's reply to the spiritualist,
He admits the obvious fact that creatures are “ if I cannot offer an explanation, it does
adapted to their surroundings, but urges as an not follow that I am bound to accept yours," —
argument against this being the result of nat or words to that effect.
ural selection, that the “ adaptation is fre The worst feature in Dr. Morgan's book, I
quently more perfect than the nature of the think, is the way in which he parades all sorts
case demands.
of evolutionary doctrines, one after another,
The discussion of the “ mutation theory," and proceeds to demolish them without making
and especially the breeding experiments of such it at all clear that many of them are already
men as de Vries of Holland and Bateson of obsolete. It is ridiculous to treat Darwin's
England, are certainly bringing out many in writings as if they were a body of dogma like
teresting facts, and whatever is the ultimate that of the theologians, to be accepted as it
effect upon biological theory, the air will have stands or not at all. Darwin changed his
been cleared of various misconceptions. In this opinions as he got new light, and if he were
discussion, however, caution and scientific living to-day he would certainly have reached
method are necessary, and I must say that Dr. some new conclusions, which the facts known
Morgan does not seem to me to possess either. in his day did not permit. In the strongest
His book is written after the manner of a law. possible contrast with Darwin's really scientific
yer, whose only interest is to clear his client, and enquiring attitude is Dr. Morgan's delib-
and discredit the witnesses for the other side.
erate attempt (as it seems to me) to discredit
Of most of the matters treated, he has appa the Darwinian theory by attacking doctrines
rently no first-hand knowledge, and his famili. abandoned by modern Darwinians, and insid-
arity with the details of zoology may be judged iously suggesting that the others are no better.
when we find him supposing (p. 181) that all There has been a superabundance of such argu-
Hymenoptera are bees. His commonest and ment in the field of theology, but we hardly
most insistent argument is that we cannot sup- expect it from a scientific man. I should like
pose this or that to have any utility, we cannot to quote a number of passages, to show the bias
believe in such and such hypotheses necessary of some and the absurdity of others, but this
according to the Darwinian theory, and conse review is already too long.
quently it is impossible that natural selection The anonymous “ Doubts about Darwinism”
can have produced the results attributed to it. is quite a different sort of book. It has this
The practised zoologist or botanist will disc in common with Dr. Morgan's work, that it is a
count these statements as merely exhibiting re-thrashing of old straw, but it treats of those
want of knowledge or lack of imagination, for philosophical difficulties which occur to every
he is very well aware that it is in many cases thinking person, and are part of the paradox
impossible or very difficult to explain the mean of sentient existence. The writer concludes
ing of characters without seeing them in actual that the phenomena of nature, and particularly
use. If it were possible to resurrect some of those of evolution, cannot be wholly explained
the learned men of ancient Greece and show on Darwinian grounds, but must have required
them some of our complicated modern machin the intervention of intelligence.
ery, not in action, would they not declare that
T. D. A. COCKERELL.


198
[March 16,
THE DIAL
“Law, justice, liberty - great gifts are these ;
RECENT AMERICAN POETRY.*
Watch that they spread where English blood is spilt,
Lest, mixed and sullied with his country's guilt,
Of the American poets now living, Mr. George The soldier's life-stream flow, and Heaven displease!"
Edward Woodberry is probably the most distin-
It is a pity that he should have failed in the ob-
guished. We think of but one other, Mr. William
vious application of this great truth to present-day
Vaughn Moody, who might fairly dispute the claim
conditions, and joined himself to the laudatores
for this primacy, and if quality alone were to be
temporis acti in the matter of our national rake's
taken into account, we should be inclined to award
progress in buccaneering. The lines to “My
the palm to the author of "The Masque of Judg; Country,”
ment” and “An Ode in Time of Hesitation.”
“Who never through deceit thy ends hast sought,
Certainly, judged by the test of their ethical envis Nor toiling millions for ambition tasked,
agement of the late happenings which so deeply
For thon art founded in the eternal fact
concern our national honor and the sanctity of our
That every man doth greaten with the act
holiest patriotic ideals, a surer sense of what is
Of freedom."-
eternally righteous is revealed in the work of the
These lines sound strangely ironical in the light of
younger poet. He it is who has solemnly declared :
recent history. But the quality of Mr. Woodberry's
“For save we let the island men go free,
work as a whole is sufficiently high to condone in
Those baffled and dislaurelled ghosts
some measure this particular obliquity of vision,
Will curse us from the lamentable coasts
Where walk the frustrate dead.
and the quantity is now so considerable that it
The cup of trembling shall be drainéd quite, must come into the reckoning. How considerable
Eaten the sour bread of astonishment,
that quantity is may now be seen without difficulty,
With ashes of the hearth shall be made white
for the author has collected into a single volume
Our hair, and wailing shall be in the tent."
all of the poetical work which he has thought worth
Compared with these impressive worde, Mr. Wood-
preserving, and there are almost three hundred
berry's utterance upon the same theme seems no
pages of it altogether. It covers nearly twenty-
more than so much facile and empty rhetoric.
five years of scattered production, for the poet of
“Rejoice, O mighty Mother, that God hath chosen Thee whom we have thought as belonging to the younger
To be the western warder of the Islands of the Sea ;
He lifteth up, He casteth down, He is the King of Kings,
generation is now close upon the completion of his
Whose dread commands o'er awe-struck lands are borne
half-century. The date of composition of “The
on eagles' wings."
North Shore Watch " we do not know, but the
Mr. Woodberry strikes a far finer note in his son-
friend whom it melodiously commemorates died in
nets " At Gibraltar," when he writes :
1878, which is a full quarter-century ago. From
this beautiful poem, which barely misses a place
* POEMS. By George Edward Woodberry. New York: among the world's great threnodies, to the stately
The Macmillan Co.
Emerson ode written for last year's centenary, the
PIPES OF PAN, By Bliss Carman. Number Three : Songs
volume of Mr. Woodberry's "Poems" range from
of the Sea Children. Boston: L. C. Page & Co.
CASTALIAN Days. By Lloyd Mifflin. New York: Oxford
the wilding lyrical cry of “Wild Eden " to the
University Press.
grave philosophical beauty of the “ Agathon,” and
SONNETS OF THE HEAD AND HEART. By Joseph Warren the austere dignity of the sonnets on Columbus and
Beach. Boston: Richard G. Badger.
Gibraltar, and “America and England in Danger
RANDOM VERSE. By Herman Knickerbocker Vielé. New of War.” Within this range are many noble spaces
York: Brentano's.
consecrated to the glory of nature and of art, or
RELISHES OF RHYME. By James Lincoln. Boston:
Richard G. Badger.
dedicated to worthy persons and institutions. The
BALLADS OF VALOR AND VICTORY. By Clinton Scollard poet who alternately takes Shelley and Wordsworth
and Wallace Rice. Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Co. for his exemplars cannot go far astray, and an oc-
Songs OF CONTENT. By the late Ralph Erwin Gibbs. casional too evident imitation need not seriously
San Francisco: Paul Elder & Co.
lessen our thankfulness for his gifts. He speaks of
THE PASSING Show. Five Modern Plays in Verse. By
Harriet Monroe. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
his life : as “never so fortunate as to permit more
THE SINGING LEAVES. A Book of Songs and Spells.
than momentary and incidental cultivation of that
By Josephine Preston Peabody. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin art which is the chief grace of the intellectual life,"
& Co.
but the apologetic note seems hardly called for in
POEMs. By Josephine Daskam. New York: Charles
view of the totality of his achievement as here col.
Scribner's Sons.
lected within a single pair of covers.
HEARTSEASE AND RUE. By Héloise Soule. Boston:
Richard G. Badger.
“Songs of the Sea Children” is the title of the
THE WIND-SWEPT WHEAT. By Mary Ainge De Vere third volume in Mr. Bliss Carman's lyrical series.
(“Madeline Bridges"). Boston : Richard G. Badger. The wood children, or the meadow children, or the
A SPRAY OF Cosmos. By Augusta Cooper Bristol. Boston:
sky children would have done just as well for a
Richard G. Badger.
name, since musical sound and suggestive imagery
A HILL PRAYER, and Other Poems. By Marian Warne
Wildman. Boston: Richard G. Badger.
seem to be the author's cardinal aims in his later
THE SONG AT MIDNIGHT. By Mary M. Adams. Boston: verse, without much regard for the meaning. Here
Richard G. Badger.
are upwards of a hundred songs, averaging a dozen
.


1904.]
199
THE DIAL
lines each, no one of them leaving a clean-cut
memory, yet all graceful, and surrounding the
reader with a pleasant haze of fancy tinged with
emotion.
Far hence in the infinite silence
How we shall learn and forget,
Know and be known, and remember
Only the name of regret ?
"Sown in that ample quiet,
We shall break sheath and climb,
Seeds of a single desire
In the heart of the apple of time.
“We shall grow wise as the flowers,
And know what the bluebirds sing,
When the hands of the grasses unravel
The wind in the hollows of spring.
“And out of the breathless summer
The aspen leaves will stir,
At your low sweet laugh to remember
The imperfect things we were.
This is a fair example of Mr. Carman's languorous
and delicately sensuous song.
We will make one
other quotation, mainly for the purpose of showing
his happy use of the old Arabic star names, some
of which are poems in themselves.
“In God's blue garden the flowers are cold,
As you tell them over star by star,
Sirius, Algol, pale Altair,
Lone Arcturus, and Algebar.
"In love's red garden the flowers are warm,
As I count them over and kiss them by,
From the sultry royal rose-red mouth
To the last carnation dusk and shy."
Mr. Lloyd Mifflin's latest collection of sonnets is
styled “Castalian Days,” which suggests the fact
that a considerable number of them are upon clas-
sical themes. Others are sonnets for pictures, and
personal or memorial tributes. Our selection shall
be the sonnet “To the New Century,” which be-
longs to neither of the above classes, and embodies
an ethical rather than an æsthetic inspiration.
“The accursed rage for wealth, devoid of ruth,
Fumes in the breast of peoples and of kings:
Is this the guerdon that the Century brings —
Insatiate avarice with relentless tooth ?
“Where is the promise of the Nation's youth, -
The dreams icarian -- the auroral wings ?
That earlier quest of immaterial things, –
High principle, religion, honor, truth?
“What shall relume our spiritual night
While brazen Progress, cloaking banal greed,
Crushes the soul 'neath her Mammonian car?
“What dayspring rises for the Spirit's need ? -
What of the Soul's inviolable star?
Torch of the Years! is this thy vaunted Light?"
We appreciate the fine impulse of these lines, and
yet they share with Mr. Mifflin's other sonnets in
the lack of spontaneity. Coldly correct is the epi.
thet which best describes the work of this thought-
ful and accomplished writer.
Another volume also made up entirely of son-
nets is the work of Mr. Joseph Warren Beach. It
is entitled “Sonnets of the Head and Heart," and
its contents are pleasing as to form and sentiment
alike. Mr. Beach's impulses somehow seem less
premeditated than those of Mr. Mifflin, and the re-
sult is consequently more appealing. One example
is called “ Proteus."
“Knowest thou yet my voice? Or hast thou heard
In vain the murmurs of thy paradise ?
When to the horn's melodious enterprise
The low voice of the violin demurred,
Was it not still the glad cry of the bird ?
And when you felt your love's bewitching eyes
Upon you, did you entertain surprise
That in your own heart the same longing stirred ?
“I am a god protean, for my name
Is named diversely. I am called the Word
Because I made the world. As Love I fill
The veing of all the universe with flame.
And because my desire, though long deferred,
Is ever won at last, men call me Will.”
Even and careful workmanship, with not a little
of genuine poetical feeling, is characteristic of Mr.
Beach's volume throughout.
The foreword of Mr. Viel's “ Random Verse"
has a lilt that makes us anticipate a volume of
Swinburnian echoes.
“But the Spirit of Song, overladen
With burdens of mutable years,
Still as young as the tear of a maiden,
Still as old as the tribute of tears;
Though her footsteps grown feeble may falter,
Though her tombs and her temples be sealed,
She shall bear them as gifts to an altar,
Her fruits of the flock and the field."
Such echoes we find occasionally in the pages that
follow, but in the main the poet speaks to us with
an individual accent. He is an adept at easy and
swinging rhythms; he has fancy of a high quality,
and the touch of distinction. Our expository pur-
pose is best served by quoting the poem “Stop,
Thief !”
“Love sat down like a tired tinker,
Asking only a shady seat.
Feaster neither he nor drinker,
Wine nor bread would he sip nor eat.
“Love slept well in the April weather -
Laid him low where the sweet-fern grows;
Gold of gorge and the purple heather,
Pink of poppy and rose of rose.
“Love stole off in the misty dawning,
Casting never a look behind;
Calling never a gay good morning,
Went his way where its white ways wind.
“Ye who watch for the mad marauder,
Faring far with his gains ill got,
Stay Love's steps ere he cross the border, -
Love has stolen – I knew not what."
Mr. Vielé's thought is not always clear, being ad-
dicted to symbolism, but it is of such a quality that
this slight volume outweighs many a tome of the
more labored and pretentious sort of verse.
Mr. James Lincoln introduces his “ Relishes
of Rhyme” with a note that ends as follows : “It
will be evident to the reader, if so excellent a per-
sonage exists, that they were suggested, in most
instances, by cablegrams from South Africa as
given to the American press during the Boer war.”
Most of these pieces are trifles of a careless sort
newspaper verses and nothing more. But to thi


200
[March 16,
THE DIAL
statement we must make exception in favor of some “What of grey dangers afar
half-dozen of the poems, and particularly in favor
In spaces uncharted, uptrod ?
What though the heav'ns are a-change,
of the fine sonnets to England which open and close
And engulphed is the Cynosure-star?
the volume. We quote the first of these sonnets.
What though the gun has grown strange,
“Who would trust England, let him lift his eyes
And the deep has been made molten brass ?
To Nelson, columned o'er Trafalgar Square,
At their peak flies the Cross of their God
Her hieroglyph of Duty, written where
And, wherever their rudders may range,
The roar of traffic hushes to the skies;
'Tis His Voice in the tempests that pass.'
Or mark, while Paul's vast shadow softly lies
As far as the two poets have distinctive manners,
On Gordon's statued sleep, how praise and prayer
Flush through the frank young faces clustering there
it may be said that the one is apt to sacrifice grace
To con that kindred rune of SACRIFICE.
to an overplus of energy, while the other, by dint
“O England, no bland cloud-ship in the blue,
of being less energetic, achieves a more polished
But rough oak plunging on o'er perilous jars
diction. But the two make admirable yoke-fellows,
Of reef and ice, our faith will follow you
and their joint production is a highly creditable ad-
The more for tempest roar that strains your spars
dition to a department of American literature that
And splits your canvas, be your helm but true,
Your courses sbapen by the eternal stars."
seems heretofore to have missed its opportunities.
In the pieces that follow, Mr. Lincoln reveals him.
What we particularly like about the book is that, in
self as a Boer partisan, although not of the rabid spite of its exultant note, it is by no means given
type, and takes quite for granted that in defend-
over to anything like rampant jingoism. Readers
ing her invaded territory and taking measures
of many sorts will find satisfaction in its and
pages,
to prevent similar future invasions, England was
generations of schoolboys, looking for “pieces to
betraying the cause of freedom. This seems to as
speak,” will arise to call its authors blessed.
a topsy-turvy way of viewing the situation, although
Ralph Erwin Gibbs was a product of the Cali-
we are well aware that it is the view of many men
fornia schools and a teacher in the State University.
whom we hold in the highest respect.
A shocking accident last year ended his life at the
The “ Ballads of Valor and Victory” that have
age of twenty-seven, and with it a career as a writer
that was marked by exceptional promise and per-
been written by Messrs. Clinton Scollard and
Wallace Rice with carefully-conceived intent to
formance. He had published a considerable quan.
illustrate the most significant phases of American
tity of verse in fugitive ways, but never a volume.
heroism, make up a volume that stirs the blood and
That task has now been performed for bim by
Professor Gayley, who has collected the scattered
deepens the patriotism. Each of the authors has
contributed twenty-five pieces, and the series as a
pieces and called them “ Songs of Content.” Some
of them are of light and juvenile quality, but others
whole, chronologically ordered, presents in spirited
verse the story of such deeds of daring as may well
betoken the serious thinker, and in all of them there
is evidence of unusual talent. The author seems to
awaken the pride of all who are the countrymen of
those who figure in these ballads. The variety of
have given us a sort of brief spiritual autobiography
in the sonnet called “ The Prize," which we quote.
the volume is so great, both in theme and in met-
“A thriftless one there was who ever sought
rical effect, that adequate illustration is impossible ;
To weave a vagrant fancy into song ;
each piece illustrates itself, and hardly any other. Baubles he framod in fretted verse ; and long-
From Mr. Scollard's share in the work we may In love for these his small creations — wrought
select this strophe from “ The Men of the Maine":
Till each, as from its maker's heart, had caught
“Not in the dire, ensanguined front of war,
A mimic beat. But friends who saw cried, 'Wrong
Conquered or conqueror,
To waste thy Day thus! Not with rhythmic throng,
'Mid the dread battle-peal, did they go down
Of dreams — with deeds are this World's Prizes bought.'
Yet still this idle Singer in the Sun, -
To the still under-seas, with fair Renown
To weave for them the hero-martyr's crown.
Rhyming his chime of words, with moistened eyes,
They struck no blow
Mood-caught in mesh of verses fancy-spun,
Would answer nothing save, in wistful wise,
'Gainst an embattled foe;
With valiant-hearted Saxon bardihood
We go strange ways to seek one Goal. The Prize
Is his who smiles content when Life is done.'"
They stood not as the Essex sailors stood,
So sore bestead in that far Chilian bay;
This sonnet, standing in the forefront of the vol-
Yet no less faithful they,
ume, invites to further discovery, and the enterprize
These men who, in the passing of a breath,
does not go unrewarded. It would be both pleas-
Were hurtled upon death."
ant and profitable to quote at much length from
The work of Mr. Rice we may best illustrate by
this volume — from such poems as “ Daybreak in
the first two stanzas of “Richard Hakluyt’s Men.”
the Sierra Nevada,” “ The Heretic,” and “ The
“Here sighs the breath of the sea,
Marchioness of Yvetôt,” for example — but we
And here sounds the boom of the wave,
The crash of the surf on the beach,
have not the space.
The best work of Mr. Gibbs
Through time everlastingly;
seems to occur in a group of five poems written in
And here, through the elements' reach,
Omarian rubaiyat, and one of these five gives us
The lightning, the storm, and the spume,
Comes the cry of the sailors who gave
quatrains versified from Mr. McCarthy's prose
Their bones to the surges to bleach,
translation that are not unworthy to be named in
Their souls to a billowy doom.
the same breath with that of FitzGerald.
13


1904.]
201
THE DIAL
“When thou and I are blotted from the List,
He.
If the red lips,
A little while no doubt we shall be missed;
That smiled, had trombled once. If ever
They 'll set up bricks upon thy grave and mine
Ono quiver of the fingers-tips
To mark that Thou and I did once exist.
Had proved you woman
She.
If like a man
"A Brick, betokening this World's concern
You had torn the veil
With Thee or Me! And then, to make, in turn
He.
Another brick to mark another grave,
We blurred God's plan -
Thy Clay, perchance, or mine, they'll dig and burn.
Rust on the shining rim of heaven. "
“Let whoso aim at Empire grasp the whole
In this beautiful passage is struck the keynote of
Wide realm of Alexander, and enscroll
the spiritual tragedy which these little verse-dramas
His Name in Lightnings. Better sing one Song echo in various colors. One cannot read them with-
To lift the sadness from a weary Soul !
out being deeply moved or without feeling that this
• For be thou wise as Aristotle, – yea,
writer has achieved a finer art than heretofore.
Or potent thou as Monarch of Cathay,
It is an art having both restraint and distinction,
Or Roman Cæsar: -comes the End, and none
Shall know Thy Ashes from the common Clay."
daring enough to use plain speech at need, yet re-
maining essentially poetical in the most prosaic
This matter is all derivative, no doubt, but the surroundings.
expression is certainly noteworthy. It seems to us
“The Singing Leaves," by Miss Josephine
that the author had in him the distinct promise
Preston Peabody, is a little book of little songs,
of becoming something more than a minor poet, mostly occupied with childish dreams and fancies,
and his antimely death is a matter for deep regret.
graceful, tender, and altogether alluring. It would
After a long silence, Miss Harriet Monroe comes take a very crabbed person to resist the charm of
before the public with a new volume of verse. This the following couplet “Concerning Love":
latest published work, like her earliest, is dramatic
“I wish she would not ask me if I love the Kitten more than
in form, but with a difference. Instead of the con-
her.
ventional five-act play, conforming to the traditions Of course I love her. But I love the Kitten too: and It
has fur."
of the English poetical drama, she now gives us
five brief sketches, vivid transcripts of modern life These stanzas “ Before Meat” are worth quoting:
or reflections of its issues, richer in their suggestion
"Hunger of the world,
than in their actual verbal investiture, and disclos-
When we ask a grace,
Be remembered here with us,
ing momentary vistas of the deep ultimate realities
of emotion. Miss Monroe bas heard the message of
By the vacant place.
the moderns of the great Norwegian most of all
*Thirst, with nought to drink,
Sorrow more than mine,
- and her little plays might almost be described as
May God some day make you laugh,
footnotes to the body of doctrine spanned by the
With water turned to wine."
arch which began with “Love's Comedy” and
An unsuspected aspect of Miss Peabody's delicate
ended with “ When We Dead Awake.” Certainly, art is revealed in these pieces, which are as genuine
her fundamental idea is the same as that of Dr.
as they are simple.
Ibsen - the idea that our lives are so often mis-
A considerable number of the “ Poems" of Miss
shapen because we blind ourselves to the realities of
Josephine Daskam (Mrs. Bacon) are songs of child-
existence, and do service to false gods. A passage
from “ After All” — the dialogue of two lost souls
hood, and the happiest of these is the set of stanzas
which
in hell
the childish notion of “Heaven.”
express
- may be quoted in illustration of this thesis.
'She says that when we all have died
“Be.
At last
We'll walk in white there (then she cried)
We who have lost may know the game.
All free from sorrow, sin, and care-
She Yea, we who missed the fateful cast,
But I'm not sure I'd like it there.
Faltering when the angel passed,
"She cannot tell me what we'll do,
May count his footsteps one by one
I could n't sing the whole day through:
Down to our earth, back to his sun.
The angels might not care to play,
He. And we who never spake before
Or else I might n't like their way.
May utter pallid words.
“I never loved my Uncle Ned,
She.
Whose wind-drawn senses feel no more,
So I can't love him now he's dead.
He'd be the only one I know-
May tell the ruinous heart-throbs o'er
That beat us down this bitter path.
She says it 's wicked to talk so.
“I'd like to see how God would look,
He. We-pale inheritors of wrath,
Who might be treading, hand in hand,
I'd like to see that Judgment Book :
Spaces afoam with wings.
But pretty soon I'd want to be
Where the real people were, you see.
She.
That day when God was with us two,
“When people turn dead n a dream,
Had given me the supreme command.
I wake up, and I scream and scream:
And since they 're all dead there, you know,
He. If you had stood less proudly there
I'm sure that I should feel just so.
Against the gun, had seemed aware
Of the desire that did not dare.
Miss Daskam's verses bave grace and fancy; they
She. I who dared all!
reflect the tastes of a student of good literature
-
And we
If you,


202
[March 16,
THE DIAL
with a talent for semi-conscious assimilation. At “Sweet child of April, I have found thy place
their most serious, as in “ Two Sonnets from the
Of deep retirement. Where the low swamp ferns
Hebrew” and the Washington “Ode," they are
Curl upward from their sheathes, and lichens creep
Upon the fallen branch, and mosses dark
touched by a grave beauty. Perhaps the highest
Doopen and brighten, where the ardent sun
reach of the volume is found in “The Old Captive,” Doth enter with restrained and chastened beam,
poem of sea-passion, which closes with these finely
And the light cadence of the bluebirds' song
imagined lines:
Doth falter in the cedar, – there the Spring,
In gratitude, hath wrought the sweet surprise
"Where the pale light strains down through andreamed
And marvel of thy unobtrusive bloom."
deeps
To glimmer o'er the vast unpeopled plains,
When we read these lines, we feel like starting at
The ancient treasure piles of dead kings' fleets,
once for the pine-barrens of New Jersey, where the
The mighty bones long bleached beneath the Sea,
pyxidanthera is blooming at the present moment.
“There where cool corals and still seaweeds twine,
There on the solemn level ocean floor,
“A Hill Prayer" is a poem by Miss Marian
Till God's great arm shall terribly plough the deep,
Warner Wildman, to which the “Century” maga-
I shall lie long and rest beneath the Sea."
zine five years ago awarded its prize offered to col-
Yet the question arises whether any young woman
lege undergraduates. Encouraged by this early
is well occupied with such imaginings.
success, the author has persevered in verse-compo-
Miss Héloise Soulo's “Heartsease and Rue" is
sition, and now publishes & volume having the
a thin volume of unpretentious but not unpleasing Wildman's poems are mostly lyrics of nature as
above-mentioned prize poem in its forefront. Miss
verse, of which “ No Tears” offers a fair example. spiritualized by the reflective mind. “A Beech-
“Thank God, all ye who weep!
Ye only know the name of dry despair;
Wood in October” is an example of her work at
My barren waste, my arid desert bare,
its best.
Is watered by no tears that gently creep
“Beneath the ancient beeches, cloth of gold
“From underneath the lids,
For Autumn's regal passing has been laid.
Soothing the soul again to ancient calm,
Gold sunbeams pierce the thinning golden shade,
No crying comes to me for healing balm,
Where wider glimpses of blue sky unfold.
Nature her common solace me forbids.
“No bird sings here ; and never light wind blows
"Think not I never wept !
To stir the leafy curtains, golden brown,
'Tis only that the fountain has run dry;
But still the ripened leaves drift slowly down,
And bare beneath the burning, sultry sky
And still the carpet softer, thicker grows.
The blasted desert of my heart is kept."
Among the beeches Autumn does not die
It is rather a pity, for the author is evidently a
In crimson passion or in scarlet pain;
Here only peace and golden silence reign,
very young woman, as is indicated by the fact that
June dreams forgotten - Winter fears put by.
" class
poem " is the most considerable piece of
“So would I die, O beeches! When at last
her collection.
My days are numbered like your ripened leaves,
Miss Mary Ainge De Vere opens her volume of
I would not be as one who idly grieves,
And mourns the glories of the Summer past.
verse with “ The Wind-Swept Wheat,” and allows
that piece to provide a title for the collection. Her
“In peace and golden silence I would lie,
Still gazing upward through the thinning gold,
work displays careful execution, and illustrates
Until the last leaf fell, and there — behold!
many phases of sentiment and fancy. “Once" is Beyond the lifeless boughs, God's open sky!”
a copy of verses that may serve to illustrate the
The quiet excellence of these verses is shared by
manner of this writer.
many others of Miss Wildman's pieces, and the
“Cool salt air and the white waves breaking
total effect of her work is pleasing in a high degree.
Restless, eager, along the strand -
An evening sky and a sunset glory,
We will close this review with a word of tribute
Fading over the sea and land.
to a woman of marked poetical sensibility and
“We two sitting alone together,
meritorious performance in verse - the late Mary
Side by side in the waning light,
Before us the throbbing waste of water,
M. Adams, wife of the late President of the Uni-
Behind us the sand heaps, drifted white.
versity of Wisconsin. “ The Song at Midnight,”
"Ships were sailing into the distance
arranged for publication just before her death, in-
Down to the land where the sun had gone ;
cludes poems new and old, from which we select
The rough fresh wind blew o'er our faces,
a sonnet called “Evening on Lake Winona,” with-
The shadows of night crept slowly on.
out knowing positively whether it is one of the
"Is it a dream that I remember?
new poems or not, but recognizing it as a typical
Some ghost of a hope that will come no more,
We two sitting alone together,
example of the author's work.
Hand in hand, on the ocean shore ?"
“The Summer's affluent beauty crowns the night;
Flowers and fragrance are on every side ;
Nature is the predominant inspiration of “A
The moon, arising as a joyous bride,
Spray of Cosmos,” Miss Bristol's volume of poems.
The water seeks and chastens with love's light;
And we find nothing more fitting to quote than
While happy souls, enraptured with the sight,
Find here no human sense its best denied;
these blank verse lines from the poem addressed to
Entrancing melodies on soft airs glide,
“The Pyxidanthera":
And hearts responsive hold the vision bright.
a


1904.]
203
THE DIAL
“If types we get in this fair world of ours,
and the growth of the movement to the climax of
Dim foretaste of the good that is to be,
its influence in national politics, is admirably
Then surely does the charm this night embowers
Feed deep the longing for eternity :
sketched. The eminently judicial position of the
For still the only pang its hours can send
young Quaker, his fearless attitude toward friend as
Is the sad consciousness that it must end."
well as foe, and his complete freedom from fanati-
The simple sincerity and deep religious feeling of cism, are clearly shown. Of literary criticism, the
these lines are everywhere marked characteristics
author has less to offer than the earlier biographers,
of the author's work, and have long endeared her but what is offered is pointed as well as brief.
to the many hearts who feel the poorer for her death. Professor Carpenter's own literary style is of nota-
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
ble excellence, and adds a distinctive quality to the
book.
In “The Dutch Founding of New
The Dutch
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
founding of York," by Mr. Thomas A. Janvier,
New York.
we have a sprightly sketch, none the
This most recent biography of the less valuable for its sprightliness, of the origins of
Whittier as a
Quaker poet, contributed by Profes our greatest city and our greatest commonwealth.
man of action.
sor George Rice Carpenter to the It is but a sketch, though in external aspect it is a
“ American Men of Letters” series (Houghton, portly octavo volume; thick paper and very wide
Mifflin & Co.), follows close upon the Life by Mr.margins give the book its size, while the number of
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, in the older series words is about equal to that of Burke's Speech on
of “ English Men of Letters." The existence of Conciliation, and is but a quarter greater than that
this work, together with the earlier biographies by of Macaulay’s Essay on Milton. But the subject is
Kennedy, Underwood, and Pickard, does not make not a large one, and the treatment is entirely ade-
Professor Carpenter's work superfluous or inoppor-quate for the needs of every reader except the
tune; the volume has a peculiar value of its own. special student of our national beginnings. The
While not many details of importance have been book will be useful in correcting the false impres-
left for this later garnering, it has remained for the sions created by Irving's skilful and humorous mis-
author to throw a new emphasis upon some phases representation of the Dutch. Everyone knows that
of Whittier's career which place his personality in when New York was founded the Dutch had just
an interesting and somewhat unwonted light. In passed through a tremendous struggle, in which,
deed, it would not be anfair to suggest that the after defying the greatest power of Europe, they
present portraiture of the poet presents him in the had fought off the Spaniards, had won their inde-
character of a man of action as distinctly as a man pendence, and during the struggle had constantly
of letters — a man of ergetic and passionate ac grown in strength and had gained the mastery of
tivities amid the exciting experiences of his early the seas. Yet the common notion of the Dutch of
manhood; for to this feature of Whittier's career, tbe early seventeenth century is that of a sleepy,
as journalist, politician, and reformer, the author tobacco-loving, schnapps-drinking people, instead of
devotes two hundred out of the three hundred the “hard-headed, hard-hitting men" that they
pages of the book. The position of the young farm-
Those early Dutch settlers in America are
er poet among his contemporaries of the New not especially lovable as they are shown to us.
England group is shown to be unique ; he was the They were rough, smugglers, law-breakers; they
only member of that group country born and bred, cheated and oppressed the Indians ; "they had the
the only writer of his day distinctively representing vices of their kind enlarged by the vices of their
rural New England and the simple Puritan type. time.” But they were keen, alert, sturdy, and full
Again, Professor Carpenter has given fresh empha- of pluck, - by no means the easy-going men of
sis to the storm and stress period of Whittier's own Irving's fairy tale. Mr. Janvier follows the story
youth, the intense ambition that led him in his through from the small beginnings to the melan-
twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth year to contemplate ser- choly end, showing failure of the Dutch government
iously the desertion of the muse for the allurements and the steadily growing pressure of the surround-
of a political career.
“ I would have fame with me ing English colonies, until the inevitable came and
or not at all,” he wrote to Mrs. Sigourney the English completed their holding on the Atlantic
in 1832 ; “ Politics is the only field now open for coast. Old Peter Stuyvesant is the only character
me, and there is something inconsistent in the char that stands out with any clearness, as he is the only
acter of a poet and modern politician.” Later in one about whom many details are given ; and his
the same year he writes to a friend, “Of poetry Isetting forth is by no means creditable to him,
have nearly taken my leave, and a pen is getting to though in external matters he showed a good sense
be something of a stranger to me. I have been that was sadly lacking in his management of the
compelled again to plunge into the political whirl- colony. The author, while making his story vivid
pool, for I have found that my political reputation by the use of very modern English, hardly keeps
is more influential than my poetical, etc.” The de up to the traditional dignity of historical writing.
velopment of abolition sentiment in New England, For instance, within three pages he uses the fol-
were.
99
now


204
[March 16,
THE DIAL
The Bible
lowing expressions : “Those cheeky Commission-
“ Not one but
A theme to tax the powers of the
ers," “the sporting offer of the Marylanders to fill all mankind's ablest historian has been chosen by
in the close season for tobacco with a timo-killing
epilome." Winifred Lady Burghclere in her
war did not materialize," “until the Dutch were “George Villiers, Second Duke of Buckingham'
squeezed out and done for.” In all the externals (Datton), and she has shown a grasp of her subject
of book-making, the work is one of the most at and an impartiality in its treatment by no means
tractive of recent issues from the Harper press. universal among her sister biographers. Her re-
searches have not been confined to published sources
Corresponding in kind to Dr. van
of information, numerous as these are, but consid-
Dyke's valuable essay on
“ The
in Browning.
erable unedited matter has also passed under her
Bible in Tennyson,” we now have
scrutiny. The result is altogether creditable to her,
Mrs. Minnie Gresham Machen's volume entitled
the more so that she has not allowed the Duke's
“ The Bible in Browning ” (Macmillan).
fascinations to beguile her into whitewashing the
provided with an able introduction, analytical of
darker phases of his character. The only criticism
Browning's use of Scriptural phrases and motives,
we would make is one that savors of praise as well
and also suggestive of his religious faith. The
as of censure. Certain portions of her work betray,
work is well edited and tabulated, showing not
by contrast, marks of haste. For example, a fuller
alone exhaustive research in textual criticism, but
treatment of the “ Rehearsal” episode would have
also a strong appreciation of the broader scope of
The last seven years, too, of
pleased her readers.
the poet's allusions. So frequently has Browning the Duke's life are despatched in one short chapter.
employed some Biblical phrases that they have be-
In general, the fulness of detail noticeable in the
come almost mannerisms in both his letters and his
first half of the book seems not exactly matched by
verse, as “ pearls before swine,” “to live and see
equal painstaking in the last half as if the writer
good days," and the thought of Hezekiah, “I will
had tired of her disreputable hero, and his scandal-
go softly all my years," in which the poet usually
We look in
substitutes “days” for “years. With scholarly
ous amours, as well she might have.
vain for an adequate account of Buckingham's vast
accuracy, Browning rarely introduces Scriptural
estates and his passion for building. His Cliefden
quotations into his classic poems where the allusions
(now Cliveden) House, of interest if only for its
would be anachronisms for the characters. As the
sub-title of this volume declares, it deals especially tioned, although acknowledgment is made to its
subsequent varied fortunes, appears not to be men-
with “The Ring and the Book," wherein the author
present owner, Mr. Astor, for permission to repro-
locates more than five hundred Biblical quotations
duce a portrait of the “ wanton Shrewsbury." The
of direct and subtle reference, taken from a wide
house, let it be added, has been at least twice de-
range of Old and New Testament authors. Not stroyed by fire and rebuilt. Nine good portraits
alone are these phrases and analogies traceable
add to the interest of this well-written biography.
to the Bible, but the poem abounds in reproduc-
tion of Biblical ceremonials and customs, until it
The standard work of Professor Lévy-
seems, in truth, “almost saturated with the Bible.” The philosophy Brubl on the Philosophy of Comte,
of Auguste Comte.
Flaws in Browning's phraseology are cited, while
published in 1900, is now made ac-
the admirable adjustment of Biblical material to cessible to English readers in a very good transla-
the diverse characters is well emphasized : “ The tion (Patnam). The book is an admirable example
language of God's Word falls like dew from the of clear and sympathetic exposition from the stand-
dying lips of Pompilia, and is transmuted into gall point neither of the thick-and-thin disciple nor of
and bitterness on the sarcastic tongue of Count the critic of the Positive Philosophy. The result
Guido. Illustrations from Holy Writ are pumped is that we have an account which perhaps is truer
forth profusely by the ready wit of the hypocritical to the real spirit of Positivism than any other that
lawyers, and are hurled out by the soldier-saint,' is available. Without advancing extreme claims
Caponsacchi, to point his indignant invective. And (it is admitted, for example, that Comte is quite
the Pope, — that good old man who happens to beyond the mark in his estimate of the importance
hate darkness and love light,'— with clear insight and finality of his concrete contributions to the sci-
and reverent hand, he brings forth out of this ence of sociology), the author succeeds in showing
treasury of truth, things new and old. Turning that many of the traditional difficulties that have
the search-light of God's Word full upon sophistry been found in Comte's system fail to get fully at
and ignorance, he leaves no confusion of sin with the motives and logic of his thought. The supposed
mistake or misfortune, but • In God's Name' right inconsistency between his earlier philosophy and
is right and wrong is wrong.” In the introduction, his second career," or religious period, it is argued,
covering about one-fourth of the volume, the author does not exist at all. So the criticisms that have
has formulated the main tenets in Browning's creed, been passed upon the classification of the sciences,
based upon his Biblical quotations and motives. the attitude toward psychology, the admission of
There are a few limitations noted in this portion the idea of progress, the failure to attempt a pre-
of the study, both in logic and biographic insight; liminary investigation of the nature of knowledge,
but the general creed is well outlined.
and other similar objections, were all, it is pointed


1904.]
205
THE DIAL
oat, anticipated by Comte himself; and his position or in Volume II. (published in December, 1901).
is shown to be at least the only logical consequence Letters to leading men of the time, written between
of his point of view. On the whole, a reading of 1769 and 1787, make the bulk of material for those
the book, even by those who find it impossible to first volumes ; and the reader finds in them those
stop with the Positive Philosophy, will hardly fail expressions of opinion, descriptions of events, and
to arouse anew a sense of the fertility, in spite of statements of facts, from which the life of the period
its aberrations, of Comte's genius, and of the im may be known. But no collection of Madison's
mense value of the ideas for which he stood. That writings would be complete which failed to include
the positive spirit as interpreted by Comte, when these Convention notes by the “Father of the Con-
taken as a final attitude toward the universe, does stitution,” which give us so clear an account of the
not meet all the needs of the human spirit, one may ideas in the minds of these master-builders of a
perhaps still be permitted to believe fifty years after government. Forty-four pages of index, and a re-
the death of its great Apostle. Why Comte should duced facsimile of the draft of the first page of the
have been 80 ready to reject certain interests as Constitution, add value to the Journal. The four
futile, should have been so limited in his sympathies volumes bring the life of Mr. Madison down to
along certain lines, the present volume helps to ex September 17, 1787, when he signed the Constitu-
plain by its emphasis of the nature of the soil in tion. During the next two years he played a very
which his thought took shape, and the unsatisfactory prominent part in the fight for the adoption of the
character of those forms of the tendencies he op instrument, and then gave twenty-eight additional
posed with which he was most familiar. But while years to the public service. In the opinion of many,
the completeness of his interpretation of the nature his best work was done in the earlier part of his ca-
of human experience may be questioned, there can reer; and the four volumes of his collected writings
be no doubt of either the theoretical or the practical will always remain the great source of information
importance of the aspect which he brought chiefly regarding this period of his public life.
to view. The disciplining of the imagination which
Positivism involves, the reverence for concrete fact
To prepare an intelligent account of
The Republics of the several nations comprised in the
and law, the recognition of the essentially progres South America.
sive nature of truth, and the distrust of finality and
South American continent, for the
dogmatiem, the wholesome orientating of thought
series of historical studies known as “ The Story of
by the ideal of human welfare, are elements of
the Nations,” is no easy task. For one reason,
temper of mind which is still far too rare in our life
these nations have not yet attained such “promi-
and education, and the social need of which can
nence in history" as to bring them within the scope
hardly be over-emphasized.
of the series; nor do they appear to stand in any
true “relation to universal history." Yet the colo-
Journal of the
The fourth volume of the collected nization of the continent by Spain and Portugal in
" Father of the
writings of James Madison, edited the sixteenth century, the manner in which the
Constitution."
by Mr. Gaillard Hunt and published colonies were governed (or misgoverned) for nearly
by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons, appears as a com. three centuries, the struggles of the several prov-
panion volume to the third, the two comprising the inces for independence early in the nineteenth cen-
Journal of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. tury, and the gradual emancipation of each from
Mr. Madison was a constant and faithful attendant the spell of the European Peninsular political sys-
upon the sessions of this famous body, and as the tems and its advancement towards liberal republican
champion of the "Virginia Plan" was the most in- institutions, — all this furnishes many interesting
fluential member in fashioning the Constitution as and picturesque incidents which should no longer
it was finally adopted. In the absence of modern be left unwritten, as well as many heroic characters
machinery for accurately recording the discussions whose names and deeds should no longer remain
of a convention, Mr. Madison's self-imposed task of unknown to readers of history. Mr. Thomas C.
keeping extended and careful minutes of the pro Dawson, Secretary of the United States legation to
ceedings made him an authority in all later contro Brazil, and for six years a resident of the southern
versies regarding constitutional questions, and gave continent, is thoroughly equipped for the task of
to his opinions and arguments a commanding force. preparing the story of “ The South American Re-
His own notes were supplemented by additions publics” (Putnam), but to adapt his work to the
made by other delegates with whom he consulted in series above mentioned he has found it necessary
the years following the Convention; and in the two to divide it into two volumes. In Part I., which is
volumes comprising the so-called Journal of the now before us, he treats of Argentina, Paraguay,
Convention the editor has given footnotes citing Uruguay, and Brazil. In the crowd of picturesque
statements made by members of the body whose incidents comprised in the history of this eastern
papers have been published. The result of such portion of the continent we miss the story of the
careful editing is a most valuable account of the rise of the Mamelucos (Mamelukes) or Paulistas of
discussions in the Convention. There is not much Brazil, wbo for many years maintained their inde-
of general interest in these two volumes, such as pendence of both Spain and Portugal; and that
one finds in Volume I. (published in October, 1900) of the “ Reducciones” or Jesuit Mission villages.


206
[March 16,
THE DIAL
..
Still, the story of the four eastern countries is full “high place apart." He persists, also, in using the
of interest, and is especially timely when the atten word «format" as though it were a recognized
tion of the world is being drawn away from the term for one distinct element in book-making — as
older countries to the rising republics of the new near as we can make out, the position of the type
world ; and we await the appearance of Part II., page on the leaf of paper. Now the word itself
which will treat of Venezuela and the republics had best be left alone altogether, as an affectation
lying along the western coast (Chile, Peru, Bolivia, of the amateur ; but if it must be used, it certainly
Ecuador, and Columbia), which are more interest has no other meaning than its English equivalent,
ing to the seekers for dramatic incidents.
and can correctly refer only to the complete exter-
nal form or make-up of a book. But notwithstand-
A good book for all, and especially ing these strictures, and others that might easily be
A down-East
story-teller for boys, is the account of Elijah made, the book is one to be commended ; and if
and preacher.
Kellogg's life and work, compiled by supplemented with a thorough practical understand-
Professor William B. Mitchell of Bowdoin. This
ing of the subject treated, it cannot fail to prove of
college graduated Kellogg in 1840, and two of its
value to any printer. It is, besides, a pleasing
professors have united with other friends of the late
piece of book-making, being well printed on hand-
popular preacher and author in the preparation of
made paper and stoutly bound in marbled paper
a memorial volume. Besides a brief review of his
boards with linen back.
early life and sympathetic sketches of the man as
seen and known at different periods of his active
Lying just across the North Channel
and useful career, the book contains, to the extent
County Antrim
from Scotland, Antrim County is
in prose and verse.
of more than half its bulk, many selections from
more Scotch than Irish in its dialect.
Kellogg's writings, both prose and verse, beginning Therefore it is that in Mr. John Stevenson's “ Pat
with the well-known declamation, “Spartacus to the McCarty, Farmer of Antrim : his Rhymes, with a
Gladiators.” This piece was written and recited as Setting” (Longmans, Green, & Co.), the jingling
a seminary exercise when Kellogg was a theological verge savors not a little of lowland Scotch, and not
student at Andover, and it appears to have elec- at all of the Irish brogue. The "setting," which is
trified its first audience, as it has so many hearers of prose, is English without provincial peculiarities
since. Excellent anecdotes abound in this biography, except in quotations. Pat is obviously enough Mr.
portraits and other illustrations are generously sup Stevenson himself. His verses are pleasing in their
plied, and the whole forms as interesting a picture celtic light-heartedness and frequent gleams of
of Yankee life and character as any reader could humor ; and still more pleasing, though unconsci-
wish. The story of Kellogg's marriage, at the age ously so, is the poet's account of their mode of com-
of forty-one, to a bright young schoolmistress whom position. As if communicating something unique,
a friend had recommended, is a curious bit of ro he tells us that “the method is a curious one.” He
mance. But Professor Mitchell twice errs in re does not sit down with malice aforethought and say,
ferring to the married life of these two as extending Go to, now, I will write a fine poem ; but he seizes
over more than forty years. From 1854 to 1890 some chance incident or situation, or catches at the
was the exact period covered, unless the book is unpremeditated rhythm of some swinging line that
wrong in its chronology. Messrs. Lee & Shepard, pops into his head, and from that works out his
the publishers of Kellogg's numerous stories for verses, fitting lines before and after — and there
boys, also publish this biography of the author.
To the making of poetry, he gravely in.
forms us, "an intention to write and a choice of
Mr. George French, one of the most subject are not necessary preliminaries." The tone
Printing in
intelligent of current writers on
of his interspersed prose is frank and genial, much
graphic art.
typographical subjects, has pub- information is conveyed about men and things in
lished through the Imperial Press of Cleveland a
northern Ireland, and the whole is tinged with a
volume on “ Printing in Relation to Graphic Art.”
generous coating of local color. The poems are
The purpose of the book, in the author's own not
homely in the best senge, dealing with such themes
very happy phrasing, is “to try to establish a claim
of perennial interest as wife and bairns, games, vis-
for printing that it is an art "; he believes that many itors, flowers of field and garden, walks and talks,
of the elementary principles of graphic art, as rep- love, life, and, appropriately last, death and burial.
resented by such terms as color, tone, light and Free metrical versions of six psalms blend a little
shade, values, etc., may successfully be applied to of dignity and seriousness with the lighter elements
printing, and that through a more general applica of this entertaining medley.
tion of such principles may come a greatly-needed
improvement in typographical standards. There is
Two new volumes have recently ap-
much of truth in this contention, and it is bere well
peared in the extensive series of
developed and maintained. But Mr. French is not reprints.
Americana reprints issued by the
always to be trusted. He refers to Mr. Will Messrs. Burrows Brothers Company of Cleveland.
Bradley as a "genius” in the field of printing, The first of these volumes contains the Rev. John
placing his name with that of William Morris in Miller's account of “ New York Considered and
you are !
relation to
Valuable
Americana
a


1904.)
207
THE DIAL
Improved.” Mr. Miller came to New York in 1692, saw many advantages for her in an offer of two
as chaplain to two companies of infantry stationed hundred pounds a year for life, and could not fore-
in that colony. Embarking for England after four see that the tedium and restraint of her post would
years of service, he was captured by a French render it intolerable.
privateer and imprisoned at St. Malo. During his
imprisonment he wrote this interesting work. It
was printed in 1843, and again in 1862. Many
BRIEFER MENTION.
errors in these editions are corrected in the present
Hawthorne's essay on “The Old Manse,” being the
reprint, as is asserted in an introduction by Mr. introductory paper in his volume of “Mosses from an
Victor Hugo Paltsits. This reprint bas been set up Old Manse,” has been given a separate reprint by
in literal form from a transcript of the manuscript Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., as one of the “Riv-
in the British Museum. A sample page of the manu erside Limited Editions.” In general make-up the
script is reproduced, as well as the original maps. volume is similar to the reprints of Thoreau's “ Friend-
The annotating is well done, but not over-done. ship” and Lowell's “ Democracy,” previously issued in
The worthy chaplain's opinion of the moral condi-
the same series; and like these it is charmingly printed
tion of New York during the period of his incum-
in large old-style type on hand-made paper. A vig-
bency is not flattering. His “improvement” is the
nette wood-cut of the Manse in winter, printed on the
title-page, is the only note of decoration in the book.
usual suggestion of an American bishop. - The
Hawthorne is at his best in this tranquil idyl of the old
second volume is the much larger “ Lionel Wafer's
Concord parsonage, and we are grateful for having it
Voyage and Description of the Isthmus of America.”
in a separate setting of such fitness.
It is annotated and provided with a preface by Mr. The annual volume of the “ Proceedings and Ad-
George Parker Winship, and is reprinted from the dresses ” of the National Educational Association is
original edition of 1699. It preserves the original always an important contribution to educational litera-
typography and the maps and quaint illustrations. ture. The volume for 1903, reporting the Boston
Translations of Wafer bave appeared in Dutch, meeting, is now published by the Association (Winona,
German, French, and Spanish. The last edition in
Minn.), and seems to us of even more than the usual
English appeared in 1729. Wafer, as a buccaneer
interest and weight. The managers of that meeting
seem to have exerted themselves to their utmost to
along the Spanish isthmus from 1680 to 1687,
make the papers and discussions representative of the
collected the information which he first published
best educational thought as expounded by the ablost
in 1699, at a time when attention was attracted to
men in the profession, and he would be a dull teacher
the Isthmus by Paterson's ill-fortaned Scotch colony indeed who could not find much that was stimulating
on the northern coast. By placing these old works and helpful in this collection of educational discussions.
within the reach of modern students and readers A reissue of Crowe and Cavalcaselle's - History of
the enterprising publishers are doing an invaluable Painting in Italy” is being imported by the Messrs.
service to the literature of American history.
Scribner, and the first two volumes are now at hand.
Their respective subjects are “ Early Christian Art"
The second woman to be honored
and “Giotto and the Giottesques." The forty years
An English
with a seat among the “English Men
that have elapsed since the original production of this
woman of letters.
standard work have brought to our knowledge many
of Letters” is Fanny Burney, whose
new facts and sifted many old conclusions, so that the
life, by Mr. Austin Dobson, forms the latest volume
new edition, which is almost a new work, was really
of the series (Macmillan). To say that Mr. Dobson very much needed. The editing is being done by
has succeeded with his task is superfluous, for he is Messrs. Langton Douglas and S. Arthur Strong, who
not given to failares ; his charmingly limpid style have had the advantage of the manuscript material
and sympathetic knowledge of the eighteenth con. left by the authors. In its new form, the work is very
tury combine to make a delightful study. Miss
bandsomely gotten up, and is liberally illustrated.
Barney's Diary is of course the chief authority ; it
Brief biographies of the authors properly introduce
is, in Mr. Dobson's mind, the novelist's best work,
the opening volume.
and “one of the great diaries of literature.” By
To the discussion of the interesting question of
the differonces in intellectual tendencies of men and
well managed excerpts from it he brings before us
womon, Miss Helen Bradford Thompson has added the
the Burney family and their brilliant circle of
results of some very careful experimental researches
friends, from whom Fanny got ber inspiration for directed mainly to a presentation of the kind and
the characterizations of “ Evelina ” and “ Cecilia." manner of sex differences to be found in the sensory
Mr. Dobson is inclined to regard the huo and cry and motor endowments, as well as in the intellectual
over Miss Barney's appointment to the position of and emotional processes, of a small group of students
Queen's dresser as largely a waste of good ink.
who lent themselves to such tests at the University of
He admits that she was totally unfitted for the Chicago. The results are difficult to summarize, be-
duties of her office, and exceptionally gifted and
cause such of them as are really general require limit-
ations and reservations to make them accurate. The
clovor in other directions. But he points out in re-
buttal that when she entered Queen Charlotto's
interested reader must accordingly be referred to the
work itself, “ Mental Traits of Sex ” (University of
service she had written nothing for four years and Chicago Press), in which he will find the most discern-
had earned from her two popular novels less than ing statement of the established differences betweon
two bandred pounds. Her advisors, then, naturally the sexes that has yet been published.


208
[March 16,
THE DIAL
Among other interesting articles in the March issue
NOTES.
of “The International Studio," Miss Maude I. G. Oliver
The date of publication of the Herbert Spencer Au-
has an appreciative estimate of the work of M. Albert
tobiography has now been definitely fixed for the end
F. Fleury, the Chicago painter. In the value of its text,
of this month.
and especially in the beauty of its lavish pictorial equip-
Charles Kingsley's “Hypatia " is published by
ment, “The Studio” still holds first place among art
Messrs. Thomas Nelson & Sons in a leather-covered
periodicals.
thin-paper edition uniform with their “ Westward Ho."
The following three books are published by the Cen-
“ From Agnosticism to Theism,” by Mr. Charles F.
tury Co., and intended primarily for school use as sup-
Dole, is a brief paper, reprinted from “The Hibbert
plementary reading matter: « The Wonder-Book of
Journal,” and published as a booklet by the James H.
Horses," by Mr. James Baldwin; “A Watcher in the
West Co.
Woods,” by Mr. Dallas Lore Sharp; and “Famous Le-
« Tables for Chemical Calculations," with explana- Crommelin.
gends Adapted for Children," by Miss Emeline G.
tions and illustrative examples, by Professor Horace L.
Wells, is a convenient handbook published by Messrs.
“ A Journal of Voyages and Travels in the Interior of
North America,” by Daniel Williams Harmon, is repro.
Henry Holt & Co.
Blair's “The Grave," with Blake's illustrations as
duced from the original of 1820, under the editorship
etched by Schiavonetti, is reproduced in miniature form
of Mr. Robert Waite, and is published by Messrs. A. S.
by the Messrs. Appleton, in their series of reprints of
Barnes & Co. in their series of reprinted Americana
called “The Trail Makers.” A map and a portrait
famous old English books.
constitute the illustrations.
A new and prettily made edition of George Borrow's
The A. Wessels Co. have in active preparation for
“ Isopel Berners,” with an Introduction and Notes by publication in the early Spring a book by Mr. Rufus
Mr. Thomas Seccombe, will be published this month by
Rockwell Wilson entitled “ New England in Letters,”
Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co.
describing a series of pilgrimages to all the noteworthy
Professor Henry E. Bourne has extracted from
literary landmarks of the New England States, and
Lecky's “ Eighteenth Century the chapters on “The
dealing with the work of each author in association with
French Revolution," and edited them in a separate vol-
its background or environment.
ume, published by Messrs. Appleton.
“ The Professional Training of Secondary Teachers
Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. publish “ The Influence
in the United States," by Dr. G. W. A. Luckey, is a
of Pasteur on Medical Science," an address by Dr.
doctoral thesis prepared for Columbia University, and
Christian Archibald Herter before the medical school
now published under the auspices of that institution.
of Johns Hopkins University.
The work is a bulky volume of nearly four hundred
A second edition of Mr. Meredith Townsend's “ Asia
pages, and constitutes a very thorough treatment of its
and Europe” is published by the Messrs. Putnam, and
subject, both historical and theoretical.
constitutes a timely addition to the current literature of Messrs. Herbert S. Stone & Co. will publish early
that Far East which just now engrosses public attention.
next month an anonymous volume entitled “ The High
Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. announce that they Road:. Being the Autobiography of an Ambitious
will issue shortly a reprint of Patrick Gass's Journal of Mother.” They will also issue at the same time Mr.
the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The work will be in James William Pattison's The World's Painters,"
one volume, uniform with their library edition of Lewis previously announced but delayed until now through
and Clark, and will be edited by Dr. James K. Hosmer. difficulties connected with the illustrations.
Victor Rydberg's “Singoalla," translated into English Professor John Scholte Nollen has compiled, and
by Mr. Axel Josephsson, is published by the Grafton Messrs. Scott, Foresman & Co. bave published, “A
Press. This wierd and romantic tale of the nineteenth Chronology and Practical Bibliography of Modern Ger-
century is one of the minor masterpieces of its distin. man Literature,” which students will find very helpful.
guished author, and we are glad to welcome it in its The Chronology is comparative, and the Bibliography
present dainty English dress.
is in the main individual, although a group of general
The original edition of Mr. Angus Hamilton's works is listed. The book is interleaved.
* Korea" having been exhausted as soon as issued, and A collection of short stories by Mr. Henryk Sienkie-
a large demand made evident for an edition at a lower wicz is announced for publication this Spring by Messrs.
price, Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons announce the Little, Brown, & Co., his authorized publishers in this
immediate publication of a new popular edition of this country. These stories have been translated by Mr.
most timely book.
Jeremiah Curtin, who has just paid the great Polish
A work of exceptional interest is promised in the vol author a visit at his home in Warsaw. The title of the
on Oregon, by Professor F. H. Hodder, which book will be “Life and Death and Other Legends and
Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. announce in their Stories."
** American Commonwealths” series. It is expected Besides the reprint of Hawthorne's “The Old Manse"
that the book will be ready for the Lewis and Clark which they have just issued, Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin
Exposition to be held at Portland next year.
& Co. have nearly ready in their series of “Riverside
Messrs. McClure, Phillips & Co. inaugurate their Press Editions a volume containing Chaucer's “The
« Contemporary Men of Letters " series with two small Parlement of Foules,” printed in distinctive and at-
volumes -“Walter Pater," by Mr. Ferris Greenslet, tractive form. In their recently-announced series of
and Bret Harte," by Mr. H. W. Boynton. The vol “Special Limited Editions" they will publish shortly a
umes are essays rather than biographies, and each of volume of “Facts Relating to the Death of Alexander
the two is, in its way, a particularly satisfactory per Hamilton” and a collection of “Documents Relating
formance.
to the Purchase and Exploration of Louisiana."
ume


1904.)
209
THE DIAL
“A History of the United States for Secondary
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS.
Schools,” by Mr. J. N. Larned, is published by Messrs.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. It is a work admirably ap Herewith is presented THE DIAL's annual list of
pointed in all respects, and planned in accordance with books announced for Spring publication, containing this
the most advanced thought respecting the teaching of year over seven hundred titles. Such early Spring
this subject in our high schools. We can recommend it books as bave already been issued, and entered in the
as one of the two or three best text books of our history regular “ List of New Books” contained in this or
now accessible to American teachers.
recent numbers of THE DIAL, are not included in the
Mr. Maurice Kufferath's book on « The Parsifal of present list; and all the books here given are pre-
Richard Wagner" was first translated and published sumably new books — new editions not being named
twelve years ago. It is now reissued with a special
unless having new form or matter. The list is com.
introduction by Mr. H. E. Krehbiel. The translation is piled from authentio data especially secured for this
by Miss Louise M. Henermann, and the publishers are
purpose, and presents a reliable survey of the Spring
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. The illustrations are ex-
books of 1904.
amples in musical notation and photographs taken on
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
the stage during the recent New York production of the The Autobiography of Herbert Spencer, 2 vols., illus.,
drama.
$5.50 net.-My Literary Life, by Madame Adam (Ju-
liette Lamber), with portrait, $1.40 net. (D. Appleton
The Johns Hopkins Press publishes an edition of the
& Co.)
“Poema de Fernan Gonçalez” in a critical text, with Emile Zola, novelist and reformer, an account of his life,
introduction, notes, and a glossary, under the editorship work, and influence, by Ernest Alfred Vizetelly, illus.,
of Professor C. Carroll Marden. This old Spanish epic
$3.50 net.-Life and Letters of Robert Stephen Hawker,
sometime vicar of Morwenstow, by his son-in-law, C.
is almost as important as the poem of “The Cid," and E. Byles, Illus., $3.50 net.-Crown Library, new vols.:
the editor has given us a true thirteenth-century version, Memoirs of Lady Fanshawe; new edition, edited by
restored by the collation of all existing manuscripts and
Beatrice Marshall; Jane Austen, her homes and her
other sources.
The editorial work is all in Spanish,
friends, by Constance Hill, new edition, Illus.; each
$1.50 net. (John Lane.)
and there are two photographic facsimiles.
Ruskin Relics, by W. G. Collingwood, Illus. by Ruskin
Under the direction of the Royal Society of Litera-
and others, $2.50 net.-Life of Frederic William Far-
rar, some time Dean of Canterbury, by his son, Regi-
ture, Mr. Henry Frowde is about to publish two inter-
nald Farrar, illus. in photogravure, etc., $2. net.
esting works. One is the “Chronicles of Adam of Usk," (Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.)
edited with a translation and notes by Sir E. Naunde
The Renaissance in England, six Englishmen in the 16th
Thompson. This contains the complete chronicle from
century, by Sidney Lee.-Literary Lives series, edited
by Robertson Nicoll, first vols.: Matthew Arnold, by
1377 to 1421. The other volume is “Queen Elizabeth
G. W. E. Russell; Cardinal Newman, by William Barry,
and the Levant Company,” the history of a diplomatic D.D., each illus., $1. net. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
and literary episode of the establishment of our trade
Personal Reminiscences of the Duke of Wellington, by
with Turkey, edited by the Rev. H. G. Rosedale, D.D.
Francis, first Earl of Ellesmere; edited, with memoir
of Lord Ellesmere, by his daughter Alice, Countess of
Besides the new edition of Mrs. Hugh Fraser's Stratford, with portrait, $3.50 net.-Charles Reade as
“ Letters from Japan,” the Macmillan Co. announce for
I Knew him, by John Coleman, Illus., $3.50 net.-Rec.
ollections of a Royal Academician, by John Callcott
publication this month new editions of Mr. Wirt Ger-
Horsley, R.A., edited by Mrs. Edmund Helps, illus.,
rare's “Greater Russia” and Mr. Archibald R. Colqu $3. net. (E. P. Dutton & Co.)
houn's “The Mastery of the Pacific." New editions of James Lawrence, Captain U. S. N., commander of the
these three books have been called forth by the demand
“Chesapeake," by Albert Gleaves, with introduction
by George Dewey, illus., $1.35 net.-Heroes of the
arising from the war in the East. The same publishers Nation series, new vol.: Frederick the Great and the
also announce that Mr. Francis H. Skrine's “The Ex Rise of Russia, by William Fiddian Reddaway, illus.,
pansion of Russia,” which was for some time out of
$1.35 net.-Memoirs of Clarence King, together with
print, can now be bad.
The Helmet of Mambrino, published by the King's
Memorial Committee of the Century Association.-A
Messrs. Scott, Foresman & Co., publish an edition of Mediaeval Princess, the true story of Jacqueline, last
“ The Berthe of Hercules," a seventeenth century play
independent sovereign of Holland, Zealand, and Hal-
naut, 1401-1436, by Ruth Putnam. (G. P. Putnam's
inspired by Plautus, and existing in a single manuscript
Sons.)
preserved in the British Museum. This is the first time Francis Parkman, by Henry D. Sedgwick, $1.10 net.
the play has found its way into print. Mr. Malcolm W. William Hickling Prescott, by Rollo Ogden, $1.10 net.
Wallace has edited the text, and, besides providing the
-John A. Andrew, by Henry G. Pearson, 2 vols., with
usual notes, has prefaced it with a lengthy introduction
photogravure portraits, $5. net.---Memoirs of Henry
Villard, journalist and financier, 1835-1900, 2 vols., with
devoted to the general subject of the influence of Plau photogravure portraits and maps, $5. net. (Houghton,
tas upon early English dramatic literature.
Mifflin & Co.)
Whistler as I Knew Him, by Mortimer Menpes, being
A work that should prove of much usefulness to Bible
a record in color, with 100 Illustrations in color and
students is announced by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons tint.-English Men of Letters series, new vols.: Jane
in “The Student's Old Testament,” to be issued in six Austen, by H. C. Beeching; Hobbes, by Sir Leslie
volumes under the editorship of Mr. Charles Foster
Stephen; Maria Edgeworth, by Hon. Emily Lawless;
each, 75 cts. (Macmillan Co.)
Kent, Ph.D. This work gives a logical and chronolog Memoirs of Anna Maria Wilhelmina Pickering, edited
ical arrangement of the Old Testament, rearranging by Spencer Pickering, illus., $4. net. (Dodd, Mead &
systematically the early songs, primitive traditions, tribal Co.)
Moses Brown, Captain U. S. N., by Edgar Stanton
stories, laws, exhortations, and historical narratives. It
Maclay, illus., $1.25 net.-The Life and Adventures of
presents a clear translation not only of the words, but "Jack" Philip, edited by Edgar Stanton Maclay, as-
also of the ideas and the spirit of the original texts. sisted by Barrett Philip, illus., $2.50 net. (Baker &
The introductions and explanatory notes will give all
Taylor Co.)
Leo Tolstoy, a biographical and critical study, by T.
needed explanations of obscurities of the texts and of the
Sharper Knowlson, with portrait, $1. net. (Frederick
historical and geographical connections.
Warne & Co.).


210
[March 16,
THE DIAL
Contemporary Men of Letters series, new vols.; Charles
Dudley Warner, by Mrs. James 1. Fields; William
Butler Yeats and the Irish Literary Revival, by Ho-
ratio Sheafe Krans; each 75 cts. net. (McClure, Phil-
lips & Co.)
Bookman Biographies, new vols.: Tennyson, by G. K.
Chesterton and Richard Garnett; Browning, by James
Douglas; Thackeray, by G. K. Chesterton and Lewis
Melville; each illus., 75 cts. (James Pott & Co.)
Win.
S.
HISTORY
A History of the United States, by Henry W. Elson.-
Lectures on the French Revolution and on General
Modern History, by the late Lord Acton, 2 vols., with
portrait.-A History of the United States since the
Civil War, by William Garrott Brown, 2 vols.- The
Opening of the Mississippi, a struggle for supremacy
in the American interior, by Frederic Austin Ogg.-
Cambridge Historical Series, new vols.: Germany and
the Empire, 1500-1792, by A. F. Pollard, M.A.; Ger-
many, 1815-1889, by J. W. Headlam, M.A.; Scandi-
navla, by R. Nisbet Bain; The Colonization of South
America, by E. J. Payne; Italy, 1492-1792, by Mrs.
H. M. Vernon.-Roman Society from Nero to Marcus
Aurelius, by Samuel Dill, M.A.-The Foundations of
Modern Europe, by Emil Reich, $2.25 net.-The Early
Age of Greece, by William Ridgeway, M.A., Vol. II.,
$5. net.-The American Colonies in the 17th Century,
by Herbert L. Osgood. (Macmillan Co.)
Original Journals of Lewis and Clark, edited by Reuben
Gold Thwaites, probably in 8 vols., illus.--The League
of the Iroquois, by Lewis Henry Morgan, new edition,
thoroughly revised by Herbert M. Lloyd, with many
additions, illus., in color, etc., $5. net.-A · History of
Scotland,
by Andrew Lang, Vol. III., $3.50 net.
(Dodd, Mead & Co.)
The Trail of Lewis and Clark, a story of the great ex-
ploration across the continent, 1804-06, with a descrip-
tion of the old trail based upon actual travel over it,
and of the changes found a century later, by Olin D.
Wheeler, 2 vols., Illus. in color, etc.-The United
States, 1607-1904, a history of three centuries of prog.
ress, by William Estabrook Chancellor and Fletcher
Willis Hewes, in 10 vols., Illus., Vol. I.-History of the
Civil War in the United States, 1861-1865, by W. Birk-
beck Wood, A.M., and Colonel Edwards, with maps
and plans.-Contemporary France, by Gabriel Hano-
taux, trans. by John Charles Tarver, M.A., Vol. II.,
1874-1878, with portraits, $3.75 net.–Story of the Na-
tions series, new vol.: The South American Republics,
by Thomas C. Dawson, Part II., illus., $1.35 net. (G.
P. Putnam's Sons.)
A History of the People of the United States, from the
Revolution to the Civil War, by John B. McMaster,
Vol. VI., 1830-1841, $2.50 net.-Expansion of the Re-
public series, new vol.: The Conquest of the South-
west, by Cyrus Townsend Brady, illus., $1.25 net. (D.
Appleton & Co.)
Early Western Travels, 1748-1846, a series of annotated
reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary
volumes of travel, descriptive of the aborigines and
social and economic conditions in the middle and far
West, during the period of early American settlement,
edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites, to be complete in
31 vols., illus., Vols. I. to V. to appear this spring,
covering the period from 1748 to 1811, per vol. $4, net.
-The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, edited and anno-
tated by Emma Helen Blair, A.M., and James Alex.
ander Robertson, Ph.B., with introduction and addi.
tional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne, Vols. XI. to
XV., Illus., per vol. $4. net.-Historic Highways of
America, by Archer Butler Hulbert, Vols. XI. and
XII., Pioneer Roads of America, Illus., per vol., $2.50
net. (Arthur H. Clark Co.)
Napoleon, a military history, by Theodore A. Dodge, in
4 vols., Vols. 1. and II., from the opening of the
French Revolution to the treaty of Tilsit, 1807, illus.,
per vol., $4. net.-American Commonwealths series,
new vols.: New Hampshire, by Frank B. Sanborn,
$1.10 net; Maryland, by William Hand Brown, new
enlarged edition, $1.25; New York, by Ellis H. Roberts,
new edition, revised to date, 2 vols., $2.50. (Houghton,
Miffin & Co.)
The Trail Makers, a series of great American explora-
tlons, under the consulting editorship of John Bach
McMaster, first vols.: The Journey of Coronado, 1540-
42, trans. and edited, with introduction by George
Parker Winship; Voyages from Montreal through North
America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789 and
1793, by Alexander Mackenzie, 2 vols.; History of the
Lewis and Clark Expedition, with an account of the
Louisiana Purchase by John Bach McMaster, and
introduction identifying the route by Ripley Hitch-
cock, 3 vols.; History of the Five Indian Nations of
Canada, by Cadwallader Colden, 2 vols.; The Wild
Northland, the story of a winter journey with dogs
across North America, 1872-73, by Gen. Sir
Francis Butler, K.C.B.; each illus., per vol., $1.-
Barnes's Popular History of the United States, new
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Barnes & Co.)
Queen Elizabeth and the Levant Company, by Rev. H.
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bury, edited by C. C. J. Webb, M.A., 2 vols.-The
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plans.-Documents relating to the French Revolution,
1789-1791, edited by L. G. Wickham Legg, M.A., 2 vols.
--Baron de Tocqueville's L'Ancien Regime, edited by
G. W. Headlam. (Oxford University Press.)
The Moorish Empire, by S. P. Scott, 3 vols., $10.net.
(J. B. Lippincott Co.)
The Ancient Capitol of Scotland, by Samuel Cowan,
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New, $1. net. (James Pott & Co.)
The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland, by Michael Davitt,
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An Atlas of European History, by Earle G. Dow.
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South America and Panama, a popular illustrated his-
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publics and Cuba, by Hezekiah Butterworth, new and
cheaper edition, revised to 1904 and covering the
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& Co.)
GENERAL LITERATURE.
New Letters of Thomas Carlyle, edited and annotated
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a rendezvous of certain illustrious personages during
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and Fanny Burney, by Constance Hill, illus. in pho-
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ters of Sir William W. Pepys, master in chancery, to
his nephew Mr. William Franks, Hannah More, and
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color by the author, $2. net. (John Lane.)
English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Cen-
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Constitutional Decisions of John Marshall, edited by
Joseph P. Cotton, Jr., 2 vols., $10. net.-Writings of
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net.-Popular Tales from the Norse, by Sir George
Webb Dasent, D.C.L., third edition, entirely rewrit-
ten and enlarged. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
Studies in Shakespeare, by John Churton Collins, $2. net.
-Ruskin in Oxford, and other studies, by G. W.
Kitchin, D.D., illus., $3.50 net.-A Rosary, by John
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Letters from England, 1846-1849, by George Bancroft,
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Press.)
Essays for the Day, by Theodore T. Munger.-The Views
about Hamlet, and other essays, by Albert H. Tolman,
$1.50 net. (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)


THE
DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER.
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By such light as shines for you;
But in light ye cannot see
No. 427.
APRIL 1, 1904. Vol. XXXVI.
Of unfulfilld felicity,
In enlarging paradise,
CONTENTS.
Lives a life that never dies."
EDWIN ARNOLD
227 Many and varied were the deeds and the
THE REVIEWER. H. W. Boynton
228
distinctions of this accomplished scholar, jour-
COMMUNICATION .
. 230
nalist, and poet. Bearing his Oxford honors
The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898. Emma Helen as a Newdigate prizeman, he became master of
Blair and Jas. A. Robertson.
an English public school, but after two years
NEW LETTERS OF THE CHELSEA SAGE. resigned this post to accept the principalship of
Percy F. Bicknell
231
a government college in Bombay. This sojourn
RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE OLD ASTRONOMY. in the East, which lasted for five years, gave to
Herbert A. Howe.
233
his life the definite direction which it ever after-
AN OLD-NEW BIOGRAPHY OF LINCOLN.
Charles H. Cooper
wards kept, as far as its expression in litera-
234
ture was concerned. He buried himself in the
AMERICAN TARIFF CONTROVERSIES. 0. L.
Elliott
236 study of the languages, the religions, and the
AN AMERICAN MUSHROOM BOOK. Thomas
poetry of India, and, although he never became
H. Macbride
238 an oriental scholar in the exacting sense of
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
239 philological science, be acquired a sufficient
A budget of entertaining anecdotes. -- A treasury knowledge of certain aspects of oriental thought
of English literature. -The meaning and origin of
folk-lore. — An iconoclast on Thackeray. — Sound
to become their efficient interpreter to the
essays in Natural History. — Studies of conduct Western world. Returning to England in
and of character.-Recent advances in Psychology. 1861, he began his connection with the London
The problem of personal livelihood. – An intro-
duction to classical Latin literature. Beginnings
Daily Telegraph,” and his editorial relations
of the Cabinet System in England.
with that newspaper continued to occupy bim
BRIEFER MENTION
for the remainder of his days. He revisited the
NOTES
243 East more than once in his later years, and it
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
244
remained the one lasting and inexhaustible inter-
est of his life. He was three times married,
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
244
showing in this a fine cosmopolitan taste, for his
first wife was an Englishwoman, his second an
EDWIN ARNOLD.
American (the daughter of our own W.H. Chan-
Sir Edwin Arnold died on the twenty-fourth ning, the successor of Martineau in Liverpool),
of March, in the seventy-second year of his and his third, who now survives him, a Japan-
age. The physical ailments of his later life,
ese woman of much intelligence and charm.
including the crowning calamity of blindness, It must be admitted that Sir Edwin's repu-
must have made death a welcome release to tation has declined considerably of recent
him, since the close of his days brought him years. It is just a quarter of a century since
the satisfaction of one who can look back upon the publication of “The Light of Asia," which
a long and useful career and feel that its essen bore him upon the full flood of popular fame.
tial aims have been worthily accomplished, its This poem was followed by many others ori.
destined work completely done. And reading ginal compositions and translated masterpieces
of his death, we think instinctively of the l of Hindu and Persian literature -- but none of
., 242
.


228
[April 1,
THE DIAL
its successors ever had anything approaching the great epic of the “Mahabharata," and parti-
the immense vogue of his sympathetic and cularly for his exquisitely sympathetic version of
profound study of the legend and gospel of the “ Bhagavad-Gita,” which he rightly styled
Buddhism. A number of years after the ap “The Song Celestial.” This book seems to us,
pearance of that work, urged on by the charge among the many bearing Sir Edwin's name, to
of baving exalted paganism at the expense of stand next in importance to the one by which he
Cbristianity, be sought to provide it with a is most widely known, and we will close our brief
companion work in praise of the latter, but tribute to the work of his life by quoting from
“ The Light of the World,” as the new poem the volume this parable of the banyan tree :
was styled, fell so far below the level of the
“ They call the Aswattha - the Banyan tree,
earlier one that it is not to be mentioned in Which hath its boughs beneath, its roots on high-
the same breath. Where the poem of Buddh The ever-holy tree. Yea! for its leaves
isin was glowing and impassioned and sincere,
Are green and waving hymns which wbisper Truth!
Who knoweth well the Aswattha, knows all.
the poem of Christianity proved colorless and
rhetorical and artificial; it had clearly been a
Its branches shoot to heaven and sink to earth,
Even as the deeds of men, which take their birth
task to be performed, not a labor of love to be
From qualities; its silver sprays and blooms,
wrought out with spontaneous enthusiasm. And all the eager verdure of its girth,
It is, then, upon the author of “ The Light
Leap to quick life at touch of sun and air,
of Asia ” that whatever permanent fame may As men's lives quicken to the temptings fair
become attached to the memory of Sir Edwin Of wooing sense. Its hanging rootlets seek
must rest. And that poem seems to us really
The soil beneath, helping to hold it there,
deserving of lasting remembrance. It is not As actions wrought amid this world of men
creative work, except in the sense in which all
Bind them by ever-tightening bonds again.
If
work inspired by deep sympathy recreates its
ye
knew well the teaching of the Tree,
What its shape saith, and whence it springs, and, then,
object, but as an interpretation of Eastern
ideals for Western minds and hearts it is
How it must end, and all the ills of it,
The axe of sharp Detachment ye would whet
hardly matched in English literature. Fitz-
And cleave the clinging, snaky roots and lay
Gerald's Omar is better poetry, no doubt, but This Aswattha of sense-life low - to set
the poetry is his, and not Omar's; and in all
New growths upspringing to that happier sky,
the long line of Englishmen, from Sir William Which they who reach shall bave no day to die,
Jones to “ A. E.” and Mr. Rudyard Kipling,
Nor fade away, nor fall — to Him, I mean,
who have brought the message of India to our
FATHER and First, Who made the mystery
occidental ears, there has been no other whose Of old Creation; for to Him come they
actual success may be reckoned comparable
From passion and from dreams who break away;
with that achieved by the author of “The
Who part the bonds constraining them to flesh,
And - Him, the Highest, worshiping alway-
Light of Asia.” The message proved particu-
larly appealing to our American sense, for it
No longer grow at mercy of what breeze
Of summer pleasure stirs the sleeping trees,
enlarged upon a theme with which Emerson
What blast of tempest tears them, bough and stem,
had toyed, and with which the whole of trans To the eternal world pass such as these.
cendental New England had been, with more Another Sun gleams there! Another Moon!
zeal than knowledge, it is true, mysteriously Another Light - a Light which none shall lack
and intimately concerned.
Whose eyes once see; for those return no more.
The prose writings of Sir Edwin, whether or
They have attained My Uttermost Abode!"
not they attained the dignity of book publica-
tion, are journalism, and, as such, having served
their purpose, have ceased to be.
have ceased to be. His original
THE REVIEWER.
verse was rarely marked by the true poetical No doubt the happiest field of criticism lies out-
accent, and, save for such occasional pieces as side of contemporary literature, but an important
the anthologies may preserve, will not be read
field lies inside; and in this the reviewer works.
by his posterity. But he had just enough of
His conception of the truth about contemporary
the technique of the art to stand him in excel.
writing will lack certain safeguards which time and
lent stead as a translator, and students of com-
detachment afford the critic of the past. The ele-
parative literature to whom the Eastern origi-
ments of personal prejudice or convenience, of pres-
sure from within or from without, endanger his
nals are sealed will long find his versions
clearness of vision and his frankness of utterance.
pleasing and helpful. Most of all will such stu The difficulties of his position are many and serious
dents be grateful to him for his translations from enough to have led so keen an observer as M. Jules


1904.]
229
THE DIAL
see.
Lemaitre to announce that “the criticism of our nothing to ask of fate; the world is his, and the
contemporaries is not really criticism, but simply fulness thereof.
conversation.” This seems to be altogether too sweep But why all this stress upon honesty? Is there any
ing a dictum. It fairly asperses the value of any reason for a reviewer's being anything but honest?
sort of individual judgment. We cannot wait for the There are many reasons more perhaps in Amer-
opinion of posterity upon the character of our next ica than elsewhere. England still preserves a taste
door neighbors; nor will it necessarily be true that for robust criticism. It rather likes the battering
our expressed opinion of them is nothing more than method; it does not grudge the “ Saturday Review
gossip, though the chance may lie that way. its fun. One can perceive a theory behind this
It is the business of the reviewer to express his method, to the effect that if a reviewer (who is
opinion of next-door literature. His duty, like that free to write or not) cannot find a book good
of any other critic, is to see as clearly as he can, enough to write about, the next best thing is to find
and to tell precisely what he sees. He had better one bad enough. Either will give him opportunity
not be thinking much about his liability to error; it to enunciate, or to illustrate, some important critical
is enough to do as well as he can. I do not mean
principle. This is not the American theory. We
that his judgmenta ought to be based upon mere are given to understand that a reviewer should
whim or prejudice; if they are, he is not a critic in ignore what he cannot praise. It is his duty to
any serious sense. For criticism, as Arnold said speak only of books about which he can find some-
long ago, “is the art of seeing the object as in itself thing amiable to say. He is to be a guide, but not
it really is”; and the critic is of value in proportion a guardian, of the public. Unfortunately, the ordi-
as his vision approximates perfection. The great nary reviewer has obvious reasons for speaking of
critic is born and made. His naturally keen vision books in which no cultivated taste can find occasion
is refined, before it reaches its highest power, by for praise; and he is too likely to succumb to the
every contact: by contact with life; with literature; general demand for amenity.
finally, with the classics of criticism. At the end of But let us consider the extraordinary reviewer,
all this, it remains for him only to tell what, as the the writer who is free to treat only such books as
result of his being and knowing, he does actually commend themselves to his taste. Is he altogether
The honest expression of a firm and reasonable absolved from the duty of warning his audience
opinion — this is the object which a critic has before against meretricious work upon which the perfunc-
him; his rank depends upon the plane of reason in tory reviewer is pronouncing silly encomiums? It
which his judgments are formed. Shiftlessness of is quite true that the best service of criticism is
opinion and insincerity of expression are the only affirmative. We are in no danger of underrating
crimes which can be charged against a reviewer; his the value of Professor Dowden's assertion that “The
other errors will be due to limitations which he can most valuable critic is the critic who communicates
not remove.
sympathy by an exquisite record of his own de-
Moreover, personality, as well as intellect, con lights.” The purest pleasure, the highest profit, lies
tributes to the effectiveness of the critic. True criti in constructive work; nobody covets the office of
cism, we have begun to see of late, is as much a literary headsman. Yet it is a necessary office, and
means of self-expression as any of the forms which there is no reason why the reviewer should feel him-
are commonly called creative. The fact has been self culpable in occasionally undertaking it. He is
most strikingly suggested by M. Anatole France in not so fatuous as to imagine that his comment upon
his definition of criticism as “the adventures of a a book will have a mysterious power of adding
soul among masterpieces.” This suggests the chief to or subtracting from its value. The immediate
point of disadvantage for the critic of the contem circulation of a book may conceivably be affected
porary, or reviewer.
His adventures must often be by somebody's opinion of it; its quality, and conse-
upon a lower, at least a more dubious level. His quently its permanent standing, can be in no way
function cannot be agreeably limited to the walled affected. Works of merit do not always speak for
gardens of literature; and he will not find master themselves at once; works of no merit very com-
pieces bursting from every hedgerow. He is defi-
He is defi- monly speak beyond themselves. It is for the re-
nitely committed to a contest of research of which viewer to offer some intelligible surmise as to the
the notable prizes must be few. He must travel in all value of one as well as of the other.
places and in all companies. He cannot, as Ruskin The especial temptation of the American reviewer
advised, keep out of the salt swamps of literature, is to concern himself more with persons and with
and live on a little rocky island, or, as Schopen- volumes of printed matter than with qualities and
hauer urged, devote his time for reading “exclu- principles. He thinks of the author, he thinks of
sively to those great minds of all times and all the publisher, he thinks of the public — they all like
countries who overtop the rest of humanity, those to hear pleasant things said. He says them. This
whom the voice of fame points to as such." He is not a method of criticism; that is, it is not a
is, in fact, a drudge of fame. His reward is, now respectful method of approaching an author or his
and then, to hit upon merit, to hit upon truth, to work. An ingenious argument is sometimes advanced
feel himself not only the drudge of fame, but the in favor of it, based upon the theory that the duty
herald of excellence. At such moments he has of the reviewer is not only to judge literature, but to


230
[April 1,
THE DIAL
encourage authors. We are assured that there must Anyone who wishes to verify this premise need only
be no more instances like that of the poor young compare the synopsis given in the preface with the text
Keats. I can only say that this theory of the re-
of the document itself: e. g., in Vol. VII. (pp. 22-24),
viewer's function seems to me altogether false. It
Salazar's letters to the king, and his controversy with
Dasmariñas regarding the Indian tributes; in Vol. VIII.
is his sole business to express his opinion of the
abstract value of a book as literature. It is a pub- Vol. x. (p. 11), Morga's accusations against the eccle-
(pp. 10, 11), the governor's replies to the bishop; in
lisher's business to express his opinion of its concrete
siastics;
in Vol. XII., Bishop Benavides's criticisms on
value as a commodity. If it falls to anybody in his all the religious orders, and Chirino's history of the
official capacity to encourage, to deprecate, to dis Jesuit missions; etc.
tinguish between promise and achievement, it falls In the numerous annotations which accompany each
to the editor. Every good editor will succeed in volume, the editors have aimed to supply such informa-
bringing out much valuable new material by this tion – historical, geographical, biographical, scientific,
and bibliographical - as will elucidate obscure or dif.
sort of manipulation. But the critic is under obli-
ficult points that may arise in the text. No one can
gation only to the truth as he sees it. The moment
realize more clearly than do the editors themselves the
he begins to falter, to qualify, to mitigate the sub-
deficiencies in these respects that exist in the earlier
stance of his criticism, he makes it worthless. To its
volumes — partly due to inexorable limitations of time
form he may well give the highest possible degree and space, and partly unavoidable in the beginning of
of amenity.
any series so long and extensive as this; but they trust
These principles cannot be too strictly kept in that future volumes will show improvement in these
mind by the reviewer whose critical integrity finds respects. In the annotations they have preserved the
itself wavering under, it may be, the fourfold pres same impartial attitude, as, for instance, the note on the
sure of author, editor, publisher, and public. He is Inquisition (Vol. V., p. 258), in which the best histo-
rians
a judge, or he is a mere fabricator of book-notices.
Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish — are cited
for the reader's benefit. The editors prefer, instead of
It is not his business to help the sale of books, or to
offering their own opinions, to point out to the student
coddle sensitive authors, or to make everybody feel
the leading authorities, regardless of partisan or sec-
comfortable about everything. Discrimination is al-
tarian tendencies. It is certainly not their business to in-
ways offensive in one quarter or another; and the dulge in "critical comment” or “ definitive conclusions”
reviewer discriminates or is lost.
- from which, indeed, they have throughout sedulously
H. W. BOYNTON. refrained. It may be here incidentally noted that Craw-
furd's allusion to the Filipinos as “balf-naked savages'
at the time of their discovery by the Spaniards (Vol. I.,
p. 72) is simply a phrase in his statement regarding the
COMMUNICATION.
character of the Spanish administration in the Philip-
pines, and is not adopted or even noticed by Professor
THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493–1898.
Bourne; and that the latter has, in his introduction to
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
the series, cited many authorities besides Morga and
Permit us to offer a few lines of explanation regardZúñiga.
ing some points in the review of « The Philippine
The subjects of legislation for the Spanish colony in
Islands – 1493–1898,” which appeared in your issue of
the islands and for the protection of the natives, and of
March 16. The reviewer, while erecting admirable social conditions among both peoples, are certainly of
standards of criticism, seems to have some misconcep the utmost importance; and examination of the first ten
tions regarding the scope of that work and the attitude volumes shows that much has been given therein on
of its editors. It is not intended to be per se a history these matters, e.g., royal decrees, the constitution of
of the islands, but is rather a careful and thoroughly
the Audiencia, ordinances enacted by that body, instruc-
impartial selection of the best documentary material tions given to the governors, account of the encomien-
available, as being the original sources for such history. das in 1591, and Plasencia's account of the customs of
As such, the editors conceive that it is their part to pre-
the Tagalos (which was written by direction of the
sent these documents in faithful reproduction and trans-
Audiencia for the guidance of the courts). Then, too,
lation, permitting their writers to speak for themselves, may be found accounts of the early hospitals, benevo-
and their readers to form through perusal their own
lent enterprises, schools, and colleges of San José, as
opinions. The editors do not feel called upon to inter-
well as of the cathedral and other churches — all these
pret or criticise the text; or to intrude their own opin activities being in operation, less than thirty years after
ions in regard to any of the vexed questions that arise;
the foundation of Spanish Manila.
or to perform all the research, comparison, and sifting
Finally, as regards judgments and decisions in any
that are necessary in order to reach any just conclu Philippine problems, especially on that of the friar con-
sions thereon — processes that pertain to the historian troversy, the editors can only reiterate their previous
rather than to the editor. The prefaces are written
statements of their non-partisan and non-sectarian atti-
strietly in accordance with this view; they are simply
tude toward all these questions; and their aim of pre-
synopses of the documents contained in the respective senting to both students and the general public the
voluines, and in these summaries the standpoint of each historical material which must be the only basis for
writer is recognized and admitted; otherwise, the edi-
intelligent and fair opinions thereon.
tors could not maintain their attitude (adopted from the
EMMA HELEN BLAIR,
very inception of their work) of impartial and unbiased
Jas. A. ROBERTSON,
observation and record of the panorama of history as it
(Editors of “The Philippines - 1493–1898.")
is unfolded in the successive volumes of the series. Madison, Wis., March 24, 1904.


1904.]
231
THE DIAL
-
:
gerated depiction of mental and bodily states of
The New Books.
unease and disgust both he and his brilliant wife
took the delight of true literary artists. Some-
what as his admired Goethe turned his affairs of
NEW LETTERS OF THE CHELSEA SAGE.*
the heart into literature, and so got rid of them,
The best possible life of Carlyle — best be- Carlyle worked off in his letters to intimates
cause self-told
is now completed with two those humors that most vexed him at the time.
volumes of New Letters," carefully chosen It was not his way to burn his own smoke.
from a great number hitherto unpublished, “Let us lie and rest and say nothing," he
and edited, in such a manner as to be so far as writes ; and straightway proceeds not to do it.
possible self-explanatory, by Mr. Alexander But who would have it otherwise ? The burst
Carlyle, Thomas Carlyle's nephew. This book of almost boisterous laughter that we seem to
is the more welcome as no really satisfactory hear after each absurdly splenetic deliverance
biography of Carlyle bas yet appeared. It relieves it of all appearance of ill nature.
contains 395 letters, arranged chronologically, Indeed, the writer himself is more than half-
and issued in two volumes of uniform appear.
conscious that without something to growl at
ance with the recently published “ New Let he would not be happy. In the midst of his
ters of Jane Welsh Carlyle.” Considering the fretting and fuming over the “ French Revo-
“immense number” of letters from which the lution " - a piece of writing that made him,
editor tells us he has made his selection, and as he declared, “all biliousness and fret and
the copious correspondence already given to palpitating haste and bewilderment” — he was
the public, one may well ask how it was that yet moved to add :
a man of such productiveness in books ever “I often think it is a great malady and madness this
found time or inclination to put forth so many
poor Book of mine, which wears me so, and has been
letters. This and other matters of interest
80 unlucky: yet rather I should say, it is a great hap-
piness, and gives me the completest indifference towards
find mention in the following extract from the all fretting of fortune, towards much that has haunted
editor's Preface :
me like pale spectres all my life long. . I stand
“ Carlyle's Letters are generally the unpremeditated, serene under the sky, and really have the peaceablest
spontaneous expression of his thoughts and feelings at
fearlessness towards all men and things."
the moment of writing, set down with perfect candour And he winds up a letter to his brother, Dr.
and sincerity, in his rapid, fluent style; there are char-
acteristic touches of his genius in nearly every one of
Carlyle : “Never mind these hypochondrias
them, even in bis briefest Notes; whilst many of them
of mine; at bottom, nothing wrong.”
are equal in literary qualities to the best of his pub It has often been said of Carlyle's literary
lished writings. Yet they reveal withal the heart of methods, that whereas he made a terrible
their writer perhaps more than his genius; they bear
pother about a book while it was in the writ-
evidence that the man who wrote them was not only
sincere and candid, but also kindly disposed, full of
ing, he banished it utterly from his thoughts
sympathy and active helpfulness, ever ready with wise as soon as it was printed and off his hands.
advice, friendly encouragement and practical benefi This is not strictly true. When the agonies of
cence to all those with whom he was brought in con-
parturition were over, he took a lively interest
tact. . . . To no honest enquirer after truth or seeker
in his literary offspring's commercial fortunes.
of advice, did Carlyle turn a deaf ear; during the
greater part of his life, busy or not busy, be seems to
Sending a package of books to his mother soon
have answered every correspondent whether known to after the appearance of Sartor" in book form,
him or not."
A few letters to Carlyle, e.g. from his
« But the finest item of the collection, you will say,
mother, from Bismarck, from Leigh Hunt, are
I hope, is Teufelsdröckh, fairly at last in the shape of
a Book! They have got it out finally, after long delays;
judiciously inserted as necessary to the under-
and it will take its lot like other things. It is not a
standing of those written by him.
pretty volume, not at all finely done off; but on the
without saying that the book as a whole will whole I care next to nothing at all about it, or about
delight those who seek in epistolary literature
what comes of it, -'a kirk and a mill’ if the world
like: I had fairly done with it almost seven years ago.”
something other than conventional banalities
and outworn forms. Its pages bristle with the With him, “I don't care"
what it
writer's gruff whimsicalities and humorously
does with most of us: we do care a great deal,
atrabilious outbursts. In the striking and exag but say to ourselves that we don't, and that
we won't let people think that we do ; where-
*NEW LETTERS OF THOMAS CARLYLE. Edited and an-
notated by Alexander Carlyle. In two volumes. Illustrated.
upon our anxiety, like Queen Gertrude's guilt,
New York: John Lane.
“spills itself in fearing to be spilt.” Yet it
be says:
It goes
means


232
[April 1,
THE DIAL
ers.
is just these delightfully human touches that gland and Scotland, the octogenarian received
endear the Letters and their writer to all read. a congratulatory letter from Prince Bismarck.
Another thing that interests is the fre- Carlyle's reply betrays perhaps just a shade
quent mention of progress or hindrance in this more than we might wish of that self-abase-
or that literary work. We seem to see the ment before princes and potentates which is
book growing from day to day, and to share not uncharacteristic of the true Briton. But
the author's hopes and fears regarding its suc the reader shall judge for himself. Here is the
cess. Here is a passage referring to a chapter letter, which, a footnote seems to indicate, the
in the French Revolution":
editor now publishes for the first time:
“ The Chapter is longer than I expected; not right, “Sir.—On Saturday morning, which was my eightieth,
yet it must do. I have a great lesson to learn: that of and probably enough my last, Birthday, I was honoured
einmal fertig werden (getting done once for all]. Much with a Letter, by far the remarkablest, the least ex-
poring does but confuse, and reduce all to caudle. Get pected and the most agreeable that came to me on that
it done, and let there be an end! The bricklayer does occasion. This is the noble, wise, sincere and generous
not insist on all being as smooth as marble, but only on Letter, which you have been pleased to write, and
all having a certain degree of smoothness and straight which I read with very great surprise and very great
ness; and so he gets a wall done.”
and lasting pleasure. Permit me to say that no honour
could have been done to me, which I should have
Many glimpses of contemporary notabilities
valued so much, or which shall live more brightly in my
are given us in these
pages.
The poet Rogers thoughts for the rest of my time in this world. What
is rather ruthlessly pictured as having “no you deign to say of my poor History of your great
hair at all, but one of the whitest bald scalps, King Friedrich seems to me the most pertinent and
flattering utterance I have yet anywhere heard on that
blue eyes, shrewd, sad and cruel ; toothless
subject; and I am truly proud of it from such a quarter.
horse-shoe mouth drawn up to the very nose : “ With very great sincerity, I warmly thank you for
slow-croaking sarcastic insight, perfect breed your goodness; and shall continue to wish for you, as I
ing.” Of the young Queen he wrote in 1838, have long done, every prosperity in your great and
after seeing her driving in one of the parks,
noble career, and that God may grant you years and
that she seemed “ a bit modest, nice, sonsy
strength to fulfil, or carry beyond risk of failure, the
grand and salutary enterprise in which you have already
little lassie ; blue eyes, light hair, fine white
gone so far, in sight of all the world.
skin ; of extremely small stature: she looked " I have the honour to be and remain,
timid, anxious, almost frightened.
“Your obliged and obedient servant,
heartily sorry for the poor bairn." Miss Marti-
“T. Carlyle."
neau is thus turned off: “Good Harriet, there
is such a lively dispatch in her, such a sharp
Of all the letters in these handsome volumes,
letters that vary in tone and degree of intimacy
needling compactness, one wishes her heartily
well — at a distance.' Fitting place may be
to suit the recipients, those to Dr. John Carlyle,
found here for Count d'Orsay’s exclamation
apparently the most congenial of the writer's
after viewing Shelley's bust in Carlyle's house,
brothers, are the best ; at any rate, they con-
where the Italian was making a call. - Ah!
tain the most of literary and general interest.
It is one of those faces who weesh to swallow
His affectionate missives to his “Goody,” as
their chin.” Somewhat longer shall be our
he playfully styles his wife, will appeal strongly
quotation from the letter wherein occurs ap-
to women readers. The wifely devotion so
preciative mention of Emerson, as early as
abundantly made manifest in Mrs. Carlyle's
1836, soon after the death of his brother
letters to her “dear,” is answered with an equal
Charles.
tenderness and solicitude on the husband's
part. To his mother, also, Carlyle wrote fre-
« Emerson the American friend writes me a most
gentle affectionate Letter about the sudden death of a
quent letters of the most affectionate sort, now
beloved Brother of his. He was one of the most prom and then enclosing a five-pound note from his
ising young men in America, I understand; was just rather slender and precarious income. Of that
going to be married, and Emerson was 'enlarging his income, however, one is glad to note that as
house' for new accommodation, — when alas the Nar-
row House proved the one appointed! — He is a good
early as 1847 it was becoming very respectable.
man, that Emerson; nothing can be better than the
“I get regularly,” he writes in that year, “ a
pious way he takes his great loss. He has sent a little kind of rent from these poor Books of mine ;
Book of his writing too, which is extremely good in some two or three hundred pounds a-year of
spirit.”
late."
The book referred to is evidently “ Nature.” Of the nine illustrations in these volumes,
On the occasion of Carlyle's eightieth birth five are portraits of Carlyle, who, despite his
day, an anniversary duly celebrated in En contemptuous references to his “old carcase,
I was
“Sir,


1904.]
233
THE DIAL
seemed nothing loath to comply with the re- tains on its spotty globe. But even this refuge
quests of artists and photographers when sit seems now to be taken away. For Professor
tings were solicited. A good index is provided | Wm. H. Pickering, of Harvard, has produced
to match the other excellent features of this a sumptuous volume entitled “ The Moon,” in
very readable book.
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
which he invests our satellite with an atmos-
phere, supplies it with vestiges of vegetation,
besprinkles portions of it with snow or hoar-
frost, furnishes here and there a mildly active
RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE OLD
voleano, equips it with some minute canals and
ASTRONOMY.*
with river-beds, and thus quite demoralizes some
of the standard notions as to the utter deadness
During the past few years the old-line con-
servative astronomer has been considerably
of our pallid satellite. The average working
shaken up. The construction of large telescopes,
astronomer,— who scarcely looks at the moon
the application of photography, and the zeal of except when he has to entertain visitors by
the world, have been the means of upsetting above, because its bright light overpowers that
certain keen-eyed observers in various parts of telescopic views of it, and who usually wishes
that it were below the horizon whenever it is
several ancient notions.
Astronomers in general shook their heads of many faint objects, which he is studying,
will find in this work not only Professor Pick-
when they saw the drawings of Schiaparelli
which showed the delicate tracery of the canalsering's conclusions, but the drawings and pho-
on Mars. But in a few years the evidence ac-
tographs on which they are based. The book
cumulated by various observers put the ques-
tells plainly where to look in order to verify
tion of the existence of these markings beyond
the author's discoveries, and what one may ex-
cavil. When the “canals” were found to
pect to see there. Someone has remarked that
the men who are most confident that the face of
cross certain supposed “seas,” and at times
appeared to become mysteriously double, the
the moon is changeless are those who do not
old-time astronomer was more mystified than
study it.
But the book was not intended for the en-
ever, and wondered whether he had not better
take to agriculture or some other quiet and lightenment of astronomers; it was written for
respectable means of earning his livelihood.
the general public, and aims especially to de-
But might be not at least hide himself in the
scribe contributions to our knowledge of the
vast deeps of the nebular hypothesis, intrenched
lunar surface which have been made by Pro-
behind supposably irrefragable barriers of fessor Pickering as the result of several years
mathematical analysis ? Poring over the huge The work also summarizes in pleasing fashion
of careful scrutiny of selected portions of it.
folios of Laplace, might he not repose in safety, the generally accepted facts about our satel.
walled in by thorny hedges of mathematical
symbols ? Yet even here repose was not to be lite, and is rendered unique by including the
found, nor freedom from the distraction of only complete photographic atlas of the moon
novel ideas. The “apioid” of Poincaré, the
in existence.
tidal researches of Darwin and others, the novel
The author begins bis study of the moon at
speculations of Chamberlin and Moulton as to
a point of time 50,000,000 years or more in
the possible origin of the solar system, all these
the past, when it broke away from mother
and other things have jostled the staid old
Earth and began to have a separate existence.
nebular hypothesis in very unseemly fashion.
Huge tides were raised on both of these plastic
One stronghold, however, has been left to
bodies, and their velocities of rotation were re-
tarded.
which the much-perplexed astronomer might from the earth, and cooled off, it finally solidi-
As the moon slowly backed away
flee. He might at least take refuge in the
placid and unchanging face of the moon,
fied into a body not quite spherical but slightly
which, bereft of water and air, has maintained elongated toward the earth. Its time of revo-
its surface features sharp, clear, and unchang-
lution about the parent body, and of rotation
ing, during the three centuries which have
on its own axis, became coincident; so that it
elapsed since Galileo first descried the moun-
henceforth presented the same face toward the
earth. The crust cracked in the process of
* The Moon. A Summary of the Existing Knowledge of cooling, and the heated gases thus found vent,
our Satellite, with a Complete Photographic Atlas. By
William H. Pickering. Illustrated. New York: Doubleday,
and craters were formed. Professor Pickering
Page & Co.
has made similar forms by heating a small dish
in


234
[April 1,
THE DIAL
containing paraffine, and permitting it to cool, with which the work closes consists of eighty
agitating the crust from time to time by means full-page reproductions of photographic nega-
of a syringe inserted below it.
tives, which occupy considerably more than a
But what about the atmosphere which the third of the book, and cover the entire visible
moon carried away with it when it left the surface of the moon five times. “Every re-
earth? It is known that the moon now bas gion is shown in five different phases, many
very little atmosphere, if any. The author details being conspicuous at one phase of the
thinks there is evidence of a small quantity of
small quantity of Moon that are not seen at all at another. In
atmosphere, likely to be composed of carbonic this way, changes in the snow-patches and in
acid and water vapor, — those gases being the vegetation are shown which could not pos-
given off largely by volcanoes on the earth, sibly be indicated by any single photograph."
and thus similarly by those on the moon. In The photographs were made on the island of
the low temperatures which must exist on the Jamaica, with a telescope of novel dimensions,
moon's surface, especially on parts of it that suited especially to such work. The telescope
are experiencing a lunar night, the water was no less than 135 feet long, and had an
vapor would condense into snow or hoar-frost; object-glass twelve inches in diameter. It was
while the carbonic acid would become a white laid along the ground, and the light was re-
solid, as it does in our laboratories when sud flected into it by a mirror driven by electric
denly released from compression. The mag motors. Because of the extreme length of the
nificent system of rays radiating from the crater telescope, the moon's image on the photographic
Tycho is explained as a set of crevices in which plate was over fifteen inches in diameter. It
snow lies. The changes in the crater Linné, was therefore not necessary to enlarge the pho-
observed long ago and regarded as mysterious, tographs in order to get pictures on a goodly
are attributed to the existence and melting of scale. Many recently published photographs
snow in its immediate vicinity.
of lunar scenery have been so much enlarged
Professor Pickering has for the past ten that the grain of the photographic plate shows;
years observed certain variable spots which are Professor Pickering's pictures look much
dark and are “always associated with small smoother and more natural than these. There
craterlets or deep narrow clefts, and are often are also four maps in which some five hundred
symmetrically arranged around the former.” craters and other formations are named, to-
These spots, in general, rapidly darken shortly gether with an alphabetical index containing
after sunrise, and fade away with equal rapid- the latitudes and longitudes of these objects.
ity toward sunset. The author suggests that
HERBERT A. HOWE.
the simplest explanation of these is to regard
them as due to a form of vegetation which
springs up quickly under the combined influ-
ence of the sun and the low-lying vapors, soon
AN OLD-NEW BIOGRAPHY OF LINCOLN.*
withers under the noon-day heat, and dies Not every writer of a campaign biography
away again.
is as fortunate in his subject as was Mr. Joseph
One chapter of the work is devoted to popu H. Barrett, to whom was assigned, in 1860
lar fancies and superstitions about the moon. the hack-work task of setting forth the achieve.
A full-page plate shows some objects which ments of the candidate to be nominated by the
people think that they see on the lunar disc, Republican party that year, in such a way as
among them a donkey, a crab, a girl reading a to commend that candidate to the confidence
book, and the profile of a woman's head. The and the suffrages of the voters of the North.
various theories that the moon influences the
It was then generally supposed that Senator
weather, clearing away clouds, indicating rain Seward would be the man; and it would not
or its absence by the tipping of its horns, and have been hard to make a book on his record
having some connection between its phases and
as a statesman. But as things turned out, Mr.
thunderstorms, are discussed and dismissed
Barrett's task was not an easy one ; for Abra-
with the remark that no influence of any prac ham Lincoln had held no great office, his one
tical importance has been shown. The appa term in Congress had been inconspicuous, and
rent increase of size of the moon when near the he was unknown in the Eastern States except
horizon is considered at some length, and ex-
* ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND HIS PRESIDENCY. By Joseph
plained in a reasonable fashion.
H. Barrett, LL.D. In two volumes. Illustrated. Cincin-
The main portion of the photographic atlas nati: The Robert Clarke Co.


1904.]
235
THE DIAL
for his recent campaign speeches. The hard and traditions that have gathered about him
headed opponents of slavery in those States are disposed of in a very satisfactory way. We
believed that character and statesmanship had find (page 56) that “he had no invincible ob-
been set aside for expediency, culture for boor jection to a good client with a bad cause,"
isbness, when the “rail-splitter” was preferred having acted as counsel for a Kentuckian who
to Seward and Chase.
sought to reclaim certain slaves that he had
This campaign biography, though reissued voluntarily brought into Illinois for temporary
in 1864 with additions, and again in 1865 with employment; though it is true that he was not
a third part, went the way of all campaign bio- often found in a case where he worked against
graphies; but the great character and qualities bis convictions of justice. The romantic fiction
of the subject have held the interest of the that Lincoln was so affected by the death of his
writer, and now, after more than forty years, early love, Ann Rutledge, as to be almost in-
he gives to the public another biography, far sane for a considerable period, is made to ap-
more carefully worked out, - not this time of pear unreasonable in view of several facts,
a frontier politician of unknown possibilities among them that he offered himself to another
whom a great portion of his own party dis woman within a year of Ann Rutledge's death,
trusted and for whom the opposing party felt and that the alleged periods of depression were
only contempt and expressed only ridicule, but of too short duration, and not at the right
of one who has proved himself to be one of the times, to suit the theories. Equally baseless is
great rulers of men, whom all classes and all Mr. Herndon's recollection of a snub received
parties delight to honor.
by Lincoln from George B. McClellan, then an
Mr. Barrett was an editor in Cincinnati officer of the Illinois Central Railway, who is
when he agreed to write the book, and was a said to have scouted Lincoln's claim for a fee
member of the nominating convention at Chi of two thousand dollars in an important case,
cago. Soon after it adjourned, he went to saying that it was as much as Daniel Webster
Springfield to get materials for his work. Mr. would have charged; whereupon Lincoln sued
Lincoln “earnestly, and even sadly, insisted the company for five thousand dollars and won
that there was no adequate material for such
his case.
The facts are as given, except that
a work as was intended,” but gave such assist Mr. McClellan was in Europe at the time. It
ance as he could to the would-be biographer. is usually said that Lincoln was appointed Gov-
Mr. Barrett was with him later in Springfield, ernor of Oregon after he failed to get the
and during a part of the memorable journey to office of Commissioner of the General Land
Washington; and he saw much of him during Office, and that only Mrs. Lincoln's objections
the next four years, having been made Com and her faith in bis future kept him from ac-
missioner of Pensions. Since that time he has cepting the appointment. It is true that he
been steadily preparing this more deliberate was appointed to an office in Oregon, but it was
and complete work, possible only as the pas the office of Secretary of the Territory, which
sions of the time have cooled and the period of he could not accept with due self-respect.
the Civil War has passed into the field of set The two volumes contain a little less than
tled history.
four hundred pages each. Eigbty-three pages
The work is primarily a political history. are given to Lincoln's life prior to his election
The man Lincoln is largely obscured by the to Congress. On page 123 we come to the
“ Nebraska Surprise"; twenty-five pages are
years of his presidency; yet he is shown, behind given to an excellent account of the debates
and in it all, as the master of the situation and with Senator Douglas; and we find him nom-
the real directing power of the vast and com inated for the presidency on page 219. Three-
plex activities of the war and the civil govern-
fourths of the work are given to the five years
ment, whom the strong men of his cabinet were of Lincoln's life on the national stage ; but, as
glad to follow when once they had found what we have said, this part of the work is a history
sort of man he was. In the early portion of of the time rather than a life of Lincoln, and
the work, Lincoln is necessarily at the front; it is too crowded to be as interesting or as val-
and while no attempt has been made to gather uable as if less had been attempted.
a large number of new anecdotes and remin The view.point of Mr. Barrett is that of a
iscences, as some recent writers have done, the sincere admirer, who finds little to criticize,
presentation of Lincoln's formative period is though his praise is not lavish. He writes bis
satisfactory. Several of the familiar legends history as a public man with a taste for the


236
[April 1,
THE DIAL
subject, and not as a trained historical student. pered, and covers the subject with a complete-
The style is dignified, and the work will take ness to which no other existing tariff history
its place on the library shelf as one of the can pretend.
worthy biographies of “the First American.” Mr. Stanwood has chosen to write of tariff
CHARLES H. COOPER.
controversies rather than of tariff history.
This, as he conceives it, allows him to escape
from the necessity of a critical analysis of the
theories of free-trade and protection, from “any
AMERICAN TARIFF CONTROVERSIES.*
discussion of the theory of wages, of the wisdom
Mr. Stanwood's two bulky volumes on
of buying in the cheapest market, and of other
“ American Tariff Controversies” comprehend | philosophical ideas upon which men have based
the entire period of American tariff history. their conclusions as to the economic effects of
The beginnings of restrictive legislation, and
tariffs.” He concedes the limitations which
the course of economic thought through the
this restricted point of view will put upon his
colonial period, are treated only cursorily; but work. What he will modestly attempt is to so
the general situation is outlined with a firm
exhibit the controversial side of this tariff
grasp of this history and of its bearing upon history, setting forth in due measure and due
contemporary events. The restrictions which relief the opposing arguments, that every
were placed upon the industrial and commercial reader, whatever his bias, will have at hand the
activities of the colonies, in strict accord with material for forming his own judgment. Of
the political economy of the time, but which course the resulting judgment will be valuable
could not be other than irksome, came at last only so far as it is based upon sound economic
to seem an intolerable grievance. The colonies analysis. Tariff controversies and tariff
were thus predisposed to the new economic changes, without interpretation, would be profit-
thought which was stirring in Europe and less reading. And it is the author's interpre-
which crystallized in the great work of Adam tation, which he evades only fitfully, that must
Smith. From the position thus reached there assign the final value to his work.
was a sharp reaction during the period of Con.
The author's tariff convictions are frankly
federation, due in considerable measure to the stated at the outset : “ The work is confessedly
failure to secure reciprocity arrangements with
that of one who believes that the system of
European powers.
Considerations of revenue protection has given an opportunity which the
prompted the first tariff under the Constitu- opposing system would not have afforded for
tion; but there was also the conviction, shared the unexampled growth of the country.” And
by the majority of the members of Congress, at the end it is still “ a policy under which the
that without sacrificing revenue considerations land has moved into the front rank of commer-
a considerable encouragement could be and cial as well as of manufacturing nations.” This
ought to be given to domestic manufactures. is mild indeed for an advocate, but Mr. Stan-
It is at this point that Mr. Stanwood's his wood makes up for his mildness by bis persist-
tory fairly begins. He has recorded the pro-
ence.
His is not the championship of one who,
gress of tariff legislation with all the significant long balancing the conflicting claims of two op-
changes in rates and with a painstaking résumé posing systems, finally comes to the conclusion
of the events, and particularly of the course of that on the whole the advantage lies with the
reasoning, which led to each act of Congress. one system rather than the other. His advo-
This task he has performed with thoroughness, cacy is uncompromising and absolutely opti-
with fidelity to the facts, and almost without mistic. He recognizes the exaggerated and
bias. To the general student of politics, ac contradictory claims which have been made for
customed to rely upon the so-called tariff his his cause; he never hesitates to lay bare their
tories of unscholarly partisans, or upon the fallacies. He will even say that “a protective
still more biased statements from the hustings, tariff is of little benefit to the country, to man-
these volumes will prove a welcome corrective ufacturers, or to wage-earners, in those periods
and an indispensable handbook. Not so acute
when trade is expanding and when prices are
as Taussig, not wholly unconfused as to its in- steady at a high level or advancing ” (Vol. II.,
cidental thesis, the work is yet admirably tem-
p. 111). But he is so calmly sure that the
country has prospered under protection, that
AMERICAN TARIFF CONTROVERSIES IN THE NINE-
TEENTH CENTURY. By Edward Stanwood. In two volumes.
every protective tariff, no matter how it came
Boston : Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
about or what vicious features were included in


1904.]
237
THE DIAL
it, seems to justify itself. The tariff of 1864,
The tariff of 1864, woollen industry ; but evidently his usual cau-
he points out, is full of examples of the prowess tiousness of statement has deserted him here.
of the protected manufacturers (Vol. II., p. The setting forth of the course of tariff his-
129). The framers of the McKinley act very tory, by an analysis of how problems were
deliberately set out to win over the disaffected stated and what arguments were used pro
and
farmers by covering their industries with the con, shows to best advantage in early tariff
protective mantle, the purpose being purely history. Eighteen pages of text are devoted
political (Vol. II., pp. 264, 266). None of the to a summary of the course of debate on the
political maneuvering constantly mixed up tariff of 1789. “In this summary," the author
with tariff legislation is concealed by Mr. Stan- believes, “ will be found every expression con-
wood, but his complacency is never disturbed. tained in any record of the debates extant,
The story of the first political tariff, that of which will assist in arriving at the truth.” The
1828, is given in detail with all the discordant summary is carefully done, yet it is doubtful
and unsavory elements which went into its if the clue to its meaning is furnished. For
making. Passed by a Congress really hostile example, the dominating influence of Madison
to protection, in a kind of boisterously mad is not brought out; and instead of making the
attempt to make a bill so extreme and farcical debate itself dispose of Professor Adams's
that it could be stomached by nobody, in its hasty inference against the protective features
working out it proved unexpectedly satisfactory of the act, Mr. Stanwood finds a labored argu-
to most of the protected interests. According ment necessary.
to Mr. Stanwood, its success was so great that
The tariff of 1816 was passed “ premature-
a vast majority of the people were convinced ly.” Mr. Stanwood has reference, of course,
that it was the chief agent in dispelling the to the fact that, in operation, owing partly to
clouds and permitting the sunshine of pros- conditions which could not have been foreseen,
perity to vivify the land (Vol. I., p. 357). | the act proved disappointing both from the
Yet he also holds that the acts of 1832 and revenue and the protective points of view. The
1833 were designed (and were necessary) to distinction of this tariff, however, is that it is
save the protective system from destruction. the one act in our tariff history in which all
Clay's position on the Compromise of 1833 is sections of the Union joined in a sincere at-
stoutly defended : “Undoubtedly he saved his tempt to give adequate protection to American
cause from a crushing and overwhelming manufactures. The failure of this attempt
defeat.” Political sagacity required such a marks the disappearance of the tariff as an
sacrifice. “The system would surely have been economic question. Not that academic discus.
swept away within a year or two if some of its sion ceased; but between the years 1816-1828
adherents had not foreseen what was to hap was perfected that thorough organization of the
pen and taken security of the future” (Vol. protected interests through which their de-
I., pp. 385, 402, 410).
mands have been made and their battles fought
Mr. Stanwood is severe upon Secretary out in Congress. It was during this period also
Walker's Report, because of its advocacy of a that the sectional aspect of the question became
larger importation of foreign goods. But it is undisguised. As the economic aspect receded,
Mr. Stanwood's own contention that “ a high tariffs and tariff legislation came to be more
tariff for purposes of protection is not levied and more considered from the point of view of
necessarily with a view to causing a diminu-party politics. Yet the volume of discussion
tion of imports, does not necessarily diminish swells ever larger and larger, and is more and
them, and does not invariably fail of its pur more given in extenso in Congressional records.
pose when it does not diminish them” (Vol. Mr. Stanwood struggles bravely through these
I., p. 252); and he notes with evident satis interminable discussions, finding little that is
faction the steady increase in the importation new, and occasionally with only strength
of protected articles under the tariff of 1842– enough left to count the pages. He gives an
the protective tariff which immediately pre elaborate analysis and résumé of the industrial
ceded the Walker Report. He accounts for conditions, depressions, and changes of the last
the fairly prosperous condition of the country quarter of the nineteenth century, claiming for
under the Walker tariff by the great flow of the protective tariff an important rôle, but only
gold from California. He holds that the as a steadying force enabling industry to come
Walker tariff (as well as the final stage of the safely through very distressing times.
Compromise tariff) practically ruined the
“In view of what was taking place in the world dur-


238
[April 1,
THE DIAL
9
ing that period, one may fairly maintain that the im- glish only the scantiest literature, a single
portance of the tariff was grossly exaggerated by the
volume by Berkeley, and a list published here
disputants on both sides. Although we were to concede
without qualification the point contended for by the
or there by some one of his pupils. To-day
advocates of free trade, that the only effect of pro-
the cryptogamic flora of every State is studied
tection upon the wage-earner was unmitigated evil, the perhaps only less universally than the flower.
results of the great industrial commotion that was going ing plants, and certainly with equal accuracy
on were of such magnitude that the consequences of the
and zeal.
tariff would be quite imperceptible. On the manu-
facturer's side, the same disturbances were causing him
The Fungi, however, have come last to the
so much anxiety that the maintenance of the protective attention of the general public. The reasons for
system merely saved him from one peril which might this are many. In the first place, these forms
have been the fatal peril only because he was already of vegetation are often inconspicuous; men do
so harassed on every side. The free-trader did not
perceive, nor did the workingman, nor did the manu-
not notice their existence. In the second place,
facturer, that the lot of each was to be greatly ameli-
many of these plants are insignificant ; they
orated by events which while they were in progress seem to play a small part, or none, in the general
caused them all infinite discomfort, and wbich seemed
economy of the world.
A deeper reason than
to threaten every one of them with ruin ” (II., 245).
all this is perhaps to be found in the nature of
Out of that depression the country emerged the plants themselves : they are “ off color”!
into a remarkable era of expansion at home
While all other plants with which we are fami-
and conquest of the markets of the world.
Some idea of the relative unimportance of
liar bear in their coloring the evidence of vig.
orous life, the Fungi, even in their most con-
tariffs, in this new industrial situation, is im-
pressed upon all but the most blinded partisan suggestive of anything but life, — day, even
spicious types, are pale livid-looking things,
of either side. The great desideratum in suggestive of anything but life,
associated with decay and death. Hence it is
tariff-making is an understanding of the pre- that, in this country at least, when men see a
cise part which may be assigned to such leg. fungus, the first and only impulse is to kick it
islation among all the complex forces and sit-
to pieces.
uations that go to bring about industrial
Nevertheless, in Europe, centuries ago, men
supremacy, or whatever object the legislator somehow learned that some fungi are good
may legitimately have in mind. To this end,
to eat. It must bave been in a time of un-
it is necessary that mere party politics play as
common destitution that some poor emaciated
little part as possible. Mr. Stanwood has
failed many times to point out how political starveling, bolder than his fellows, ventured to
sate his famine with mushrooms, and so saved
tariffs have outraged a just sense of what is
his life to tell his secret unto others, — imper-
legitimate and proper, and his dramatization fectly no doubt, for with most men the rule has
of tariff history does not bear out very strongly
run to eat the thing, and it will be proved to
his own thesis. The temper in which he has
be good if you live, poisonous if you die! Pro-
written, however, is admirably calculated to fessor Atkinson's book is intended to teach
help toward a better understanding of the
problem and how it ought to be approached. from bad by some rule less hazardous in appli-
good Americans how to distinguish good fungi
În the task of getting this problem seriously cation, even if withal less positive in its deci-
before our lawmakers in its economico-national
sions. The great American public bas indeed
aspect, Mr. Stanwood's work ought to prove proceeded to classify the larger umbrella-like
extremely useful.
O. L. ELLIOTT.
fungi into two divisions, toadstools and mush-
rooms. On this proposition, mushrooms are
good to eat, toadstools are not; but the afore-
AN AMERICAN MUSHROOM BOOK.* said public cannot even now distinguish save
Of the progress in natural history study in by the ancient rule, and any book that will
this country, and of the thoroughly practical help us in this particular will be welcome
nature of our scientific work, Professor Atkin. | indeed. It is fashionable to eat mushrooms.
son's book on Mushrooms is the latest evidence. Unfortunately, there is no short road to the
Twenty-five years ago, not only was there not knowledge that we seek. The volume before
an American book on Mushrooms in existence, us, with its clear illustrations, vivid as light
but the student of Fungi even found in En can make them, is obvious evidence of the
truth that to select edible from inedible forms
* MUSHROOMS, EDIBLE AND POISONOUS. By George
Francis Atkinson. Second edition. Illustrated. New York:
of mushrooms we must learn to know these
Henry Holt & Co.
things as we do others; to distinguish one


1904.]
239
THE DIAL
from the other by details of form, color, bab poetaster, complaining that the critics seemed to
itat, habit, as we distinguish buckeyes from have entered into a conspiracy of silence against
chestnuts, plums from persimmons, grapes from him, asked Wilde what he would advise him to do.
brambles, and figs from thistles. Such attain “ Join it,” was the reply. “Sigma" shows himself
ment will come to those only who have the pa- mirer of Palmerston, also a Harrow graduate. A
to be a loyal Harrovian, and as such an ardent ad-
tience to study mushrooms in the field; and to
such study this book will be of the highest from this worship of “ Pam.” In art and poetry
tendency to depreciate Gladstone results perhaps
service. These pale or sometimes snow-white the author extols the pre-Raphaelites and glows
objects lend themselves well to photographic art, with enthusiasm for Rossetti and Swinburne. In
and with a little care almost any mushroom the field of fiction he thinks Thackeray has received
plant may be identified by simple comparison rather more than his due of praise, he himself in-
with its photograph shown on these pages. clining to rate Trollope above Thackeray except in
With the added description, identification
the latter's very best work. A discussion of the
ought to be at length absolute. For the more
authorship of the Junius Letters betrays a lack of
distinctly colored forms, colored plates of more
penetration. Basing his case on certain passages
in Lady Anne Hamilton's Secret History of the
or less accuracy are also offered.
Court of England,” our author makes what seems
A surprising number of species is offered as
at first a plausible if not convincing argument in
"edible." It is a matter of regret that the
support of the Rev. James Wilmot's authorship of
leading genus of white-spored agarics (a bet the Letters. But he ignores the fact that Lady
ter general name than either mushrooms or Hamilton disclaimed responsibility for the “Secret
toadstools), the genus Amanita, should not be History,” which is now regarded as the work,
more decidedly condemned. The species are wholly or in part, of Mrs. Olivia (Wilmot) Serres,
poisonous as a rule and the phrase "edible,
whose life was a series of notorious impostures,
with great caution ” is ill-advised. The factor
the chief of which was her masquerading as Prin.
of safety would suggest that all such forms be
cess Olive of Cumberland and niece of George the
Third. In a word, the careful student of the Junius
put down as inedible. It is also a truism that
mystery will find little that is either new or true in
many forms not poisonous are still inedible,
this attempt to settle the vexed question. This,
simply because they are not good to eat. One however, is merely by the way, and must not be
of the commonest forms in our western fields, allowed to prejudice the reader against a book that
Lepiota morgani Pk., here quoted as uncer makes no claim to rigorous historical accuracy or
tain, is surely poisonous in the extreme. It
to critical acumen.
may be known by its having the gills at length
With the publication of the third vol-
green, a character unique among agarics. A treasury of
ume, the new edition of “Chambers's
To this second edition of a very valuable
English literature.
Cyclopædia of English Literature,”
book are added chapters on the uses and cul edited by Dr. David Patrick, is now complete. The
tivation of the real mushrooms, and some ten Messre. Lippincott are the Ainerican publishers of
or twelve colored plates. The volume is a this work, and have copyrighted no less than fifty
handsome one ; the paper is, however, of the special articles among its contents, which should
highly calendered variety, a necessity to the
prove an effective protection against piracy. These
printing of these abundant half-tones.
special articles constitute the feature of chief inter-
est in the present volume. There have been special
THOMAS H. MACBRIDE.
articles in the other volumes, but not in so large a
number, or with such actuality of interest. In the
present case, almost every important nineteenth-
century author has been entrusted to some specialist,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
who has written the essay and made the illustrative
A budget of
“ Personalia: Intimate Recollections selections. Thus we find such noteworthy features
entertaining
of Famous Men” (Doubleday, Page as the treatment of Wordsworth and Scott by
anecdotes.
& Co.), by “Sigma,” is well cal Professor Ker, of Shelley by Mr. Swinburne, of
culated to beguile an idle hour or two, and the Byron and Borrow by Mr. Watts-Dunton, of Carlyle
author is to be thanked for several new and good by Dr. Wallace, of Ruskin by Mr. Mackail, of
stories. Other anecdotes in his book are either Arnold by Professor Dowden, of the Rossettis and
familiar to the well-read or are novel only in the Stevenson by Professor Raleigh, of Messrs. Watts-
matter of scene and actors. This is not said in Dunton and Swinburne by Mr. James Douglas. The
disparagement. The good story is a plant of so American articles are mostly by Mr. J. W. Chad-
hardy and vigorous a constitution that it will take wick, although a few are contributed by Professor
root and thrive in almost any soil. A witty word Woodberry, President Schurman, and othere. Be-
from Oscar Wilde is worth quoting. A tiresome sides all these, and many more of nearly equal


240
(April 1,
THE
DIAL
importance, there is an introductory essay on “ The to an absurdity quite as easily as that other favorite
Renascence of Wonder in Poetry,” by Mr. Watts and over-burdened theory of the solar myth. The
Dunton, a work of such extraordinary grasp and novelty of the present work consists in the partic-
insight as to be comparable only with that writer's ular interpretations proposed for the folk-stories.
essay on “ Poetry” in the “ Britannica.” These two These are sufficiently ingenious and suggestive to
essays are alone sufficient to mark their author as claim the attention of anthropologists and students
the profoundest and best-equipped critic of poetry of comparative religion, who have already had the
now living, and serve to deepen our regret that the opportunity of reading one chapter of the book,
greater part of his critical writing remains uncol when it recently appeared as a separate essay in the
lected and inaccessible to the ordinary student. periodical “ Mind."
Now that this great work is complete, it is possible
to form some estimate of it as a whole, and that
The sixth and latest volume of the
An iconoclast
estimate is highly to the credit of the editors, who
“Modern English Writers " series
on Thackeray.
have done their task with a thoroughness and a
(Dodd, Mead & Co.) is by Mr.
judicial poise that leave almost nothing to be de Charles Whibley, on Thackeray. The author of
sired. We may indeed congratulate ourselves that “Pendennis” has rarely been subjected to such
the same year has put us in possession of the two searching, we might almost say scorching, analyeis.
most important treasuries of English literature ever The intrusion of the author “gives certain passages
published the work now under consideration, and in · Vanity Fair'a rakish, almost a battered, air.”
the recently completed work of Drs. Garnett and Half of “The Newcomes" is "irrelevant."
« The
Gosse.
Virginians” is “ a thing of patches, not an organic
whole.” “The Adventures of Philip” is the mere
The meaning
A curious and interesting study of repeated work of a fatigued writer. Mr. Whibley
and origin
the meaning of myth and folk-lore evidently has no illusions about Thackeray, and is
of folk-lore.
is contained in the Rev. Adolph
no hero-worshipper. Certainly his judgments are
Roeder's “Symbol Psychology” (Harper), whose far enough from tallying with those of the public,
sub-title, "A New Interpretation of Race-Tradi-
else Thackeray had long ago become as dusty a
tions,” is a more lucid statement of the book's con-
library classic as Lever, or Peacock, or Beacons-
tents. Of the various explanations advanced by field. As it is, his works have gone through edition
anthropologists to account for the origin of myth, after edition ; bibliographers are still on the hunt
the author selects one,
the wish of the savage
for every scrap he ever wrote; and he has taken
wherever found to account for the world he lives
his rightful place as one of the two greatest En-
in, — and one limited and sophisticated form of glish novelists of the nineteenth century. Why is
that; namely, his attempt to symbolize in story the this? Mr. Whibley has not succeeded in telling
facts of his spiritual experience. Proceeding on us. Is it because he is temperamentally unsuited
this theory, which few readers will probably care to be the biographer of Thackeray ? It is doubt-
to accept as a working hypothesis, since it neglects less true that Thackeray wrote many mediocre
many elements of a complex situation, and attributes pieces; and as he was a journalist, his practice-
to the savage impulses that imply civilization, Mr.
work, instead of reaching the oblivion of the waste-
Roeder chooses a cycle of familiar tales common to basket, found its way into print. But even his
many races and attempts to explain them on purely masterpieces seem not to have awakened much en-
symbolic lines. For example, there is the Twin thusiasm in the breast of Mr. Whibley; and faint
Brother Story, whose characters appear variously praise too often gives a wrong impression. Of
as Romulus and Remus, Baldur and Hodur, Castor
Thackeray's large and deep human sympathy, which
and Pollux, Hengist and Horsa, Cain and Abel. expressed itself in a thousand ways in his writ-
In this tale, according to our author, the race “ has
ings and in his life, we find all too little said. The
either consciously or sub-consciously [but is not the book has been carelessly printed (or written): wit-
whole question begged in the use of this word ?]
ness p. 27, “it must e'en have been composed,"
faced a general problem,” that of the duality of
etc. ; p. 88, " for Thackeray, although he might,
human experience; and has sought to show that and he chose, have studied,” etc.; p. 237, “neither
everywhere a constant struggle is going on be-
Dickens nor Bulwer . . . give you a sense of liter-
tween two discordant elements — heat and cold,
ary allusion.” Thackeray's verse, too, deserves
light and darkness, rest and motion, body and
more recognition than it receives here. Yet Mr.
spirit, good and evil. Again, the captive maiden, Whibley is often right, and his book should not be
so common a figure in the folk-tale, is made to sym. neglected by students of Thackeray.
bolize the latent possibilities of humanity, dormant
but ready to spring into life at the opportune mo-
Natural history, when written by a
ment. Mr. Roeder's premise that myth is a stage
Sound essays in
Natural History.
specialist, may be dry as dust to the
in the evolution of religion will find few disputants
reader who seeks not facts but enter-
to-day. But an hypothesis that assumes all myth tainment. It may, however, be made both enter.
to be essentially allegorical, and capable, further, oftaining and attractive as well as technically correct
a specific spiritual interpretation, may be reduced and free from unwarranted inferences and conclu-


1904.]
241
THE DIAL
sions. This has been admirably accomplished in a istics of persons are ability of self-consciousness,
volume of zoological essays entitled “Mostly Mam self-direction, self-development, and self-sacrifice.
mals” (Dodd, Mead & Co.), by Professor R. Ly Each one of these chapters is a lucid, untechnical,
dekker. These essays have been collected from entertaining, and very instructive exposition of
various scientific and popular English periodicals, ethical matters that should interest every student
and are issued in handsome book form with illus of self or of conduct in general. The last two
trations. While the variety of subjects detracts chapters of the book are a gathering-up of the pre-
from any connected treatment, there nevertheless ceding discussions, in such a manner as to crystal-
runs through most of the essays a thread of lize the thought of the whole. The author's lan-
discussion of the relation of mammals to their guage and method of procedure show him to be a
environment. The significance of the coloration master of the art of teaching and of leading the
of the larger mammals, of the spots on the giraffe thinking of his auditors, and that in a way most
and the stripes on the tiger, the causes of the light helpful in the building up and establishing of
colors of the Arctic animals and the pale tints of character.
the inhabitants of the desert, are discussed with a
It is always difficult to summarize
wide range of pertinent facts in the light of cur Recent advances
in Psychology.
the general contributions of modern
rent theories. An excellent photograph of East
African giraffes “in covert "affords a graphic illus-
periods of development to the ad-
vance of learning. The difficulty is that we are
tration of the similarity of their coloration to the too near to estimate them in their proper perspec-
effect produced by the light and shade in low shrub-
tive, and occasionally too much out of sympathy
bery. Considerable attention is also given to the
with the older culture to appreciate the part it has
past history of mammals as revealed by fossil re-
played in making way for the new. In Psychol-
mains, and to the origin of domesticated races,
ogy this is particularly true, — 80 much so, that
for example, to the pedigree of the cat and the dog.
some bave believed that the pathway of recent Psy.
The geographical distribution of existing mammals
chology has been revolutionary rather than evolu-
is incidentally treated in several essays that touch
tionary. From an Italian source we have the
upon unique illustrations of the principles which
most comprehensive of recent attempts to take the
have controlled this in the past, and instances are
measure of modern Psychology. Professor Villa of
cited of the extinction of large animals within his-
the University of Rome has put forward a volume
toric times and the causes of the destruction are
which well merits the honor, now accorded it, of an
related where they are known. The essays exhibit English translation, “ Contemporary Psychology
a wide range of learning and technical knowledge,
(Macmillan). The translation itself is adequate,
and a keen appreciation of those phases of the
and presents to English readers a variety of chap-
science which are of popular interest and bear upon
ters of special interest to them. Students will
scientific problems of broad import. No living differ much in their estimate of what should and
zoologist is better informed than the author, upon should not be contained within such a survey. But
the subjects with which he is dealing; the book is
Professor Villa's arrangement of chapters, and his
therefore both interesting and authoritative, and a
general presentation, although somewhat unsatis-
model of high-grade natural history from the scien-
factory and certainly diffuse, yet shows clearly
tific rather than the literary or dramatic point of
some of the more important of recent advances in
view wbich dominates so much of the recent litera-
Psychology. The purposes which the book will
ture in this field.
best serve will be to introduce the general student
Studies of
Prof. George H. Palmer, of Har-
and lay reader to the historical setting of the last
conduct and vard University, is a wise guide to
century that forms the background to recent ad-
of character.
the philosophic study of conduct and
vances in Psychology. For this limited but im-
the forces that serve to upbuild character. His
portant function, the manner and matter are both
recent volume on “ The Field of Ethics” was an
well suited.
introduction to the study of conduct, defining the
The problem
With the present general interest in
field and pointing out the moral problems that lie of personal all that relates to the labor question,
within its bounds. His later work on “The Na-
the title of Mr. George L. Bolen's
ture of Goodness" (Houghton) takes up and grap latest work, “Getting a Living" (Macmillan), is
ples with those problems themselves, establishing likely to attract popular attention. And it would
the real nature of goodness. The author's method seem, by the author's simplicity of style and sparse-
is that adopted in his popular philosophical lectures. ness of technical terms, that he intended his book
He begins with the simplest form of the problem, for the reading public as well as for economists.
and advances by easy but definite steps into the Those who read the work will receive not only a
more complicated phases of the question. The good fair comprehension of “the problem of wealth and
ness of persons is sharply discriminated from the poverty — of profits, wages, and trades-unionism ”
goodness of things. These differences, according (as the sub-title runs), but they will also get the
to Professor Palmer, are four, to each of which a point of view of a man of varied experience as an
special chapter is devoted. These four character. I employee and employer in different parts of the
livelihood.


242
[April 1,
THE DIAL
to classical
country. The critic might complain that the argu questioned whether monarchical government limited
ments against profit-sharing are weak, or he might by parliament, and government through cabinet,
take issue with the author's opinions on some prob are precisely the same thing. Certainly one would
lems involved in trades-unionism ; he would almost expect the history of Parliamentary England to go
certainly consider Mr. Bolen's treatment of social back to the time of Edward I., or at least to that of
ism vindictive rather than scholarly; and he would Henry III.; yet the author, in his interesting dis-
find such a phrase as “ There is no wealth but life" cussion of the beginnings of the Cabinet System,
an anachronism in a book on economics. But at regards the year 1705 as having far greater claims
the same time he would have to concede that Mr. to be considered the exact date than any that pre-
Bolen, following in a measure the English classical ceded it, and clearly regards the system as fully
school, has been unusually successful in his expo developed at the time of the passage of the Reform
sition of rent, wages, and profits. Showing himself Bill in 1832. It is no criticism of his work to say
conversant with the current opinions and relations that it begins with an abruptness that would seem
of capitalists and labor leaders, Mr. Bolen gives to indicate that it was a portion of a more extended
his readers a broad view of the present situation. political history of England. But whether correctly
He makes a splendid plea for self-dependence (aside named or not, and whether or not the volume prop-
from his attack on socialism), concluding that “to erly belongs in a series which parports to present
a large extent, nature has decreed that each tub “in story form the current of each pation's life ...
must stand on its own bottom.” The present in and its picturesque and noteworthy periods and
dividualistic system of getting a living will survive, episodes ... in their philosophical relation to each
for “no easier means than the present system im other as well as to universal history," this study of
proved can ever be expected, and that with no easier the development of the Cabinet System is a val-
means could there be a continuance unimpaired of uable contribution to the history of English politics.
intelligence, morality, and liberty.” The combina-
tion of fair-mindedness and optimism, which char-
acterizes the book, makes its moral tone high and
BRIEFER MENTION.
invigorating
A new library edition of Macaulay's “Critical and
Prof. William Cranston Lawton's
An introduction
Historical Essays," in three volumes, edited by Profes-
“Introduction to Classical Latin
sor F. C. Montague, is published by Messrs. G. P.
Latin literature.
Literature," just published by the Putnam's Sons. The editor provides an important
Messrs. Scribner, is a companion volume to the introduction, and supplies annotations where needed.
author's " Greek Literature” of last year, and has This work appears in a new “Library of Standard
the same characteristics of vivacity, wide allusive Literature," published in connection with an English
ness, varied fragmentary illustration, and generally house, and intended to extend to many volumes.
excellent judgment. The work produces a general
A volume of “Tales of Mystery," by Edgar Allan
impression of scrappiness, which is not so much a
Poe, has just been added by Mr. Howard Wilford Bell
to the “Unit Library.” There are five hundred pages
fault as an inevitable consequence of its terse and
of text, clearly-printed upon soft paper of particularly
almost epigrammatic form of expression. Like Mr.
pleasing quality, and including a biography and notes.
Lawton's other histories of literature, it is a pleas This is certainly good value for the modest sum of
ant book to read, for one already having a fair ac twenty-one cents, which is the price of the book un-
quaintance with its subject. We are not quite so bound. This series of publications is planned with both
sare of its usefulness for teaching purposes, or for intelligence and taste, and the enterprise bids fair to
the instruction of the average vacant-minded gen-
become a boon to readers of modest means. The
eral reader. In the hands of a beginner, it would suggestion came from the Reclam library of German
probably need too much commentary. The picto.
literature, but Mr. Bell has bettered the instruction at
rial illustrations are mostly from statues, paintings,
almost every point.
and manuscripts; the bibliographical notes ap-
Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. have begun the publica-
tion of a “Belles-Lettres Series" of annotated English
pended to the several chapters are brief, but in-
classics which will extend to several hundred volumes,
formed and fairly adequate.
and will cover the whole period of our literary produc-
tion. The series is planned in several sections, each
Britain receives its full share of at-
Beginnings of the
under special editorship. The section on “ The English
Cabinet System tention in the “Story of the Na Drama,” edited by Professor George P. Baker, now
in England. tions” series (Putnam). “Early offers us volumes of Jonson and Goldsmith, in evidence
Britain,” “The British Empire," and "The People of the quality of the entire enterprise. The Jonson
of England” are titles given to three of the vol-
volume is edited by Professor Felix E. Schelling, and
umes of the series that have already appeared ; and
gives us " The Alchemist,” besides the “ Eastward
now we have the last of the list of titles, and pre-
Hoe” of composite authorship. The Goldsmith volume,
edited by Mr. Austin Dobson, gives us “ The Good
sumably the last volume of the series, “Parlia-
Natur'd Man” and “She Stoops to Conquer.” The
mentary England: The Evolution of the Cabinet
books are squarish in form, have one illustration each,
System,” by Mr. Edward Jenks, M.A., Reader in and are provided with the usual critical apparatus of
Law in the University of Oxford. It might be introduction and notes. The texts are unexpurgated.


1904 ]
243
THE DIAL
manner.
Mrs. Perceval Mackrell bas compiled a volume of
NOTES.
“Hymns of the Christian Centuries,” which is pub.
lished by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. The selec-
Mrs. Humphry Ward is now at work on the com-
tions range all the way from Clement of Alexandria to
pletion of her new novel, which will follow Miss
writers of recent years. The book is exquisitely printed.
Johnston's “Sir Mortimer as the leading serial in
“Harper's Magazine."
“ How George Rogers Clark Won the Northwest,
and Other Essays in Western History," by Mr. Reuben
“ Mycenæan Troy,” by Messrs. Herbert C. Tolman
and Gilbert C. Scoggin, is a small volume based upon
Gold Thwaites, is a recent publication of Messrs. A. C.
McClurg & Co. There are eight papers, mostly of
Dr. Dörpfeld's excavations at Hissarlik. It is published
by the American Book Co.
magazine provenance, and written in a highly interesting
Professor C. H. C. Wright has prepared for the Mac-
millan Co. an annotated volume of « Selections from
Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. are about to publish
Rabelais " for school use.
Book I. alone is drawn upon
Specimens of Middle Scots,” by Mr. G. Gregory
Smith, of Balliol College, Oxford. In this volume
for the material, and the text gives no offence.
Dr. Smith offers a general introduction to the study of
The late Sir Leslie Stephen left completed at his
death his volume on Hobbes, and this will soon be pub- greatest renown.
the literary language of Scotland during its period of
lished in the - English Men of Letters " series.
So
An edition of “The Poems of Job Cleveland," by
also will Mr. A. C. Benson's volume op Rossetti.
Dr. John M. Berdan, is published by the Grafton
“ The Post-Exilic Prophets,” by Dr. J. Wilson Press. This work is a revised doctoral dissertation,
Harper, and “The Twelve Apostles," by Mr. George produced in ordinary book form, and constitutes the
Milligan, are the latest additions to the “ Temple
first complete critical edition ever made of this not
Series of Bible Handbooks” published by the J. B.
unimportant seventeenth century poet.
Lippincott Co.
The fourteenth annual session of the Summer School
“State Aid to Secondary Schools,” by Mr. David
of Library Economy, under the direction of Mr. Wm.
Rhys Jones, is a historical study of this important phase I. Fletcher, will be held at Amherst, Mass., during
of American education, published in the series of edu-
July and August of this year. The course comprises
cational monographs recently inaugurated by the Uni-
six weeks of daily (except Saturday) instruction in the
versity of California.
form of practical lectures by Mr. Fletcher. There are
A recent printing of “ David Harum” brings the
no special requirements for admission.
total number of copies issued of that novel up to
The Spring list of the H. M. Caldwell Co. of Boston
778,000. Of this total, 600,000 copies, being the includes a volume on “ The Legends of Parsifal " by
edition without illustrations, have been printed from Mary Hanford Ford; “ The Peril of the Sword,” a
a single set of plates.
novel of the Indian Mutiny by Col. A. F. P. Harcourt;
“ The Song of Roland,” translated by Miss Isabel
a collection of epigrams relating to “Woman and her
Butler, and two books of Malory (Merlin and Balin), Wits"; and a new edition of Dr. Francis C. Nicholas's
edited by Mr. Clarence Griffin Child, are new num « Around the Caribbean and Across Panama."
bers in the “Riverside Literature Series" of Messrs.
Messrs. John Cotton Dana and Henry W. Kent have
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
under way a project for issuing a series of six reprints
“Lord Acton's Letters to Mary Gladstone,” to be of rare and out-of-print seventeenth and eighteenth
published at once by the Macmillan Co., are said to
century works on Libraries and their management,
throw many suggestive sidelights on the political and such books as are the acknowledged early authorities
social world of Great Britain during the years when on these subjects. The volumes will be printed in
Gladstone was a power in English politics.
uniform style at the Merrymount Press, Boston.
Mr. Benjamin Ives Gilman, of the Boston Museum A volume of “Modern English Prose," selected by
of Fine Arts, bas prepared for that institution a “ Man-
Professors George Rice Carpenter and William Tenney
ual of Italian Renaissance Sculpture,” illustrated by the
Brewster, is published by the Macmillan Co. This is
casts in the Boston collection. It makes a neat vol-
an up-to-date book with a vengeance, for it gives us
ume, and has reference numbers for actual use.
selections from Messrs. Hamlin Garland and Jack
“ The Conduct of Life" and "Society and Solitude" London in ridiculous juxtaposition with Gibbon, Ruskin,
are the two volumes just added by Messrs. Houghton, and Pater. A few pages of “notes and questions " at
Mifflin & Co. to their « Centenary" edition of Emerson. the end make clear the educational intent of the pub-
Dr. E. W. Emerson's notes are, as usual, comprehen- | lication.
sive and valuable for the understanding of the text. Two more of Dr. D. S. Jordan's stimulating and
Among the speakers before the International Geo-
eloquent volumes have recently appeared. “The Voice
graphical Congress to be held in Washington next Sep of the Scholar," published by Messrs. Paul Elder & Co.,
tember will be Miss Ellen C. Semple, whose work on contains fifteen occasional addresses, mostly upon edu-
“ American History and its Geographic Conditions," cational subjects, delivered during the past five years.
already in its second edition, has given her an enviable The other volume, published by the American Unitarian
standing among scientific geographers.
Association, is attractively printed, with rubrications,
The first volume of the long-announced work on and contains a single address on “The Call of the
Geology by Professors Chamberlain and Salisbury, of Twentieth Century.".
the University of Chicago, will be issued at once by The publication of Daniel Webster's private corre-
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. The work is said to present spondence in two volumes completes the set of the
convincingly a view of the origin of the earth and its “New National ” edition of the writings and speeches
present condition, which may lead to serious modifica of Webster, which Messrs. Little, Brown, & Co. have
tions in the nebular hypothesis.
been issuing for over a year. The eighteen octavo


244
[April 1,
THE DIAL
volumes comprising the set embrace more than five
hundred and fifty addresses and speeches, miscellane-
ous and diplomatic papers, legal arguments, etc., and
nearly eighteen hundred letters, including over 2,500
pages of matter hitherto uncollected. The edition is
illustrated with more than one hundred photogravure
plates, and there are also several facsimiles from origi-
nal manuscripts. The work is limited and sold only in
sets by subscription.
In addition to the unpublished matter that has
already been promised for Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co.'s
edition of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, the pub-
lishers have secured some valuable and hitherto un-
published material which is in the possession of Will-
iam Clark. It includes several original note-books in
which the Journal was written, and which have been
hitherto missing, a number of letters of great interest,
an orderly book of the expedition, and a large number
Russia, What She Is Fighting for. World's Work.
Russia's Attitude in Civil War. R. C. Hawkins. No. Amer.
St. Louis Fair, Architecture of the. "M. Schuyler. Scribner.
Scarlet Letter, Notes on the. T. T. Munger. Atlantic.
School Gardens in Great Cities. Helen Bennett. Rev. of Revs.
Seas, Through Inland. Louise Morgan Sill. Harper.
Siberian Railway, The Great. J. W. Davidson. Century.
Sicilian Highlands, The. William Sharp. Atlantic.
Sincerity and Love. Maurice Maeterlinck. Century.
Sweden, Modern Painting in. Axel Tallberg. Studio.
“To" and the Infinitive. T. R. Lounsbury. Harper,
Upsala, University of. Charles F. Thwing. Harper.
Village, A Model Industrial. F. H. Stead. Rev. of Reviews.
Villas near Rome. Edith Wharton. Century.
Voysey, C.F. A., Recent Work by. Aymer Vallance. Studio.
War, Cause of the. John Foord. World's Work.
War, Cost of the. F. A. Vanderlip. World's Work.
War, Danger of the, to Europe. World's Work.
War in the Far East. Sir Charles Dilke. North American
War, Some Revelations of the North American.
War, The, and After. Henry Norman. World's Work.
War Zone, Our Trade in the. 0. P. Austin. World's Work.
West, Great, and Two Easts. H. E. Reed. North American.
Western Artists, Society of. Charles H. Caffin. Studio.
Woman Question in Utopia. Elizabeth Pennell. Lippincott.
Yeats, With W. B., in the Woods of Coole. Lippincott.
Yellow-Pine Industry in the South. Review of Reviews.
of maps.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 72 titles, includes books
ceived by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
April, 1904.
Adhelmar, Story of. James B. Cabell. Harper.
American Benefactions, Magnitude of. Review of Reviews.
American History Sources. Herbert Putnam. No. American.
American Literary Influence Abroad. Review of Reviews.
American Type, The New. H. D. Sedgwick, Atlantic.
Asia, Russia's Civilizing Work in. G. F. Wright. Rev. of Revs.
Australia's Second Parliament. H. H. Lusk. No. American.
Besson, Jules Gustave, French Pastellist. Studio.
Birds, Home Life of our. J. R. Slonaker. World Today.
Blackfoot Spirit Land, The. E. W. Deming. Century.
Book, An Odd Sort of Popalar. G. Bradford, Jr. Atlantic.
Business, Moral Overstrain in. G. W. Alger. Atlantic.
Castelar, Emilio, Personal Characteristics of. Lippincott.
Christian Science. John W. Churchman. Atlantic.
Church of England, Present Position of. World Today.
Darwinism, Recent Aspects of. E.T. Brewster, Atlantic.
Dollar, Aristocracy of the. T. W. Higginson. Atlantic.
Election, General, Risks of a. H. W. Horwill. World Today.
Free Thought, Curtailment of, in the U.S. No. American.
Fur Companies, Fights of the. Agnes C. Laut. Century.
Garden City in England, A. W. H. Tolman. Rev. of Revs.
Grethe, Carlog, Work of. Hans W. Singer. Studio.
Honfleur, the Sedate. Thomas A. Janvier. Harper.
Immigration, New, - Is It Dangerous ? North American.
Industrial Liberty. H. Loomis Nelson. North American.
Inter-State Transportation, State Monopolies of. No. Amer.
Japan before the War. J. L. Dearing. World Today.
Japan, Housekeeping in. C. H. Pepper. World Today.
Japan, Modern, Rise of. J. Hashiguchi. World's Work.
Japan or Russia, — Which Will Win ? World's Work.
Japan, The Genius of. Alexander Tison. World's Work.
Japan, Why She Is Fighting. K. Takahira. World's Work.
Lithographs, F. E. Jackson's. Ernest Radford. Studio.
Marconi's Work in Europe, Amy A. Bernardy. World Today.
Medicine, When I Practised. Leighton Parks. Atlantic.
Metals, Life and Diseases of. E. Heyn. Harper.
Negro Problem from Negro Point of View. World Today.
Panama. James J. Roche. Scribner.
Panama Commission, The. Walter Wellman. Rev. of Revs.
Plant Life, Reproduction of. Ellis A. Apgar. Harper.
Play-Going in London. John Corbin. Scribner.
Poe in Richmond, Landmarks of. C. M. Graves. Century.
Primer, An American. Walt Whitman. Atlantic.
Protozoa and Disease. Cary N. Calkins. Century.
Religion and Religions. R. Heber Newton. No. American.
Rouzet, Citizen, Romance of. Basil King. Harper,
Russia, – Has She any Strong Man ? Review of Reviews.
Russia, The Genius of. Francis V. Greene. World's Work.
Russia, The Rebound on. Gilson Willets. World's Work.
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1900. In 2 vols., with photogravure portraits, large 8vo,
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Ruskin Relics. By W. G. Collingwood. Illus. by Ruskin
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pp. 361. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $2. net.
Matthew Arnold. By G. W. E. Russell. Illus., 12mo, an-
out, pp. 265. * Literary Lives." Charles Scribner's Sons.
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Memoirs of Mlle des Echerolles: Being Side Lights
on the Reign of Terror. Trans. from the French by
Marie Clothilde Balfour; with Introduction by George K.
Fortescue. New edition; with portrait, 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 334. Crown Library." John Lane. $1.50 pet.
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History of the Moorish Empire in Europe. By S. P.
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America." Arthur H. Clark Co. $2.50 net.


THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER.
PAGB
.
control. Unfortunately, an entirely different
question — that of the elective city board of
No. 428. APRIL 16, 1904. Vol. XXXVI.
education -- was proposed at the same time
and under substantially the same auspices.
CONTENTS.
The popular mandate on the subject of muni-
THE ELECTIVE SCHOOL BOARD
255 cipal ownership thus carried with it, by force
COMMUNICATION .
257
of attraction, a mandate in favor of an elective
In Re Shakespeare-Bacon. Francis Bacon Verulam
school board, very much as the party majority
Smith.
in a national election will usually carry with
A GREAT UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT. Percy F. it a majority for the state and local candidates
Bicknell.
257 bearing the tag of the successful party.
PROBLEMS OF THE HOME. Edith Granger 260
The vote upon the school question resulted
approximately as follows: Of the total number
STEPS IN WESTERN EXPANSION. Edwin E.
of those who went to the polls, about one-fourth
Sparks
261
Austin's Steps in the Expansion of our Territory.-
expressed no opinion at all upon this question ;
Thwaites's Brief History of Rocky Mountain Ex the remaining three-fourths registered a vote
ploration. — Hitchcock's The Louisiana Purchase.
of almost exactly two to one in favor of substi-
A SOUTHERNER'S LIFE OF JEFFERSON. James tuting an elective for an appointive board of
Oscar Pierce
262 education. A majority for the policy was de-
RECENT BOOKS ON EDUCATION. Henry David-
clared in every one of the city wards, although
son Sheldon.
263
it is noticeable that the majority was only a
Kirkpatrick's Fundamentals of Child Study. - small one in the wards that represent the more
King's The Psychology of Child Development. —
intelligent classes of citizenship, while it was
Thorndike's Educational Psychology. – O'Shea's
Education as Adjustment. — Hanus's A Modern largest in the wards that stand upon a lower
School. — Buchner's The Educational Theory of plane in point of cultivation and political mor.
Immanuel Kant.
ality. The vote on this question, moreover,
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
. 265
had absolutely no legal force; it was merely an
Land of the Morning Calm. — A stimulating mon-
ograph on Jefferson. - Some eighteenth century
expression of opinion —of ill-considered opin-
estimates of Shakespeare. --- Napoleon and the ion — and an application of the principle of the
Rennes conspiracy. - More historic American high initiative as permitted by the law of Illinois.
ways. Arnold's expedition to Quebec. — A dis-
tinguished western educator and philanthropist. –
We say advisedly that the vote was an
England in the last half century. - More about expression of ill-considered opinion, for the
Eye-strain and its results.- A text-book of Success.
subject had not been brought under serious
Indian dwellers of the Painted Desert. — Jewels
and their sources.
discussion, and the decision went largely by
default. It was the result of a sort of subter-
NOTES
. 270
ranean agitation carried on for several years
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
. 272
past by peculiarly unscrupulous methods, and
supported by all the devices of the demagogue.
The proposition was opposed by the reput-
THE ELECTIVE SCHOOL BOARD.
able newspaper press of the city, but in so
The municipal election held this month in perfunctory a way, and with so imperfect a
Chicago was comparatively unimportant as realization of its dangers, that there is no won-
far as its character as an election proper was der, considering all the circumstances, that it
concerned, but was of great interest as an ex should have received so large a vote. Attrac-
pression of opinion upon certain questions of tion, as we have already said, operated largely
public policy that had been proposed to the in its favor, and a sensational appeal to selfish
voters. These questions mainly concerned the interests did the rest. Thoughtful deliberation
municipal ownership of the street railway sys- coupled with knowledge of the situation really
tem, and the result of the vote was a striking bad little to do with the matter; prejudice on
declaration in favor of the policy of public | the one hand and apathy on the other were the
.


256
[April 16,
THE
DIAL
determining influences as far as the majority existing in the school system of Chicago are
of the votes were concerned.
certainly such as to make a demand for elec-
Still, in spite of all these allowances, and in tive school authorities singularly ill-timed.
spite of the fact that no other power than the It is a mistaken idea to suppose that democ-
State Legislature can act effectively upon the racy means the popular election of all officers
Chicago school system, the thing is ominous, who occupy important civic posts. What it
and those who care for the interests of the really means is the election of as few officers
schools as distinguished from the interests of as possible, and the concentration in their
those who find them the means of a living hands of the largest practicable powers of ap-
must bestir themselves to see that the move pointment (subject to clearly defined require-
ment goes no further than this expression of ments of fitness), in order that the responsi-
opinion, pious or the reverse. From this time bility for wrong-doing may be distinctly lodged
on there must be a serious campaign of edu where it belongs. Even as things now are,
cation upon the subject of education, lest Chi voters throughout the country are called upon
cago some day awake to find its school system to elect far too many officers, too many, that
bound hand and foot and given over to the is, for a general exercise of intelligent judg.
tender mercies of the politician. What that ment. Every attempt to increase this burden
would mean we know, or may know if we will, ought to be firmly resisted on general princi-
from the example of many other American ples. Particularly should it be resisted in the
cities, of Philadelphia, for instance, which oc case of school officers, whose qualifications are
cupies a peculiarly bad eminence in this, as in of an expert nature, and no more to be deter-
other municipal matters. It has thus far been mined intelligently by average opinion or by a
the pride of the Chicago schools that they have show of hands than the qualifications of libra-
not been a part of the political system of the rians or physicians or engineers. Let it be
municipality. They have in the past been granted that the appointing power sometimes
touched by politics, no doubt, but the infection makes mistakes, or is actuated by unworthy
has never spread very far, and the last few motives, yet how much greater must be the
years have witnessed a notable degree of suc danger of these things when election by pop-
cess in the elimination of political influences ular vote is substituted for appointment.
from their management, and in the establish- The simple fact is that an elective school
ment of methods in wbich merit and the inter board in a large city would mean a board
ests of education alone prevail.
made up of members who had sought the
Of all times in the world, the present is the office.
office. Now office-seeking is never dignified
one in which a radical change would be most and is not often legitimate; the last man or
wanton and ill-advised. We might fill columns woman who should be entrusted with the duties
with the mere enumeration of the things that of a school board member is one who would
have been done of late to promote efficiency, be willing to put himself in the position of
to raise standards, to discourage attempts at appealing to popular suffrage for the office.
“influence," and to give a healthful tone to We all know the noisy, self-advertising class
the whole vast system. But it is no secret to of persons whose names would be found upon
those conversant with the situation that these the ballot in such a case, and we all know how
salutary reforms have been the very main next to impossible it would be for a city in
spring of the agitation for a change that has that manner to secure the services of members
at last so far achieved its purpose as to get the of a really desirable type. This is entirely
popular vote upon which we are now making aside from the merely political danger, in
comment. It is just because of these recent itself serious enough, and however ingeniously
changes which have done so much to substitute guarded against by such devices as large dis-
desert for favor, and some measure of discrim. tricts, special elections, and nominations by peti-
ination for the old wholesale methods of ap- tion, sure to make its presence felt in some insid-
pointment and promotion, that a considerable ious fashion. If it be urged that the objections
proportion of the teaching force has sought a above made apply also to the appointive method,
way escape from such irksome restraints, it may be admitted that they do in some meas-
and has even resorted to an unboly alliance ure; the question is one of degree rather than
with the forces of labor unionism, thus endeav- of kind, and the elective method seems to us
oring to lower the noble profession of teaching to carry with it a far greater degree of danger.
to the level of a trade. The conditions now At all events, when the appointive system is
of


1904.]
257
THE DIAL
productive of such satisfactory results as have
been witnessed in Chicago during the last few
The New Books.
years, it would be the height of folly to attempt
to supplant it by a system which is prima facie
more susceptible to influences of a kind that
A GREAT UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT.*
should properly have nothing to do with the Dr. William Pepper's name is widely known as
management of educational affairs.
that of a man of prodigious energy and achieve-
ment, not only in education and in the practice
of medicine, but also in the promotion of count-
less good causes having chiefly to do with his
COMMUNICATION.
city and state. In his short life of fifty-four
IN RE SHAKESPEARE-BACON.
years he reorganized and recreated the Univer.
(To the Editor of The DIAL.)
Some years ago there appeared in “Literature” a
sity of Pennsylvania, founded the University
new and ingenious series of arguments which ought to Hospital and various museums, as well as the
have settled for all time the vexed question of the Philadelphia Free Library, and effected the
authorship of "Shakespeare.” But we still find people improvement of the city's water supply and a
stiffly defending the Stratford poacher's most absurd
and baseless claims. Now I have a valuable addition
complete change in the local sentiment toward
to make to the line of proof adopted by Mr. Bucke (I
education and the higher ideals. In the course
think that was the writer's name), and I am convinced
of this work he raised more than ten million
that the evidence I have to adduce will prove a clincher dollars and secured about one hundred acres
and will shut the mouths of all Shakespearians so tight of land from the city, adding the personal
that not another peep will ever be heard from them.
Knowing that The Dial is widely circulated among gift of almost half a million dollars earned by
intelligent and fair-minded readers, I have selected it
him in the practice of an exacting profession.
as the most fitting medium for publishing this epoch- His most important achievements were those
making discovery of mine.
connected with the university that gave him
Mr. Bucke calls attention to the fact that almost
both his academic and his professional educa-
every great author is commonly associated with the
chief cbaracter he has created. Thus we link together
tion. In 1868, at the age of twenty-five, he
Cervantes and Don Quixote, Le Sage and Gil Blas, began his lectures in the medical school, and
Dickens and David Copperfield, George Eliot and continued them for thirty years. Succeeding
Maggie Tulliver. Each of these characters stands in a
Provost Stillé as head of the University in
measure for its author, representing him or his ideas
with some degree of fidelity. What, now, is the chief,
1881, he at once set about raising the institu-
the best-known character in the so-called Shakespear- tion from its comparative insignificance to a
ian dramas ? Hamlet, to be sure; and in the name position of national importance, at the same
lurks a very clever crypto-pun, -Ham [i, e., Bacon] time striving, not without success, to co-ordi-
let (or hindered from openly declaring his identity]. So
nate with it the educational systems of the city
far, Mr. Bucke. But let us go a step further. What
is Hamlet's most famous speech? The immortal Solil-
and state. He found the University a respect-
oquy. And the most familiar line therein ? The first. able school; he left it a real university. Seven-
Let us examine this line. “ Be" is phonetic for the teen new departments were created by him,
second letter of the alphabet, and the line thus becomes
more than a score of costly buildings erected,
“ To B[acon] or not to B[acon are these plays to be
ascribed], that is the question.” And how is the ques-
the faculty was increased from ninety to near
tion decided ? In the affirmative, of course.
The so-
three hundred members, and the student body
liloquist determines against self-annihilation. The more than tripled. He raised four million
Baconian authorship is thus established. Note the dollars for endowment and other purposes, and
foresight here displayed. With that prescience which added more than forty acres to the campus.
belonged to the universality of his genius, Lord Bacon
foresaw that this Soliloquy would be on every school-
All this, be it noted, was effected in a com-
boy's tongue, and that its first line especially would be munity whose slowness and conservatism bave
a household word. Hence the first line was chosen as passed into a proverb, and whose municipal
the repository of his secret, the key and answer fol-
corruption has of late attained unenviable noto-
lowing in the body of the speech. Could anything be
plainer? How easy it is to stand an egg on end as
riety.
soon as you know how!
Mr. Francis Newton Thorpe is well quali-
If after this anyone bas the hardihood to question fied to tell the story of this life of bewilder-
Bacon's authorship of the so-called Shakespearian plays ingly varied activity, having himself been
and poems, he must expect a speedy invitation to “go
way back and sit down” with the believers in a flat
connected with the University and, as it ap-
world and a Ptolemaic astronomy.
* WILLIAM PEPPER, M.D., LL.D., Provost of the Uni-
FRANCIS BACON VERULAM SMITH.
versity of Pennsylvania. By Francis Newton Thorpe. Illus-
St. Albans, April 5, 1904.
trated. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.


258
[April 16,
THE DIAL
pears, intimate with its head during the last old in medical literature, so that ten years is
thirteen years of the latter's life. The prepa- a long life for a medical treatise, his enduring
ration, too, of an earlier work involving re monument will be, not his writings, but his
search in much the same field — the painstak- creations in stone and brick, and what they
ing account of “Franklin and the University stand for. It will also be long before the pro-
of Pennsylvania" — has made easier for him
- has made easier for him fession forgets his conspicuously successful and
this presentation of a “ second Franklin ” and brilliant presidency of the Pan-American Med-
his relations to the same institution of learning. ical Congress at Washington, and the ovation
Something of the charm of Dr. Pepper's per- given to him by a similar assembly at Mexico
sonality seems to have found its way into the three years later. The happy combination of
pages of his biography, which is a book to Anglo-Saxon vigor with the ease and suavity
attract the reader, despite its 555 large octavo of the Latin-American, as well as his fluency
pages. But we will not send it to the barber's in a language (the French) better known to
with Polonius's beard; only let it be permitted them than English, won for him an extra-
the reviewer to regret that its topical arrange- ordinary popularity with our southern neigh-
ment has entailed a number of overlappings bors. To fill out still further this imperfect
and repetitions, thus increasing its length in a sketch of the man, let us quote a few passages,
manner that tends to try the reader's patience. either descriptive of him as seen by Mr. Thorpe,
The first intimation to the world at large of or embodying in his own words ideas and opin-
Dr. Pepper's marked ability was at the time ions characteristic of his life and work. Of
of the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. his appearance in the consulting room his
He discharged with noted success the difficult biographer says:
duties of Medical Director, receiving, among “ In his treatment of the sick it was his study to get
other tokens of foreign recognition, an appoint-
on the side of nature. He trusted much to rest and
ment as Knight Coinmander of the Order of regimen, and, primarily, to getting the mind of the
St. Olaf from the King of Norway and Swe-
patient in a normal frame. He was by nature a psychol-
ogist and his powers of diagnosis were of the highest
den. The executive capacity then displayed order. These powers be applied in other interests than
by him, when but little over thirty years of
his medical practice. Each of the innumerable civic and
age, together with his fruitful exertions for educational problems which came before bim was met
as he met the critical medical cases which were pre-
improving the medical school of the Univer-
sented to him for diagnosis. His reasoning faculties
sity, paved the way to his election as Provost
were wonderfully strong, active, and accurate. ...
in 1881, after the office had been refused by He seized on causes and effects readily and with almost
Phillips Brooks and Dr. S. Weir Mitchell. unerring precision, and his mental processes were phe-
To his wonderful ability as a college president nomenally rapid. With these powers he exercised an
the present splendid equipment of the Uni-
patient felt safe under his care."
versity of Pennsylvania is an impressive mon-
Combining the best features of conservatism
ument. Where only four unimposing build.
and progressiveness, he was among the first to
ings stood in 1881 may now be seen more than
advocate the elective system in college educa-
twenty handsome and well-appointed struc-
tion ; but his electives were to be in carefully
tares. In thirteen years he increased the Uni-
versity's wealth from $1,600,000 to more than
planned groups rather than offered singly, thus
$5,000,000. Of his fame as a medical lecturer having strict regard to the general bent, not to
the idle whims, of the immature student. Note-
and clinical demonstrator the record of his
addresses in all parts of the country and the
worthy, too, is his bigh estimate of the classics
as a part of the curriculum. Himself a man of
testimony of his pupils furnish abundant proof.
science and of affairs, he yet felt moved thus
As a medical writer Dr. Pepper stood in
to uphold the claims of Greek and Latin in
the front rank. Besides founding the “Med-
ical Times,” be edited, with Dr. John F.
an address before the Modern Language Asso-
Meigs,
the well-known and authoritative "System of
ciation :
“We have nothing to do with the question of the
Medicine by American Authors,” and pub necessity of the classics in any and every system of ed-
lished numerous articles and pamphlets, the ucation worthy of the name. We assume that to be
fruit of his wide experience as a practising
conceded beyond discussion. Could Milton have written
physician. The “Text- Book of Medicine by his oration against Hastings, Landor his Dialogues,
• Paradise Lost' or the · Elegy on Lycidas,' or Burke
American Teachers” was also largely his work.
without a profound study of the classics? Could
But as new authorities are daily supplanting the Corneille or Racine, or Goethe or Lessing, or Dante


1904.]
259
THE DIAL
:
the What wore this man out so early was
have produced their immortal works without such members, paid him a tribute well worth quot-
study? What boots such questioning? May the day ing. He said, in part:
never come when the glorious languages of Homer, of
Plato, of Sophocles, and of Cicero, of Virgil, of Horace
“ It is pleasant to hope that during his lifetime Dr.
shall not be recognized as the very keystone of the
Pepper was at least faintly conscious that his influence
highest and most inspiring education which can be
for good was thus wide-spread, and that among his fel-
imparted."
low-citizens he had become the representative of great
educational and civic movements. This is not an
This, of course, is better in fervid oration than
occasion for eulogy, nor have I any capacity for analyz-
in cold print; but the attitude behind it all is ing character (who can analyze his own ?), but by one
significant. The notes drawn from Dr. Pep- noteworthy element in Dr. Pepper's temperament I
per's diary are illuminative to the student of
was always impressed, and this is a sense of proportion.
his character. His definition of genius makes
He had the faculty of differentiating values. He was
never astray among the important and the unimportant.
it to be “the power of sustaining concentrated His perspective was always true. . . . Ambition is pro
attention in a rare degree.” Of Matthew verbially selfish, and that he was ambitious we all know.
Arnold, just after his lecture in Philadelphia, But herein was almost his crowning quality. His ambi-
tion was never for himself. ... Rarely sball we find the
the diary records :
man more thoroughly, utterly unselfish than he. To
“ Vigorous and well preserved - bad enunciation
the reflex effect upon himself or his fortunes of any
- terrible pronunciation of some words, as "girls, course which he deemed of moment, I think he gave
geerls' — quiet, clear, caustic, appreciative. .
never a single thought. That a man of as forceful a
“ Took breakfast with Matthew Arnold; one would character should meet with opposition and even detrac-
naturally think, What a good fellow, with frank and tion is inevitable. But we have solemn words of warn-
easy manners — a strong, fine figure — and a strong
ing ringing in our ears: Woe unto you when all men
face'; but he mouths his words and talks with pro speak well of you!' Therein is found our consolation
truded lips and indistinct utterance when addressing and his ever-present balm."
an audience of any considerable size, altogether the
result of defective elocution. Voice sufficiently pleas-
work.
ant in ordinary conversation, and with force enough to Never at ease unless pushing on half a dozen
be heard clear enough in any hall if properly managed.
gigantic enterprises at once, he neglected to
How often we notice this in English literary men, even
tbeir public men, whose education and pursuits have
cultivate the art of enjoying leisure. One
led you to expect better things in the way of public note in his diary describes him as working
speaking."
seventy-two hours without sufficient intermis-
Civic reform, Dr. Pepper held, was to be sion to go to bed. In 1894 he resigned the
sought through educational methods rather presidency of the University, but the easing of
than in ward politics. Whether just or unjust,
one burden only led to the assumption of others
this is his opinion of the Municipal League: hardly less heavy. He knew, as a wise physi-
“ Their purpose seems to be the old business of put cian, the penalty be was incurring for his in-
ting up special candidates for special little offices, discretion ; but he declared if his life were
spending a lot of money, and getting licked like thun-
to live over again he would follow the same
der. That is what has kept me off from all these
course.
reform movements; that, instead of earnest educational
work, such as the Civic Club is doing, and Brinley
Mr. Thorpe tells his story in a way to arrest
is doing for University Extension, they go into ward and hold the attention. A little more con-
politics.”
ciseness, however, a more successful avoidance
A paragraph of Mr. Thorpe's will give some of repetitions, might have been attained. A
conception of the crushing press of engage few lapses, too, from good English might have
ments always weighing upon Dr. Pepper. been corrected. 6 Accrue he uses in the
“On one occasion, at a theatre-party which he was passive voice;
occurs for “fewer”,
giving, after some fifteen minutes, he excused himself, and even as early as the third page of the
and was gone three-quarters of an hour. Remaining a
short time, he excused himself again, and was gone
Preface a jarring note is encountered in the
nearly as long. He then returned for a moment, and
very easily avoidable misuse of “would " for
excused himself a third time. He had appeared at
“should.” But only hypercriticism can refuse
three functions, at two of which he had made formal to the author hearty thanks for his handsome
addresses; the third disappearance was for a consulta-
accomplishment of a difficult task. In follow-
tion. While under great pressure of work he occa-
sionally worked thirty-six or even forty-eight hours
ing Dr. Pepper's varied career, he had to
without interruption except for a bite of food.”
narrate the life, not of one man, but of many
Dr. Horace Howard Furness, in presenting
men under one name. For producing so clear
Dr. Pepper's portrait to the American Philo-
a portrait of this Protean individuality he de-
sophical Society in behalf of the contributing
serves high praise.
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
“ less"


260
[April 16,
THE DIAL
the good of the race they should be raised to
PROBLEMS OF THE HOME.*
the rank of professions. Domestic life like-
It is impossible to read the books of Mrs. wise suffers from domestic seclusion. In fact,
Charlotte Perkins Gilman without realizing Mrs. Gilman believes that most if not all of
that their author is deeply, sometimes passion the industries now performed in the home
ately, in earnest. One cannot fail to see, could be better and more cheaply performed
likewise, that most of her radical views will outside of it by professional workers; that
gain but slow headway, for the present at least, organization should have its place in home life
even among women themselves, to whom chiefly as in business life; that the results of modern
her writings and speeches are addressed. Her
ingenuity should not be confined to hotels and
work on “ The Home, Its Work and Influ-
other public places, but should be used to
ence" is a further development of ideas ex release the housewife from the burdens that
pressed in “Women and Economics,” pub- keep her down.
lished a few years ago, and emphasizing the Mrs. Gilman believes that the homes of
essential social equality of man and woman. to-day, with rare exceptions, foster selfishness,
Mrs. Gilman's ideals are high, as will be seen by cowardice, untruth, injustice, self-conscious-
the following extracts from her Introduction:
ness; that woman is undeveloped physically,
« The home should offer to the individual rest, peace, mentally, and morally, and over-developed on
quiet, comfort, health, and that degree of personal
the feminine side. She says: “If the woman
expression requisite; and these conditions should be
maintained by the best methods of the time. . . . We
was fully developed on the human side, she
are here to perform our best service to society, and would cease to be over-developed on the fem-
to find our best individual growth and expression; a inine side. If she had her fair share of world-
right home is essential to both these uses.”
life, she would expect of her husband that he
She makes a plea for homes that shall pro- be a satisfactory man, but not that he be a
vide greater scope for individuality, greater satisfactory world, which is quite beyond him.”
privacy for each and every inmate, and a Hospitality, as at present practised, is abused ;
reduction of expense for those who must main- it should mean the entertaining of one's inti-
tain them. She finds the two greatest errors to mate friends in the home, while there should
be “the maintenance of primitive industries be public rooms for larger gatherings. Mrs.
in a modern industrial community, and the Gilman's idea, when carried to its conclusion,
confinement of women to those industries and is that when the woman is freed from the
their limited area of expression."
restrictions of house-keeping and child-rearing,
In the chapter called “Domestic Mythol- and able to direct ber energies into the lines
ogy” the author protests against the reverence of work for which she is best fitted, likewise
for the old merely because it is old, -—the relieving the husband of part of his too-heavy
blind following in the footsteps of our fore- burden, she and the man will become not only
bears ; against the indiscriminate “mother better husbands and wives, fathers and moth-
worship,” which makes us assume that because ers, but also better citizens, enlarging their
a woman is a mother, she must know the best social activities, widening the range of their
way to care for and bring up children, as interests, and performing their functions as in-
well as the best way to maintain the home in dividuals, as home-makers, and as part of the
peace and comfort; and against the fetich of social whole, more nearly as civilization in the
the “ feminine touch,” which is popularly sup- present age demands.
posed to beautify everytbing on which it is It is undoubtedly true that two tendencies
laid. As the ordinary home is at present have been strongly felt in recent years,
one
maintained, the time of the over-burdened an earnest effort toward some solution of the
house-wife is consumed in cooking, cleaning, “servant problem," chiefly felt in the estab-
and sewing; what time, Mrs. Gilman asks, bas lishment of training-schools for servants and
she for child-culture and self-culture? On the their mistresses; the other, the increasingly
other hand, in the home of the well-to-do the large number of married women who enter
work of the home is done by “ignorant and business life. Nevertheless, this number is
inferior young women, under conditions of con not yet large as proportioned to the women
stant change.” Cooking and child-tending are who really prefer home-life, nor can it ever be
here left to lower grades of labor, whereas, for so long as women are mothers. During the
* THE HOME. Its Work and Influence. By Charlotte
child-bearing period, no woman is free to enter
Perkins Gilman. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co. upon a continuous business life; nor could she


1904.]
261
THE DIAL
do so successfully if she would. This will Bureau of Statistics of the national Depart-
always be the strongest argument against Mrs. ment of Commerce and Labor. It abounds in
Gilman's theories. It is true that she does
It is true that she does statistics of square miles of territory, bushels
show forth some of the causes of failure in the of products, and millions of population. In
home, and suggests many needed reforms. this respect, it is a compendium of information
But doubts will exist as to the wisdom of her rather than an attraction for the general reader.
methods of cure. The world is not yet ready It is really a study of the admission of the sev-
for changes 80 radical as some of those that eral states into the Union, together with a
she suggests. Much can be done in the way sketch of the territorial addition from which
of improved sanitation, and in a division of they were created. A preliminary chapter de-
industries that will relieve the servant-problem scribes the colonization and development of the
of some of its worst bugbears; home-makers original domain, and two appended chapters give
and mothers can and should receive a training a statistical sketch of our foreign possessions.
that will make them wiser and more skilful. As connecting links, a general commentary on
But whatever may be the reason, a majority the leading events of American history runs
of the women of to-day would not accept a life through the book. A vast amount of informa-
that would take them for the greater part of tion is afforded on the public land system, the
the time outside the home. Moreover, with development of industries, and comparisons with
out a violent readjustment of conditions in the other peoples. Presumably, the statistics are
business world, it would not be possible for correct. But in the commentary on the course
them all to find positions; and without special of affairs a number of errors have crept in.
training, which only the few are able to enjoy, The title of “United States of America” does
they could not enter professional life.
not date from July 4, although that makes a
Wbile not always coherent, and occasion, pleasing statement, but from special action of
ally showing signs of careless or basty con Congress on September 9, 1776. Congress did
struction, this book is worthy of sober consid not authorize George Rogers Clark (not Clarke)
eration. It is the result of earnest conviction, to make the expedition into the Northwest, but
it shows in an extreme form certain tendencies Virginia, under Governor Patrick Henry, took
of the day, and it offers some suggestions that that initiative. Vergennes is charged with pro-
may well receive attention from thoughtful posing that the Americans be deprived of the
students of large social problems.
Mississippi Valley in the peace of 1783. Jay,
EDITH GRANGER. the negotiator, says that Vergennes was “ very
cool and reserved” toward Aranda's suggestion,
and there is no evidence that Rayneval's pro-
STEPS IN WESTERN EXPANSION.*
posed division was presented to him. Doniol
The centennial anniversary of the Louisiana makes this clear, and frees Vergennes, if not
territorial acquisition is responsible for the ap-
the court of France generally, from the charge
pearance of many additions to the historical of opposing the American title. Spain aban-
literature of the Middle West. Territorial ex-
doned her claim to West Florida in 1795, not
pansion was nearly an unknown topic in our
1798. The classic names proposed by Jeffer-
country, until the effects of the recent war with son for the states of the Northwest do not ap-
Spain called attention to the insular accessions pear in the Ordinance of 1784, as the context
which continued the remarkable continental ex.
of their description makes it seem. The Ohio
pansion. Two of the volumes considered in Company of Associators was formed some time
the present review belong to an “Expansion preceding the purchase of land and passage of
of the Republic” series; while the third con the Ordinance of 1787, instead of after that
cerns the Louisiana Purchase alone.
time.
The volume by Mr. Austin, “Steps in the
It is evident in advance that any volume on
Expansion of our Territory," is a solid one, explorations of the Rocky Mountain region
as might be expected from the chief of the must be taken up largely with the Lewis and
Clark expedition, since materials for it are most
*STEPS IN THE EXPANSION OF OUR TERRITORY. By
Oscar P. Austin. Illustrated. New York: D. Appleton & Co. abundant. Considering the length of the jour-
A BRIEF HISTORY OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN EXPLORATION. ney, its timeliness, and its results, one may
By Reuben Gold Thwaites. Illustrated. New York: D. Ap- easily pronounce it the most important under-
pleton & Co.
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. By Ripley Hitchcock. Illus-
taking of the kind in American history. Mr.
trated. Boston: Ginn & Co.
Thwaites, in his “Brief History of Rocky Moun-


262
[April 16,
THE DIAL
.
tain Exploration,” has given it a mention in Not that the incidents sketched are foreign to
his sub-title as being the exploration par excel- the main subject, for they are the transactions
lence. From Balboa's crossing of the Isthmus of in which Jefferson would have been profoundly
Darien to the construction of the Pacific railways interested, even though he had not participated
is the space covered in the volume. Cook, Qua- in them; but they do not profess to furnish
dra, Verendrye, and Captain Gray find places either a complete biography of the man or a
in the earlier chapters, and Long, and Pike, and history of his time. The reader will enjoy the
Frémont in the later portions, with Lewis and sympathetic portraiture of the character of
Clark making, however, the bulk of the book. Washington, and be entertained by the lively
The work is in Mr. Thwaites's well-known description of the strenuous activities of John
style, and pleasantly calls attention to one as Paul Jones, George Rogers Clark, and others
pect of the conquest of the continent.
of Jefferson's contemporaries; but he will not
The need of a condensed sketch of the Lou- easily be led to suppose Mr. Watson's para-
isiana Purchase has been well supplied by Mr. graphs to constitute serious history or biog-
Ripley Hitchcock, whose little book on that raphy. With all his evident historical tastes,
subject falls into four parts, Discovery and Ac and his fondness for historical research, the
quisition, the Lewis and Clark exploration, the author does not exhibit the judicial tempera-
other discoveries, and the Industrial Develop- ment necessary to the historian. Indeed, he
ment of the region. As in the volume by Mr. is too much of a critical controversialist to suc-
Thwaites, a large share of space - nearly a ceed in writing history. The frequency and
hundred pages — is given to Lewis and Clark; ardor with which he controverts the conclusions
while thirty pages suffice to cover the negotia and the deductions of other writers indicate
tions, the transfer, and all constitutional ques a part of his mission to be to confound the
tions involved. The most novel feature in the mighty. His pages redound with sarcastic ref-
outline is to be found in the rather picturesque erences to the errors of which he convicts
treatment of the development of the Purchase, Messrs. W. E. Curtis, S. G. Fisher, H. C.
due to the author's connection with a series Lodge, Woodrow Wilson, and other writers.
bearing on various phases of Western life. An excerpt from a passage complaining that
EDWIN E. SPARKS. American history has been too much devoted
to New England and its inhabitants will illus-
trate the critical spirit and methods of the
book.
A SOUTHERNER'S LIFE OF JEFFERSON.* “Entirely too much has been made of trivial New
Of making books on Jefferson there is no
England incidents and of third-rate New England in-
dividuals. Too many New England mole-hills have
end; and Mr. Thomas E. Watson presents us been magnified into historical mountains. Even Henry
with the latest addition to the collection. He Cabot Lodge, though he made a manful attempt, could
appropriately entitles his contribution - The not cut himself loose from the swollen body of dead
Life and Times of Thomas Jefferson "; for he
tradition. As to Woodrow Wilson's book, — well, we
will change the subject."
has treated that statesman's times quite as fully
as he has his life. Mr. Watson's portrait of
Even though Mr. Watson's readers might
Jefferson does not differ greatly from the one
sometimes concur in his criticisms, they will
commonly accepted; though drawn in fuller usually prefer to find such complaints in an-
detail, it gives essentially the same familiar
other setting. This form of controversy is
personality. The acceptability of the book will such a favorite with Mr. Watson as to suggest
be found largely in the pictures presented of
the doubt whether he is himself a safe guide
Jefferson's times, and of the work and accom-
in historical exegesis. One is scarcely sur-
plishments of his great contemporaries. The prised to find him, in his zeal for the just fame
style of the book is sketchy. Its fifty-one chap- of Jefferson, saying of the Virginia statesman's
ters are so many outlines of episodes of the era
draft of his famous Ordinance," that "It was
in which its principal subject lived, many of
in this celebrated Ordinance of the North west-
them connected with him only by the coinci ern Territory that the first suggestion of a
dence in dates; a group of parti-colored beads, plan for the admission of future states ap-
strung upon the thread of one political career.
peared”; the fact being that Maryland had,
as early as October, 1776, advanced this prop-
* THE LIFE AND TIMES OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. By
Thomas E. Watson, Illustrated. New York: D. Appleton
osition as a part of the destiny of that Terri-
tory, and that her delegates had introduced it
& Co.


1904.)
263
THE DIAL
into the Congress in October, 1777, before the solved that they would leave the momentous
Articles of Confederation had taken final shape. question of Independence to be determined by
So, also, historical study has given place to the Continental Congress. It was this action
partisan theory, when Mr. Watson character of Virginia on May 6, 1776, which Mr. Watson
izes the non-importation agreement of the col- seeks to interpret as a separate revolt by that
onists as follows:
colony.
" In fact, the attitude taken by Washington, Lee, In these and other instances are manifested
Henry, Adams, Sherman, Jay, Dickinson, and Rutledge the peculiar political views of Mr. Watson,
was substantially that of a labor-union of the present which, however, do not debar him from writ-
day during a struggle with a capitalistic trust. Those
Americans who would not join the association and boy- / ing a sprightly and entertaining book. In his
cott Great Britain were 'enemies to the liberties of chapter on “The Governor of Virginia,”: the
their country,' and were themselves to be boycotted." experiences of Jefferson as governor are con-
This comparison belittles those Fathers of spicuously overlooked, while the troubles of
the Republic, and becomes possible only by ig- the “times” are vividly portrayed; but there
noring the legal and constitutional principles is compensation for this omission as to the per-
which were the bed-rock of the non-importation sonal Jefferson in the minute account that
agreement and of all the contentions of the comes later of his interesting experiences in
American colonists, nothing similar to which France. A responsive chord in the hearts of
distinguishes the modern struggles between
students will be aroused by the author's fervid
labor and capital.
appeal for a reprint of Jefferson's valuable
“Notes on Virginia.”
In like manner, the author is apparently
seeking to sustain a preconceived theory when
JAMES OSCAR PIERCE.
he argues :
“ The Mecklenburg Resolutions were in effect the
first of American declarations of Independence. Rhode
Island soon followed. Then came the town-meetings
RECENT BOOKS ON EDUCATION.*
of Massachusetts. Then Virginia, May 6th, closely
followed, having no idea that any other colony had al-
Students of genetic psychology or child study
ready shaken off the burden of allegiance to Great
have long been waiting for some well-organized
Britain."
general survey which should present in readable
“ After the Declaration of Independence, and its rati form the results of the many studies in this field.
fication by each State, each one of the thirteen col Prof. E. A. Kirkpatrick, in his “ Fundamentals of
onies most certainly considered itself a sovereign State. Child Study," has attempted to meet this demand
The only bond of Union was a common cause and a and at the same time write a text-book for class use
common danger. Their delegations to the Congress in normal schools and colleges. The larger half of
did not bind them to a confederation any more than their
his book is devoted to a discussion of the different
Committees of Correspondence had done."
human instincts from infancy to manhood; the au-
The idea that there were many declarations thor by this method avoids the necessity of marking
of independence by which the thirteen colonies off and characterizing the periods of growth. Aside
severally revolted against Great Britain, and from instincts, the subjects dealt with are physical
the theories advanced by Mr. Watson to sus growth and development, native motor activities and
tain this idea, run counter to many of the facts general order of development, development of intel-
of our history, not the least impressive of which lect, heredity, individuality, abnormalities, and child
are these: that North Carolina on April 12, study applied in schools. Appended to each chap-
Rhode Island on May 4, Virginia on May 6,
* FUNDAMENTALS OF CHILD STUDY. A Discussion of
and five other colonies at later dates down to
Instincts and Other Factors in Human Development, with
Practical Applications. By Edwin A. Kirkpatrick. New
June 28, 1776, expressly instructed their dele York: The Macmillan Co.
gates to join in one Declaration of Indepen THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT. By Irving
King. With an Introduction by John Dewey. University
dence and in forming a confederation for ex-
of Chicago Press.
ternal purposes, while reserving to the people EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY. By Edward L. Thorndike.
of each colony local self-government for inter New York: Lemcke & Buechner.
nal purposes; that the language of these sev EDUCATION AS ADJUSTMENT. Educational Theory Viewed
in the Light of Contemporary Thought. By M. V. O'Shea.
eral instructions is so similar as to indicate a
New York : Longmans, Green, & Co.
common purpose pervading the colonists; that A MODERN SCHOOL. By Paul H. Hanus. New York:
no action inconsistent with this was taken by
The Macmillan Co.
THE EDUCATIONAL THEORY OF IMMANUEL KANT. Trans-
any colony; and that two other colonies, New
lated and edited, with an Introduction, by Edward Franklin
York and South Carolina, had previously re Buchner. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.


264
[April 16
THE DIAL
ter is a list of questions bearing on the text but not The territory covered is indicated by the following
covered by it, designed to stimulate independent list of topics: the measurement of mental traits, the
thought among the students. Each chapter also distribution of mental traits, the relationship be-
contains a bibliography, well adapted for class use, tween mental traits, original and acquired traits,
of the materials used. The general bibliography at mental inheritance, the influence of environment,
the beginning of the book is by no means as judi- the influence of special training upon general abili-
ciously selected, works of great value by such men as ties, the influence of selection, the development of
Preyer, Baldwin, Sully, and Compayré being men 'mental traits with age, sex difference, exceptional
tioned by the side of Wiggin': “Children's Rights" children, the relationship of mental and physical
and Du Bois's “ Beckoning of Little Hands.” This, traits, and broader studies of human nature. The
however, is a matter of small importance. Consid last chapter treats of the questionnaire method of
ering the difficulties of the subject, Professor Kirk investigation, which Dr. Thorndike condemns, care-
patrick's book must be pronounced a success of the fully pointing out the abuses to which it is liable.
first order. The author's thorough knowledge of There can be little question that this criticism is
psychology has protected him from crude general greatly needed; still if we are to throw out all data
izations ; his sense of proportion is good ; the ma that cannot be tested by the methods of the exact
terial is well digested, and the practical suggestions sciences, progress is likely to be slow in all of the
that he ventures upon from time to time are useful. social disciplines for some time to come. Several
The book is well adapted to the serious lay reader, sections of Professor Kirkpatrick's book show that
and at tbe same time is valuable to the student. in the hands of a thinker who knows and makes
Prof. Irving King's “The Psychology of Child allowance for the limitations of the questionnaire
Development” covers the same ground as the work and similar methods, results of significance can be
just spoken of, though from an entirely different achieved.
standpoint; the aim in this case being not so much The latest book of Prof. M. V. O'Shea treats of
the organization of facts as the interpretation of the the philosophy of education, and is entitled “Edu-
more fundamental phenomena. Professor King has cation as Adjustment.” It attempts to define edu-
a thesis to defend, which in brief is this: A great cation from the standpoint of evolutionary philoso-
mistake has been made by Preyer and others in phy, and to show the futility of all educational
studying the mental life of children ; this mistake theory founded on purely logical or metaphysical
consists in employing the mental processes or facul. considerations. The first three chapters contain the
ties of the adult as instruments in measuring and discussion of education as a science; after which
describing the child's intelligence. The true method Professor O'Shea treats at some length the mean-
is functional, it regards the child's experience as a ing and aim of education. The last and longest
unity and describes it as such instead of trying to section of the book, "the method of attaining ad-
discover the rudimentary beginnings of adult men justment,” is a treatise on the psychology of the
tal proce8808 to single acts. In his application of learning process.
In the first two divisions of the
this view to infancy and early childhood, Professor work the author is laboring under the obvious dis-
King has been successful in making the child's ac advantage of possessing only a second-hand knowl-
tivity seem more intelligible than in the writings of edge of biology and philosophy. He has indus-
any previous thinker. His thesis leads him to mag. triously collected a large mass of material, but it
nify the difference between the child and the adult is poorly classified and the interpretation is me-
mind, and to somewhat exaggerate the difficulties chanically forced. The statements are inexact, and
in the way of understanding children's ideas after many minor sections have no logical bearing on the
the first three or four years. As a running com main argument. Professor O'Shea's equipment for
mentary on the methods generally in use, this book the work may be judged from the following quota-
will perform good service, its function being dis tions : - Direct observations and statistical investi-
tinctly critical. No recent educational book gives gations are made with something of the exactness
more evidence of painstaking thought, of the care and completeness of detail in the field of mental
ful consideration of a subject from a single point of development by such persons as Preyer, Hall, Shinn,
view. It is an important contribution to the litera Baldwin, and others that were attained by Darwin
ture of the subject. There is a fairly representative in the field of biology or Newton in physics or Gal-
but by no means complete bibliography in the ap ileo in astronomy” (p. 42). Locke devised “innate
pendix.
facu. ties and other things” (p. 49). The psycho-
The third volume of the present group, that by logical half of the work is much better done, and as
Dr. E. L. Thorndike of Columbia on “ Educational a critique of existing methods deserves recognition
Psychology," also discusses method in child study. by the side of the three books already mentioned.
It is a plea for more rigorously scientific standards There is an excellent discussion of the dogma of
and methods than those that have hitherto been formal discipline. The present volume, which de-
largely employed. The volume consists of a sum- | fines the author's fundamental positions, forms the
mary and criticism of all the studies which the introduction to a series which is to include treatises
author considers sufficiently accurate to be of value. on “ Educational Aspects of Mental Development,"


1904.)
265
THE DIAL
new.
“ The Values of Studies,” “ The Psychology of
Method in Teaching,” and “ The Organization and
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Management of Schools."
Mr. Angus Hamilton's volume on
Uoder the title “A Modern School,” Professor Land of the
Korea (Scribner), though timely and
Paul H. Hanus of Harvard has collected his recent
Morning Calm.
interesting, contains little that is
educational utterances. The volume bears for the
The great mass of information in the text
most part on secondary education, particularly the has already appeared in the pages of the Korean
first five papers, which expand and reinforce the posi- Repository, the Korea Review, and the Transac-
tions that Professor Hanus advanced in an earlier
tions of the Asiatic Society of Korea, whence it has
volume. The sixth and seventh essays, “Our Faith been extracted, digested, and pleasantly re-pre-
in Education” and “Obstacles to Educational sented. Indeed, the author would have done well
Progress," are wider in scope, and present a well to state his obligations more specifically. Having
balanced estimate of the attitude of the American
spent several weeks and possibly months as news-
people toward public education. The eighth chap paper correspondent in the country, he was in just
ter, “ Education as a University Subject and the that frame of mind in which a man feels most like
Professional Training of College-Bred Teachers,” writing a book, that is, when he is without those
justifies the existence and notes the functions of the
later judgments that overrule former hasty impres-
college training school for teachers. The last chap- sions, and when the picture on his mind is as at-
ter, “Graduate Testimony on the Elective System,” tractive as a poster, from the very fact that it lacks
gives us the result of a questionnaire circulated perspective. Mr. Hamilton's style is rapid and his
among Harvard graduates of recent years. One method interesting, and altogether the work is most
who is seeking for revolutionary opinions, startling readable, although (except where the author is tell-
paradoxes, or brilliant flashes of pedagogical in- ing of his personal adventures) one feels that there
sight may as well avoid this volume, for it consists
is little solidity in the text and that he is mainly a
of sober, mature, and carefully-weighed opinion on
purveyor rather than a producer.' Mr. Hamilton
certain controverted questions of great practical begins his personal narrative by an account of the
importance. Professor Hanus shows great ability coast of Korea, with its fascinations of floral color
in interpreting the standpoint of the professional and changing landscapes seen as one threads his
school man to the general public; the citizen who way among the numerous islands on the west side.
wants to know the best professional opinion of the We have a lively description of Chemulpo, the port
country on questions relating to secondary education
of the capital, and its trade, in which the Japanese
will do well to read this book. The author does not
are pictured as a turbulent and uncanny lot; and
let his fair-mindedness interfere with the promul also of Seoul, the capital, with its many modern
gation of a definite pedagogical platform. He be edifices, legations, French cathedral, and occidental
lieves in public high schools, in a six year high-school features - including tall chimneys and trolley cars.
course, in the culture rather than the formal sub-
The white clothing of the people, starched and
jects in the secondary curriculum in the elective
glistening in the case of the upper classes and of a
system, and in encouraging manual training and dingy hue among the lower folks, gives one a sug-
the industrial subjects.
gestion of “the orthodox notion of the Resurrec-
The fourth volume of " Lippincott's Educational tion.” The men are fine, well built, and dignified
Series " consists of “ The Educational Theory of in their bearing, showing evidences of descent from
Immanuel Kant,” as translated and edited by Dr.
the semi-savages of northeastern Asia and the Cau-
Edward Franklin Buchner of the University of casian peoples from the West. Slavery, especially
Alabama. The first third of the book is given up of the females, is common, and the standard of
to the author's introduction ; the next section con morality is rather low. Several chapters are de-
tains a translation of Kant’s lecture-notes on peda voted to the “emperor," and the tawdry pageantry
gogy; and the concluding portion is made up of always visible on his rare public appearances. The
selections on education from Kant's other writings. results of government in Korea are little else than
No attempt is made to trace the influence of Kant oppression and poverty for the people, for the coun-
on the educational theory of his own or succeeding try still clings to its ancient system of supporting
generations, attention merely being called to the thousands of civil and military officers, real or re-
different editions of “Ueber Padagogik.” With puted, in idleness, so that there are few incentives
this exception, the work may be bigbly commended. to wealth or industry. Of the modern interests,
The author has striven against the tendency, which British, American, Japanese, French, German, and
must have been a strong one here, to magnify Belgian, the author gives an account that is full,
the importance of the subject. His introduction, clear, and timely. He devotes chapters to Fusan,
while appreciative, shows scholarship and critical Wonsan, and other treaty ports, though one can
balance. The translation is in good idiomatic En easily see that his notes are mainly from his read-
glish, a difficult achievement in view of the broken
ing and not from close observation on the spot.
and fragmentary character of the lecture notes.
The later chapters, in which he describes his
HENRY DAVIDSON SHELDON. journeys across the country and his stay among the


266
[ April 16,
THE DIAL
Buddhist priests in the monasteries, are the most tunity to promote an American kingship, and who
interesting of all. Appendices, statistics, index, and indignantly rebuked the suggestion; nor Franklin,
maps complete a very pertinent and informing the exponent in two hemispheres of the possibilities
book.
of American democracy. Mr. Ford is astute to
The publication of a series of novel
note Jefferson's failure to apply, as President, his
A stimulating
own theories concerning a strict construction of
monograph on and valuable “Monographs of the
the Constitution. He does not seem quite ready
Jefferson.
American Revolution” is announced
to admit that Jefferson proceeded without reserve
by the University Press of Cambridge and Messrs.
to apply and enforce in practice the Federalist the-
A. W. Elson & Co. of Boston, in conjunction. The
ories which he had formerly reprobated; a fact
general character and style of this series is indi-
cated in the initial number, a posthumous essay on
which enhances the Jeffersonian puzzle. The truth
is that partisanship went to such lengths as to make
Thomas Jefferson written by Paul Leicester Ford.
it, both for the men of those days and for ourselves,
The volume appears in an edition de luxe, in large
an unsafe guide to generalization. The Federalists
quarto form, printed on Imperial Japan paper, in
did not attempt to build up “the classes” at the
beautiful typography, and finely illustrated by an
expense of the masses"; they sought to strengthen
original etching from the Stuart portrait of Jeffer-
the national government, not at the expense of any,
son in Bowdoin college, and a photogravure from
but in the interest of all citizens. Jefferson may
the profile of Jefferson, also by Stuart. This hand-
have once supposed it to be his mission to oppose
some edition is a noteworthy specimen of the best
and thwart “the classes." But he must have
possibilities of the printer's art. It is limited to
learned the contrary before he died. Mr. Ford's
500 copies, so that it is destined to remain, as it is
monograph is a sprightly contribution to the dis-
now, a rarity. Copies of a few of Jefferson's
cussion of the interesting question, "For what did
original papers are appended, one of which is that
Jefferson stand?” He has more sharply stated
stirring first draft of the Declaration of Indepen-
the great contradictions and apparent inconsisten.
dence, whose incisive invective of George the
cies that have made Jefferson so deep a problem.
Third's devotion to the perpetuation of African
Thus he has left us a legacy of no slight value; for
slavery in America stirs the reader's blood even at
it may stimulate, while it has not closed, that dis-
this day. Mr. Ford's contribution to this unique
cussion.
“monograph” is an original essay, completed
shortly before his death, and never before pub-
Some eighteenth
The volume of “ Eighteenth Century
lished. In his well-known trenchant style, the century estimates Essays on Shakespeare (Macmil.
writer has endeavored to portray the political feel.
Of Shakespeare.
lan), edited by Mr. D. Nichol Smith,
ings and views of his subject, to illustrate the is a successful attempt to show that the reputation
inconsistencies and contradictions that beclouded of Shakespeare in the nineteenth century was not
his political theories and actions, and to throw “made in Germany." The editor has brought to-
light upon the vexing problem of what were in gether the critical introductions to six eighteenth-
fact his political motives. Bat with all of this century editions of Shakespeare - those of Rowe,
writer's perspicacious study of an era so attractive Pope, Theobald, Hanmer, Warburton, and Johnson,
to him, and with all the brilliancy of diction with - besides Dennis's three letters “On the Genius
which he unfolds to us what he has observed, we and Writings of Shakespeare," Farmer's “ Essay
cannot deny that the problem which allared him on the Learning of Shakespeare," and Maurice
remains unsolved, and that our Jefferson is as Morgan's “ Essay on the Dramatic Character of
much of a mystery as ever. Mr. Ford thinks he Sir John Falstaff.” The praise, sometimes extrav-
discovers Jefferson's secret in part when he aligns agant, bestowed on the dramatist by these upholders
that puzzling subject over against Washington and of a dramatic tradition quite different from his is
Franklin. Is it a correct deduction from the his sufficient evidence that the Shakespeare cult was
tory of the revolutionary era, to say that Jeffer- uninterrupted from Dryden to Coleridge. We do
son's work was permanent in character, while the not, of course, forget that the plays were mangled
contributions of Washington and Franklin to their in presentation; but of that charge the present age
day were merely ephemeral ? To take one in is not wholly guiltless. It is worth remembering,
stance, — is there any more enduring force to-day too, that Johnson found in Congreve's “ Mourning
in our governmental system than the Federal Con Bride” a finer passage than any in Shakespeare ;
stitution, for which both Washington and Franklin that in Addison's view, “ Otway shines in the pas-
did so much, and to which Jefferson contributed so sionate parts more than any other of our English
little in comparison ? Mr. Ford presents Jefferson poets," and that Shaftesbury prefaces his very mod-
as the great protagonist of “the masses as against erate praise of “Hamlet” with a caveat setting
“the classes,” and seeks to find in this the basis of forth the poet's “natural rudeness, his unpolished
his great fame. But he fails to name for us any-style, his antiquated phrase and wit, his want of
one who at that time was championing “the classes" method and coherence, and his deficiency in almost
as against “the masses." It surely could not have all the graces and ornaments of this kind of writ-
been Washington, the one man who had the oppor. lings.” Nor is Dennis quite happy in his remark
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1904.)
267
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American
on Shakespeare's blank verse : “Such verse we Anyone familiar with French police archives is
make when we are writing prose; we make such aware that dossier after dossier contains materials
verse in common conversation.” Nevertheless, with for romance, comedy, or tragedy according to the
all necessary allowance for limitations of taste, taste of the investigator. All the personages in-
these men praised Shakespeare ardently and praised volved in this fiasco are described in such detail
him well. It is Dennis “ who loves and admires and yet with such a sense of the unities and the
his charms and makes them one of his chief de proportions of the story that the reader is carried
lights, who sees him and reads him over and over forward with a constantly increasing interest from
and still remains unsatiated.” Indeed, these essays one phase of the plot to the next and so on to the
are far from being of mere historical value ; at denouement. Incidentally there are studies of such
least three of them — Pope's, Johnson's, and (nota men as Fouché, Bernadotte, and of Mounier. Espe-
bly) Morgan's — are intrinsically good criticism, cially curious is the reappearance of Mounier, who
while the subject of Farmer's famous paper is of in the early days of the Constituent Assembly had
perennial interest, as Mr. Churton Collins's recent figured as a great statesman, but who soon sank
“Fortnightly" articles prove. The editor deserves hopelessly into the opposition and was later driven
especially well of all Shakespeare students for ren into exile. Mounier now appears as prefect of the
dering Morgan's essay accessible. The student of department of Ille et Vilaine. On the whole the
eighteenth-century literary history also will find in book is an excellent example of a form of historical
Theobald's strictures upon Pope and in Warburton's writing that the French are doing particularly well.
upon Theobald admirable examples of the fine art
The latest volumes in Mr. Archer
of innuendo, brought to such perfection by the
More historic
B. Hulbert's “Historic Highways"
Augustang. The editor's introduction is a valuable
highways. series (Arthur H. Clark Co., Cleve-
essay on “Shakespearian Criticism in the Eighteenth
Century,” the only fault of which is an occasional land) are numbers ten and eight, issued in the order
suggestion of irrelevance and confusion due to the
named. Volume ten is a re-issue, in the style of
the series, of the author's “Old National Road,”
compression of a large amount of material. The
pomerous allusions in the text of the essays are
published in 1901. The title has been changed to
abundantly annotated, and there is an excellent in-
“ The Cumberland Road,” this latter being the legal
dex. This volume will be of far greater service to
designation of the highway. The only change in
the student of Shakespeare than many modern lit-
the text seems to be the omission of the chapters
erary essays or imaginary biographies.
on Washington's and Braddock's roads, which have
been treated separately in earlier volumes of the
Napoleon and
By a natural though not altogether series, and a slight re-arrangement of the material.
happy economy of mental effort man The rather interesting “ kodaks” of toll-houses,
conspiracy.
kind has a way of simplifying the taverns, and mile-stones, that appeared in the orig-
careers of great men, satisfied with a general con inal volume, are omitted in the reprint - perhaps
ception and unconsciously fitting this over every not being regarded as sufficiently pretentious for
phase, with little regard to the notion of develop the present purpose. The aim of the monograph
ment. Those who cherish such a summary view is to emphasize the influence exerted by the “ Old
of Napoleon Bonaparte will be inclined to rub their Pike” in uniting East and West before the era of
eyes a little as they read M. Gilbert Augustin- the railroad.
the railroad. — The subject matter of volume eight
Thierry's book on "The Plot of the Placards” is better indicated by its sub-title, “ The Conquest
(Scribner), for their first discovery will be that of the Old Northwest,” than by its main title, “ Mil-
among the soldiery in 1802 the First Consul was itary Roads of the Mississippi Basin." The roads
regarded as too fond of a peace policy, and that are routes, and the only part of the Mississippi
some of the army leaders actually plotted to over Basin treated is that north of the Ohio. The
throw him in order that a military party might come volume covers five military campaigns,— Clark's
into power under which riches and glory would still against Kaskaskia and Vincennes in 1778 and 1779,
be possibilities for ambitious men. The plot, which and the campaigns of Harmar, St. Clair, and Wayne
had its headquarters at Paris although it was en against the northwestern Indians from 1790 to
gineered at Rennes, has remained obscure because 1794. The treatment of Clark's campaigns is con-
it was important to Napoleon after he had been fined to an examination of the routes, while of the
made First Consul for life that there should be no other campaigns quite full accounts are given. The
discordant note in the general pæon of praise. author has found most of his material in the Dra.
Another reason was the fact that the evidence per manuscripts in the library of the Wisconsin
pointed to Bernadotte, bis own relative, as the orig- State Historical Society, and to this he adds a per-
inator of the scheme. M. Thierry has announced sonal examination of the territory traversed in the
that the book is the first of a series of studies with campaigns. His study of the routes is undoubtedly
the general title of “Conspirateurs et Gens de the most authoritative that has ever been made, and
Police.” It is based upon papers in the National its result modifies accepted opinion in some impor-
Archives and in the archives of the Prefecture of tant points. In the case of Clark's campaigns, he
Police. It is, however, no dry.as-dust compilation. I gives a modern map upon which he indicates their
the Rennes


268
[April 16,
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routes. This same service should have been done large church but he became in many ways the first
for the various roads treated in the earlier volumes citizen of his city, the recognized leader in all plans
of the series, and for the other campaigns covered for the general good of the community, with an
by this volume. Important as are these highways influence extending throughout the Mississippi Val-
in the history of the westward movement, the pre- ley. He never had time to become a profound
cise details of their location have little interest to scholar, and he had no great eloquence; but he
any but the antiquarian. On this account the gave himself heart and soul to all who needed him,
author should save the reader's time by presenting and he was a natural leader of men, with a genius
the results of his studies in the form most easily for friendship. Of his many public services we can
and most quickly grasped.
mention only three of the greatest. He may be
called the founder of the public school system of
It is said that Benedict Arnold once
Arnold's
St. Louis, for it was but a poor apology for a sy8-
expedition asked an American prisoner held in tem that existed when Dr. Eliot became President
to Quebec.
the British camp what the Americans of the School Board in 1848. He threw himself
would do with him (Arnold) if they should capture into this work with all his marvellous energy, and
him. The prisoner replied that they would take
it was not long before the system was on a secure
off the leg that had been wounded while Arnold financial basis and was well organized. Dr. Eliot
was storming the stronghold of Quebec for his was also the founder of Washington University,
country and bury it with the bonors of war, and
first chartered as “ Eliot Seminary” entirely without
then hang the rest of his body on a traitor's gibbet.
his knowledge. To the development of an institu-
This story introduces an exhaustive account of the tion that should be “ for St. Louis what Harvard
Quebec Expedition written by John Codman, 2nd, College is to Boston, or Yale to the city of its
and now brought out in a third edition by Mr. Will abode” he gave himself with unremitting energy
iam Abbatt, with added matter and illustrations.
for more than thirty years, half of the time as
The hardship and risk conne