.
original social distinctions among the natives But notwithstanding all such minor criticisms
were maintained, and the serfs, or Calians, con and reservations, the great utility of the work
tinued for centuries to be heavily oppressed by is unquestioned, and the devotion of the edi-
the classes above them, especially by the Ban- tors and publishers to their monumental task
ians, from among whom the local officials — will undoubtedly make the work increasingly
the gobernadorcillas and cabezas — were se satisfactory in all respects, and increasingly
lected. In addition to the taxes for the church just to all the historical factors involved.
and state, heavy dues were exacted from the
PAUL S. REINSCH.
lower classes by these quasi-feudal superiors.
In
any
estimate of the friars' achievements
in the Philippine Islands full credit will of
course be given the orders for the brave and
ON THE ROOF OF THE WORLD.*
generous enthusiasm with which their work
Eastern Turkestan, Mongolia, and Tibet are
was originally undertaken ; the rapid establish-
practically unknown regions. Their almost
ment of Spanish rule and of the forms of
limitless sand-wastes, their rugged and lofty
Christianity certainly testify to the ability and
mountains, their high elevation, and their large
devotion of the early missionaries. But Philip-
areas either sparsely occupied or with no in-
pine history must be judged as a whole, and it
habitants at all, are serious natural barriers to
would certainly be premature to conclude that the work of the explorer and geographer. With-
in the protracted struggle between the clergy in the last quarter-century, several explorers
and the secular powers the former were always have boldly faced the difficulties and passed
in the right. The natives were vouchsafed the through portions of this terra incognita. Among
care and training due to children, but the
these we find the names of Projevalsky, a
friars resisted any change that would have led Russian, Rockhill, an American, Landor, an
their protegés onward to an independent man Englishman, and now Hedin, a Swede.
hood. In this respect the history of Paraguay Dr. Hedin made a trip across Asia, which
has much in common with that of the Philip- terminated disastrously for his whole expedi-
pines. In the case of both there existed a be-
tion, in the sand-wastes of Eastern Turkestan,
nevolent guardianship of dependent popula- in 1896. He has vividly described this cam-
tions. When the protecting hand of the Jes- paign in his “Through Asia,” and has there
uits was withdrawn in Paraguay, the natives
set forth some of his geographical discoveries
proved unable to maintain themselves under
and determinations. The results of that expedi-
the changed conditions. In the Philippine tion won for the explorer distinguished recog.
Islands the guardianship thus exercised came nition from the Royal Geographical Society of
finally to be resented most bitterly by the wards
Great Britain, and other scientific societies,
themselves. No matter how idyllic may be the and by several of the crowned heads of Europe.
picture of a life protected from the storms of Thereby his purpose to penetrate not only
existence and preserving the simplicity of Eastern Turkestan, but “the forbidden land,
childhood, it is not an ideal that can perma. Tibet, received royal encouragement and im-
nently satisfy a race of any vigor or ability.
perial support; for the Czar of Russia tran-
The editors in their prefaces give a succinct sported him and his entire outfit free of cost
synopsis of the documents contained in each
to the eastern terminus of the Russian railway,
volume. There might have been a little more and put at bis disposal four Cossacks.
articulation of the meaning of the material,
The first purpose of his campaign was to
more differentiation of what is deeply impor- determine the geography of Eastern Turkestan.
tant from what is merely the interesting gos This geographical division is an irregular oval
sip of travellers. On the side of legislation in shape, stretching east and west, about 1500
and institutions the collection is so far some miles in length, almost surrounded by high
what weak ; thus, while we would of course not
look for a reprint of the Recopilaciones, the
* CENTRAL ASIA AND TIBET. Towards the Holy City of
Lassa. By Sven Hedin. In two volumes. Illustrated.
legislation in protection of the natives might | New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.


1904 ]
195
THE DIAL
mountains. Its rivers, draining the mountains the mountains into Tibet with a caravan of
on every side, all flow into a basin, without out thirty-nine camels, forty-five horses and mules,
let, in the eastern end of the country, touching and eighteen men, and provisions for ten
the desert of Gobi. Except at the foot of the months, with the ultimate
months, with the ultimate purpose of reaching
mountains and on the banks of the streams, the Holy City of Lassa. The first 600 miles
the country is a barren sand-waste, the most led over snow-covered mountains rising as high
dreadful portion of it being the Takla-Makan as 18,250 feet above the sea, across miry val.
south of the Tarim, in which Dr. Hedin lost leys, through narrow and steep passes, and over
his entire caravan in 1896.
swift rivers, with not a denizen aside from wild
He set out with a caravan from Kashgar in asses, yaks, bears, wolves, and marmots. Hav-
September, 1899, and sent it east on the car. ing pitched his camp, he started with a lama,
avan route to Lop-nor, while he, with a body of whom he had picked up in the Lop country,
servants, embarked on a river-craft or house and who had lived a year in Lassa, and a
boat at Lailik and floated down the Tarim river Buriat Cossack. Attired as Mongol lamas,
for two and a half months, or until winter froze these three set out to make a dash to Lassa.
up the stream. During all this time, Hedin But their fame bad preceded them from the
carefully measured and mapped this great river Lop country, and spies found them when
in all its sinuosities, through a winding dis- within eighty miles of Lassa. The Kamba
tance of over 1500 miles. Having established Bombo (governor) of Nakkchu met them with
a camp, he made two campaigns in different his cavalry and peremptorily ordered them
directions to ascertain the geographical features back ; and back they had to go to their main
of the Lop.nor country, or the basin of Eastern encampment.
Turkestan. In the spring of 1900 he com Thus defeated in one of the cherished pur-
pleted his measurements of the Tarim to its poses of his great campaign, Dr. Hedin with
terminus in the great central basin. In the his caravan investigated the lakes of Selling-
autumn of 1900 he crossed the Altyn Tagh tso, Chargut-tso, and Addan-tso, and thence
with a caravan and penetrated southward into struck out across Tibet toward Ladak in North-
northern Tibet, a distance in a straight line of ern India. The Tibetans, according to their
600 miles. The region averages an altitude custom, were careful to see that they were fur-
of about 15,000 feet, is very mountainous, is nished with transport animals and food, and
wholly uninhabited except by wild animals, and also that they should not turn their course
abounds in surprising geographical peculiar-toward Lassa. In four months this caravan
ities. This journey occupied four months. crossed the remaining steppes of Tibet, attain-
From December, 1900, to March, 1901, he ing at times an altitude of 18,000 feet. On
made a tour of the eastern reach of the Altyn Christmas day, 1901, the nine remaining cam.
Tagh, crossed the desert of Gobi to the north, els of that great caravan entered the city of
and
swung around once more into the Lop-nor Leh in British India.
basin. By a strange chance, one of his serv The volumes recounting these exploits are
ants had found the ruins of a house in the for- entitled “ Central Asia and Tibet.” They com-
mer crossing of the desert. This time Hedin prise a diary of daily events for a period of two
and his whole company set to work and discovo and a half years. At times there is monotony
ered innumerable remains of houses, temples, in the narrative. But the daring adventures
mounds, carvings, coins, an image of Buddha, of the explorer, the newness of the scenes, the
and several hundred Chinese manuscripts. By keenness of his observations, and the mathe-
making a careful survey of the region, he
matical accuracy of his methods, by the use of
decided that these remains marked the site of the latest instruments, gratify the most exact-
an ancient city, whose prosperity, with the ing of readers. The volumes are embellished
fertility of its surroùndings, were dependent with 420 illustrations made from photographs
on their proximity to an ancient basin, — the and drawings by the author. Five maps indi-
terminus of all of the rivers of Eastern cate by red lines the various routes of the
Turkestan. With time and the shifting of author throughout his long campaigns. These
the sands, the present basin is now fifty miles maps contain many new fixed points, as com-
toward the southwest. The manuscripts and pared with those of East Turkestan and Tibet in
coins found in the ruins belong to a period common use. Such daring geographical service
between the second and fifth centuries A. D. as this will soon solve the mysteries of Central
In June, 1901, Dr. Hedin started south over Asia and Tibet.
IRA M. PRICE.


196
[March 16,
THE DIAL
“ kaleidoscopic variations,” and when the char-
CRITICISMS OF DARWIN.*
acters concerned are numerous, the possible
Everyone is familiar with the fact, that results are very many, like the patterns of a
when in bisexual animals the male and the kaleidoscope, all made by the same bits of glass.
female cells unite to form a new individual, While characters thus exclude one another,
that individual is either male or female, pot every offspring of two parents must get some-
intermediate between the two. Very rarely thing from each, otherwise the functions of sex
the characters of the sexes are united in such a are stultified. When the whole of the charac-
manner that one part of the animal is like the ters of the parents are so incongruous that they
male, the other like the female ; thus in butter cannot compromise, there is no offspring; and
flies having the wings of a different color in the this, I believe, is the simple explanation of the
two sexes, specimens have been found in which sterility of crosses. Strasburger has shown
one side had the male color (say blue), the that in plants quite impossible bybrids may
other the female (say brown). Such creatures reach a certain stage of growth, coming to dis-
are called gynandromorphs (a Greek descrip.aster long before a seed is formed. Similarly,
tive term) and are considered very wonderful. there is a limit to the development of any par-
Even these do not show real blending; the sev ticular character in a species. When it reaches
eral parts have male or female characters, a certain point, it is like a man who will no
though combined in one individual.
longer obey the laws of his country,- he or the
Why should it be thus ? Obviously, were it country has to yield, and it is easy to see which.
not so, the separation of the sexes could never In recent years, a great deal of attention has
have occurred. This, however, is a reason, not been directed to these different forms of inheri.
an explanation. The fact appears to be, that tance and great stress has been laid upon the
the opposing characters represented by the fact that certain characters, or sets of charac-
sexes are incompatible ; like two birds hatched ters, may appear all at once, by a sudden shift-
in a nest which is only large enough for one, ing of the specific equilibrium, as it were. The
one has to get out. It is even believed by suddenly appearing forms, thus newly endowed,
many, with good reason, that the circumstances are called “mutations," and it is found that
which determine sex in a given individual may they very generally breed true. The same sort
be more or less controlled. Sexual dimorphism of mutation may appear over and over again.
is so common that we take it for granted, but Just how these “ mutations” are related to the
we do not always realize that many other kinds past history of the race, it is impossible to say ;
of dimorphism and polymorphism occur among some think that they are the results of new
animals and plants. Thus cats are prevalently combinations of existing and latent characters,
of three or four well-known colors, intermedi. others that they are genuine novelties, as all
ates being comparatively rare. Ants have species were once thought to be by a process of
males, females, and workers, and the latter are special creation. Historical evidence is offered
frequently of more than one type. Without in favor of the latter view in some cases ; thus
going into further detail, it may be said that the Hereford cattle all have white faces, though
there are many characters besides the sexual we know that it was not so very long ago when
ones, which when contributed by heredity sep this conspicuous mark was wanting. We do
arate out, and are not commonly inherited in not know that the white face was derived from
mixed form by the individual.
anywhere in particular; it seems to have come
Frequently certain characters are inherited as we find it, and ever since remained. In the
together; thus men have beards, and certain case of the Spitz dog, it is evident that no wild
kinds of complexion indicate probable suscep-
ancestor could have had such characters, and
tibility to particular diseases. On the other survived ; yet in none of these cases have we
hand, we may have “mosaic inheritance, anything like complete historical records. The
that is, mixed like a mosaic pattern, the single particular cases I cite - because they are
characters being pure, but variously combined familiar— have not I think received a thorough
in different individuals. This sort of inheri. study in the light of the newer doctrines, bat
tance results in what are sometimes called for purposes of illustration they are sufficient.
The purport of all the above is to make it
EVOLUTION AND ADAPTATION. By Thomas Hunt
clear what has engaged the attention of latter-
Morgan. New York: The Macmillan Co.
DOUBTS ABOUT DARWINISM. By a Semi-Darwinian.
day evolutionists; and it must now be said,
New York: Longmans, Green, & Co.
that there has arisen a group of men who be-


1904.)
197
THE DIAL
lieve that to all intents and purposes “muta its use was inconceivable, and that as art it was
tions” are new species. That is to say, that inferior to that of their own day? Just so does
new species — plants or animals having tan our book-learned naturalist dogmatise about
gible distinctive characters, which are inherited the inutility of specific characters, while he
- come into being all at once, without the aid who goes out among living things is amazed at
of the Darwinian factor of natural selection." the wonderful relations between structure and
Dr. Morgan's book on “Evolution and environment. That all characters which mark
Adaptation” is written in support and defense species have utility, or have had utility, or are
of the doctrine just mentioned. He admits
He admits correlated with those which have or had utility,
that natural selection has destroyed innumer we are not able to prove, and in the nature of
able “new species” on the very threshold of things never can prove directly, by taking each
their existence, but holds that on the other of the millions of cases separately. Conse-
hand many have survived simply because their qnently it is easy enough for anyone to produce
characters, even though slightly harmful, were numerous unexplained instances, but we are
not sufficiently so to cause their elimination. reminded of Huxley