STATE NNSYL COLLEGE THE 1855 THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE LIBRARY 2308 1885 THE DIAL A Semi-Montbly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME XXXVII. JULY 1 to DECEMBER 16, 1904 CHICAGO THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1904 0 D544 PENNS Library INDEX TO VOLUME XXXVII. PAGE . . . . ADOLESCENCE, A STUDY OF . AMERICA, EARLY MAPS OF AMERICA, THE LATEST HISTORY OF AMERICAN ADMIRAL, AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AN AMERICAN CITY, PROBLEMS OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN EXPLORATION CLASSICS AMERICAN HISTORIANS, Two AMERICAN REVOLUTION, A BRITISH VIEW OF THE ARNOLD, MATTHEW, THE CULT OF BIBLE STUDIES, MODERN BOOK, AN EPOCH-REMAKING BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG, 1904 BOOKS OF THE FALL SEASON OF 1904 Boy, THROUGH THE EYES OF A BRICKS WITH STRAW CANADA THROUGH BRITISH EYES . COLUMBUS, A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF COLUMBUS, THE BIRTH-DATE OF CONTINENTAL LITERATURE, A YEAR OF CONWAY AUTOBIOGRAPHY, THE CRITICISM, A CRITIC ON CURRENCY QUESTION IN RETROSPECTIVE, THE DANTE, BOOKS ABOUT EARTHQUAKES, WHAT IS KNOWN OF ELIA, NEW LETTERS OF EMERSON, POET AND THINKER ENGLISH SCHOLAR, MEMOIRS OF AN EUROPEAN LIBRARIES, NOTES ON EXPANSION, THE BEGINNINGS OF, IN RETROSPECT FICTION, RECENT FILIPINO SONGS AND MUSIC FRENCH REVOLUTION, CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF THE GASS, PATRICK, — AMERICAN EXPLORER HERO OF A Lost CAUSE, THE . HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS, 1904 ITALIAN COUNTRY HOUSES JAPAN, NEw BOOKS ABOUT LITERATURE IN SCHOOL LITTERA SCRIPTA LOUISIANA PURCHASE, SIDE-LIGHTS ON THE McCARTHY, JUSTIN, AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF MARRIAGE, HUMAN, A HISTORY OF MIND, A BIOGRAPHY OF THE MOORISH EMPIRE IN EUROPE, THE NAPOLEON AND HIS WARS NEGRO SLAVERY IN ILLINOIS NOTES AND ANECDOTES, A STOREHOUSE OF NOVELS, NOTES ON NEW • OLD HICKORY, A NEW PORTRAIT OF • OLD PEPYS,' A LATER . PARTISAN HISTORY PETRARCH PETRARCH, MODERN ECHOES OF PHILIPPINES, A NEW OBSERVER IN THE PLAYS, ACTING, AND MUSIC . POETRY, RECENT A. K. Rogers 82 F. H. Hodder. 363 St. George L. Sioussat 423 Wallace Rice 369 Charles Zueblin 167 St. George L. Sioussat 107 Edwin E. Sparks 164 W. E. Simonds 207 James Oscar Pierce . 10 Edith J. Rich 200 Ira M. Price 268 Guido H. Stempel 304 379, 432 155 Sara Andrew Shafer 237 411 Lawrence J. Burpee 113 F. H. Hodder. 85 F. H. Hodder. 12 195, 225 Percy F. Bicknell 229 Charles Leonard Moore 261 M. B. Hammond 168 William Morton Pay e 87 Herbert A. Howe 310 Munson A. Havens 306 Annie Russell Marble 366 Percy F. Bicknell 198 259 John J. Halsey 112 William Morton Payne . 36, 208, 310 Arthur Stanley Riggs 227 Henry E. Bourne 161 Edwin Erle Sparks . 270 Wallace Rice. 233 371, 425 Anna Benneson McMahan 419 William Elliot Griffis 368 293 Percy F. Bicknell 79 Lawrence J. Burpee 205 E. D. Adams . 421 Laurence M. Larson 58 Annie Russell Marble 267 Laurence M. Larson 35 Josiah Renick Smith 110 Walter L. Fleming 307 Percy F. Bicknell 31 40, 314 Charles H. Cooper 265 Edith Kellogg Dunton 361 John J. Halsey 235 2 Annie Russell Marble 29 Wallace Rice 7 Martin W. Sampson 62 William Morton Payne 116 . . . . . . . . . . . 2:1653 iv. INDEX O . PRINCESS, A MEDIÆVAL PUBLISHER AND PUBLIC QUAKER PRINTER AND MAN OF ACTION, A RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REMINISCENCES, SOME HUMAN . REPRINT, THE AGE OF ROMANCE AND REALISM RUSKIN LETTERS, MORE . SAND, GEORGE SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION, A NOTABLE SECONDARY EDUCATION, THE QUESTION OF Sex, THE DUEL OF SHAKESPEARE, THREE BOOKS ON SHAKESPEARIAN STUDIES, FRESH SHELLEY, THE LAST HOME OF SHORT STORY, THE MODERN SLAVE STATES, THE SEABOARD SOCIAL THEORY AND PRACTICE SOCIETY AND LITERATURE, NEW STUDIES OF SOUTH, THE PRESENT, PROBLEMS OF TAINE MEMOIRS, THE Tolstoy, PERSONALITY AND TEACHINGS OF TRADE, INTERNATIONAL, MEANINGS OF . TRAVEL, RECENT BOOKS OF VERSE, THE FUTURE OF WEST, THE ADVANCE OF THE WHISTLER, A FOLLOWER'S VIEW OF. ZOLA, NOVELIST AND REFORMER . PAGE William Elliot Griffis 271 H. W. Boynton · 156 Peroy F. Bicknell 165 T. D. A. Co rell 64 Percy F. Bicknell 303 359 Clayton Hamilton 295 Percy F. Bicknell 417 3 Charles Atwood Kofoid 231 77 Archibald Henderson 33 Charles Leonard Moore 413 Charles H. A. Wager 60 Anna Benneson McMahan 55 Henry Seidel Canby 101 Walter L. Fleming. 203 Charles R. Henderson 238 Clark S. Northup 11 Kelly Miller 88 Percy F. Bicknell 104 Annie Russell Marble 8 George L. Paddock 91 H. E. Coblentz 272 53 Frederick Jackson Turner: 298 Edith Kellogg Dunton 56 Martin W. Sampson 159 174 13, 44, 65, 91, 119, 170, 212, 240, 275, 315 17, 45, 94, 173, 215, 277, 318 17, 45, 68, 94, 122, 173, 215, 243, 278, 318, 385, 434 18, 69, 124, 216, 278 19, 46, 69, 124, 216, 243, 279, 319, 386, 345 . . . . . . ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL Books, 1904 BRIEFS ox NEW BOOKS BRIEFER MENTION NOTES TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS . ListS OF New Books AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED PAGE PAGB Abbey, Henry. Poems, fourth edition .. 17 Barbour, R. H. Book of School and College Sports, . 17 Adams, Andy. A Texas Matchmaker .. 41 Barbour, R. H. Kitty of the Roses.. 429 Adams, Oscar Fay. Famous American Schools. 92 Barnes, Annie M. A Lass of Dorchester 380 Adler, Cyrus, and Szold, Henrietta. American Jewish Barnes, Annie M. The Laurel Token. 380 Year Book, 1904.. 3.18 Barrett, Wilson. Never-Never Land .. 314 Ady, Julia c. Life and Art of Botticelli 426 Barry, Etheldred B. What Paul Did.. 382 A. E.' The Divine Vision .. 116 Barry, William. Cardinal Newman.. 240 Ainger, Alfred. Letters of Lamb, ‘Eversley' edition 306 Baum, L. Frank. Marvellous Land of Oz 385 Alcott, Louisa M. Eight Cousins and Rose in Bloom Baxter, Sylvester. Legend of the Holy Grail.. 94 illus. by Harriet R. Richards ... 379 Beard, Lina and Adelia B. Handicraft and Recrea- Altgeld, John P. Cost of Something for Nothing. 214 tion for Girls .. 382 Anderson, F. M. Constitutions and Other Select Docu- Beerbohm, Max. The Poet's Corner. 376 ments Illustrative of History of France.... 173 Bellows, John, Letters and Memories of .. 165 Arber's English Garner, revised reissue.. 45, 60 Benson, Arthur. Rossetti.. 172 ' Ariel Library'. 377 Benson, E. F. The Challoners.. 209 Armstrong, Walter. Gainsborough, popular edition.. 426 Benson, Vincent. Temple of Friendship. 117 Atherton, Gertrude. Rulers of Kings.. 40 Berdoe, Edward. Primer of Browning. 18 Austin, Mary. The Basket Woman.. 433 Bickford, Faith. Gloria ... 383 Avery, Elroy M. School Chemistry, new edition. 385 Bierce, Ambrose. Shapes of Clay. 119 Aye, Olive. Santa Claus's Candy Circus. 385 Bignell, Effe. A Quintette of Greycoats.. 384 Ayer, M. Allette. Daily Cheer .. 378 Bilse, Lieutenant. A Little Garrison, trans. by W. von Bacheller, Irving. Vergilius.. 314 Schierbrand 66 Bacon, Dolores M. The Diary of a Musician 215 Bishop, Joseph Bucklin. Our Political Drama.. 241 Bacon, Edgar Mayhew. Narragansett Bay. 375 Boas, Mrs. Frederick. In Shakespeare's England.. 44 Bacon, John H. The Pursuit of Phyllis .. 314 * Bonehill, Captain Ralph.' The Island Camp. 381 Baedeker's Italy from the Alps to Naples.. 319 Bonté, Willard. Mother Goose Puzzle Book 385 Baedeker's Paris and Environs, fifteenth edition. 434 Book of Days, A'. 431 Baldry, A. L. Drawings of Holbein .. 426 Boulger, Demetrius C. Belgian Life. 121 Barbeau, A. Une Ville d'Eaux Anglaise au XVIIIe Bourne, E. G. Narratives of de Soto. 434 Siècle 173 Bradley, A. G. Canada in the Twentieth Century. 113 INDEX V. PAOL Bradford, Amory. Messages of the Masters, cheaper edition 376 Brady, Cyrus T. A Midshipman in the Pacific. 382 Brandes, Georg. Main Currents of Nineteenth Century Literature, Vol. V. 171 * Brazil and Bolivia Boundary Settlement 123 Brinton, Selwyn. Langham Series .. 17 Brooke, L. Leslie. Johnny Crow's Garden 384 Brooks, Amy. Dorothy Dainty at School.. 432 Brooks, Amy. Randy's Good Times .. 383 Brooks, Geraldine. Dames and Daughters of the French Court.. 42€ Brouner, W. B., and Fung Yuet Mow. Chinese Made Easy 173 Brown, Abbie Farwell. The Flower Princess .. 384 Brown, Helen Dawes. Book of Little Boys.. 382 Browne, Frances. Granny's Wonderful Chair, new edition 379 Bruneck, Otto von. Prince Henry's Sailor Boy, trans. by Mary J. Safford .. 382 Buchanan, R. Mathematical Theory of Eclipses. 68 Buchanan, Thompson. The Castle Comedy.. 376 Buell, Augustus C. Andrew Jackson ..... 265 Burdick, Arthur G. The Mystic Mid-Region 273 Burgess, Gelett. Goop Tales .. 433 Burne-Jones, Philip. Dollars and Democracy. 13 Burnett, Frances Hodgson. In the Closed Room 383 Burnham, Clara Louise. Jewel's Story Book .. 383 Butterworth, Hezekiah. Little Metacomet.. 380 Cabell, James Branch. The Eagle's Shadow. 314 • Calendar in Japanese Towels 431 Calendar of Inspiration, A', 431 Cannan, Edward. Smith's Wealth of Nations. 433 Carleton, Will. Over the Hill to the Poor-house, illus. by W. E. Mears.. 379 Carpenter, John and Rue. When Little Boys Sing. 385 Carr, Clark E. The Illini. 424 'Carroll, Lewis.' Alice in Wonderland, illus. by M. L. Kirk.. 379 Carruth, William H. A German Reader.. 94 Carryl, G. W. Transgression of Andrew Vane. 210 Carter, Mary Elizabeth. House and Home.. 277 Cary, Elisabeth L. Ralph Waldo Emerson .. 366 Case, Nelson. Constitutional History of the United States 94 Causton, J. F. The Philanthropist. 42 Caxton Thin Paper Classics 17 Chambers, Robert W. In Search of the Unknown.. 39 Chambers, Robert W. River-land.. 384 Chance, Lulu M. Little Folks of Many Lands. 433 Chancellor, W. E., and Hewes, F. W. The United States, Part I.... 423 Channing, Blanche Mary. Lullaby Castle.. 432 Chase, Edithe L., and French, W. E. P. Waes Hael.. 428 • Chatterbox' for 1904.. 385 Chaytor, H. J. A Companion to French Verse 45 Cheever, Harriet A. Lady Spider.. 384 Cheever, Harriet A. 433 Cheever, Harriet A. The Rock Frog. 384 Chesterton, G. K. The Napoleon of Notting Hill.. 37 * Chiswick Series 277 Church, A. J. The Crusaders.. 381 Churchill, Winston. The Crossing 38 Clapp, Eleanor B. The Courtesies 277 Clarke, B. A. Minnows and Tritons. 433 Cleveland, Helen M. Stories of Brave Old Times. 380 Coleman, James M. Social Ethics.. 239 Coleman, John. Charles Reade as I Knew Him 16 Collins, J. Churton, Studies in Shakespeare.. 60 Collodi, c. Adventures of Pinnochio, trans. by W. S. Cramp 380 Colquhoun, Archibald R. Greater America 65 Compton, Herbert. Indian Life.. 277 Congressional Library Bibliographies' 123, 385 Connelly, James B. The Seiners.. 40 Connor, Ralph.' Gwen.. 431 Conrad, Joseph, and Hueffer, F. M. Romance 37 Conway, Moncure Daniel, Autobiography of.. 229 Cook, Grace Louise. Wellesley Stories, new edition .. 42 Cook, Joel. France: Historic and Romantic. 428 Cook, Joel. Switzerland : Picturesque and Descriptive 428 Cook, William Wallace. Wilby's Dan.. 382 • Coon Calendar', 431 Costello, F. H. Nelson's Yankee Boy .. 382 Coubertin, Pierre de. La Chronique de France, 1903 18 Courant, Maurice. Okoubo Tosimitsi. 123 PAOB Cowell, George. Life and Letters of E. B. Cowell.... 198 Cowles, J. D. Jim Crow's Language Lessons .. 384 Cox, Kenyon. Mixed Beasts.. 385 Cox, Palmer. Brownies in the Philippines .. 385 Creswick, Paul. With Richard the Fearless. 381 Crockett, S. R. Red Cap Tales .. 380 Crockett, S. R. Strong Mac. 209 Croiset, MM. Greek Literature, trans. by G. F. Hef- telbower 228 Croly, Jane Cunningham, Memories of . 278 Crooker, J. H. Religious Freedom in American Edu- cation 65 Curtis, Francis. The Republican Party 235 Cutler, U. Waldo. Stories of King Arthur.. 432 Cuyler, Theodore. Our Christmas Tides .. 378 Darrow, Clarence s. Farmington. 237 Davidson, H. A. Study of Henry Esmond, new edition 173 Davis, Rebecca Harding. Bits of Gossip.. 303 Dawson, T. C. South American Republics, Vol. II. 276 Dawson, W. H. Matthew Arnold.. 200 Deland, Ellen Douglas. Josephine. 382 Delbos, Leon. Oxford Modern French Series . 318 Denslow, W. W. Nursery Books .... 385 Devonshire, Mrs. R. L. Life and Letters of Taine 104 Dexter, Edwin G. Weather Influences ....... 275 Dillon, Edward. Porcelain .. 371 Dillon, Mary. The Rose of Old St. Louis .. 212 Dinneen, Patrick S. Irish-English Dictionary. 435 Dodge, Mary Mapes. Rhymes and Jingles, illus. by Sarah S. Stilwell.. 432 Dodge, Theodore A. Napoleon .. 110 Dods, Marcus. Forerunners of Dante.. 88 Douglas, Amanda M. A Little Girl in Old Chicago. 380 Douglas, Amanda M. Helen Grant's Friends. 432 Douglas, Amanda M. Honor Sherburne. 383 Dowden, Edward. Robert Browning .. 267 Dudley, Albertus T. Making the Nine.. 432 Duncan, Frances. Mary's Garden .. 384 Dunham, Curtis, and Herford, Oliver. Two in a Zoo.. 384 Dunn, H. T. Recollections of Rossetti.... 242 Drake, Samuel Adams. The Young Vigilantes. 382 DuBois, Mary C. Elinor Arden, Royalist .. 381 Duff, Mountstuart E. Grant. Notes from a Diary Dumas, Fairy Tales by, trans. by Harry A. Spurr 380 Dunbar, Paul Laurence. Li'l' Gal.. 377 Dutton, C. E. Earthquakes ... 310 Dyer, Louis. Machiavelli and the Modern State. 215 Eckstorm, Fannie Hardy. The Penobscot Man.. 43 Eclectic School Readings' 18, 68 Eggleston, Edward. New Century History of the United States.. 17 Eggleston, George Cary. Evelyn Byrd. 43 Eliot, S. A. Pioneers of Religious Liberty. 64 Elliott, D. G. Land and Sea Mammals of Middle America and West Indies... 386 Elliott, Maud Howe. Roma Beata .. 375 Ellis, Edward S. Cromwell of Virginia .. 433 Ellis, Havelock. Man and Woman, new edition 214 Emerson's Works, Centenary' edition.. 45 English Idylls' 425 English, Thomas Dunn. The Little Giant.. 433 Ennis, A. T. Introduction to Dante's Inferno. 88 Escott-Inman, H. David Chester's Motto.. 381 Espenshade, A. H. Composition and Rhetoric.. 95 Fernald, James C. Connectives of English Speech ... 69 Field, Eugene. Poems of Childhood, illus. by Maxfield Parrish 379 Field, Walter Taylor. Rome 375 Fischer, Joseph, and Wieser, Fr. R. von. Waldsee- müller's Maps .. 363 Fiske, John. New France and New England, holiday edition 373 FitzGerald, Edward. Rubaiyát of Omar Khayyam, illus. by Gilbert James .. 430 Flammarion, Camille. Astronomy for Amateurs.. 316 Fleming, W. H. How to Study Shakespeare, Series IV. 434 Ford, Julia E., and Lamont, T. W. Pictures by Watts 372 Ford, Mary Hanford. Legend of Parsifal.. 94 Ford, Paul Leicester. Love Finds a Way. 376 Foster, Edith Frances. Puss in the Corner 383 Fox, John, Jr. Christmas Eve on Lonesome.. 379 'Francis, M. E.' Lychgate Hall.... 42 Franklin, Charles K. Socialization of Humanity 239 Freeman, Mary E. Wilkins. The Givers.. 41 French, Allen. Rolf and the Viking's Bow 381 French, Allen. The Barrier.. 39 31 . Lou.. vi. INDEX PAGE 'Friendship Calendar' 432 Frothingham, Jessie P. Sea-wolves of Seven Shores. 381 Fulley love, John, and Smith, Mrs. A. Murray. West- minster Abbey.. 374 Galsworthy, John. The Island Pharisees. 43 Garis, Howard R. Isle of Black Fire.. 381 Garis, Howard R. The White Crystals.. 382 Garland, Hamlin. The Light of the Star 41 Garnett, Mrs. Lucy M. J. Turkish Life. 44 Gaussen, Alice C. C. A Later Pepys.. 361 Gayley, Charles Mills. Star of Bethlehem. 434 Geikie, Archibald. Scottish Reminiscences. 15 • Gems from the Poets' calendar.. 432 Gerson, Virginia. Happy Heart Family. 385 Gibbons, A. St. H. Africa from South to North 272 Gibson, Charles Dana. Everyday People.. 373 Gilbert, Edith L. The Making of Meenie 383 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. Human Work. 239 Gladden, Washington. Where Does the Sky Begin?.. 317 Glanville, Ernest. In Search of the Okapi.. 381 Gleaves, Albert. James Lawrence, Captain U. S. N.. 93 Gleig, G. R. Reminiscences of Wellington .. 241 Godfrey, Elizabeth. Social Life under the Stuarts... 171 Goetschius, Percy. Lessons in Music Form.... 434 Goldenberg, Samuel L. Lace.. 427 Goodspeed, George s. History of the Ancient World. 386 Gordon, Charles. old-time Aldwych.... 122 Granger, Edith. Index to Poetry and Recitations.. 212 Grant, Mrs. Colquhoun. French Noblesse of the 18th Century 242 Gratton, Henry P. As a Chinaman Saw Us 214 Gray, Arthur. Toasts and Tributes .. 428 Greene, Sarah P. McL. Deacon Lysander 314 Grenfell, B. P., Hunt, A. S., and Drexel, Lucy W. New Sayings of Jesus. 94 Griffls, W. E. Corea, seventh edition .. 434 Grinnell, George B. Jack in the Rockies.. 381 Gwynn, Stephen. Masters of English Literature..... 173 Hale, Edward E. Stories of Discovery and Stories of Adventure, new editions.. 381 Hale, E. E. Memories of a Hundred Years, new edition 434 Hall, G. Stanley. Adolescence.. 82 Hamerton, Philip G. Intellectual Life, illustrated edition 376 Hamilton, Joseph. Our Own and Other Worlds. 69 Hamlin, Arthur S. Copyright Cases .. 94 Hanbury, D. T. Sport and Travel in Northland of Canada 273 Hancock, H. Irving. Chuggins.. 433 Hancock, H. Irving. Jiu-Jitsu Combat Tricks. 318 Hancock, H. Irving. Physical Training for Children by Japanese Methods. 44 • Handy Volume Classics' 319 Haney, John L. Early Reviews of English Poets. 45 Harben, Will N. The Georgians.... 312 Hardy, Mrs. Arthur. Sea Stories for Wonder Eyes.. 384 Harper, Charles G. The Ingoldsby Country .. 16 ' Harriman Alaska Expedition,' Scientific Volumes .. 231 Harris, Joel Chandler, The Tar Baby. 373 Harris, Linnie s. Sweet Peggy. 314 Harris, N. Dwight. Negro Servitude in Illinois 307 Hatch, L. C. American Revolutionary Army.. 45 Hawkes, Clarence. Stories of the Good Greenwood. 364 Hawkins, Chauncey J. Mind of Whittier .. 276 Hawtrey, Valentine. Perronelle.. 42 Hearn, Lafcadio. Japan.. 368 Hebard, Grace Raymond. Government of Wyoming.. 66 Henshall, J. A. Book of the Black Bass, new edition 278 Henty, George A. By Conduct and Courage... 381 Herford, Oliver. Rubaiyát of a Persian Kitten.. 425 Herford, Oliver, and others. Cynic's Calendar for 1905 429 Hepburn, A. B. Coinage and Currency in the United States 168 Herrick, Robert. The Common Lot 311 Hichens, Robert. The Woman with the Fan. 38 "High Road, The'. 42 'History Syllabus for Secondary Schools, A 386 Hobson, John A. International Trade.. 91 Hodges, George. When the King Came 384 Hodgson, Mrs. Willoughby. How to identify old China 93 Hoffman, Alice s. Stories from Shakespeare's Plays 432 · Hogarth, David G. The Penetration of Arabia.. 94 Holmes, Charles. The Royal Academy.... 200 PAGE Hood, Alexander Nelson. Adria ... 42 " Hope, Anthony.' Double Harness 313 Horne, H. H. Philosophy of Education 91 Horning, L. E., and Burpee, L. J. Bibliography of Canadian Fiction 318 Hosmer, James K. Gass's Journal 270 ' House of Life Calendar 431 Housman, Laurence. Sabrina Warham 313 Howard, G. E. History of Matrimonial Institutions. 58 Howells, W. D. The Son of Royal Langbrith... 310 Hume, Martin. Courtships of Queen Elizabeth, revised edition 275 Huntington, H. S. His Majesty's Sloop Diamond Rock 382 'Imperator et Rex 213 James, Martha. Jack Tenfield's Star .. 382 Jameson, Anna Shakespeare's Heroines, illus. by W. Paget 432 Jansson, Augustus L. Hobby Hoss Fair.. 385 Jenks, Tudor. in the Days of Chaucer 318 * Jessica Letters, The', 43 Johnson, Clifton. Highways and Byways of the South 428 Johnson, Clifton. Old-time Schools and School-books 44 Johnson, Edwin. Rise of English Culture.. 304 Johnson, Sidona V. Short History of Oregon.. 315 Jones, Alice. Gabriel Praed's Castle.. 314 Jordan, David Starr. The Wandering Host. 431 Jordan, W. L. Astronomical and Historical Chron- ology 94 Jury, John G. Omar and Fitzgerald 118 Kennedy, Howard A. New World Fairy Book 384 Kent, C. F. Beginnings of Hebrew History. 268 Ker, W. P. The Dark Ages.. 172 Kerr, Alyah Milton. Two Young Inventors 382 Kilburn, N. Story of Chamber Music.. 171 King, Basil. The Steps of Honor .. 210 King, Clarence. Memorial Volume. 172 King, G. G. Comedies for Marionettes.. 383 Kingsland, Mrs. Burton. Book of Games 382 Kingsley, Charles. The Heroes, illus. by T. H. Rob- inson 379 Kingsley, Rose. Garden Diary 18 Knapp, Adeline. Upland, Pastures. 377 Knowles, Frederic L. Story of Little Paul and Story of Little Peter... 380 Knowlson, T. S. Leo Tolstoy 9 Knox, George W. Japanese Life. 369 Knox, Jessie Juliet. Little Almond Blossoms 383 Krans, H. S. William Butler Yeats.. 213 Kuhns, Oscar. Dante and the English Poets. 88 Lagen, M. J., and Ryland, Callie. Daphne and her Lad 43 'Laird & Lee's Diary and Time-saver for 1905' 243 Landor, A. Henry Savage. Gems of the East. 7 Lane, Elinor Macartney. Nancy Stair.. 41 Lang, Andrew. Brown Fairy Book.. 384 Langton, Mary Beach. How to Know Oriental Rugs.. 122 Lanier, H. W. The Romance of Piscator.. 43 La Rochefoucauld's Maximes, Wessels's edition 378 Laughlin, Clara. Divided.. 431 Lawless, Emily. Maria Edgeworth.. 170 Lawrence, Edith. Crecy.. 43 Lawrence, George. Brakespeare, new edition 68 Lee, Capt. R. E. Recollections of General Lee. 233 Lee, Sidney. Elizabethan Sonnets, new edition.. 69 Le Gallienne, Richard. How to Get the Best Out of Books 124 Le Gallienne, Richard. Old Love Stories Retold. 376 Legge, Arthur E. J. Land and Sea Pieces .. 117 Leonard, Mary F. It All Came True.. 383 Levett-Yeats, S. Orrain... 312 Levetus, A. S. Imperial Vienna .. 427 Lewinsohn, Ludwig. Crêvecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer 174 Lewis, Alfred Henry. The President. 311 Library of Illustrated Biography, 277 Lloyd, Beatrix D. The Pastime of Eternity 211 Lloyd, John Uri. Scroggins.. 430 Lloyd, Mary. Elegies, Ancient and Modern 18 Loch, C. S. Methods of Social Advance.. 240 Locock, C. D. Shelley MSS. in the Bodleian Library 55 Lomas, S. C. Carlyle's Cromwell... 17 Loomis, Charles Battell. More Cheerful Americans .. 314 Lord, Augustus. The Touch of Nature.. 433 Louisiana, Documents Relating to the Purchase and Exploration of '... 205 Lovett, Robert Morss. Richard Gresham 210 Lowell, D. 0. S. Jason's Quest.... 380 INDEX vii. 17, PAGE Lowrie, Walter. The Church and Its Organization .. 92 Lucas E. V. Highways and Byways in Sussex.... 68 Luther, Mark Lee. The Mastery. 312 'Luxembourg Library' .319, 378 ‘Maartens, Maarten.' Dorothea.. 37 Mabie, H. W. Nature and Culture, holiday edition.. 377 Mabie, H. W. Parables of Life, illus. by W. Benda. 431 McCarthy, Justin. An Irishman's Story. 421 Macaulay's Essays, handy library edition. 374 Macauley, Charles Raymond. Fantasma Land. 385 McCutcheon, George Barr. Beverly of Graustark.. 312 MacDonald, Lilia Scott. Babies' Classics.. 432 McDonough, Glen, and Chapin, Anna. Babes in Toy- land 384 Mach, Edmund von. Greek Sculpture 17 Mackaye, Fercy. Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.. 373 McMahan, Anna Benneson. Florence in the Poetry of the Brownings 371 McManus, T. J. L. The Boy and the Outlaw.. 380 McMaster, John Bach. The Trail Makers...... 164, 434 Macpherson, Hector. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations 17 McSpadden, J. Walker. Stories of Robin Hood ...... 432 McSpadden, J. Walker. Synopses of Dickens' Novels 318 Maeterlinck, Maurice. Our Friend the Dog. 375 Mallock, William H. The Veil of the Temple.. 36 Malone, Walter. Poems.. 119 Margraff, Anthony W. International Exchange 170 Martin, Edward S. The Luxury of Children .. 425 Masters, Edgar Lee. The New Star Chamber 173 Matthewman, L. de V. Business 379 Matthewman, L. de V. Completed Proverbs .. 430 Maurice, A. B., and Cooper, F. T. Nineteenth Cen- tury in Caricature.. 13 Menpes, Mortimer. Whistler as I Knew Him.. 56 * Mermaid Series,' thin-paper reissue.. 94 Merriman, Henry Seton. The Last Hope.. 208 Merwin, Samuel. The Merry Anne.. 211 Michelson, Miriam. The Madigans.. 383 Miller, Olive Thorne. Kristy's Queer Christmas. 433 Mitchell, S. Weir. Mr. Kris Kringle, illus. by Clyde 0. DeLand 433 Mitchell, Wesley C. History of the Greenbacks.. 169 Montgomery, Frances Trego. Billy Whiskers, Jr.... 383 Montgomery, Frances T. On a Lark to the Planets.. 433 Moore, Edward. Studies in Dante, third series.. 87 Moore, N. Hudson. Flower Fables and Fancies.. 430 Moore, N. Hudson. The Lace Book.... 427 Moore, Walter W. A Year in Europe.. 274 Morgan, Olga. As They Were and as They Should Have Been. 385 Morris, Charles. American Historical Tales, second series 94 Morris, William. Defence of Guenevere, in 'Flowers of Parnassus' series .. 430 Munro, Dana C. Source Book of Roman History... 318 Munroe, Kirk. The Blue Dragon .. 381 Murai, Gensai. Kibun Daizin, trans. by Tasao Yoshida 382 Murphy E. Gardner. The Present South 88 Murray, Clara. The Child at Play... 433 Murray, J. Clark. Psychology, new edition.. 277 Musset, Paul de. Mr. Wind and Madam Rain, new edition 380 Myers, P. V. N. Ancient History, new edition 45 Nelson, Charles A. Index to Educational Review.. 45 Nesbit, E.' The Phenix and the Carpet.. 384 Nevinson, Henry W. Between the Acts.. 68 Nicklin, J. A. Secret Nights... 117 Nield, Jonathan. Guide to Historical Novels, third edition 318 Norris, W. E. Nature's Comedian 42 * Norwegian Ramble, A'. 274 ‘Not in the Curriculum' 94 Ober, Frederick A. Our West Indian Neighbors. 274 Ogden, Rollo. William Hickling Prescott... 207 Olmsted, Frederick Law. A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, new edition.. 203 Oppenheim, M. Helps's Spanish Conquest. 318 Orthwein, Edith H. Petals of Love for Thee.. 379 Osgood, H. L. American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century 107 Otis, James.' Defending the Island 433 Otis, James.' Dorothy's Spy... 380 * Otis, James.' Minute Boys of the Green Mountains. 380 Oxenham, John. Hearts in Exile.. 312 * Pagoda Calendar' 431 PAGE 'Pansy.' Doris Farrand's Vocation ... 383 Parker, Gilbert. A Ladder of Swords.. 209 Parrish, Randall. My Lady of the North. 312 Parrott, Thomas Marc. Studies of a Booklover. 275 Patterson, Helen Sinclair. Sepia Calendar.. 431 Peary, Robert E. Snowland Folk....... 385 Peattie, Elia W. The Shape of Fear, new edition 41 Peet, Stephen D. Prehistoric Architecture.. 93 Pemberton, Max. Beatrice of Venice...... 312 Pendleton, Louis. A Forest Drama.. 43 Pertwee, Ernest. Reciter's Treasury of Prose and Drama 318 Pickard, Samuel T. Whittier-Land.. 16 Pier, Arthur S. Boys of St. Timothy's.. 432 Pierson, Clara Dillingham. Tales of a Poultry Farm 384 Poe, E. A. Monsieur Dupin, illus. by C. R. Macauley 385 Poe's Tales and Poems, handy library edition. 374 Potter, Beatrix. Tale of Benjamin Bunny 433 Potter, Beatrix. Tale of Two Bad Mice.. 433 Potter, Margaret Horton. The Flame Gatherers.... 40 Potter, Marion United States Catalog, second edition 94 Potts, William. More Notes from Underledge 316 Powell, Frances. The Byways of Braithe.. 211 * Prosit. 428 Prothero, Rowland E. Psalms in Human Life, 269 Putnam, Ruth. A Mediæval Princess... 271 Pyle, Katharine. Childhood... 432 Quiller-Couch, A. T. Fort Amity 37 Quirk, Leslie W. Baby Elton, Quarterback.. 432 Rankin, Carroll Watson. Dandelion Cottage.. 433 Raper, C. L. North Carolina .. 120 Rappoport, A. S. A Primer of Philosophy 68 Ray, Anna Chapin. Nathalie's Sister.. 382 'Raymond, Evelyn.' An Honor Girl.. 382 Read, Opie. Turk.. 314 “Red Letter Library 216 Reddaway, W. F. Frederick the Great .. 121 Reed, Chester A. North American Birds' Eggs 67 Reed, Helen Leah. Irma and Nap... 383 Reed, Myrtle. Book of Clever Beasts. 429 Reich, Emil. Success among Nations.. 92 Rendle, Albert B. Classification of Flowering Plants 119 Repplier, Agnes. Compromises .. 315 Rhines, Alice C., and Rhead, Louis. Pets .. 384 Rhoades, Nina. Children on the Top Floor. 383 Richards, Laura E. The Merryweathers.. 383 Richards, Rosalind. The Nursery Fire.. 383 Richardson, C. F. Webster for Young Americans 380 Riis, Jacob A. Is there a Santa Claus?.. 383 Roberts, H. Handbooks of Practical Gardening..17, 434 Roberts, Peter. Anthracite Coal Communities. 240 Robins, Elizabeth. The Magnetic North.... 39 Robinson, J. H. Readings in European History. 385 Rogers, Henry James. Jack Barnaby.. 42 Rood, Henry E. In Camp at Bear Pond 382 Roosevelt, Theodore, Addresses and Messages of . 18 Rossetti's Poetical Works, ‘Gladstone' edition 318 Royce, Josiah. Herbert Spencer.. 276 Ruskin's Letters to Charles Eliot Norton .. 417 Russell, G. W. E. Matthew Arnold .. Russell, Israel Cook. North America. 92 Ryland, Cally. The Taming of Betty. 383 Sage, William. Frenchy. 42 St. Cecelia Calendar' 431 Sandys, Edwyn. Sportsman Joe. 384 Sanford, Mary Bourchier. The Wandering Twins .. 381 Sangiacomo, Olivieri. The Colonel, trans. by E. Spender 41 Sangster, Margaret E. That Sweet Story of old... 384 Sargent, Helen C., and Kittredge, G. L. Child's Popular Ballads 94 Schelling, Felix E. The Queen's Progress 374 Schierbrand, Wolf von. Russia.. 14 Schley, Winfield Scott. Forty-five Years under the Flag 369 Schutze, Martin, Crux Ætatis.. 118 Scollard, Clinton. The Lyric Bough.. 118 Scott, S. P. The Moorish Empire in Europe. 35 Sedgwick, Henry Dwight. Francis Parkman 207 Seton, Ernest Thompson. Monarch. 374 Seymour, Frederick H. Gilhooley isms. 430 Seymour, Lady. The Great Frenchman and the Little Genevese 317 Shaler, Nathaniel s. The Neighbor.. 14 Shaw, G. Bernard. Man and Superman. 33 200 viii. INDEX 6 PAGE Shelton, W. H. The Three Prisoners .. 380 Shoemaker, M. M. The Heart of the Orient.. 273 Sichel, Walter. Beaconsfield .. 66 Sidney, Margaret. Five Little Peppers and their Friends 383 Singleton, Esther. Famous Women 429 Singleton, Esther. Japan. 173 Singleton, Esther. Russia. 45 Sladen, Douglas. Japan in Pictures.. 377 Slicer, Thomas R. Shelley : An Appreciation. 55 Smith, Bertha H. Yosemite Legends.. 429 Smith, Gertrude. Little Precious... 383 Smith, Hermann. The World's Earliest Music 172 Smith, Mary P. W. Boy Captive of Old Deerfield .. 380 Smith, Walter Burges. Looking for Alice... 384 Sprague, William C. Felice Constant.. 39 Sprague, William C. The Boy Courier of Napoleon .. 380 Stansbury, C. F. A Kittiwake of the Great Kills.. 314 Starling, E. H. A Primer of Physiology .. 215 Starr, Frederick. Modern Mexican Authors. 263 Stead, Alfred. Japan, by the Japanese .. 368 Steiner, Edward A. Tolstoy the Man. 8 Stephen, Leslie. English Literature and Society in the Eighteenth Century .. 11 Stevenson, R. L. Edinburgh, new edition 434 Stevenson, R. L. Story of a Lie, Turner reprint.. 215 Stevenson, Calendar of Prayers by,' 1905 edition .. 431 Stoddard, William 0. Long Bridge Boys.. 380 Strang, Herbert. Light Brigade in Spain. 381 Stratemeyer, Edward. Boy's Life of Roosevelt 381 Stratemeyer, Edward. Larry the Wanderer. 382 Stratemeyer, Edward. On the Trail of Pontiac 380 Stratemeyer, Edward. Under the Mikado's Flag .. 433 Stuart, Ruth McE. Sonny, illus. by Fanny Y. Cory. 378 Sturgis, Russell. Appreciation of Sculpture.. 315 Symons, Arthur. Plays, Acting, and Music. 62 Taggart, Marion A. The Little Gray House. 383 Tanner, J. H. Elementary Algebra... 45 Tarde, Gabriel. Laws of Imitation .. 238 Taylor, Bert L. The Well in the Wood 384 * Temple Series of Bible Handbooks' 18 • Temple Topographies, The'. 45 Thacher, J. B. Christopher Columbus 85 Thackeray's Works, 'Kensington' edition 69 Theodoric the Ostrogoth, Last Days of 117 Thompson, John. A Greek Grammar... 17 Thorpe, F. N. Constitutional History of the United States 273 • Thumb Nail Series 377 Thwaites, Reuben Gold. Early Western Travels ... 298 Todd, J. C. Politics and Religion in Ancient Israel. 269 Tolstoy, Leo. Bethink Yourselves ! Crowell's edition.. 277 Tolstoy, Leo. Bethink Yourselves, Stokes's edition .. 434 Tomlinson, E. T. Rider of the Black Horse .. 380 Torrey, Bradford. Nature's Invitation.. 317 Tourguenieff's Works, Scribner edition.. 386 Townshend, Dorothea. Great Earl of Cork. 121 Trevelyan, George 0. American Revolution, Part II. 10 Trueblood, Sara. Cats by the Way ... 375 Truscott, L. Parry. The Mother of Pauline Tytler, Sarah. The Old Masters, illustrated edition.. 378 Unit Books, The' 215 PAGE Upton, Bertha and Flora K. Golliwogg in Holland.. 385 Upton, George P. Life Stories for Young People.. 381 Vacaresco, Helene. Kings and Queens I Have Known 67 Vandam, Albert D. Men and Manners of the Third Republic 212 Vaile, Charlotte M. Truth about Santa Claus. 381 Venable, William H. Saga of the Oak.. 11s · Vest Pocket Series, Putnam's 430 Viereck, Georg Sylvester. Gedichte.. 173 Vignaud, Henry. The Real Birth-date of Columbus 12 Vizetelly, E. A. Emile Zola ..... 159 Voynich, E. L. Olive Latham.. 210 Waddington, Richard. La Guerre de Sept Ans.. 69 Wallace, Kathryn. Story of a Mission Indian.. 433 Wallace, Robert. Autobiography and Correspondence of Eleanor Omerod... 67 Wallis, Louis. An Examination of Society. 239 Walsh, George E. The Mysterious Beacon Light.. 381 Ward, A. W: and others. Cainbridge Modern History, Vol. VIII. 161 Ward, Grace E. In the Miz. 384 Washburne, Marion Foster. Every Day Essays 278 Washington, Booker T. Working with the Hands.. 65 Watanna, Onoto.' The Love of Azalea .. 376 Watson, William. For England... 116 Weaver, E. P. The Search .. 381 Webster, Edwin F. Strenuous Animals .. 377 Weekley, Ernest. Mérimée's Chronique du Règne de Charles IX. 45 Wells, H. G. Mankind in the Making. 15 Wells, H. G. The Food of the Gods. 313 Wells, Carolyn. The Staying Guest 383 Welsh, Charles. Famous Battles, 1815-1860.. 381 West, Paul, and Denslow, W. W. The Pearl and the Pumpkin 384 Wharton, Edith. Italian Villas and their Gardens.. 419 Wharton, Edith. The Descent of Man.. 40 "What is Worth While Series'... 277 Wheeler, Olin D. Trail of Lewis and Clark 112 White, Grant. The Art of Caricature.... 318 White, Stewart Edward. The Mountains 373 Whitehouse, Florence Brooks. The Effendi 212 Whitney, Adeline D. T. Biddy's Episodes.. 383 Wiggin, Kate Douglas, and others. The Affair at the Inn 212 Wilcox, Delos F. The American City 167 Wilkins, W. H. Romance of Lady Burton, new edition 278 Wilkinson, Florence. Two Plays of Israel 170 Williams, Clara A. Mammy's Li'l' Chilluns.. 385 Williamson, G. C. Bryan's Dictionary of Painters.. 277 Wilson, Harry Leon. The Seeker.. 211 Wilson, Rufus Rockweli. New England in Letters... 120 Wister, Owen. A Journey in Search of Christmas... 378 * Woman Errant, The', 41 'Woman's Home Library, The 277 Woodward, W. H. Erasmus concerning Education. 122 Woolley, Edward Mott. Roland of Altenburg.. 312 Wormley, Katherine P. Sainte-Beuve's Portraits of the Seventeenth Century... 372 Wyld, M. Alice. The Dread Inferno.. 88 42 MISCELLANEOUS Dreams, Herbert Spencer on. (P. F. B) 158 Johnson, Lionel : A Proposed Memorial. (John Rus- Hearn, Lafcadio, Death of ... 243 sell Hayes) 416 Homer's “Iliad,' Herbert Spencer on. 173 (A. C. Barrows) 5 Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co., Incorporation of .. * Humanity, The Socialization of.' (Charles Kendall Peace Congress, Meeting of Thirteenth International.. 174 Schiller Centenary Celebration, Announcement of .... 298 Franklin) 297 University, A New Species of. (T. D. A. Cockerell) 264 THE DIAL av A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. GEORGE SAND. THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Merico; in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 ere's a year for extra postage must be added. Unless otherwise ordered 'scriptions will begin with the current number. REMITTANCES be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application; and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communications should be addressed to THE DIAL, 315 Wabash Ave., Chicago. ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER. No. 433. JULY 1, 1904. Vol. XXXVII. CONTENTS. PAGE GEORGE SAND 3 5 COMMUNICATION Herbert Spencer Barrows. on Homer's • Iliad.' A. C. now A NEW OBSERVER IN THE PHILIPPINES. Wallace Rice 7 THE PERSONALITY AND TEACHINGS OF TOLSTOY. Annie Russell Marble 8 The early days of this month are marked by two literary centenaries which will not be al- lowed to pass without appropriate commemora- tion. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born a hun- dred years ago, on the birthday of our existence as a nation; and on the day following, in the first year of the Napoleonic Empire, a French child was born to whom was given the name of Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin. This name means little to the consciousness of the general reader, and hardly more is meant by the title of Baronne de Dudevant, the name which that child was to assume upon the day of her mar- riage at the age of eighteen. But the whole world knows the name of George Sand, under which, ten years later, this woman published the first of the long series of works of fiction that for more than half a century following were to flow from her facile pen. The two cen- tenaries American and French at hand might afford the literary moralist occasion for an instructive comparison between our own American romancer and the Large-brained woman and large-hearted man' of Mrs. Browning's characterization, between the spirit of New England Puritanism incarnate in the one and the more human gospel of Rousseau made eloquent for a later age by the other. But we disclaim this ambitious task, and essay the simple one of recording a few impressions evoked by the memory of one of the two writers, choosing the Frenchwoman for our subject be- cause she seems less likely than our own Haw- thorne to be recalled to the recollection of the American reader. When Matthew Arnold heard of the death of George Sand in 1876, he wrote to his daughter as follows: 'Her death has been much in my mind; she was the greatest spirit in our Euro- pean world from the time that Goethe departed. With all her faults and Frenchism, she was this.' So pronounced an opinion from so weighty an authority, certainly gives us food for reflection. Some will probably dismiss the dictum as one of those unaccountable vagaries which the great critic occasionally permitted himself, others will hold it lightly as the un- guarded saying of a man not writing for pub- lication, and most will agree that it has in it some element of exaggeration. But making all A BRITISH VIEW OF THE AMERICAN REVO- LUTION. James Oscar Pierce . 10 NEW STUDIES OF SOCIETY AND LITERA- TURE. Clark S. Northup 11 THE BIRTH-DATE OF COLUMBUS. F.H. Hodder 12 13 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS The 19th century as depicted in caricature. Bright sides of American life and character. Russia as seen by the eyes of a German critic. History and conditions of human contact. Dreams of the betterment of humanity. — Scottish traits depicted by a Scotchman. — Anecdotes of Whittier and his region. — The legends and land- marks of the Ingoldsby country. -- Charles Reade as playwright. --- The spirit of Greek sculpture. BRIEFER MENTION 17 NOTES. 17 . TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 18 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 19 4 [July 1, THE DIAL reasonable allowances for its circumstances and of a half-century past can really be forgotten, its subjective character, it still remains an im or can fail to find in every new generation some pressive saying, and we must remember also devoted following. It is true that they belong that a year later Matthew Arnold put himself to the literature of the romantic movement, deliberately on record to much the same effect which to us now is only a phase of literary his- in one of his carefully-wrought essays in liter tory; but it is also true that they appeal in ary criticism. lovely and eloquent terms to some of the deep- This high estimate, moreover, has found sup est of the abiding instincts of human nature. port in the words of a long line of George With the English-speaking public at large, Sand's contemporaries and successors. From George Sand has never had a fair chance. Her writers so different in temper as Mill and introduction was brought about through the Mazzini came substantially the same tribute to medium of her early novels — those passionate the beauty of her style and the nobility of her rhapsodies of revolt which reflected the turmoil thought. Frederic Myers called her the most of an outraged soul groping blindly for light noteworthy woman, with perhaps one excep- and peace. These books, coupled with strange tion, who has appeared in literature since and distorted reports of their author's life, out- Sappho.' And George Eliot, who is the subject raged the smug self-righteousness of the mid- of the possible exception just mentioned, wrote Victorian period, and settled the case of George of her as follows: 'I cannot read six pages of Sand for good. The ripe and chastened work George Sand without feeling that it is given of her later years — which means the whole of to her to delineate human passion and its re her work save only an insignificant fraction - sults, and some of the moral instincts and their never got an adequate hearing in England, tendencies, with such truthfulness, such nicety although, as we have seen, the nobler English of discrimination, such tragic power, and withal spirits of the time were among her most appre- such loving humor, that one might live a cen ciative admirers. In America, the case was tury with nothing but one's own dull faculties, nearly the same, although we are inclined to and not know so much as those six will sug think that she has been judged with somewhat gest.' And even Mr. Henry James, as far re more of charity upon this side of the Atlantic, moved from her as the antipodes in his methods and found a wider acceptance for her gospel of and his theories of literary art, accords her the democracy, of the dignity of labor, of passion- highest literary instinct -- an art of composi ate belief in the essential goodness of human tion, a propriety and harmony of diction, such nature, and of the just claims of the individual as belong only to the masters,' and is con soul. It is a gospel that fits in at many points strained to predict that in the coming days of with the idealism which is the basis of our na- the complete triumph of realism, her novels will tional character, and could not fail to find a have for our children's children the sort of sympathetic hearing. Such a hearing it found charm that Spenser's Fairy Queen’ has for us. particularly in the Concord circle, where the Here is an impressive array of witnesses, and appearance of 'Consuelo ' was as important an their testimony might be multiplied many times event as the discovery of a new oriental relig- over from almost equally significant sources. ion, and where a generous welcome was ex- Yet against it we must set the hard fact that tended to the author and her works. Philistin- George Sand's novels are in our time démodés, ism remained blind to this revelation of spirit- that they are respectfully placed upon the shelf ual beauty, but the elect did not fail to perceive and left there to gather dust, that we do not that beneath and behind all these early out- recur to their pages for a renewal of the emo pourings of passionate revolt and equally pas- tions with which they thrilled our youth, that sionate aspiration there was, to use the fine our younger generation has not read them at phrase of Mr. Myers, a certain unity and all. The writer herself did not anticipate a background of peace.' lasting fame. I believe that in fifty years I Those of us who have all along shared in that shall be completely forgotten,' she said to Flau vision do not expect at this late day to send bert, “but my idea has been rather to act upon many readers back to a novelist whose work my contemporaries, if only upon some of them, reached its climax of force in the forties and and to let them participate in my ideals.' But was completed in the seventies. There are more it is not easy to believe that a series of writings than a hundred volumes of George Sand, and whose influence was so profound upon the world most of them are already consigned beyond re- 1904 ] 5 THE DIAL call to oblivion. But for a few of them the few that give the most typical expression of her faith and her many-sided charm - we would suggest that they are better worth reading than almost any of the current productions upon which we waste our attention. They are worth reading, not merely because they exemplify a period of literary development, but because they still have power to stir the soul and strengthen the better impulses of our nature. And by way of a brief selection, we would suggest 'Valen- tine,' for its lyrical passion and its loving de- scription of nature; ' Mauprat,' for its combined tenderness and strength; 'L'Homme de Neige,' for the pure and unaffected charm of its narra- tive; 'La Mare au Diable,' for its idyllic em- bodiment of rustic life; 'Le Marquis de Ville- mer,' for its masterly study of aristocratic so- ciety, and ‘Consuelo' with ‘La Comtesse de Rudolstadt’ its sequel, for their richly colored delineations of artistic life, their manifold pic- turesque incidents, and the lofty spirit that breathes in their rather shapeless form. For a course in George Sand, we confidently recom- mend these seven books, and feel sure that those who take it will be grateful to us for the coun- sel. George Sand herself speaks somewhere of the literature of mysteries of iniquity, which men of talent and imagination try to bring into fashion. Well, they have brought it into fash- ion, and most alarmingly, since her death. But the thoughts by which she was inspired have not lost their vitality, whatever the transforma- tions of our literary fashion. And we cannot do better in closing than quote once more from Matthew Arnold, who sums up his reflections in these words: • The immense vibration of George Sand's voice upon the ear of Europe will not soon die away. Her passions and her errors have been abundantly talked of. She left them behind her, and men's memory of her will leave them behind also. There will remain of her to mankind the sense of benefit and stimulus from the passage upon earth of that large and frank nature, of that large and pure utterance—the large utterance of the early gods.' Trojans, and so forth (epithets which when not relevant to the issue are injurious); passing over, too, the many absurdities, such as giving the genealogy of a horse while in the midst of a battle, and not objecting that the subject- matter appeals continually to brutal passions and the instincts of the savage; it suffices to say that to me the ceaseless repetition of battles and speeches is intolerable. Even did the ideas presented raise pleasureable feelings, a lack of sufficiently broad contrasts in matter and manner would repel me.' Right or wrong, an honest, fresh, unhackneyed criticism should always be made an occasion of new light upon the merits of a great book; for this result is sure to follow when the criticism is rightly discussed: the outcome must be either to establish more firmly our former admiration, or to modify it as it should be modified. But a culti- vated critic will not find it easy to appreciate Mr. Herbert Spencer's strictures on Homer, because to do so demands that one shall, for the time at least, assume Mr. Spencer's point of view. That is to say, he must discover how he himself would be impressed by the “Iliad' if he had not formed his literary tastes largely upon Homer; and he must consent to limit himself to an estimate of the essential value of Homer's poetic ideas — the entire content of his story, with its characters, passions, and incidents, — as distinct from the worth of the poems as archæological records on the one side, and as artistry in words on the other. One who has been educated in the old classic curriculum will find it difficult to satisfy himself that no inconsiderable part of his admiration for Homer, Vergil, and Horace, is due to the simple fact that he has been carefully trained to identify excellence with the practice of these authors. He was made to study them admiringly, line by line and word by word; to account for each peculiarity of each verse as originating in some rule of art or in some principle of philosophy or psychology. It may happen that one has found out, in subse- quent years, that some of those rules of art were unfounded or trivial, and that some of those prin- ciples of psychology were delusions; that the appli- cation of them was often forced, the result of a determination to make out, at all costs, that every word of the text is perfect. But, even so, it is not easy to cast off the habit of admiration, created by that prolonged training, sufficiently to become able to answer the question, “If I had not been trained on Homer, if I had formed my literary standards on Shakespeare, and had then taken up Homer, how fully would he satisfy me?' For centuries most educated English and American writers have accepted the Bible as the standard for religion, theology, ethics, and within a certain field for history; but the classics were the stand- ard for taste. Some twenty years ago I heard a white-haired 'professor of Biblical Theology' assert that, in comparison with Isaiah and Paul, Homer seemed to him to be but 'poppycock'; and a little earlier than that, I heard an intelli- gent reader of a wide selection of books say, 'When I have been reading Shakespeare, all other poets, Homer included, seem not to be strong meat, — just food for babes.' The more I have pondered on this question the more difficult I have found it to assure myself that this second quota- COMMUNICATION. HERBERT SPENCER ON HOMER'S ‘ILIAD.' (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) 'Passing over its tedious enumeration of details of dresses and arms, of chariots and horses, of blows given and received, filling page after page, - saying nothing of the boyish practice of repeating descriptive names, such as well-greaved Greeks, long-haired Achæans, horse-breaking 6 [July 1, THE DIAL tion does not express the real and essential dif- ference between the two poets, as the first one, however inelegantly, measures the actual differ- ence between Homeric and Biblical divinity. Mr. Spencer read Homer only in translation, and so lost all that inheres in perfection of style; but the points to which he directed attention are those as to which an author suffers least, if at all, in translation. Dignity and nobility of action, rationality of plot, complexity of characterization and charm of personality, the tendency to empha- size the noble and to slight the trivial, absence of childish credulity accompanied by hearty faith in the essentially human, discrimination between the human and the divine, a natural and unwarped order, -- in these and like matters a good trans- lation represents an original correctly and with fair adequacy. The style is dissipated in transla- tion, and with it vanish those finer touches of char- acterization that are given by the delicacies of style. No eulogium, therefore, upon the Homeric style can answer or much minimize objections brought against the contents of the poems when read in the original or in translation. So long as the translator has not originated the things assailed, the charge lies against the original Greek. If it be assumed that it is a matter of small consequence how unsatisfactory the contents of a poem may be, provided the style is perfect and a charming display of beauty is achieved, it might be worth while to try to learn what Homer under- took to do, what he himself seems to have cared for. Did he try to tell a story about the conduct and passions of men, or did he set out to charm his hearers by artistry in words? I confess that I enjoy no such full and clear information about Homer as some critics claim to have obtained, - Mr. Quiller-Couch, for instance. He tells us that Homer is one of those authors who begin with the love of expression, and intent to be artists in words, and come through expression to profound thought.' How happy the man who knows all this! He must, at the least, have proof (1) that all the Homeric writings were the product of one mind; (2) that the order in which that mind pro- duced his chants is known; (3) that he can tell which of them were written as studies in style, and which to express thought. But, ignorant as I am, I can only consult the immortal verses to learn what the poet supposed, or perhaps pre- tended, that he was about. He asserts (or should I say “they.' assert?) a purpose to let the world know about the wrath of Achilles and its destruc- tive consequences. Possibly if he had been more candid. he would have entreated his muse to sup- ply some thousands of dactyls and spondees, duly variegated with colors of vowel-play, alliteration, 'PVF,' and all such elements of the music of speech. But so long as he set down in plain words his professed purpose, I can only accept it as the real motive of his work, and must assume that his art was only his charming means of car- rying his message straight and strongly to the bosom of men. If the question were as to Milton or Shelley, one could be quite sure (since they were not humorists) that they would have felt insulted rather than stimulated to laughter by the suggestion that they cared more for beauty of expression than for the truth expressed. Imag- ine Shelley, returned to earth incognito, and listening to the expounding of his ‘Ode to the West Wind,' with its * Be thou me, impetuous one! Drive my dead thoughts over the universe, Like withered leaves, to quicken a new birth; And by the incantation of this verse, Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth Ashes and leaves, my words among mankind ! Be through my lips to unawakened earth The trumpet of a prophecy!' followed by the comment: Of course, inasmuch as Shelley was an artist, he could not have cared much for his ideas (for which only a Philistine reader would search his poetry), but must have valued his work mainly for the profusion and beauty of his images, for the music of the lines, and for the ease with which he mastered the diffi- cult terza rima, etc.' Surely, his orthodox enemies would wish him no worse torment than to be so considered by his professed admirers. But as to Homer, does anyone, unless it be 'Q,' know whether he (or they) would feel outraged, or moved to ‘inextinguishable laughter,' by such an idea as to the aim of his twenty-four books? Some years ago the charge was made that the subject of the “Iliad' was essentially unworthy to be made the theme of a great poem, inasmuch as it was reducible to a quarrel over the posses- sion of a captive woman. . Christopher North' (if my memory is not at fault, I read the papers about forty years ago) stood forth as the poet's champion, and argued that a woman is well worth fighting for, and nothing more so. I read his defence when just finishing three years of service in the army of the Union, and did not quite accept the proposition that my own soldiering had been for a cause no more noble than ownership of a fair slave; I wondered also how the English edu- cated classes would rank the motives of Welling- ton at Waterloo compared with the reason for which Achilles sulked in his tents. But I could not but admire the frankness and candor with which the champion entered the fray. He did not dodge the question by sliding off into laudation of style; he did not dismiss the charge with pity or scorn of a critic so ignorant as to suppose that adequacy and nobility of motive is a topic of liter- ary criticism,-he met the issue as it had been presented. Mr. Spencer's strictures on Homer should be weighed in the same frank manner. The call is for the consideration of but three ques- tions. Do the Homeric poems contain the things which Mr. Spencer claims to have detected in them? If they are there, are they blemishes or not? If they are blemishes, how serious are they, when considered in their totality in relation to the entire poems? To discuss these questions is to exhibit real regard for the reputation and influence of the majestic Greek: to laugh at then, to pity a man who can ask them, to substitute for them rhapsodies on the Homeric style, is in very truth to confess judgment, supposing that the defeat can be covered up by shouting. A. C. BARROWS. ('olumbus, Ohio, June 2?, 1904. 1904.) :7 THE DIAL why an observation so profitless should be made The New Books. at all. Mr. Landor's point of view is characteris- A NEW OBSERVER IN THE PHILIPPINES. tically British in its feeling of superiority to the rest of the world, and not in the least what It is something of a paradox to say that one Americans think of as English in other respects. finishes Mr. Landor's large book with a feeling He loves to tell of himself in the most peril- of knowing more about the Philippines than ous predicaments, and as remaining absolutely ever before, and, considering the extraordi cool and collected whatever befalls. There is nary opportunities afforded the traveller, vastly always a self-raunting that one is forced to feel less than he had reason to expect. For Mr. is not warranted; and this is quite as character- Landor is always in search, primarily, of istic of his latest as of his carliest work. adventure; and, having that, is satisfied. After Against defects like these must be placed seeing almost all the different peoples of the advantages resulting from the unusual length islands, he suggestively styles them “ bewilder- of the journey, and the fact that it was taken ing tribes ’; and in this the reader will doubt- under government auspices and with every aid less agree with him. Of his attainments in one that the local authorities of the United States almost essential regard, he himself speaks in could give. The account is essentially of a the paragraph following: popular nature, with much vagueness of detail. In a virgin forest of this kind there is more Though half the space in the book is felt to be than plenty to interest and puzzle any botanist, but an average man, like the writer, gets simply wasted, what remains does give a general bewildered by the incredible variety of trees and impression of the archipelago and of the results the dense mass of them; by the unaccountable number of orchids and other creeping and para- of American occupancy there not found else- sitic plants which hang or stick out or sprout where; and this gives the work a real value. everywhere upon the larger trees; by the astonish- Mr. Landor impresses his readers with a ing toughness of the numberless creepers and fibres which hang from everywhere, - and all sense of the experimental character of the this in the moist, suffocating, used-up air of the work the American government is doing in dark forest, where sunlight in all its intensity the Philippines. There appears to be no desire never penetrates, so that it seems incomprehensi- ble how the luxuriant undergrowth can not only to profit by the experience of other colonial exist but flourish as it does. It was interesting to administrators, not even those of Great Britain watch the strain of the larger trees to force their in the closely related countries of Borneo and way up and obtain air. Many of them were devoid of branches up to a great height.' the Malayan peninsula, but rather to solve It will be noted that this describes a forest every problem afresh from the vantage-ground in tropical America quite as accurately as in of American democracy; something which Mr. the Philippines, and that the last sentence even Landor cannot comprehend, much less sympa- contains a fact quite as true of the temperate thize with. It appears that the American zone and its forest trees. This is typical of authorities are experimenting with leper col- the entire book. There is an equal failure to onies, with stock farms, with schools, with discriminate in regard to matters best worth wages, with food for their soldiers, with tribe dwelling upon, of which another instance may after tribe of natives, and that success in any be found in the account of the visit to the Cal- one thing seems remote. amians, told thus: This brings one to the second impression left * We were confronted by a curious tree which by the book in regard to American occupancy: had a large horizontal branch on which were thir- that everything is to be done in a rush. Relig- ty-seven vertical cuts. Now, according to some ion is left free from experiment in a degree, authority, these notches denote the age of the man who cut them — but I think this is not so; first, but in every other respect of the life of such because I rather doubt whether the Tagbanouas of the Filipinos as have fallen under the flag could mark the time more exactly than by the rainy there is to be immediate and permanent re- and dry seasons; then because these marks did not appear to me as if they had been cut at great inter form. They are to learn the English language vals of time.' as spoken by American school-teachers, and Three more conjectures are then taken up abandon their own. They are to and disposed of, leaving the reader wondering lines of industry in which they are not in the least interested, and become brisk, busines-like, *THE GEMS OF THE EAST: Research Travel among Wild and Tame Tribes of En and untropical, straightway. Nothing seems chanting Islands. By A. Henry Savage Landor. Harper & Brothers, more to annor the American who is accustomed take up Sixteen Thousand Miles of Illus- trated New York: 8 [July 1, THE DIAL 6 to getting things done, Mr. Landor records, province, the greater the crime,' and 'Person- than Philippine inertia. Yet he notes that he ally my experience was that the less Christian- had no difficulty in obtaining men to do the ized the people the nicer they were.' work incidental to his journey, and that he WALLACE RICE. saw men who had refused to work under Ameri- can direction for five times the ordinary wage cheerfully laboring under ecclesiastical stimu- lus for little or nothing. THE PERSONALITY AND TEACHINGS OF TOLSTOY.* While governors and others in authority, with whom Mr. Landor conversed, admitted However one may regard Tolstoy as an in- nearly all that he had to say in favor of Brit fluence — whether he be classified as the great- ish colonial methods, wherein a few English-est moral leader of the century or as an incon- men direct the work of many thousands of sistent fanatic, whether he stands forth in men- natives, as in India, Malaya, and Egypt, there tal vision as “The Grand Mujik' or as a mere was always behind the American admissions a poseur, there is interest among all readers sense of having another, a better, and a more in the personality and romantic environment expeditious way. To borrow a figure from of the man. Hence the earnest and the curious geology, Great Britain believes in the evolution alike will enjoy the portrayal of him by one ary, American in the catastrophic theory of rul of his most sympathetic and grateful visitors of ing men of another color. Significant, too, is recent years, Dr. Edward Steiner. Renewing such a statement as this : an acquaintance of student days in Germany, One cannot help being struck by the splendid with treasured memories of the magnetic in- way in which the Spaniards did everything, down to fluence then exerted, the author has in full ma- the most minute details, in public works. There was no shabbiness about them. Everything was turity placed himself again under the sway of made in a practical way, and made to last, - & Tolstoy's presence, has examined by direct and great contrast to the American way, which builds intuitive processes the elements of his char- everything flimsily and temporarily. Where Americans put up bridges of wood, which tumble acter, and has described the prophet-novelist down with the first rain, and cut down roads with and his home region with vividness and force. out metalling them, so that they are soon over. From recollections of Tolstoy in Russia and grown with vegetation and impassible with mud, the Spaniards built solid bridges of masonry, iron Germany, gathered through intimate contact or of strong, well-tarred wood on cantilever prin with both the peasantry and the cultured ciples.' classes, Dr. Steiner has interwoven incidents To support this generalization, many specific and traits into a faithful pictorial background instances are cited; and in curious contrast to for the portrait of his hero. In the main the this criticism goes an unbounded respect for estimate is well-balanced, with just enough of the ‘Americans who are doing something,' and personal enthusiasm to give the work a graphic a contempt equally unbounded for those who force. Though at times lenient to a fault as find fault at a distance. For the men in real to some minor flaw of temperament, the author authority, Mr. Landor has nothing but praise; has not seriously digressed from his avowed pur- and he is equally unstinted in his admiration pose, -'That I may not dim his glory, and yet for the fighting qualities of the American sol- not unduly exalt him, that I may not misrep- dier, whom he saw in action at the taking of resent him and yet truthfully present him to the Bacolod forts. Yet he speaks of the view, that I may satisfy the curious and yet unpromising material of which the administra- | bring them nearer to the source of the teach- tive subordinates is made in part, and he reads ings of Tolstoy, which is the Gospel of Jesus, a really terrific indictment against the intem- this is my only desire.' perance introduced into the islands by the The author's first visit had been to Yasnaya Americans wherever it has been possible. And Polyana, with a group of students to whom for our manners to the natives (the same War and Peace' had come as a new message charge is brought against the English gener of life to combat their rationalistic philosophy. ally he has blame in abundance. Forty years later he finds the inspirer of his Finally, he sums up in two sentences the By Edward A. Steiner. general effect of the contact of the Caucasian New York: The Outlook Co. upon the hopeless mixture of races he has de LEO TOLSTOY. A Biographical and Critical Study. By T. Sharper Knowlson. With portrait. Fred- lineated, by saying, "The more civilized the Illus- *TOLSTOY THE MAN. trated. New York: erick Warne & Co. 1904.] 9 THE DIAL young manhood even more gracious in illness and Turgenieff always awaken literary interest, and old age, still a rapt listener to music and and we are given a recital of their early friend- conversation, deeply concerned for the welfare ship, their later misunderstanding and open of all classes and all nations. The changes that quarrel, and the reconciliation and fulfilment of have taken place during these forty years in Turgenieff's prophecies for Tolstoy's art. In Tolstoy's life and that of Russia, the steps by his summary, the author has laid stress upon which he has both progressed and retrogressed Tolstoy's simplicity and zeal for truth in his as an artist in fiction, the spiritual struggles life and writings, while the creed that has through which he has passed in evolving his brought forth so many exhaustive statements by unique and paradoxical moral code, are treated theologians and sociologists has been succintly at length in this study of his personality. phrased, 'God is his father, all men are his Tracing many of his peculiarities to his isolated brethren.' The volume gains materially in in- childhood and to his manhood of indulgence, terest from the illustrations, in color, by the operating in turn upon a mind of deep specu friend of the Tolstoy family, the Russian artist lative impulses, his life in the army is likened Pasternak. to the parable of the Prodigal Son. Here he In marked contrast with the plan and form ' came to himself,' wakened not alone to his of the volume just cited is the study of Tol- moral depravity and the broader questions of stoy's religious and social tenets, by Mr. Knowl- ethics in war and society, but realized also his son. The volume devoted to Tolstoy's personal- literary possibilities. In this study of his life, ity was intended primarily for journal narra- critical and expository comments on his fiction tive, and portions of it appeared in The are supplementary to the main motive — the Outlook.' Its style is pictorial and somewhat effort to trace the development of the man's discursive. The peculiar qualities of Mr. mind and soul as revealed through his works, Knowlson's study, on the other hand, are con- from the slighter sketches of 'Sebastopol' and ciseness and logical sequence. There is a brief 'The Cossacks' to the novels of thrilling prob- but suggestive account of Tolstoy's external life lems, ‘Anna Karenina,' `Kreutzer Sonata,' as boy and man, and a forceful development of and ‘Resurrection. With a careful inquiry re his altruism, his love for nature, and his re- garding the effect of each event in shaping char version from the type of an aristocrat to that acter, the author outlines the years of travel, of a would-be peasant. In his analysis of Tol- the years of absorbing domestic life, the experi stoy as a novelist, the author gives him high ments in teaching and husbandry among the praise for characterization, scenic skill, and peasants, and the gradual alienation of many dramatic motives. In choice of characters and disciples and even some members of his fam setting, he draws an analogy between Tolstoy ily, because of his persistent and seemingly in and Thomas Hardy; a comparison met with be- consistent theories on marriage, education, and fore in current criticism. In style, in natural- government. At the zenith of his fame and ness, in emphasis of 'the primary passions of promise as a novelist, and the culmination of life as forming the best material for represent- his home-happiness, Tolstoy was inwardly pass ing life in its dramatic intensity,' these authors ing through a crisis so severe that it menaced present noteworthy resemblances. With an his reason and his life. From this struggle he acknowledgment that Tolstoy's tenets are never emerged with a new gospel, familiar to us fully expounded, Mr. Knowlson distinguishes through the tracts, My Confession,' and 'My between Tolstoy as a moralist rather than a Religion, as well as in his later fiction. Dr. Dr. philosopher, and examples the mysticism, the Steiner offers no labored logic to systematize asceticism, and the noble charity of his creed, or harmonize these later ideas of the moral by ample quotations from such of his treatises teacher. He states them with clearness, and as “What I Believe,' “ The Christian Teaching, emphasizes the effects of such teachings upon ' Patriotism and Government. With justifiable his neighbors in spirit throughout the world. frankness, the inconsistences of Tolstoy's beliefs Returning to the primal purpose of the volume, are shown; but the author has emphasized two he gives a graphic narrative of the two worlds significant thoughts as a result of his study, - in the Tolstoy household,' pays strong deference first, Tolstoy has a sincere purpose to live lit- to the graces and efficiency of the Countess, and erally as near like Christ as he can under the presents in vivid contrasts the classes of visitors contradictions of his environment, to which and parasites. The relations between Tolstoy purpose may be traced some of the views most 10 [July 1, THE DIAL • at variance with accepted Christian doctrines pronounced than that shown by either Bryce or of today; second, Tolstoy's influence in Russia Dicey in their commentaries, broader and and the outside world is great though unde more persistent than the partial friendliness of finable. Of much of his teaching one may well Goldwin Smith. say, This is idealism, but it is not life; but Trevelyan sees both sides of the great con- with equal candor one must admit, ' Leo Tol troversy, and writes for readers on both sides stoy is a world-character who in some directions of the Atlantic; and he relates in detail the will become a world-force. This much, English contention and views, no less than those however, may be said for the Russian idealist, of America. The merits of the original con- – that of all schemes for universal good his is troversy, and the strength of the dialectics in the mightiest in its Universality, in its attempt which it was at first waged, he finds to have at l'niformity, and in its plea for bringing all been distinctly with the Americans. Here ap- inharmonious elements into l'nity. This study pears a transatlantic historian, ready to help of Tolstoy's writings and doctrines has a val rescue the history of that era from the Philis- uable bibliography; but neither this volume tines, on both sides of the sea, who would dis- nor that by Mr. Steiner has any index, а tort and misstate it. Trevelyan's pages should serious inconvenience in books so general in rejoice the critical heart of Mr. T. E. Watson, character. ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE. who in his recent account of the “Life and Times of Jefferson’ deplores the fact that “a tendency has been shown by some historians to justify Great Britain and to blame the col- A BRITISH VIEW OF THE AMERICAN onies,' and who repudiates the charge that REVOLUTION.* America - started a quarrel without just cause, The initial volume of Sir George Otto Tre- and kept it up in spite of all attempts at recon- velyan's History of the American Revolution, ciliation. Trevelyan notes the same tendency in some American writers. Scrutinizing it, he which has been for some years before the pub- lic, is now supplemented by an instalment of finds it due largely to a revolt against the ful- the work in two volumes, which justifies the some panegyric sometimes bestowed on the co- lonial leaders. But he demurs to the historical expectations of the author's friends that he would furnish at least value of the criticism which condemns such ex- a highly acceptable account of the events of that era. It is not treme praise, and says that whatever may be the merits of the criticism in other respects, as possible and proper to say that Trevelyan's is destined to be one of the leading histories of an argument for or against the British polier, that revolution. These two volumes cover only it is of no account at all. He adds that the the years of 1975 and 1776; but no less space question to be determined, at successive points could well be taken for that period, and the de- of the American controversy, was in every case liberation with which Trevelyan proceeds with a clear and simple issue'; and he declines to his work is warranted by his thoroughness. be ranked among the apologists for the hard- headed British leaders who, 'over and over This, historian deems the events of that period to be of too commanding importance to allow again, at a very great crisis, adopted a wrong any but the most painstaking research or the course, in defiance of the opinion strongly held most considerate recital. As evidently planned and fearlessly urged by many of the best and by him, the history when completed will be most far-seeing of their own contemporaries.' How fair and unprejudiced appear to be the upon a scale commensurate with the colossal character of the transformation of thirteen judgments advanced by Trevelvan, in respect feeble British colonies into a Federal Republic to the leaders in his own country in that stren- uous time, cannot well be illustrated within the of marvellous promise and potency. It is his limits of a review, but will appear clearly to purpose to exhibit this evolution from a Brit- those who read his pages. ish point of view, but unembarrassed by British prejudice. His sympathy with the American The office thus assumed by Trevelvan, of tell- side of the controversy which provoked the rev- ing his countrymen the unpleasant truth about olution is frank and undisguised; it is more the harsh manner in which their forefathers treated their American cousins, is but a con- By Sir George Otto tinuation or a renewal of the task which his Trevelyan, Part II., in two volumes. New York: Long- mans, Green, & Co. kinsman Vacaulay had set for himself; for it #THE AMERICAN REVOLI'TION. 1904 ] 11 THE DIAL was his design, as Trevelyan states, to continue pleasure with which he recites many an anec- his ‘History of England' down to a date dote illustrating the feeling and the spirit within the memory of his own contemporaries, which animated the leading revolted colonists, and to show to them how imprudence and ob such, for instance, as the calm and un- stinacy broke the ties which bound the North ruffled determination displayed by Franklin, American colonies to the parent state.' Adams, and Rutledge, and the quick-witted Three chapters are devoted by the author repartee of their replies to Lord Howe in their to illustrating the condition and peculiarities conference with him over his desire to promote of public sentiment in England at the outbreak a reconciliation. In its bonhommie, and its re- of the war, the disfavor with which the King's gard for the finer and nobler elements of hu- belligerent plans were received and thwarted manity, Trevelyan's work reminds one of John in many quarters, and his numerous unsuccess Fiske's; and while American readers would not ful attempts to enlist the services of eminent and willingly lay aside Fiske's history of the Ameri- influential public men in the active prosecu can Revolution, they will no doubt be pleased tion of the war. We are shown in detail the to supplement it with Trevelyan's. whole array of discontent, criticism and popu- JAMES OSCAR PIERCE. lar opposition, which made it impossible for the King to send native Britons in suflicient force to make the attempt to overawe the NEW STUDIES OF SOCIETY AND Americans, and forced him to hire foreign mer- LITERATURE.* cenaries. It may well gladden the hearts of Americans to recall that their English brethren Probably few other men of his time knew were so generally in sympathy with the ‘ Brit- the eighteenth century more intimately or stud- ons in America' as to create the royal need for ied it more sympathetically than the late Sir foreign legions; so that there was, after all, Leslie Stephen. His ‘ English Thought in the a silver lining to the dark and ugly Hessian Eighteenth Century, first published in 1876, cloud. remains the greatest work in its field; his It seems but natural that the influence of biographies of Swift, Pope, and Johnson are Macaulay should appear upon almost every works of surpassing merit. In English Litera- page of our author's work; in his literary and ture and Society in the Eighteenth Century, historical style, in his ideas as to the demands being the Ford Lectures delivered last year at of historical narrative upon the narrator, in Oxford and published since his lamented death, his choice of historical perspective, in his fre- Mr. Stephen has left us a highly illuminating quent resort to personal portraiture, in his discussion of certain general aspects of literary slight regard for the details of campaigns, and history which the text-books too rarely touch in his preference for tracing the path of upon. He recognizes the change in the meth- progress by exhibiting the influence of motives ods of criticism, which has largely abandoned and forces in historical movements, as shown the administration of a fixed code of laws for in particular episodes. The pains taken by the historical attitude, and which now asks first Parson Gordon to collect data for his history what pleased men and then why. Adequate of the revolution, and his appeal to British criticism must therefore be rooted in history; favor by publishing his work, after the war, in between literature and general social condi- tions there exists a close connection. If we England, where it fell flat by reason of its lack of fidelity to his great subject; the develop- would understand the weakness of Elizabethan ment of the revolution in Pennsylvania senti- literature, as well as its excellences, we must ment, out of colonial Toryism and into stal- study the complexities of Elizabethan society. wart Americanism; the influence of the pub- From this point of view, then, he surveys the lication and circulation of Paine's “Common literary output of the century of Addison and Sense,' in 1776, in working a great change in Johnson and Burke; of Walpole and Chatham;. public opinion and fostering the thought that of Deism and the Methodist revival. At the the assumption of independence was a timely opening of the century, the Wits formed 'a and national duty, kind of island of illumination amid the sur- such are some of the epi- sodes graphically set forth in these pages. rounding darkness of the agricultural country' If the author's sympathy with the Americans Addison was an urbane prophet of culture, who in their heavy struggle were not otherwise ap *ENGLISH LITERATURE AND SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH Ford Lectures, 1903. By Leslie Stephen. New parent, it would be disclosed in the evident - CENTURY. York : G. P. Putnam's Sons. 12 [July 1, THE DIAL - attempted to set forth a view of the world and THE BIRTH-DATE OF COLUMBUS.* human nature which should be thoroughly re- fined and noble, and yet imply a full appre- Mr. Vignaud's monograph on the date of ciation of the humorous aspects of life.' With Columbus's birth is an interesting discussion of the breaking up of club and coffee-house a much controverted subject. Columbus him- society, the age of the Wits was succeeded by self never stated his age, but made various that in which Pope dominated, an age which statements respecting the length of different called for satire, and which found Chesterfield's periods of his life. As these statements are good-natured cynicism agreeable. contradictory, and all are of equal authority, Meanwhile the plebeians grew into promi- Mr. Vignaud rejects the computations based nence, and after Walpole's death literature was upon any of them. The only statement of Co- more and more distinctly addressed to the lumbus's age made by any of his contemporaries middle class. The professional critic appeared. is that of Bernaldez, that he died in 1506 ‘at Moral and religious reading was demanded. a fine old age, being about seventy.' This state- Though the aristocratic order was accepted as ment was the basis of the conclusions of early inevitable, there was a growing feeling that the biographers that he was born in 1436. Its rulers were corrupt. It is the time of the form indicates that it was an estimate rather moralist, and of the birth of the novel or por- than a statement of positive knowledge. Since trait of manners. it has become apparent, from facts discovered The age of Johnson, which succeeded, is in in regard to his family, that Columbus could literature an age of stagnation. The industrial scarcely have been born as early as 1436, it revolution took place; in politics the democratic has been suggested that the transcriber wrote movement appeared, led, however, by men who setenta, seventy, instead of sesenta, sixty, a ' proposed to remove abuses, not to recast the change of only one letter. If Columbus was whole system.' A society independent of the sixty at the time of his death, he was born aristocracy had grown up, 'which is already be about 1446; and this date has been the favorite ginning to be the most important social stratum one with recent biographers. This assumed and the chief factor in political and social de error in transcription is open to the objection velopment.' that if Bernaldez had meant sixty he would The watchword of every literary school may hardly have called it 'a fine old age.' be stated as a ' return to Nature'; and the lec- The latest estimates of the date of Colum- ture concludes by showing that the difference bus's birth are based upon certain notarial doc- between the various schools lies in the different uments executed by him and by members of interpretations of the formula. For Addison, For Addison, his family. The most important of these is an Swift, Pope, it meant, be rational, avoid acknowledgment of debt, executed in 1470, with pedantry; in the period of Richardson and the consent of his father, which describes him Fielding, middle-class John Bull demands por- as “a major of nineteen years.' Mr. Harrisse traits of real living men and women, and re- takes this to mean that Columbus was at that pudiates aristocratic rationalism; in the demo- time between nineteen and the full age of cratic period, cant and sham sentimentalism are twenty-five, and hence was born between 1445 condemned and realism is demanded, even and 1451. Mr. Vignaud, following a sugges- though it be served in old bottles. tion made by Mr. Richard Davey in 1892 and Somewhat along this line does our author since accepted by Senor de La Rosa, thinks conduct us in a survey of the century which that ' a major of nineteen 'means a major nine- above all others exhibits a prevailing temper teen years of age; and that Columbus, being akin to his own - a distrust of enthusiasm, a nineteen in 1470, was born in 1451. In Genoan love of common-sense, a perception of historic law there were majors of sixteen, seventeen, continuity. We lay down the book with re and eighteen, under the full age of twenty- gret; for the hand that wrote it is still, and has five, but no major of nineteen; hence the ex- left no successor. pression major of nineteen 'could mean noth- The typography of the volume is commend- | ing but a major of that age. The objection to able; we wish, however, that it had been pro- this construction rests upon a ratification, in vided with a descriptive table of contents, run- 1473, by Columbus, his mother, and a younger ning-heads, and an index. *THE REAL BIRTH-DATE OF COLUMBUS, 1451. CLARK S. NORTHUP. By Henry Vignaud. Henry Stevens, A Critical Study. Sons & Stiles. London : - - 1904.] 13 THE DIAL brother, of a sale made or to be made by the half a century the period covered by the present father. The parental consent, incorporated in work, it has been deemed essential to recapitu- the original draft of the deed, was afterward late the achievements of the great domestic struck out by the notary. From this ratifica- painter, - painter, - although his powers in the line of tion it has been inferred that the brothers were caricature, properly so called, while great, were of full age in 1473, and that the elder must subordinate to his higher merits as a painter of have been born as early as 1446. Mr. Vignaud popular incidents into which the humorous only 'genre,' as the French term it, a delineator of argues that the formal consent of parents to an entered as an ingredient. Of Gillray, the Ru- act approving an act of their own would have bens of caricature during the Napoleonic wars, been superfluous, and that its inclusion and it is said: "There is rancor, there is venom, there subsequent omission indicate nothing as to the is the inevitable inheritance of the warfare of age of the sons, since the requirement of centuries, in these caricatures of Gillray, but parental consent was independent of age and above all there is fear — fear of Napoleon, of might be necessary even to majors of twenty his genius, of his star. French art during the five. He does not, however, raise the questions same period, refined and softened into effem- why the sons ratified at all, whether they could inacy under the class civilization of the ancient be brought in as interested parties during their régime, and rendered prudish also by its ad- herence to classical models, had its decorum minority, and whether consent given them soon shocked by too coarse intermixture of the would be subsequently binding. Two years grotesque. The vaunted superiority of French earlier, the mother ratified a similar sale with taste could not accommodate itself to 'ignoble' out the assistance of the sons. Why did they exaggeration. The first half of the nineteenth join in one act, and not in the other, unless century is looked upon as a period of individ- their legal status had changed in the mean ualism — the one-man power in caricature. In time? It would seem, therefore, that more America the political cartoon, which practically light is needed, either upon the condition of began with William Charles's parodies upon the parties or upon the requirements of the Gillray, developed in a fitful and spasmodic law, before the question can be regarded as fashion until about the middle of the century. The establishment of Puck' and 'Judge' led finally settled. to a distinct advance in political caricature; it Mr. Vignaud does not discuss the relation of also made it possible to draw an intelligent the birth-date of Columbus to his life, but comparison between the tendencies of caricature clearly implies that Columbus intentionally in England and America. in England and America. It was not until misled his contemporaries as to his age in order Thomas Nast began his pictorial campaign to allow time for the voyages and studies he against the ring which held New York in its claimed to have made. It is understood that clutch, that American caricature could claim a this monograph, and the earlier one on Tosca- pencil which entitled it to particular considera- nelli, are studies preliminary to a larger work tion from the artistic point of view. While the which is to cover the whole career of Colum- impulse to satirize public men in pictures is bus. While the book is primarily intended for probably as old as satiric verse, the political cartoon, as an effective agent in moulding pub- special students, it is nevertheless of very gen lic opinion, is essentially a product of modern eral interest in affording a glimpse of the conditions and methods. The history of a hun- problems that confront the historian and of the dred years of caricature, extending over all methods employed to meet them. countries, is a subject which, if attempted at all F. H. HODDER. in a single volume, could only be done in the form of a compact and well-reasoned essay. The entertaining and fragmentary sketches of the BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. present historians are desultory but agreeable attempts to mirror the 'immeasurable laughter' The 19th Century In · The History of the Nine of nations; and they are to be commended for as depicted teenth Century in Caricature' the historical accuracy of the text and for the in caricature. (Dodd, Mead & Company) skill shown in the selection of illustrations. Mr. Arthur Bartlett Maurice and Mr. Frederic Taber Cooper have traced the course of the art Bright sides of Just as the sailor is said to in question from the beginning of political cari American life have brought back from his cature through the Napoleonic era, during the circumnavigation of the globe, days of Waterloo and the Crimean War, the as his chief intellectual attainment, a knowledge Civil and the Franco-Prussian Wars, to the end of the liquor served in seaports, so Sir Philip of the century. Although Hogarth antedates by | Burne-Jones, Bart., brought back from his resi- and character. 14 [July 1, THE DIAL sal's We are. dence in the United States a vivid conception of the world, as shown by the rate at which the the magnificence of the American bath-tub, recent war-loan of Russia was negotiated, do which he has set forth in much detail in his not believe that the government is near the end * Dollars and Democracy' (Appleton). No of its resources, as Mr. von Schierbrand avers, Aphrodite ever rose from the wave to more suc and have shown it in the most convincing and cessful contemplation from the eyes of lovers of practical manner. The whole question here, beauty than my beautiful snow-white tub, turns upon the official statistics put forth from with its silver fittings and perennial supply of time to time by the St. Petersburg ministry. hot water and cold.' This, with the telephone, This, with the telephone, These, the author states, are confusing, irreg- and the electric light that gives light,' are ular, incomplete, belated, and, as he believes, the three things that life in England itself fails deliberately misleading. Yet upon them, of to reconcile our author to, once he has known necessity, his entire argument is based; and this them on the Atlantic's hither shore. But it may be summarized as the depletion and almost must not be supposed that these are all, but wicked exhaustion of the empire at home for rather the prima inter pares. Truly, an aver the sake of gratifying imperial ambitions in age struck between this book and that of Mrs. farther Asia. He proves, by a skilful use of the Trollope would not give an incorrect view of dilatory census reports, that the peasant of old America ; we never were as bad as the English Russia is growing poorer and poorer through gentlewoman made us out, and it is to be feared the exactions of tax-gatherers, unwise commu- we never can be as good as the English baronet nal laws, and withholding of education of every From the astonishment with which kind, until to-day he stands with his lands in Sir Philip perceived that the poorer classes of too small sections to be worked to advantage, his Americans are clean in their appearance, it may soil decreasing in fertility, his domestic animals be judged that the British of the same social few and growing fewer, and himself always on rank are not, — in spite of the criticism passed the edge of famine. Money taken from him, as some years ago upon the personal habits of the from the dwellers in the cities of European South African burgher. But no blame is to be Russia, is spent extravagantly and corruptly in attached to the traveller. He was given every the new possessions of Asia; and this cause, opportunity to see the best side of American coupled with the collapse of M. de Witte's plans life, and he certainly did not stay here long for the creation of great manufacturing inter- enough to catch the American characteristics, ests, leaves the imperial structure undermined as his numerous sketches, used as illustrations, in its foundations. It is to be inferred from attest; one and all, they are merely pictures of this work that the success of the Japanese is English folk in an exotic environment. Such inevitable, and the author says with deliberation adverse criticisms as the book holds are of un that nothing better could possibly befall the important matters from our own point of view: Russian people if they are to go on to real suc- things like crowded street-cars, the soot of Chi cess as a nation. cago, and yellow journalism. Of the realities of American life, excepting the rapidly growing Following closely upon the History and luxury among the rich, there is no record, nor conditions of publication of Professor Shal- does there pretend to be. Sir Philip evidently er's essay on "The Citizen had a charming visit to our country, and those and his successful dramatic romance · Elizabeth who read his book will be glad of it. of England' comes The Neighbor' (Hough- ton, Villlin & Co.), a third book from the same Russia, as seen Giving Mr. Wolf von Schier- pen, characterized as the natural history of by the eyes of a brand every credit for the in human contact. In it, Professor Shaler German critic. tention to carry out in his endeavors to set forth the conditions that orig- hook the promise of its title - Russia: Her inally gave rise to individual and racial sym- Strength and Her Weakness' (Putnam -- it pathies and their opposites, and then to explain is still to be said that he finds no the manner in which these conditions of human indications of strength anywhere in the contact may be influenced by the organic educa- empire of the Czar, but everywhere signs of tion of mankind. With all due appreciation of such weakness as, persisted in, must inevitably the spirit in which Professor Shaler wrote, and drag it and its rulers down to destruction. Nor with due respect for the inherent value of his can the impression be easily avoided that the work, it must be set down as unscientific, both ancient prejudice of the German against the in its material and in the manner of its presen- Slav is speaking, and speaking loudly, from tation. If the book is meant to be an abstract beginning to end of the work - allowing at the of a vast philosophic question, too much space same time no doubt of the author's intention to is given to the specific instances of the Jews and be fair. In one respect, at least, the statements the Negroes without such a correlation as shall of the book are not verified; the financiers of bine the parts into a single whole. If the human contact. 1904.] 15 THE DIAL Scottish traits a Scotchman. author's idea was to furnish a background for other grounds than those they find to-day, Mr. the treatment of two interesting racial problems, Wells confesses that improvement in this re- his setting forth of each is merely skimming the spect is fairly inconceivable, and that any inter- surface of the matters involved. There is noth ference would in all likelihood result in failure. ing that Professor Shaler has said concerning The remaining part of the book is given over the American African that has not been said to problems of education and government. better by the two race-leaders in their books on Neither a collectivist nor an individualist, the the subject, and nothing in his study of the author endeavors to steer a middle course be- Jewish question to compare with M. Leroy tween these extremes. Somewhat naturally, the Beaulieu's masterly work, Israel Among the course of the argument is like that between Nations.' The tremendous paradoxes that puz Sevlla and Charybdis, and neither socialist nor zle every student of this latter question, Pro anarchist will admit that the author escapes fessor Shaler quite ignores. The obtrusive Jew shipwreck. But the book will appeal to many he knows, and treats him in many respects with and varied interests. It is brightly and sharply more kindness than he deserves; this is the Jew critical of the world as it is, and none too con- who doubles your greeting, who climbs all over fident about what it will become. It has a you ’ in his endeavor to make his way in the point of view which, if not stable, is all the world, whose mental activity appals the slower more capable of seeing life as it is, and as it Aryan mind, and who in all these respects (this might be, at many angles. It is always stimu- fact Professor Shaler evidently does not recog-lating to thought, even when least to be agreed nize) stamps himself, not by his Judaism, but with; and it abounds in suggestions that may by the typical vices of the parvenu. But what lead to valuable experiments. It is a sort of of the exclusive Jew, the silent, religious, rigid sequel to the author's · Anticipations' of two man whom the Christian world does not know years ago, and is like it in many respects; and unless it seeks him, as M. Beaulieu did; the this means that it is much more readable than Jew who bars his doors against us when we but many sounder books will ever be. close ours to him, who considers his race and his blood too pure for admixture with ours, who Not so ‘unspeakable’ as Mr. seeks no converts because he is too clannish and depicted by Crosland's Scot are the Scotch too vain of his clan to welcome an outsider, characters depicted in Sir who is a Russian in Russia, a Spaniard in Archibald Geikie's Scottish Reminiscences Spain, an American in America, and yet, (Macmillan). Though the book resembles in through the power of some unaccountable vital character such collections as Ramsey's “ Remi- principle, a Jew in every land. This man the niscences' and Cockburn's Memorials,' the author of The Neighbor' evidently does not eminent geologist has apparently been very suc- know. From his professor's chair he has studied cessful in excluding ancient anecdotes. In a the races that stand forth most prominently in happy descriptive and anecdotal style, he sets the American world about him ; from his own down what he himself has seen and heard in his large sympathies he judges; but it requires professional travels over all parts of Scotland more than human sympathy to account for and the neighboring islands. Without induc- human sympathies, and Professor Shaler leaves ing paroxysms of mirth, some of his stories are the conditions of human contact still unex uncommonly good — as that of the wealthy iron- plained. master who, wishing to furnish his mansion with a library befitting his station, and being Dreams of the So far as Mr. H. G. Wells has asked by the dealer who was to provide the betterment of a method in his Mankind in 'leebrary' whether he would have his books humanity.. the Making' (Scribner), it bound in Russia or Morocco, replied in amaze- seems to consist in asking questions at consider ment, “ ('an ve no get them bund in Glasco’?' able length, and admitting them to be unan New to most readers will be the reference to a swerable at even greater length. The theme is custom prevailing, or that once prevailed, the betterment and regeneration, physical, in among the poorest crofters. The author speaks tellectual, and spiritual, of humanity, - which of their being obliged to bleed their cattle and it will be granted, is almost as inclusive a topic mix the blood with their meagre supply of oat- as humanity is likely to find for discussion meal in order to sustain life through unusually within the limits of its history. In spite of the hard winters. This reminds one of the still practical admission that existing problems are crueller practice of like nature not uncommon insoluble through anything less fundamental among savage tribes. That the Scotch are gifted than the march of evolution, the book is cheer with humor, despite Charles Lamb's opinion to ful almost to the point of hilarity. Beginning the contrary, is proved by its unexpected dis- with the possibility of securing artificial selec play even amid scenes of woe. But perhaps the. tion through the mating of men and women on following is rather an instance of a defective 16 (July 1, THE DIAL than of a redundant sense of the incongruous: him, for more than half a century, the affection 'An old couple were exceedingly annoyed that of those who knew him only through the they had not been invited to the funeral of one legends. Belonging as they do to no particular of their friends. At last the good wife consoled period, they will never be out of date; and, her husband thus: “ Aweel, never you mind, far from growing smaller, their audience is per- Tammas, maybe we'll be haein' a corpo our haps larger now than on their first appearance. ain before lang, and we'll no ask them.”; Mr. Harper's book will be welcomed by the readers of these famous legends, but it has also Anecdotes of Mr. Samuel T. Pickard, Whit an interest apart from this. The county of Whittier and tier's biographer and intimate Kent has traces of the Roman, Briton, Dane, his region. friend, has given in ‘Whittier Saxon, and Norman; it is a region abounding Land' (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.) a view of the in historic and antiquarian remains, and Mr. poet too little familiar to most of his readers. Harper has done a valuable work in collect- After an anecdotal sketch of the Merrimac ing the traditions of this richly storied local- River region associated with the Quaker bard, ity. The tourist, on the watch for out-of-the- Mr. Pickard adds a chapter on Whittier's way and as yet unspoiled spots, will delight in Sense of Humor,' illustrated by quotations in the revelation made here of some retired and both prose and verse. The poet's chuckle, we quaint little nooks apart from the ordinary are told, was visible rather than audible. He course of travel. It is rather a pity that they would double up with laughter, and yet utter should be thus betrayed to the world, for they no sound. This mirthful temperament, so little will not be likely to remain long unmolested. suspected by most of us, had its beneficial effect The numerous illustrations made by the author in prolonging the life of the far from robust add greatly to the charm of the present work. poet. So at least thinks Mr. Pickard, who well In these days of the photograph, it is a pleas- says: “An earnest man without a sense of ure to encounter the old-fashioned woodcuts humor is a machine without a lubricant, worn again. out before its work is done. Here is a story illustrating Whittier's quiet drollery, and short Mr. John Coleman, the well- enough to quote in the author's words: 'An Charles Reade known theatre-manager, pro- as playwright. aged Quaker friend from England, himself a lific writer on matters theat- bachelor, was once visiting Mr. Whittier, and rical, and voluminous author of novels of a cer- was shown to his room by the poet, when the tain grade, presents 'Charles Reade as I Knew hour for retiring came. Soon after, he was Him (Dutton) in a volume of rather formid- heard calling to his host in an excited tone, able bulk, but rendered attractive by numerous “Thee has made a mistake, friend Whittier; illustrations. Reade is here portrayed chiefly there are female garments in my room !” Whit in his character of playwright. That his first tier replied soothingly, “ Thee had better go to and abiding love was play-writing, will surprise- bed, Josiah; the female garments won't hurt most readers of his novels. Twenty-five acted thee." ; A score or more of Whittier's uncol and ten unacted plays stand to his credit, his lected poems are contained in the book, which dramas thus exceeding in number his works of is also fully and attractively illustrated from narrative fiction. It is significant that, by his photographs. It is an admirable guide and com desire, the inscription on his tomb described panion to the tourist in Whittier-Land. him as 'dramatist, novelist, journalist.' As Mr. Coleman's prefatory note gives warning of the Mr. Charles G. Harper's vol- The legends and character of his book, one must not censure too landmarks of the u me on "The Ingoldsby severely its rambling incoherence and careless- Ingoldsby Country. Country' (Macmillan) will ness of literary form. But he need not have appeal to several classes of readers. Its avowed made his hero so extremely colloquial in his. purpose is to trace the landmarks of The In- conversation. Fella,' 'fellas, fellaship,' goldsby Legends,' a book which, with its 'leetle,' Maudlen' (the college), - by these author, is probably unknown to the majority eccentricities of spelling in reporting the utter- of readers of this generation. While nine ances of our excellent Charles Reade (Oxford out of ten people may not know who Ingoldsby graduate, successively fellow, dean, and vice- was, yet, like Izaak Walton, he is likely always president of Magdalen, and scholarly and ac- to have a little circle of devoted friends who complished author of "The Cloister and the will not suffer his name to fall into oblivion. Hearth') Mr. Coleman gives us something of The Reverend Richard Harris Barham, known a shock. The book, after all, is better suited to to his readers as Thomas Ingoldsby, seems to those interested in the gossip of the stage than have been a very likable person. The same to admirers of Reade the novelist, of whom, simplicity and kindliness and humor that en unfortunately, no satisfactory biography has deared him to his acquaintances have won for yet appeared. 6 > 1904.] 17 THE DIAL If one should wish to turn for The spirit of Greek Sculpture. a time from things modern and be steeped in the spirit of Greece, he might well read Mr. Edmund von Mach's book on Greek Sculpture, its Spirit and Principles' (Ginn & Co.). Scholarly, sincere, and full of suggestion, it makes an appealing plea to its readers for the cultivation of the love of Greek art. The work is no mere guide- book, mechanically cataloguing the various prod- ucts of the Greeks' artistic activity, but is, rather, an appreciation of their point of view and a suggestion as to its bearing on Art and Life. Incidentally, the reader, assisted by plates and clear descriptions, gains a considerable knowledge of the sculptures themselves; and if he be familiar with the work of other authors on the subject, he will note that Mr. von Mach has by no means bound himself to conventional interpretations. Were it not for the careful logic with which the author has followed up his assertions, one might doubt, at times, the valid- ity of his position. But the strength, the force, the unity which are shown in the work make one feel that what Mr. von Mach states as fact is authoritative, and his conclusions are well worth consideration. BRIEFER MENTION. "The Langham Series of Art Monographs,' edited by Mr. Selwyn Brinton and imported by the Messrs. Scribner, is introduced to our notice with a volume on Auguste Rodin, by Mr. Rudolf Dircks, and one on The Illustrators of Mont- martre,' by Mr. Frank L. Emanuel. The books are well illustrated and prettily bound in limp red leather, and on the whole should have no difficulty in holding their own in competition with the numerous other series of the same sort now appear- ing. A ‘New Century History of the United States' for the use of schools was the last literary work undertaken by the late Edward Eggleston. He had nearly completed the work at the time of his death, and what it still needed in the way of sup- plement and revision has since been done by his brother, Mr. George Cary Eggleston, the work being now published by the American Book Co. The narrative is of excellent literary quality, the illus- trations are many and interesting, and the teach- ing apparatus is skilfully planned. The plays of Vanbrugh, edited by Mr. A. E. H. Swain, form the latest reissue in the Mermaid Series,' imported by the Messrs. Scribner. The same importers also send us Defoe's 'Journal of the Plague Year,' in the ‘Caxton Pocket Classics,' and five new volumes of the Caxton Thin Paper Classics ' -The Ingoldsby Legends,' 'Poems by Wordsworth,' “ The Shorter Works of Walter Sav. age Landor,' and 'The Poems of Elizabeth Barrett Browning' in two volumes. NOTES. "A Contribution to the Theory of Glacial Motion,' by Professor T. C. Chamberlain, is a new issue in the decennial publications of the Univer- sity of Chicago. Every few years, Mr. Henry Abbey revises his Poems, adding some and omitting others. The present edition is the fourth, contains nine new pieces, and is published by Messrs. D. Appleton & Co. · The Book of the Carnation,' by Mr. R. P. Brotherston, is the latest addition to Mr. John Lane's ‘Handbooks of Practical Gardening.' A spe- cial chapter on raising new carnations is contrib- uted by Mr. Martin R. Smith. Mr. Hector Macpherson has condensed into a volume of moderate dimensions the greatest of all economic classics-Adam Smith's 'Wealth of Nations.' The historical matter is generally omit- ted, while the theoretical passages are as generally preserved. Messrs. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. are the publishers. The interest in Dr. Robert F. Harper's presenta: tion of The Code of Hammurabi' has made neces. sary a second edition of the work, and this will be published shortly by the University of Chicago Press. A supplementary volume, entitled "The Hammurabi and the Mosaic Codes,' is announced as in preparation. 'A Greek Grammar, Accidence and Syntax, for Schools and Colleges,' by Mr. John Thompson, is published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. The object of the work is to introduce into schools some knowledge of modern comparative philology as applied to Greek.' It is a bulky volume of nearly five hundred pages. An accurate text of Baron de Tocqueville's 'L'Ancien Régime' is about to be issued by the Oxford University Press. The editor is Mr. G. W. Headlam, who has written a short introduction explaining de Tocqueville's position among scien- tific historians, together with a few notes of a more or less elementary kind. * The Book of School and College Sports,' pre. pared with various editorial assistance by Mr. Ralph Henry Barbour, is a book that will certainly find a large constituency among youthful athletes. The subjects are football, baseball, track and field athletics, lacrosse, ice hockey, and lawn tennis. The Messrs. Appleton are the publishers. Mr. Rudyard Kipling has just finished a new volume of short stories, which will be published this fall by Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co., under the title, “Traffics and Discoveries.' This is the first volume of Mr. Kipling's collected tales since * The Day's Work.' It contains one long tale, 'The Army of a Dream,' hitherto unpublished. Carlyle's ‘Cromwell,' in three volumes, appears from the press of the Messrs. Putnam. This is a handsome library edition, to which the editor, Mr. S. C. Lomas, has brought the equipment of the most exacting scholarship for the furnishing of the elaborate apparatus of notes. The work is also provided with a lengthy introduction by Mr. C. H. Firth. 18 [July 1, THE DIAL . The ‘Addresses and Presidential Messages of Theodore Roosevelt, 1902-1904,' with an introduc. tion by Senator Lodge, is a recent publication of Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. The volume purports to be only a selection, yet the addresses alone num. ber thirty-nine-perhaps we may venture to cali them the thirty-nine articles of the Republican faith as held in this year of grace by the official head of the party. They deal with pretty neariy all subjects, and were originally delivered pretty nearly everywhere, from Bangor to Palo Alto, and from Charleston to Spokane. Mr. Roosevelt's swing around the circle makes Andrew Johnson's seem but a small affair. And this is not all, for the volume also contains twenty pages of letters, and nearly two hundred more of presidential messages. Mr. Lodge finds 'genuine sincerity' to be the note of these deliverances. We open the book at ran. dom, and the first words that strike our eye are these: 'I do not intend to appoint any unfit man to office. But even as severe a moralist as Mr. Lodge would find it difficult to vouch for the “fit- ness' (in any other than a Pickwickian sense) of some appointments that will occur to the mind of every reader. The following ' Eclectic School Readings' are published by the American Book Co.: 'Self-Help,' by Samuel Smiles, edited by Ralph Lytton Bower; Abraham Lincoln: a True Life,' by Mr. James Baldwin; 'Hi rical and Biographical Narratives,' by Miss Isabel R. Wallach; and 'Stories from Life: a Book for Young People,' by Mr. Orison Swett Marden. Mr. Edward Berdoe, author of a ‘Browning Cyclopædia,' now publishes through Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. a useful little ‘Primer of Browning, indicating concisely the subjects and outlines of the various poems. An appendix contains the poem entitled A Miniature,' recently discovered and attributed to Browning, but since proved to be from another hand. To the · Temple Series of Bible Characters and Scripture Handbooks, published by the J. B. Lip- pincott Co., the following three volumes have just been added: * The Age of Daniel and the Exile,' by the Rev. A. Mitchell Hunter; 'Saul and the Hebrew Monarchy,' by the Rev. Robert Sinker, and • The Early Christian Martyrs and Their Persecu- tions,' by the Rev. J. Herkless. The dainty ‘Garden Diary and Calendar of Nature,' published by Messrs. James Pott & Co., should prove a companionable book for amateur gardeners. In addition to a poetical quotation and blank space for individual entry for every day in the year, there are practical gardening directions for each month contributed by Miss Rose Kingsley, and a brief introduction by Mr. George A. B. Dewar. M. Pierre de Courbertin's useful little annual, · La Chronique de France,' with its accompanying * Carnot Bibliographique,' makes its fourth appear. ance with the volume for 1903. Among the sub- jects discussed are the Renan statue, the excava. tions at Delphi, the Combes educational crusade, French Louisiana, and 'L'Evolution des Genres Littéraires' as illustrated by recent publications in verse and prose. The Hawthorne Centenary celebration began at the Bowdoin College Commencement on June 22, when Mr. Bliss Perry, editor of "The Atlantic Monthly,' delivered the oration. Anniversary exer- cises were also held at Salem, June 23, when Di. Samuel M. Crothers of Cambridge was the prin- cipal speaker. On the actual date of Hawthorne's birthday, July 4, literary exercises will be held at Hawthorne's 'Wayside ' home in Concord. Lovers of elegiac poetry have to thank Miss Mary Lloyd for a most careful selection of `Ele- gies, Ancient and Modern' (Albert Brandt, Tren. ton, N. J.), prefaced with a scholarly “history of elegiac poetry from the earliest days down to the present time.' The opening selection, twenty-four lines from the 'Rig Veda,' indicates to what remote antiquity Miss Lloyd has pushed her stud- ies. The closing piece in the first volume (a sec- ond is to appear later) brings us down to Con- greve. A little discordant in appearance, but in that only, is Mr. Lang's prose rendering of 'The Lament of Bion,' all the other translations being in verse. That the elegies are not all tearful is proved by the inclusion of Milton's lines on Hobson (of “Hobson's choice'). TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. July, 1904. Advertising, Artistic Possibilities of. C. M. Robinson). Atlantic, Alaskan Boundary, The. Thomas Hodgins. No. American. Art Treasure of New York, An Important. Century. Battleships, Mines, Torpedoes. Park Benjamin. Rev. of Revs. Book, Most Popular, The, H. R. Elliot. Century. Breton Shrine, A. Thomas A. Janvier. Harper. Business, Uplift in. T. F. Woodlock. World's Work. Campaign, Hardships of the. John Fox, Jr. Scribner. Canada's Industrial and Commercial Expansion. Rer.of Rel's. Chicago's Intellectual Life. W. M. Payne. World Today. China and the War. A. R. Colquhoun. No. American. Cities, American, The Uplift in. World's Work, Collier, Thomas, Art of. Frederick Wedmore. Studio. Consumptives, Government Care of. Rev. of Revicus, Content in Work. Charles W. Eliot. World's Work. Cowboy, Truth About the. Andy Adams. World Today. Cultivated Man in Industrial Era. W. H. Page. W.'s Work. Democratic Expansion. H. W. Seymour. No. American. Dimension, The Fourth. C. H. Hinton. Harper. Disfranchisement, — Why It Is Bad. A. H. Grimké. Atlantic. Eliot, C. W.,-Our Foremost Citizen. World's Work. Forum, Roman, Recent Discoveries in the. World Today. Frontier Campaign of 1813. A. T. Mahan. Scribner. German Army's Degeneracy. W. von Schierbrand. No. Ain. Golf, The Mystery of. Arnold Haultain. Atlantic. Harvesters, Journeying with. C. M. Harger. Scribner. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. H. W. Mabie. North American. Hawthorne, The Centenary of. T. T. Munger. Century. Hell, The New. George T. Knight. North American. Industrialism and Education. J. S. Bassett. World's Wl. Irrigation, National, Triumph of. W. E. Smythe. Rer. of Rev8. Japan, Arms and Ammunition in. No. American. Japan, The Magna Charta of. Baron Kaneko. Century. Japanese Politics, Christians in. E. W. Clement. Il’orld Today. Liechtenstein: a Sovereign State. Robt. Shackleton. Harper. Literature, American. Josephine Daskam. No. American. Manchuria. James W. Davidson. Century. Massachusetts and Washington. M. A. De Wolfe Howe. Atlan, Metal Workers, Two English. Esther Wood. Studio, Music, Our Uplift in. L. C. Elson. l'orli's It'ork. Nature, Literary Treatment of. John Burroughs. Atlantic, Nature's Way. John Burroughs. Harper. Negro, Disfranchisement of the. Thomas N. Page. Seribner. Outdoor Life. Dallas L. Sharp. World's Work. Panama Canal, Labor Problem on the. VO. American. Panama, Solving the Health Problem at. Rel" of Rerimus. Petrarch, 1304-1904. Henry D. Sedgwick. Atlantic. Plants and Fruits, A Maker of New Scribner. 1904.] 19 THE DIAL Porto Rican Government's Fight with Anemia. Rev. of Revs. Porto Rico, American Rule in. World Today. Republican Party's Record. Elihu Root. Rev. of Revs. Rome, The Evil Eye and Witches' Night in. Century. Royal Academy Exhibition. W. K. West. Studio. Russia in War Time. Andrew D. White. Century. Russian of Today. G. R. Brandt. World Today. Saint-Gaudens' Statue of Sherman. H. van Dyke. Atlantic. Satires in Verse, American. Brander Matthews. Harper. Science, Beginnings of. H. S. Williams. Harper. Seas, Freedom of the. John B. Moore. Harper. Society Nationale des Beaux Arts Exhibition. Studio. South Africa After the Boer War. No, American. South Africa Today. W. T. Stead. World Today. Spencer, Herbert. William James. Atlantic, Taste, Improvement in American. C. H. Caffin. World's Wk. Tibet, British in. Prince E. Oukhtomsky. No. American. Washington in Wartime. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Atlantic. West Point, the New. Sylvester Baxter. Century. West, Spirit of the. Henry Loomis Nelson. Harper. Whistler and the Society of the XX. Studio. Woman, Advance of. Lyman Abbott. World's Work. Woods, How to Go Into the. W. J. Long. World Today. THE INGOLDSBY LEGENDS ; or, Mirth and Marvels. By Thomas Ingoldsby, Esq. (R. H. Barham). With photo- gravure frontispiece, 18mo, gilt top, pp. 657. 'Cax- ton Thin Paper Classics.' Charles Scribner's Sons. Leather, $1.25 net. POEMS OF WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. Selected and edited by William Knight, LL. D. With photogravure fron- tispiece, 18mo, gilt top, pp. 639. 'Caxton Thin Paper Classics.' Charles Scribner's Sons. Leather, $1.25 net. SHORTER WORKS OF WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR. With pho- togravure frontispiece, 18mo, gilt top, pp. 839. Cax- ton Thin Paper Classics.' Charles Scribner's Sons. Leather, $1.25 net. PLAYS OF SIR JOHN VANBRUGH. Edited by A. E. H. Swain. With photogravure portrait, 18mo, gilt top, Mermaid Series.' Charles Scribner's Sons. $1 net. BOOKS OF VERSE. POEMS BY SIR LEWIS MORRIS. (Authorized selection.) 32mo, pp. 340. E. P. Dutton & Co. Leather, 75 cts. THE POEMS OF A CHILD: Being Poems Written between the Ages of Six and Ten. By Julia Cooley; with Intro- duction by Richard Le Gallienne. With portrait, 16mo, uncut, pp. 151. Harper & Brothers. $1 net. CRUX AETATIS, and Other Poems. By Martin Schutze. 12mo, uncut, pp. 54. Boston : Richard G. Badger. ST. JOHN: A Poem. By Robert F. Horton. With frontis- piece, 12mo, pp. 40. E. P. Dutton & Co. 50 cts. net. pp. 501. LIST OF NEW BOOKS. 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PAGE PETRARCH 27 MODERN ECHOES OF PETRARCH. Annie Russell Marble 29 • A STOREHOUSE OF NOTES AND ANECDOTES. Percy F. Bicknell 31 THE DUEL OF SEX. Archibald Henderson . 33 THE MOORISH EMPIRE IN EUROPE. Laurence M. Larson PETRARCH. In the summer of 1304, the exiled Ghibel- lines, including in their number the greatest of Italian poets, made their headquarters in the Tuscan town of Arezzo, whence they vainly sought to effect a return to their beloved Flor- ence, which had cast them forth with con- tumely. One of these exiles, expelled from Florence on the same day with Dante some- thing more than two years earlier, was a scholar and politician of some consequence named Pe- tracco; and to him there was born, on the 20th of July, the child destined to a fame among Italian poets second only to that of his father's friend and fellow-exile. The personal relations which thus link the names of Dante and Pe- trarch did not, however, operate to shape the two poets in anything like the same mould; and the chief instruction offered by setting them side by side is found in the marked contrast between their temperament, their outlook, and their ideals. The main point of contrast is, of course, to be found in the fact that Dante was the incarnation of the mediæval spirit, while Petrarch had in some dim sense the vision of the world to come and all the wonder that should be’; the thoughts and the emotions of Dante were held in the strait-jacket of scho- lasticism, while those of Petrarch were work- ing themselves free from that hampering con- finement; while Dante's ideal of the future took the utopian form of the universal dual monar- chy of Papacy and Empire, the words of Pe- trarch, declaring that ''L'antico valore Nell' italici cor non e 'ancor morto, made his voice the first of those to be raised in prophecy of the very practical ideal of a united Italy. In a word, the temper of Dante, for all his deep tenderness and spiritual exaltation, was that of the schoolman; that of Petrarch, on the other hand, for all the mistaken direc- tion of his aims, was that of the humanist. It has recently been suggested, in a semi- humorous way, that American contributions toward the erection of a monument at Arezzo might most appropriately be made by such of our fellow-countrymen as had ventured to prac- tice the art of sonnet-writing. Certainly, if all of those thus designated should respond to the appeal, abundant means would be forthcom- ing, no matter how modest the individual offer- ings. The sonnets of Petrarch have had a mul- titudinous progeny, not all of whom have done credit to their progenitor, and many a modern 35 . 36 RECENT FICTION. Williani Morton Payne . Mallock's The Veil of the Temple. -- Chesterton's The Napoleon of Notting Hill. — Conrad's and Heuffer's Romance. — Quiller-Couch's Fort Amity. Maarten Maartens's Dorothea. Hichens's The Woman with the Fan. – Churchill's The Crossing. -- Sprague's Felice Constant. French's The Bar- rier. --- Chambers's In Search of the Unknown. - Elizabeth Robins’s The Magnetic North. - Ger- trude Atherton's Rulers of Kings. NOTES ON NEW NOVELS. 40 44 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS Early American schools and school-books. --- Jap- anese physical training for children. – Men and manners of the England of Elizabeth. – Home-life in Turkey. — The administration of our armies in the Revolution. BRIEFER MENTION. 45 NOTES 45 LIST OF NEW BOOKS 46 28 [July 16, THE DIAL But we, maiden has been the recipient of a form of trib pected to climb his mountain in the modern ute which might never have been thought of spirit; the significant thing is that he did such had it not been for the sonnets addressed to a thing at all. My only motive was the wish Madonna Laura six hundred years ago. The to see what so great an elevation had to offer, Canzoniere of Petrarch, that epitomised en is his simple prefatory statement. cyclopædia of passion, as Dr. Garnett calls it, knowing in how many things his thought is so precious a jewel among the world's poet- : groped unconsciously toward the future, may ical possessions that it predisposes us to a kindly be pardoned for finding this exploit in a cer- indulgence of the feeblest of Petrarch's modern tain sense symbolical, or at least highly suggest- followers. The Africa' upon which the poet | ive of what we can now see to have been his set his hopes of enduring fame has gone the relations to the development of culture. He way of all artificial epics, and of all mediæval cherished the past,- none more fondly than he, attempts to keep Latin alive as the medium of but he never took the view that the sum of literary expression; but the odes, and the son all possible culture had been made up by the nets, and the trionfi, written in the despised ancients, leaving nothing for the coming ages vulgar tongue, have taken on with the succeed to add. He knew not what those ages might ing centuries a more assured immortality. Of bring forth ; but he had a wistful sense of their the influence of Petrarch upon the poetry of possibilities, which amounted almost to pre- later ages, something is said in the special arti science. cle which we print elsewhere; we wish to devote The analysis of Petrarch's humanism reveals our own brief remarks to the humanist rather a number of distinct elements. He not only than to the poet, to the forerunner of the re climbed the mountain, but he also travelled far vival of learning rather than to the singer of and wide, because he was genuinely curious his own joys and sorrows. about the world of nature and of men, and took The Alpinists claim Petrarch as the first of a wholesome interest in things and affairs. He their number by virtue of his famous ascent read the classical authors, not to find in them of Mont Ventoux. We doubt, however, if they texts for disputation, but for the purposes of can read with proper sympathy the letter in culture as we understand the term, and with a which the expedition is described. The mod- passionate enthusiasm for their beauty. He col- ern mountain-climber is not likely to sit down lected a library of some two hundred manuscript in the first convenient valley and say to himself, volumes, not for the reputation of owning them, “What thou hast repeatedly experienced to-day but because they were for him the very bread and in the ascent of this mountain, happens to thee, wine of the intellectual life. He even planned to as to many, in the journey toward the blessed bequeath his bequeath his books to Venice for the general life,' and then to indulge in a long retrospec- good, thus conceiving the modern idea of the tive survey of his career. Nor is he apt, after public library. He wrote the most delightful having reached his summit, to take St. Augus-letters to his friends, following the example of tine's Confessions' from his pocket and ponder Pliny and Cicero, and he wrote them with an over its message. In Petrarch's case the effect eve to their preservation for future generations. was startling, for he hit upon the following pas He even wrote a fragmentary autobiography; sage: “And men go about to wonder at the and, what is particularly noteworthy, he made heights of the mountains, and the mighty waves it largely a record of his inner life, of his intel- of the sea, and the wide sweep of rivers, and lectual and emotional experiences. The course the circuit of the ocean, and the revolution of of his speculation was singularly self-deter- the stars, but themselves they consider not." mined; he rejected the narrow educational Whereupon, he says: 'I was abashed, and ideals of his age, and made free to find flaws in closed the book, angry with myself the teaching of Aristotle -- not, indeed, calling that I should still be admiring earthly things him that accursed heathen,' as Luther was to who might long ago have learned from even the do two centuries later, but flatly refusing to pagan philosophers that nothing is wonderful recognize his authority as pontifical. but the soul, which, when great itself, finds All these matters, as well as others unmen- nothing great outside itself. From that mo tioned, bring Petrarch into closer touch with ment, the panorama of hill-tops and clouds and the modern world than any of his contempora- skies meant no more to him than the view of ries. Carducci makes him the intellectual ar- Lake Leman had meant to Bernard of Clair biter of his age, as Erasmus and Voltaire were vaux. Then, in truth, I was satisfied that I the intellectual arbiters of theirs; but that had seen enough of the mountain. I turned my strictly historical fact appeals to us less directly inward eye upon myself, and from that time not than the fresh and sympathetic quality of his a syllable fell from my lips until we reached the work. Those who would like to come into close bottom again.' contact with Petrarch the humanist, as distin- But Petrarch could hardly have been ex guished from Petrarch the poet, will do well 1904.) 29 THE DIAL to read the volume of selections admirably loss of his prestige as a scholar, he has won more translated and edited by Professors Robinson general recognition as an amatory lyrist, com- and Rolfe. The English reader could have bining the best elements of chivalrous worship for no better introduction than this to the man women with the conflicting passions of a modern and his writings. The poems, of course, need lover. In the more than three hundred sonnets, and the scores of canzone and sestinas, celebrat- no such introduction. There have been over ing the charms and reserve of his mistress, pho- four hundred editions of them in Italian alone, tographing the lover's struggles of heart and con- besides countless translations into numerous science, Petrarch has accomplished a work of tongues. And of their author, now in his grave poetic art more memorable than his cultural re- six hundred years less the three score and forms. There is an ever-new fascination in his ten of his life, let our closing words be those revelations of this fourteenth-century woman, of the contemporary who thus described his with her soft dark eyes, her golden hair, her end: ‘Francesco Petrarca, the mirror of our alluring voice, and her reposeful beauty of face century, after completing a vast array of vol- and presence. Midway between the spiritual Beatrice and the sensual Fiametta, she is a hu- umes, on reaching his seventy-first year closed manized creation of rare charm. Whether she his last day in his library. He was found lean- was in truth, as later authorities aver, the wife ing over a book as if sleeping, so that his death of Hugo de Sade and the mother of nine children, was not at first suspected by his household.' or only the personification of a poet's vision, she is essentially real yet ideal,- the mistress of feudal days, with the dominant traits of modern womanhood of a loftier type arousing in her lover's heart a conflict between reverence and MODERN ECHOES OF PETRARCH. yearning. Each century brings new proof of the perma While the last century has given attention nence of Petrarch's influence and the charm of his chiefly to the love-poetry of Petrarch, it has not poetry. As Italy celebrates, on the 20th of July, overlooked his qualities as a leader both in affairs the six-hundredth anniversary of his birth, she and in letters. His Latin essays in available form challenges the world to name a literary hero for the modern scholar, his voluminous cor- who has won more sympathetic homage from respondence carefully edited and largely trans- cultured men and women of every age. Research lated, afford distinct signs of the directive force during the last century has disclosed few new which he wielded in his own age. Undoubtedly facts in Petrarch's life; but knowledge of his the time was ripe for his influence; but such work, both as humanist and poet, has been widely consideration does not minimize his service. In- disseminated. Earlier studies, by Abbe de Sade, ferior to Dante as a poet, and separated from him Foscolo, Ginguene, and Sismondi, have been trans by less than a generation, he was eminently lated and appreciated. In Italy and France many modern in spirit and mode, while Dante was the biographic and critical treatises have appeared; last noble exponent of mediaevalism. With all there have also been a few significant volumes by his breadth of insight, Petrarch was more than a English and American scholars, from the biog scholar and a poet; he was the first true Italian raphy by the poet Campbell in 1843 to more re patriot-prophet. With vanity and a proneness to cent studies by Mr. Symonds, Mr. Reeve, and the servility, he possessed deep-rooted aspirations for collaborated work of Professors James Harvey political reform, in which are found many of the Robinson and H. W. Rolfe. Other popular | later tenets of patriotism. In his diplomatic mis- sketches, both in book and magazine form, have sions, in consultation with Pope and Doge, even testified to the increasing interest in the romantic in his ardent hope and disappointment in Rienzi, phases of Petrarch's life. More illuminative, Petrarch was an idealist tempered by practical both of the man and the poet, have been the wisdom. Like Mazzini, his great compatriot of translations of his sonnets, canzone, and letters, five hundred years later, Petrarch saw in his by such modern scholars as Hartley Coleridge, vision a free and united Italy, though it was his Walter Savage Landor, Mr. Richard Garnett, and belief that this should come through a revival of Colonel T. W. Higginson. Indirect evidences of Roman standards. For Petrarch, whose father had his literary influence abound. The Victorian poets suffered exile from Florence, there was no specific and their successors made frequent allusions to city-allegiance; he was a patriot, not a partisan, him, and their works bear impress of his mode well called by Mr. Symonds a freeman of the and spirit. City of the Spirit.' No one would claim Petrarch as one of the Passages in his letters reveal the hidden ethical world's greatest poets. But the duration of his motives of the man. His honesty, his hatred of popularity, and the acknowledged and indirect deceit in any form, are often reiterated. In the imitations of his style, give evidence of the pro confession of his unabating passion for work, he gressive quality of his influence. As the lover and seems strangely akin to our modern day. The sonneteer of Laura, as the patriot-friend of wish expressed to Boccaccio, that death might find Rienzi and Colonna, as the enthusiast for pure him reading or writing, was fulfilled with un- classicism in an age of mental lethargy and expected literalness. From the letters covering pedantry, he merits the remembrance which has the period between 1326 and 1374, Mr. Lohse never waned from his day to our own. Without selected, translated, and published in London, in 8 30 [July 16, THE DIAL new 6 pronounced 1901, certain "Thoughts' Thoughts' that well disclose spoke warmly of Petrarch, ‘ whose verses are as Petrarch's moral and literary traits. Keen in spells which unseal the inmost enchanted foun- sight into humanity and into the fundamental tains of the delight which is in the grief of love. truths of life are interwoven with intimate hints It is impossible to feel them without becoming a of personal experiences. A few pertinent epi- portion of that beauty which we contemplate.' grams have special force,- as. Nothing can suc Vaucluse became a pilgrim-shrine to the Brown- 'ceed in defiance of nature' (Bk. IV: Letter 16);ings, from that first romantic scene pictured by Idleness alone causes us to disbelieve in our Mrs. Jamieson, as well as by Mrs. Browning, own powers' (Bk. XXI: Letter 10); “Humble when the poet-lovers 'sate upon two stones in and earnest research is always the first step the midst of the fountain which in its dark prison toward knowledge' (Letters of Old Age; Bk. of rocks flashes and roars and testifies to the IV: Letter 5). memory of Petrarch.' In their Italian studies, Modern scholarship has not only found the Brownings found Dante and Camoens more meanings in Petrarch, but it has shown greater stimulating than Petrarch, though one recalls sig. discrimination in the study of his literary forms. nificant references to the latter in Apparent Leigh Hunt's · Book of the Sonnet,' in the mid Failure,' The Ring and the Book,' and · The dle of the nineteenth century, emphasized for Vision of Poets,' such as, English readers the perfection of Petrarch's "And Petrarch pale, verse and its many adaptations. To Mrs. Shelley From whose brain-lighted heart were thrown he wrote, in general tribute, “ Petrarch and Boc- A thousand thoughts beneath the sun, Each lucid with the name of One.' caccio and Dante are the morning and noon and night of the great Italian day; or, rather, Dante For the most reflection of and Petrarch and Boccaccio are the night and Petrarch's influence, one turns to Landor. At the morning and noon. And the evening and the outset, he challenges all English writers who have morning were the first day." ' (Dowden's · Life transformed his hero's name. · For I pretend to of Shelley,' II., 220.) To Leigh Hunt we are no vernacular familiarity with a person of his indebted for one of the most musical transla distinction, and should almost be as ready to tions of Petrarch's · Ode to Vaucluse.' Hunt abbreviate Francesco into Frank as Petrarca into caught the playful spirit of the verse, and deli Petrarch.' The idea of · The Pentameron may cately portrayed the vision of Laura amid a be traced to the letter sent by Petrarch to Boc- shower of blossoms. Passing by occasional trib caccio after the latter had given him a copy of utes to Petrarch in prose and verse, by Samuel Dante and asked for a more sympathetic reading Rogers, Barry Cornwall, Lord Houghton, Lord of the earlier master. That Petrarch recognized Hamner, and other English scholars, one is re the mental superiority of Dante cannot be ques- minded of the more significant allusions by that tioned; but he confessed that he was repelled coterie of poets to whom Italy was not alone a by two causes, — the severe adherence to med- goal of pilgrimage but a place of long and happy iaeval standards, and a persistent memory of sojourn. In 1813, Byron, in disgust at his own one glance, when he was eight years old, at the inability in sonnet form, had written: 'They are cold and rigorous face of Dante. Two other the most puling, petrifying, stupidly platonic reasons for this indifference are suggested in compositions. I detest the Petrarch so much that Landor's dialogue: first, Petrarch's youthful fear I would not be the man even to have obtained his lest by reading Dante he should become a mere Laura, which the metaphysical, whining dotard imitator; and, second, an objection to Dante's never could.' In ' Don Juan ’he interpolated a persistent use of the Italian rather than the characteristic sneer,- Latin text for his lofty poetic vision. The na- * Think you if Laura had been Petrarch's wife, tures of these great poets were too antithetical He would have written sonnets all his life?' to be in accord,- leaving out all suggestions of When, however, chance brought Byron to the Petrarch's vanity; and Landor has well de- lineated what Disraeli called “Petrarch's caus- Euganean hills, he found himself moved to a more sympathetic note toward Petrarch and his tic smile on Dante.' To Landor, the character adjacent home. In a somewhat skeptical mood, of Petrarch was thus unfolded : Unsuspicious, he paid his first visit to Arqua in 1817. He con- generous, ardent in study, in liberty, in love, with fessed that he was ' moved to turn aside in a å self-complacency which in less men would be 'second visit,' and two years later he urged the vanity, but arising in him from the general ad- poet Moore to spare a day or two to go with miration of a noble presence, from his place in me to Arqua; I should like to visit that tomb the interior of a heart which no other could ap- with you, - a pair of poetical pilgrims,- eh, proach or merit, and from the homage of all who "Tom, what say you?' All are familiar with his held the principalities of Learning in every part commemoration of the soft, quiet hamlet at of Europe.' Vaucluse' in 'Childe Harold ’ (IV: xxx). The early studies and translations of Pe- Shelley had been under the spell of Petrarch's trarch's sonnets by Lord Morley, Major Mac- influenee before he came to Italy, when, in 1813, Gregor, Lord Surrey, Lady Dacre, and Susan he joined his friend Hogg, and read the Italian Wollaston, are still valuable to the modern poets in company with Mrs. Boinville and her reader. During the last three decades, several sentimental daughter Cornelia Turner. Shelley's volumes of translations and anthologies have ex- earlier interest was revived under these close tended general study of the Petrarchan sonnet,- associations, and in his · Defense of Poetry' he notably the anthologies by Samuel Waddington, 6 1904.] 31 THE DIAL so William Sharp, Dr. Richard Garnett, and the scientific treatise on the sonnet by Mr. Charles The New Books. Tomlinson. In his recent volume of sonnets from Dante, Petrarch, and Camoens, Dr. Garnett has shown skill and poetic insight in his renderings A STOREHOUSE OF NOTES AND of more than sixty Petrarchan sonnets. Espe- ANECDOTEŚ.* cially fine are the thirty-ninth, with the poet's Personalities will continue to interest more benediction upon Laura; the eightieth, on Vau than impersonalities, as long as human nature cluse; and the second of the later memorial son- endures. The concrete is to most of us nets after the passing of Laura and his friend Colonna. Dr. Garnett has prefaced the transla- much easier of apprehension than the abstract, tions by an original sonnet of tribute, closely fol- that memoirs and reminiscences and (alas, that lowing his model in structure and effective play it should be so !) court scandals and back- upon the words Laura and Laurel: stairs gossip are eagerly perused, while works 'Laurel in right of Laura thou didst claim, on psychology and sociology and the history of Which wreath Apollo with his bay enwound; institutions go begging for readers. This be- Nature with flower and wit with diamond crowned ; Thine were the wind, the dawn, the star, the flame.' ing the case, and any immediate change for the better being beyond the book-reviewer's power Of American translators, none have rendered more scholarly and sympathetic sonnets by to effect, he ought at least to single out, for that commendation which is implied in an ex- Petrarch and Camoens than Colonel Higginson. Some of these were included in his earlier volume tended notice of the present kind, only such of verse, “ The Afternoon Landscape '; and with examples of personal history and anecdote as them have been incorporated a few new trans- are most nearly free from malevolence, from lations in the exquisite volume of this memorial frivolous tattle, and from petty detail of what- year, ' Fifteen Sonnets of Petrarch. Here also ever sort. In this more worthy and dignified is reproduced the essay published in The At class of biographic and autobiographic writing lantic' many years ago, • Sunshine and Pe- belongs Sir Mountstuart E. Grant Duff's vo- trarch,' in which the earlier sonnets were im- luminous but seldom unentertaining Diary,' bedded. The elusive memory of Laura's beauty, and the vacuity of mind after her death, have some fresh Notes' from which, covering the been retold with perfect sympathy in sonnet 251, years 1892-95, have recently appeared in two • Gli occhi di ch' io parlai.' volumes convenient in size and appropriate in 'Dead is the source of all my amorous strain, character for summer reading. With two more Dry is the channel of my thoughts outworn, volumes the diarist hopes to bring his work And my sad heart can sound but notes of pain.' down to the accession of the present King, thus Deft in portrayal of the lighter fancies, Colonel covering a full half-century. covering a full half-century. In the instal- Higginson has been even more successful in the ment now published, as in the earlier ones, the deeper revelations of the spirit. With earnest author has, he tells us, 'resolutely kept to the grace he has interpreted the three hundred and less serious side of life, and he purposes doing twenty-third sonnet, the exaltation of Laura's so to the end. A few notes from these “Notes, womanliness and its admonition to maidenhood of with such occasional comments as they may all ages,- • Qual donna atende a gloriosa fama.' suggest, will perhaps suffice to introduce the ‘Doth any maiden seek the glorious fame book to the reader. Of chastity, of strength, of courtesy? Gaze in the eyes of that sweet enemy No one was readier than Wordsworth him- Whom all the world doth as my lady name! self to admit his lack of humor; and, when How honor grows and pure devotion's flame, How truth is joined with graceful dignity, we come to think of it, this is no slight evidence There thou may'st learn, and what the path may be of the poet's candor and self-knowledge. Yet To that high heaven which doth her spirit claim; There learn that speech beyond all poet's skill, Browning held that Wordsworth did himself And sacred silence, and those holy ways an injustice in this matter; for, according to Unutterable, untold by human heart. But the infinite beauty that all eyes doth All, the younger poet's report, when his engagement This none can learn ; because its lovely rays to Élizabeth Barrett was announced Words- Are given by God's pure grace, and not by art.' worth exclaimed, 'Well! I suppose they un- Though Petrarch's sonnets and songs can never derstand each other, although nobody under- be placed in the very first rank among world stands them.' Strictly speaking, this should poetry, yet there is an unwaning charm in the rather be classed as wit than as humor, being life and verse of this man of warm passion, of strenuous ambition for himself and the modern the discovery of an unexpected congruity, not world. Refreshing the mind of his own age. with the revelation of an unimagined and comical draughts from the spring of classic letters, he incongruity. Passing from Wordsworth to Syd- speaks a message as pertinent to-day as when it ney Smith, an abrupt transition, the Di- issued from his romantic valley retreat, or was ary narrates the witty clergyman's last record- listened to by his flatterers at the Venetian court. * NOTES FROM A DIARY. 1892-1895. By the Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart E. Grant Duff, G. C. S. I. ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE. volumes. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. In two 32 [July 16, THE DIAL 66 ed joke. On being asked, a few days before all our customs ! Livingstone reported the ex- his death, whether he had had a comfortable istence in central Africa of a tribe whose wom- night, he replied, “Yes! I had a very pleas en were greatly disgusted when he told them ant dream. I dreamt that there would be in that in England it is customary for a man to future thirty-nine Muses and only nine Ar have but one wife; and Lubbock tells of an in- ticles.' telligent Kandyan chief who was perfectly A curious incident, ominous if we choose so scandalised at the utter barbarism of living to regard it, is related on the authority of an with only one wife, and never parting until eye-witness. At the coronation of Charles X. separated by death.' But this is a digression, of France, the crown slipped and was caught though not an unpardonable one, it is hoped. by the Duke of Orleans before it reached the An improved version of an old story is thus ground. Another anecdote of Louis Philippe given by our diarist: will be new to most readers. Ambassador Bay 'Most people have heard the story of the late ard told our diarist that the Duke, in the days Archbishop of Dublin exclaiming at a dinner- of his first exile, 'found his way to Philadel party in his deep voice: “ It's come at last! it's phia and started a business, chiefly in molasses, come at last! " His horrified wife, springing up, under the firm of “ Orleans and Brother.” It asked: “ What has come?” Paralysis,” replied her lord. “Paralysis!" she rejoined. What can was unsuccessful, and the future King became a teacher of French in the family of Mr. Bay- make you think that?” “I have been pinching my leg from time to time,” was the answer, “for ard's great-grandfather. He wished to marry the last two minutes, and I can feel nothing.” “I one of the daughters, and a miniature of her beg your Grace's pardon," said the lady who sat from his hand is now in the possession of Mrs. next to him, “ you have been pinching mine.” Miss John Field in Paris. This great-grandfather, Yonge told this, but made the recipient of the we infer, was Dr. James Asheton Bayard of pinches-an Archdeacon!' Philadelphia, who died prematurely in 1770, This anecdote, despite its mild flavor of im- twenty-five years or more before the incidents propriety, is here quoted to offset another that referred to. To another of our countrymen has been marred rather than mended in the there is devoted a paragraph that probably telling by our author. telling by our author. It is that story of a makes unduly prominent certain of his less French misprint which Herbert Spencer gives amiable traits which have been noted by pre- in his 'Autobiography’; and as his is an earlier vious writers. and hence presumably a more authentic ver- Our talk strayed to Lowell, so agreeable at sion, and as readers of light memoirs are not, his best, so much the reverse when, as too often, he bored his company by trying to prove that all in many cases at any rate, readers of Herbert Spencer, it may be worth while to record here men of ability had Jewish blood, or when that secret distrust of himself and his countrymen, the better form of the anecdote. Spencer had which was his bane, overmastered his better it from Louis Blanc not quite half a century nature and made him offensively self-assertive. ago. In a novel by a certain Comtesse X- Aberdare quoted some instances of this, but also (Spencer withholds the lady's name) the nov- his excellent advice to a young lady about to be elist, wishing to point the moral of her tale in married, which I have elsewhere noted: “Always its closing sentence, had written, ‘Bien connai- give your husband-your way.”' tre l'amour il faut sortir de soi.' The printer When it comes to self-assertion, the English inade of this, ‘Bien connaitre l'amour il faut are well able to hold their own. This charge sortir le soir.' against Lowell recalls the greedy youngster who Some schoolboy answers to examination ques- taunted his sister for taking the very piece tions are given on the authority of the exam- of cake he had set his heart on. iner or other responsible person. Two of these The author gives a list of highly interesting ingenious stupidities are worth quoting. Ques- letters and papers examined by him at the Rec tion: 'Enumerate the principle battles between ord Office, — among others the despatch con Marston Moor and Naseby.' Answer: 'General taining an account of the battle of Blenheim, Marston Moor and General Naseby repeatedly signed by Marlborough himself but written in encountered each other; but at last General another hand, a circumstance for which he Naseby defeated his opponent in a great bat- apologizes in a postscript, saying that he was tle, and Marston Moor was left dead upon the out of order for want of rest. In our day, field.' Question: ‘Explain Lupercalia. An- when important communications are dictated swer: ‘Lupercalia was the name of the she- 'to stenographer and typewriter, one would wolf who nursed Romeo and Juliet.' rather expect an apology for an autograph des Finally, let us note the witty or otherwise patch. How unconscious do we tend to be memorable dying utterances of sundry celebrat- come of the large part played by convention in ed men, as jotted down here and there in the 1904.] 33 THE DIAL Diary. On the authority of one who sat beside Society of Philadelphia last year, and one other Disraeli's death-bed, we learn that when the performance by amateurs, ‘Candida' had not doctor, with finger on pulse, felt justified in been seen in America until December 8 last, declaring, 'I think the old gentleman is gone when Mr. Arnold Daly and his company gave at last,' the indomitable Beaconsfield made an their first matinee performance in New York. ewer, Not yet.' Horace Smith, - presumably presumably It was soon transferred to the evening bill, and the Horace Smith of the 'Rejected Addresses,' more than a hundred and fifty consecutive per- was asked, as he lay dying, whether he would formances were given in that city alone. On have any more ice. No, he replied, 'no more April 23, the company went on the road, and ice for me, — except paradise. This reminds duplicated, in Boston and elsewhere, the New the diarist of the last words attributed to Ra York success. “The Man of Destiny,' a one- belais as he drew his cowl over his face,- 'MO act piece by Mr. Shaw, was also added to Mr. riamur in domino.' Daly's repertory. There have been given here but a few out The appearance of Mr. Shaw's new play, of the many readable matters that fall so read ‘Man and Superman,' just now is especially ily from the author's practised pen. He has timely. The Candida' performances in both both the story-hearing and the story-telling England and America not only pleased their temperament. Few men, or women either, join immediate audiences, but have given wide pub- his company without being made to give of licity to Mr. Shaw's claims as a dramatist, espe- their best for his amusement or instruction; cially as a dramatist who has expressed the con- and by this praiseworthy characteristic of his fident belief that the public had brains and the reader is the gainer. wanted to think. The new book will make a PERCY F. BICKNELL. considerable demand upon the brains of the public, and in order to understand it they will have to think, whether they want to or not. The modern three-act play, which makes up THE DUEL OF SEX.* only a little over a third of Mr. Shaw's new Just six years ago, a writer in this journal, book, was written at the suggestion of Mr. A. lured by the fascination of Candida,' was B. Walkley, dramatic critic of the 'London tempted to say that he almost regretted that Times,' a friend and former fellow-worker with the poet in the play was not lame, or some Mr. Shaw in the field of criticism. So the new thing of the sort, so that it might have been volume is dedicated to Mr. Walkley in acted. When this regret was expressed, ‘Can lengthy 'Epistle Dedicatory,' which gives the dida' had, I believe, already been put on a philosophic rationale of its evolution and con- few times in England by Mr. J. T. Grein’s ‘In struction. Mr. Walkley wished his friend to dependent Theatre, in a propagandist_tour write a Don Juan play, and Mr. Shaw has through the provinces with Ibsen's 'A Doll's chosen to interpret Don Juan's character in House. It evoked little comment, however; the modern philosophic sense. The Don Juan, and Mr. Shaw's disappointment was all the invented early in the sixteenth century by a greater when Richard Mansfield, who had al Spanish monk, thrown upon the stage by Mo- ready put the play in rehearsal in America, was liére, interpreted spiritually by Mozart, and in- compelled to abandon it, owing to the physical adequately represented in Byron's fragment, difficulties of impersonating the eighteen-year- has long since become an obsolete type. Even old pre-Raphaelite poet. Goethe's Faust, the spiritual cousin of Don While Candida' had been played several had been played several Juan, although he had passed far beyond mere -times in the English provinces, it had never love-making into altruism and humanitarian- been seen in London, except for a representa ism, was still almost a century out of date. tion by the Stage Society, until April 26 of the Moreover, the modern society play, in which present year, when the first of seven afternoon the woman defies the law regulating the relation performances of this play was presented at the of the sexes, and the man marries her in de- Court Theatre. The press notices were very fiance of the convention which discountenances inadequate and misleading, which prompted the woman, did not suit Mr. Shaw's purpose Mr. William Archer's recent reproof of the any better because, even though preoccupied English critics for their failure to report what with sex, it is really void of all sexual interest. - happened at these performances, namely, The Don Juan of tradition and drama and op- that everyone was highly interested, amused, era being antedated, the modern so-called sex- and edified. drama debarred, and the play of mere libertin- Except for a performance by the Browning ism excluded for obvious reasons, Mr. Shaw A Comedy and a Philosophy. was driven to the conclusion that Don Juan in -By G. Bernard Shaw, New York: Brentano's. the philosophic sense was his only alternative. а • MAN AND SUPERMAN. 34 [July 16, THE DIAL 6 The reductio ad absurdum process forced him society, for what it is worth. He has dealt with to present the modern type of Don Juan, who love, not from the idealistic side of 'romantic does actually read Schopenhauer and Nietz nonsense, erotic ecstacy, or the stern asceticism sche, studies Westermarck, and is concerned for of satiety,' but from the observational and em- the future of the race instead of for the free piric standpoint of pure science in physics. The dom of his own instincts.' new play, which throws into the familiar order But when Mr. Shaw was confronted with the of cause and effect a certain body of fact and problem of the duel of sex, he solved it with experience, may possibly interest the public; the typically Shawesque conclusion that Man is but it is more probable, Mr. Shaw believes, that no longer, like Don Juan, the victor in that it will pass at a considerable height over its duel. Woman has become not only powerful, ‘simple, romantic head.' Daring more and but even aggressive and dangerous. She cov more to be a realist as time passed, Mr. Shaw ertly takes the initiative in the selection of her has now taken the last step. With amazing mate. Don Juan is transformed from pursuer boldness, he has finally laid hands on a mask, into pursued. Thus the new play is, in Mr. which the idealists have always feared to lose Shaw's words, “a stage projection of the tragi- and fought to retain. comic love chase of the man by the woman.' One other thing is of sufficient interest to Ann Whitefield, a modern English girl, se note. Mr. Shaw has complained of many dram- cures the appointment of the friend of her atists, the moderns especially, on account of childhood, John Tanner, as one of her guar their failure to realize in character the impres- dians, by her father's will, in the hope of using sion they seek to produce. You are told that the relation as a lever for her intrigues to win someone is a great politician, a great architect, him. John Tanner, alias Don Juan de Tenorio, a great financier; but there is nothing especial- a pen-picture of Mr. Shaw himself, perfectly 1 ly definitive about the character to support and fulfils the definition of the philosophic Don enforce that ab extra estimate. Dissatisfied Juan. His chauffeur, 'Enry Straker, alias Le with such a feeble evasion, Mr. Shaw has not porello, first opens his eyes to the machinations only stated that his hero wrote a revolutionist's of Ann. But this Ann is no Merely Mary Ann, handbook, — he has given the handbook in full and Tanner, seeing that his only safety is in at the end of the play. Unwilling also to de- flight, takes wings – otherwise his automobile prive his friend Walkley of the pleasure of an. and speeds to Granada. other glimpse of the Mozartian dissoluto puni- Unhampered by the proverbial 'scrupulous to and his antagonist the statue,' he has inserted ness of woman, that is, with total disregard in his modern play a totally extraneous act in of masculine fastidiousness, — Ann, in Ann, in com which the Mozartian Don Juan, in a 'Shavio- pany with a party of her friends, starts in pur Socratic dialogue, philosophizes at great length suit. Although Tanner declares to her, when with the lady, the statue, and the devil. The they meet, that he will not marry her, that he discussion of philosophy and sociology, with was appointed her guardian, not her suitor, that which the superflous act and the revolutionist's marriage to him means loss of freedom and in handbook almost wholly deal, is left for a phil- dividuality, his declarations go for naught. For osophic socialist of the most pronounced Shavi- he is at last in the grip of the Life Force. Ann's anism. will has conquered his, for the motive-power The play of ideas, the drama of edification, is of her will is that Life Force, the genuine sex the ideal Mr. Shaw has set up for himself. In- ual instinct that brooks no denial or defeat. deed, he believes that the drama can never be Goethe recognized the existence of an eternal anything else. The new play, although handled womanly principle in the universe. Mr. Shaw in suitably decorous fashion, certainly escapes has now written a play to show that Woman Mr. William Archer's pointed indictment of the leads Man onward and upward — by the nose. bloodless erotics' of Mr. Bernard Shaw. It He has stripped things bare of their amoristic remains the drama of ideas, although frankly halo, and brought us face to face with the stark concerned with the problem of sex. "To Life, problem of sex. One of his strongest convic the force behind the Man, intellect is a neces- tions was expressed years ago in these words: sity, because without it he blunders into death.' 'To me the tragedy and comedy of life lie in But intellect without will is impotent; and the the consequences, sometimes terrible, sometimes victory in the duel of sex goes to Woman, for ludicrous, of our persistent attempts to found her intellect is engineered by the force of ir- our institutions on the ideals suggested to resistible will. The Life Force within her is our imaginations by our half-satisfied passions, supreme, and, as Maeterlinck so beautifully instead of on a genuinely scientific natural his says, “The first kiss of the betrothed is but the tory.' In the new play he has chosen to sub seal which thousands of hands, craving for mit his own view of the existing relations of birth, have impressed upon the lips of the moth- men and women, in the most highly civilized er they desire. ARCHIBALD HENDERSON. 1904.] 35 THE DIAL • THE MOORISH EMPIRE IN EUROPE.* volume continues the history of the fragments, closing with the conquest of Granada in 1492. In the earlier centuries of the Middle Ages, The civilizing influence of the Moorish peo- it seemed as if the end of all civilization had ple is the principal theme of volume III. In come. Tribes and nations numbering thou- glowing terms the author recounts the wonder- sands, perhaps hundreds of thousands of bar- ful achievements of the Arabic mind. “From. barous men were wandering hither and thither Moorish sources were derived those through the Mediterranean lands in quest of maxims of chivalry which modified the turbu- suitable homes. The story of the Germanic lent barbarism of feudal Europe, the courteous migrations is well known; few subjects in his- gallantry of the tournament, idolatrous devo- tory have been studied with greater patience tion to the female character, a high sense of and care. We are, however, likely to forget honor and personal dignity, and the refining that all the nations that migrated in those days amenities of social life. From these originals were not Germanic. Two or three years after sprang the germ of modern literature and the the Lombards had entered Italy, there was earliest models of modern poetry. born in a distant Arabian city the great Through the schools of Montpellier and Saler- Mohammed whose followers in due time came to demand their share of European soil. no, contemporaneous seats of learning and both dominated by Arabian influence, the It seems that no earlier scholar has attempted philosophy of Averroës, the botany of Ibn-Bei- to write in English anything like a detailed thar, the surgery of Abulcasis, the agriculture account of the Moorish empire in Europe. of Ibn-al-Awam, the histories of Ibn-al-Kha- Prescott and Irving, among others, have writ- tib, became familiar to the benighted and priest- ten entertainingly of the last days of Saracen ridden people of Europe. All this, and much independence; but theirs is not the picture of more, Mr. Scott claims for the Moors as an a nation in the fullness of conquering power, educative influence in the West. At the same - they tell the story of a dying race. Recently, time he tries to minimize the effects of the Cru- however, an American student, Mr. S. P. Scott, has undertaken to present the entire history of sades as a factor in European civilization. In this interesting people. many respects this volume is the most valuable • This work has part of Mr. Scott's work. Modern civilization engaged the attention of the author for more is, indeed, a composite product to which the than twenty years. Its object is an attempt to learning and experience of Arabic Spain have depict the civilization of that great race whose largely contributed, though perhaps not so achievements in science, literature and the arts extensively as our author would have us believe. have been the inspiration of the marvellous For an undertaking such as this, Mr. Scott progress of the present age. The work is in seems to be eminently qualified. To an evident three large volumes of about seven hundred knowledge of the Romance and Oriental lan- In the first volume the author traces the history of the Moors down to the guages, he adds an intimate acquaintance with middle of the eighth century. The Arabic the region where the Saracen empire flourished. home, Mohammed, the rise of Islam and its He sympathizes with the Arab race; he under- conquering progress from Pamir to the Atlas stands the Arab spirit; he appreciates the literature of the desert; he knows the precepts region, are the subjects of the first few chap- ters. A chapter is devoted to the Visigothic such thorough scholarship and such genuine of Islam. From one who can bring to his task monarchy in Spain, and then follows the account of Tarik's invasion in 711, the estab- enthusiasm we should expect a masterpiece. lishment of the emirate, and the beginnings of These qualities alone, however, do not make the historian. That the author has made a thor- the new Christian state in the ravines and ough study of his subject cannot be doubted. gorges of Asturia. The history of the emirate The annalistic field of the Middle Ages is during the forty-five years of its existence is told quite circumstantially, perhaps unneces- largely barren soil; and yet Mr. Scott has been able to collect a great mass of interesting mate- sarily so. The second half of the volume tells the story of the Khalifate of Cordova from the rials. But the manner in which these materials are built up into a historical narrative is open coming of the first Ommeyade in 756 to the to serious criticism. His work is clearly end of the dynasty in 1012. Under the Khalifs, Saracen Spain reached the meridian of her intended to be what is commonly called a prosperity and glory. But in the eleventh cen- popular history; as it has no foot-notes and is tury disaster befeli the Ommeyades; the last very poorly indexed, it will prove something survivor of the royal line mysteriously disap- of a disappointment to the scholar who may try peared, and the empire collapsed. The second to use it. In matters of chronology it is also seriously wanting. From the dates given at • THE HISTORY OF THE MOORISH EMPIRE IN EUROPE. By S. P. Scott. the head of each chapter, the reader may know In three volumes. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. approximately when the recorded event pages each. 36 [July 16, THE DIAL of con- occurred, but only occasionally does the text choose to write. Now, after all these years, he furnish an exact date. reverts to the method, and even to the plan, of One needs not be a critic to discover that the his first successful book, and gives us in 'The work is far too extensive. This is due in part Veil of the Temple ' a ripened dramatic discus- to the author's diffused style, and in part to sion of the fundamental problems of belief. his habit of commenting freely on almost every Again we have the country-house and its urbane subject discussed. He has also included a great host, again we have the guests and the daily many things that a conscientious historian symposia which give them .occasion to set forth would omit. Mere suspicions and exploded their respective points of view, and again we myths should not be given a place on a page have the thinly-disguised personalities of cer- devoted to serious history. Nor is it necessary tain well-known thinkers. And it may be for a historian to express an opinion on every added that we have again the amusing by-play, conceivable subject that may be drawn into the the touches of humanity, the covert satire, and narrative. In chapter XXVII. the author the erotic suggestiveness that gave the earlier turns aside from his general purpose to give work a spice and savor of its own. The case his readers a little insight into the conditions of Miss Sinclair, who in "The New Republic' of Christian Europe during the Middle Ages. brought confusion to the good Dr. Jenkinson This is, of course, done for the purpose by asking if Greek love-poems were very hard trast; but the treatment of the matter is as to translate, finds a pendant in 'The Veil of unfair as it is admittedly superficial. The the Temple' when Lord Restormel breaks off whole chapter, with large sections of other chap-abruptly his paraphrase of the Song of Songs ters, should have been omitted as unnecessary by saying, 'I didn't get any farther than that.' and irrelevant materials. Almost every page To which Lady Snowdon replies: 'And I'm of Mr. Scott's work is in need of literary com sure it was a very good thing you didn't.' These pression. By removing superfluous padding the diversions, however, are infrequent, and the three volumes could easily be reduced to two, temper of the whole work is far more serious and appreciation of what seems to be a solid than that of its predecessor. For this reason, and valuable piece of work would be greatly and for its failure to bag so interestingly con- increased thereby. LAURENCE M. LARSON. trasted a collection of personalities as rewarded the sport of 'The New Republic, the new book fails to eclipse the old one, and is greatly its inferior in piquancy, animation and deft satiri- RECENT FICTION.* cal humor. It shows, nevertheless, the same Mr. Mallock's first conspicuous appearance diabolical cleverness of intellectual mimicry, in literature and has of course the advantage of dealing with - the occasion upon which he first became widely read — was with The New the phases of religious thought presented to our Republic' of nearly thirty years ago. own time as distinguished from those most evi- Since then he has produced many novels and indulged alities, only two, – those of Herbert Spencer dent a full generation ago. Of actual person- himself in many discussions of matters political and philosophical, matters scientific and relig: recognizable to the world at large; the others and Mr. Frederic Harrison, are obviously may be described, — as the Philistine material- exactly the assent, of the intellectual élite of England and America for whatever he might ist, the Hegelian idealist, and the sensuous dilettante, - instead of having definite names * THE VEIL OF THE TEMPLE; or, From Dark to Twi affixed to them. In his portrayal of the syn- light. By William Hurrell Mallock. thetic philosopher and the positivist, and of the OF NOTTING HILL. several clerical types introduced, Mr. Mallock Chesterton. ROMANCE By Joseph Conrad and F. M. verges more than once upon caricature, and Huetfer. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co. indulges in spiteful frings of the sort with By A. T. Quiller-Couch. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. which readers of The New Republic' are suffi- A Story of ciently familiar. · The seasoned reader of Mr. Maarten Maartens. New York: D. Appleton & Co. Mallock's many writings knows that his chief New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. delight is in pulling the strings that make his THE CROSSING. By Winston Churchill. puppets work, and that the showman himself By William C. Sprague. New York: Frederick never ventures into the open. Rupert Glan- ville, the host of the present company, clearly By York: Doubleday, Page & Co. speaks for the author, and all that he can do in the end by way of extricating us from the bers. New York: Harper & Brothers. By Elizabeth Robins. philosophical tangle takes the form of a weak York : Frederick A. Stokes Co. resort to something like Kant's doctrine of the New York: Harper & Brothers. practical reason, a self-confessed impotence New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. THE NAPOLEON New York: John Lane. A Novel. By Gilbert K. FORT AMITY. DOROTHEA. the Pure in Heart. By THE WOMAN WITH THE FAN. By Robert Hichens. New York: The Macmillan Co. FELICE CONSTANT; or, the Master Passion. A RO- mance. A. Stokes Co. THE BARRIER. A Novel. Allen French. New IN SEARCH OF THE UNKNOWN. By Robert W. Cham- THE MAGNETIC NORTH. New OF RULERS ton. KINGS. A Novel. By Gertrude Ather- 1904.] 37 THE DIAL to adopt any basic set of ideas, or to meet with and crushed. But the idea for which it stood any sort of logic the logic of his opponents. is not vanquished, since London has been per- We expected nothing more than this, and con manently transformed into a centre of vivid sequently cannot urge the disappointment that and picturesquely romantic life. Mr. Chester- will doubtless be felt by many readers of the ton has developed this invention with an admir- present work. This lack of conviction on the ably humorous philosophy, and found in it the part of the author of course reduces the whole opportunity for a renewed exercise of his book to a kind of ingenious dialectic exercise, peculiar talent for startling paradox. and prevents it from being considered a serious ‘Romance, which is a big new book by Mr. contribution to thought. But for all that, it Joseph Conrad, written with the collaboration is vastly entertaining and even stimulating to of Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer, takes us from the thoughtful mind, and will at least serve to England to the haunts of the Cuban bucca- arouse the dullest reader from his sluggishness. neers, and gives us a striking series of pictures This is the only apology we have to offer for set in that lawless environment. The time is directing attention to it in a review of current only a hundred years ago, too late for an exhibi- fiction, for it is only by an extraordinary exten- tion of the full flower of pirate enterprise, yet sion of the meaning of the term that we may not sufficiently modern to plunge us into the regard the book as being fiction at all. age of humdrum respectability. We call the Mr. Chesterton's first essay in fiction takes book a series of pictures, for such it is rather the form of a whimsical romance of London than a coherent and skilfully-planned romance. in the twenty-first century. Externally, the The pictures are satisfactorily vivid, the situa- metropolis is described as not greatly differing tions have strong dramatic quality, and the fig- in appearance from the present, but in spirit ures are drawn with the power of characteriza- the years have brought a vast change. The les tion that we have learned to expect from Mr. son of social evolution has been learned and Conrad's genius. Certainly in respect to both taken to heart; men no longer try to make characterization and diction, the hand is Mr. changes by violence, and democracy has ceased Conrad's; the hand of his fellow-craftsman is to be a passionate faith with any considerable probably to be found in the working-out of the number of people. Life has grown apathetic plot and in the swing of the narrative. The and mechanical, and the king is chosen by lot. book as a whole is rather disappointing, despite Just at the time when the story opens, chance its many remarkable qualities. But although has selected for monarch a certain dry humorist it does not satisfy as a piece of construction, by the name of Auberon Quin. Casting about youthful readers will find their account in its for the wherewithal of a sensation, this person- panorama of breathless adventure, while the age devises a plan for the restoration of the older and more discriminating will be well ancient autonomy of the cities of which London rewarded by its brilliant style and wealth of is the coalescence, and for the revival, at the incisive detail. same time, of all the pomp and ceremony and Mr. Quiller-Couch’s ‘Fort Amity' is a his- gorgeous trappings of mediævalism. The plan torical romance of the French and Indian war, goes into effect, and soon has an unforeseen leading up to the victory of Quebec, although consequence. A young fanatic named Adam that crowning achievement is glimpsed rather Wayne, who becomes Provost of Notting Hill, than described, and reached by indirection takes the thing seriously, and, when certain rather than by the novelist's straightforward men of affairs seek to open a new thoroughfare attack. The hero is a young English officer who through his territory, resists by force of arms, is captured at Ticonderoga, and thus cut off repulses the invaders by ingenious strategy that from participating in the deed of his com- depends mainly upon control of the gas-works panions-at-arms. His captivity throws him and the water supply, and thus firmly estab among Indians and Frenchmen, and even after lishes himself in the position of dictator. he escapes from his bonds, he remains in their Aroused by his example, the other cities begin to companionship, allured in part by the charms take seriously the new mediævalism, and pres of wild forest life, and in part by the even more ently we have a transformed London, no longer potent charms of one Madamoiselle Diane, a civic unity, but a congeries of rival daughter of the foe. daughter of the foe. All of these complica- municipalities under the hegemony of Not tions bring us to a properly romantic conclu- ting Hill. The king, meanwhile, surprised at: sion, but the residual impression of the story is the consequences of his whim, watches the new vague and disappointing. developments with amused curiosity and sar Welcome indeed, and all the more welcome donic interest. In the end of the story), many because of its unheralded coming, is the new years later, Notting Hill is attacked by a league | novel of the genial Dutchman who calls him- of the foes raised up by Wayne's arrogant dic self 'Maarten Maartens' for literary purposes. tatorship, and this time successfully invaded This author is not of those who have their а 38 [July 16, THE DIAL doings chronicled from day to day, and who Mr. Winston Churchill's new novel gives us resort to the puff preliminary and other devices a picturesque panorama of the movement of known to the advertising novelist; he is the westward expansion that began when the first sort of man who works without observation hardy pioneers crossed the mountains in pre- until a new masterpiece is completely shaped, Revolutionary times, occupying not without dif- and then bestows it without trumpeting upon ficulty the dark and bloody ground of Kentucky, the world. The new novel is called 'Dorothea: and that was consummated a generation later A Story of the Pure in Heart, and is indeed by the raising of the United States flag over a masterpiece. It is fairly upon the level of the Louisiana Territory. It introduces us inci- "God's Fool' and 'The Greater Glory,' which dentally to Boone and his fellow-fighters, makes amounts to saying that it is a work that few much of Clark's conquest of the Northwest, car- living writers of English fiction could hope to ries us through the period of Western disaffec- equal, and possibly none surpass. To sketch tion marked by intrigues with Spain and the the story in outline would be so ineffectual a brief history of the State of Frankīin, and leads way of conveying an impression of its beauty us in the end to the secret transfer of Louisiana and strength that we shall not make the from Spain to France, and the final obliteration attempt, beyond saying that it tells of a half- of European control over the Mississippi and its Dutch half-English maiden, whose girlhood, Western shores. Here is matter enough and to secluded from all evil thoughts, is passed in spare for the outfitting of a historical romance, rural Holland, and who is suddenly transported and Mr. Churchill has skilfully brought it all into the world — the world of fashion and folly into a sort of unity by linking it with the for- and wretchedness as it may be seen in France tunes of his imaginary hero. The Crossing' and Italy and Germany. The story itself, is the fitting title of this narrative, for all of although strictly private in its interest, is skil- its episodes follow logically enough from the fully contrived, and has enough of plot to hold crossing of the Alleghanies by those first hardy the attention. But the real charm of the book pioneers. The historical figures presented to us is to be sought in its vital delineation of a great include Boone, Sevier, Robertson, Wilkinson, variety of characters, its many-colored portrayal Andrew Jackson, and, foremost among them, of life, and the unfailing tenderness and purity George Rogers Clark. Upon his delineation of of its idealism. It is a book to take to one's heart, that stout-hearted and daring Virginian Mr. a book to make one grateful to the author for Churchill has expended his best powers, follow- writing it, a book that makes the world better ing the “ Memoirs' quite literally, yet drawing for its existence. with their aid a portrait of fine artistic quality, A sharper contrast could not easily be found We have both the Clark of the Cahokia and than is offered when we set The Woman With Vincennes expeditions, resourceful, command- the Fan' by the side of the work just reviewed. ing, a natural leader of men, and the Clark of We are introduced by both novels to the same later years, embittered by his treatment, grown general sort of sophisticated society, but the infirm of will, and feebly plotting against the writers view their subject from opposite sides, government that had rewarded his great ser- and the optimistic human outlook of 'Maarten vices so ill. It is a strong and truthful account Maartens' is replaced by the hard and unlovely of a striking personality. The fictitious hero of cynicism of Mr. Hichens. The latter writer, all these scenes begins to be heroic at a very indeed, has already taught us what to expect tender age. He is a boy in Charleston when from him. He takes a mean view of life, and Colonel Moultrie defends the island fort, and its morbid aspects are to him typical manifesta is still a boy amid the scenes of Indian warfare tions of human character. He has an epigram- in Kentucky. He goes with Clark's expedition matic manner which gives a certain superficial to Vincennes, being identified with the drum- cleverness to his work, but which in the long mer-boy of the Memoirs,' and is carried run proves distressful. This latest novel of his through the water on the shoulders of one of depicts a woman of fashion, her jealous and the men. In the later chapters, of course, he brutal husband, and her various lovers. Be reaches manhood, becomes a skilful lawyer and coming disfigured by an accident, she drinks a stout Federalist, and ends somewhat surpris- the very dregs of bitterness as her lovers fall ingly by marrying an émigrée - a French mar- from her one by one; for the author's thesis quise of the Old Régime. That is, he ends for seems to be that physical beauty is everything the purposes of the present novel, but with so in a woman, and that men's protestations of much youth and ambition left that we should their love for her intellectual or spiritual quali- not be at all surprised to find him figuring ties are mere hollowness or self-delusions. The once more in some later and consequent work book is hopelessly lacking in naturalness and of Mr. Churchill. • The Crossing' is a thor- in anything like elevation of sentiment. It oughly interesting book, packed with exciting leaves a bad taste not easily to be forgotten. adventure and sentimental incident, yet faith- 1904 ] 39 THE DIAL ful to historical fact both in detail and in spirit. susceptible young naturalist figures in its sev- It is a capital book for youthful readers espe eral episodes, which are otherwise distinct sto- cially, because it makes vivid a section of our ries. In the first of them he discovers a living national history to which the text-books rarely family of great auks and a strange amphibious give adequate attention. monster of semi-human attributes. In the next, One of the soldiers who was with Clark at he finds the 'dingue’ and the mammoth disport- Vincennes is the hero of Mr. Sprague’s ‘ Felice ing in the wilds of Labrador. The Tasmanian Constant.' He makes his way to Detroit, spies ux is next exploited, and five of its eggs (as upon the British garrison there, and becomes large as hogsheads) are actually hatched in entangled in the affections of two young women. sight of an international congress of natural- This embarrassing situation is relieved when ists held in Paris. The sea-serpent next claims one of them turns out to be his long-lost sis our excited attention, and then we go to the ter. Under the circumstances, we see no par- Everglades in search of jelly-fish women, invis- ticular reason why she should have to die in ible to the ordinary sense, but having a very the hour of this revelation, but the author seems material taste for apple-pie, and almost cap- to have thought it necessary. The story has tured by reason of that weakness. The last the conventional villain, conventionally thwart-story is a wondrous farrago of nonsense about ed, and is agreeably supplied with exciting transmigration and astral bodies in which the adventures. It fairly reeks with fine language hero discovers a cat to be his great-aunt, a fact and luscious sentiment, and is about as unreal which makes his family relations embarrassingly as it is possible for such a story to be. complicated. Each one of these tales introduces Mr. Allen French's first book of fiction was an attractive young woman who works tempo- a historical romance of the American Revolution. rary havoc with the affections of the naturalist, His second, now published, and entitled “The but since he recovers as promptly as he falls ạ Barrier,' is a novel of modern American society, victim, we need not make him the object of any business, and politics, as these exist in a New very deep sympathies. We trust, with Mr. England city of moderate size. The central The central Chambers, that this work may inspire enthu- figure is that of a promoter who, by unscrupu siasm for natural and scientific research, and lous methods, has made himself a power in the inculcate a passion for accurate observation business and political life of the community, among the young.' and who seeks to round out his achievements by A work of fiction that comes dangerously the conquest of the local society. Here, how near to being a record of fact is 'The Magnetic ever, he finds difficulties of a kind new to his North,' by Miss Elizabeth Robins. It is a story experience, and it is the unexpected barrier' of of the rush to the Klondyke in 1897, and, while caste and gentle breeding now standing in his we do not suppose that the experiences related path that gives to the novel its title. There is were exactly those of any particular set of an interesting heroine, a daughter of the aris adventurers, the narrative is so realistic and so tocracy, and the scheming promoter seeks to minutely circumstantial that it might well be make her his wife, partly because of her per an account of the hardships actually undergone sonal attraction for him, and partly because by a party of prospectors during the twelve- that seems to be the most effective way of real month following the news of that famous izing his social ambitions. She, impressed by strike. The essential truthfulness of the his masterful ways, and revolting against her story is apparent upon every page, and there own contracted and conventional environment, is absolutely no effort to strain the credulity or is almost persuaded to join her fortunes with to introduce sensational matter for the sake of his, but is saved at the last moment by a reveal dramatic effect. We have simply a matter-of- ing light cast upon some of his sinister activi fact chronicle of the journey up the Yukon, of ties. Of the other characters, some are well the daily life of the winter camp, and of the studied and others are not; but there are enough journey's end the summer following. We judge of them to provide a variety of interesting com that the author has been on the spot, for she plications, and to furnish forth a book that is at could hardly have pieced together at a distance, least thoroughly readable. and from the tales of travellers, so vivid and 'It appears to the writer that there is urgent veracious a tale. There is no little art in the need of more nature books” - books that are telling, for Miss Robins is a practiced hand in scraped clear of fiction and which display only novel-writing, but we feel that in this instance the carefully articulated skeleton of fact.'' With she has acted upon the principle that truth is these prefatory words Mr. Robert W. Chambers more interesting, if not exactly stranger, than lures the innocent reader to investigate a col fiction, and that she has been singularly careful lection of the wildest yarns ever spun by a wool not to exceed the bounds of truth. A map of gathering imagination. The work is a continu the gold region illustrates the book, and adds to ous narrative only in the sense that the same its verisimilitude. 40 [July 16, THE DIAL Mrs. Atherton's 'Rulers of Kings ’ is a mag the accounts of the sailing, the rivalries of the niloquent romance, the work of a scornfully crews, the catches of fish, the rescuing of those superior person, who this time takes for her in adversity, the celebrations over victories cul- subject the haute politique of the European minating in the great race of the best ships, world. Her hero is the son of the wealthiest make up a rounded and most entertaining whole. No. reader of the book will ever see a mackerel man in America, and his romance ends with again without increased respect for it and for the capture of no less a heroine than an Aus- the men who caught it. trian archduchess, who for the sake of his love Ambitious in the extreme is the design of 'The abdicates her claims to the throne and (pre- Flame Gatherers' (Macmillan) of Margaret Hor. sumably) starts across the seas to become a plain ton Potter (Mrs. John Donald Black), highly to citizen of the American Republic. The Emperor be commended for its plan and almost appalling of Germany is made to figure as the hero's ally, in its scope, and a book, it may be confidently and between them they accomplish, or are upon predicted, that will be read for many years. For the point of accomplishing, the mastery of the the first time in English fiction, the most fasci- world. William is to fall heir to German Aus- nating period of the Moslem conquest of Hindu- stan is utilized as an historical background for tria, and, by means of an electrical invention the working out of human destinies. The details of the hero, is to wipe out the governments of of this transitional and most interesting epoch Russia and Turkey. The American, for his are elaborated with Miss Potter's usual pains- part, has already got the whole of South Amer- taking care, though so thoroughly that the reader ica within his grasp, and seems likely to end is conscious chiefly of the novelty of scene and as the autocrat of the entire western continent. place. The real interest lies in the illicit love The unreality of this sort of thing is obvious between a captive Moslem prince and the young- enough, although the writer does show a con- est and favorite wife of his royal captor. siderable familiarity with the political situation Through half of the novel their story works itself irresistibly through to its tragic close, the un- of to-day in Austria-Hungary, as well as a wide happy couple dying at last in one another's arms. acquaintance with the conditions of society in The latter half of the story deals with the child Vienna and Pesth. But the best part of the who inherits the dual natures of both prince and book is found in the opening chapters, which queen. The child of a Brahmin, he accepts Bud- describe the hero's life up to manhood; for not dhism, is driven from the monastery because of until he reaches that estate does he learn that his double nature, becomes a hermit, and expiates he is the heir to wealth, or that any other task at last the sin of his predecessors on the spot of lies before him than that of making his own its commission. Unusual and tremendous as the unaided way in the world. These early chap- theme is, it is worked out with full mastery of its materials, affording Miss Potter an opportu- ters — of boyhood in the Adirondacks and of nity for the setting forth of refined philosophical student-life in a Western university — have a doctrines regarding human nature and human marked interest, not to be wholly dulled by the destiny. turgid and pretentious manner of their telling. For the first time in her writings, Mrs. Edith WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. Wharton is successful in depicting masculine hu- manity in a manner satisfactory to the possess- ors of it, in the short stories published under the collective name of 'The Descent of Man, and NOTES ON NEW NOVELS. Other Stories' (Scribner). There are nine of these tales, worked out with the careful elabora- It is a long time since there has been written tion and literary finish to be expected of this as good a story of those that go down into the accomplished writer, and exhibiting a versatility sea in ships as Mr. James B. Connelly's "The and resource unusual even in her writings. The Seiners' (Scribner). Like his other prose works, themes are various: intellectual integrity in the it deals with the life, afloat and ashore, of the face of literary temptation, the reaction upon a fishermen of Gloucester; and through the text man and wife of their adoption of a child in an- are interspersed sea-songs that leave one long swer to the woman's craving for motherhood, ing for a volume of them. For the first time, what happens to a husband when he discovers Mr. Connelly deals with women, just as for the that his wife has two divorced husbands living first time he is writing a formal novel; and his and their successive impressions upon her plas- success in both departures is marked. The nar tic nature, the searchings of heart that the wives rative is told by the cousin of one of the three of yellow' journalists have when sufficiently in- quasi-heroines, himself a sailor on a mackerel telligent, over-refinement and subtlety in love- boat. His captain, with more than one human making and its effects upon both man and wom- failing, but every inch a man, is the hero. The an, a concrete example of what 'free' marriage girl he loves is rather nebulous in character; and leads to, the salving of a literary conscience by the designer of the boat they sail on is wholly churchly beneficence, an admirable ghost-story so, though he too is destined to be married at with a background of human frailty, and a tale the end. But there are no indistinct outlines in of the eighteenth century wherein a youthfully the characterization of the woman who makes the self-sufficient son of Salem comes into abrupt trouble — the other woman' of the story. And contact with Latin civilization. All the stories 1904.] 41 THE DIAL embody searchings of the human heart; all af Military Romance? (David Nutt), translated by ford delightful reading to those discerning Mr. E. Spender. The book has already appeared enough to appreciate their true merit. in French, German, and Swedish; and its vogue A Texas Matchmaker' (Houghton), by Mr. can be explained by its sociological interest, apart Andy Adams, is a 'human document' rather from the study in heredity involved in its two than a work exhibiting literary art, and possess leading characters. A colonel in the Italian es a certain historical interest in its portrayals army, on the road to higher rank, and somewhat of life on a Texas cattle-range thirty years ago, negligent of regimental affairs in view of greater before the days of fences and railways. The ambitions, is rudely recalled to his duties through ranch-owner, an early settler and veteran of the the shooting of several members of his command struggle for Texan independence, is the central by a new recruit of lawless tendencies. Inves- figure of the story and gives the book its name tigation shows that the young man is the colo- through his persistent endeavors to make match nel's own unacknowledged son, and retribution es between every maid and bachelor whom he swiftly follows. The methods and phases of la- views with favor. Accounts of these love affairs, bor agitations in Italy occupy a large place in none of which run smooth, combined with inter the story, with the means taken to suppress them, polated tales of frontier life, make up the long identical with those used by Mr. Cleveland in volume, certain to bring conviction of the auth Chicago in 1894 and just now in use in Colorado. or's knowledge and sincerity. The book is instructive as well as entertaining, The latest book of Mr. Hamlin Garland, 'The and makes one wish for more of Captain Sangia- Light of the Star' (Harper), is an account of como's work. the difficulty a young playwright and a still Had Mrs. Elinor Macartney Lane striven less younger actress of prominence have in persuad-strenuously for corroborative detail to lend an ing managers first, and the play-going public af air of veracity to 'Nancy Stair' (John Lane), terward, of the merits of a drama or two not her work would be much less open to criticism. designed to split the ears of groundlings. In the The narrative concerns chiefly the daughter of a intercourse made necessary by the acceptance noble Scottish house, and includes Robert Burns and rehearsal of the plays, the two fall in love among its characters. Nancy is represented as in the most natural manner, and much of the being a poet, and to this end a fac simile of her plot proceeds according to the demands of the autograph is given, written quite plainly in the conventional romance. Remembering Mr. Gar fashionable hand of the present generation. land's earnest protest against literary abuses of This is a mere detail, however, and does not seri- one sort and another in his earlier works, it is ously affect the real sprightliness of the book, something of a surprise to find here no adverse which is unusual in both conception and execu- criticisms of the combination of theatrical man tion, the main incident turning upon Nancy's agers which has stifled our American drama, and self-acquired knowledge of legal procedure and this notwithstanding the fact that all the action the consequent acquittal of her favored lover. of the story depends upon this la able con The Woman Errant, Being Some Chapters dition of affairs. The novel is unusually short, from the Wonder Book of Barbara, the Commu- and not entirely convincing. ter's Wife' (Macmillan) gives further delightful A most appropriate collective title, “The acquaintance with a presumably fair unknown, Givers,' graces Mrs. Mary E. Wilkins Freeman's who figures as the heroine of her own narrative, book of short stories published by the Harpers. though not of the romance therein contained. Various forms of generosity, rather than conven Barbara takes a family of rather remote cousins tional love-making, animate the eight tales that who have been deprived of most of the opportuni. make up the volume, and give it both originality ties of life by the indigence and narrowness of and force. As before, New England and its peo their clerical father, secures for them the coun- ple appear in the pages, all of them sufficiently tenance of a very rich widow and her fashionable idealized to make their exact location, even by friends, and not only gives her favorite among commonwealths, impossible. The first of the them something to live for, but incidentally some stories, which lends its name to the book, is a one to love. The real merit of the work lies in most laudable satire on the too-common practice its delicious characterizations of women by a of giving gifts that suit the whim of the giver woman, given with the same zest and joy in the rather than the need of the one to whom they telling that have been apparent in the earlier are given. The last story, which shares with the volumes from the same hand. The book is initial one the palm of merit, tells of a clergy rather distinctly one for summer reading, though man with whom benevolence has been carried al it cannot fail to interest if read by a winter's most to the point of criminality in his earlier fire. life, and who later finds few compunctions in After six years, a new edition of Mrs. Elia taking the money of a comfortable fellow-wearer W. Peattie's The Shape of Fear, and Other of the cloth to relieve the pressing necessities Ghostly Tales' (Macmillan) has been brought of an unfortunate family. The other components out, a circumstance sufficiently remarkable in of the volume are only less well done, and fully these days of novels dead in their first year to sustain Mrs. Freeman's reputation as a literary be worth noting. The book merits its resurrec- artist. tion; but not more so than that other collection An Italian novelist of repute, the late Captain of short stories from Mrs. Peattie's pen, "The Olivieri Sangiacomo, makes his first bow to an Mountain Woman.' The tales which are called English-speaking audience in The Colonel, a ghostly are delicately and sometimes humorously 42 [July 16, THE DIAL IAL so, and fill a place not quite occupied by any with love between the sexes, is, curiously enough, thing else in English fiction. A recounting of the least convincing of them all. their titles should be sufficient inducement to Mrs. L. Parry Truscott has written a simple anyone who has not read them, to take the little and satisfactory problem study, and 'The Mother volume away on vacation: On the Northern of Pauline' (Appleton) is the title, taken in part Ice,' Their Dear Little Ghost,' "The House from the child's mother, for whom she is named, That Was Not;' 'Story of an Obstinate Corpse,' and partly from the elder sister of Pauline, who A Child of the Rain,' 'The Room of the Evil has been the only mother she remembers, and Thought,' 'Story of the Vanishing Patient,' who furnishes the romance of the book through The Piano Next Door,' 'An Astral Onion,' her own love. Quietly written, the book is in sev- ‘From the Loom of the Dead,' and 'A Gram eral respects one of more than ordinary merit. matical Ghost.' A story vivacious almost to the point of ec- The anonymous work called “The High Road' centricity is Miss Valentine Hawtrey's 'Perro- (Stone) purports to be the autobiography of a nelle' (Lane). The heroine is a girl of fifteen woman born of humble folk in West Virginia, living in Paris at the beginning of the fifteenth who by dint of sacrificing her individuality, econ century; and the story concerns itself with her omising in the wrong places, toadying to the erratic and infelicitous career. There is some- powerful, bullying the weak, writing for yellow thing of the learning of the day interspersed journals, and doing a number of other things in the narrative, much old French, and a great equally not worth doing, finally achieves social deal of conversation. position in New York, having previously acquired Melodrama of an old-fashioned sort is pre- it abroad. While there is no reason to doubt sented in Lychgate Hall' (Longmans), by M. that the' means employed will generally bring E. Francis' (Mrs. Francis Blundell). A haunted about similar results, the impression gained house, a distressed damsel, a stalwart yeoman, from the book is that the writer is a journalist a noble turned highwayman, a farmer's daughter rather than a person of social importance. As who chances not to be buxom, and a large beefy a close study of existing society at home and baronet, control the action of the work, and do abroad, the book presents its most valuable side. about what they have been doing in English fic- In The Philanthropist' (Lane), Mr. J. F. tion for considerably more than a century. The Causton has painted the portrait of a self-seeking narrative is long, a great deal of padding coming and inefficient man wedded to an intractable and between the scenes of dering-do. “Sublimated extravagant wife, who pays the penalty of his dime-novelism,' with the scenes laid in Marlbor- inherent instability of character by sinking with ough's day, characterizes the book sufficiently. his family to the level of a rather common re After Mr. William Sage's ‘Robert Tournay,' cipient of the bounty of others. He has a daugh something better than 'Frenchy, the Story of a ter who preserves her self-respect through all Gentleman' (Scott-Thaw) was expected from his the family vicissitudes, and is rewarded at last pen. The story is not much more than the sort with the affection of a rich and worthy man. of thing written for messenger boys and serving- The entire narrative moves within the sphere maids, with a French nobleman of the least con- of British Methodism, and insists upon the in vincing kind for its hero, and the affairs of the herent goodness of the more modest members of universe shifting obligingly to compass the auth- that communion, even while holding up to ridi or's ends. The illustrations, – quite uninten- cule the words and deeds of the more pretentious. tionally, show the hero as the sort of combina- The portraiture is particularly good, and the tion idiot and knight he seems to have been. book unconventionally but highly moral in its Mr. Alexander Nelson Hood has incorporated conclusions. the story of the independence of Venice in the 'Jack Barnaby (Dillingham) is a study of beautifully printed Adria, a Tale of Venice? an unfortunate attachment and its effects upon (Dutton). He has seized upon the historical the man and woman participants, as well as on episodes in that romantic and little-known step the girl with whom the man afterward falls hon toward the independence of Italy for the dra- estly in love. It is written by Mr. Henry James matic crises of his argument, but has not alto- Rogers, its action takes place in New York, and gether succeeded in connecting them vitally with it is rather modern in its re-statement of an old his fictional characters. Mingled with these are problem. While not exhibiting marked ability, chapters which discuss Venetian painting and it is a work of considerable promise, little more earlier history, - most informing, but distinct than a short story in length and treatment. The breaks in the action. Taken separately, the in- manner in which the nice girl rescues the man gredients of the work are admirable; but they from himself at the close is its best touch. have been so little welded together that the 'Wellesley Stories' (Bacon) is Miss Grace general effect is amateurish. Louise Cook's volume of four years ago revised Something of the spirit manifest in Mr. and enlarged, and exhibiting occasional little George Meredith's essay on Comedy lies behind graces that were denied it on its first appear Mr. W. E. Norris’s ‘Nature's Comedian' (Apple- ance. A pleasant series of pictures of girls' col ton), the protagonist of the novel being a young lege life, and of the spirit of solidarity Wellesley man of most susceptible nature who has made inculcates among her children, is presented with a surprising success as an actor after being a firm hand and fair mastery of literary method. foredoomed to failure by his conventionally pro- The first of the stories, which deal very little vincial but gently-bred family. He falls in love 1904.] 43 THE DIAL Two editors of woman's pages in daily jour- nals, one a Philadelphia man and the other a Southern woman, carry on the correspondence which makes up the story of ‘Daphne and Her Lad' (Holt). The authors, effectually concealing themselves in their characters, are Mr. M. J. Lagen and Miss Cally Ryland, and their work has much the impress of reality; at least, the letters are quite of the sort that youthful jour- nalists might write one another in the same cir- cumstances. The letters are announced in the book as 'not originally intended for publication,' but bear marks of close editing and rewriting to fit them to the tale, the end of which is evidently an after-thought-and not a particularly happy one. and out of it with an ease and versatility that bespeak his shallowness of character but will still afford the reader considerable amusement. The tragic close of the book, wherein the hero loses his life as a result of his ill-advised im- petuosity, will be felt as a striving after para- dox, but there is presented a careful view of British contemporaneous life in several of its aspects. In ‘Evelyn Byrd' (Lothrop), Mr. George Cary Eggleston completes his trilogy of the Civil War as seen from the side of the South, and at the same time reaches his high-water mark in fiction. Some of the characters in the two earlier works reappear in this, though the story is in no sense a mere sequel to them. It discusses the events preceding the fall of the Confederacy, and in- troduces large elements of commerce and finance. The heroine is an appealing character, a girl of many and varied adventures, throughout which she preserves a sweetness and simplicity of char- acter seldom found in modern romance. The war scenes are well done. Fishing has long been the most literary of pastimes among English-speaking peoples, and though Mr. H. W. Lanier makes no effort to connect “The Romance of Piscator' (Holt) with the older traditions of the art, he has made a really delightful and humorous tale out of the pursuit of a maiden and any number of fish, the manner in which each interest gives way to the other being told with great gusto and evident enjoyment. The fisherman loses himself in the lover, and the lover in the fisherman, many a time before the end is reached and the hardy rival beaten in both contests of skill. It is also to be said that when the end comes it is a toss- up as to whether the maiden was fishing for the piscator or the piscator for the maiden; asşured- ly none of his mighty catches had any such ele- ment of prolonged uncertainty about them. Without literary pretension, Mrs Fannie Hardy Eckstrom has embodied a variety of human inter- ests in her tales of lumber-camps in Maine, col- lected in a small volume with the title The Penobscot Man' (Houghton). Dealing with ele- mental forces in the great northern forests, the American, whether of white or aboriginal blood, acquires something of the character of his sur- roundings, and is moved to deeds of heroism, the most striking of which are set forth in this book, oftentimes in the very language of the actors in them. Plain and uninteresting as the daily life of a lumberer seems to be, there are emergencies arising wherein he proves himself strenuous in the better sense of the word, doing brave things with a fine unconsciousness wholly denied the usual preachers of strenuosity. ‘A Forest Drama' (Coates) is rather a melo- drama, in which an escaped English convict runs away with a beautiful English girl visiting in the wilds of Canada, carries her to his camp far in the north, and waits accommodatingly while an English and a French-Canadian lover rescue her from his toils. The treatment of the wild scenes through which the heroine is conducted shows familiarity with them, and continued ac- tion makes the book interesting. ‘Crecy' is a little New Jersey Quaker of the Revolutionary period, in Miss Edith Lawrence's novel of that name (F. M. Buckles & Co), and it is supposed to be made up of the letters passing between herself and the members of her family during the British occupancy of the newly de- clared State. In the young lady are mingled strains of the North and South, accounting for the pleasant mixture of forethought and reck- lessness that makes up her character. There is an abundance of fighting and love-making, with a joyful ending in the interests of international amity. In The Jessica Letters' (Putnam) there will be found a most refreshing quality of classicism, imparted by a real love for and knowledge of the Latin poets, a most graceful learning in- corporating itself with a pretty love-story. The letters are supposed to pass between the literary editor of a New York journal and the daughter of a Methodist parson in the South, the acquaint- ance beginning with her calling on him in his office in regard to work for the journal, and con- tinuing, through the excellence of the reviews she writes for him, until literary interests are merged in the sentimental. The editor has a philosophy of his own, based on wide reading of classical authorities, and his strictures on mod- ern sentimentality will be enjoyed by many who find themselves in a minority to-day. The work is anonymous, but its author has no reason to disown it. The conversation of the leisure classes of Eng. land has seldom been so exhilaratingly painted as by Mr. John Galsworthy in "The Island Phari- sees' (Putnam). With one marked exception, the characters are the well born, well bred, edu- cated, cultivated, and wealthy folk of the moth- er country. This exception is a youthful adven- turer from the continent, half Dutch and half French, who has seen and known the realities of life at first-hand. The protagonist of the book meets him by chance, and disillusionment regarding the ideals of his class follows until he is no longer to be ranked with the thinkers who are 'safe.' He procures for the foreigner á position as tutor in the family with which he expects to intermarry; and this proves his un- doing. A more direct blow at social complacency has seldom been given, and the book should make good reading for those whose opinions are not prescribed for them by their worldly position. 44 [July 16, THE DIAL competitive. The amount of space required will BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. make the introduction of 'jiu-jitsu' somewhat Early American Readers whose memories reach difficult in schools without gymnasiums; but it schools and back to the primitive district is well worth trying at home, where its demon- school-books. school, with its hard benches and strated efficiency should lead to its introduction much-whittled desks, will renew their youth in as part of a complete system of education, after Mr. Clifton Johnson's • Old-time Schools and the manner of the ancient Greeks. School-books' (Macmillan). An industrious col- lector and careful student in this department of Men and manners The book by Mrs. Frederick Boas, literature, the author has got together a goodly of the England entitled 'In Shakespeare's Eng- store of curious items, which he generously illus- of Elizabeth. land’ (James Pott & Co.), is not trates with a very attractive display of ancient in any specific sense Shakespeariana, but only a title-pages, rude woodcuts from primers and other series of brief biographical and descriptive textbooks, exteriors and interiors of historic sketches of the men and manners of Elizabethan school-houses, portraits of famous pedagogues, England (James Pott & Co.). The best chapters and other matters, interspersed with frequent ex are the more general ones, such as Country tracts from the old readers and spellers that have Life' and 'Schools and Universities,' both of now in many cases become so hard to find and so which contain a large amount of interesting data impossible of purchase except by the rich. The that would be hard to come at elsewhere. Some chapters on early schools are, appropriately of the biographies, on the other hand, and particu- enough, confined almost exclusively to those of larly those of authors, are commonplace and New England, whose lead in public school edu quite unnecessary revisions of material already cation is emphasized. New Amsterdam's rival easily available to the young student. It is for claim is shown to rest on slight foundation. An such apparently that Mrs. Boas writes this vol- incidental reference to Benjamin Harris's ' Pub ume, which begins with a forceful sketch of the lick Occurrences as the earliest American news Queen and broadens its outlook, chapter by chap- paper will perhaps surprise those who are wont ter, to include all the many-sided activities of her to think of The News-Letter 'as the pioneer in great reign,- the work of statesman, soldier, this line. This general false impression, it may priest, and sailor, and finally of the poet who here be explained as the author has not dwelt on alone among them all has had no successor. The the matter, is probably due to the fact that the style of the work is distinctly popular, and the first-named paper was suppressed by the provin book is without notes, index, or bibliography. cial authorities after the issue of the initial num This last omission is a serious one, since no vol- ber, September 25, 1690, and only, one copy of it ume of this scope can be more than a beginning is now known to be extant,- the copy on file at for historical reading. A few good portraits con- the State-Paper Office, London. It was not until stitute the illustrations. fourteen years later that postmaster John Camp- bell began the issue of his ' News-Letter.' Both The tenth volume of Our Euro- these papers, it is hardly necessary to add, were Home-life in Turkey. pean Neighbours' series (Put- printed in Boston. nam) is devoted to an account of Turkish Life in Town and Country.' The au- Japanese Having written on the merits of thor, Mrs. Lucy M. J. Garnett, gives us not only physical training the Japanese system of 'jin much information upon the social life, the gov- for children. jitsu' for men and women, Mr. ernment, the institutions and the customs of the H. Irving Hancock turns to the coming genera Osmanlis, or Mohammedan Turks, but also in- tion and applies the same series of exercises in teresting chapters upon the Albanian Highland- his Physical Training for Children by Jap ers, the Macedonian nationalities, the Armenian anese Methods, a Manual for Use at Home and communities, the Hebrew colonies, and the in the Schools' (Putnam). O Of necessity, the Nomads and Brigands that go to make up the exercises described in this volume are modified exceedingly complex life of the Ottoman Empire. to suit a more tender age; but they take the child Readers will have an opportunity to correct some of ten and bring him to an improved condition of their preconceived notions of the family or- of bodily health and strength quite as thoroughly ganization in Turkey. For example, although an as those set forth in the previous works for men Osmanli may legally marry as many as four and women. As in the former books, little or no wives, it is the exception rather than the rule apparatus is prescribed; but a difference will be for even the wealthy to have more than one wife; found in the end sought for. While with the and a harem is not, as is generally supposed, a elders jiu-jitsu' was the art of hurting with number of women and slaves maintaining the out being hurt, with the youngsters health and relation of wife to one man, but the female por- strength are sought for without regard to the tion of a family as legitimately organized as uses to which they can be put. The book, like its those of the western peoples. Nor is it a ' de- predecessors, is profusely illustrated from photo testable prison,' but the most cheerful and com- graphs of both boys and girls actually engaged | modious portion of an Osmanli's house, a in the amicable contests of which the exercises cred enclosure ' indeed, as the word harem im- are chiefly composed, which have the advantage plies, in which the women of the family are over ordinary turning, gymnastics, and calisthen protected from all intrusion, and in which the ies of the western world in being immediately wife and mother is the sole ruler. 6 sa- 1904.] THE DIAL NOTES. A treatise on ‘Illinois Railway Legislation and Commission Control Since 1870,' by Mr. Joseph Hinckley Gordon, is published by the University of Illinois in the series of `University Studies.' Beowulf and the Finnesburgh Fragment,' translated into English prose by Professor Clar- ence Griffin Child, is a recent and welcome addi. tion to the ' Riverside Literature Series' of Messrs. A: Houghton, Mimin & Co. The administra It is rare that a student's thesis tion of our armies contains material interesting to in the Revolution. the general reader. An excep- tion to the general rule is found in 'The Ad- ministration of the American Revolutionary Army,' by Mr. Louis Clinton Hatch, which ap- pears as one of the Harvard Historical Studies (Longmans, Green & Co.). The outline of the history of the Revolutionary army is generally known, beginning with the appointment of Wash- ington, continuing through Valley Forge, and end- ing at Yorktown. But we have lacked an in- tensive study of the subject considered as whole. The privations of the troops is fre- quently mentioned, the thesis taking up this mat- ter in detail and showing the causes to lie not only in a lack of funds to carry on the war, but in mismanagement and internal jealousy. It must be confessed that the details of the rivalries, the mutinies, the strife, the cabals, and the frequent mereenary motives manifest, make one feel that our fathers were not so perfect as they have often been pictured, or that we have vastly im- proved since those days. The Newburg Addresses, not commonly accessible, appear as an appendix. a 6 BRIEFER MENTION. Emerson's Letters and Social Aims' and his * Poems' are the latest volumes in the new 'Cen- tenary'edition of his works, edited by Mr. Edward W. Emerson, and published by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. The volume of the poems restores the pieces omitted by Emerson himself in 1876, but restored in the “Riverside' edition of 1883. There are also some new poems and fragments, including about a score of early pieces. The notes of this volume are of great value for eluci- dation and historical commentary. Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. are the publishers of three text-books in French that are deserving of particular consideration. 'A Companion to French Verse,' by Mr. H. J. Chaytor, is just the sort of elementary work that is needed in high schools. It gives as much as is likely to be taught effectively, and adds a selection of poems for pur- poses of illustration and recitation. An adapta tion of Mérimée's Chronique du Règne de Charles IX., made by Professor Ernest Weekley, is espe- cially for the quiz method of teaching, besides offer- ing an interesting text. The publishers of 'The Educational Review' have had prepared, by Mr. Charles Alexander Nel- son, an analytical index to the first twenty-five volumes of that periodical, covering the period from January, 1891, to May, 1903. The fortunate libraries and individuals who possess complete sets of the 'Review' will be grateful for this work, which now transforms a row of bound vol- umes into a veritable encyclopædia of education, ready for consultation upon almost every imagina- ble modern educational problem. Analysis by top- ics is the leading feature of this index, and the work has been intelligently performed. The work is a dictionary catalogue (author and subject), extending to upwards of two hundred double-col- umned pages. The American Book Co. publish an “ Elementary Algebra,' the work of Professor J. H. Tanner. It is a manual which covers the most exacting of college entrance requirements, and is thoroughly logical in its development. Burke's ‘Conciliation’ speech, edited by Pro- fessor William Macdonald, and George Eliot's Silas Marner,' edited by Professor Wilbur Lucius Cross, are recent additions to the ‘Gateway Series' of texts published by the American Book Co. The Temple Topographies’ is a new series of Dent handbooks, which Messrs. E. P. Dutton have undertaken to publish in this country. “Strat- ford-on-Avon,' by Mr. H. W. Tompkins, is the first of these booklets to appear, and is prettily, printed and illustrated. ‘Longer Elizabethan Poems' and 'Shorter Elizabethan Poems,' each with an introduction by Mr. A. H. Bullen, are two new volumes in the reissue of Arber's ‘English Garner,' now nearly complete. Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. are the American publishers. Messrs. Ginn & Co. publish a revised edition of the Ancient History' of Professor Philip Van Ness Myers. The text has been largely rewritten, and the illustrations increased in number and interest. It would be difficult to imagine a better book for high school instruction than this, or one more completely equipped with attractive features for the student and helpful apparatus for the teacher. *Russia, as Seen and Described by Famous Writers,' published by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co., is one of Miss Esther Singleton's attractive com- pilations. It is a companion volume to her Japan,' recently issued. We are not sure that the writers are all 'famous,' but most of them are fairly well known, and some of them speak with authority. The book is abundantly illus- trated. Dr. John Louis Haney has performed a task of considerable usefulness to students of literary his- tory in selecting a volume of “Early Reviews of English Poets,' and publishing them (The Edger- ton Press: Philadelphia) with notes and a his- torical introduction. The introduction is a valua- ble sketch of English periodical literature, bring- ing together many facts for which we should hardly know where else to look. The brief bibli- ography which follows is also useful. The reviews selected begin with one of Gray's ‘Odes,' and end with some of the early criticisms of Browning and Tennyson. The notorious early attacks on Keats, Shelley and Byron naturally find a place in this collection. A portrait of Jeffrey provides this volume with an appropriate frontispiece. 46 [July 16, THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS. [The following list, containing 34 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] NATURE AND SCIENCE. BOOK OF THE BLACK Bass. By James A. Henshall, M.D. New edition, revised and extended. Illus., 12mo, pp. 452. Robert Clarke Co. $3. WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND TREES : A Pocket Guide to the British Sylva. By Edward Step, F.L.S. Ilus., 16mo, pp. 182. Frederick Warne Co. $1.75 net. A RIVER JOURNEY. By Francis W. Parker, and Nellic Lathrop Helm. Illus., 12mo, pp. 277. “Uncle Rob- ert's Geography.” D. Appleton & Co. BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE. CONNECTIVES OF ENGLISH SPEECH. By James C. Fernald. 12mo. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.50 net. GRAMMAR SCHOOL ARITHMETIC. By David Eugene Smith, Ph.D. 12mo, pp. 394. Ginn & Co 65 cts. ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA By J. H. Tanner, Ph.D. 8vo, American Book Co. $1. MISCELLANEOUS. THE OLDEST MAP WITH THE NAME AMERICA, of the year 1507, and the Carta Marina, of the year 1516. By M. Waldseemüller (Flacomilus). Edited by Prof. Jos. Fischer, S.J., and Prof. Fr. R. V. Wieser. Quarto. London: Henry Stevens, Son & Stiles. pp. 364. AUTHOR'S ASSISTANT. Indexing; proof-reading; typewriting Address H. 8., care of The DIAL. BOOKS. ALL OUT-OF-PRINT BOOKS SUPPLIED, no matter on what subject. Write us. We can get you any book over published. Please state wants. Catalogues free. BAKER'S GREAT BOOK-SHOP, 14-16 Bright St., BIRMINGHAY, Exe. Expert help to authors. Criticism and revision by former New York editor. RESARTUS LITERARY BUREAU, 27 William Street, New YORK. MSS. BY THE WAY! TRIED THE Have you KLIP? Covers to Order Price List Free YOU CAN BIND one sheet or three hundred sheets in ten see- onds. The Klip binds loose sheets, pamphlets, or magazines. H. H. BALLARD, 59 Pittsfield, Mass. GENERAL LITERATURE. THE WRITINGS OF SAMUEL ADAMS. Collected and edited by Harry Alonzo Cushing. Vol. I., 1764-1769. Large 8yo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 447. G. P. Putnam's Sons. (Sold only in sets by subscription.) NEW ENGLAND IN LETTERS. 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With special reference to the Russo-Japanese war and its results. By Wolf von Schierbrand. With maps, 12mo, pp. 334. Henry Holt & Co. $1.50 net. BIOGRAPHY. JOHN BELLOWS: Letters and Memoir. Edited by his wife. Illus. in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, gilt tops, uncut, pp. 392. Henry Holt & Co. $3. net. NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE WORKS OF W. M. THACKERAY. "Kensington" edition. Vol. XVII., Paris Sketch Book ; Vol. XVIII., Barry Lyndon; Vol. XIX., The Hoggarty Diamond and Yel- lowplush Papers; Vol. XX., Irish Sketch Book. Each illus. in photogravure, etc., 8vo, gilt top, uncut. Charles Scribner's Sons. (Sold only in sets of 32 vols. by subscription.) BOOKS OF VERSE. EIGHTH ARMY CORPS BALLADS. By G. Garnet Groves. 18mo, pp. 112. Spanaway, Washington : Far West Book Co. 65 cts. net. IN MERRY MEASURE. By Tom Masson. Illus., 16mo, un- cut, pp. 152. Life Publishing Co. 75 cts. FICTION. THE WOMAN ERRANT : Being Some Chapters from the Wonder Book of Barbara, the Commuter's Wife. 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By Thomas Jesse Jones, B.D. Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 133. "Co- lumbia University Studies." Macmillan Co. Paper, $1. ILLINOIS RAILWAY LEGISLATION AND COMMISSION CONTROL since 1870. By Joseph Hinckley Gordon, A.M.; with introduction by M. B. Hammond, Ph.D. Large 8vo, uncut, pp. 289. University of Illinois. Paper, 25 cts. STANDARD AUTHORS IN SETS Balzac, Brontë, Bulwer, Carlyle, Cooper, Dickens, Dumas, Eliot, Fielding, Gibbon, Guizot, Hawthorne, Hugo, Irving, Poe, Reade, Ruskin, Scott, Smollett, Thackeray, Tolstoi. Send for Descriptive Booklet. THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., New York Instruction by mail in literary composition. Do You Courses suited to all needs. Revision, criticism, and sale of MSS. Send for circular. Write? EDITORIAL BUREAU, 55 West 47th Street. NEW YORK. THIRTEENTH YEAR. Candid, suggestive Criticism, literary and technical Re- vision, Advice, Disposal. REFERENCES : Hezekiah Butterworth, Mrs. Burton Harrison, W. D. Howells, Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, Thomas Nelson Page, Mary E. 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Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the made in conversation by the late Frederick current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or Myers: “There is no future for English verse; postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ; English poetry has come to an end. ... Blank and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished verse is worked out, and the rhymes have on application. All communications should be addressed to all been used up. The only one left was heaven THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. and Devon, and now that has been taken; there are no more new ones. Since Mr. Newbolt was himself the appropriator of the rhyme thus No. 435. AUGUST 1, 1904. Vol. XXXVII. whimsically characterized as the only one left, his attention was naturally arrested by the CONTENTS. assertion so dogmatically made. It had a per- sonal bearing, because, if it was true, Othello's THE FUTURE OF VERSE. 53 occupation was indeed gone. But he dissented strongly from the pronouncement, and after- THE LAST HOME OF SHELLEY 55 wards was constrained to express his own view to the contrary in the paper which is now before A FOLLOWER'S VIEW OF WHISTLER. Edith us. That view, as briefly stated by him, is that Kellogg Dunton 56 English verse will at any rate not come to an A HISTORY OF HUMAN MARRIAGE. Lawrence end because there is no possible future before M. Larson it; on the contrary, it is a mine with more than one old seam unexhausted and a number of new FRESH SHAKESPEARIAN STUDIES. Charles seams almost unopened, though here and there H. A. Wager. 60 we may detect the shafts and pick-marks of PLAYS, ACTING, AND MUSIC. Martin Sampson 62 past centuries about their approaches.' To lead up to his own argument, Mr. New- RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. T. D. A. Cockerell . 64 bolt next falls foul of Mr. William Archer, who is perhaps unduly conservative in his insistence BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . 65 upon an adherence to the old forms and models Booker Washington's gospel of labor. — The course of verse. Mr. Archer is all for the orthodox of empire. — Disraeli the statesman. — The study of government in Wyoming. – Revelations of mil. rhythms, and looks askance upon the efforts of itary life in Germany. - Royalty in roseate hues. recent poetry to escape from their trammels. - Birds' nests and eggs of North America. - A He complains that Mr. Stephen Phillips and distinguished English woman of science. - Essays in fact and in fiction. — In quaint old Sussex. several other poets of real ability make a prac- tice of slighting or deliberately misplacing NOTES 68 accent.' Admitting that good blank verse must not be too monotonously iambic, he neverthe- TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 69 less insists that 'there must be a limit to per- LIST OF NEW BOOKS 69 missible departure from the normal and reg- ular line.' Having illustrated by ample quota- tion these two opposing views, Mr. Newbolt makes an epigrammatic summary of the logical THE FUTURE OF VERSE. impasse to which they seem to lead us: We An interesting essay on "The Future of Eng are thus in a doubly hopeless position; those lish Verse' is contributed by Mr. Henry New- who follow Mr. Frederick Myers forbid any bolt to 'The International Quarterly. As one repetition of the past; while those who follow of the most vigorous and agreeable of living Mr. William Archer still more strenuously for- English verse-makers, Mr. Newbolt is well worth bid anything except a repetition of the past.' listening to, and his optimistic temper leads him Mr. Newbolt's way of extricating poetry from to conclusions that cannot fail to prove gratify- this tangle is to welcome the licenses of modern ing to all with whom poetry is a serious con poets as legitimate extensions of metrical art, cern, and who believe with Shelley that the and to foresee a constantly increasing divergence • • . . 54 (August 1, THE DIAL in every from the conventional canons of rhythmical encouragement of license is ill-advised, and that composition. He holds that there is practically we shall continue to get far too much of it with no known limit to the variety of blank verse, out this special provocation. One of the most that bad rhymes are sometimes better than good marked vices of current literature, verse and ones because of the relief they afford to a prose alike, is a painful straining for effect, a wearied sense, and that the expansion of Eng- determination to be original at whatever cost. lish verse must be accomplished by the explora- But the sort of originality thus achieved is tion and conquest of new metres. All of these purely superficial, and does not conceal, for any views are cleverly supported by skilful argu reader of critical discernment, the poverty of ments and modern instances; but they seem to the underlying thought. The poet who really us to constitute a dangerous body of doctrine. has something to say, and who possesses in any Nothing is really gained by showing that the measure the divine gift of expression, need feel great poets have all been guilty upon occasion no compunction about using the old rhymes of gross irregularities. The liberties which a and rhythms in the old accepted way. It is the Milton or a Shelley takes with his material are spirit that truly matters, and not the mechanics usually (although not always) justified by the of construction. To hesitate at the employment felicity of the results produced; the average of the measures long since perfected is to be minor poet of our day will, however, do well to daunted by the veriest bugbear imagined by avoid imitating the vagaries of his masters, and timid souls for their own undoing; the old bot- confine himself to the study of their normal tles will do well enough if the wine is but new. manner. We are minded at this moment of the young The attempt to follow the masters also in American poet who has recently wrought, in the their departures from precedent is apt to have orthodox forms and upon one of the most disastrous consequences a fact of which the timeworn of themes, an imaginative structure examination of some hundreds of volumes of of fresh and wonderful beauty — a modern very modern verse has made us painfully aware. poem essential sense — yet whose We find that whenever we venture to point out achievement has been censured by horny-eyed some marked cacophony of diction or some gross critics because it dared to take for its frame- violation of obvious metrical requirement, we work so old a story as the Prometheus myth. promptly hear from the aggrieved bard, and the That poetry is at present suffering a decline burden of his message is that Shakespeare or the world over is probably true, but only the Coleridge or Tennyson did thus and so. With observer of little faith can believe that it is mingled scorn and triumph, the illustrative going into definite bankruptcy. The history of verses are paraded before our chastened gaze, literature offers too many instances of renewed and we are presumably crushed by the evidence. life following upon decline to give countenance That we are not crushed in reality is due to the to any such doleful vaticination. These cyclic fact that two ways of escape lie before us. One changes are inevitable in the course of artistic of them is to retort boldly: 'If so — the less development of whatever sort, and the alterna- Shakespeare (or Coleridge, or Tennyson] he;' tion of ebb and flow never fails. In English the other is to examine the case closely, when poetry, for example, a single instance should we shall usually discover that there is no real suffice to strengthen the faintest of heart. resemblance between the passages brought into When, about sixty years ago, the great poetic comparison. The technical criticism of new impulse of the early nineteenth century was poetry would come to an end altogether if it well-nigh spent, the outlook seemed no brighter were once allowed that the old masters, in their than is ours to-day; yet a generation later, Eng. every line, offered us impeccable models and lish song was again at full tide, and the age of texts of canonical authority. And yet this is Tennyson and Swinburne had come fairly to what the greatest part of Mr. Newbolt's argu rival the age of Shelley and Wordsworth. ment, and the argument of most other modern We are not, then, greatly concerned about the advocates of vers libres, reduces to. They begin exhaustion of rhymes and rhythmes that so by telling us that we should not bow down to depressed Mr. Myers, nor are we of the opinion authority, and they end by the triumphant cita that in the new veins which Mr. Newbolt would tion of chapter and verse in support of what have us open is the hope of English poetry. ever eccentricity they may at the moment be New departures there will doubtless be, new engaged in defending. intricacies of melodious design and subtle new The upshot of Mr. Newbolt's discussion seems harmonies of poetic diction; but they will not to be that the hope of poetry is in the develop-be forced, they will appear as the natural utter- ment of freer and more flexible verse-forms, ance of the poets of the new race. And there that a writer should be applauded rather than will be such poets, not because of the invention censured for his lapses from regularity. For of new forms demanding embodiment, but our part, we are inclined to think that such because the ever-changing life of the human 1904.] 55 THE DIAL soul will make imperative its need of new self- expression. And men will come more and more to realize, in the words of John Stuart Mill, that from the poets alone they may learn what are the perennial sources of happiness,' and they will look back upon Matthew Arnold as the truest of prophets when he declared the future of poetry to be immense.' THE LAST HOME OF SHELLEY. 6 (Special Correspondence of THE DIAL.) Bay of Lerici, Italy, July 8, 1904. Presumably there are many Shelley lovers in different parts of the world who will recall this eighty-second anniversary of Shelley's death, July 8, 1822. But, as far as I can judge, my own celebration here on the shores where he made his last home, and from which he departed on that fatal sail from which he was never to return, is quite a solitary one. 'Ecco! Casa di Shelley!' ejaculated the boatman, as we rounded the point of San Terenzo, after a two hours' sail with favoring winds from Spezia, and our boat danced on the waves of the Bay of Lerici — 'this divine bay,' as Shelley called it. Nor does the adjective seem excessive to one who looks upon it; for even the Bay of Naples, though larger, is scarcely more beautiful. Almost land-locked by rugged castles at either end, the waves wash a sandy beach on which a few houses are picturesquely grouped, with a background of gently-sloping hills covered with woods of ilex and walnut. No wonder that Shelley loved the spot, and wrote of it in one of his last letters, ‘My only regret is that the sum- mer must ever pass.' The house being vacant, and the padrone hav- ing an eye to a possible tenant, we had no diffi- culty in getting admission. There have been changes, of course, in these eighty-two years. The location is no longer as solitary, nor are the inhabitants of San Terenzo as wild and noisy, nor, owing to a modern road, does the house stand in the very midst of the waves as described by Mrs. Shelley in her account of the life there. But the interior is quite the same,- a central room, three small bed-rooms leading out of it but with- out other entrance, a kitchen dark and gloomy at the back of the house and across the stairway landing; furniture scant and shabby, and of the familiar lodging-house type; looking-glasses and fancy clocks galore, but not one comfortable chair, nor the vestige of a rug to relieve the uneven and dingy stone floor; not so much as a closet or wardrobe, or even a hook on which to hang a coat or gown. If, outside, one under- stands Shelley's love of the place as a poet, equally inside one understands Mary Shelley's hatred of it as a housekeeper. Ill-constructed, unventilated, and without a single modern conve- nience even to-day, its only attraction is the wide terrace running entirely across the front of the house. This commands the whole beautiful view of the tideless beach, the blue waters, wooded hills, precipitous rocks, the near castles of Lerici and San Terenzo, and the distant point of Porto Venere. Here, one may truly feel Shelley as a presence plain in the place,' may fancy him walking up and down, adding new stanzas to the Triumph of Life,' or writing some of the lovely lyrics so full of local color,- • Where music and moonlight and feeling are one,' or, 'I sat and saw the vessels glide Over the ocean bright and wide, Like spirit-winged chariots sent O'er some serenest element For ministrations strange and far.' I have been glad to receive here two interesting recent books on Shelley, – the privately-printed Appreciation' by Mr. Thomas R. Slicer, and a book printed by the Clarendon Press of Oxford, An Examination of the Shelley Manuscripts of the Bodleian Library,' by Mr. C. D. Locock, B.A. Two such books, one a sympathetic considera- tion of Shelley as man and poet, the other a tex- tual study of a kind almost never accorded to a modern poet, are an emphatic testimony of the great change that has come over the public atti- tude regarding Shelley in these latter days. At the time of his death, scarcely fifty people knew anything about his poetry. Oxford University, which had turned him out and badly treated him during his life, made tardy recognition of his merits seven years after his death by holding a debate between Oxford and Cambridge under- graduates as to which was the greater poet, Byron or Shelley. To be sure, Byron was declared the greater by a majority of fifty-seven, – a decision which would probably be reversed now,- but it showed at least an appreciation of his genius which has been growing year by year ever since. Robert Browning's 'Memorabilia,' - 'Ah, did you once see Shelley plain, And did he stop and speak to you?' is one of the finest tributes ever paid by one great poet to another. Rossetti, Garnett, Forman, and Dowden, by notes, biographies, and bibliogra- phies, have made such careful and exhaustive studies of every scrap of his writing that we are now in a position to understand and enjoy Shel- ley as well as so peculiar a genius ever can be understood. It cannot be said that these two lat- est books add anything very essential; yet they are both written in the spirit commended by Mr. Swinburne thirty years ago in his essay on Shel- ley,-'they help us toward a true text of our greatest modern poet.' Italy, with good reason, claims Shelley as al- most her very own. Here he spent the last four years of his life, here his best poetry was writ- ten, here he came to his untimely death, and here all of his material part that was spared from flood and fire lies buried. A monument by an Italian sculptor at Via Reggio commemorates bis memory on the shores he loved so well; but it is in the Bay of Lerici, off the line of tourist travel and seldom visited, that one finds oneself in the very spot dearest of all to Shelley's heart and most congenial to his poetic spirit. ANNA BENNESON MCMAHAN. 56 [August 1, THE DIAL vivid pleasure to the days of his discipleship, he The New Books. writes of the Master with dignity and respect quite untainted by bitterness. In addition to his intimate knowledge of the man and the A FOLLOWER'S VIEW OF WHISTLER.* artist, Mr. Menpes has another important quali- fication for making a book about Whistler. He It is a pity, from one point of view at least, owns a large and representative collection of that so much has been written about Mr. James Whistler's etchings and dry-points, and a press McNeill Whistler since his death just a year whose excellent work dates back in some meas- ago. The flood of reminiscence and criticism ure to his early apprenticeship under Whistler, has, to be sure, aroused an interest in Whistler who taught him the art of printing and even the man, and to some extent also in Whistler allowed him the special privilege of printing the artist, in quarters where he was hitherto from his own cherished plates. All the etchings quite unknown. But hasty comment and and dry-points reproduced in the present vol- garbled anecdotes soon satisfied that interest, ume, and constituting three-fourths of the hun- and by the time the best articles and the first dred and thirty-four full-page illustrations in books were ready some of us had to confess to tint and color, are from proofs owned by Mr. being a little tired of Mr. Whistler’s unparal- Menpes. Among them are several first states, lelled egotism and amazing' eccentricity in unique impressions, and series of variant prints manners and nocturnes. And yet, if the news- from the same plate, which, besides being of paper anecdotes and magazine 'appreciations' intrinsic interest, serve to throw light on Whist- had a certain charm that charm which crops ler's painstaking methods of work. These are out in everything that is written, however per- also described in detail, but without technical- functorily, about Mr. Whistler, so much the ity, in the chapter entitled 'The Etcher.' more are the longer and really adequate disquisi. Besides the hundred etchings, there are about tions that are still appearing calculated to win thirty illustrations exemplifying every other and hold even a waning attention. For Mr. department of Whistler's artistic activity except Whistler had the distinction, rare in this pleas- mural decorating, and several portraits from antly conventional age, of holding with all his Mr. Menpes's plates or from photographs. All soul to one supreme conviction; and if his creed the illustrations were printed and engraved at involved the assumption that nobody was quite Mr. Menpes's own press, under his personal so important as Mr. Whistler, it was not unique supervision. This means that the work is in that respect, but rather in the tenacity with exceedingly well done, and has something of which he clung to it, and in the essential and Whistler's spirit. It is a pity that the relation wholly delightful absurdities with which he between pictures and context is not closer. emphasized its principal tenets. Some of the less familiar etchings and paintings This is possibly a roundabout way of explain- need a word of comment, and some suggestion ing that, while the expectation aroused by the of the basis on which a selection was made announcement of a new book about Whistler would not come amiss. But perhaps all this may no longer have as keen an edge as could be would be contrary to the Whistlerian canon wished, the book itself may safely be counted on which declares that pictorial and literary art to create enthusiasm. Particularly is this true are utterly divergent in aims and methods; or of the latest addition to Whistler literature, - to that other canon which advises the plain a stout quarto volume with the title “ Whistler man' to keep clear of matters artistic, since as I Knew Him,' by Mr. Mortimer Menpes. Its he does not and never can understand them. distinction among books on the same subject However this may be, Mr. Menpes has chosen lies first in the number and beauty and interest to write not a critique of Whistler's art, nor a of its illustrations, and next in its fresh and formal exposition of its principles, but a series valuable point of view. Mr. Menpes met of familiar essays, each dealing with some phase Whistler while the latter was engaged in print or other of Whistler as Mr. Menpes knew him ing his Venetian etchings, instantly recognized in his prime. The latter is not an artist in two his genius, and forthwith left the schools at mediums, like the author of "The Gentle Kensington to become his bond-slave, “ follower,' Art of Making Enemies?; his literary work is and friend. In the characteristic course of a painstaking but not finished, his sense of humor friendship with Whistler, he finally became an of the inexpressive English sort that we Ameri- enemy and an outcast, whose very name the cans should call merely good-natured tolerance Master professed to have forgotten. But he of other men's foibles. But his genuine admira- bore his exile from the ranks of the followers' tion for Whistler gives force to his style and philosophically; and now, looking back with vitality to his portraiture, which, considering the close relation between the two men, seems • WHISTLER AS I KNEW HIM. By Mortimer Menpes. Illustrated in color, etc. to be just and well-balanced, though more New York: The Macmillan Co. 1904.) 57 THE DIAL superficial in some directions than we have a had gone off, tired but happy over the toys that right to expect. it was part of Menpes's duty to provide for her, For example, the worst chapter in the book is the two friends visited the tailor, - where the the introductory one, which is sharp with irrita discussion over the Master's wardrobe gener- tion over what Mr. Menpes considers the glibally ended in a violent attack on the tailor,' — or exaggerations of many of Whistler's critics, and made the round of the galleries, Whistler drop- their too enthusiastic attention to his literary ping an enigmatic ‘Ha! ha! amazing!' here achievements. Mr. Menpes considers The and there. Then came dinner at the Arts Club, Gentle Art' a dangerous document, and per- perhaps a visit to the theatre, where Whistler's haps it is if one misses its point and unity and strange antics diverted attention from the stage, persists in viewing it as so much biographical and afterwards a supper at the Hogarth Club. data, by which Whistler and the Enemies are to Here Whistler gathered all the men about him be known to posterity, instead of as a caustic by the sheer fascination of his talk. Finally and very brilliant satire upon modern æsthetic. there was the walk home, — always around by But perhaps it is too much to expect one of the the embankment, — Enemies to understand the impersonal bearings "To look at some nocturne, perhaps a fish-shop, of The Gentle Art.' which Whistler was trying to commit to memory. The lack of penetration shown in the preface He would talk aloud as he created the idea for one of his marvellous pictures: “ Look at that golden is offset by a fascinating first chapter, called * In the Day’s Round, which describes a typical woman with the chequered shawl. See the warm interior with the two spots of light, and that old day spent in Whistler's company. It began purple tone outside going away up to the green of invariably with an imperious summons, which the sky, and the shadows from the windows arrived by the first post, and in obedience to thrown on the ground. What an exquisite lace- which Mr. Menpes hurried to Whistler's house. work they form!” He would say all this aloud, Together the two would proceed to the studio, and I would walk back with him to his studio, and where the first business of the day was the talk with him, sometimes, until two o'clock in the reading of Whistler's invariably exciting mail, morning. Then he would say, as I was leaving: and the making of elaborate plans for scalp- early in the morning. As for me, I am going to “Now, Menpes, remember, I want you to be here ing' the venturesome writers. Then Whistler make my mind a blank until I paint that fish-shop, would take his little pochade box, and they and you must be here early." would stroll off to the Embankment or down a side street in Chelsea, and the Master would And no matter how early he arrived, Whist- sketch. ler was always ready, alert, sparkling, exquisite, indefatigable, — and with thought for nothing 'It might be a fish-shop with eels for sale at but his own affairs. No wonder that the Fol- so much a plate, and a few soiled children in the foreground; or perhaps a sweet-stuff shop, and the lowers, whose youthful enthusiasms furnish children standing with their faces glued to the material for Menpes's most interesting chapter, pane. There we would stay and paint until lunch- never confided their association, much less their eon time, sitting on rush-bottomed chairs borrowed individual ambitions, to the Master who inspired from the nearest shop. Wherever Whistler went them. He would have laughed them to scorn, he caused interest and excitement: men, women and then set them to grinding ink for him. and children flocked about him — especially chil. Two of the Followers, Menpes and Walter Sick- dren, Chelsea children, shoals of them. If one ert, were acknowledged pupils of Whistler, of them appealed to Whistler from the decorative though he never set them tasks nor looked at standpoint, he would say, “Not bad, Menpes, eh?" This was perhaps a very soiled and grubby little their finished work, nor gave them formal person indeed. But Whistler would take her instruction of any kind. But they felt, and kindly by the hand and ask her where she lived; no doubt rightly, that his companionship was and the three of us would trot along to ask the worth more to them than the systematic criti- mother if she might sit, the child with its cism of a less gifted teacher. He dropped them upturned, flower-like though dirty face, gazing encouraging words occasionally, and once he with perfect confidence at Whistler. And the Mas- confided to them the secret of drawing, as it ter would talk to her in a charmingly intimate had been revealed to him in Venice. But way about his work and his aspirations. Now though they seldom dared ask questions, they we are going to do great things together," he would say; and the dirty-faced child, blinking up had the freedom of the studio, could watch at him, seemed almost to understand.' Whistler at work day after day, study his methods, and feel his influence. Over all the Then would come the tussle with the mother, Followers this influence was supreme, and they who naturally wanted to wash her child, and carried Whistler's paradoxical creed to more finally the three would hurry back to the studio paradoxical extremes. for luncheon - cooked by Whistler himself- 'Nature, we said, is for the painter a decorative and a long afternoon of work. When the child patch; a portrait, a blot of color, merely an object 97 58 [August 1, THE DIAL in relation to a background. . . . For the painter, unexplained margin of combativeness, a cloak nature should be tilted forward and without dis of seemingly impenetrable egotism, which effect- tance - a Japanese screen, a broad mass of tones ually hid this real man from the rest of the -a piece of technique. The face in a portrait world. Mr. Menpes speaks of it occasionally, should not be more important than the back- then drops it without explanation, and reverts ground. The moment you realized that it was a face, the literary art came in. ... In the end we to his original thesis. He tells us, then, nothing swept away all faces. Features, we felt, were new about the depths of Whistler's nature, but unnecessary.' gives us a delightful account of his habits and manners. Whistler As I Knew Him' is pro- When Whistler talked of breadth and sim- plicity, the Followers' pictures resembled clean fusely and beautifully illustrated, but it is not a picture book in the sense which implies that sheets of paper. Then they caught the 'grey- it is nothing but a picture-book. panel' craze, and saw Nature, which they had EDITH KELLOGG DUNTON. previously painted in prismatic tints, in dull monotone. Next, in a moment of revolt, they Cast loose from all Whistler's methods except his boldness and originality, and one of them went so far as to etch a plate every day at luncheon A HISTORY OF HUMAN MARRIAGE.* with a four-tined fork, by way of extra bold The oldest of all existing institutions is the ness. Menpes made a proof from one of the family. In some form or other, the union of plates, which had been intended for the portrait father and mother and child must have existed of a celebrated lady artist, and it was found to from the earliest dawn of human life. The bear more resemblance to a rainy day. But that study of the marriage relation, therefore, car- did not disturb the Follower's serenity, nor his ries us back to a past that is ancient beyond belief in his own and Whistler's genius. all reckoning. Much has been written on this Other chapters are equally full of quotable subject, though students have usually limited bits, but space forbids more than a hasty glance their researches to some particular phase of at them. "It is pleasant to find that according the question or to some particular period of its to Mr. Menpes, Whistler did not catch and fry development. But a work has lately appeared his landlady's pet goldfish because he disliked that in a measure deals with the whole his- their names of Rose and Fanny, but merely told tory of this institution, and carries the dis- the story about another eccentric painter. The cussion down to the immediate present. It is celebrated quarrel with the Royal Society of true, the author's purpose is to trace the history British Artists has a chapter to itself. Whist of marriage in the three homes of the Anglo- ler's parting shot, uttered when he and his Saxon race only; but to accomplish this he has following withdrew from the Society,—'I am been compelled to make investigations and to taking with me the Artists, and I leave the include data which throw a flood of light on British, — has here a diverting sequel. Mr. the institution elsewhere. Menpes met the party at the Hogarth Club, The author, Professor George Elliott How- and in an aside asked Whistler what he meant ard, is at present professorial lecturer in the to do with the artists. 'Lose them, of course,' | University of Chicago. His work comprises replied Whistler, promptly. three solid volumes of about five hundred pages As has already been suggested, Mr. Menpes's each, the result of years of continuous labor. treatment of his subject does not go far beyond The general reader will peruse the text with the surface. He paints a portrait, rather than sustained interest; he will experience little dif- essays a study of Whistler's complex nature. ficulty in following the author's argument or His explanation of that complexity is that, in appreciating the force and significance of his instead of being either enigmatical, or, as other conclusions. The scholar will find in the critics have decided, a dual personality, Whistler numerous foot-notes, the extensive bibliography, was absolutely artistic in every relation of life. and the carefully executed index, many addi- This motive explains for Mr. Menpes his seem tional points of excellence. ing vanity, his eccentricity in dress and conduct, What first impresses the reader is the vast- his delight in stinging repartee and correspond ness of the field which the author has aimed to ence, — in epigrams exploited for the epigrams' cover, the wide reading and the extensive sake. But making all possible allowance for the research that the task has demanded, and the artistic temperament, and granting that the mass of materials that have to be studied and real Whistler was the 'gentle, sweet, sympa- | criticized. But on closer examination one is thetic,' thoroughly lovable personality, who revealed himself rarely to his intimates, even * A HISTORY OF MATRIMONIAL INSTITUTIONS. George Elliott Howard, Ph.D. Mr. Menpes must admit that there is still an The University of Chicago Press. By Chi- In Three Volumes. cago: 1904.] :59 THE DIAL still more impressed with the masterly manner attitude assumed by the mediæval church in which this variety of materials is handled. toward these problems. Also interesting is his In studying a question such as this, it is diffi review of the matrimonial theories held by the cult to get entirely away from the view-point Protestant reformers. But he does not find that of our social surroundings. In this respect Pro the ideas of the sixteenth century affected the fessor Howard has succeeded admirably; his institution in England to any appreciable treatment is purely scientific. He has studied extent before the nineteenth century. In the marriage, not as an institution established by eyes of the law, English marriage is at present religious authority, but as one that happens to what it was in the beginning, a simple con- exist among men. tract; but the state has succeeded in imposing The author begins his work with a study of upon it the condition of publicity - - a task the primitive family. The doctrine that it which the church first attempted but failed originated in a patriarchal aggregation is soon to accomplish.' disposed of. More attention is given to the It will no doubt surprise many of Professor theory that in the beginning the mother was Howard's readers to learn that ecclesiastical the centre and ruler of the family; but this marriages in England are as recent as the is also rejected. The author takes his stand thirteenth century. Perhaps it may also sur- with those who hold to the theory of original prise them to learn that among the New Eng- pairing. Far back in time, then, there was land Puritans marriage was wholly a civil the free choice of the man, the free consent institution at which a magistrate must and a of the woman.' This conclusion, however, clergyman must not officiate. The author also gives rise to a multitude of problems, to some finds that while in theory the Southern colo- of which the author seems to provide quite sat nists looked on marriage and separation as isfactory solutions; but some remain and per within the jurisdiction of the church, in prac- haps always will remain unsolved, as they take tice they frequently permitted the local magis- us back into times and conditions of men that trates to exercise authority in these matters, as were not productive of records. priests and ecclesiastical courts were generally As culture advanced, however, and the idea wanting. of property arose, the status of woman was Matrimonial legislation in the United States appreciably lowered. She became a thing of since the Revolution is treated briefly and yet value which was often stolen and sometimes quite exhaustively. Statutes and court-deci- bought. It is wife-purchase that Professor sions in great numbers have been examined and Howard finds in the earliest English sources. compared, and an extensive analysis is pre- But by a gradual development during the first sented which gives a full view of the practice in six centuries of Anglo-Saxon history, wife the different states with their similarities, differ- purchase gives place to self-betrothal and self ences, anomalies and peculiarities, such as is marriage. When the twelfth century closes, we probably found in no other work. have in England a marriage that is essentially The value of Professor Howard's work lies a contract merely. It is not ecclesiastical, for not only in his excellent presentation of a large the church does not officiate; it is not civil, for subject, in his sane criticism of earlier writers, the state does not intervene; it is wholly private. or in his collection of data for the sociologist And yet, all through the middle ages forces and the practical reformer; he has added a clos- were operating that tended to make marriage ing chapter in which he discusses the present- an affair of the church. How the priest first day problems that grow out of the family. rela- began to participate in the nuptial ceremony tion, and makes numerous suggestions looking by benedictions, bride-masses, and other litur- toward their solution. The chief of these is gical acts, is told clearly and fully. By the divorce. As there is a necessary connection thirteenth century the development is com between marriage and separation, their histories pleted. Marriage is now held to be a sacra are told in parallel chapters. The author finds ment; a priest officiates, and the church con that in ancient times divorce was easily secured, trols. A great system of matrimonial law is especially by the husband. In general, disso- being perfected by the ecclesiastical jurists : lution of marriage was looked on as a wholly not only does the church solemnize nuptials, it private matter over which the State exercised also presumes to say who may and who may little or no control. Even after Christiani not enter into marriage and under what cir had become dominant in Southern Europe, and cumstances the bond may be dissolved. a new theory of marriage had begun to prevail, Students who are in the habit of viewing the authorities permitted divorces much as of the problems of marriage and divorce from a old. During the middle ages, divorces became theological standpoint will find much food for practically unknown; the theory came to be reflection in the author's presentation of the held that a valid marriage could not be dis- 60 [August 11, THE DIAL solved, but the church had multiplied the con- FRESH SHAKESPEARIAN STUDIES.* ditions necessary to such a union, and any one who tired of a spouse could readily find some The publication of a new book on Shakespeare reason why his marriage should be annulled. should be made a matter of conscience. Only In the modern practice the author finds much the most urgent sense of something new and to commend and much to condemn. Though important to say can justify a writer in adding his attitude toward the question is a liberal even a single item to Shakespearian bibli- one, he deplores the frequency of dissolved ography. Such justification Mr. Churton Col- unions. But, as he views it, divorce is not lins unquestionably has. Each essay in his necessarily an evil, it is simply the cure for bad Studies in Shakespeare' is intended to illus- marriages. This discussion shows that Profes trate an important, and usually a neglected, sor Howard's studies have not bereft him of a principle of Shakespearian criticism. The first healthy idealism. In vigorous English he pleads is an exhaustive presentation of the author's for higher matrimonial ideals as the remedy for favorite contention that English literature can- the much-discussed divorce evil. The solution not be intelligently studied without reference of the problem he believes lies not so much in to the classics; the second is a protest against legislation as in education. “If there is to be the recklessness of destructive criticism; the salvation it must come though the vitalizing third, an exposition of the supreme place of regenerative power of a more efficient moral, poetry in modern life, in accordance with Ar- physical and social training of the young.' nold's well-known view in the essay on "The And yet, the legislator can do much by pro Study of Poetry'; the sixth illustrates Shakes- viding the proper 'legal environment.'' Uni peare's method of dealing with his 'sources’; form marriage and divorce laws, more general the ninth gives the coup de grace to the 'mon- publicity, more dignity in the civil ceremony, strous myth' of Baconianism. The very Pre- are some of the reforms that he urges. As face is evidence of the scholarly method and marriage is a civil institution, Professor How enormous resources that all of Mr. Collins's ard believes that all marriages should be other work has taught us to expect. It is proof, solemnized by a magistrate; should the parties too, of his daring. Though crushed by the desire it, a clergyman might be asked to officiate weight of the superincumbent hour,' one's spirit later. But realizing the practical difficulties merrily rises at the challenge to German aca- that such a proposal would encounter, the demic monographs. We too are 'insular enough author suggests instead that a registrar be to think that, on the question of the authentici- appointed for each locality, whose duty it should ty of an Elizabethan drama, an English schol- be to license and register all marriages solem ar can dispense with German lights.' Suffici- nized within his district, to solemnize marriages ently courageous also is his assurance that not when a civil ceremony is desired, and to witness only Titus Andronicus,' the three parts of all nuptial ceremonies performed by a clergy- ‘Henry VI.' and the whole of Henry VIII.' man. He also favors certain legal restrictions are the work of Shakespeare, but also the 'Con- which want of space does not permit us to dis tention and the True Tragedy.' It is quite cuss. possible that in his reaction against the destruc- As to the future of the family, Professor tive criticism of the day, he leans slightly to Howard is seemingly very optimistic. The the side of excessive conservatism; but that, situation is not so bad as we are led to imagine; we think, is 'virtue's side.' It requires, more- there is no cause for despair. But after one has over, courage and a certain self-mortification followed the story as the author tells it, one for a reputable critic, at this time of day, to can hardly repress the question, Is this opti- discuse Baconianism at all. This grotesque mism justified ? Surely it is more difficult to heresy' belongs to a class to which we may enter into the matrimonial state to-day than apply St. Paul's words, 'Let it not be once in centuries past; yet it would seem from the named among you.' author's own statistics that the practice of But Mr. Collins has other qualifications divorce grows continually at an alarming rate. besides scholarship and courage. He takes criti- Not until the sociologist shall have traced the cism very seriously. 'On its competence and history of a sufficient number of divorced fam sincerity,' he writes, depends more than can ilies back to the period of betrothal, shall we be defined or estimated, for it gives the ply to know to what extent divorces can be attributed the serious study of literature generally. to bad or thoughtless marriages. Meanwhile Whether that study is to be facilitated or Professor Howard's work will be read and retarded, to go straight or to take wrong turns, studied with increasing appreciation, not only to be fruitful or barren, for all this it is by the lover of history but also by the devotee responsible.' A very different attitude is this of social reform. • STUDIES IN SHAKESPEARE. By J. Churton Collins. LAURENCE M. LARSON. New York: C E. P. Dutton & Co. 1904.] 61 THE DIAL Nor arc from the dilettante search for novelties, the lins also supposes Shakespeare to have had paradoxical smartness, of the critical writing Greek enough to give a perceptible color to his with which we are too familiar. We may as style. Since Farmer's famous essay of 1766, well confess that we find it difficult to be judi- reprinted recently in Mr. Nichol Smith's cial in dealing with a critic who is at the same • Eighteenth Century Essays on Shakespeare, so time a scholar of rare excellence, who has a extensive a claim for the poet has been practi- keen sense of the social responsibility of criti cally unheard of in Shakespearian criticism; cism, and who writes at times a style as trench but we believe that a candid examination of ant and distinctive as Matthew Arnold's. Time Mr. Collins's arguments will show that he has fails us to enumerate his excellences. He would substantiated it. To be sure, not all his par- be distinguished as a phrase-maker if he had allel passages compel assent. ‘Adaptation' is no other critical talents. Fervent as his admira rather a strong word for the relation of Temp., tion of Shakespeare is, there is not a line in the 1.2.399-401 to Lucretius, 2.1002-1006; the book that suggests hysteria. Ardently as he ' undoubted reminiscences' of Lucretius, 2.20- maintains his various theses, nothing is more 39, that permeate' the soliloquies of Henry evident than that with all the candor and bal V. and Henry VI. (Hen. V., 4.1; 3 Hen. VI., anced judgment at his command he is not try- | 2.5) seem to us highly doubtful. The really ing to make out a case but to arrive at the distinctive note of Lucretius is quite wanting, truth. He opens the essay on 'Shakespearian and the soliloquies merely sound the pastoral Paradoxes' with the remark, Sainte-Beuve note to be heard in well-nigh every Elizabethan has finely said that the first aim of criticism anthology. In Troil. and Cress., 5.3, where should be the discovery of truth;' and to this Andromache, Cassandra and Priam attempt to volume the remark is eminently applicable. He dissuade Hector from battle, it is by no means of course makes much use of the citation of par necessary to see a reminiscence of the Seven allel passages, but with few exceptions he cites against Thebes, for the ultimate source of the genuine parallels. When one perceives the use scene is evidently the Roman de Troie' of made of this device by the Baconians, one is Benoît de Sainte-More, 11.15113-15525 (Joly's inclined to distrust all parallelism. edition), where Hector's father, mother, wife, they the only offenders; for they can hardly and sisters (Helen and Polyxena) plead with outdo in audacity and fatuity some orthodox him in vain. Nor is it quite clear that “this Shakespearians. Mr. Collins is for the most muddy vesture of decay' (Merch. of Ven., part, in this particular as in others, a model of 5.1.64) owes anything to the σαρκόσπερι good sense. Commenting on the difficulty of Bóraia of 'Hercules Mad, 1269. Neverthe- deciding between mere similarity of thoughtless, the result of a detailed inspection of the and actual borrowing, he says: Common essay is conviction of its truth and of its high sense and the ordinary laws of probability are importance. It will not only prove of indis- perhaps as good criteria as we can have in these pensable value to readers of Shakespeare, but it cases. They are, as everyone knows, the last ought to be a very mine of illustration for stu- criteria usually employed. Moreover, the critic dents of the classics. who undertakes to prove Shakespeare's indebt If this essay is the most instructive in the edness to another writer because of similarity volume, the one devoted to “The Bacon- of thought or expression is too often not scholar Shakespeare Mania' is naturally the most enough to know that his conclusion is nullified entertaining. It is a review of 'The Mystery by quite as significant resemblances to someone of William Shakespeare,' by Judge Webb, from whom he could not possibly have bor- Regius Professor of Laws and Public Orator in rowed. Mr. Collins's resources for dealing with the University of Dublin, - such a review as such a situation are ample, as the essay on ought to close the controversy if Baconians were Montaigne and Shakespeare' shows. amenable to argument or had a sense of humor. The first essay, 'Shakespeare as a Classical As Judge Webb is clearly the fine flower of Scholar,' is the most notable. It undertakes Baconianism, we may estimate the whole school to prove, by an exhaustive array of parallels, at its best in him. As we read his divagations that Shakespeare's 'small Latin' was sufficient on the noted weed' of the seventy-sixth Sonnet to enable him to read Ovid, Plautus, Seneca, (p. 354), for example, we heartily agree with Horace, Juvenal, Persius, Lucretius, and his reviewer in wondering whether such prem- Cicero, in the original; and Plato, the Anthol ises and such reasonings were ever before heard ogy, and the Greek dramatists in Latin transla out of establishments which it would be dis- tions. Ben Jonson's criticism is therefore respectful to specify.'_ Verily, as Mr. Collins only the classical expert's depreciation of a says, 'in dealing with Baconians, the first requi- scholarship that would enable the poet merely site is resignation. Anyone, whether inter- to read Latin with facility, but not to compose ested in the controversy or not, who wishes to in it nor to deal with it critically. Mr. Col read a specimen of acute reasoning, based on 62 [August 1, THE DIAL wide and exact learning, and brightened at - containing an amazing list of the legal refer- every turn by the sliest of witty suggestions, ences in the plays and poems; 'Shakespeare never ill-natured nor heavy-handed, always and Holinshed,' a study of the poet's use of light, graceful, delightful, we should think, historical material in Macbeth; Shakespeare even to their victim, will do well to read this and Montaigne;'. ' The Text and Prosody of essay. It is a triumphant vindication of Lord Shakespeare, a plea for textual conservatism, Shaftesbury's criterion of ridicule as the test illustrated, like all the rest, by an immense of solemn absurdities. array of citations. In the essay on 'Sophocles and Shakespeare,' One defect the volume certainly has. For a Mr. Collins is at his philosophic best. It is a scholar, Mr. Collins's method of referring to parallel of too rare a kind