, a kind that demands the plays is most unscholarly. He is inconsist-
at once more exact and more generous scholar ent in abbreviation; he rarely gives an exact
ship, and that in more than one field, than any line-reference, but alludes vaguely to a speech
but the exceptional critic can command. It is or passage; when he does give a line-reference,
a study on large lines of the two great dram it is frequently wrong; and, worst of all, he
atists of the world, an attempt to show how misquotes passages that the vulgar also mis-
essentially alike in spirit, and even in life, they quote. “We are such stuff as dreams are made
were. There could scarcely be a more moving of' occurs twice (pp. 52 and 83); Hamlet's
plea for the comparative study of English and when honor's at the stake' (4.4.56) is slightly
the classics than this admirable paper.
Mr. but irritatingly mangled on p. 285; and Mac-
Collins is, of course, not equally convincing on
beth's 'assurance' becomes doubly sure' on
all points. There is, we think, an occasional p. 212. In the last instance, the reference
overstatement, as, for instance, on p. 137, where should be to Macb., 4.1 instead of 4.2. On p.
we are told that it may be doubted whether a 282, Meas. for Meas., 1.2 should be 1.1.30; on
sarcasm or acrimonious word ever fell from p. 303, there is both ambiguity and error, for
the lips of either!' We venture to think that the reference, 'in the same play, etc.,' is to
he minimizes the place of Necessity in the Temp., 5.1.58; on p. 30, the reference to Cym-
'Antigone.' It is at least a question whether beline should be 3.3.77-78; etc. Some of these
Sophocles did not intend to propound an un errors are, no doubt, due to the proof-reading,
solved and insoluble enigma. No doubt, one which is inexcusably bad. On p. 191, 2 Henry
ought to obey God rather than men, but then IV. should be 2 Henry VI; on p. 246, 'impor-
the tragic ápapria becomes a holy and necessary
tant' should evidently be unimportant; on p.
crime, necessary because holy, and the tragic 178, change and change’ should be chance
issue is unavoidable by a God-fearing soul. and change; ' on p. 254, Banquo should be pos-
Antigone falls a victim to a suicidal act of sessive; on p. 154, Seward’ should be Siward;
audacious disobedience' is hardly an adequate on p. 161, · Cleon' occurs twice for Creon. The
account of one of the great problem-plays of punctuation is highly eccentric, and the index
the world. In this essay, too, he commits him is not complete.
self to an odd ethical position. As we note in These inadvertencies are perhaps the more
them both as men and artists,' he writes on p. disconcerting because of the character of the
141, 'no deficiency, so we discern in them no book. One could wish it to be faultless; for
excess; all is balance, all is measure.' Yet both it is the most vivid reminder of the greatness of
indulged 'fully and equally in the pleasures Shakespeare that we have read in many a day,
sought by the voluptuary and the pleasures and it will send its readers to the plays them-
which appeal to the finer senses and the mind.' selves, — which, we suppose, is the end of criti-
Again, on p. 136: 'In youth and middle age
age rism.
CHARLES H. A. WAGER.
both were voluptuaries
and by no
poets has the terrible and degrading tyranny of
mere passion been so intimately and appallingly
described. If we concede that the sonnets and
PLAYS, ACTING, AND MUSIC.*
plays are in any sense autobiographical, as we Mr. Symons's book may fairly be termed a
probably must, then Sonnet CXXIX. is doubt- notable volume of criticism; a fact all the more
less as autobiographical as any; and if so, are striking since the book is made up of articles
no excess,' 'balance,' 'measure,' quite the reporting current amusement, contributed in the
terms to apply to the life of the man who wrote regular journalistic way to London papers,
it?
especially to "The Academy.'
One is ready
The other studies, each in its way admirable, enough to credit this sort of writing with read-
are on the following subjects: Shakespearian ableness, and far too ready to avoid highly laud-
Paradoxes,' an attempt to restore Titus atory terms regarding a critic so avowedly
Andronicus' to the canon; 'Shakespeare as a
* PLAYS, ACTING, AND MUSIC. By Arthur Symons.
Prose Writer;' 'Was Shakespeare a Lawyer?' With portraits. New York : E. P. Dutton & Co.


1904 ]
THE DIAL
63
Mr. Symons's opinions are sound, and even (in of art. Genuine insight is constantly apparent
nine | she plays the part, is balanced with the same
individual as Mr. Symons. But in this book highly conventional elocution of his own; he is an
Mr. Symons turns out to have a sound percep-
actor, and he acts, keeping nature, or the too close
tion of beauty and its values, and wins his way
resemblance of nature, carefully out of his com-
doubtless all the better because his readers may
position. With Miss Terry there is only the per-
sonal charm of a very natural nature, which has
have been sceptical at the outset. He has the
become deliciously sophisticated. She is the eter-
air of rejecting all academic criticism; of utter-
nal girl, and she can never grow old; one might
ing his casual impressions as if they were valid say, she can never grow up. She learns her part,
because his and because casual; of being of the taking it quite artificially, as a part to be learnt;
mood given vogue by Verlaine; of seeming, and then, at her frequent moments of forgetful-
in short, a modern of the type we too defiantly ness, charms us into delight, though never into
call decadent. The habit of mind thus indi. conviction, by a gay abandonment to the self of
cated is often mere pose; it is not essentially,
a passing moment.'
at least — pose in Mr. Symons. Nor does the One may agree or differ, but in either event
impressionistic air serve here, as such seeming will doubtless think that this is carefully-writ-
so frequently does, to cloak either wildness or
ten, carefully-composed criticism, and that it
dulness of critical imaginings. One repeats that has behind it keen observation and high ideals
the good sense of a word doubtless distasteful to in the volume, and perhaps nowhere more
the impressionist) academic. For instance, in clearly (in the comments on the theatre) than
dealing with Duse, Bernhardt, Réjane, he does in the discussions of Bernhardt's Phèdre and of
not find it necessary to fly in the face of popular Réjane's Zaza, -- not brought together in the
approval, or even to urge that these astonishing book, but worth while setting side by side here:
actresses are liked for qualities they do not
Réjane can be vulgar, as nature is vulgar: she
possess, and that their true virtues are hidden to
has all the instinct of the human animal, of the
the vulgar. In the main, he likes the qualities animal woman, whom man will never quite civil.
that are also perceptible to the man of average ise. More than any other actress she is
refinement, who could not, however, express the human animal without disguise or evasion;
himself so keenly or so finally. In other words, with all the instincts, all the natural cries and
the glowing phrases are animated by common
movements. ... Scepticism is no longer possible:
sense. But this is not to indicate that the sub-
the thing is before you, abominably real, a dis-
stance of these criticisms is commonplace, plus
quieting and irrefutable thing, which speaks with
its own voice, as it has never spoken on the stage
the charm of style; Mr. Symons has a fine per-
through any other actress.'
ception of delicate things, an honest sense of
"The passion of Phèdre . . . is an abnormal,
proportion, and, as the mass of his criticism
insane thing, and that passion comes to
will show, he has real vision.
us with all its force and all its perversity; but
The title of the book indicates the three the words in which it is expressed are never extrav-
groups into which the criticism falls, music agant, they are always clear, simple, temperate,
receiving the briefest although perhaps the most perfectly precise and explicit. The art is an art
interesting treatment. It is the continental exquisitely balanced between the conventional and
stage, - plays and actors, — rather than the
the realistic, and the art of Sarah Bernhardt, when
English, which most concerns Mr. Symons; and
unerring skill. She seems to abandon herself
not unnaturally, for few would care to doubt
wholly, at times, to her fureurs"; she tears the
the current English inferiority in this regard, words with her teeth, and spits them out of her
and it is characteristic of this critic to prefer to mouth, like a wild beast ravening upon prey; but
talk of the best things. Not that he scorns the there is always dignity, restraint, a certain remote-
English-speaking stage, as it is our wholly ness of soul, and there is always the verse, and her
uncritical fashion to do, but that he can dis miraculous rendering of the verse, to keep Racine
criminate between good and better, as witness
in the right atmosphere. Of what we call acting
there is little, little change in the expression of
this searching comment:
the face. The part is a part for the voice, and it
'Irving represents the old school of acting, just is only in “ Phèdre” that one can bear that orches-
as Duse represents the new school. To Duse, act-
tra, her voice, in all its variety of beauty.'
ing is a thing almost wholly apart from action;
she thinks on the stage, scarcely moves there; Mr. Symons's comments on music are dis-
when she feels emotion, it is her chief care not to tinctly worth quoting. Their suggestiveness is
express it with emphasis, but to press it down
of the better sort, that which shows the relation-
into her soul, until only the pained reflection of
it glimmers out of her eyes and trembles in the ship of a new work to fundamental criteria ; not
hollows of her cheeks. To Irving, on the contrary,
the poorer suggestiveness which finds its outlet
acting is all that the word literally means; it is
in undeliberated epigram or sensational com-
an art of sharp, detached, yet always delicate, parison. This, of Tschaikowsky, for example,
movements; he crosses the stage with intention, is worth thinking about: 'In your delight at
as he intentionally adopts a fine, crabbed, personal, I finding anyone so alive, you are inclined to wel-
an
66


64
[August 1,
THE DIAL
come him without reserve, and to forget that a Independency; IV., William Penn and the Gos-
man of genius is not necessarily a great artist, pel of the Inner Light; V., Thomas Jefferson
and that, if he is not a great artist, he is not and the Influence of Democracy upon Religion;
a satisfactory man of genius.' Mr. Symons's VI., William Ellery Channing and the Growth
notion that Pachmann is the greatest living of Spiritual Christianity; VII., Horace Bush-
pianist may not find wide acceptance, but it is nell and Progressive Orthodoxy; VIII., Hosea
based upon the conviction that such praise is Ballou and the Larger Hope; IX., Ralph Waldo
deserved by one who can play certain things Emerson and the Doctrine of the Divine
better than any other pianist can play anything.' Immanence; X., Theodore Parker and the
The 'certain things' are Chopin's, of course, Naturalization of Religion ; XI., Phillips Brooks
and Pachman's playing 'gives you pure music, and the Unity of the Spirit.
not states of soul or of temperament, not inter The lectures are naturally rather unequal in
pretations, but echoes. * * * I do not think merit, but the recital of the thoughts and deeds
he has ever put an intention into Chopin. of the eleven men enumerated could hardly be
Chopin had no intentions.' Mr. Symons's otherwise than inspiring. Regarding the some-
denunciation of a hybrid art-form, the mingling what broken narrative as a whole, we see the
of music and spoken words, may possibly find early struggle for physical freedom, — the right
some response now that we are by way of hear not merely to think, but to act and speak in
ing that would-be artistic creation, Strauss's accordance with the inner light. Said Roger
setting of Enoch Arden. There can be but little Williams in 1631, “The civil sword may make a
doubt of the utter correctness of the critic's nation of hypocrites and anti-Christians, but
position.
not one Christian.
Persons may with
Encugh has been quoted to indicate the qual less sin be forced to marry whom they cannot
ity of Mr. Symons's criticism, its independence love than to worship where they cannot believe.'
and usual sanity. Its fluency is the fluency of Liberty achieved in outward form, the struggle
ideas rather than of words. If occasionally one was followed by a period of calm, and it was
hesitates in agreement, it is from the feeling half forgotten that there was anything to
that now and then the author resents the inevit struggle for. The State Church was established
ableness of logic when it is opposed to the in the land, and dogma stood for religion. A
tempting thrill of momentary impression. barrier had been raised up, it could not be
MARTIN SAMPSON. improved away, and the alternative of revolu-
tion remained. Who will doubt that this nation
came into being as much from a psychological
as a physical necessity ? So it followed that
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM.*
Jefferson and Channing, Bushnell and Ballou,
About 273 years ago, John Cotton and others stood for the freedom of the mind, and inde-
established in Boston a series of lectures, pendent churches came into being. In the time
delivered every Thursday, in which matters that followed, man's mental horizon was broad-
relating to the spiritual and physical well-being ened by science, and new adjustments became
of the community were discussed. These came necessary. It seemed to many an earnest soul
to be known as the “Great and Thursday Lec that the foundations of belief were sapped, and
tures,' and have been given almost without a the expansion permitted by freedom had con-
break down to the present day. Last year, with verted what was once solid into mere nebulosity.
the coöperation of the American Unitarian Yet there were some who understood, and thus
Association, there was delivered a series of came forward the prophets of modern times,
lectures on religious liberty in America as whose voices still ring in our ears.
illustrated by the lives of those who did most In all of this, directive purpose seems
to further the cause. T'hese lectures have now strangely combined with streaks of perversity,
been gathered together, and issued in the form blind alleys of thought, as it were. Our poor
of a book. It is worth while to enumerate the old human race moves more like a man in the
headings of the chapters, in order to show who dark than an athlete running for a prize. Yet
the pioneers' were and what they were thought we go forward, and do not doubt that the prize
to especially stand for:- I., William Brewster is waiting, though we have no very clear idea
and the Independents; II., Roger Williams and what it is.
his Doctrine of Soul Liberty; III., Thomas In the lecture on .Emerson (pp. 321, 323),
Hooker and the Principle of Congregational Dr. Peabody quotes and criticises a statement
of Theodore Parker's that, “If Christianity be
* PIONEERS OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY IN AMERICA. Edited
by Samuel A. Eliot.
American Unitarian Asso true at all, it would be just as true if Herod
ciation.
or Catiline had taught it.' It is very justly
RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN AMERICAN EDUCATION, By
Joseph Henry Crooker. Boston: American Unitarian
objected, that the supposition itself is an absurd-
Association.
ity; but the idea did not originate with Parker,
Boston:


1904.]
65
THE DIAL
new
to
or
a
for long ago Luther wrote the book which
BRIEFS OF NEW BOOKS.
preaches Christ is apostolic, were its author
Judas, Annas, Pilate, or Herod.'
Mr. Washington's Working
Booker Washington's
Dr. Crooker, in his work on Religious Free-
with the Hands' (Doubleday,
gospel of labor.
dom in American Education' presents an
Page & Co.) is a logical and
analysis and discussion of the educational insti satisfactory sequel to his ‘Up from Slavery.'
At first thought, the
tutions of this country in their relation to relig-
book seems
ious dogma. The book is that of a propagandist,
add little to the autobiography; it re-affirms
not that of a scientific student. Dr. Crooker is
the 'gospel of hard work with head and
hands,
and it retells the story of Tus-
of course opposed to any sort of union of Church
kegee, only with more detail. But in final
and State, and says:
analysis it proves to go farther. 'Up from
'That is the best arrangement, for all interests
Slavery' explained the man and stated his theo-
and institutions, which keeps the Public School
rém; ‘Working with the Hands' gives the dem-
close to its special work and frees it from all other
onstration, full in fact and experience, and states
responsibilities, which commits religious instruc-
the far-reaching corollaries. Nor will any of us
tion to those who are called of God to give it, and
who believe in the worth of work with the hands
which leaves the Bible to make its way into the
as an uplifting power in real education' weary
heart, not by compulsion and formality, but along
of learning how that power has been exemplified
the lines of persuasion which center in home and
at Tuskegee, in farm and wagon-shops, brick-yard
church' (p. 82).
and foundry, class-room, laboratory, and kitchen,
Then, as to the teaching of morals,–
until the community has become not only almost
Shall, then, our Public Schools teach a for self-equipped, but as elevated in tone, compara-
mal moral code? No, rather let them possess a tively, as Brook Farm itself. The book is rightly
moral atmosphere derived from the personality of called “Working with the Hands' rather than
the teacher. ... Place a Horace Mann
'The Story of Tuskegee.' The principle is much
Thomas Arnold in a school-room, and that school
larger than the institution, and the author tells
will possess more moral power than resides in all something of its wider application. How far he
the ethical handbooks in the whole world' (p. 45).
himself, following General Armstrong's lead, has
Very well, but how about the quality of the stimulated the impulse toward manual training
teachers we have? We are told, -
in all education, North and South, it is aside
'In intelligence, singleness of purpose, purity
from his modesty to say, even if he could. But
of life, there is not a priesthood in the world that he realizes and insists upon the economic and
outranks them; and there are few that equal them. political importance of his work. It was this
Is it not a frightful slander to call our Public training of the hands,' he says, 'that furnished
Schools irreligious, when, in fact, they are taught the first basis for united and sympathetic inter-
by as noble and saintly a band of workers as ever est and action between the two races at the South,
consecrated themselves to the service of human and the whites at the North and those at the
ity?' (p. 35.)
South.' He calls attention to the fact that the
Positively, we begin to feel a little dizzy.
industries of Porto Rico, Hayti, and parts of
Extremes sometimes meet, and it is fair to ask
Africa, are being transformed by men trained at
whether, in our undoubtedly righteous zeal for
Tuskegee; and he believes that moral and relig-
ious transformation will follow the economic.
non-sectarian schools, we may not sometimes
leave our children totally at the mercy of bigots
"After diligent investigation,' he says, 'I have
been unable to find a dozen former students in
on the one hand, or hard-hearted materialism
idleness. They are busy in schoolroom, field,
on the other. A great part of the purpose of shop, home, or church. They are busy because
education is to put the child in the possession they have placed themselves in demand by learn-
of the ripest fruits of the mental travail of the ing to do that which the world wants done, and
race; and if anyone believes that that can be because they have learned the disgrace of idle-
done without referring to religion, he strangely
ness and the sweetness of labor.' The lover of
misconceives both history and the human mind.
mankind, and of poetry, cannot help dreaming
To leave the child to those called of God,'
of what life and literature will be like, when the
Man with the Hoe- the man
according to their own designation, is frequently
*dead to rapture and despair,
to leave him to narrow, warped, or misleading A thing that grieves not and that never hopes,'
teachers; and if any sectarian feels injured by shall have been replaced by the man Mr. Wash-
this statement, I beg him to consider that it ington is training, whose hand, head, and heart
refers not to his sect, but to all others. The are educated in service, and who knows the sweet-
exclusion of dogma from the schools, and the ness and dignity of labor.
search for noble teachers, these are aims
worthy of all support; but when we get the
Small satisfaction will come to the
The course of
right men and women, let us not curtail their empire.
idealist from the reading of Mr.
Archibald R. Colquhoun's Greater
freedom, nor prevent them from freely impart-
America' (Harper). In all but its concluding
ing the fruits of their own spiritual develop chapters, which are in the nature of prophecy,
ment.
T. D. A. COCKERELL. it is a history of the expansion of the republic,


66
[August 1,
THE DIAL
.
from the Louisiana Purchase to the purchase of
the Filipinos and their archipelago. The au-
thor shows that nowhere have any considerations
other than those of material interest been per-
mitted to stand in the way of the acquisition of
empire, from Jefferson's extra-constitutional
negotiations with the first Napoleon, through the
Mexican War, to the Treaty of Paris by which
the Philippines were brought under the flag but
not under the constitution. He is convinced that
Cuba will fall into our laps, like a ripened cocoa-
nut; he considers the annexation of Mexico and
the Central American republics possible; he
weighs the chances of bringing the Canadian
provinces into the sisterhood of states, and the
thought of drawing the southern line of greater
America' at the river Amazon after extending
it to the North Pole is rather a serious one with
him. The islands of the Caribbean are taken up
one by one, and their future settled, with the pos-
sibilities of the Dutch West Indies coming into
the hands of Germany. The government of the
United States is explained in detail for the bene-
fit of his British readers, as the administration
of the Indian empire is detailed for Americans.
The problems of expansion are considered in the
light of these two systems, and the Filipino is set
down as incapable of self-government from any
American point of view, with a smile for those
who would disregard the teachings of history in
the tropics. A larger navy is insisted upon, as
Great Britain and the United States cannot con-
sent to the overthrow of Japan as a naval factor
in the balance of power necessary to progress on
the farther shores of the Pacific. The book is
frankly materialistic in its point of view, and is
calculated to delight the hearts of all true im-
perialists. Needless to say, it does not set forth
the final historical fact that imperial nations have
uniformly gone down into the abysses of history,
while only those, like China, which have been
steady advocates of peace, have been long able
to survive.
While the world is waiting for
Disraeli
Lord Rowton to publish the long-
the statesman.
expected full and satisfactory life
of the man he so devotedly served as secretary,
various writers, without his qualifications and
resources for the task, give us from time to time
their accounts, now fragmentary and now more
nearly complete, of that remarkable career.
a small volume about as large as one of our
• Beacon Biographies, Mr. Walter Sichel pre-
sents an outline of Disraeli's public life, briefly
naming his book' Beaconsfield (Dutton). Hav-
ing already treated his subject from another
point of view in his · Disraeli: A Study in Per-
sonality and Ideas,' the author now devotes his
attention to Lord Beaconsfield's political career.
From the first he shows himself a thorough-going
admirer of the brilliant statesman. Accordingly
the less admirable traits of his character are
either left undelineated or are but faintly sug-
gested. Only the briefest reference is made to
the famous squabble with O'Connell, and there
is no mention of the altercation with Joseph
Hume. To readers not having something like a
professional love for the details of English polit-
ical history,– the ups and downs of reform move-
ments, the perpetual clashing of parties, the fate
of this, that, or the other bill in Parliament,
the book will seem somewhat of a twice-told tale,
so often has its subject-matter been handled by
previous writers. Touching on our own Civil
War and his country's attitude in the matter,
Mr. Sichel voices a probably erroneous impres-
sion when he says, The natural sympathies of
the nation
were with the South.' That
the English people as a whole espoused the pro-
slavery cause, has long been regarded as more
than doubtful. Indeed, some convincing evi-
dence of the right-mindedness of the English
press at the time has recently been published, as
the reader may remember. For a handy outline,
agreeably illustrated with a dozen portraits and
other views, this little book is to be commended.
The study of
In view of the present celebration
government of the Louisiana Purchase and the
in Wyoming. projected memorial of the travels of
Lewis and Clark next year, Dr. Grace Raymond
Hebard's book on 'The Government of Wyom-
ing' (Whitaker & Ray) comes very opportunely
to remind us of the unique position of that state
as being embraced in all the four large cessions
of land west of the Mississippi. Dr. Hebard has
the faculty of writing very lucidly and interest-
ingly about what is too often deemed 'too dry'
a subject. An excellent chronological table makes
clear the various stages in the formation of the
territory and its subsequent development, and
the historical portions of the book are very
acceptable. Its chief interest lies, of course, in
what concerns its government. As an attorney-
at-law, the author possesses the equipment needed
to make the chapters on Administration and
Justice (as explaining the legal steps from
arrest to conviction or acquittal in civil and crimi-
nal cases) instructive and helpful. Other timely
topics are the chapters discussing the constitu-
tional conventions and the convention which led
to Statehood, the Australian ballot-system intro-
duced in the State by the author's brother, the
elective franchise, the land-boards, the irriga-
tion laws, and the benefits of forest reserves (of
particular interest to the 'arid' West),
range of topics of more than local interest, use-
ful and necessary to all classes. The errors are
few, and only such as might slip in unawares into
any book; while a list of questions and references
at the end of each chapter, good illustrations,
maps, and appendices, besides a complete index,
make the volume a very satisfactory contribu-
tion to our scant literature on this subject. The
study of government in Wyoming has not hith-
erto been aided by a satisfactory text-book. This
little volume is cordially recommended as a handy
reference-book for libraries where this portion of
our history is not often adequately represented.
Revelations of
One reads with pleasure that
military life in Lieutenant Bilse, author of ' Aus
Germany.
einer kleinen Garnison,' has been
released from the military sentence of imprison-
ment inflicted on him for writing his book, which
- a
In
6


1904.]
67
THE DIAL
6
-are
and eggs.
contained in the form of fiction the severest of
criticisms upon the conduct of officers of the
German military establishment in times of
peace by telling the truth about them. His
book, it may be remembered, resulted in a gen-
eral inquiry on the part of the German Emperor
into his most highly favored national institution,
the result of which was so far confirmatory of
the things described that the old and barbarous
rule of English law,' the greater the truth the
greater the libel,' must be in force in Germany,
at least among the military. Mr. Wolf von
Schierbrand has translated the story into Eng-
lish, with the title of 'A Little Garrison
(Stokes), providing it with an introduction in
which he sets forth these facts, telling his read-
ers that he was obliged to suppress some of the
episodes in it as too strong for American read-
ing. Those remaining tend to show that, with
notable exceptions, the German officer is a moral
coward, a bully, a thief, a liar, a petty swin-
dler, a gambler, an absconder, a drunkard, a liber-
tine, and several other unpleasant things. This is
in times of peace; in times of war, as Mr. Kipling
has noted, he is a hero. The problem appears to
be to force a man who is taught as a matter of
professional duty to disregard during a time of
war every law, human and divine, prescribed for
good conduct, to observe all those laws when it
has not been made permissible for him to become
a chartered murderer, thief, liar, and the rest.
It is not stated in just those terms by Mr. von
Schierbrand, Lieutenant Bilse, or the commenta-
tors on the book at home or abroad; and,
stated, it does not appear to be a problem capable
of easy solution. The one remedy likely to be
efficacious would seem to be the discouragement
of the military spirit. Germany, however, is little
likely to do this.
Mlle. Helene Vacaresco, about
Royalty in
whom the world heard a good
deal some ten years ago, has pub-
lished her impressions of various royal person-
ages in an attractive volume entitled Kings and
Queens I have Known' (Harper). Pope Leo
XIII. also has a place in the list, which includes
most of the reigning sovereigns of Europe. Al-
though the writer professes to give personal rem-
iniscences, her book — with the exception of the
chapter on Queen Elizabeth of Roumania (Car-
men Sylva), to whom she is a lady-in-waiting
is largely of the kind that a well-appointed
library would easily enable a less privileged person
to manufacture; and of Queen Wilhelmina, one
of her most interesting characters, she gives noth-
ing at all that savors of personal impression.
Her style lacks simplicity and restraint; all
things wear a glamor of romance to her view, and
every situation must yield its bit of sentiment
and poetry. She is a poet, and insists on remain-
ing one even in her prose. Delighting in what she
calls' brilliant accesses of force and desire, pas-
sionate thrillings of souls ever ready to court
peril,' she has written a book which it would be
foolishness to treat as a sober narrative of facts.
The Emperor of Austria she pictures as an un-
happy husband, deserted for long periods by his
errant consort. Describing her meeting with the
German Emperor and Empress at Sigmaringen,
she writes, with unaccountable self-contradiction:
Sigmaringen Schloss has for many hundred
years belonged to the Catholic branch of the
Hohenzollern family, who bear no relationship
whatever to the younger and more prosperous
line.' Portraits accompany all the chapters ex-
cept that on the late King and Queen of Servia,
and Mlle. Vacaresco herself appears in the
frontispiece.
The depth of devotion which
Birds' nests and eggs leads a man to write such a
of North America.
book as that of Mr. Chester
A. Reed on 'North American Birds' Eggs' (Dou-
bleday, Page & Co.) can be comprehended only
by the true bird-lover. Mr. Reed's descrip-
tions of the birds themselves, which cover
practically all the species on the continent
nearly eight hundred not full enough
to be of much value for purposes of iden-
tification, but are intended only to introduce
the fuller descriptions of nests
As Mr. Reed says, "The greatest interest
in the study of birds centres in their home-life’;
and his purpose is to add to popular knowledge
on this subject. He does not wish to stimulate
the indiscriminate collecting of birds' eggs, but
recognizes the fact that knowledge does not
imply possession,' and that the collector is one of
the enemies of bird-life. Except in the cases of
sub-species that deviate only slightly from the
type, life-size drawings of the eggs are given,
showing shape and markings with minute fidelity.
These cuts are in black-and-white, but the colors
are carefully described, so that the record is
complete. It is an interesting novelty in bird-
literature to find the illustrations of eggs given
in full on the page, while thumb-nail sketches of
the birds appear in the margin. To most readers,
the seventy additional illustrations, most of them
full-page, showing nests and their surroundings,
will appeal as the most interesting feature of the
book, – so interesting, in fact, as to make the
book worth while if it had no other value. The
literary critic will wince a little, however, at see-
ing these beautiful pictures labeled 'photos,' and
at frequent awkward expressions in the text.
roseate hues.
6
A distinguished Russia, France and the United
English woman States have each furnished some
of Science.
illustrious names to the list of
women who have achieved fame in the fields of
pure or applied science, but not many have found
the British environment conducive to this result.
An exception, however, must be made in the case
of Miss Eleanor Ormerod, England's most noted
economic entomologist. That her fame was not
merely a local one is evidenced by the array of
eminent correspondents in all civilized lands and
some far corners of the earth who have contrib-
uted to her 'Autobiography and Correspondence'
(Dutton). This has been edited and compiled by
Professor Robert Wallace of the University of
Edinburgh, of which institution she was the first
woman honorary graduate. Her correspondence,
here published for the first time, will be of espe-


68
[August 1,
THE DIAL
cial interest to all economic entomologists. The Cowdray, Dr. Johnson at Windhurst, William
moderation and eminent good-sense which charac Collins at Chichester, Cowper at Eastham, Shel-
terized her "Annual Reports' (1877-1898) won ley at Horsham, Cobbett at Billinghurst, Pope at
for her a high place in the esteem of her co-work West Grinstead, Swinburne at Shoreham, and
ers throughout the world. Her services to the Charles Lamb at Hastings. We get traces of
Royal Agricultural Society and the Royal Agri- Romans, Britons, Saxons and Normans, as at
cultural College, and in behalf of agricultural | Pevensey Castle, where William the Conqueror
education, were given freely and ungrudgingly, was present in person, Such compilations have
and may yet bear fruit when England awakens their place in the collections on English historical
to the fact that science, even applied entomology, geography.
has its place in the schedules of the modern uni-
versity. The extensive correspondence and abun-
dant illustrations give a technical value to the
NOTES.
book for the specialist, and the story of this use-
ful and successful life should be inspiration to Some Selected Sermons of Jonathan Edwards,'
others who have similar means and leisure for a edited by Prof. H. Norman rdiner, is a new
scientific career.
' Pocket Classic' públished by the Macmillan Co.
* Twelve Christmas Stories,' by Charles Dickens,
Mr. Henry W. Nevinson, known to
Essays in fact
edited by Miss Jane Gordon, is one of the 'Eclectic
and in fiction.
the literary world as war corre-
School Readings' published by the American Book
spondent of The Daily Chron-
Co.
icle’ and author of Ladysmith: the Diary of a
Arithmetic Made Easy for Teachers and Pu-
Siege,' and other books, has turned his South-
African and other professional experiences to ac-
pils,' by Miss Mabel A. Marsh, is a text-book of
teaching method published by Messrs. E. P. Dutton
count in a collection of miscellanies, mostly fic-
& Co.
tion, entitled • Between the Acts (Dutton).
Four of the stories have to do with Boers and
* The Dramatic Element in the Popular Ballad'
Kaffirs, kraals and kopjes, and like things and is the subject of a study by Mr. George Morey
persons. Nevertheless, despite the abundance of Miller, just issued as a publication of the Univer-
local color, the tales are not always convincing, sity of Cincinnati.
as, for example, when, in a besieged and starv Mr. John Lane publishes, in his attractive and
ing village, a hen not only figures in a thriving inexpensive ‘Canvasback Library,' a new edition
condition, without visible means of support, but of Herr Sudermann's ‘Regina,' in Miss Beatrice
even achieves the laying of an egg! Two stories Marshall's translation.
of university life, one at Jena, the other at Os-
'Dux Christus,' by Dr. William Elliot Griffis,
ford, are somewhat amusingly burlesque. Two
is an outline study of religious Japan, just pub-
autobiographical chapters, one Greco-Turkish
lished by the Macmillan Co. in a series of volumes
war story, one slum story, two love stories, one
devoted mainly to foreign missions.
journalist's tale, and one Spanish sketch, with a
'A First Latin Writer,' by Mr. Mather A. Abbott,
bit of verse at the end of each, complete the
volume. Some of the poems are graceful, occa-
is a recent publication of the American Book
Co., who also send us the ‘Elements of Algebra for
sionally attaining a neatness that is almost epi-
Beginners,' by Professor George W. Hall,
grammatic, and a few of the stories are ingenious;
but the book will hardly place the author on that
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. announce a new series
• pinnacle of fame' which gives the title of his
of American biographies, in many volumes, classi-
concluding chapter.
fied according to occupations. Some two dozen
volumes are well under way, each comprising from
a half-dozen to a score of biographies.
The beautiful downs of Sussex are
In quaint old
Sussex.
a treasure-house of English his-
'The Mathematical Theory of Eclipses,' accord-
tory. Mr. Lucas's "Highways
ing to the Chauvenet-Bessel method, is the subject
of a treatise by Mr. Roberdeau Buchanan. The
and Byways in Sussex' (Macmillan) reveals the
instinct of the archaeologist, the historian, and
work has an appendix on transits and occulta-
tions, and is published by the J. B. Lippincott Co.
the litterateur. Mr. Lucas wandered along the
chalk cliffs, over the downs, up the little river
“A Primer of Philosophy,' by Dr. A. S. Rappo-
valleys, and among the ruins of ancient glory,
port, is a diminutive but compact book published
with open eyes and mind. Churchyards, castles,
by Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. Its purpose is to
groves, hedgerows, and villages, all told him supply the beginner in philosophy with a kind of
stories which he has incorporated in this volume.
student's guide to the problems of the science and
Seventy-six well-executed sketches of buildings,
the solutions which have been proposed.
landscapes, groves, parks, and street scenes, by George Lawrence's ‘Brakespeare' was published
Mr. F. L. Griggs, add to the vividness of the nar a full generation ago, and strikingly anticipated
rative. A good map of Sussex, with its cities, the type of romantic historical fiction of which so
towns, rivers, downs, and highways, helps the much has been written in our own day. The new
reader in his trips across country with his guide. edition just published by Messrs. F. M. Buckles &
In these excursions we get glimpses of many fam Co. should, therefore, not fail to attract a new set
ous characters; we find Queen Elizabeth at of readers for this once fairly famous book.


1904.)
69
THE DIAL
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
August, 1904.
Archery, Old and Novel Sport of. A. B. Casselman. Century.
Automobile Legislation. John Scott-Montagu, No. Am.
Baltic Fleet and Northeast Passage. NO. American.
Bridges, Colossal of Utah. W. A. Dyar. Century.
British Shipping and the State. No. American.
Chinese Court, Summer Splendor of. M. N. Wood. Century.
Chinese Exclusion, Folly of. H. H. Bancroft. No. American.
College, East and West, The. Shailer Mathews. W'd Today.
Commercial Crime, Unpunished. George W. Alger. Atlan.
Commercial Restriction, Contest with. J. B. Moore. Harpers.
Coney Island, The New. Albert Bigelow Paine. Century.
Dissonance and Evil. Daniel Mason. Atlantic.
Electric Theory of Matter. Oliver Lodge. Harpers.
Hawthorne, Centenary of. Bliss Perry. Atlantic.
Immigration, Restriction of. Robert de C. Ward. No. Am.
Lombard Villas. · Edith Wharton. . Century.
Military Academy. The American. C. King. World Today.
Natural History, Doubts and Conclusions. Harpers.
New England, Transformation of. Ą. A. Berle. W'a Today.
Newfoundland and its Fishermen. D. A. Wiley. W'a Today.
Probation, Principle of. Charlton T. Lewis. No. American.
Public, The Disappearing. Ernest Poole.
World Today.
Reform in Turkey, Obstacles to. C. Morawitz. No. Am.
Russia in War-Time. Andrew D. White.
Century
Santo Domingo. Sigmund Krausz. World Today.
School, The Private, in a Democracy. World Today.
Selborne Pilgrimage, A. Cornelius Weygandt. Atlantic.
Trades-Union Morals, Present Crisis in. J. Addams, N. Am.
Tutuila (U. S.). D. S. Jordan and V. L. Kellogg. Atlantic.
Visiting in Country Houses. Eliot Gregory. Century.
What Do Animals - Know? John Burroughs. Century.
Women in Industry, More Truth About. NO. American.
World Politics, A Glance at. Sydney Brooks. No. American.
*Our Own and Other Worlds,' by Mr. Joseph
Hamilton, is an illustrated book of popular as-
tronomy, published by Messrs. Eaton & Mains. The
work has a marked religious flavor, and the writer
seems to be a sort of up-to-date Ormsby Mitchell.
* Connectives of English Speech,' by Mr. James
C. Fernald, is a publication of the Funk & Wag-
nalls Co. It is a practical treatise, with abundant
illustrations, upon ‘the correct usage of preposi-
tions, conjunctions, relative pronouns, and ad.
verbs.'
Lessing's ‘Minna von Barnhelm,' edited by Mr.
Richard Alexander von Minckwitz and Miss Anne
Crombie Wilder, is a recent German text published
by Messrs. Ginn & Co., who also send us Fred-
erich Gerstäcker's 'Germelshausen,' edited by Mr.
Griffin M. Lovelace.
Twenty volumes of the 'Kensington' Thackeray
are now at hand, the latest of which are the four
containing 'The Paris Sketch Book,' 'Barry Lyn-
don,' 'The Great Hoggarty Diamond,' and 'The
Irish Sketch Book,' Messrs. Charles Scribner's
Sons are the publishers.
From MM. Firmin-Didot & Co., Paris, we have
Volumes II. and III, of 'La Guerre de Sept Ans,' by
M. Richard Waddington, completing this valuable
work of diplomatic and military history. The two
volumes aggregate over a thousand pages, and are
furnished with numerous maps and plans. The
work is strictly one of original research, being
based upon a thorough examination of the archives
of several European countries.
Mr. Sidney Lee's collection of Elizabethan Son-
nets Newly Arranged and Indexed' occupies two
volumes ‘in the reissue of Arber's English Gar-
ner,' now being published by Messrs. E. P. Dut-
ton & Co. Mr. Lee's introduction, an essay of
nearly a hundred pages, is an important contri-
bution to the history of English literature, and
gives exceptional value to this work, otherwise
sufficiently valuable in itself as a collection of
material not elsewhere easily accessible.
Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. are the publishers of
a series of French and German text-books, English
in origin, of which the following volumes have
just been received: 'Grammaire Française,' by
Messrs. W. Mansfield Poole and Michel Becker;
'Intermediate French Grammar,' by Messrs. G. H.
Clarke and L. R. Tanquerey; 'Commercial French'
(two volumes). by Messrs. W. Mansfield Poole and
Michel Becker; and Commercial German’ (two
volumes), by Messrs. Gustav Hein and Michel
Becker.
Dr. Ellis P. Oberholtzer is preparing for Messrs.
George W. Jacobs & Co. an edition, in several
volumes, of the diary and writings of Robert Mor-
ris, the financier of the American Revolution. It
is now close upon a hundred years since the death
of Morris, and this edition is appropriately planned
as a centennial commemoration. The editor asks
for permission to copy any of Morris's letters or
other papers that may be in the hands of private
owners, and promises their prompt return if sent
to him for that purpose.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 65 titles," includes' books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY:
PERSONAL REMINISCENCES OF THE FIRST DUKE OF WELL-
INGTON; 'with Sketches of Some of Hts Guests and
Contemporaries. By the late George Robert Gleig, M.A.
Edited by his daughter, Mary E. Gleig. With photo-
gravure frontispiece, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 409.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $3.75 net.
A MEDIAEVAL PRINCESS. By Ruth Putnam. Illus., 8vo,
gilt top, pp. 337. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.25 net.
SIR HENRY RAEBURN, R.A. By Edward Pinnington. Illus.
in photogravure, etc., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 274.
"Makers of British Art.” Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.25 net.
MARIA EDGEWORTH. By the Hon. Emily Lawless. 12mo,
uncut, pp. 220. "English Men of Letters." Macmil-
lan Co. 75 cts. net.
HISTORY.
THE TRAIL OF LEWIS AND CLARK, 1804-1904. By Olin D.
Wheeler. In 2 vols., illus., 8vo, gilt tops, pp. 419.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $6. net.
THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493-1898. Edited by Emma
Helen Blair' and James Alexander Robertson; with
historical Introduction and additional Notes by Ed-
ward Gaylord Bourne. Vol. XV., 1609. Illus., "large
8vo, gilt top, 'uncut, pp. 331. Cleveland : Arthur H.
Clark Co. $4. net.
SOCIAL ENGLAND: A Record of the Progress of the Peo-
ple in Religion, Arts, Science and Industry, from the
Earliest Times to the Present Day. Edited by H. D.
Traill, D.C.L. "King Edward" edition. Val. V.
From the Accession : of George 1. to, the Battle of
Waterloo. : Illus, in color, etc., 4to, gilt top, uncut.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5. net.
EARLY WESTERN TRAVELS, 1748-1846. Edited by Reuben
Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Vol. V., Bradbury's Travels in
the Interior of America, (1809-1811). - Large 8vo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 320. Cleveland : Arthur H. Clark
Co. $4. net.


70
(August 1,
THE DIAL
THE CAMBRIDGE MODERN HISTORY, Planned by the late
Lord Acton, LL.D.; edited by A. W. Ward, G. W.
Prothero, and Stanley Leathes. Vol. VIII.,
The
French Revolution. Large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp.
875. The Macmillan Co. $4. net.
PIONEER ROADS AND EXPERIENCES OF TRAVELERS, (Vol.
11.) By Archer Butler Hulbert. Illus., 12mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 202. "Historic Highways of America."
Cleveland : Arthur H. Clark Co. $2.50 net.
Dux CHRISTUS : An Outline Study of Japan. By William
Elliot Griffis. With map, 16mo, pp. 296. Macmillan
Co. 30 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
A JOURNEY IN THE SEABOARD SLAVE STATES, in the Years
1853-1854, with Remarks
on
their Economy. By
Frederick Law Olmsted. With a Biographical Sketch
by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., and with an Intro-
duction by William P. Trent. New Edition.
With
frontispiece. 2 vols., 8vo, gilt tops, uncut. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $5. net.
THE HEART OF THE ORIENT, By Michael Myers Shoe-
maker. Illus., 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 416. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
MANCHU AND MUSCOVITE. By L. Putnam Weale. Illus.
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 552. Macmillan Co. $3.
A YEAR IN EUROPE. By Walter W. Moore, D.D., LL.D.
Illus., 8vo, pp. 366. Richmond: Presbyterian Com-
mittee of Publication. $1.25 net.
LITERATURE
SCIENCE.
OUR OWN AND OTHER WORLDS. By Joseph Hamilton; In-
troduction by Rev. W. H. Withrow, D.D., F.R.S.C.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 203. Eaton & Mains. $1.
8yo.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE
LIFE AND LETTERS OF H. TAINE, 1853-1870. Trans. from
the French by Mrs. R. L. Devonshire. 12mo, uncut,
pp. 330. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.net.
POEMS OF GEORGE WITHER, With photogravure frontis-
piece, 24mo, gilt top, pp. 224. "Newnes' Pocket
Classics." Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
PLAYS OF GEORGE CHAPMAN. Edited by William Lyon
Phelps, M.A., Ph.D. With photogravure portrait,
18mo, gilt top, pp. 478. "Mermaid Series." Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1. net.
THE POEMS AND SONGS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. With
photogravure frontispiece, 24mo, gilt top, pp. 254.
"Newnes Pocket Classics." Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.25 net.
ELIZABETHAN SONNETS, Newly arranged and edited.
With an Introduction by Sidney Lee. 2 vols., large
“An English Garner." E. P. Dutton & Co.
$2.50 net.
BOOKS OF VERSE.
THE SEA-GULLS, and Other Poems, By Enid Welsford.
With frontispiece, 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 84. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $1. net.
SELECTIONS FROM THE RELIGIOUS POEMS of William C.
Blaydes. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 248. Published
for the Author.
CAROLINA DITTIES. By Pegram Dargan. 16mo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 102. New York : Literary Collector Press.
Published for the Author.
LAST DAYS OF LINCOLN, and Lyrical Sketches. By John
Irving Pearce, Jr. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 163.
Laird & Lee.
FICTION
THE ROSE OF OLD ST. LOUIS. By Mary Dillon. Illus.,
12mo, pp. 460. Century Co. $1.50.
THE CONFESSIONS OF A CLUB WOMAN. By Agnes Sur-
bridge. Illus., 12mo, pp. 241. Doubleday, Page & Co.
$1.50.
THE CHALLONERS. By E. F. Benson. 12mo, pp. 345. J.
B. Lippincott Co. $1.50.
THE PROMOTERS: A Novel Without a Woman. By Will-
iam Hawley Smith. Illus., 12mo, gilt top, pp. 367.
Rand, McNally & Co. $1.50.
THE LETTER H: A Novel. By Charles Felton Pidgin.
Illus., 12mo, pp. 316. G. W. Dillingham Co. $1.50.
A PRINCE OF CORNWALL. A Story of Glastonbury and the
West in the Days of Ina of Wessex. By Chas. W.
Whistler. Illus., 12mo, pp. 400. Frederick Warne &
Co. $1.50.
BRAKESPEARE, or the Fortunes of a Free Lance. By
George A. Lawrence. Illus., 12mo, pp. 541. F. M.
Buckles & Co. $1.
REGINA; or the Sins of the Fathers. By Hermann Suder-
mann. Trans. by Beatrice Marshall. 12mo, pp. 347.
"Canvasback Library.” John Lane. 75 cts.
THE PRIDE OF JENNICO. By Agnes and Egerton Castle.
New edition. 12mo, pp. 341. Macmillan Co. Paper,
25 cts
WEIR THE WIZARD: A Romance of Old Edinburgh. By
J. Wilson M'Laren. 8vo, pp. 73. London: Sands &
Co.
RELIGION.
THE BEGINNINGS OF CHRISTIANITY. By Paul Wernle.
Trans. by Rev. G. A. Bienermann, M.A., and edited,
with an Introduction, by Rev. W. D. Morrison, LL.D.
Vol. II. The Development of the Church. Large 8yo,
uncut, pp. 376. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50.
POLITICS AND ECONOMICS.
THE STORY OF ANGLO-SAXON INSTITUTIONS, or the Devel-
opment of Constitutional Government. By Sidney C.
Tapp, Ph.B. 12mo, pp. 245. G. P. Putnam's Sons
$1.50 net.
THE ENGLISH PEOPLE: A Study of their Political Psy-
chology. By Emile Boutmy. Trans. from the French
by R. English ; with an Introduction by John Edward
Courtenay Bodley. 8vo, pp. 332. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $2.50.
OUR POLITICAL DRAMA: Conventions, Campaigns, Candi-
dates. By Joseph Bucklin Bishop. Illus., 8vo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 236. Scott-Thaw Co. $2.
TRUE REPUBLICANISM; or the Real and Ideal in Politics. By
Frank Preston Stearns. With frontispiece, 12mo, gilt
top, uncut, pp. 264. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.50 net.
THE TARIFF: A Review of the Tariff Legislation of the
United States from 1812 to 1896. By William Mc-
Kinley. Svo, pp. 260. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75.
THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF ECLIPSES. By Roberdeau
Buchanan, G. B. With charts, 8vo, pp. 247, J. B.
Lippincott Co.
ART AND MUSIC.
THE ROYAL ACADEMY: From Reynolds to Millais. Edited
by Charles Holme. Illus. in color, etc., 4to. Sum-
mer Number of the “Studio." John Lane. Paper, $2.
net.
THE WORLD'S EARLIEST MUSIC: Traced to its Beginnings
in Ancient Lands, By Hermann Smith. Illus., 12mo,
pp. 362.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.75 net.
THE STORY OF CHAMBER MUSIC. By N. Kilburn, Mus.
Вас. Illus. in photogravure, etc. 12mo, gilt top, un-
cut, pp. 252. “Music Story Series." Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.25 net.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
ROSABEL. By Esther Miller. 12mo, pp. 269.
pincott Co.
J. B. Lip-
BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
THE ESSENTIALS OF COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. By А.
Howry Espenshade, M.A. 16mo, pp. 387. D. C. Heath
& Co. $1.
GEOMETRY, By G. 0. Andrew, M.A.
16mo, pp.
182.
"Home and School Library." E. P. Dutton & Co.
60 cts.
ARITHMETIC MADE EASY: For Teachers and Pupils. By
Mabel A. Marsh. 12mo, pp. 134. E. P. Dutton & Co.
60 cts. net.
ELEMENTS OF ALGEBRA : For Beginners. By George W.
Hull, M.A., Ph.D. 16mo, pp. 159. American Book
Co., 50 cts.
GRAMMAIRE FRANCAISE : A French Grammar.
By W.
Mansfield Poole, M.A., and Michael Becker, 12mo, pp.
152. E. P. Dutton & Co. 60 cts.
INTERMEDIATE FRENCH GRAMMAR; with Outlines of His-
torical Accidence. By G. H, Clarke, M.A., and L. R.
Tanquerey, B.ésL. 16mo, pp. 302. E. P. Dutton &
Co.


1904.]
71
THE DIAL
BY THE WAY!
pp. 145.
COMMERCIAL FRENCH By W. Mansfield Poole, M.A.
HAVE YOU
and Michel Becker. In 2 parts. With maps, 12mo.
TRIED THE
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
COMMERCIAL GERMAN. By Gustav Hein and Michel Becker.
Covers to Order
Price List Free
Part I. With a map of Germany 12mo, pp. 271. E.
P. Dutton & Co. $1. net.
YOU CAN BIND one sheet or three hundred sheets in ten 800-
A GERMAN READER. Selected and edited, with Notes and onds. The Klip binds loose shoots, pamphlets, or magazinos.
Vocabulary, by William Herbert Carruth, Ph.D. 16mo,
pp. 282,
Ginn & Co.
H. H. BALLARD, 59 Pittsfield, Mass.
50 cts.
A FIRST LATIN WRITER. By Mather A. Abbott. 12mo,
STORY-WRITERS, Biographers, Historians, Poets - Do
American Book Co. 60 cts.
you desire the honest criticism of your
SELECTED SERMONS OF JONATHAN EDWARDS. Edited, with book, or its skilled revision and correction, or advice as to publication ?
Introduction and Notes, by H. Norman Gardiner. With Such work, said George William Curtis, is “done as it should be by The
frontispiece, 18mo, pp. 181. "Pocket English Classics."
Easy Chair's friend and fellow laborer in letters, Dr. Titus M. Coan."
Macmillan Co.
Terms by agroement. Send for circular D, or forward your book or MS.
25 cts.
to the New York Bureau of Revision, 70 Fifth Ave., New York.
A PRIMER OF PHILOSOPHY. By A. S. Rappoport, Ph.D).
18mo, pp. 118. E. P. Dutton & Co. 30 cts. net.
Instruction by mail in literary composition.
THE PROGRESSIVE COURSE IN SPELLING. By J. N. Hunt.
Courses suited to all peeds.
In Two Parts. 16mo, pp. 176. American Book Co.
Revision, criticism, and sale of MSS.
20 cts.
Send for circular.
GRADED CITY SPELLER. Edited by William Estabrook
EDITORIAL BUREAU,
Chancellor, M.A. 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th Year Grades
55 West 47th Street.
NEW YORK.
12mo. Macmillan Co. 56 cents.
BURKE'S SPEECH ON CONCILIATION with America. Edited
MANUSCRIPTS
by William Macdonald, Ph.D. With portrait, 18mo,
pp. 164.
American Book Co. 35 cts.
Typewritten, criticised in a helpful way, and corrected in
SILAS MARNER. By George Eliot; edited by Wilbur Lu faults of form and rhetorio. Our facilities are also at the
cius Cross, Ph.D. With portrait, 18mo, pp. 336.
service of authors inexperienced in marketing MSS. Write
American Book Co. 40 cts.
to us freely and we will reply to the best of our ability. We
TWELVE CHRISTMAS STORIES. By Charles Dickens; ed.
understand what is demanded in the way of form, and the
ited by Jane Gordon. 12mo, pp. 304. American Book
place where articles are likely to find a market. Try us.
Co. 50 cts.
WRITE FOR PRICES.
OLD TOWNE AGENCY, P.O. Box 1431, Boston, Mass.
MISCELLANEOUS.
HISTORICAL TALES : The Romance of Reality. Ву
Charles Morris.
HANDY VOLUME CLASSICS, Pocket Edition
American : Second Series. Illus.,
12mo, gilt top, pp. 358. J. B. Lippincott Co.
Used by schools and colleges everywhere. 131 volumes.
COPYRIGHT CASES. Compiled by Arthur S. Hamblin, 8vo,
pp. 237.
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
List price, 35 cts. per volume. (Price to schools, 25 cts.)
$2. net.
A NOTABLE LIBEL CASE : The Criminal Prosecution of
SEND FOR LIST.
Theodore Lyman, Jr. by Daniel Webster. 8vo, uncut,
Boston: Charles E. Goodspeed. $3.50 net.
THOMAS Y. CROWELL & co., New York
THE RED BRANCH CRESTS: Déirdre, Meye, Cuchulain. By
Charles Leonard Moore, 12mo, pp. 270. Philadelphia : BOOKS. ALL OUT-OF.PRINT BOOKS SUPPLIED,
no matter on what subject. Writo us. We can get
Printed for the Author.
you any book over published. Please stato wants. Cataloguos free.
NUTS TO CRACK, and Drawing-Room Magic. By George BAKER'S GREAT BOOK-SHOP, 14-16 Bright St., BIRINCHAN, ENG.
Schorb. Illus., 12mo, pp. 100. Laird & Lee. Paper,
25 cts.
IDIOM NEUTRAL
DICTIONARY with complete grammar, in accordance with the
L'TERARY MAN, University Instructor connected with large Resolutions of the International Academy, and a brief history of the
Historical Library, desires manuscript reading and book review-
Neutral Language by M. A F. HOLMES. $1.50.
ing for spare time. Salary secondary consideration.
T. D, care THE DIAL.
JOHN P. SMITH PRINTING CO.,
72 Exchange Street,
ROCHESTER, N. Y.
AUTHOR'S ASSISTANT. Indexing ; proof-reading; typewriting
collecting data; etc. Highest references.
of FAMOUS PERSONS
Address H. 8., care of THE DIAL. AUTOGRAPH
BOUGHT AND SOLD
LETTERS
WALTER R. BENJAMIN,
Send for Price Liste. One West 34th St., New York.
“ FIRST FOLIO EDITION”
Publisher of THE COLLECTOR. A monthly magazine for auto-
graph collectors. One dollar a year.
To be completed in 40 handy vols., size 4/x64/4. Sold separately.
Cloth, net, 50 cents; limp leather, net, 75 cents. (Postage 5 cents.)
Send for descriptive booklet.
STANDARD AUTHORS IN SETS
THOMAS Y. CROWELL & COMPANY
Balzac, Brontë, Bulwer, Carlyle, Cooper, Dickens,
426-428 WEST BROADWAY
NEW YORK Dumas, Eliot, Fielding, Gibbon, Guizot, Hawthorne,
Hugo, Irving, Poe, Reade, Ruskin, Scott, Smollett,
Expert help to authors. Criticism and revision by
former New York editor. RESABTUS LITERARY
Thackeray, Tolstoi.
BUREAU, 27 William Street, New YORK.
Send for Descriptive Booklet.
THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., New York
FOR ANY BOOK ON EARTH write to H. H. TIMBY,
Book Hunter. Catalogues free. 1st Nat. Bank Bldg., Conneaut, 0.
WILLIAM R. JENKINS
FIRST EDITIONS OF MODERN AUTHORS
Including Dickens, Thackeray, Lover, Ainsworth, Stevenson, FRENCH Sixth Avenue & 48th Street
Jefferies, Hardy. Books illustrated by G. and R. Cruikshank,
NEW YORK
Phiz, Rowlandson, Leech, etc. The Largest and Choicest Col.
AND OTHER FOREIGN
lection offered for Sale in the World. Catalogues issued and
NO BRANCH STORES
sent post free on application. Books bought. - WALTER T. BOOKS
SPENCER, 27 New Oxford St., London, W. C., England.
SEND FOR CATALOGURS.
PP. 117.
SHAKESPEARE'S WORKS
lli
MSS.


72
[August 1, 1904
THE DIAL
THE ASTOR EDITION OF POETS
THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO.
Is the best for schools and colleges. 89 volumes.
List prioo, 60 ots, per vol. (Price to schools, 40 ots.)
SEND FOR LIST,
THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., New York
Library Department.
Search for Information Made Easy
Ask your librarian to let you see a copy of
the Readers' Guide. It furnishes an index
to sixty-two current magazines. All arti-
cles are indexed under subject and author.
Cross references are full, comprehensive and
intelligently edited.
The H. W. Wilson Company, Minneapolis
Publishers of the ONE-PLACE Bibliographies
We have sold books to librarians for fifty years.
We have the largest stock in the largest book
market in the country.
We fill orders promptly, completely, and intelli-
gently.
Send for our new Clearance Catalogue.
Wholesale Booksellers and Publishers,
33-37 East 17th Street, Union Square, North, New York.
Louisiana Purchase Leaflets
The
Dura
Library
Binding
Is the outgrowth of the Wales Improved
Binding patented June 7, 1898, and is
warranted to outwear any binding in use.
Endorsed by many Librarians. It costs
no more than by the old way, and will
stand more than 100 per cent. more wear.
A TRIAL ORDER IS SOLICITED
Among the Old South Loaflets are several relating to the
Louisiana Purchase. No. 105, The Account of Louisiana,
prepared for Congress at the time of the purchase ; No. 127,
The Ordinance of 1784 ; No. 128, Official Documents relating
to the Cession of Louisiana. Other leaflets relating to the
opening of the West åre: The Ordinance of 1787; Mapasseb
Cutler's Description of Obio; Garfield's Address on the
Northwest Territory,
5 cents a copy. $4.00 a hundred.
SEND FOR COMPLETE LISTS.
DIRECTORS OF OLD SOUTH WORK
Old South Meeting House,
WASHINGTON STREET, BOSTON.
J. RUFUS WALES, MARLBOROUGH, MASs.
40 SHAWMUT AVENUE.
VACATION TRAVEL
Book publishers and book journals are
THE COLORADO
MIDLAND Ry.
OOK
alike sustained by a book public. The
people who read book journals are the ones
who buy books. Daily papers and miscel-
laneous journals have miscellaneous read-
ers, some of whom are bookish people. AU
the readers of a book journal are bookish
people. The DIAL is preëminently a book
journal, published solely in the interests
of the book class, - the literary and culti-
vated class.
Reaches the prominent re-
sorts and wonder spots of
COLORADO -- affording the
Grandest Views of Rocky
Mountain Scenery.
Pullman Library Observa-
tion Cars -- through the
Mountains by daylight
and Pullman Tourist Cars
Chicago to California.
THE
HE DIAL is more generally consulted
and depended upon by LIBRARIANS in
making up ORDERS FOR BOOKS than any
other American critical journal; it circu-
lates more widely among RETAIL BOOK-
SELLERS than any other journal of its class;
it is the accustomed literary guide and aid
of thousands of PRIVATE BOOK-BUYERS,
covering every section of the country.
Write for books
and summer rates
2
H. C. BUSH, Traffic Manager
DENTER, COLO.
C. H. SPEERS, General Passenger Agent. DENVER, COLO.
H. W.JACKSON, Gen'l Agent, 306-7 Marquette Bldg., CHICAGO, ILL.
THE DIAL PRESS, FINE ARTS BUILDING, CHICAGO.


a
THE
DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER.
PAGE
.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of the Northwestern University last October, and
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, 82.00 a year in advance, postage
attended by representative high-school men
prepaid in the Uniled States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must from all parts of the country. This report
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the ranks high among the educational documents of
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or recent years, and makes reading of an excep-
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application ;
tionally interesting sort.
and SAMPLE Copy on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
The main objects of the conference are stated
on application. All communications should be addressed to
in the following terms:
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
. It was intended that the conference should be
quite different from the ordinary teachers' conven-
tion or association called to discuss purely peda-
No. 436.
It did not
AUGUST 16, 1904. Vol. XXXVII.
gogical questions in the narrow sense.
purpose to deal with the problem of teaching arith-
metic or algebra or Latin or Greek, nor with the
CONTENTS.
best methods of integrating the branches of study
which constitute the curriculum, nor was it to dis-
THE QUESTION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION. 77
cuss the respective merits of the classics and mod-
ern languages or natural science as means of
LITTERA SCRIPTA. Percy F. Bicknell
79 literary culture. It was decided to leave all such
questions relating to pedagogy in the narrow sense
A STUDY OF ADOLESCENCE. A. K. Rogers . : 82
of the term to one side, and concentrate the inter-
A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF COLUMBUS.
est of the conference upon what may be called the
F. H. Hodder.
85
broader elements of educational statesmanship
involved in the organization of a national system
BOOKS ABOUT DANTE. William Morton Payne . 87 of secondary education.'
PROBLEMS OF THE PRESENT SOUTH. Kelly
The general trend of the discussion thus
Miller
88 determined, it remained to fix upon the specific
MEANINGS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE.
subjects to be taken up, and they were finally
George L. Paddock .
91
grouped under the following heads: (1) The
function of the private school. (2) The func-
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
91
tion of the public high school. (3) The sys-
A modern book on the Philosophy of Education.
tem of accrediting schools by universities. (4)
- The leading boys' schools in America. — An
Moral and religious training. (5) Defects of
attempt at the psychology of History. - The con-
tinent of North America in a single volume. —
our high school system. The questions raised
Primitive forms of early Church. For devotees
by these subjects go to the very root of our
of old China. - Capt. Lawrence, American sea-
social and educational life,' as President James
fighter. — A volume of Antiquarian Essays.
suggested in his call for the conference, and
their discussion developed a line of argument
BRIEFER MENTION.
94
which seems, in the reading, noteworthy for
NOTES
94 its general ability and breadth of view.
Before taking up these topics separately, we
must call attention to the opening address on
The Present Situation in Secondary Educa-
THE QUESTION OF SECONDARY
tion,' made by Mr. Alfred E. Stearns of the
EDUCATION.
Phillips Andover Academy, because it set what
The problem of the secondary school is well politicians call a keynote for the ensuing
to the foreground in current educational dis debates, and started the conference upon the
cussion, both in this country and in England, highest possible plane. This address first
and the fact that its importance is thus gen emphasizes the plastic characters of the years
erally realized constitutes one of the most from twelve to twenty, and asserts the para-
encouraging signs of the educational times. Its mount necessity of giving a wise and firm direc-
prominence is emphasized just now by the pub- tion to the work of students. The danger of an
lication of a full stenographic report of the early specialization is thus set forth:
proceedings of the National Conference on • The youth who enters the high school
Secondary Education and Its Problems, held at academy is altogether too apt to be concerned, not
6
or


78
[August 16,
THE DIAL
with the mental training and discipline which the ized; it should be realized in all the others.
secondary school should furnish, but merely with For nothing is more vital to the preservation of
those individual subjects which he believes will
democracy than that the children of all classes
serve his chosen end. .. The sound and thor-
ough drill, the well-rounded training which would
should mingle with each other at school upon
best fit him to meet the special demands of his
a common footing of equality. Class distinc-
later calling, whatever that calling may be, these
tions are more out of place in education than
are spurned as old-fashioned, or at least as of no anywhere else, and to give the slightest coun-
practical value to him.'
tenance to the notion that the public schools
These are words of wisdom, spoken in an
are for the children of the poor only is to work
the most insidious and lasting harm to the
age which is witnessing the steady demoraliza-
tion of high-school courses by their presentation
social health. About the poorest sort of citizen
of an elective system to minds too immature
in any community is the one who grudges the
to make an intelligent choice. Significant also
few dollars per pupil that are expended upon
in the highest degree is what Mr. Stearns says
the public schools, while willingly paying hun-
of the failure of the modern home to co-operate
dreds of dollars apiece for the education of his
own children in private academies.
with the school in its work.
The speakers who had for their topic the
The decadence of a normal and healthy family
function of the public high school kept their
life in America, and with it that sound and sensible
discussion, for the most part, at a high philo-
home training which in the past has been one of
the greatest sources of the strength of the Republic, sophical level. The mean view of that function,
presents a situation which has well aroused the
which would have the school provide what its
anxiety of thoughtful men. It is hard to exaggerate
childish constituents want, or think they want,
this deplorable condition, and nowhere are its evils instead of providing what professional educa-
more clearly recognized than in the secondary tors know they ought to have, found occasional
school. . . Pitiable in the extreme is the lot expression, but the principal weight of the argu-
of the child of parents of wealth and influence. ment was on the right side, and kept close to the
Business and professional demands for the one,
essentials. In these days of reckless educational
and exacting social requirements for the other,
render it impossible for the father or mother to
experimentation, it is refreshing to hear such
give to the developing character of the child the
words of plain and sober truth as these of Pro-
thought and guidance that is any child's birthright.
fessor Boodin of Iowa College:
Nor is this condition confined to the chil. . It seems to me that our ancestors builded wiser
dren of the rich alone. It will be found in an than they knew, that the old course of the New
increasing degree in almost all classes of society, England grammar school, as thus modernized, com-
among men of intellect as well as among men of plies on the whole with the rational idea of educa.
money; and one of the most pathetic features of tion, and furnishes at least a working basis,
the situation lies in the fact that men who owe whereas the elective system is the mere absence of
their success in life to the struggle and discipline an ideal, frivolity run mad.'
of their youthful days persist in denying to their
The topic of the accrediting system devel-
children those very conditions and opportunities
by which their own success was made possible.'
oped a considerable body of opinion in favor
of the admission to the university, without
Discussion of the first general topic on the examination, of the graduates of well-equipped
list, the function of the private school, was high schools. One speaker stated that the
mainly in the hands of speakers who are accrediting system gives the college students
engaged in directing such institutions, and with a better average preparation, and pre-
they naturally said what they could in sup sented some statistics which strikingly support
port of that method of education. And there is that position. There was practically no dissent
much, no doubt, that can fairly be said in from the general approval bestowed upon this
behalf of the private school. As compared with method of determining the fitness of students
the public school, it frequently offers a better to enter college, and the subject, not lending
system of management, a closer attention to the itself to controversy, was so speedily disposed
needs of the individual, and more efficient of that the later speakers began to wander into
instruction. But the thing that ought to be other fields, and notably into that contentious
emphasized upon every such occasion as this, area where the question of moral and religious
and that was not properly emphasized at the instruction is debated. When it was pointed
Evanston conference, is the principle that the out that this was to be the subject for the open-
community has no more imperative duty than ing discussion on the day following, the con-
that of making the public school distinctly ference adjourned, to listen that evening to an
better than any private institution. This may extremely interesting address, albeit å trifle
seem a counsel of perfection, but it sets a goal incoherent and eccentric, by Mr. Henry S. Bou-
toward which we should constantly strive. In tell, who spoke upon the public high school as
many communities it is a condition fully real the training school of good citizenship.


1904.]
79
THE DIAL
When the conference met for its second day's tem which came up for consideration in the
work, the topic of moral and religious training closing hours of the conference proved to be
was taken up for serious treatment. Somewhat the too great preponderance of woman teachers
to our surprise, considering the auspices under in our schools, a fact so evident that it hardly
which the conference was held, the discussion needs to be emphasized; the ways in which
resulted, on the whole, in a pronouncement social life and unfortunate home conditions
against such training as a specific exercise, interfere with serious study, ways which we all
although, of course, much stress was laid upon know to be perplexingly numerous; and the bad
the moral and religious elements that are inher influence of school societies, which is probably
ent in all good teaching and orderly discipline. far from being as bad as it is made out to be.
Professor Doan, of the Ohio University, opened Under the chapter of 'defects, many other
the discussion with a combination of acute matters might have been brought forward, and
analysis and convincing argument which de-
some of more consequence than those touched
serves very high praise. He thus describes the
upon. There happens to lie before us at this
danger of placing any text of formal ethics in
moment the report of one of the members of the
the hands of the child.
Mosely Commission, and we read in it these
Perhaps the child will learn its headings and words: 'Unless the Americans desire to stereo-
paragraphs by rote. Yet if there is any one time type all teaching, they must be prepared to
and any one discipline wherein rote-learning is a
grant almost absolute freedom to their teachers.'
barren waste it is the ethical discipline of adoles-
Here is a glance at a defect of our system far
cence. Or else the pupil will be made too intro-
more radical than any that came up in the con-
spective. Yet during the period of adolescence
with its emotional instability introspection should
ference at Evanston. We offer the suggestion
be avoided as a moral or spiritual pestilence.' merely to indicate a better use that might have
been made of that closing hour, since the immi-
Other speakers, among them Professor O'Shea
nent close of our remarks makes impossible any
and Dr. Tompkins, added the weight of their
discussion of so vastly important a subject.
experience and judgment to the argument
It is appropriate to add, after this summary
against a set form of training in these matters,
of one of the most valuable educational docu-
and Professor Folwell helped to clear the air
ments of recent years, that the occasion of the
by a few plain blunt words:
conference whose proceedings are now pub-
“I have a right to send my children to the
lished was the completion by Dr. Herbert
schools for school work, to have them let alone in
Franklin Fisk of thirty years of service as prin-
their religion. As for morals, I do not care as a
cipal of the Northwestern University Academy.
teacher for an opportunity to stand up and tell
my pupils that honesty is a good thing, or that
The work thus becomes, not only an important
virtue is a good thing. I do want an opportunity contribution to current educational thought, but
to let those students see that I am a square man, also a deserved personal tribute to a man whose
that I do not deceive, that my word is good, that lifelong devotion to the work of secondary
what I am to-day I will be tomorrow. That is the teaching has been to an unusual degree fruitful
opportunity for the teacher — to lead a true, square and inspiring.
life before the student. I do not care for any
opportunity to talk “goody” to a student. My last
word is that when we shall simply keep school as
school ought to be kept, we shall be giving the best
LITTERA SCRIPTA.
moral instruction possible.'
Littera scripta manet might serve as text for
To this general trend of the discussion, there many a discourse on the terrible inexorability
were, of course, some voices raised in dissent, of the past -- past deeds, past words, past
and some outbursts of bigotry. One speaker
One speaker thoughts even, which no utmost urgency of
said that only persons who reverence God and prayerful entreaty or unstinted flow of repent-
show that reverence in their lives should be ant tears can recall or annul. The endless agony
appointed to any teaching position. He then of unavailing remorse that may follow a momen-
went on to say that he was broad-minded tary act of innocent or even virtuous intent is
enough to approve of Catholics, Protestants, one of those things that, like the mystery of
and Jews, an admission which elicited from sin to which it is in fact closely allied, perplex
one of the following speakers an energetic pro and baffle us the more we grope for an explana-
test against the fitness of a Jew to be a school tion and seek to apply a remedy. Without
teacher in a Christian nation.' But these dwelling, however, on the graver applications of
exhibitions, lamentable as they are, do not this pithy proverb, it is proposed here to adduce
detract very much from the value of the dis some of the less harrowing, but perhaps not
cussion, which, as a whole, took the right direc less instructive, while certainly more amusing,
tion and reached the right conclusions.
illustrations of its truth as found in the pitiless
The serious defects in our high school sys permanence of the written, or rather the printed,


80
[August 16,
THE DIAL
for w.
lumen
word, — its obstinate and often highly vexa whom conviction of a false quantity, or other
tious refusal to be expunged or forgotten. Other reflection on their latinity, was a rankling
matters suggested by this tyranny of the letter wound and a festering sore. Another literary
may also find appropriate mention before we dispute of the same period illustrates amusingly
close.
the awful certainty that a man's sin will find
It is now nearer three hundred than two him out. In the very act of trying to deny the
hundred years ago that the reading world of authorship of the written word, he often blun-
England, and more especially of London, was ders into an unconscious confession of guilt.
witness to a rather heated theological dispute Much printer's ink was shed, soon after the
known in ecclesiastical and literary history as beheading of Charles I., in a dispute as to the
the Smectymnuan controversy. In March, 1641, authorship of the “Regii Sanguinis Clamor ad
Bishop Hall published his Humble Remon Cælum' an anti-regicide work that made no
strance' in defense of Episcopacy against the little stir at the time of its appearance. One
onslaughts of dissenters. To this there Alexander More (or Morus, as he was ordinarily
appeared, two months later, an answer written styled) had been charged with the authorship,
by ten anti-Episcopalians, who signed them- and had been rebuked for his unfeeling refer-
selves collectively Smectymnuus,' from the ence, in the 'Dedicatory Epistle,' to Milton's
initial letters of their names, the uu standing blindness. In this epistle the Latin Secretary
These collaborating pamphleteers, with had been taunted with his affliction as a just
all their pride of learning and imposing array punishment for siding with the regicides, and
of argument and citation of authorities, had in the familiar Virgilian line had been applied to
an unguarded moment been guilty of what to a him, —
classical scholar was an unpardonable absurdity, “Monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui
in referring to the judges on Mars' Hill as
ademptum."
Areopagi. In an age when Latin was the vehemently did Morus protest, in his ‘Fides
common medium for learned works, and was Publica,' that he had had nothing to do with the
not uncommon even as a spoken language, this Regii Sanguinis Clamor,' and that therefore
error could not fail to evoke the enemy's he could not have been guilty of the heartless
derision. Very soon Hall was out with a rejoin- allusion.referred to. Then he added, with most
der, in which he failed not to pounce upon the delightful self-betrayal, “If anything occurred
unlucky "Areopagi.' 'Who were these?' he to me that might seem to look that way, I
asks. Truly, my masters, I had thought this referred to the mind.' We now know that the
had been the name of the place, not the men.' book thus unwelcomely fathered on Morus was,
Then the Smectymnuans, squirming uneasily with the exception of the 'Dedicatory Epistle,'
under this, and their scholarship smarting with the work of the Rev. Peter du Moulin, who was
wounded pride, appeared with a 'Vindication suitably rewarded therefor by Charles II. But
of the Answer to the Humble Remonstrance,' the dedication and the editorship of the whole
in which they feebly attempted to make light book remain charged to the account of Morus,
of their blunder. Does the Bishop really who stands convicted out of his own ink-bottle.
imagine, they ask, that they were so ignorant Time turns not back, neither do the presses
as not to know that the more correct word would of the printer. Many an author has repented
have been 'Areopagitæ,' though ‘Areopagi' of his earlier volumes and sought in vain to
might very well be used for shortness? And is suppress them. Edward FitzGerald made the
the Humble Remonstrant himself so free from unwise and fortunately unsuccessful attempt to
verbal slips that he can afford to make merry recall and suppress his little book of plays from
over so small a matter? What a specimen of the Spanish of Calderon, because some stickler
slipshod English is this, for example, in his for literal accuracy, reviewing the volume in a
own late performance, — These other verbal
These other verbal prominent journal, had found fault with its
exceptions are but light froth and will sink frankly avowed freedom of rendering. But the
alone'! The scornful Remonstrant's light real poetry in the performance triumphed over
froth sinking alone' is as delicious a blunder the finical objections of the pedantic and undis-
any day as their own unoffending “ Areopagi.' cerning critic, and the plays have taken their
The Humble Remonstrant is further importuned deserved place in English literature. Bitterly
by one of his readers, a gentleman student in did the creator of Harold Skimpole regret hav-
Philosophy,' to publish his receipt for making ing thus held Leigh Hunt up to ridicule; but
light froth sink alone, that it may be added no expressions of remorse, no penance of self-
to the Secrets of Alexis or the rare experiments castigation, would un-write the written word.
of Baptista Porta.'
Happy he who looks not back on indiscretions
So much for the amenities of pamphlet con of this nature, or worse, only to feel the remorse-
troversy over verbal slips among scholars to lessness of the types.


1904.]
81
THE DIAL
As a man's speech bewrayeth him, so the the first edition of John Britton's Descriptive
written utterance, even if it be but a word, or Sketches of Tunbridge Wells' is found the fol-
in some instances hardly more than a letter, lowing amazing reference to Bloody Jeffreys:
is significant of thought and character. In - Judge Jefferies, a man who has rendered his
a recent excellent work on Culture and name infamous in the annals of history by the
Restraint,' which balances the conflicting claims cruelty and injustice he manifested in presiding
of Hellenism and Hebraism, one little word, a at the trial of King Charles I. Mr. Gladstone,
mere auxiliary to the verb, betrays better than in his ‘Gleanings of Past Years,' relied with a
pages of argument the author's bias in this dis too careless confidence on his knowledge of the
cussion. With an unconscious but highly sig- Bible when he wrote:
Bible when he wrote: "The fierce light that
nificant disregard of perfection of form, he beats upon a throne is sometimes like the heat
writes: 'If we could lay bare all the mental of that furnace in which only Daniel could walk
processes, by which we come to a decision or unscathed, too fierce for those whose place it is
express a preference, we would be surprised how to stand in its vicinity. One may trust that
little reason enters into it.' Obviously, neither ere this the author has made his peace with
in this nor in any other case is surprise a volun-Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, for the
tary movement of the mind, and what the slight thus unconsciously put upon them.
author meant is that we should be surprised; Truly, these items are pleasant reading to him
but his sense of the niceties of accurate expres that is wont to take comfort in Homer's occa-
sion, a sense perhaps associated in his mind sional nodding.
with that excessive Hellenism he deprecates, - The subject of misprints would furnish an
is a little dull. Hence his involuntary betrayal amusing chapter illustrative of our text. The
of his preference.' Again, referring to the first list of errata in a printed book is said to be
novel descriptive of slum life, but based on found in an edition of Juvenal, with notes by
theory rather than on experience, he says: 'We Merula, printed by Gabriel Pierre at Venice in
will get more true knowledge of the problem 1178. Before that date errors had been cor-
from the humble city missionary or the sister rected with the pen. The longest list of errata
of mercy.' Here too it is plain that he has in on record appears to be that appended to the
mind no prospective exertion of will power, but works of Picus of Mirandula, printed by Knob-
a mere necessary result of antecedent conditions. lauch at Strasburg in 1507. It fills fifteen folio
This is of course a small matter, microscop-pages. Some of the apologies offered by
ically small if you choose, but it illustrates how printers for their blunders are quaint and even
one unconsciously illuminative word or phrase pathetic. They date back, needless to say, before
may stamp an author for us better than whole these artisans had become hardened in their
pages of description. Mr. Black wantons so sins.
systematically and outrageously in the misuse 'Good reader, pleads the French printer of
of will’ and would' that the temptation to an English book, in 1582, “pardon all faultes
draw an illustration from his book was irresist- escaped in the printing and beare with the
ible.
woorkmanship of a strainger. Another early-
Misery loves company. Those that have blun printed book begins its note on the errata with
dered (and who has not?) derive a certain the sage remark, ‘humanum est errare,
solace from the contemplation of others' blun confirm which position this my booke (as many
ders that must have caused their perpetrators other are) hath his share of errors ; ' and the
many an uncomfortable quarter of an hour. In note runs on in a sprightly and amusing vein
his edition of Shakespeare Pope has a note to of seif-justification for faults of omission and
"Measure for Measure,' to the effect that its commission. But the history of typographical
plot was taken from Cinthio's Novels, Dec. 8, blunders would form a very bulky volume in
Nov.5; that is Decade 8, Novel 5. The critical that History of Human Error' which Augus-
Warburton in his edition fills out the abbrevia tine Caxton so elaborately planned, but never
tions thus, December 8, November 5. St. carried further than the printing of the first
Ursula's attendant train of eleven thousand vir seven sheets by Uncle Jack's Grand Anti-Pub-
gins was, it is now thought, all created out of lisher Confederate Authors' Society, 'with sun-
a misinterpretation of a written word. In some dry unfinished plates depicting the various
ancient manuscript was found mention of 'St. developments
developments of the human skull (that temple
Ursula et Undecimilla V. M.,' which being of Human Error).' These desultory para-
interpreted is nothing more than ‘St. Ursula graphs, likewise, must suffice for the present
and Undecimilla, virgin martyrs.' But the as a slight contribution, and by no means a
accepted version came to be “St. Ursula and learned or original one, to that unfinished and,
eleven thousand virgin martyrs,' the decipherer from its very nature, never-to-be-finished ‘His-
mistaking Undecimilla for undecem millia. In tory of Human Error.' PERCY F. BICKNELL.
- to


82
[August 16,
THE DIAL
as a 'transcendental phallacism.' But at any
The New Books.
rate the treatment lends to the work in parts,
especially in the second volume, a larger inter-
est than usually belongs to scientific or peda-
A STUDY OF ADOLESCENCE.*
gogical writings, - an interest which the arid
In two substantial, almost monumental vol statistics of the earlier chapters might perhaps
umes, with the general title of ‘Adolescence,' lead the general reader to miss, by discouraging
President G. Stanley Hall has brought together him too easily. As a whole, the book has a real
the fruits of the activity of his vigorous group measure of literary effectiveness; and in view of
of disciples at Clark University, in a form which this one may regret, in passing, the tendency to
will deservedly take rank as the authoritative a rather barbarous special terminology, which
treatment of a great theme. The exhaustive at times spoils the author's ordinarily lucid and
body of material which it represents would in vigorous style.
itself be enough to win a secure place for the From the reviewer's standpoint, the book is
book. But President Hall also has had peculiar discouraging by reason of the wealth of its sub-
success in welding this somewhat discouraging ject-matter. To take it in the large, the earlier
mass of facts into a whole, which leaves on the chapters deal with the various physical char-
mind a remarkably distinct impression. The acteristics of adolescence, culminating in the
picture of adolescence, — the yeasty stage of facts of sexual development. Following these
intense emotions and narrow mentality', when there is an interesting, though rather miscel-
the flood-gates of heredity are opened, and new laneous, chapter on ' Adolescence in Literature
interests and passions jostle one another in a and Biography,' in which Plato and the Catho-
wild disorder, a stage with all the attractiveness lic Saints, Savonarola and Edison, Goethe, and
and all the vagaries of incipient genius, which Mary MacLane, and a host of others, are some-
is, indeed, but the 'apotheosis of adolescence', what promiscuously intermingled. After an-
an adolescence intensified and prolonged, other introductory chapter on ‘Feelings and
stands out in a vivid way. All the characteris Psychic Development,' in which is contained an
tic features of youth, — its egoism and variable outline of the author's general philosophic
ness of mood, its fondness for assuming roles faith, Adolescent Love is discussed, and this is
and poses, its hero-worship, its intense desire to followed by chapters on the various other
feel and to be very much alive, its proclivity to aspects of the psychical life, — nature-feeling,
superlatives, to high and lurid color, its silli- religion, social instincts, and intellectual devel-
nesses and enthusiasms and heroisms, - are opment.
treated in a way which is at times highly enter Of the multiplicity of special discussions, the
taining, and which makes many a familiar fact
most interesting are those in which President
stand out in a new and significant light. And Hall sets forth the educational implications of
back of all there stands the one essential fact of his facts. In these his own main interest is
Sex, and of Love. From one point of view, the centered. Regarding education as man's chief
book as a whole might almost be described as a problem, and youth as the golden age of life
commentary on the Symposium of Plato. It is
and its chief danger-point on the proper under-
love which constitutes the central and signifi- standing and training of which depends all the
cant fact of this, the most significant of all the possibilities of the race, he brings to the theme
periods of life. Out of it spring, by a process an enthusiasm which is infectious. President
of ‘long circuiting', all the main aspects of the Hall's educational views are well known; but
life of spirit, -art, religion, the social self; they are expressed here so incisively, and receive
and in his treatment of this theme the author
such an added weight from the solid back-
grows occasionally almost dithyrambic. Even ground of fact in which they are set, that they
knowledge at its best is but another form of
have something of a new value. One need not
Eros. The thesis may or may not be regarded
agree with all the doctrines expressed to recog-
as proved. The relation of the higher aspects nize their importance as a contribution to edu-
of love to the physical fact of sex is indeed left
cational theory, -- an importance due primarily
somewhat obscure; and not every reader will be
to this close connection with the facts of boy
reconciled, even by the author's eloquence, to
and girl nature.
the conception of goodness, truth, and beauty
Not much can be done here beyond a mere
ADOLESCENCE: Its Psychology and its Relations to reference to some of the points which are of
Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion,
and Education.
more general interest. It would be difficult to
By G. Stanley Hall, Ph.D., LL.D.
two volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
find a more satisfactory discussion in brief of
In


1904.]
83
THE DIAL
the physical side of education than that in the alent methods are held to show scant knowledge
chapter on 'Motor Function. The vast impor- of adolescent psychology, and to neglect nearly
tance of the subject, especially in view of the all the suggestions offered by the natural
great changes in the motor habits of modern demands of youth. Instead of the strenuous
man, is not overemphasized; but the treatment and highly intellectualized programme of the
shows a sanity, and a realization of the com- present-day secondary school, with its examina-
plexity of the problem, which is not always tions and rigid requirements, its insistence upon
found. The criticism of the shortcomings of form rather than content, and upon elements
our present rather one-sided ideals of physical instead of large living wholes, youth needs
education is clear and pertinent, — the inade repose, leisure, art, legends, romance, idealiza-
quate provision for industrial training on its tion, in a word humanism. The educational
liberal side; the woodenness and narrowness of ideal is to develop capacity in as many direc-
manual-training courses, in which in particular tions as possible, to indulge caprice and velleity
the fatal mistake has been made of 'cutting a little, to delay consistency for a time, and let
industry loose from its product, as if it were a the diverse prepotencies struggle with each
contamination’; the failure to bring suf- other.' President Hall has a standing quarrel
ficiently, to bear idealistic and enthusiastic with educational committees and most of their
motives such as are found in the gospellers of working principles, and with the whole attempt
work,' headed by Ruskin and Morris; the to regulate the high-school on the part of the
divorcing of gymnastics from a broad genetic college. His conception of the education of
point of view; and the various dangers of ath women brings him into still sharper opposition
letics. Equally judicious is the treatment, on to prevailing tendencies. It emphasizes the
the practical side, of the difficult subject of differences of sex as essential, and, in place of
sexual development and its perversions.
foisting upon women “the old college training
The chapter on Juvenile Delinquency is more which has proved unfit for men,' calls for an
scattering, but contains a good deal of valuable elaborate reconstruction of women's education,
matter. The statement that adolescence is the which shall both recognize the claims of her
best key to the nature of crime represents the physical limitations first of all, and shall frankly
standpoint of the chapter. The naturalness, look toward maternity as the normal end of her
from the point of view of adolescence, of both being. On account of the difference of her
the less serious and the more serious phenomena needs and interests, combined with other rea-
of juvenile perversion, and the impossibility of sons, coëducation in the high-school period is
treating these adequately when they are looked deprecated; and a strong protest is entered
at in an isolated way apart from their basis in against the progressive feminization of second-
real demands of the boy's life, are brought out ary education. The characterization of the dif-
in a convincing manner.
The discussion of ferences between the two sexes is interesting,
nature-feeling, again, gives opportunity for a and the whole argument is one to be taken
criticism of the modern pedagogy of science in into serious account, though it is hardly likely
the schools, and a plea for less thoroughness and that it has given the final word on the subject.
precision, more emotional responses of a funda Especially timely is the closing chapter on
mental sort, and a greater recognition of utili- Adolescent Races and their Treatment. This
tarian values. Another interesting 'chapter is is a real contribution to the insistent problem
the one on the ' Adolescent Psychology of Con of imperialism; the carrying over of the con-
version. President Hall was the pioneer in cept of adolescence to immature and uncivilized
the field of study of conversion in connection races proves really enlightening. The chapter
with adolescence, and he has something fresh to shows effectively how false, psychologically,
say even in view of the rapidly increasing litera has been our whole policy of attempting to make
ture of the subject, from Starbuck to Professor over off-hand races with alien methods of
James (whose recent book is characterized as the thought and feeling into our own likeness,
yellow literature of religious psychology). instead of patiently studying them and helping
Another good discussion of practical value is them develop the possibilities of their own
that which deals with adolescent societies. The genius; while the puncturing of the naive
strictures upon some of the tendencies found in assumption that all of good is contained in our
the Y. P. S. C. E., and similar organizations, own civilization, and the justification of poten-
deserve to be read by all religious leaders. cies in less developed races which would, if
Less easy to sum up, but equally worthy of allowed to mature, add elements of real value to
consideration, is the treatment of education and our own life, is a good piece of argument.
intellectual development. In general, our prev Alike, then, for its exhaustive collection of


84
[August 16,
THE DIAL
facts about adolescence, and for its deductions to which, in President Hall's opinion, his facts
from these in the realm of practical and educa are to lead. In part they are undoubtedly true.
tional doctrine, the book is of serious and per But here he does somewhat less than justice to
manent value. It is, however, ambitious to be his opponents, who often would have no quarrel
considerably more than this; and about this with him. For the rest, it is perhaps enough
further claim there may be some difference of to mention what seem to be the most distinctive
opinion. For President Hall puts forth the points of his doctrine. First, there is the in-
book as an essay in a new and epoch-making sistence that the psychical life is to be inter-
philosophy, opposed to dominant tendencies, preted as a recapitulation of and a witness to
for which, as academic, epistemological,' and a multiplicity of past racial experiences, and is
anti-evolutionary, he has nothing but con to be known by tracing out all the obscure mots
demnation. The epistemologists, however, will and branches of the buried tree of its pedigree.
probably not be convinced that he has succeeded, This of course, again, would be generally recog-
after all, in striking out any very new and nized as true within certain limits; and Presi-
exclusive way. President Hall's own interests dent Hall has applied it in detail in a way that
are concrete and scientific, and for this his book is always interesting, and at times carries con-
is of course none the worse. But it is not viction. That our love of natural objects is a
uncommon for lovers of concrete fact to decry trace of primitive idolatries; that the blush at
as useless and academic the less attractive work
compliments is the vasomotor survival of a state
of a philosophical criticism of categories; and when to be admired meant danger; that the
of this somewhat short-sighted tendency Presi approximate adjustment of the child to his
dent Hall is not wholly guiltless. It might be environment, from nine to twelve, represents an
expected, therefore, that his own attempts at a old and relatively perfected state of race matur-
positive and constructive statement would lay ity, possible in warm climates; that the delight
themselves open to criticism for a certain lack in bonfires is a reverberation of the joy that in
of rigor, both in method and result. As for some prehistoric time hailed the Prometheus
method, the chief plea would seem to be for art of controlling fire and defying night; that
the precedence of carefully collected fact over
truancy is the gift of an early nomadic culture,
theory; i. e., when interpreted, for the relative these and numerous other suggestions are
unimportance of an introspective study of the scattered through his pages, some of them more,
adult consciousness, and of philosophies based some of them decidedly less, convincing. One
upon this, as compared with the wider observa of the most elaborate is the detailed discussion
tional method, exemplified, e. g., in the ques in the chapter on nature-feeling, in which the
tionnaire, and applied to children, savages and instinctive fear of thunder and lightning, of
animals. Abstractly, of course, the first point serpents, of high winds, of falling, and of water,
is undeniable; but one cannot help thinking the habit of inducing sleep by rocking, agoro-
that the author exaggerates both the dearth of phobia, and the climbing instinct, are cited as
valuable fact among the introspective' psy relics of a primitive arboreal life. But to recog-
chologists, and the importance and novelty of nize the legitimacy of such an explanation does
the results of his own method. There is no need not bind one to accept the conclusions that are
at all to deny that the work of the Clark school drawn from it, - to look upon it as the deepest
has brought out a great deal that is interesting and exclusive truth of the life of spirit, and to
and valuable, especially in view of the evidence minimize the significance of the developed con-
afforded by the present volume. That it has sciousness; and in doing this the author lays
shown some leaning to the elaboration of com himself open to serious objections, alike from
monplaces, and to the mistaken notion that fig the theoretical standpoint and from that of a
uring averages constitutes scientific method,
practical philosophy of life, of which he shows
cannot altogether be overlooked. Still, even no appreciation. Still more vague, and in need
such a statement, for example, as that so many of a critical clearing up, is the final outlook
youths and maidens out of a hundred “confess upon the world of spirit to which all this leads,
that the sight of the moon makes them want to the conception of a collective soul, which is
see their beau or girl,' easy as it might be to itself visible nature, a sensorium of wondrous
hold it up to ridicule, may be given a signifi- subtlety that reflects in its multipersonal facets
cance, as President Hall has shown. But with most that has been in the world. The conscious
out at all questioning the value of the work, it adult is a maimed fragment broken off and
may nevertheless be doubted whether it really detached from the great world of soul’; his
has the relative importance claimed for it, and fuller consciousness is a “late, partial, and per-
whether, in particular, it is sufficient to serve as haps essentially abnormal and remedial outcrop
the basis of a new philosophy. It is hardly pos- of the great underlying life of man-soul, a
sible in a few lines to sift out the various wart raised by the sting of sin.' Is not this an
motives which enter into the view of the world instance of just the fanciful, barren 'use of


1904.]
85
THE DIAL
theory from which the philosophical develop- of making the work useful to the collector of
ment from Descartes to Hegel, if he had taken rare Americana. It would have been an excel-
it more seriously, and not as a mere pathological lent arrangement if the source material had
warning, might have saved him?
been put together in a separate volume sep-
A. K. ROGERS. arately obtainable.
The reader approaches Mr. Thacher's own
text with some misgiving. This feeling is trace-
able to two causes. In the first place, Mr.
Thacher very clearly undertakes the work for
A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF COLUMBUS.*
the purpose of rehabilitating the memory of
Mr. John Boyd Thacher has given us a new
Columbus and defending him from the harsh
study of Columbus in three large volumes. The strictures of recent critics. In the introductory
work is an examination of the problems pre chapter he lays down the thesis that Colum-
sented by the life of the discoverer, rather than
bus was
one of the greatest characters in
a formal biography. The first and second the world's history, and then devotes the
volumes cover the period of his life, and present remainder of the work to its proof. This gives
in order biographical essays on Peter Martyr the book the air of a special plea rather than
and Las Casas as the first historians of America, that of an investigation for the discovery of
an introductory discussion of the character and truth. There seem to be two veins running
aims of Columbus, the story of his early life through the whole. One is written in the spirit
and the formation of his purpose, a study of of historical research, and the other is extrava-
Toscanelli and an examination of the pilot gant panegyric unwarranted by the facts pre-
story, the details of the first voyage, the an sented. The frontispiece of the first volume is
nouncement of the discovery, the papal bulls a fine etching, based upon the Marine portrait,
and line of demarcation, and an account of the
which Mr. Thacher labels 'an imaginative but
later voyages. The third volume is devoted to satisfactory portrait of Columbus. It is diffi-
supplementary matters: a classification of the cult to escape the feeling that Mr. Thacher is
alleged portraits, a study of the handwriting of endeavoring to draw an imaginative but satis-
Columbus, an elaborate investigation in twenty factory' pen-picture, and that his judgment at
chapters of the location of his remains, and a critical points is likely to be warped by his
brief account of his descendants.
partiality for his subject.
The most conspicuous and at the same time The second ground for distrust of Mr.
the most useful feature of the work is the Thacher's work arises from his failure to indi-
reproduction and careful English translation of cate the source of much of his material and to
the more important sources of information. give credit to the work of other scholars.
The purpose set forth in the preface is to pre- Although he dedicates his volumes to Mr. Har-
sent to the reader all the information about risse, and refers to him frequently in his pages,
Columbus available in the sixteenth century,
the extent of his indebtedness is hardly appar-
and to add such as bas since come to light. A ent. There is an interesting chapter on Ferdi-
considerable part of this material is given in
nand Columbus and his library, but Mr. Har-
facsimile. The facsimiles include the relevant risse’s ‘ Excerpta Colombiniana' is not credited
passages in Peter Martyr's Epistles; the unique as its source of inspiration. All of the documents
examples of both the folio and quarto editions printed by Mr. Thacher, with the possible excep-
of the letter to Santangel; the papal bulls, as tion of a few of the Columbus manuscripts, have
copied in the Vatican Register; the Coma- appeared in Navarrete or the Raccolta Colom-
Syllacius letter; the unique examples of the biana, but the fact could not be gathered from
famous Libretto and of the equally famous his pages. The source of the Porras and Mendez
Lettera, and all known documents in the hand narratives, taken from Navarrete, is not indi-
writing of Columbus. Besides the facsimiles, cated, and an account of ihe Raccolta is rele-
there are reprints of the lives of Gallo and gated to the index. Of the Libretto he strangely
Senarega, Giustiniano's note in the Polyglot says that “probably its pages have never been
Psalter, the Journal of the first voyage, the closely examined until they looked into the
Chanca narrative of the second voyage, the let camera to be reproduced for this work, but,
ter to the Nurse and Las Casas's narrative of although not photographed, the Libretto was
the third voyage, and the Porras and Mendez transcribed and must have been closely exam-
narratives of the fourth voyage. A great deal
ined for the Raccolta. Pennesi is not cited in
of bibliographical material is given with a view the chapters on Peter Martyr, and Uzielli only
incidentally in those on Toscanelli. Cronau's
* CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS : His Life, his Work, his
By John Boyd Thacher. In three volumes.
name appears but once in the discussion about
the remains of Columbus, and the source of Mr.
Remains.
New York :
G. P. Putnam's Sons.


86
(August 16,
THE DIAL
Thacher's information upon the subject is not the still more doubtful one of the Zeni; he con-
indicated. The only English translation for nects the wife of Columbus remotely with the
which credit is given is the translation of the family of Perestrello, and apparently accepts
Coma-Syllacius letter printed by Mr. Lennox. the supposed residence at Porto Santo; he
Kettel's is said to be the only English rendering places the landfall at Watling's island, credits
of the Journal, though it seems that Markham's the alleged first voyage of Vespucius, regards
would have been consulted. With an air of the remains at San Domingo as undoubtedly
novelty, Mr. Thacher points to the reference to the true remains of the discoverer, and con-
the Great Khan, in the prologue to the Journal cludes that there is no authentic portrait of
and in the 'Lettera,' as a reference by Colum Columbus in existence.
bus to Toscanelli's letter, although this was a From the fact that this is the first life of
part of Humboldt's original argument, and Mr. Columbus to appear since the publication of
Vignaud has already shown that Columbus Mr. Vignaud's book, interest naturally attaches
might have derived his information from Marco to the treatment of the Toscanelli letter. As
Polo, and that the reference tells quite as set forth by Mr. Vignaud, the discussion turns
strongly in favor of the fabrication of the letter upon two distinct points, — first, the pilot story,
as it does in favor of its genuineness. Under set up as a motive for fabricating the letter;
these circumstances, the reader is unable to dis and, second, the claim that the letter is not gen-
tinguish between Mr. Thacher's own conclusions uine. With regard to the first point, Mr.
and those he has adopted from others. The Thacher shows very effectively that the pilot
Columbus material is so extensive and so intri- story is both improbable and unsupported by
cate that the writer who attempts to deal with contemporary evidence. He makes the plausible
it should make the frankest possible statement suggestion that the story originated in the state-
of his sources and of his mental processes. ment of Columbus's Journal that the report of
Candor inspires confidence. Mr. Thacher's land to the westward was current in the
omissions in this direction impair confidence. Canaries and Azores, and that a man from the
The arrangement of this complicated material Madeira Islands besought the King of Portugal
is a difficult problem, which Mr. Thacher has in 1584 for a caravel in order to go to it. It
not solved with complete success. The Tos-
is just such a story as Columbus's enemies
canelli discussion is divided between the first would have invented in order to undermine and
and the third volumes, and scattered through discredit him.
discredit him. If anything could have been
the notes in all three. Much important matter made out of it, it would have been used in the
given in notes should have been embodied in inquiry brought in 1513 against Ferdinand
the text, — as, for example, the hypothesis to Columbus to test his rights and privileges.
explain the inaccuracies of the Latin copy of With the rejection of the pilot story, there is no
the Toscanelli letter. Doubtless the scattering adequate motive for the fabrication of the letter.
of the Toscanelli matter results from the addi With regard to the letter itself, it is too early
tion of much of it since the appearance of Mr. in the controversy to attempt to pronounce
Vignaud's book. Other material is, however, judgment. Mr. Thacher contends that the Latin
scattered in the same way.
With a section
copy is in the handwriting of Columbus, and his
devoted to Las Casas, one naturally looks to it study of the characteristics of Columbus's hand-
for an account of the manuscripts of the 'His- writing is so careful and painstaking that his
toria,' but it is not given until the authorities opinion upon this point carries great weight.
for the third voyage are discussed. The chap- If this be true, then the letter, if not genuine,
ter on Ferdinand's library breaks into the was forged by Columbus himself. There is one
middle of the examination of Columbus's hand- explanation of Columbus's silence with respect
writing. The chapter on the voyage to Iceland to the letter, which seems not to have been
closes with the quotation from Ferdinand, with noticed. By basing his applications for assist-
which it should have begun. The clearness and ance upon the letter, he would have deprived
force of the entire work would have been greatly himself of the credit of initiating the plan of
increased by a better arrangement of the subject reaching the Indies by a westward route, and
matter.
would have diminished the rewards he could
Mr. Thacher's conclusions upon controverted demand for its successful achievement. To base
questions of fact may be briefly summarized. his plan upon the opinions of ancient geogra-
He regards the ‘Historie' as substantially the phers and the reports of mediæval travellers was
work of Ferdinand; he places the birth-date of very different in effect from an appeal to the
Columbus at 1446, upon the basis of Columbus's authority of a man who was living when the
own statements as to the length of various efforts to secure assistance were begun, and who
periods in his life; he accepts the doubtful had been dead but ten years when the discovery
story of the voyage to Iceland, and incidentally was finally accomplished. The distinguished


1904.]
87
THE DIAL
scientist would immediately have been hailed as manuscript of the Libretto have been unsuccess-
the real discoverer of America, and the unknown ful; but a note in the index conveys the satisfy-
adventurer would have been regarded as his ing information that it is now in his possession.
humble agent. This consideration seems suffi An account of the acquisition of his treasures
cient to explain one of the principal objections would make an interesting story.
urged against the authenticity of the Toscanelli
F. H. HODDER.
letter. As the matter now stands, there still
seems insufficient reason for doubting the opin-
ion of Las Casas that the letter was genuine, or
for charging him with complicity in deception.
BOOKS ABOUT DANTE.*
In discussing the character of Columbus, Mr.
The third series of Dr. Edward Moore's
Thacher excuses his unfaithfulness in his family
life by the lax morals of the age, and pleads the
Studies in Dante' gives us a group of five
holy object for which he wished to acquire published, even in part. The first of these essays,
essays, only two of which have been previously
wealth in extenuation of his avarice. He meets
the charge of initiating Indian slavery with the
on 'The Astronomy of Dante,' is designed for
claim that Columbus intended to confine sla-
students 'who may not wish to embark on the
subject of the study of Astronomy generally,'
very to the cannibals who preyed upon the other
tribes. He shows that the oath that Cuba was
yet who wish to understand the many passages
in Dante which set forth his notions of cosmog-
a continent, imposed upon the masters and sail-
ors during the second voyage, was the work of
ony, of the zodiac and planetary motions, and
of the measurement of time. Dr. Moore in this
the notary and not required by the instructions
of Columbus. He, however, charges Columbus
essay makes it clear that the astronomical allu-
with untruthfulness in writing to the sov-
sions are easily intelligible, and do not require
the aid of the Nautical Almanac as an adjunct
ereigns, upon his last voyage, that he had
to their study. The essay on
• The Geography
reached the province of Mango, which borders
of Dante' discusses the sources of his knowl-
upon Cathay, since Mr. Thacher believes that edge, and shows that he did not possess the
Columbus at this time realized that he had
found a new world, and wrote this statement in
exceptional acquaintance with the geographical
science of his time that he did with the Ptole-
order to deceive the pilots who might try to
profit by his discoveries. Mr. Harrisse has
maic system of astronomy. The essay on the
shown that the opinion prevailed as early as
date assumed by Dante for his Vision is a close
1501 that a new continent had been discovered.
examination of the arguments for 1300 and
Columbus's life and success were so completely
1301, respectively; reaching the conclusion that
the former (and traditional) date is supported
bound up in reaching Asia that it was natural
for him to cling to his first impression that he
by the greater weight of evidence. Dr. Moore's
fourth essay discusses certain questions of sym-
had done so. It therefore seems more reasona-
ble to regard as sincere his statement that he
bolism and prophecy that are raised by the last
had reached Mango and the borders of Cathay.
six cantos of the 'Purgatorio.' Here he con-
It was distinctly more creditable to him to cling
troverts some of the positions of the late Pro-
fessor Earle, and maintains stoutly the real
honestly to error than to misrepresent his real
opinion.
personal existence of Beatrice.' The concluding
While there is some fault to be found with
essay is a discussion of the genuineness of the
Mr. Thacher's method, and necessarily some
epistle to Can Grande, which some scholars have
difference of opinion with respect to his conclu- / questioned of late years. While it is not literally
true that Dr. Moore makes short work of the
sions, his work is nevertheless an immense store-
house of material and a distinct addition to the
skeptics, for his argument is both minute and
literature of American history. The index,
voluminous, he disposes of these objecters very
completely. This volume of Dr. Moore's essays
while apparently full, is far from serving as a
guide to all the matter contained in the text
is plentifully supplied with notes, lists of pas-
and notes. The volumes are beautifully printed,
sages and books, and synopses. It is, of course,
beautifully illustrated, and remarkably free
a work of profound scholarship, thoroughly
from typographical errors. There is a con-
DANTE.
By Edward Moore, D.D.
spicuous lack of maps; the only one illustrating
New York: Henry Frowde.
the voyages is a photographic reproduction of a
German canal map upon which the names are
Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons.
Notes for Beginners in the
wholly illegible. The work affords occasional
Alice Wyld.
glimpses of the author's splendid collection of Longmans, Green & Co.
Americana. ' In the second volume he says that
By Adolphus T.
Boston: Richard G. Badger.
his efforts to secure the privilege of examining,
THE ENGLISH Poets, from
in the interest of historical inquiry, the original Tennyson. By Oscar Kuhns. New York : Henry Holt & Co.
• STUDIES IN
Third Series. Miscellaneous
Essays.
Oxford: The Claren-
don Press.
FORERUNNERS OF DANTE. By Marcus Dods. New
York:
THE DREAD INFERNO.
Study of Dante. By M.
New York:
INTRODUCTION TO DANTE's INFERNO.
Ennis.
DANTE AND
Chaucer to


88
(August 16,
THE DIAL
equipped at every point, and entirely worthy of dent of Dante, so as to enable him to arrive at
the author's great reputation among students the true synthesis of the Divine Comedy.' This
of the divine poet.
sentence fairly exemplifies the author's 'style,
The work of Mr. Dods ent led ‘Forerunners which is so ponderous as to make his book some-
of Dante' has practically nothing to say about what difficult to read. He writes from the
Dante himself, yet students of the Divine standpoint of a Catholic, and speaks of Italy
Comedy' will find their account in this interest as his native country.
ing study of the unseen world as it was imag The last book upon our list is a study by Pro-
ined by the seers and the legend-makers of fessor Oscar Kuhns, of 'Dante and the English
ancient and mediæval times. The object of the Poets from Chaucer to Tennyson. It is a
author's essay is to make some attempt at highly scholarly work, based upon a study of
constructing, from visions only, the idea of the standard commentators on Dante, as well
Heaven, Purgatory, and Hell, which was cur as upon a thorough examination of English
rent at the beginning of the fourteenth cen poetry for traces of Dante's influence. The
tury; not, be it distinctly understood, the idea author is not one of those who accept slight
which was actually present to the mind of the parallelisms as proof positive that one poet has
Florentine. It is a research 'not conducted inspired another, and is on his guard against
from Dante backwards, but from the infancy being deceived by chance resemblances. This
of the idea forward to the master interpreter danger is particularly great in the case of the
as a convenient stopping-place and climax. In earlier English poets, who, together with Dante,
selecting from the large amount of material to a certain extent drew their material from a
offered, the author has placed his work on an common stock. The author says: To say noth-
ethical rather than a purely imaginative basis. ing of natural coincidences, the whole period
Beginning with Babylonian and Egyptian of the Middle Ages is full of a widely diffused
myths of the dead, he goes on to consider Greek materia poetica, if I may be allowed the expres-
and Roman examples (Odysseus, Æneas, Er, sion, consisting of constantly repeated thoughts
and Somnium Scipionis), and comes finally to and discussions, commonplaces of theology,
early Christian legends, as found in the New philosophy, and social theories.
The
Testament, the apocryphal books, and the same thing is true of certain metaphors and
ingenious imaginings of mediæval times. All figures. Professor Kuhns is possibly a trifle
of these matters are summarized and discussed too cautious and skeptical in his fear of being
by Mr. Dods in as pleasing a manner as the deceived, but his example is a wholesome one in
subject permits, the treatment being addressed
an age that finds a number of otherwise intel-
to a popular audience rather than to an assem ligent persons taking seriously the notion that
blage of scholars.
the works of Bacon and of Shakespeare were
The Dread Inferno,' by Miss M. Alice Wyld, written by the same person. More than half of
is an unpretentious little book of notes for this volume is devoted to the English poets of
beginners,' based upon several years of elemen the nineteenth century, and even then only six
tary work with reading-classes. It takes us
of them are closely examined.
We are very
through the “Inferno,' and supplies abundant glad to have this little book, which belongs to
references to the text as we go, besides a simple an imperfectly-cultivated but extremely impor-
running commentary. The writer emphasizes tant branch of the historical criticism of litera-
the importance of Mr. P. H. Wicksteed's advice
ture. We wish, with Professor Kuhns, that
to read Dante's own words first and last, and some one having the necessary equipment might
the words of Dante's teachers, rather than those undertake to trace the influence upon English
of his commentators.' The spirit of the book is literature of all the great foreign writers, –
reverent, and its essential teaching is found in not merely from a philological or scientific
the statement that ' Dante puts no one in Hell, point of view, but with a sympathetic feeling
but sorrowfully shows us how men
some of
for the æsthetic and psychological processes
them beloved and honoured friends or heroes involved in the making of literature.'
put themselves there.'
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
A work of somewhat similar scope, perhaps
a trifle more scholarly in treatment, is Mr.
Adolphus T. Ennis's Introduction to Dante's
Inferno.' The author says that his object 'will
PROBLEMS OF THE PRESENT SOUTH.*
have been accomplished if, by giving to the sym In order to appreciate the spirit and motive
bolism of words, and allegory of facts, that
of Mr. Murphy's book entitled “The Present
interpretation which canons based on intrinsic South,' one should consider two facts in con-
and extrinsic evidence can only sanction, it will nection with the life and vocation of its author.
contribute in the least degree to quicken the
By E. Gardner Murphy. New
analytical and comparative faculties of the stu York:
* THE PRESENT SOUTH.
The Macmillan Co.


1904.]
89
THE DIAL
We are told that it was written from within the North, but are practically directed by the
the life and thought of the South, by one who, South. Mr. Murphy's book is the first full and
through birth, education, and training, has effective expression of this new philanthropy.
shared its traditions and experience. The other It is indeed a voice from the South, but not so
fact which it is worth while to know is that much the South that was or is as the South
the author gave up his work as an Episcopal which is to be. The dominant South, that
clergyman in order to become the executive element which has captured political supremacy
agent of the Conference for Southern Educa and shapes public policies, has based its tri-
tion, whose chief mission is to bring about har-umph upon the enmity of race. Only the skil-
mony and helpful coöperation among the vari ful politician knows the value of hatred as a
ous elements concerned in the solution of the political dynamic. During the past ten years,
South's problems. Education is the chief re no Southern statesman upon either floor of
liance of this Conference, as it is the chief Congress has uttered one kindly or courageous
factor which its agent exploits in the present word in behalf of his black constituents; but,
volume. Mr. Murphy represents the connecting on the other hand, they have incessantly
link between the best traditions of the old South breathed out hatred and bitterness. But Mr.
and the more liberal and common-sense disposi- Murphy stands for the awakening South, and
tion of the new. He does not stand alone, but typifies the conscience and culture of that sec-
typifies a class. The substance and spirit of tion which must in the end triumph over
this volume might easily have been produced organized and unreasoning arrogance. It is
by any one of a dozen men of the new South. noticeable that the new spirit is the outgrowth
Had the work appeared anonymously, the know of the educational idea, and illustrates the
ing ones might, justly enough, have ascribed | liberalizing influence of culture. Knowledge
the authorship to Chancellor Hill, Bishop Gal- always gives a wider horizon and a broader
loway, Professor John Spencer Bassett, Presi- vista, so that social evils, however vexed or
dent Alderman, Professor Claxton, Dr. Dabney, pressing their present phase, are viewed in both
or Mr. Walter H. Page; albeit, it is doubtful if their historic and prophetic perspective. It is
many of these Southern celebrities could have only by the longest range of vision, reaching
equalled, or any of them surpassed, Mr. Mur both forward and back, that the author sees
phy in power and charm of literary style. This with clear discernment the truth which he puts
progressive and courageous group represents the in the interrogative form only for emphasis :
erstwhile silent South which has so long re ' Have prosperity, peace, and happiness, ever
mained tongue-tied under threat of political been successfully or permanently based upon
and social calamity. When such voices first indolence, inefficiency, and hopelessness? Since
began to make themselves heard, they were time began, has any human thing that God has
regarded either as simpletons, incendiaries, or made taken damage to itself or brought dam-
harmless religious enthusiasts. Mr. George W. age to the world through knowledge, truth,
Cable was banished, Mr. Lewis H. Blair was hope, and honest toil?' Will Senator Tillman
ignored, Mr. Atticus G. Haygood was made a or Governor Vardaman gainsay this principle?
bishop. But of late this voice has become or will they persist in the declarations that uni-
something louder than before,' and has taken versal truth fails of effect only when applied to
on such volume and power that it can no longer the black man?
be ignored as an important factor in the South The key-note that runs through the whole
ern situation. The late Dr. J. L. M. Curry was, treatment is based upon the dual assumption
during his lifetime, the dean and presiding that the Negro in his present state is inferior
genius of this new propaganda. At the same to the white man, but that his condition
time there has sprung up in the North a set of is improvable. The author does not under-
men who have broken, if not with the spirit, at take to set any limit to this improvability,
least with the erstwhile method, of Northern unlike many of our social philosophers who
philanthropy, which lavished it's purse and its assume full knowledge of the eternal decrees,
compassion upon the most needy race, with little and tell us that the black man's status is unal-
quest for compromise or coöperation with the terably fixed in the divine scheme of things.
dominant sentiment within the field of its Professor Bassett, of Trinity College, N. C., in
operation. Mr. Robert C. Ogden and Mr. Will-
a notable magazine article, ventured to predict
iam H. Baldwin Jr. typify the spirit of this that the Negro would gain equality some day,
new Northern philanthropy. The union of and for this he was made to suffer the penalty
these two forces North and South has resulted of persecution, the common lot of all seers who
in the Conference for Southern Education and indulge in unpleasant prophecies. Mr. Mur-
the General Education Board. These organiza-phy throughout this volume seems careful not
tions are composed of the same men differently to invite persecution or martyrdom. And yet
distributed, and are under the leadership of his words are candid and courageous: 'Recog-


90
[August 16,
THE DIAL
nizing the double fact, first the fact of the novus homo, a Pharaoh that knew not Joseph
Negro's need, and then the fact of the Negro's the Black, is now on the throne. The ruling
promise, – the South has conceived her respon politicians who are now so frantic about white
sibility, both as a policy of supreme self-interest supremacy and so fearful of Negro domination
and as an obligation of Christian stewardship.' never owned a slave nor anything else under the
The reader should always bear in mind that old régime. The old aristocrats who would con-
when the author speaks of the South' he tinue in politics must do so at the sufferance of
imputes to the dominant South a full portion of their new and numerous allies. They are forced
his own liberal spirit, and thus instead of por to sacrifice both their statesmanlike breadth of
traying the situation as it is we are given a view and their traditional chivalric spirit. In
foretaste of 'the substance of things hoped for.' the North, the democracy has become aristocrat-
The author upholds the two fundamental ized; in the South, the aristocracy has become
dogmas of the South, - viz., white supremacy democratized. In the large cities, however, the
and the denial of social equality' to the Negro, Southern conditions find an exact reduplica.
and endeavors to reconcile the black man's The Congressional delegation from Massachu-
freest and fullest development to the limitation setts represents the best traditions of the com-
which these assumptions necessarily impose. monwealth, but the reverse is the case in most
These dogmas stir Southern sentiment, ab imo, of the old slave-holding States. The author
as Virgil would say. Upon this territory one asks, with solicitous though with affirmative
does well to tread cautiously, for it is regarded implication: ‘Is the organization of democracy
as both dangerous and holy ground. It must be in our Southern States never to include him
said, in all candor, that these topics are treated [the Negro]? Is he never to be a factor of
with much less moral assuredness and carrying government and the heir of a free and
generous
conviction than the purely economic and educa life?' Modern democracy cannot be based upon
tional question where the author felt free to the Grecian model which rested upon
the
detach himself from traditional and provincial enslaved masses that formed no part of the body
bias. The tight-rope walker whose chief con politic. This is an impossibility both by reason
cern is to preserve his balance must rely upon of our theory of government and the relative
acrobatic skill. The assertion that 'the South numerical strength of the two races. The Negro
was right and the North was right' leaves us forms scarcely a third of the South's popula-
somewhat bewildered as to the sharp distinc tion. Even under slavery, nine-tenths of the
tions between right and wrong which the moral white race were thrown outside the pale of
ist is wont to insist upon. The author, however, aristocratic distinction, because the underlying
is not a doctrinnaire; he deals in applied rather basis of slavery was not broad enough to support
than pure ethics. He does not impotently so heavy a superincumbent weight. It is impos-
bewail the exigency of a pressing situation sible to ennoble the entire white race in the
because the Ten Commandments will not South at the expense of the Negro. All aristo-
budge. The practical constructive statesman cratic hierarchies must proceed with diminish-
considers what can be done rather than what ing numbers according to the ascending scale of
ought to be done. The author lays down a work rank. The pyramid of class ennoblement can
ing hypothesis, a modus vivendi, with little never be made to stand on its apex.
insistence upon moral abstractions. Many of Two chapters are devoted to child-labor in
the shortcomings of the South are glozed over the South. This is the only topic in which
with the nonchalant complacency of a recent the Negro is not made an integral and vital
writer who claimed that the Southern gentle element. And yet the treatment of this white
man possessed virtues that at once contravened child-labor, which calls for such drastic meas-
and transcended the ordinary moralities. There ures of reform, is suggestive of the reactionary
is not a single note of unkindness or of con effect of indifference to the hardship of Negro
scious injustice to the Negro between the lids of labor, as instanced in the convict lease and
this book. The fullest opportunity and out peonage systems. Cruelty in any form to the
look are advocated, but it is not always made black man will ultimately redound to the detri-
clear how these can be realized in face of ment of the whites. In the play of Cymbeline,
restrictive theories that are upheld.
the queen orders her physician to prepare for
We are told that the poor whites whom the her most dangerous compounds, so that she
slaveholding aristocracy pushed to the outer might 'try their forces on such creatures as we
edge of the political and social circle have fused count not worthy of hanging.' But the cautious
with their erstwhile betters, so as to form a physician entered a most sagacious protest:
white democracy of which the Nergo forms no Your highness shall from this practice make
part. This new democracy is dominated mainly your heart hard.' The South should beware
by the nether element which has but lately lest the cruel and inhuman treatment heaped
become conscious of its political power. A upon the Negro should harden their hearts


1904.]
91
THE DIAL
race.
against like usage practiced against their own there only in a metaphoric sense. The false
notion that nations are traders, we are told, is
The claim that the present degree of amalga- suggested by the fact that governments estab-
mation of the races is due to the presence in the lish tariffs' and other politico-economic devices
South of the soldiers of both armies immedi for the real or supposed benefit of certain of
ately after the Civil War, rather than to the their citizens grouped in 'trades' or 'interests.'
established practice of the slave régime, seems Certain world-tendencies are described by the
to be misleading both as to fact and inference; author, and are said to cause a keen interna-
and it is hoped that the author will either sub tional comparison of the efficiency of home
stantiate or withdraw this statement in the capital and labor with that of foreign coun-
subsequent editions which the demand for a tries; to establish also international division of
book in the main so hopeful and so helpful is labor, which is at once the result and the cause
sure to make necessary. KELLY MILLER.
of international trade. It is said that internal
transport, the distributive trades, and profes-
sional and other non-material productions, are
engaging an ever-growing proportion of the
MEANINGS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE.*
national energy; while as regards production of
There have arisen, in this country and
material forms of wealth, a larger proportion of
abroad, two conflicting views concerning the
workers are occupied in the final processes of
nature and origin of foreign trade; and each adapting goods to the special tastes and habits
view has had its authoritative exponents. By
of local groups of consumers. This implies, in
one class it has been urged that external trade a normal condition of industrial development,
is preceded by the national flag, and may
that a smaller proportion of the real wealth
accordingly and fittingly be instituted with of a nation i. e., of the aggregate of goods and
impressive military ceremony by the admiral services, — is capable of forming the material
or general in command. By another, — and to
of international trade. It implies, moreover,
this class of convinced free-traders Mr. Hob that an ever-increasing proportion of the real
son, the author of a recent book on ‘Interna-
wealth' is going into the material of domestic
tional Trade, is well known to belong, — it is
trade.
maintained that trade, whether at home or
As the book appears at the outset of our
between nations, is always preceded by the
Presidential campaign, a discussion so timely
trader, who is always found acting individually
and so candid of an important phase of the
and never in a public capacity. The ‘higgling tariff controversy should be welcomed by intel-
of the market, the infinite voluntary meetings ligent students of American trade, of whatever
of pairs' of buyers and sellers, -- all this is economic persuasion. It makes a calm appeal,
what has visibly been going on about us, every
expressed in untechnical words, to the daily
day in the year, in all ages. Yet the author experience of the ordinary citizen.
has sought to extend the ratio of these free pri-
GEORGE L. PADDOCK.
vate exchanges in the home market to all meet-
ings of all buyers and sellers in all markets the
world over, foreign as well as domestic. Mr.
Hobson holds that the principles of exchange
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
of commodity are essentially the same, whether
For nearly a generation, the Eng-
the exchange takes place between members of
the Philosophy
lish translation of Rosencranz's
the same nation, and is called internal trade, or
of Education, 'Philosophy of Education,'
between members of different nations and is
treatise written from an exclusively Hegelian
called international trade.'
standpoint in 1848, has been the only work in
In their vast and rapidly growing domestic its field accessible to the American student.
trade, American citizens have before their eyes This fact gives interest to any attempt to
the best basis of comparison of free and unfree
develop the subject from distinctively
Such
modern evolutionary standpoint.
systems of exchange. Large numbers of these
Americans are extensively engaged in both
attempt has been made by Dr. H. H. Horne of
Dartmouth, in a volume with the same title, now
domestic and foreign trade. They will there-
before us. The different chapters of the book
fore be better able to grasp, and to teach others
discuss education in its various phases, such as
to grasp, the full meaning of the economic prop disciplines, biology, physiology, sociology, psy-
osition that the units of politics and commerce chology, and philosophy. Under each of these
are not the same; that nations do not trade heads are epitomized the doctrines currently
with each other, except in paper statistics, and accepted in scientific circles, in a clear and sys-
* INTERNATIONAL TRADE : An Application of Economic
tematic manner. In the chapters treating of the
Theory. By John
sociological and philosophical aspects of educa-
Scribner's Sons.
tion, Dr. Horne shows considerable originality of
A modern book on
a
a
an
A.
Hobson.
New York:
Charles


92
[August 10,
THE DIAL
conception; he is much more at home in this por sented. One cannot but admire his faith in his
tion of the book, as he himself states in the re-readings of history and in the hitherto unrec-
preface, than in the earlier chapters. The dis ognized forces that he perceives in operation.
tinguishing merit of the book is its catholicity; it Many of his conclusions are acute and stimulat-
avoids close adherence to any one school of edu ing; yet the reader will want to do some thinking
cational theory, and is wholesomely positive in of his own before accepting all of them. It may
its positions. Some of the applications of the be fair to give a sentence from the preface which
principles to current problems – like college ath discloses the author's purpose: “The attempt has
letics and elective studies are not entirely suc been made to initiate the reader into the psycho-
cessful, owing rather to lack of sufficient data
logical view of History, by giving, in outline and
than to any defect in the reasoning or point of by means of a few illustrations, a bird's-eye view
view. The list of references attached to each of the human forces that have raised some nations
chapter is too general and too inexact to be of
to the glory of success, while their absence has
much service to students. Dr. Horne has undoubt-
prevented other nations from holding their own
edly succeeded not only in supplying a long-felt in the battle for historic existence.'
need, but he has written a work which would be
of significance even if there were already other The continent of Prof. Israel Cook Russell's work
excellent books in the same field.
North America in on North America, contributed to
a single volume. Appleton's "World Series,' is
The leading
Mr. Oscar Fay Adams, in his somewhat disappointing, and suffers by compari-
boys' schools volume entitled "Some Famous son with the volumes that have already appeared.
in America. American Schools' (Estes & Co.) This, however, is through no fault of the author,
has written a popular account of the nine leading but rather through that of the editor in assign-
boarding school for boys in America, viz., Naza ing to him such a stupendous subject for geo-
reth Hall (Penn.), Phillips Andover, Phillips graphical treatment in a volume of 425 pages.
Exeter, Lawrenceville, St. Paul's, St. Mark's, The North American Continent is not only far
Groton, Shattuck (Minn.), and Belmont (Calif.). greater in territorial extent than the other regions
Mr. Adams begins each of his chapters with an of the earth already treated or yet to be dealt
historical account which is decidedly more pic with in the series, but it is also greater in the
turesque than comprehensive or enlightening. He diversity of its various parts; and thus the com-
then describes the social life of the school, its pleteness of treatment shown in preceding
buildings and general out-of-doors environment.
volumes has been impossible in Professor Rus-
The book contains many excellent illustrations of sell's book. The author's task has been the more
school buildings and grounds, as well as much difficult in face of the fact that must seem sur-
criticism of school architecture. The object for
prising to most readers, that there are vast areas
which schools are ordinarily supposed to exist throughout the continent that have not been sur-
intellectual development – is the one subject veyed or mapped, districts, even in the thickly
which the author frankly avoids. In his discussion
settled portions of the more enlightened coun-
of the social aspects of school life, which is sum tries, of which there is little critical information
marized in the concluding chapter, Mr. Adams is available, and large portions of British America
fearless and just. The comparison introduced by
and Mexico that have never been traversed by
implication in one or two instances between these observant men. Under these conditions, the
schools and the great public schools of England author has been compelled to slight the economic
would lead the English reader to form an exag branch of his subject, and to condense dispropor-
gerated notion of the part played by the American
tionately his treatment of the physical conditions
institutions. It may be said, in brief, that the of the continent. In the former division of the
author has produced a readable and fairly accu subject, his chapter on the Aborigines is a brief
rate account of the more superficial features of
but clear summing up of the progress made in the
typical boarding-schools.
solution of ethnological problems presented by
An attempt at
That Dr. Emil Reich is not lack-
the so-called 'Indians,' and by the Eskimos. His
chapter on Political Geography is suggestive, but
the psychology ing in confidence in his
of History.
leaves much to be desired. In the other division
insight, is made plain by the scope
of the small volume that he has recently put
of the subject his chapter on plant-life deals
forth under the title “Success Among Nations'
exclusively with forests and forest trees. Had his
subject been limited to a portion of the conti-
(Harper). The book contains less than three
hundred pages of moderate size; yet in this space
nent- the United States, for example,-he might
have given us fuller geographical knowledge. In
the author has found room to pass in review all
his list of books for the use of readers who desire
the prominent nations of the past, to measure
and account for their success, and to attempt a
to pursue further studies, it is significant that the
greater number are official or semi-official publica-
survey of ten or twelve of the leading modern
tions of the Government.
nations, to set forth the conditions in each that
make for success or failure, and to prophesy its
Mr. Walter Lowrie's volume on
Primitive forms
future. The book is necessarily very brief and
of early Church. The Church and its Organization'
sketchy in its treatment of this vast range of
during the primitive age (Long-
topics, and many of the author's broad generali- | mans) is a good piece of investigative work born
zations and positive conclusions the reader is of scholarship and a zeal for truth. The question
likely to reject as unwarranted by the facts pre as to which should have preference in Church
own


1904.]
98
THE DIAL
American
organization, the legal or the purely spiritual takable guide where such markings exist, and
and inherent order, has caused much comment fine points of distinction are cited to help in
and controversy, and was finally settled, in the identifying the different styles when markings
minds of many, upon the appearance of Professor were not used. Mrs. Hodgson confesses, however,
Sohm's 'Kirchenrecht,' some twelve years ago.
that there are times when even the most expert
Mr. Lowrie, however, thinks the ideas there pre collector follows wandering fires, and cannot be
sented not sufficiently known either in this coun sure of his tea-cup. The forty full-page illus-
try or abroad; and his volume is decidedly a trations are most bewitching in their display of
work of love as well as a propaganda of new Wedgewood, Chelsea, Derby, Worcester, and all
ideas, written, as he says, to serve as an interpre others; but the beauty is not allowed to become
tation of the work of Professor Sohm. In carry bewildering, for text and illustrations are care-
ing out his task Mr. Lowrie has shown excellent fully correlated. The obdurate anti-faddist
judgment; his equipment for it is of the very should be careful not to let his eye rest on these
best, and his work generally is of the type pages, for he would be in danger of falling, like
which in time makes information from such a Horace Walpole, into the state in which
source both sought after and trusted. But, as
'China's the passion of his soul;
the author himself has perhaps foreseen, the part
A cup, a plate, a dish, a bowl,
he takes in the interpretation and translation of
Can kindle wishes in his breast,
Inflame with joy, or break his rest.'
Sohm is likely to mislead those who have not
read that author; and these are doubtless very
many. To such, the book will seem neither
Capt. Lawrence, Among the precious treasures of a
nation are its early heroes, around
Sohm's nor Lowrie's. Although the latter is Sea-fighter. whom have gathered traditions
most conscientious in citing his authority when-
that are the inspiration of its youth and have
ever he acts as a translator, and although Sohm's
helped to form the national character. America
spirit is felt to pervade the book, Mr. Lowrie
is rich in these treasures, her annals containing
has appropriated but a small portion of Sohm,
the names of many men who, on sea or land,
and has substituted discussions of his own which
have shown the qualities that we call heroic, and
do not always harmonize with the writer he has
have done deeds, perhaps not very great in them-
quoted. The divergence between the two trends
selves, that the instinct of the people has fastened
of thought is especially patent in the chapters
upon and incorporated into our national hero
where Mr. Lowrie speaks of the 'Charisma of
tales. One of these heroes of our earlier national
Teaching' and the 'Eucharistic Assembly.' The
history is James Lawrence, whose last cry,
book, with all its merits, becomes in many
‘Don't give up the ship,' is known to every
respects a blending of methods neither quite
schoolboy. A biography of Captain Lawrence
natural nor congenial. To be in partnership with
has been added to the series of the lives of
an authority of Sohm's intellectual stature is at
'American Men of Energy' (Putnam), written
best a handicap, and we are disposed to think
by Lieutenant-Commander Albert Gleaves. The
the author would do better in a work where he is
work seems to have been done with painstaking
standing on his own ground. His book has, how-
care and with skill, and the reader is carried along
ever, its special appeal in the loving interest it
by his interest in the man and in the events of
manifests in the primitive forms of the early
the wars with Tripoli and with England. Inci-
Church, which in their beautiful simplicity and
ardor of spirit put to shame our present coolness
dentally, the method of naval warfare of those
and stereotyped habits of worship.
days is clearly pictured, and the striking contrast
between the little war-ships of that time and the
Mrs. Willoughby Hodgson's 'How huge masses of complicated machinery that now
For devotees
to Identify Old China' (George make up the navies of the world is of almost
of old china.
Bell, London) was written 'to startling interest.
help the amateur in the early stages of his study
and the average collector who wishes to become A volume of
Anyone desiring to study the evo
more fully acquainted with his possessions,' Antiquarian lution of the art of building would
rather than to add to the knowledge of the con-
Essays.
be misled by the most prominent
noisseur. So far as English wares are concerned of the titles given by the Rev. Dr. Stephen D.
and only English chinas are considered the Peet to his volume recently published by The
book will be a real boon to those for whom it is American Antiquarian, Chicago. Prehistoric
intended, for it is briefly explicit with regard to Architecture,' however, is but one of the titles.
pastes, glazes, and other fundamental matters, 'Ancient Monuments and Ruined Cities,' 'Pre-
and gives sound advice about collecting, and historic America,' and The Beginnings of
warnings against fraud. Unfortunately, no book Architecture,' are others. And none of these
can follow the laboratory method, but it would titles give an accurate idea of what is to be
be difficult for the printed page to come nearer found in the book, which is in fact a collection
than Mrs. Hodgson's to placing the pieces of this of essays reprinted from the pages of "The
'frail furniture' in one's hands. A brief history American Antiquarian.' These essays contain
of each of the English factories is given, with no new contributions to the subjects suggested
clear descriptions of the designs, colors, and by the various titles named above. The matter
workmanship which characterized each period. in the book, though valuable in itself, is pre-
Cuts of the various markings furnish an unmis sented without any effort toward logical arrange-


94
[August 16,
THE DIAL
ment, is ill-digested, and contains much repeti-
tion. One of the illustrations is repeated under
a different title. The absence of an index dimin-
ishes whatever encyclopedic value the book
might otherwise have.
Cumulative Index' of the same publishers is a sup-
plement. The volume now issued extends to over
two thousand double-columned pages, and is of
great value for reference.
on
NOTES.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Geometry: An Elementary Treatise the
“The Penetration of Arabia,' by Mr. David
Theory and Practice of Euclid,' by Mr. S. 0.
George Hogarth, is published by the Frederick A.
Andrew, is a recent English importation of Messrs.
Stokes Co. It is a history of the explorations of
E. P. Dutton & Co.
the Arabian peninsula, compiled from the accounts ' Ask Mamma; or, the Richest Commoner in
of travellers by an enthusiastic student of the sub England,' with colored illustrations by John Leech,
ject, who is not, however, himself numbered among is republished by the Messrs. Appleton in their
the explorers. It makes a fascinating story, and series of oldtime popular books.
the many illustrations add greatly to its interest. George Chapman,' as edited ten years ago by
Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co. publish a thin
Professor William Lyon Phelps, has just been
volume on 'Astronomical and Historical Chro-
added to the reissue of the ‘Mermaid Series,'
nology in the Battle of the Centuries,' by Mr. Wil-
imported by the Messrs. Scribner.
liam Leighton Jordan. In this little book the Not in the Curriculum' is 'a book of friendly
author wages valiant battle in behalf of a hope counsel to students by two recent college gradu-
less cause, namely, the reformation of our histori ates,' just published by the Fleming H. Revell
cal chronology by the interpolation of a 'year o' Co., with an introduction by the Rev. Henry Van
between the two eras, thus falsifying history for Dyke.
he sak of acility in mathematical reckoning.
Messrs. Curtis & Cameron publish a little book
Professor William H. Carruth has added to the on 'The Legend of the Holy Grail’ as set forth in
considerable series of German texts edited by him Mr. E. A. Abbey's frieze for the Boston Public
• A German Reader,' with exercises intended for Library. Mr. Sylvester Baxter is the author of
beginners. The reading matter provided is care-
this little book of description and interpretation.
fully graded and presents complete pieces of The Legend of Parsifal,' by Mrs. Mary Han.
moderate length and worthy literary quality.' A ford Ford, is published by the H. M. Caldwell Co.
complete comedy by Bendix, ‘Die Lügnerin,' is It is a small volume in simple language, mainly
the longest of the selections, which include about narrative, and based upon the reading of the
forty of the best short poems. Messrs. Ginn & Co. sources as well as upon the study of Wagner's own
are the publishers.
text.
The monumental work done by the late Francis A second series of American ‘Historical Tales,'
James Child in collecting and editing ballad poetry by Mr. Charles Morris, has for its title 'The
is now made accessible to everybody by the pub Romance of Reality,' and is published by the J. B.
lication of his 'English and Scottish Popular Bal Lippincott Co. as a book of supplementary reading
lads' in a single volume of the Cambridge' poets. for schools. The subjects range all the way from
The volume is edited by Mrs. Helen Child Sargent the early explorers to the romantic episodes of the
and Professor George Lyman Kittredge; we hardly Civil War.
need to add that it is published by Messrs. Hough Mr. Nelson Case, the author, is himself also the
ton, Mifflin & Co. It gives us all but five of the publisher of a • Constitutional History of the
three hundred and five ballads contained in the United States' in a single volume of moderate
five great volumes of Child's work. Of course, we dimensions. The treatment is, of course, brief, but
have only selected versions in the present case, it is much to the point, and the author has a
and equally of course the apparatus is greatly marked talent for the lucid exposition of contro-
cut down. A general introduction is written for verted matters, as well as for compact historical
this book by Professor Kittredge. There are over summary.
seven hundred and fifty pages, compactly printed "Copyright Cases,' compiled by Mr. Arthur S.
in double columns.
Hamlin, and published by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's
The second edition of The United States Cata Sons, is a summary of leading American decisions
log,' edited by Miss Marion E. Potter, and pub since 1891, the date of our international copy.
lished by the H. W. Wilson Co., Minneapolis, is right' act, and includes also a selection of deci-
a dictionary catalogue (author, title and subject sions in English and Canadian cases. The work
in one alphabet) of the books in print in this has been prepared under the auspices of the Ameri-
country up to the year 1902. The first edition of can Copyright League.
the work was dated 1899, and many additions have The 'New Sayings of Jesus and Fragment of a
been made for the three years following. The Lost Gospel from Oxyrhyncus,' edited by Messrs.
original portion of the catalogue has been checked B. P. Grenfell and Arthur S. Hunt and Miss Lucy
over from beginning to end with the publishers' Wharton Drexel, is published by the Oxford Uni-
lists, and many changes in prices and publishers versity Press for the Egypt Exploration Fund.
noted. Out-of-print books have not been altogether One plate, an extensive introduction, and a reprint
eliminated in this version, but that does not of the 'Logia' of 1897, are features of this slight
greatly matter. To this work 'The Monthly but highly important publication.


THE DIAL
N
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2.00 a year in advance, postage
prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; in other countries
comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must
be added. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the
current number. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or
postal order, payable to THE DIAL. SPECIAL RATES TO CLUBS and
for subscriptions with other publications will be sent on application;
and SAMPLE COPY on receipt of 10 cents. ADVERTISING RATES furnished
on application. All communications should be addressed to
THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER.
No. 437.
SEPT. 1, 1904.
Vol. XXXVII.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE MODERN SHORT STORY. Henry Seidel
Canby
101
THE TAINE MEMOIRS. Percy F. Bicknell .
104
THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN THE SEVEN-
TEENTH CENTURY. St. George L. Sioussat 107
NAPOLEON AND HIS WARS. Josiah Renick Smith 110
THE BEGINNINGS OF EXPANSION IN RETRO-
SPECT. John J. Halsey .
112
THE MODERN SHORT STORY.
This age cannot be accused of a lack of seri-
ousness in its attitude toward its literary pro-
ductions, as the attention given to the short
Story may prove. Whether this attention is
justified, and the Short Story is a mould into
which, as some believe, much of our best liter-
ary energy is flowing, time of course will show.
But at all events there has been enough discus-
sion already to justify a little more, and this
literary form is certainly of sufficient impor-
tance to excuse an attempt to answer the ques-
tion, Is the Short Story a new literary develop-
ment, and wherein lies its novelty ?
In the literary periods before the nineteenth
century there is at least one form of short
narrative with distinct and definable individu-
ality. What the Italians called the 'novella,'
and some English critics the 'anecdote story,
is distinguished by a compact plot with a point,
a plot which preserves its characteristic fea-
tures through innumerable changes of charac-
ter and setting, so that like a minted coin it is
capable of infinite passage from race to race
without loss of identity. Such a narrative as
Chaucer's Pardoner's Tale,' where two men,
who slay two others for gold, are poisoned by
the wine the latter bring, is an admirable exam-
ple of the novella. The Novellino' and The
Decameron,' or any of the collections of East-
ern stories, may be drawn upon for examples.
The East was prolific of the novella; the
Italians, and afterwards the French, mastered
it in the West, and gave it distinctive names,
of which novella' perhaps has the most pre-
cise meaning and may be most safely adopted.
If you read the chronicles and looser stories of
the middle ages, — the saints' legends, for exam-
ple, you can pick it out from the text like
wheat-grains from chaff. Its distinctive mark
is its compact and individual plot.
For the other tales of these earlier periods,
whether the interest lies in character or events,
no such relatively precise delimitation is possi-
ble. "Ruth' or Ali Baba' may be easily
broadened. Chaucer's 'Man of Law's Tale' is
already like St. Brendan's great fish Jastoni
that tries' night & dai to pulte his tail in his
mouth ac for gretnisse he nemai.' If we are
to set them apart from longer forms, we must
fall back upon Professor Matthews's indefinite
but adequate distinction, as given in his ‘Phi-
losophy of the Short-story,' – unity of impres-
sion in the narrower sense, singleness of effect,
CANADA THROUGH BRITISH EYES. Lawrence
J. Burpee
113
RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne
116
A. E.'s The Divine Vision, and Other Poems.
Watson's For England. — Legge's Land and Sea
Pieces. — Nicklin's Secret Nights. — Benson's The
Temple of Friendship, and Other Poems. — The
Last Days of Theodoric the Ostrogoth.-Scollard's
The Lyric Bough. - Schutze's Crux Ætatis, and
Other Poems. — Venable's Saga of the Oak, and
Other Poems. — Jury's Omar and Fitzgerald,
and Other Poems. — Bierce's Shapes of Clay. –
Malone's Poems.
119
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
The classification of flowering plants. — Southern
studies in colonial history. — Old-time haunts of
men of letters. The stirring life of the Great
Earl of Cork. — Belgium and the Belgians. — A
new life of Frederick the Great. - Some famous
old landmarks of London. — Concerning the Aim
and Method of Education. — Another notable Rug
book.
NOTES
122
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS
124
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
124


102
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
simplicity of structure, a certain shortness. But writers of the nineteenth century show by their
defining thus, we may draw no sharp line stories that it was a situation which usually
between tale and romance. When the story inspired them. Indeed, a glance through the
attains a certain length, and the incidents are pages of Kipling, Maupassant, Harte, James,
arranged in some definite order which leads
will perhaps be enough to show that interest
to the working out of the plot, — when this plot, in situation is typical of the characteristic
to use a figure from sentence structure, becomes
Short Story.
complex instead of simple or compound, — then A situation may be recorded by a simple
we begin to call the narrative a romance. series of events arranged with the plot alone
We may thus conveniently group the short in view; but, since this situation itself is a
narratives of earlier periods under two heads result and not a process, such an incremental
(the latter subject to much subdivision), and method must be crude. The writer of the
so compare them with our own productions. Is Short Story is impressed by the situation, as
the first group, the novella, wholly identified Hawthorne so often was, and it is most natural
with our typical Short Story? Certainly not; that he should attempt to convey the impression
for some of the most characteristic of Short he has received by making it the effect of his
Stories place no dependence upon the plot - read story. Theoretically, this is the logical method.
‘Markheim' for an example, - while the plot A study of modern Short Stories shows that it
is the mainstay and foundation of the novella. is the practical one. In most of them the plot
Again, can we call our Short Story a simple is interesting, but the total effect, as in Steven-
tale of character or of incident, and group it son's 'A Lodging for the Night, is after all
with ‘Ruth' and 'Ali Baba ?? No again; for the impression of a certain situation. Consider
like the novella, these tales are written with an for an instant 'Youth,' a story recently pub-
eye upon character and incident only, while in lished by Mr. Joseph Conrad. This is the
the Short Stories of the past seventy years there narrative of a youth who from boyhood has
is a new interest to be reckoned with. Aldrich, longed to see the East, the wonderful mystic
Stockton, and Bunner have given us excellent East. He is in his first responsible position,
examples of the novella; but the best plots mate of the 'Judea,' bound for Bankok. The
are used up, not adapted to squeamish tastes, ship is fated.
ship is fated. Storms unfit her. She returns
or serving a new purpose,
Writers are busy, to port again and again, yet always his desire
too, with simple tales of character, or of event for the East and the romance of his going there
without particular ingenuity of plot. Good sustain him. On the high seas at last, she
stories, like those of Irving, of Tieck, of Scott, crawls through the tropics. Months pass by,
belonged in this class; and thousands of stories yet his eagerness suffers no abatement. But the
in our newspapers and hundreds in our maga- ship is doomed. The cargo of coal ignites.
zines (most of them poor) belong there to-day. They fight the smoke day after day. The flames
But these are not typical Short Stories. Exam- burst forth. At last they desert the ship, and
ine them — they seem old-fashioned now and are somewhere off Java take to the boats. At night
easily distinguished. Each
will be they enter a dim harbor, tie at a wharf, and
found to be based either upon a series of events fall asleep at the thwarts. The youth awakes
interesting in themselves, or upon a series of at daylight. A row of faces, brown and yellow,
events interesting because they bring out a char are staring at him 'without a murmur, without
acter or characters. The interest in a contrast a sigh, without a movement.' Behind them,
between two characters, or in the relation brown roofs of hidden houses peeped “through
between a man and the circumstances in which the big leaves that hung shining and still.'
he is placed — the interest, in a word, in situa And 'this was the East of the ancient naviga-
tion — is rare in these tales, is rarely if ever tors, so old, so mysterious.'
His ship is gone,
the motive behind the story.
and his plight is desperate; but he has attained
In the short narrative of to-day it is most
the desire of his youth.
common; in the typical Short Story it is pre When the plot of this story is stated after
vailing. It was not the situation that inter the manner of The Decameron, it is merely
ested the author of 'Ruth,' it was the simple this: A youth desires to go to a certain place,
love-story; and he tells it with his eye upon the and after many delays gets there. In short, it
sequence of events. It was not the love-story is scarcely a plot at all; it has no distinct point,
which most interested Kipling in 'The Brush and it is of importance only in so far as it
wood Boy’; it was the strange situation serves a purpose that is something more than to
between lovers who knew each other only in make the story move for the sake of the narra-
dreams, and for that situation, not for their tive. The writer has conceived, not a story,
love and marriage, he works out the story. The but a situation. The aim of his narrative is to
greater number of the most famous Short Story create in his reader's mind a vivid impression
one


1904.]
103
THE DIAL
of the desire of a boy for the wonders of the In an essay by the present writer, first pub-
unknown East; and it does so with complete lished in 1902 and now prefacing a recently
success. And this story is only a striking exam published collection of stories, there is an
ple of what may be found to a greater or less attempt to trace the development of this impres-
degree in dozens of stories by Poe, Hawthorne, sionistic purpose. The development may be
Stevenson, Kipling, Maupassant, Coppée, Verga, neglected here in order to emphasize more
Tourgenieff, and other writers of our period strongly than heretofore its cause, an interest-
If you analyze “The Cask of Amontillado,' ing situation, and its result, a definite literary
* The Fall of the House of Usher, The White form. Here is something tangible and some-
Old Maid,' 'Markheim,' 'Little Tobrah,' 'La thing new. This interest in situation, which
Peur,' 'Un Lâche,' Garassim, you will find culminates in an attempt to carry over to the
that the author has a situation in mind, and reader what the writer has felt, is a spirit per-
is endeavoring to convey it to you; that to this vading the writing of our short stories. It is
attempt the purely narrative interest is at least
this spirit we must seek if we would discover
subordinate; and that all the elements of the what is the characteristic quality of a typical
story are nicely calculated to produce the proper Short Story. This Short Story will belong to
impression. In some of Maupassant's stories no rigidly separated class, like the sonnet or the
the plot is absolutely negligible; and this we ballad. Yet, when the impressionistic purpose
should expect of the French, whose tradition has full sway, it does give us a new type of
of short-story writing has given them a handi narrative; and even when it simply influences
cap in this development.
the story, it stamps a hallmark upon it. It is
The conscious purpose to convey an impres- this spirit, therefore, which is to be sought for,
sion is not implied by Professor Matthews's rather than subtle and most often doubtful
formula, which defines the Short Story by a distinctions in form.
certain unity of impression. 'Rip Van The term 'short story,' in spite of its gen-
Winkle’ would be explained and classified by eral sense, has come to have a specific meaning,
such a definition, because the simplicity and which covers this new story of situation, the
restraint of its form produces a single impres- novella, and all short narratives which make
sion of narrative unity. A single impression a single impression of narrative unity. A new
of narrative unity belongs also to Youth'; but
term seems superfluous. So far, I have used
this story has what 'Rip' has not, a conscious
Short Story (with both words capitalized) for
attempt to convey an impression of a situation the little group of modern narratives inspired
which is the nucleus of the story. In 'Rip Van and affected to some degree by an impressionis-
Winkle,' Irving is interested to some extent in tic purpose. But it is hard to persuade the aver-
situation, but much more in the series of events. age mind that capitals and hyphens make old
And if one should rewriteRip Van Winkle, words new ones, and either Short Story' or
intending to convey an impression of the pathos Professor Matthews's 'Short-story' is a poor
of Rip's situation alone among strangers, a very substitute for a specific term, if meant to apply
different story would be the result. The story only to the impressionistic stories of a situa-
that has unity, restriction, and therefore a sin tion, of which we have been speaking. These
gle effect, is not the same as the story with narratives, like the novellas,
short
unity, restriction, and an attempt to convey an stories, but even more than the novella do
impression of a situation, although the term they clamor for a dist ve name. "Impres-
short story' is used fitly to cover both. Such sion-story' would at least point clearly to their
a purpose in story-writing makes unity and sin most striking characteristic. If vague, it is all
gleness of effect inevitable. In the old tales, the better fitted to name a literary type marked
these were attained because the incident treated
only by the appearance of a certain interest and
of was single; or if there were a number of epi a certain method of conveying it, and therefore
sodes, the narrative pointed to a speedy conclu set off by no definite bounds. The stories so
sion and could be brought into a small com named would include most of the best and most
pass. In the best of the modern Short Stories, representative of our epoch. Other stories,
the writer (to repeat) has conceived not a story which cannot be classified here, nor with the
but a situation, and employs his narrative novella, and yet belong to the short story
merely to impress this upon the reader. There as we recognize and have defined it, may be so
fore, be the story of one episode, like “A Cow called. Like the novella and impression-story,
ard,' or, like Without Benefit of Clergy,' of they will be but special cases of a group. Such
many, of well-jointed plot or of none at all, an arrangement will leave for looser and more
the impression must be unified, vivid, and dis- rambling narrative, still reasonably short, the
tinct from that given by the novel.
word 'tale,' which as commonly understood has
are


104
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
just about that meaning. If usage will sanc-
tion all of these terms, as it already has sanc-
The New Books.
tioned some of them, so much the better for
our convenience in writing and speaking of this
subject. The short story has existed in all
THE TAINE MEMOIRS. *
literary periods, and has always been reason-
ably distinct from the novel, the romance, and
A second volume of Taine's Life and Let-
the loose tale. Just as the Italians took over
ters,' in Mrs. R. L. Devonshire's fluent ren-
and developed to its highest excellence one
dering, has recently been offered to the Eng-
of its forms, the novella, so we, in our attempt lish and American public, following the first
to convey a situation with greater vividness, volume after an interval of two years. The
have developed another, the impression anonymous compiler has respected Taine's hor-
story. Perhaps it is the realization of new ror of publicity and of personalities, and has
powers and new effects thus gained which given us, almost wholly in the great author's
accounts in some measure for that considerable own words, a history of his intellectual and
fraction of our literary energy withdrawn in spiritual growth, rather than a picture of the
the past century from more pretentious work man in his family and social relations -
and expended upon what was once a by-product, although these more intimate concerns are nec-
a miniature hardly worthy of the artist's sig- essarily touched upon, and in a most pleasing
nature.
manner, in many of the letters. Besides the
Poe was the fount, in English at least, of correspondence, with a few explanatory pages
this kind of impressionism, - a fact which
inserted here and there by the compiler, the vol-
suggests an interesting comparison. Professor
umes contain occasional extracts from unpub-
Gummere points out in a recent article (Mod-
lished manuscripts, - notes and memoranda,
ern Philology, October, 1903) that the differ- mostly, of a fragmentary and suggestive char-
ence between primitive poetry and artistic
acter, with little attempt at literary form. But
poetry lies in their different suggestive powers.
the gleaning of the grapes of Ephraim is bet-
The primitive is incremental, and builds up its
ter than the vintage of Abiezer. This scanty
effects step by step. Artistic poetry, like
aftermath might well have been added to and
Keats's 'Magic casements opening on the foam
made a more prominent feature of the book.
of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn,' is Born at Vouziers in the Ardennes, in 1828,
purely suggestive. It stirs the imagination, Hippolyte Adolphe Taine was fortunate both
and lets it do the work. Perhaps prose fiction in his parentage and in his birthplace. The
is merely following poetry in this development. father, a country lawyer of cultured mind and
"The Lady of Shalott has the method of considerable literary and musical talent, which
the impression-story. Tennyson forgoes the found exercise in the composition
of pretty
story of Launcelot and Elaine, neglects the verses and merry songs that are still remem-
incremental method, and, by a series of pictures
bered by his countrymen, had a passionate
and a certain symbolism, suggests — what but love of rural scenery, and used often to take his
the pathos and the beauty of unhappy little son with him when, in the discharge of
Elaine, who, wearying of shadows, has found a his professional duties, he drove through the
sting in life's reality! It is significant that beautiful Ardennes woods that add charm to
Poe, whose poetry depends as much as any
the neighborhood of Vouziers. It may well
upon the suggestive power, should be a leader in have been these drives that implanted and
the movement to sacrifice the incremental in strengthened in the younger Taine that ardent
story-telling, and to gain the desired effects by love of nature, especially of forest scenery,
means of suggestion. The change in thought which found frequent expression in his works
and feeling which has produced a more subtle,
and correspondence. To his father, also, the
more analytic mind, that shifting of interests boy owed his early education; and when failing
which has given the nineteenth century a dis health and an early death deprived him of this
tinctly individual tone, is the result of some loving teacher, the lad of thirteen had already
mental evolution which has not been thoroughly laid a solid foundation for the more advanced
analyzed. But this new method of story-telling studies of school and college. To his fondly
is as dependent upon it, and upon what lies
devoted mother he owed, as boy and man, even
behind it, as nature poetry, or the psychological
more than to his father. Of the love and sym-
novel, or any other reflection of man's mind pathy that held them united to the very last,
which is more characteristic of our age than
of those which have preceded it.
* LIFE AND LETTERS OF H. TAINE. 1828-1852, 1853-1870.
Translated from the French by Mrs. R. L. Devonshire.
HENRY SEIDEL CANBY.
we read:
New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.


1904.]
105
THE DIAL
“ If my
'Nothing was more touching than the deep never changed - and that is very true. There is.
affection and perfect confidence which united the a superior point of view from which we embrace
son to his mother, and we cannot give her greater the Whole of things and from which we easily
praise than by reproducing the following frag unravel all difficulties.'
ment of a will that M. Taine wrote in December,
1879, a few months before losing her:
Thus early was the student of Hegel and Spi-
mother survives me, my wife and children will
noza working out for himself a system of syn-
remember that for forty years she was my only
thetic philosophy. Again and again he writes to
friend [here the French amie is more than our
his bosom-friend Prévost-Paradol, counselling
friend), that she afterwards shared with them the him to seek happiness within, to renounce am-
first place in my heart, that her life has been all bition, to beware of the allurements of society.
devotion and tenderness." ;
‘My object,' he declares, “is the Good, or the Be-
Readers of Taine will trace in his letters the ing, as we used to say in Metaphysics’; and he
birth and growth of many of those ideas that sums up his aspirations in a desire to think
found their subsequent fuller expression in his much, to discover many new things, to gaze upon
published works. These letters, taken in their and produce objects of beauty, to have food for
sequence, present the harmonious and uninter- love and friendship, and to serve others. Yet on
rupted development of one who, at the early human love and friendship he would never be
age of fourteen, drew up an elaborate scheme dependent. “Man, when left alone,' he writes,
of study from which he never deviated. Spi- still has study, Art, Nature, and especially the
noza's motto, ‘Live to think,' he made his own. Infinite, which alone can exhaust that immense
* There are certain minds,' he early wrote, “who power of loving which is in his soul. Philoso-
live confined within themselves, and for whom phy is indeed a great teacher of love; it is also
passions, joys, sorrows, and actions are alto a great teacher of resignation.' In his books
gether inward. I am of that number. And he found balm for sorrow, holding with Mon-
again, in later years, speaking of the things of tesquieu that half an hour's reading can make
the mind, he said: “A great idea within a man us forget the worst troubles in life. This, at
is like the iron spike that sculptors put in their any rate, was his belief in early manhood. Try
statues; it impales and supports him.' The and get my mother too to read a little,' he coun-
extent of his reading as a student was vast, and sels his sister Virginie; it is the only
amazed both his classmates and his teachers. way of soothing the mind and forgetting
Plato, Aristotle, and the Church Fathers were troubles.' In his somewhat uncongenial sur-
among his early readings, and he classified and roundings at Nevers, where he had his
analyzed all he read.
Taine's alleged and first taste of teaching, he rejoiced to find him-
avowed infidelity (from the Roman Catholic self independent of others for enjoyment.
point of view) gives significance to the follow- 'I bury myself in philosophy,' he again writes
ing extract from a letter written at the age of to the same sister, ' and (forgive my fatuity!)
twenty:
I think myself good enough company not to be
Consider, my friend, that this God whose exist bored when alone.
I am proud that
ence seems to me to be mathematically proven, other men's amusements do not amuse me. I
is not the absurd and cruel tyrant taught by relig-
should be unhappy if I saw no other object in
ions, and worshipped by the vulgar; consider
my life than the attaining of some rank or
also that neither is He Bossuet's God-man, busy
other. My ambition goes far beyond that.'
saving or destroying empires, and founding His
Church; finally, do not forget that if I believe in
Something of a prig, perhaps it will be said.
Him, it is not because I never doubted, nor from It is true his gayer comrades sometimes poked
habit or sentiment; but after reasonings and dem. fun at the serious student, but he appears not
onstrations more rigorous than those of geometry.' to have been unpopular, while he certainly was
Combined with the fresh and contagious admired for his extraordinary attainments. As
enthusiasm of the young seeker for truth was a might have been expected in one of his austere
singularly sober view of human life and des habits, woman's charms were suffered to make
tiny. Long before knowledge of the world had but slight appeal, and he had passed his fortieth
worked its inevitable saddening effect, he wrote: birthday before he married, which he then did
* Happiness is impossible; calm is the supreme
largely to please his mother who knew that he
object of man, and it is unattainable to him who must before long lose her companionship.
has not attained immutable convictions. I have Taine's visits to England are of especial inter-
done so; I have, I say, and my convictions become
est to us, as having to do with the preparation
firmer and more extensive every day. I believe
of what is to English and American readers his
that absolute, linked, and geometrical science is
best-known work, the History of English Lit-
possible; I am working at it and have already
advanced two or three well marked steps.
erature.' In confirmation of his early-expressed
Some one said that philosophy, like mathematics,
estimate of the value of books, he writes in the
had been renovated two or three times, but had summer of 1860:


106
(Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
.
‘At present I am at Manchester, where one of altogether the aspect of a worldly ecclesiastic,
my friends is showing me the working classes. suddenly transformed by lightning outbursts of
All I can say is that I have acquired great esteem frankness and firmness of belief.'
for literature and the information to be found in 'Renan is perfectly incapable of precise for-
it; it seems to me that the judgments which it sug mulæ; he does not go from one precise truth to
gested to me in Paris were not false; the sight of another, but feels his way as he goes. He has
things did not belie the views previously formed impressions, a word which expresses the whole
in my study; it confirmed, defined and developed thing. His process of writing consists in
them, but the general formulæ remain in my throwing down bits of sentences, paragraph head-
opinion entirely the same.'
ings, here and there; when he has arrived at the
English readers will note with approval his
sensation of the whole, he strings it all into one.
Renan is not a society man; he does not
remarks on John Bull's affability and communi-
know how to talk with ladies, but only with spe.
cativeness. Unlike other foreign visitors, he
cialists. He lacks the talent of intriguing, of seiz-
found the English of every class admirably free
ing opportunities. He is, before everything else,
from cold reserve and ready enough to talk and
a man of one idea, the priest of a God. He prides
laugh even with strangers. I do not find them himself justly enough on this fact.'
duller than the French,' he declares, and I
Passing to matters more abstract, a para-
should say they are as civil.' This speaks vol-
umes for the personal charm Taine must have graph on style is worth quoting, as the utter-
ance of a master.
possessed.
• This constitutes style: to have a refined and
But far better than anything a reviewer can
passionate soul, capable of irony, enthusiasm,
say about Taine or his letters are those letters
hatred, admiration, to pass in the course of one
themselves. Let us re-cross the Channel with page through twenty shades of emotion, to put
him and hear what he has to say about Gustave fifty different intonations into fifty succeeding sen-
Flaubert.
tences, and to transfer those successive states
* A tall, vigorous man, with square shoulders, a
exactly into the reader's mind - there is talent,
thick moustache and a heavy appearance, not
or genius. Whoever can do so is a writer, whether
unlike a somewhat worn Cavalry officer, who has
he be a biographer, a poet, a novelist, an orator
become addicted to tippling. Ponderous strength
or a philosopher.'
is the main feature of his conversation, tone and Of German culture, literature, art, our
gestures. There is nothing refined about him, but
French critic has but a poor opinion. He sees
a great frankness and naturalness; he is a primi-
too much of the self-conscious and labored in
tive man, a
dreamer" and a “savage"; these two
the Teuton's achievement. The German seems
last words are his own. He is an obstinate toiler
who strains his imagination and has to suffer the
to him to say to his countrymen: “We are not
consequences. He seldom goes out in the evenings, cultured, let us obtain culture; let us create
and works a great deal at night, in a large, well artists, writers, poets, a unified State, etc.'
warmed, lonely room, very noisily, “howling, per This is stroking Art the wrong way. Even
spiring and drinking water,” he says. When
Goethe and Schiller he cannot heartily admire.
inspiration comes, he hardly eats or sleeps at all,
Of the ungainliness of German prose, and of
but wakes up in the night to write. · My whole
certain grammatical peculiarities of the lan-
body not too much to write with!
After times of excitement come times of depres-
guage, he speaks as a Frenchman may be ex-
sion; he remains inert, lying on a sofa, “like a
pected to speak, but with a few unexpected and
brute” horribly miserable.'
astonishing errors of fact, possibly the result
And more, equally interesting, follows. From
of haste rather than ignorance. Yet with all
Taine's pen-portraits of Sainte Beuve, whom
this distaste for things Teutonic, he came within
he delighted to honor, and whom he addressed
a little of giving us a work on German litera-
as master, and of Renan, with whom also he
ture of the nineteenth century, including the
was on terms of intimacy, brief extracts must
latter part of the eighteenth. The outbreak
be taken.
of the war of 1870, however, interrupted his
· Sainte Beuve has every moral quality, even
preparations, and thereafter his intellectual
modesty. He says: “I am very ignorant, I have
probity forbade him to write on a subject that
learnt nothing; I only seem up to date because I
he could no longer treat with an unbiased mind.
have met several specialists!"
He is natu To those familiar with Taine's works, these
rally timid, but becomes bolder through convic letters will suggest, if they do not fully illus-
tion and reflection. Youth is coming to him now
trate, some of his more conspicuous merits and
at fifty-five years of age. The first impression that defects as a thinker and writer. He was before
he produces is that of timidity; he speaks gently,
all else a logician, with a logician's strength and
in a low, insinuating voice; some of his syllables
are almost indistinct. He is not unlike a fat
weakness. His fondness for generalization and
priest or a large, prudent-looking cat. He has a
abstraction amounted to a passion. “Every man
bald head, with a pale, irregular, somewhat Chi and every book,' he was wont to assert, 'can be
nese face, small, mocking eyes, and a sugary smile; summed up in three pages, and those three pages
66


1904.]
107
THE DIAL
can be summed up in three lines.' Supervis- in many respects the best years of his life; and
ing his sister Sophie's studies, he instructed her the prospect of a third volume, if not also of a
to write an epitome of your author. Write an fourth, mitigates the regret with which we
epitome of your epitome. Sum up your second close the second.
PEROY F. BICKNELL.
epitome in four or five lines.' Thụs always on
the lookout for essential features and predomi-
nant traits, as soon as he thought he had found
the one salient quality he massed all available THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN THE
evidence in support of his theory, and slighted
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.*
or disregarded conflicting testimony. Herein
High approval will be awarded Professor
he committed the very error for which he
Osgood's work on The American Colonies in
blamed the classicists: he was too fond of
the Seventeenth Century' by all who have the
portraying the type, too enamored of the beauty
time and inclination to read it through. To
of a general truth. In philosophy Taine was,
say that such readers may be few in number,
as he avows himself in these letters, an inexora-
ble determinist. Yet he exalts the power of the
is merely to indicate that the book is written
by a specialist, chiefly for specialists. The
will, in himself and in others, to make and re-
make the man. (See Vol. II., p. 210.) To
general reader' may be pardoned some trepida-
tion when he is confronted with the thousand
his countrymen of the sixties he was the spokes-
pages that constitute the body of this work, to
man of positivism. In one of his letters he
clearly asserts that nothing exists but phe-
say nothing of thirty-four pages of Contents'
and fifty-eight of ‘Index. Let him have cour-
nomena,' and in another he all but calls himself
age and interest, however, and his diligence will
a positivist. But notwithstanding his determi-
be rewarded, for he will glean a rich garner of
nism and positivism, his devotion to science
scientific investigation in American history.
and logic, he showed in his thought and in its
It is the particular service of this work to
expression a wonderful imaginative power that
allied him to the romantic school which, as the
gather into one connected whole the scattered
advocate of scientific method, he so vigorously
contributions made of late years by scholars
all over this country and in England.
It is a
assailed. In fact he was, as M. Lemaitre has history of the Colonies from the standpoint of
called him, a poet-logician. He had a remarka-
ble faculty for dramatizing abstractions, as
our latest knowledge, as Bancroft's was from
that of his day. The author very rarely refers
another French critic has said of him. To use
by name and title to monographs or books by
M. Bourget's expression, he had what may be
other writers, perhaps for two reasons: first,
called a philosophic imagination.
because an exhaustive bibliography would have
Of the translator's part in this important added to the already great size of the work;
work, little but good is to be said. Yet occa-
and secondly, because Professor Osgood writes
sional errors
are apparent even without the
from a personal acquaintance with the sources.
French original before one. A word is some There is little reference to unpublished manu-
times too hastily rendered by one identical in
scripts, - a fact which perhaps explains the
form, as chariot wheels' where nothing more
somewhat less clear and definite discussion of
dignified than 'cart wheels' appears to be in-
the Southern provinces, the records of which
tended. The definite article is here and there
translated where our idiom requires its omission.
are still to a great extent unpublished. To cite
one example, several of the county-court records
Sheer nonsense even has found its way into the
of Maryland still exist, but have never been put
translation, as at the bottom of page 72 of the
into print.
first volume. Three pages before, quarrels
One can hardly approach the criticism of
which refine the mind' must be a false render-
"The American Colonies' without a reference
ing. But in general the English runs on with
to Professor Osgood's previous services in his
little to remind us that we are not reading the
chosen field. Certain articles, appearing from
author's very words.
time to time in the Political Science Quar-
We have followed Taine down to the out- terly, the ‘American Historical Review,' and
break of the Franco-German war, when he was
the American Historical Association Reports,'
forty-two years old. This should have been
elaborated first a re-statement of the principles
only the early prime of his strength and pro- by which the English colonies in America
ductiveness; but his death at sixty-five indi-
should be classified, and, secondly, a descrip-
cates a too strenuous devotion to work in earlier
tion of the institutions of the various groups
life — or, perhaps with greater probability, con-
genital defect of some sort, his father before him
By Herbert L. Osgood, Ph.D. Volumes I. and II.
having died young. However, between forty-
The Chartered Colonies. Beginnings of Self-Government.
two and sixty-five are twenty-three good years, New York: The Macmillan Co.
*THE AMERICAN COLONIES IN THE SEVENTEENTH CEN-
TURY.


108
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
was
O
in accordance with this classification. This after 1624, of Maryland from 1689 to 1715, and
same task is now attempted on a larger scale; of Massachusetts after 1684, are not included
and while most of the material is new, one here; and therefore we welcome the author's
finds pages, and at least one whole chapter, promise of another part of his work,
which have appeared in some of these earlier which shall deal with the royal provinces, and
forms.
with the colonies from the standpoint of Great
Not merely amplification of illustration, but Britain. This promise of a wider outlook
also re-statement of principles, marks the pres- suggests our first stricture upon the present
ent work. In his former essays, and to some instalment. Even in dealing with local insti-
degree here, the author has attacked with vigor tutions, it would be profitable to widen the field
the classic division into Charter, Royal, and of comparison to other English colonies than
Proprietary colonies. In this criticism two those which later formed the United States.
points were urged: (1) that the use of char The two volumes before us comprise three
ter' was unscientific and did not classify, parts. In Volume I., after the excellent intro-
because the proprietary colonies also had char- duction, Part I. treats of “The Proprietary
ters; (2) that the classification neglected the Province in its Earliest Form. Four chapters
real differences between the groups, which are
suffice to describe the beginnings of coloniza-
the differences in internal organization. Tried tion, the chartered stock-companies, and the
by this better test, - the internal organization constitutional history of Virginia to 1624. The
of each of the colonies, — they may be divided discussion of the three Virginia charters is
into corporate colonies and provinces; while the particularly clear and helpful. The author
latter may be subdivided into royal and proprie- avoids the John Smith controversy and Mr.
tary provinces. Now, in the corporate colony Alexander Brown's thesis that Smith
the powers of government are in the hands of a but the mouthpiece of a royal conspiracy against
corporation, the freemen or full members of the Company. Smith, Professor Osgood thinks,
which are citizens of the commonwealth, and was by instinct a good colonizer, but of
vice versa.. The executive, the legislative, and events and views which for their authority
the judicial officers all are elected, and laws rest wholly on the Map and Generall Historie
are enacted, by this larger membership or its
it is necessary to speak hypothetically'
representatives; and government thus comes (Vol. I., p. 53, and note). An important addi-
from below. This principle is best illustrated tion to our previous information is found in
in the Constitution of the Massachusetts Bay the instructions of 1609 to Sir Thomas Gates,
colony from 1629 to 1684; while the other recently brought to light by Miss Kingsbury,
Puritan colonies of New England followed the among the Ashmolean MSS. in the Bodleian
same model. In the provinces, on the contrary, Library. These are carefully outlined by Pro-
government proceeds from above downwards; fessor Osgood, who thinks that the author was
that is, the officers derive their power and the probably Sir Edwin Sandys himself (Vol. I.,
people their rights from the grant of the King. pp. 61-64, and note).
In the royal provinces this is developed directly The transition of Virginia from proprietary
by commissions and instructions from the to royal government removes this colony from
Crown to royal officials; in the proprietary further consideration; and, after a very lucid
provinces such powers are vested in the proprie- chapter on the New England Council, the rest
tor, who thus to a great extent stands in place of the volume is devoted to the Corporate Colo-
of the King. The only real difference between nies of New England. This constitutes Part
the two forms of province lies in this inter I. Here again the story is excellently told,
position of the proprietor with quasi-regal with a definiteness painfully lacking in other
powers.
writers. The tone of these chapters is emi-
This new classification possesses elements of nently fair, and controversial questions, such
permanent value. We are not surprised, how as judgment of Massachusetts treatment of
ever, to find that Professor Osgood has some religious dissent, are handled without acrimony
what modified his earlier presentation. While or apology. Thus, in concluding his accounts
still emphasizing the distinction between the of Mrs. Hutchinson's expulsion, he says:
corporation and the province, he now lays more "By the attitude which they assumed toward
stress on the possession of charters, whether by the so-called Antinomian opinions the magistrates
-a corporation or by a proprietor; and he also
and clergy of Massachusetts definitely committed
recognizes and makes perfectly plain that in
themselves to a close alliance for the purpose of
early years the corporation was a proprietor.
upholding a system of strict orthodoxy. Tenden-
cies which were operative when the religious test
The sub-title of these two volumes,- The Char-
was enacted and when Roger Williams was ban-
tered Colonies; Beginnings of Self-Govern-
ished, now came fully to prevail. Pressure was
ment,' — explains why accounts of Virginia brought to bear from the churches united in a


1904.)
109
THE DIAL
synod, from the clergy and magistrates in fre In the sixteen chapters of the second volume,
quent conference, and from the general court as
which constitutes Part III., is discussed the
the highest expression of power in the colony, to
keep local congregations and individuals alike in
development of the Proprietary Province in its
later forms. The first two and the last five
harmony with the doctrines and practices of the
majority. From this union and resolve proceeded
chapters are general in scope, and deal with
the body of legislation on ecclesiastical and moral the Land System, the Judiciary, the Ecclesias-
subjects which has already been outlined. All tical Relations, the Financial System, the Sys-
parties must expressly or tacitly accept this, must tem of Defense and the Indian Relations of
yield it at least outward obedience, or leave the these provinces taken together. In addition,
colony. Protest, whether by speech or action,
one chapter or more is devoted to each province
was rigorously suppressed, and the secular power
individually.
was resorted to for the purpose without hesita-
By far the most valuable feature of this vol-
tion. The life and thought of this colony and of
other colonies, so far as its influence could be
ume, to the present reviewer's mind, is the
made to contest them, was cast in one narrow
excellent outline of the polity of New Nether-
Puritan mould, and was not allowed to escape land, the transfer of government to the Eng-
from it. So little was there of enlightment in lish, and the proprietary régime in New York.
New England outside the circle of ideas which Mr. Doyle's scholarly books, satisfactory in their
the clergy imparted or controlled, that it was time for the Eastern and Southern colonies,
possible to maintain strict conformity for sixty
have never reached the consideration of those
years, and a type of thought which was essen-
of the middle zone. Mr. Fiske’s ‘Dutch and
tially Puritan for nearly one hundred and fifty
years longer. This, with the rigorous adminis-
Quaker Colonies' stresses the social and politi-
tration and political system which accompanied
cal sides rather than the institutional. Penn-
it, was the result of the appearance of the first sylvania, indeed, has been adequately treated
learned class within the American colonies, and in many monographs, but there has been nota-
of its alliance with the secular authorities. But, bly lacking a good compact outline of the insti-
though we consider Puritan New England to have tutional development of New York. This we
been narrow and intolerant, we should remember
now have, and here, perhaps, Professor Osgood
that the intellectual activity which made even
is most upon his own ground. Beginning with
that possible did not exist in the other colonies
the proprietary rule of the Dutch West India
at the middle of the eighteenth century.' (Vol.
1, pp. 254-255.)
Company, the course of the official system is
traced to the English conquest; the autocracy
The same calmness of judgment which fills this
of the Governors is clearly brought out; and
paragraph pervades the whole of the work.
To the other corporate colonies, Plymouth, | the south, with the English on Long Island,
the quarrels of the Dutch with the Swedes to
Connecticut, and Rhode Island, are devoted
and with the New England colonies, are made
three chapters. The claim of the Fundamental
thoroughly intelligible. The transition to Eng-
Orders of Connecticut to be the first written
lish government, the status of the colony under
Constitution known to history that created a
the rule of the latter, and the policy of the
government' (Fiske, The Beginnings of New
Duke of York with reference to the local legis-
England,' p. 127) receives refreshing if some-
what destructive criticism. Gorton's fantastic lature, make two interesting chapters, in com-
parison with which that describing the division
career is subjected to less condemnation than
and re-division of New Jersey seems rather
one usually finds. Very interesting is the story flat.
of Rhode Island's constitutional growth, which,
In the case of Maryland, Pennsylvania, and
however, for some unexplained reason, is not the Carolinas, Professor Osgood's work is paral-
carried beyond the granting of the royal charter.
leled by several more or less recent works, and
The interference of Massachusetts in the north-
these chapters are perhaps less striking than
ern settlements, Maine and New Hampshire,
some of the others.
takes up one short chapter. Then follows
As the story proceeds, chapter by chapter,
another, upon Intercolonial Relations, in which
the contrasts between the two groups, the
the history of the New England Confederacy is
corporations and the provinces, make them-
somewhat unnecessarily drawn out. Of more
selves more and more evident. In both, the
striking value is the discussion of the Land Sys- possession of land was important; but in the
tem in the Corporate Colonies, especially the corporate colonies the land was usually a sim-
suggestion as to the importance of land organi-ple freehold, while in the provinces many of
zation and land disputes within the townships the characteristics of the fief persisted. In the
(pp. 466-7). Three more chapters on the former, the only revenue from the land was
Financial System, the System of Defense, and that derived by taxation; in the latter, the land
Indian Relations, bring to a close the first vol office and proprietary control over quit-rents
ume and the second part of the work.
play a large part. The population of the New


110
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
pre-
England colonies was almost uniformly of Eng should precede those of Napoleon, were reduced
lish stock, and settled in communities; in the to narrative form by Colonel Dodge several
middle and southern provinces the population years ago; but, as he explains in his preface,
was of more varied nationality, and the immi the publication by the Great German General
grants came rather as individuals. In the East, Staff of the early volumes of its extensive trea-
religious uniformity was the expression of a tise on the Prussian King has interrupted the
common dissent; to the southward, diversity of chronological sequence of this history ’; and the
creed was as noticeable as difference in nation author has decided to await the completion of
ality. Professor Osgood comments (Vol. II., that monumental work in order to avail himself
p. 315, note) on the similarity in language of its many additions to the store of available
between the charters of Carolina and Maryland facts. This series of military biographies is
with reference to the maintenance of God's the magnum opus of Colonel Dodge's honorable
holy and true Christian religion, and the ec-
career;
and the volume on Napoleon is natur-
clesiastical authority given to the proprie- ally its pars maxima. These first two volumes,
tors. We wish he had commented also upon aggregating 1,200 pages, close with the Eylau
the practical identity of parts of the important and Friedland campaigns of 1807; in the two
clauses which authorized toleration in the char- remaining volumes we may expect equal ful-
ters of Carolina and Rhode Island. Finally, in ness of detail in the treatment of the Penin-
the author's view, the history of the corporation sular war, the retreat from Moscow, the battles
is that of a widening Democracy, that of the round Leipzig, and Waterloo. It is easy
to
provinces recites the struggle of popular gov dict that this will long remain the standard
ernment against feudal prerogative.
and definitive authority in English on the
We await with eagerness the completion of Napoleonic wars.
Professor Osgood's work. We shall be deeply At the outset, the reader is quietly reminded
interested in his treatment of Virginia under that this work deals with only the military
the royal government, and in his judgment of life of Napoleon. The political events of this
the English statesmen of the century, especially era, or indeed his personality, although replete
Cromwell and Clarendon. Of the effect of the with interest, can be touched on only so far
commercial code upon colonial politics, these as they illustrate the art of war or elucidate
volumes have little to say; nor do we learn campaigns. The book thus frankly appeals to
much of the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the students of the military art; its interest is
Bishop of London. The extension of the Eng- largely esoteric and technical; and the general
lish law, also, remains to be discussed more reader will find it pretty close reading. Thack-
fully in the subsequent volumes. Every true eray speaks of 'the great game of war’; Gen-
student of American history should consider eral Sherman said, 'War is hell’; and in its two
it an obligation to read this work of Professor aspects of international chess and international
Osgood's. Most of all, as we close, let us urge surgery (Napoleon called a battle an 'opera-
upon any who have it in mind to bring forth tion'), it is a legitimate and profoundly absorb-
text-books on American history for school or ing subject of professional study. To these
college, that it is especially their duty to know two aspects Colonel Dodge has resolutely
from cover to cover this comprehensive and adhered, with the result of simplifying his task
satisfying synthesis of historical investigation and freeing himself in great measure from the
and criticism.
ST. GEORGE L. SIOUSSAT.
necessity of moralizing on or explaining away
the darker phases of Napoleon's character.
With unrestrained professional enthusiasm, he
follows the almost flawless record of the revo-
NAPOLEON AND HIS WARS.*
lution in strategy and the ‘far-flung battle
line' wrought by the genius and energy of the
Two imposing volumes on Napoleon find Corsican; and the lay reader, following atten-
their place in the series known as A History tively the sharp and precise narrative, aided
of the Art of War,' as illustrated in the lives
by abundant maps and diagrams, will perforce
of great captains, of which Colonel T. A. Dodge admit the thesis as proved, and realize that to
has already given us volumes on Hannibal, the military mind Napoleon must loom supreme.
Cæsar, and Gustavus Adolphus. The cam-
In his first volume, Colonel Dodge devotes
paigns of Frederick the Great, which properly considerable space to the wars of the Revolu-
* NAPOLEON. A History of the Art of War, from the tionary era, before Bonaparte appeared on the
Beginning of the French Revolution to the End of the
Eighteenth Century.
scene. The rough and troublous times brought
Wars of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars men of capability to the front, and developed
to the End of the Friedland Campaign. By Theodore
in the ranks, along with a plentiful lack of dis-
Ayrault Dodge. In Four Volumes. Vols. I. and II. Illus-
Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
cipline in the modern sense, the splendid dash
With
a Detailed Account of the
trated.


1904.]
111
THE DIAL
and élan which have distinguished the French 1799) he was in sole command of his army, but
soldier in all campaigns, successful or unsuc had behind him a government which controlled
cessful. Bonaparte built high and strong; but the resources, and from which he must receive
he found the foundation already laid. As the general orders. The third period (lasting to
author says,
Waterloo, 1815) is that in which all the
"The French soldier was, in a certain formal resources of France were in his sole control,
sense, not well disciplined, but for the purposes and he could act as he saw fit.' Along the
of field work-that is, for marching and fight first two of the periods and well into the third
ing,-his discipline was perfect. What is usually
we are carried, on a journey whose milestones
understood by pipe-clay did not exist. What the
bear the names Toulon, Lombardy, Arcole,
little French infantryman is today, he was then.
Far from being well set up, far from having the
Rivoli, Leoben, Campo Formio, Egypt, Syria,
the Alps, Marengo, Hohenlinden, Ulm, Vienna,
grand military air, he was yet hard as nails, will-
ing, able to march, and ever ready to fight. If
Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau, and Friedland. That
discipline be divided into garrison and field dis-
the reader is enabled to hold out to the end is
cipline, of the former he had little, of the latter of course partly due to the undying fascination
he had much. The Grand Army at Boulogne had of the theme and the hero; but also, too, to the
much pipe-clay to boast of. The Grand Army lucidity and painstaking thoroughness of the
after Austerlitz had little. It was not a parade treatment. Neither the making nor the read-
army, but it was a fighting machine. Whoso re-
ing of such a book is a holiday sport; but Colo-
members the travel-stained, often ill-clothed and
ill-equipped soldiers of the Army of the Potomac
nel Dodge has handled his immense matériel
and the Western armies, who paraded through
with skill and a sense of proportion; and
Washington at the end of the Civil War, will
has added every facility for lightening our task.
understand what is meant by the above. Whoso The story of every campaign is illustrated with
has been a part of those noble bodies will appre numerous maps and plans; and to each chapter
ciate it still more keenly. Any State could have is prefixed, in smaller type, a useful half-page
turned out a militia regiment which in appear summary of its contents, for the benefit of
ance and minor tactics would have shamed those those who must do some skipping.
veterans of four years and hundreds of pitched The author's resolution to confine himself to
battles. But he who had served with them could
the military career of Napoleon, eschewing men-
recognize that every musket was in order and
every sabre sharp, and that the men knew how
tion or criticism of his manners, morals, or
and were ready to use their weapons. Among all
politics, is generally well kept; but in the nar-
the troops the world has seen it is doubtful
rative of several famous — or infamous — acts,
whether one hundred thousand men could have he allows himself a few words of comment,
been collected from any source equal for intel usually of an apologetic nature. To wh
ligence and all-round soldierly qualities combined, extent these may avail in each case, we must
to the one hundred thousand that might have been leave to the readers who are unbiassed by
chosen from the men who passed before Abraham
necessity, the tyrant's plea' to determine.
Lincoln on that two days' national review. After
such fashion must we judge the common soldier
For example, in speaking of Bonaparte's giving
of the (Napoleonic) Grand Army; he was not
Pavia over to pillage (I., 245), the author
handsome to look at, but he was untiring on the
says:
march and terrible in battle. If he was wanting
This cruelty — brutality if you will has been
in military discipline, this was more than made
much commented on; and, indeed, within little
up by his war discipline.'
more than a century it seems scarcely possible.
Yet the lives sacrificed at Pavia saved multitudes
These words of praise for the essential qualities that by any other treatment would have been else-
which are the root of the matter in war may where lost; an example was needed if the French
instructively be compared with recent criticisms were to hold Lombardy, which they had fairly
in various quarters of the German army of
conquered, and Bonaparte delayed not, neither
to-day, — admittedly the greatest fighting-
shrank from extreme measures in giving it.'
machine of modern times, — and the insinua- Probably no act of Napoleon's has brought
tion that it is drilled to death, a victim of more odium upon his name than the massacre
excessive pipe-clay and obsolescent tactics. of the 2,000 prisoners at Jaffa in 1799. Colo-
The author, following Wartenburg, divides nel Dodge admits that ‘from an ethical point
Napoleon's military career into three periods; of view, the act was no doubt unpardonable';
the first, lasting till March, 1796, comprises but claims that ‘from a military standpoint it
the years when he was only one general out of was a necessity. Salus exercitus summa lex.'
many, and when in what he did he was com The execution of the Duc d'Enghien is called
pelled to pay heed to the ideas and prejudices (II., 134) an unfortunate episode, in which
of others, being hedged and hampered accord the act of over-zealous police officers was sus-
ingly. In the second period (ending with the tained by Napoleon's license or at least indif-
establishment of the Consulate, 18th Brumaire, ference. The strongest words of disapproval


112
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
are reserved for the behavior of Napoleon at chosen six. To that first rank he will
Sans Souci in 1806:
not admit Marlborough, nor Wellington (in
'While Napoleon reverently uncovered his head spite of Waterloo), nor Grant; though he
when he stepped within the portal of the narrow has high praise for them all. And so of
Potsdam vault, where beside his testy but honest Napoleon's famous marshals, he says: That
father rest the ashes of this great man, he whose
they possessed in a very high degree the
lineage and character were incomparably lower
practical side of the art is unquestionable.
than those of the dead hero could yet not refrain
How many of them were actually imbued with
from taking Frederick's sword and belt, to send
to the Invalides. These relics, essentially
the divine part of the art will ever remain a
Prussian, belonged at Sans Souci. Napoleon would
question. Left to themselves in Spain, they
have done himself credit by leaving them where
failed to succeed, some of them even against
they had so long been. But he was a new-born regular Spanish troops. That they could not
emperor as Frederick had been a true-born king. succeed against Wellington, who was a man of
The main thought of the one was for himself; an entirely different stamp and who as a leader
the other's only thought had ever been for his
of men vastly outshone them all, is not to be
people.'
wondered at.' It was after Austerlitz (Dec. 2,
At the very beginning of Bonaparte's career 1805), in our author's opinion, that Napoleon
as a leader, his genius for combination, celerity, first felt sure of himself, though it is hard to
and fierce attack justifies all of Colonel Dodge's see how any addition could have been made to
eulogy, and has indeed been the world's wonder the proud self-consciousness justified by Mar-
for a century. He promptly repudiated the engo (1800) and Ulm (October, 1805). Dur-
antiquated cordon' theory of long lines of ing the period covered by these first two vol-
defense, always took the initiative, and won his
umes, Napoleon's star was steadily in the
astonishing victories by adhering to his cardi- ascendant; we shall await with interest Colonel
nal principle of always having more men than Dodge's account and criticism of the reverses
the enemy at the point of fighting contact. So which marked the years from 1809 to 1815 and
soon as he had divided the allies, he held one changed the arbiter of Europe into the captive
with small forces and advanced in mass against of St. Helena.
JOSIAH RENICK SMITH.
the other. In what he did resided the whole
theory of modern war.
To be their
superior in numbers at the point of fighting
contact is the basis of Napoleon's conduct of THE BEGINNINGS OF EXPANSION
war; but it requires a Napoleonic coup d'ail,
IN RETROSPECT.*
speed, and decision to carry it out.'
Nothing is more marked in the whole Napo- leaped the bounds of English exploration and
A hundred years ago, the United States over.
leonic military scheme,' remarks the author,
than the intimate knowledge possessed by the
settlement, and by a stroke of the pen the area
Emperor of just how to use the national charac-
of her domain was doubled, to include a vast
ter in accomplishing results. It is in this light
territory which French and Spanish adventure
had
and orders of the day with which he was wont
of these hundred years closes upon a United
to fire the Gallic temperament of his men; they enlarging empire built up on Latin lands, with
States which has gone step by step to an ever
accomplished their purpose.
the one exception of Alaska. The present day
'In these little addresses the troops were usually
told something about what was to be done.
is a time of new departures — in ideas as well as
The
French soldier had not the feeling that he was
in geographical expansion; and it is fitting to
driven to battle; he was led to think the task
have our attention called to the origin of this
before him an easy one and the risk small. great hundred years' expression of earth-hun-
During our Civil War the cry of “Boys, we have ger. The book now under review suggests such
beaten them before, and we can beat them again! a retrospect in the words of its sub-title, - 'A
was a not uncommon incentive to victory. So
Story of the Great Exploration Across the Con-
the French soldier, fired by his emperor's words tinent in 1804-06, with a Description of the
and his captain's friendly and stirring address,
Old Trail, based upon Actual Travel over it,
entered into the conflict with the feeling that he
and of the Changes found a Century later.'
would certainly emerge from it the victor.'
The first chapter, in a brief yet illuminating
Colonel Dodge frequently cites, as the require summary, presents the causes of that 'happy
ments to produce a great captain, exceptional accident, the Louisiana Purchase, and empha-
intellect, exceptional character, and exceptional sizes the part then played by Napoleon in
opportunity. These in full measure he attrib-
1804-1904. By
utes to Alexander, Hannibal, Cæsar, Gustavus
Olin D. Wheeler. In two volumes, with 200 illustrations.
Adolphus, Frederick, and Napoleon — the
that we must read the bombastic proclamations had opened to the civilized world. The century
* THE TRAIL OF LEWIS AND CLARK.
New York:
G. P. Putnam's Sons.


1904.)
113
THE DIAL
.
anticipating the idea of Canning — to call a category with that 'where the noble physician,
new world into being to redress the ills of the with Christ's love for mankind alive within
old.' In 1803 Napoleon said to his ministers : him, calmly goes into the plague-stricken
I know the full value of Louisiana, and I have region to aid dying humanity, and calls it
been desirous of repairing the fault of the French 'a deeper and purer, a moral heroism. One
negotiator who abandoned it in 1763. A few lines who knows healthy masculine humanity between
of the treaty have restored it to me, and I have
scarcely recovered it when I must expect to lose it.
the ages of twenty and thirty-five knows that
But if it escapes from me it shall one day cost
no other incentive is needed for the doing of
dearer to those who oblige me to strip myself of it,
self-sacrificing and heroic deeds than the oppor-
than to those to whom I wish to deliver it. The tunity for adventure. Nor would such men as
English have successively taken from France have expanded our knowledge of the globe
Canada, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, nearly from pole to pole claim any different
and the richest portions of Asia. They shall not motive for their exploits.
have the Mississippi which they covet. The con In giving us this modern version of Lewis
quest of Louisiana would be easy if they only took
and Clark's journey, the author has done far
the trouble to make a descent there. I have not
a moment to lose in putting it out of their reach.
more than to narrate the record of the expedi-
I know not whether they are not already there.
tion. This is not the journal of the explorers,
It is their usual course, and if I had been in their
although it is enlivened by many citations
place I would not have waited. I think of ceding
from their journals, with which Mr. Wheeler
it to the United States.
They only ask of enlarges his own excellent record. But as one
me one town in Louisiana; but I already consider follows through these pages, from the mouth
the colony as entirely lost, and it appears to me of the Missouri to the mouth of the Columbia,
that in the hands of this growing power it will be and then back to the mouth of the Missouri in
more useful to the policy and even to the commerce
the ensuing year, he is made to know the whole
of France, than if I should attempt to keep it.'
route, not only as it was in 1804-06, but also
Due credit is given by Mr. Wheeler to our as it is to-day, and as it has been in all the
envoy, Robert R. Livingston, for taking advan hundred years that lie between. Every side-
tage of this mood of Napoleon, and for his bold light of history, biography, geography and
course in exceeding his instructions, under science has been brought to bear upon a whole
altered conditions, and purchasing the whole of century of this trail, and all the arts of the
Louisiana instead of merely the island of portrait-painter and of the draughtsman have
Orleans. The destiny of the United States was been utilized to make a living picture of the
thereby determined as a world-power instead of actors and scenes presented. It is a beautiful
a coastal state hugging a narrow seaboard. He and fascinating piece of work that has been
also says truly that Jefferson's part in this great done, and the publishers have not been unmind-
transaction was largely secondary, if not acci ful of a suitable setting for so complete a pic-
dental. But to Jefferson he accords a large ture. As prefatory to the edition of the jour-
place when it comes to the expedition of Lewis nals of Lewis and Clark which Mr. Thwaites is
and Clark — for this was distinctively Jeffer now preparing, it will be welcome.
son's contribution to the growth of our territory,
JOHN J. HALSEY.
and by it he permanently secured that which
had been gained by Gray's discovery of the
Columbia in 1792, and extended the boundaries
of the United States from the Atlantic to the
CANADA THROUGH BRITISH EYES.*
Pacific Ocean. All that has come since, the
great conquest of 1848, Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Mr. A. G. Bradley, whose contributions to
Rico, the Philippines, Panama, — are but the
Canadian history have already earned him a
sequence of that immortal journey in 1804-06. deserved popularity on both sides of the
Well may the author place high the names of Atlantic, has now attempted an elaborate
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, and not descriptive work on the Dominion, which he
unwisely does he give many pages to the per-
entitles Canada in the Twentieth Century.'
sonnel of the expedition, not forgetting even
The book deals primarily, as its title implies,
the humble Indian squaw Sacagawea, the bird-
with the Canada of the present day; but in
woman, whose work and courage inspire this many cases Mr. Bradley has found it expedient,
last narrator of her heroism to words of eloquent
for the better understanding of existing condi-
tribute. It is not, in truth, necessary to go as
tions and problems, to sketch briefly the past
far as Mr. Wheeler does, when in contrasting
history of the country.
the heroism of the battle-field with that dis That there is room for a book of this nature
played by Lewis and Clark, he designates the goes without saying. As a matter of fact, there
former as 'a more or less superficial and phys-
* CANADA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. By A.
ical heroism, and places the latter in the same Bradley.
G.
New York:
E. P. Dutton & Co.


114
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
up
does not exist at present anything like a com-
in fact, toward wordiness and repetition is one
prehensive work on contemporary Canada. Mr. of the few faults that one can find with the
Bradley states that he has himself for many book.
years past felt the need of a good general sketch Having eliminated the Maritime Provinces,
of Canada and Canadian life in readable form, Mr. Bradley adopts the convenient and graphic
and that he has been constantly asked to recom method of taking his readers on a personally
mend such a book, but was unable to do so. conducted tour of the Dominion, from the
Finally, as no one else seemed disposed to take moment when the transatlantic passenger gets
the task, he determined to make the attempt his first and not too favorable view of the
himself; and the result we have before us. country in passing through the Straits of Belle
It must be stated at the outset, in favor of Isle, until he finally lands, safe and sound,
Mr. Bradley's book, that it is not the result of and with a vastly clearer and more compre-
a flying visit to Canada. He quotes in his hensive knowledge of Canada and its people, in
preface the familiar Canadian tradition of the the picturesque capital of British Columbia.
Englishman who wrote a book on Canada, after It is a little surprising to find one usually so
a stay of three weeks in Toronto, which began well informed in Canadian history as Mr. Brad-
with Canada is a flat country.' Both the ley, repeating the exploded theory that Cabot's
United States and Canada have suffered repeat landfall was on the shores of Newfoundland.
edly from this kind of transatlantic visitor, and Even a superficial knowledge of recent Cabot
we are thankful to know that Mr. Bradley is
literature would have made such a statement
not one.
impossible. Historians are still at variance as
As a matter of fact, the author is peculiarly to whether Cabot landed for the first time on
well fitted to give a graphic and intelligent pic- the shores of Labrador or upon the coast of
ture of present-day Canada. Over a quarter of Cape Breton; but practically every modern
a century ago he spent a dozen years of his life investigator whose opinion counts for anything
in the United States, engaged in agricultural has long since discarded the Newfoundland
pursuits. He was then, and has been since his landfall.
return to England, a frequent visitor to Can Nor can one altogether excuse the statement,
ada; and, finally, when he definitely undertook on page 22, that under Champlain's inspiration
the preparation of this work he felt it impera men from Quebec crossed the Red River of the
tive that he should place himself in touch with North and actually gazed upon the icy summits
the very latest conditions of Canadian life, and of the Rocky Mountains. This of course refers
to that end he spent seven months of last year to the younger La Vérendryes, who were first
in various parts of the Dominion, comparing among white men to make their way across
the Canada of ten, twenty, thirty years ago with the western prairies to the foot of the Rockies.
the Canada of to-day, renewing old acquaint It is a far cry, however, from the beginning of
ances and picking up new ones, getting impres the seventeenth to the middle of the eighteenth
sions and opinions from everyone he met, and
century; and there are no grounds for sup-
noting with the eye of a shrewd and friendly posing, even by a stretch of the imagination,
critic both the weaknesses and virtues of Cana that the La Vérendryes carried out their bril-
dian character. He confesses at once that his liant explorations in the West under the inspira-
point of view is optimistic. 'Happily, Canada tion of Champlain.
will justify a good deal of cheery optimism.' One is at a loss, too, to know what novelists
Englishmen, he says, do not yet fully realize are referred to on page 26, who are described
how great is the leap forward in every particu as treating the French régime in Canada with
lar that Canada has made in the last five years,
lack of historical proportion and perspective,
and how immeasurably her horizon has broad and describing the French-Canadian noble as
ened.'
attired in gorgeous apparel and dining off
The Maritime Provinces — Nova Scotia, golden plate in marble halls. Certainly this
New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island does not apply to Canadian novelists who have
Mr. Bradley omits entirely from his book. In taken New France for their scene. Parker,
view of the importance of this section of the Kirby, De Gaspé, and Marmette, to mention
Dominion from many points of view, his excuse no others, have all written novels whose his-
that something had to be omitted if the rest of torical background belongs to the French
Canada was to be covered, even inadequately, régime, but to none of these would the criticism
in a single volume, seems somewhat lame. One apply.
might suggest a good many places where com While in a critical mood it may perhaps be
pression could have been exercised with advan permissible to take exception to one or two
tage, and room thus found for a chapter or two crudities of style into which the author allows
on the Maritime Provinces, without at all himself to fall. M. Menier is described in one
increasing the bulk of the work. A tendency, | place as having bought the island of Anticosti


1904.]
115
THE DIAL
' at one fell swoop ’; Champlain is referred to,
rather inadequately, as a 'fine fellow'; and
again, the English and Dutch are said to have
supplied the enemies of Quebec with arms ' now
this long time.' However, one has no desire to
be hypercritical, and these are only minor blem-
ishes in a very excellent book.
Mr. Bradley devotes his first four chapters to
the province and people of Quebec; and perhaps
no part of his book reveals more strikingly his
keen and accurate insight. He shows a knowl-
edge of the life and character of the French-
Canadians that few English-Canadians, and
still fewer Englishmen, possess. He gives a
vivid word-picture of Quebec, its unrivalled
picturesqueness, its walls, gates, ancient build-
ings, the atmosphere of other times that still
clings to its quaint winding streets, its life so
radically different from that of any other city
on this continent. The history, too, of the old
town, so replete with dramatic interest, is not
forgotten; though for a fuller treatment of the
famous siege Mr. Bradley refers his readers to
his earlier works, 'The Fight with France for
North America' and 'Wolfe.'
The relations of French-Canadians to their
English-speaking fellow-countrymen are dis-
cussed temperately and sanely, and throughout
these chapters the author reveals himself as a
warm admirer of all that is best in French-
Canadian character.
Here is an admirable contrast between the
national points-of-view of the Quebecker and
the Anglo-Canadian:
The vision of the Anglo-Canadian soars over
forests, mountains, and prairies. His patriotism
has kept pace with confederation. The village
church is nothing to him, or very rarely so; while
the soil or the water-power of British Columbia is
very much the same as the soil or water-power of
Ontario, if it serve his purpose better. Local
attachment is not wholly wanting in the man of
Ontario, but it bears no comparison to the point
of view of the French-Canadian, who is individu-
ally as much cut off from his European antecedents
as if he were a Chinaman. To the most illiterate
Anglo-Canadian the “old country" of his grand-
father whence he sprang are tangible facts. The
habitant, in this sense, has no “old country.”
Artificial but ineffectual methods are resorted to
by faddists or politicians to persuade him that he
has an interest in the doings of modern Paris and
modern France. But only think of it! Recall for
a moment his long isolated past. Consider when
and how and by whom French Canada was settled,
and how old France treated her. Remember the
early crystallization of the first batches of emi-
grants and the absence of any serious influx after
the seventeenth century; then the conquest of the
country by England; and finally, the French Revo-
lution! There is absolutely no parallel between
the links which bind the most representative
classes in Ontario to Great Britain and the utter
lack of connection between French Canada and
France. When an unadaptable type of English-
man arrives in Canada, his attitude is often the
subject of local jest; but on those rare occasions
when a native of old France, and particularly a
native of Paris, descends upon the rural districts of
Quebec, the mutual criticism which is aroused far
transcends, I believe, anything that is ever wit-
nessed among Anglo-Saxons of similar situation.'
Moving on to Ontario, Mr. Bradley gives his
readers a clear and intelligible account of pres-
ent-day conditions in the premier province of
the Dominion, both in town and country. He
describes, as he has already done in the case
of Montreal, the industrial, intellectual, and
social features of Toronto, the attractiveness of
the Canadian capital, and the energy and
resourcefulness that characterize the rapidly
growing towns of Western Ontario. The Onta-
rio farmer absorbs the better part of a chapter;
and both here, and later when he comes to deal
with Manitoba and the North-West, Mr. Brad-
ley gives the young Englishman who contem-
plates emigrating to Canada and taking up
farming a great deal of wholesome and much-
needed advice.
Passing on through that vast land of prom-
ise, New Ontario, the author brings his readers
to Winnipeg, the Gateway of the West, which
bids fair to outrival all the cities of Eastern
Canada within a few years. The vital questions
of Western Canadian expansion, the rapid
development of wheat and mixed farming, the
influx of American, British, and other settlers,
and other cognate topics, Mr. Bradley dis-
cusses from the point of view of a shrewd and
observing onlooker, one who plainly takes a
warm interest in the welfare of the West. His
views on the so-called 'American invasion of
the Canadian North-West are interesting as
those of a well-informed and clear-headed Eng-
lishman who sees in the increasing emigration
of experienced Western American farmers to the
rich virgin lands of the North-West nothing but
good to both Canada and her new settlers.
Mr. Bradley shows a fine appreciation of the
varied scenery of the country of which he treats.
He has an eye not merely for the grandeur of
Niagara, the majesty of the Rockies, the sea-
like expanse of Superior, and the limitless
horizon of the prairies, but as well for the pic-
turesqueness of French-Canadian villages, the
quiet charm of a bit of rural Ontario, and the
vivid coloring of a British Columbian valley in
autumn - where the dogwood blossoms in
November. Everywhere and always he notes
with enthusiasm the clear, dry, bracing air of
the North, which more than anything else has
contributed to make Canadians healthy in body
and mind.
The book contains a large number of clear


116
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
and well-selected photographic illustrations, as
well as an up-to-date map which will be found
very useful in connection with the text.
LAWRENCE J. BURPEE.
We must also find room for a few stanzas from
that wonderful poem, "The Twilight of Earth.'
6
The wonder of the world is o'er;
The magic from the sea is gone :
There is no unimagined shore,
No islet yet to venture on.
The Sacred Hazels' blooms are shed,
The Nuts of Knowledge harvested.
RECENT POETRY.*
Oh, what is worth this lore of age
If Time shall never bring us back
Our battle with the gods to wage
Reeling along the starry track.
The battle rapture here goes by
In warring upon things that die.
* Let be the tale of him whose love
Was sighed between white Deirdre's breasts,
It will not lift the heart above
The sodden clay on which it rests.
Love once had power the gods to bring
All rapt on its wild wandering.
• We dwindle down beneath the skies,
And from ourselves we pass away :
The paradise of memories
Grows ever fainter day by day.
The shepherd stars have shrunk within,
The world's great night will soon begin.
One rises from a perusal of · The Divine Vision'
with a feeling of having been steeped in the very
essence of poetry, of having learned the secret
of the springs of song. The sense is long there-
after haunted by soft melodies and beautiful pic-
tures, by a sort of transcendental vision wherein
are mingled flowers and birds and jewels, colors
and odors, and elemental presences. Of thought
in logical form there is little or nothing, and of
story hardly more, in this residuum of recollec-
tion; but there is an iridescent imaginative haze
in which it is pleasant to linger. Let us quote,
by way of illustration, the opening lines of The
Feast of Age.'
See where the light streams over Connla's fountain
Starward aspire !
The sacred sign upon the holy mountain
Shines in white fire :
Wavering and flaming yonder o'er the snows
The diamond light
Melts into silver or of sapphire glows,
Night beyond night :
And from the Heaven of Heaven descends on earth
A dew divine.
Come, let us mingle in the starry mirth
Around the shrine.
O Earth, Enchantress, Mother, to our home
In thee we press,
Thrilled by thy flery breath and wrapt in some
Vast tenderness.
The homeward birds, uncertain o'er their nest,
Wheel in the dome,
Fraught with dim dreams of more enraptured rest,
Another home.
But gather ye, to whose undarkened eyes
Night is as day,
Leap forth, immortals, Birds of Paradise,
In bright array,
Robed like the shining tresses of the sun,
And by his name
Call from his haunt divine the ancient one,
Our Father Flame.'
Will no one, ere it is too late,
Ere fades the last memorial gleam,
Recall for us our earlier state?
For nothing but so vast a dream
That it would scale the steeps of air
Could rouse us from so vast despair.
Oh, while the glory sinks within
Let us not wait on earth behind,
But follow where it flies, and win
The glow again, and we may find
Beyond the Gateways of the Day
Dominion and ancestral sway.'
Such poetry as this-and the examples we have
quoted are by no means exceptional-is a joy
forever. It is well known that 'A. E.' is Mr.
George Russell, and that he is one of the most
remarkable of the men associated with the Celtic
revival. To us, his special charm results from
the fact that his inspiration is more eclectic than
that of his fellow-workers. His
poems
have
the peculiar Celtic magic in the fullest measure;
but they have also something of Hellenic sugges-
tion, and the mysticism with which they are in-
fused is of 'the brooding East' even more than
it is of the Isle of Saints.
Mr. William Watson was, as most of us know,
a convinced and earnest opponent of the course
taken by the English government in its recent
dealings with South Africa. He held the war to
be an unrighteous one, ignoring, as we think, the
fundamental facts that it was begun by the
Boers, and that England's main object in its
prosecution was to free Englishmen from the
oppression of a corrupt minority intrenched in
power. But of Mr. Watson's sincerity in his
attitude, there can be no manner of doubt; and
his contributions in verse, made from time to
time to English journals during the period of the
war, have a more than ephemeral value. They
have been collected-some two dozen short pieces
-into a volume entitled ' For England: Poems
Written during Estrangement.' We quote the
pair of stanzas on 'Rome and Another,' be-
cause it is simple and effective, and because it
* THE DIVINE VISION, and Other Poems. By A. E.
New York: The Macmillan Co.
FOR ENGLAND. Poems Written during Estrangement.
By William Watson. New York: John Lane.
LAND AND SEA PIECES. Poems. By Arthur E. J. Legge.
New York: John Lane.
SECRET NIGHTS. By J. A. Nicklin. London: David
Nutt.
THE TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP, and Other Poems.
Vincent Benson. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell.
THE LAST DAYS OF THEODORIC THE OSTROGOTH, and
Other Verses. Oxford : B. H. Blackwell.
THE LYRIC BOUGH. By Clinton Scollard. New York:
James Pott & Co.
CRUX ÆTATIS and Other Poems. By Martin Schutze.
Boston : Richard G. Badger.
SAGA OF THE OAK, and Other Poems. By William H.
Venable. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
OMAR AND FITZGERALD, and Other Poems. By John G.
Jury. San Francisco : The Whitaker & Ray Co.
SHAPES OF CLAY. By Ambrose Bierce. San Francisco :
W. E. Wood.
POEMS. By Walter Malone. Memphis: The Paul and
Douglas Co.
BY


1904.]
117
THE DIAL
6
has a more significant message for our own coun-
try than for its author's own.
She asked for all things, and dominion such
As never man had known,
The gods first gave; then lightly, touch by touch,
O'erthrew her seven-hilled throne.
'Imperial Power, that hungerest for the globe,
Restrain thy conquering feet,
Lest the same Fates that spun thy purple robe
Should weave thy winding-sheet.
The 'Land and Sea Pieces' of Mr. Arthur
E. J. Legge portray the type of mind which is
restless in the world of accepted creed and con-
vention, and is ever groping to find the permanent
beneath the illusory, to escape from the meaning-
less distinctions of everyday life and find refuge
in the eternal verities. This may seem a ponder-
ous way of accounting for a collection of poems
that are for the most part simple and unpreten-
tious, and that are even at times conceived in a
half-flippant spirit; but the note which we have
suggested is struck again and again. We hear it
in the poem called 'Olivia's Garden,' which
deals manfully and cleanly with the theme of
Rossetti's · Jenny ’; we find it in 'The Death-
Mask of Leopardi.'
"Ah, let me conquer doubt!
To suffer and to sorrow more than most
Has been the poet's privilege through all time,
To leave the vulgar host
Who follow Comus in unlovely rout,
And search through that dim shadow-land without
For something more sublime.'
Again we find it in the closing lines of that
fine poem, ‘Raleigh's Lost Voyage.'
* Poor world
of baffled phantoms! Have deaths and births
Much meaning after all? Well, here at last
Passes a man moulded in Life's red fire.
Fate weaves a chequered groundwork for such souls;
Dark, transient Evil,-bright, eternal Good.'
Again we find it in 'Prometheus,' in the
words dedicated to all those who follow in the
footsteps of the Titan, and defy, and endure.
• Their tombs are marble mile-stones on the road
Nations have trod to freedom. Their names ring through
tales
Cherished in lonely dales
And mountain homes,-through songs the people sing
Behind the plough, or with the harvest-load.
Like stars they gleam
Out of the human gloom and storm-clad past,
And in the march of many a youthful dream
They sound a trumpet-blast.'
And still again we find it in the verses in-
scribed to Elle et Lui,' to Michael Angelo,
and to Charles Kingsley in the poem 'Eversley,
from which we make our final quotation.
'old dogmas are outworn
That he taught in this little church; and all creeds die;
And teachers pass; and the lesson-pages are torn,
And the dusty books laid by ;
But, at least, this man has helped us to hear the note
of the wordless song whose wandering murmurs float
From fields that the sunlight splashes with golden-brown
As it plays on the shocks of corn, from woods that crown
The sloping ridges, from meadow and lane and heath,
And crowded pines, with a blush of heather beneath,
And the stream where the fat trout lie; -oh, here is rest
From the world, with its fevered brain and panting breast,
And Youth comes back with its visions and that sweet dawn
of Hope, that lighted the dew upon dream-land's lawn,
And set all the colors aflame in the garden-beds
Where the flowers of love and glory lifted their heads,
And we see the land we had lost, and forget the din
Of a jarring age, and learn the wisdom anew,
That tells how only the losers in life shall win
And only the dreams be true.
We can hardly praise too highly the thought-
fulness and sincerity of this book; these are its
essential qualities, albeit the author commands
sufficient poetic expression for their graceful
adornment.
In part a republication, and in part new, the
. Secret Nights' of Mr. J. A. Nicklin offers us a
slender but exquisite collection of verse. Four
sonnets and something more than a dozen lyrics
make up the sum total; but each piece is care-
fully wrought, and tempts us to linger over its
musical cadence. The sonnet called The Poet's
Mass' shall be our selection.
Before an altar of deep-jeweled blaze
The poet, pale, with gracious head down-bent,
Serves on his knees Love's awful sacrament,
Swinging a censer of delicious praise
He draws eternity into his gaze
And falters forth the god within him pent,
Then, when his hour of worship is full-spent,
Leaves the still shrine for wild, tumultuous ways.
Ah, strew before him roses red and white !
Red roses are the crimson prints of pain,
But white for purity and for delight.
Let tremulous music fall in silver rain,
And the waved torches flame into the night,
And make night splendid, and the street Love's fane.'
Mr. Nicklin's verses have a touch of decadence,
and more than a hint of Henley; but they are by
no means obvious imitations, and are entitled to
stand upon their own merits.
The Temple of Friendship, and Other Poems,'
by Mr. Vincent Benson, is a work characterized
by marked poetical sensibility. Whatever is
beautiful in art, nature, and life, makes a forci-
ble appeal to the writer, whose gift of expres-
sion is sufficiently developed to make his verses
more than agreeable to the refined intelligence.
A few of his pieces are intimately personal;
but most of them are of bookish inspiration,
revealing especially the sympathetic student of
the classics. We quote the personal confession of
"The Fountain Head.'
• As I read o'er again the parable
of that fierce house where sin and sorrow slept,
The giant singer of Eleusis wept
His very soul into my soul, and full
Of love and yearning for so beautiful
A truth, I turned to Weimar's iron bard,
Who sang a woe indeed, but a woe marred
By higher weal, and a love dutiful.
Then cried, “O bring me to the fountain-head,
That I may weep and dread and love as ne'er
But poet can. Yet none gave answer there.
Only methought as the slow sun sank red
Upon the sea, and the wind soughed to bed,
Apollo passed me with his gleaming hair.'
Mr. Benson is a poet of the tribe of Alfred,
bringing to him that tribute which is the sin-
cerest form of flattery. “The Lotus Eaters' sug-
gests the theme, and is clearly the inspiration, of
The Island of No Death,' while “Moenia Mundi'
is venturesome enough to reproduce for us the
last thoughts of Lucretius in the soliloquy of his
dying hour.
*The Last Days of Theodoric the Ostrogoth,
and Other Verses,' an anonymous collection, is,
like the volume mentioned just before, an Oxford
our
»


118
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
DIAL
production. The stately and sombre title-poem as a rule from unmusical aggregations of voca-
is a fine example of reflective verse written in bles and from a failure to master the niceties of
rhymed couplets. These are the prophetic closing
These are the prophetic closing English idiom. His qualities, with their defects,
lines:
are clearly shown in these lines from The
• What though my glory fade from memory,
Gale':
And men deny my toils the meed of praise ?
O my beloved, cannot we
Enough for me to know that after-days
Amid the passionate uproar
will see the work fulfll'd wherein I failed,
On storm-steep paths of liberty
Will see my people's glory unassailed,
One care-free journey fare?
Crowned with more lasting triumphs than were mine.
Can we not one sun's course be free,
Men's eyes are dim; the future gives no sign
Mid urge and surge of generous dare,
Of aught that is to be; we can but trust
On racing crests of life to be
That good will vanquish evil. God is just.
As billows, birds and air?
It may be - for the voice of time is dumb
Can we not burst the gates of fear,
That years of toil and war are still to come,
Sweep off the bars and crumbling stare
Of civil tumult, slavery and pain;
And lees of yesterday's wisdom drear,
Yet at the last this land I loved will gain
And wiser-prudency?
Freedom and peace, and men once more will see
Our houghts without expedient veer,
A glorious and united Italy.
The falter in our voice no more,
Many of the pieces in this volume are written
Our hearts no usurers, the sheer
Storm-joy within the deep soul's core.
in a light and pleasing vein, but the deeper note
is not far off. The following sonnet on 'Gib-
The struggle for expression is here too obvious,
raltar' is an example of the author's work at its the achievement too imperfect, and the faults
best:
we find exhibited in these lines are of too fre-
On Calpe's rock the wild narcissus grows,
quent occurrence, to make Mr. Schutze's volume
Lives its short life in lone humility,
more than an experiment with
some small
Then fades away that other blooms may be, promise of future performance.
And where it grew no living creature knows,
And that stupendous rock whereon it grows
Mr. W. H. Venable writes lyrics of pedagogy,
Heedless of one poor flower's mortality
ballads of Ohio Valley heroism, and occasional
Stands changeless by the ever-changing sea;
tributes to the history of the Northwest. There
Whose tide like life forever ebbs and flows.
So let this fragile flower of verse, my friend,
is a certain vigor, but not much pretence of
Live its short life unharmed. Its root is frail, poetry, about the lines which describe the Great
Its stem made slenderly. Its petals pale
Ordinance as
One ruthless foot, one biting breeze would rend.
A heart,
So let it live its day, and when it dies
A vital and organic part,
Tell no one where my dead narcissus lies.'
Propelling by its strong pulsation
The unremitting stream and flood
Ours, at least, shall not be the 'ruthless foot'
of wholesome inflences that give
to rend so graceful and delicate a flower of verse
Unto the body politic
The elements and virtues quick
Whereby Republics live.'
Mr. Clinton Scollard's new volume is called
• The Lyric Bough.' It is a collection of miscel It would be hardly fair, however, to represent
laneous pieces, the greater number having aspects Mr. Venable by these lines alone, and we supple-
of nature for their theme. An Autumn Song' ment them with a few stanzas from 'Saga of the
offers a favorable illustration of this quality. Oak,' the poem which gives a title to the collec-
tion.
'Again the old heraldic pomp
• Centuries do I stand here
Of Autumn on the hills;
Thinking thoughts profound and drear,
A scarlet pageant in the swamp;
Dreaming solemn dreams sublime
Low lyrics from the rills
Of the mysteries of time.
And a rich attar in he air
That orient morn distils.
*Roots of mine do feed on graves;
*Again the tapestry of haze
I have eaten bones of braves ,
Of amethystine dye
In the ground the learned gnomes
Encincturing the horizon ways;
Read to me their cryptic tomes.
And from the middle sky
'Annals treasured in the air
The iterant, reverberant call
All the past to me declare;
Of wild geese winging by.
Every wind of heaven brings
*Again the viols of the wind
Tribute for me on its wings.
Attuned to one soft theme;
'I am weary of the years ;
Here, every burden left behind,
Overthrown are all my peers,
O love, would it not seem
Slain by steel or storm or flame,-
A near approach to paradise
I would perish too —- the same.
To dream and dream and dream!'
. Yet shall I a little space
Mr. Scollard is a very satisfying lyrist as a
Linger still in life's embrace
rule; sometimes, wb he seems to be reaching
Ere metem psychosing time
out for more flexible forms of expression, he is
Drag me down to Nifheim.'
not altogether happy, but he is a practised singer,
A string of ineffectual quatrains, imitative of
and we always find him welcome.
the Tent-Maker, yet optimistic in their strain,
Mr. Martin Schutze is the author of a slender opens Mr. John G. Jury's ‘Omar and Fitzgerald,
collection which he has styled · Crux Ætatis, and Other Poems.' (This misprinting of Fitz-
from the somewhat obscure sonnet which he Gerald's name is many times repeated.) Mr.
places on his opening page. He sometimes has a Jury's work is commonplace, and decidedly raw in
touch that suggests Heine, but his verse suffers spots. It has a moralizing tendency which may
as this.
6


1904.]
119
THE DIAL
be illustrated by these stanzas from "Two
Souls':
• Two souls walked on a leaf-strewn way,
Through fairest woodland scene,
In varied aisles of gold and green
Where reigns the Queen of Day.
One saw but vale and flower and tree,-
The other, God's serenity.
• Two souls paused at the gates of night,
As sank life's sun to rest ;
One, tearful, looked into the west,
Till tears obscured his sight;
Beyond Death's circling shadow bars,
One read Heaven's promise in the stars.'
A set of Vignettes' comes at the close of
this volume. We reproduce two of them, one
as an illustration of the thor's taste, the other
for a reason different but obvious. "Joshua' is
the subject of the first.
* Didst thou write that fake infernal
About the sun in Gibeon ?-
The moon in vales of Ajalon?
If printing were in vogue,
Bold and designing rogue,
Thou wouldst have owned a yellow journal.'
The subject of the other is 'Caesar.'
* Proud apex of Rome's towering pile
That stood for war and strength and lust, —
Then, crashing like the Campanile
At Venice, fell - a cloud of dust!'
Another product of the Pacific Coast is the
volume called 'Shapes of Clay,' into which Mr.
Ambrose Bierce has brought together the fugi-
tive verses of many years,-nearly four hundred
pages of them altogether. Much of this work is
the merest journalism, and had better have been
left in obscurity. But Mr. Bierce has been a
considerable force in Western letters for many
years, and his work sometimes reaches a high
plane of diction and emotion. Even when it does
not deserve such description, it often has enough
of the arresting and vigorous quality to keep it
alive. Some of the pieces fairly match Bret
Harte in his own peculiar manner, which state-
ment we may illustrate by quoting from the story
of a Yorick of the forty-niners.
Maybe I knowed you; seems to me I've seed
Your face afore. I don't forget a face,
But names I disremember - I'm that breed
Of owls. I'm talking some'at into space
An' maybe my remarks is too derned free
Seein' yer name is unbeknown to me.
· Ther' was a time, I reckon, when I knowed
Nigh onto every dern galoot in town.
That was as late as '50. Now she's growed
Surprisin'! Yes, me an' my pardner, Brown,
Was wide acquainted. If ther' was a cuss
We didn't know, the cause was — he knowed us.'
By way of contrast to this humorous effusion,
we will append the poem “Geotheos,' which
seems to us the best piece in the collection.
As sweet as the look of a lover
Saluting the eyes of a maid,
That blossom to blue as the maid
Is ablush to the glances above her,
The sunshine is gilding the glade
And lifting the lark out of shade.
Sing therefore high praises, and therefore
Sing songs that are ancient as gold,
Of Earth in her garments of gold ;
Nor ask of their meaning, nor wherefore
They charm as of yore, for behold,
The Earth is as fair as of old.
'Sing songs of the pride of the mountains,
And songs of the strength of the seas,
And the fountains that fall to the seas
From the hands of the hills, and the fountains
That shine in the temples of trees,
In valleys of rose and bees.
"Sing songs that are dreamy and tender
of slender Arabian palms,
And shadows that circle the palms,
Where caravans, veiled from the splendor,
Are kneeling in blossoms and balms
In islands of infinite calms.
Barbaric, O Man, was thy runing
When mountains were stained as with wine
By the dawning of Time, and as wine
Were the seas, yet its echoes are crooning,
Achant in the gusty pine
And the pulse of the poet's line.'
We could wish that the author of such lines as
these had sufficient restraint to keep himself from
publishing the cheap witticisms and the una-
bashed vulgarities which frequently disfigure his
pages. But we must be sparing of adverse com-
ment, lest Mr. Bierce apply to us his description,
"The thoughts unreal which they think they think,'
which is his neat way of characterizing the judg-
ments of critics.
A voice from Tennessee comes to us in the
'Poems' of Mr. Walter Malone, a volume into
which the writer has remorselessly brought to-
gether upwards of two hundred compositions,
some frankly labelled as 'Juvenile,' and all
pedestrian and uninspired. The critic wonders,'
he observes,-
The critic wonders why the lowly bards
Still write and write when no one seems to read.
When fame and fortune still refuse rewards,
And when the world gives but a wreath of weed.'
The apology urged is that they have done their
best,' than which even Shakespeare could do no
more. Mr. Malone's best does not seem to dif-
fer greatly from his worst; we leave the reader to
decide which is represented by these stanzas on
Dante and Gemma':
• Surrounded by the dull and commonplace,
Dante and Gemma lived as man and wife;
Year after year they kept the self-same pace,
Amid the homely scenes of prosy life.
Seven children came to romp around their door,
And give her weary hands more work to do;
Without complaint, the burden all she bore,-
She loved them and their father, Dante, so!'
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
6
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
The classification The latest publication in the Cam-
of flowering bridge (England) Biological Series
plants.
(Cambridge University Press) is
devoted to · The Classification of Flowering
Plants,' and is intended to place before English
readers the results of the world's latest research
in the field of systematic botany. As the author,
Dr. Albert B. Rendle, puts it in his preface, we
have here an attempt to give the student who
has some acquaintance with the rudiments of
botany a systematic account of the flowering
plants.' Volume I. deals with the Gymnos-
perms – pines, cedars, spruces, and the like; and
6


120
[Sept. 1.
THE DIAL
with the Monocotyledons — the
lilies,
the pages. At the same time, the work is chiefly
grasses, the palms, and their kin. The Dicotyle valuable as a study of English colonial adminis-
dons are to be presented in Volume II., soon to tration in the eighteenth century,- a study the
appear. An historical introduction to the gen more valuable because it departs so far from the
eral subject makes up the first chapter, and is conventional treatment of the affairs and institu-
interesting for many reasons. For instance, we tions of the American colonies. After a running
have here assembled, probably for the first time, survey of the proprietary period, which ended
a succinct and clear comparative outline of the with the establishment of the crown government
principal schemes and systems by which the in 1729, Professor Raper settles himself to a
founders of modern botany have sought to ex keen analysis of the administrative, legislative,
press their appreciation of the relationships, or and judicial systems, as they actually worked
at least the resemblances, found among the flow under the rule of the five royal governors be-
ering plants. The views of Linné, Jussieu, the ginning with Burrington in 1729 and ending with
De Candolles, are each and all here presented Martin in 1775. There are separate chapters on
so that any reader may compare and understand the governor's office and functions, the consti-
them. Then again, it is always well to know tution and powers of the governor's council, the
history; we better understand present views privileges of the lower legislative house and its
when we know the route by which they were relations with the governor and council, the sys-
attained. For such reasons we are inclined to tem of land-tenure and land-grants, the fiscal
regard the first chapter as one of the most valua administration of the colony, the judicial sys-
ble in the book. In the further unfolding of his tem with its multiplicity of courts, the arrange-
subject, our author makes no claim to novelty. ments for local defense, and the circumstances
His classification of the Gymnosperms, both fos attending the downfall of the royal government
sil and recent, follows, in the main, lines already on the eve of the Revolution. Particularly in-
familiar to American students. In discussing the teresting is a special chapter on the conflicts be-
Monocotyledons, the arrangement given by the tween the executive and the lower house, a chap-
German scholar, Engler, in the "Syllabus,' is ter which no one can afford to miss who wishes
generally adhered to. The book will, we feel to understand the earlier stages in the develop-
sure, meet the author's intent, and be useful ment of our country's democracy. Professor
to English readers the world over. The work Raper's method of working is distinctly that of
is largely, in the nature of the case, a book of the scholar. In the production of his monograph
names; and our only criticism at this time he has made use of all the printed and manu-
affects the matter of its nomenclature. It is script sources available, so that one can feel con-
true that this is the very particular in which fidence in his results. He gives a systematic
naturalists have been unable to agree, and yet bibliography of his subject, and also many refer-
it would seem that in matters of consistency ences in foot-notes which should be of value to
they might all agree. Whatever the system of the careful reader. Altogether one may well
nomenclature preferred, that system should be express the wish that the political institutions of
consistent. Co-ordinate groups should be marked others of the American colonies, North and
by common endings. In discussing the Gymnos- | South, may be treated after the same fashion
perms, our author follows this simple rule for
and by as competent a hand.
the names of classes; in Monoctyledons he for-
gets it. In naming orders he is perfectly arbi-
An excellent guide-book for those
Old-time haunts
trary in all cases. This is a serious defect; con-
who would revive their memories
of men of letters.
sistency here is essential to clearness both to
of our great New-England authors
the expert and to the general reader. The book by visiting their homes and walking the pave-
is liberally illustrated by wood-cuts, many pre ments once pressed by their feet, is found in Mr.
pared especially for this volume. The press-work Rufus Rockwell Wilson's · New England in Let-
is good, and typographical errors are compara ters,' published, with attractive colored photogra-
tively few.
phic plates, by A. Wessels Co. From Portland to
Southern studies It is a significant fact that at New Haven the author pursues a zig-zag course,
in Colonial last the history of the South giving in a form at once compact and entertain-
history.
is beginning to be written in a ing, the chief items a literary pilgrim would do
scholarly spirit by Southern men. In this treat well to bear in mind. Literary judgments, even
ment the Carolinas have perhaps had the most from the best authorities, are obviously little
conspicuous part. To Mr. McCrady's volumes, required in such a manual, and might better have
and that of Mr. W. Roy Smith on early South been omitted. Nor will the reader look for new
Carolina, must now be added Prof. Charles Lee and startling discoveries in following this well-
Raper's North Carolina, a Study in English worn road; or if he does he will be disappointed.
Colonial Government (Macmillan). The book Nearest to novelty, perhaps, is the touching story
is first of all commendable because of the large- (embalmed in the poet's 'Memoirs ') of Whit-
ness of view in which it has been written. It is tier's one love affair, his unsuccessful wooing of
without question, as the author claims, the first beautiful Cornelia Russ of Hartford. The book's
study from original sources of the whole period trustworthiness is marred by few and unimpor-
of the provincial government of North Carolina; tant inaccuracies, and these are oftener errors
and no small part of that which is valuable in of omission than of commission. Speaking of Dr.
the history of the colony will be found in its Holmes, the author refers to the writing of 'his


1904 ]
121
THE DIAL
To
7
two novels, “ Elsie Venner” and “ The Guard Spenser, who married a cousin of his, Elizabeth
ian Angel," , as if they were his only stories, Boyle. His biographer has been fortunate in hav-
• A Mortal Antipathy' receiving no mention. ing an ample store of material to draw from in
Bryant's birthplace, Cummington, is grouped the shape of original sources. The Earl's diary,
with Berkshire points of interest in such a way to mention no other papers,
presents a fulí
as to lead the uninformed to look for it in the record of his life from 1611 to his death, and
wrong county. Further bewilderment may be fills five volumes in its printed form. Miss
caused by the statement that the site of the house Townshend's large and well-illustrated octavo of
where he was born is not in Cummington, but over five hundred pages preserves, along with the
about a mile away,' when nothing more is meant eulogistic accompaniments to be expected in a
than that it is not in the immediate village. sympathetic biography, all that we of to-day need
Worcester is dismissed with scant notice, the to know about Richard Boyle, his manifold polit-
writer appearing to be in haste to catch the ical, military, and industrial activities, his fam-
train for Springfield. Why Brownson, who was ily and his associates.
successively a Presbyterian, a Universalist, a
Unitarian, and a Roman Catholic, should be
An unannounced and unexpected
described as a man who would have warmed the
Belgium and
volume in the series of Our
the Belgians.
hearts of Cromwell and his Ironsides,' is not
European Neighbors' (Putnam)
apparent, – except that he was a man of positive makes its appearance under the title of 'Bel-
though changeable opinions, and a giver and gian Life in Town and Country,' by Mr. Dem-
receiver of hard blows. Like many writers of etrius C. Boulger. Belgium is generally less
greater fame, Mr. Wilson has his pet phrases, known than other European nations, and much
one of which is · burial garth.' A few verbal information about it is here carefully collated.
blemishes that mar his pages are the more vexa As a constitutional monarchy, Belgium dates
tious because they could so easily have been only from 1830; but the territory it occupies,
removed. Lyman Beecher is called 'neither a though not large, is of deep historic interest.
profound scholar or an exact thinker.'
It comprises among its cities Antwerp, Ghent,
gleefully relate to their mutual friends' will give Brussels, Louvain, and the three so-called ' dead
double offense to purists.
cities of Flanders' – Bruges, Courtrai, and
Ypres. Small as the country is, it has in its
The stirring life If Richard Boyle, first Earl of population two distinct races, the Walloons and
of the Great Earl Cork, had lived three hundred Flemings; and these speak two languages, French
of Cork.
years later, he would have pushed and Flemish. It is but a small contingent of the
his fortunes in South Africa or the Klondyke, first-named race that speaks the old · Romance
and would have been widely known as a colon dialect known as Walloon, and the number of
izer of new territory and a captain of industry. German-speaking Belgians living in the border
Today, although his seventh son (and four-provinces is insignificant.
provinces is insignificant. Though the Wal-
teenth child) Robert, the philosopher and the Toons and Flemings maintain their separate
founder of the Boyle Lectures, is well remem racial characteristics, they are held together
bered, his own name is familiar to comparatively chiefly by their religion; and Belgium is
few, notwithstanding that he played a part as
of the three most devoted countries
conspicuous in the world's eyes as that of Cecil of the Church of Rome, Bavaria and Ire-
Rhodes three centuries later. Born of poor par-
land being
the other two. It makes
ents and early compelled to shift for himself, respectable showing among the nations of
Richard Boyle went at twenty-two to Ireland, Europe in the arts and sciences; and it has of
then virgin soil to the English, and there rose to late years produced at least one writer of world-
wealth and fame by as varied and exciting and wide reputation, Maeterlinck. Its manufactur-
romantic a career as can be found in history. ing centres, and its coal-mining district of the
Bold of spirit and alert to his very finger-tips, he Borinage, present interesting studies in economic
did indeed, to use his biographer's somewhat and social conditions. All this, with its recently
novel expression catch Dame Fortune by the developed ambition for colonial enterprises in
forelock.' He died full of years and honors, in Africa, furnishes abundant material for an inter-
1644, and with him, his panegyrist assures us, esting volume, and Mr. Boulger has made use of
passed away the old orders, the Elizabethan age this material with happy results.
in Munster, and the old glorious days when a
man would dare the impossible, confident in him-
The
A new life
the
admirable series of
self, in England, and in his God.' In Miss Doro of Frederick • Heroes of the Nations' (Put-
thea Townshend's · Life and Letters of the Great
the Great.
nam) contains no biography of
Earl of Cork' (Dutton) is presented a full and more solid worth, and few of more absorbing
painstaking account of this stirring life of one interest, than Mr. W. F. Reddaway's 'Fred-
whom his enemies called a political adventurer, erick the Great and the Rise of Prussia.' The
but whose achievements under hard conditions in career of that remarkable character iş sketched
a raw and turbulent country must command the with care and an excellent sense of proportion,
admiration of all. Additional interest is given and with a skill that makes his striking person-
to his life by the descent from him of many well ality stand out clearly. The strange training
known members of the English nobility and gen given him by his brutal father, whom he came
try, and also by his acquaintance with the poet to resemble in his later life, and its effect upon
one
a


122
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
6
his character; the strange mixture in him of the sketch of the life of Erasmus; next, more than
rhymester, the hard-headed, unscrupulous man of a hundred pages of careful analyses of his edu-
action, the pitiless tyrant, and the great soldier cational doctrine, section by section; and finally
whose victories startled the world although he a translation of those writings of Erasmus which
brought many disasters upon his armies by his treat most directly of Education. A careful
foolish decisions at critical times; the marvellous bibliography is appended. Treating as it does
attention to details that looked after the mean of much the same subject-matter as the earlier
est and the pettiest matters in the life of his volume, and by the same method, there is inevi-
people, whether nobles or peasants; the unmiti- tably a certain loss of freshness and interest in
gated despotism that he established, which only the present work. It is true that the author
a succession of Fredericks could have made suc brings out clearly the essential service of Eras-
cessful, and which he would not modify although mus in adapting the humanistic ideals to the
he knew that his successor was to be a fool; sterner moral and religious conditions of North-
these and many other aspects of the famous ern Europe; his views on many points, however,
monarch are clearly set forth by Mr. Reddaway. are but pale reflections of the much more vital
That Frederick had in him neither honor nor ideas of the Italian thinkers of the Quattrocento.
religion, nor any fineness of spirit, seems to be Professor Woodward is a careful scholar and an
the fact; yet through him came the aggrandize excellent writer. A book in this field has been
ment of Prussia that has made modern Germany long needed, inasmuch as the treatment of Eras-
possible, and although he is not the kind of mus in the shorter histories of education has
hero that many writers have made him out to been vague and unsatisfactory in the extreme.
be, he was a great force in bringing about mod-
ern conditions in Europe.
Another
An addition to the number of
notable
notable rug books of recent years
Rug book.
An interesting example of Haus-
Some famous
is Mary Beach Langton's inter-
old landmarks manizing, now going on in Lon esting and useful handbook, 'How to Know Ori-
of London
don, furnishes the occasion for ental Rugs' (Appleton), which puts within
Mr. Charles Gordon's book on · Old-Time Ald reach of the general reader much information
wych, Kingsway, and Neighborhood' (Dutton).
usually obtainable only in rare and expensive
As the culmination of projects dating from 1836,
works. The first chapter gives a general survey
an avenue ninety feet wide and to bear the name of the subject and a description of the weaving
of Kingsway, and a semi-circular street of equal process. A chapter is devoted to each of the
width to bear the old Danish name of Aldwych, distinctive characteristics of Persian, Caucasian,
are being constructed in one of the most con-
Kurdistan, Turkish, Turkoman, Indian, Chinese,
gested portions of old London, to connect High and silk rugs. A brief description of the dis-
Holborn Street with the Strand. As the work
tricts where rugs are woven will interest many
progresses, many famous literary and historical rug-lovers to whom Saraband and Cashmere and
landmarks disappear; and Mr. Gordon, who has
Bokhara are merely technical names. The book
already written of " The Old Bailey and New shows painstaking investigation, and is clearly
gate,' having collected all the antiquarian lore
and concisely written. It is a relief not to find here
of the neighborhood, writes it up as entertain the mass of confusing detail which makes many
ingly as an antiquary can reasonably be expected handicraft books wearisome, and the writer's
to do. He furnishes nothing especially new in
enthusiasm cannot fail to interest the general
what he writes of the old; in fact, his book,
reader as well as the rug collector. The full-
after devoting four chapters to the documentary page colored illustrations, from actual rugs
history of the improvements, taken largely from owned in the United States, are a valuable fea-
the minutes of municipal proceedings, is princi-
ture of the work.
pally made up of quotations from Strype, Stowe,
Maitland, Malcolm, Oldys, John Timbs, and oth-
ers who are the commonly accepted authorities
NOTES.
on Old London. The value of his work consists
chiefly in his collation of descriptions and illus-
• Painted Shadows' is the title of Mr. Richard
trations of the portion of London in the neigh-
Le Gallienne's new volume, to be published dur.
borhood of Lincoln Inn, St. Martin in the Fields,
ing the present Autumn by Messrs. Little, Brown
& Co.
St. Clement Danes, and St. Mary le Strand, in
order that they may be accessible to the students
. Good Digestion' and 'Some of My Recipes,
of the generations to come.
with Prices and Reasons,' both by Mr. Eustace
Miles, are recent importations of Messrs. E. P.
Concerning the Professor Woodward, of the Uni-
Dutton & Co.
Aim and Method versity of Liverpool, has added The Iowa Park and Forestry Association has
of Education.
to his studies dealing with the published in a stout pamphlet the Proceedings'
pedagogical theory of the Renaissance, a new of its third annual meeting, held at Des Moines
volume, 'Desiderius Erasmus Concerning the last December.
Aim and Method of Education (Macmillan). * The Coals of Illinois: Their Composition and
The ground-plan so successfully employed in the Analysis,' by Professor S. W. Parr, is the latest
author's previous volume on Vittirino da Feltre of the University Studies' issued by the Univer:
is followed here. First, we have a thirty-page sity of Illinois.


1904.]
123
THE DIAL
6
Observations on the Geology and Geography of • The Political History of Virginia during the
Western Mexico,' by Dr. Oliver Cummings Farring. Reconstruction,' by Mr. Hamilton James Ecken-
ton, is a recent publication of the Field Columbian rode; and 'Switzerland at the Beginning of the
Museum of Chicago.
Sixteenth Century,' by Mr. John Marvin Vincent,
· The Structure of the Text of the Book of are two recent additions to the ‘Johns Hopkins
Amos,' by President William Rainey Harper, is the University Studies in Historical and Political
latest addition to the series of Decennial Publica. Science.'
tions of the University of Chicago.
The title of Mr. Lafcadio Hearn's new book,
The American Book Co. publish ‘Nature Study which the Macmillan Co. announce for issue this
with Common Things,' an elementary manual by month, is ‘Japan: An Attempt at Interpretation.'
Mr. M. H. Carter, and 'Our Birds and Their Nest-
This volume is described as a more elaborate and
lings,' a volume of ‘Eclectic Readings,' by Miss thorough-going attempt at an explanation of the
Margaret Coulson Walker.
Japan of today than Mr. Hearn's previous works
A new novel by Mr. Randall Parrish, author of
and represents the gathering together of all the
When Wilderness Was King, one of the most
results of his ten years of life among the Japan.
successful stories of the year, is announced for
ese.
The three Riverside
publication in October by Messrs. A. C. McClurg
Press editions which
& Co., under the title ‘My Lady of the North.'
Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. have in prepara-
Miss Mary A. Jordan, Professor of English Lit.
tion for publication this Autumn comprise the fol.
erature in Smith College, has just completed her
lowing titles: Boccaccio's Life of Dante,' trans-
book on Correct Writing and Speaking' for the
lated by Philip H. Wicksteed, limited to 250 cop-
'Woman's Home Library,' edited by Mrs. M. E.
ies; “The Georgics of Virgil, translated by
Sangster and published by Messrs. A. S. Barnes
John W. Mackail, limited to 300 copies; and
& Co.
• Certaine Sonets,' by Sir Philip Sidney, limited to
400 copies.
Mr. Alfred Henry Lewis's new novel, upon
A notable book of the Fall season is announced
which he has been engaged since the publication
in the volume of ‘Letters from the Holy Land,'
of his successful story, 'The Boss,' will be called
"The President.' The book will appear early in
by Ernest Renan, to be brought out this month by
the Autumn, with the imprint of Messrs. A. S.
Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co. The book will con-
Barnes & Co.
tain the correspondence of Renan with M. Berthe-
The Fall publications of Messrs. Houghton,
lot while gathering material in Italy and the Ori.
ent for the famous 'Life of Jesus. The letters
Mifflin & Co., will include new volumes of essays
have been translated by Mr. Lorenzo O'Rourke,
by the following authors: John Burroughs, Brad.
who also contributes an introduction.
ford Torrey, Bliss Perry, Agnes Repplier, Le-
From the Open Court Publishing Co. we have
Baron R. Briggs, Felix E. Schelling, Edward Atkin.
. The
son, and H. W. Boynton.
just received the following little books:
Ainu Group at the St. Louis Exposition,' by Pro-
The Brazilian legation at Washington sends us
a pamphlet on the 'Brazil and Bolivia Boundary
fessor Frederick Starr; ‘Ants and Some Other
Insects,' by Dr. August Forel, translated by Pro-
Settlement,' containing the treaty signed at
fessor William Morton Wheeler; ‘Kant and Spen.
Petropolis last November and the special report
cer: A Study of the Fallacies of Agnosticism, by
of Baron Rio Branco, the Brazilian Minister of
Dr. Paul Carus; and The Nature of the State,'
Foreign Relations. The pamphlet includes a valu.
by the same author. The last three of these books
able map.
belong to the ‘Religion of Science Library.'
Recognition in international law and practice,
One of the most important works of the Fall
the Germans in the United States, the popular
season will be the ‘Recollections and Letters of
election of senators, the British tariff movement,
General Lee,' to be published by Messrs. Double-
proportional representation, and the budgets of
day, Page & Co. It is edited by Capt. Robert E.
foreign countries, are the subjects of the latest
Lee, the oldest son of the distinguished Con-
batch of special bibliographies sent us by the
federate soldier. The book presents for the first
Congressional Library.
time General Lee's correspondence with his family
M. Maurice Courant is the author of a biography and friends before and during the Civil War. Cap-
of the Japanese statesman, Okoubo Tosimitsi, pub tain Lee has written some biographical chapters,
lished by M. Felix Alcan, Paris, in the series of telling many new stories of his father's home life.
* Ministres et Hommes d'Etat.' This interesting The Oxford University Press has in preparation
volume is at the same time a study of the life of two volumes of documents on the history of the
its subject and the history of the modern recon.
Constituent Assembly in France (1789-91), drawn
struction of the Japanese Empire.
mainly from the Paris newspapers of the period,
Mr. Moncure D. Conway, who delivered one of Besides these extracts will also be given a selec-
the most important addresses at the recent Haw. tion from the more important decrees of the
thorne Centenary celebration at Concord, is to National Assembly, together with such official doc-
publish his autobiography through Messrs. Hough uments as manifestoes and minutes of the proceed.
ton, Mifflin & Co. this Fall. During his long and ings of municipal assemblies, which may serve to
active life Mr. Conway has been personally illustrate the more critical events of the first three
acquainted with a host of great writers and years of the Revolution. The two volumes are
famous men.
being edited by Mr. L. G. Wickham Legg.


124
[Sept. 1,
THE DIAL
6
ing
The September publications of Messrs. A. C. Immigration, International Control of. World's Work.
McClurg & Co. will include a reprint of ‘Gass's
Immortality, Perils of. Agnes Repplier. Harper.
International Law.
Journal of the Lewis and Clark Expedition,' edited
George B. Davis. Harper.
Ireland, A New. Seumas MacManus. World's Work.
by Dr. James K. Hosmer; ‘Farmington,' by Mr. Italy, Social Classes in. A. de Gubernatis. Atlantic.
Clarence S. Darrow, being memories of boyhood in Italy, What People Read in. Review of Reviews.
a Pennsylvania village; 'A Short History of Ore-
Japan's Highest Volcano. H. G. Ponting. Century.
Japanese Communication in Battle. Rev. of Reviews.
gon,' compiled by Sidona B. Johnson; 'A History of
Java, Court of. E. von Hesse-Wartegg. Century.
Negro Servitude in Illinois and of the Slavery Jesus, Hyperbolical Teachings of. North American.
Agitation in that State,' by Prof. N. Dwight Har.
Kuroki, Leader of the Japanese Advance. Rev. of Revs.
Lake Erie, Battle of. A. T. Mahan. Scribner.
ris; 'In
Search of the Okapi, a story of
Libraries, Traveling. Helen E. Haines. World's Work.
adventure in Central Africa, by Mr. Ernest Glan Locusts of Natal. Mark Wilcox. Century.
ville; and “The Wandering Twins,' dealing with
Magazine Writing. Henry M. Alden. North American.
the life of two children in Labrador, by Mrs. Mary
Migrations, Our Inland. I. K. Friedman. World's Work.
Morocco, Berbers of. Walter Harris. Scribner.
Bourchier Sanford.
Novels vs. Other Books. Churchill Williams. World's Work.
The substance of Mr. Richard Le Gallienne's Puritan, The Great. Goldwin Smith. Atlantic.
How to Get the Best Out of Books' (Baker-Tay.
Ravenna. Arthur Symons. Harper.
Russian Lourdes, The. David B. Macgowan. Century.
lor Co.) is comprised in the injunction, 'Read what Russian Revolutionists, The. A. Cahan. World's Work.
you like and when you like. Do not be overawed by School, The Preparatory. Abraham Flexner. Atlantic.
any book because it bears the name of a classic,
Sectional Misunderstandings. Robt. Bingham, No. Am.
Shakespeare. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Atlantic.
or discouraged as to your possibilities of literary
Stanley, Henry M. A. J. Mounteney-Jephson. Scribner.
appreciation, if you do not happen to like it.' Star-Clusters, Photographing. G. W. Ritchey. Harper.
This has all been said so many times as to seem
Superstition, Our National. Barrett Wendell. No. Am.
a trifle commonplacé; and the same is substan.
Tibet, Into Mysterious. Chalmers Roberts. World's Work.
Transportation Tax, Legal Supervision of. No. American.
tially true of the other essays in the volume, on Watts, G. F. Royal Cortissoz. North American.
such subjects as “What We Look for in Books,'
Workmen's Insurance in Germany. North American.
• What an Unread Man Should Read,' and 'How
World Organization Secures World-Peace. Atlantic.
World's Fair, Round-the-World at the. Century.
to Form a Library. The chapter on The Novel
Yacht-Racing. A. Cary Smith. Scribner.
and Novelists of To-day' is the most interesting "Yellow Peril," A Chinaman on the. Rev. of Reviews.
of the collection.
The Putnams have in preparation for the com-
season a
new illustrated series entitled
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
* French Classics for English Readers, to be edited
by Professor Adolphe Cohn, L.L.B., and Dr. Cur-
[The following list, containing 50 titles, includes books
tis Hidden Page. The design of the series is to
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
meet the need of the many who are interested in
BIOGRAPHY.
French literature, and desire to know it directly, THE FRENCH NOBLESSE OF THE XVIII. CENTURY. Trans.
but who cannot easily read its authors in the by Mrs. Colquhoun Grant from Les Souvenirs de la
Marquise de Crequy, 1834. With photogravure por-
original. Six volumes are in immediate prepara-
trait, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 325. E. P.
tion, as follows: one volume each of Rabelais,
Dutton & Co. $3. net.
Montaigne, Beaumarchais, and George Sand, and
HOBBES. By Sir Leslie Stephen. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
English Men of Letters." Macmillan Co.
two volumes of Molière. Each work will be intro-
75 cts. net.
duced with a biographical and critical essay by an
OKOUBO. Par Maurice Courant. With photogravure por-
trait, 16 mo, uncut, pp. 205. Paris : Felix Alcan.
authority, giving an adequate account of the Paper.
author's life, writings, and place in literary his-
HISTORY.
tory.
AN INTRODUCTORY HISTORY OF ENGLAND. From the Earliest
Times to the Close of the Middle Ages. By C. R. L.
Fletcher. With maps, 8vo, uncut, pp. 397. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $2. net.
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. THE CONSTITUTION AND OTHER SELECT 'DOCUMENTS Illus-
September, 1904.
trative of the History of France, 1789-1901. By
Frank Maloy Anderson. 12mo, pp. 671. Minne-
Advertising, Human Nature and. Atlantic.
apolis: H. W. Wilson Co. $2.
Alaska, Arctic, The Nelicatar of. Century.
A HISTORY OF THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT in Newly
Amendment, A Sixteenth. C. W. Thomas. No. American.
Acquired Territory of the United States. By David
American Drudge, The Educated. North American.
Yancy Thomas, Ph.D., 4to, uncut, pp. 330.
umbia University Studies." Macmillan Co.
Antarctic Experiences. C. E. Borchgrevink. Century.
Paper,
$2. net.
Anti-Trust Activity, Four Years of. North American.
THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493-1898. Edited by Emma
Ants, Daintiness of. H. C. McCook. Harper.
Helen Blair and James Alexander Robertson; with
Ballooning as a Sport. Geo. de Geofroy. Century.
historical introduction and additional notes by Ed-
Battlefield of the Nations, An Old. Scribner.
ward Gaylord Bourne. Vol. XVI., 1609. Illus.,
Big Dry Country, In the. Frederic Irland. Scribner.
large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 329. Cleveland :
Business World, Steadying Conditions in. World's Work.
Arthur H, Clark Co. $4, net.
California, Tilling the “Tules" of. Review of Reviews.
Caravansaries. G. R. S. Sterrett. Harper.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Clothes, My. Winifred Kirkland. Atlantic.
DUKES AND POETS IN FERRARA : A Study of the Poetry,
Cowboy of Today, The. Arthur Chapman. World's Work. Religion, and Politics of the 15th and Early 16th
Dartmoor, American Prisoners at. J. G. McNeel. Harper.
Centuries. By Edmund G. Gardner, M. A. Illustrated
Egypt, Hidden. Agnes S. Lewis. Century.
in photogravure, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 578.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $4. net.
Exposition's Educational Worth. Review of Reviews.
Fossil Wonders of the West. H. F. Osborn. Century.
AVRIL: Being Essays on the Poetry of the French Renais-
sance. By H. Belloc. With photogravure frontis-
French Apostles of Courage in America. Rev. of Reviews.
piece, svo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 238. E. P. Dutton
General Education Board, Methods of. Rev. of Revs.
& Co. $2. net.
Hazlitt, William. Bradford Torrey. Atlantic.
THE MASTERS OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. By Stephen
Holland, How the Dutch Have Taken. Rev. of Reviews.
Gwynn. 12mo, pp. 423. Macmillan Co. $1.10 net.
60
PP. 236.
“ Col-


1904.]
125
THE DIAL
FIRST PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE. By Emmet S. Goff
and D. D. Mayne; with introduction by W. D. Hoard.
Illus. in color, etc., 12mo, pp. 248. American
Book Co. 80 cts.
NATURE STUDY WITH COMMON THINGS : An Elementary
Laboratory Manual. Ву M. H. Carter. I