f the Nations' series (Put-
In his essay on Dr. Johnson, the author finds
nam) Mr. Thomas C. Dawson has wisely devoted
the great man's prose style deficient in the
two volumes to the subject. The first of these,
weightier matters, such as invention, humor, and
setting forth the history of Argentina, Paraguay,
power
of characterization.' Ponderosity does
Uraguay, and Brazil, the countries upon the
indeed belong to Johnson's humor, which sug-
Atlantic coast of the southern continent, received
gests the gambols of a megatherium, but hardly
notice in these columns a few months ago. For
to humor at its best. "The Charm of Goldsmith'
the second volume was reserved an account of
is well found to reside in his childlikeness. The
the Republics upon the Gulf and Pacific coasts.
Vitality of Browning' is dwelt upon as charac-
By far the greater historic interest attaches to
'teristic of the man; but when it is asserted that
these, including what we know as the Conquest
though in the world he was not of it,' possibly
of Peru, the Spanish colonies and vireinates, the
a murmur of dissent will arise from those who
wars for independence of Spain out of which
noted in the poet's lifetime his fondness for
emerged Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela,
smart society. Scott, and Robert Fergusson, the
and Columbia, and the gradual development in
ill-starred poet of Edinburgh, are the subjects
these of something like constitutional govern-
each of an entertaining chapter. The appear-
ment. In spite of the difficulties in the way of
ance of the volume, in print, illustrations, and
adequately treating these countries in limited
binding, deserves 'a closing word of praise.
space, we have in this second volume an admir-
able account of them, written more especially
in view of the economic relations which will
An analysis
Herbert Spencer's Autobiography undoubtedly accrue to the United States from
and study of has given a special impetus to
Herbert Spencer. other writings on the same sub-
the building of the Panama Canal. The publica-
tion of this second volume was evidently with-
ject, both biographical and critical. Prof. Josiah held until it could contain an account of the new
Royce uses the work as a convenient basis for an
Republic of Panama. The chapter devoted to
analytical study of Spencer's contribution to the
that subject, though brief, is informing. The
concept of Evolution. As an essay on this dis-
illustrations in the book are interesting, and the
tinct subject, including a history of the idea of
three maps with which it is furnished are very
evolution before Spencer's time, a review of the valuable. Altogether, Mr. Dawson has brought,
origin, development, and limitations of Spencer's in his two volumes, the South American nations
theory, and a statement of the present idea of within the range of popular historical study.
Evolution, Mr. Royce's book is illuminating.
Spencer based his philosophy largely on a self The mind
The year has seen an unusual
constructed definition, the faults and incomplete and religion number of Whittier biographies
ness of which Mr. Royce easily points out, at the
of Whittier.
and studies, not the least pleas-
same time showing how these faults made pre ing of which is Mr. Chauncey J. Hawkins's little
cision in Spencer's philosophy impossible. In a volume on The Mind of Whittier' (Whittaker).
supplementary essay on 'Spencer's Theories of As the title-page announces, and as the author-
Education,' which, together with a chapter of ship would lead one to expect, for Mr. Haw-
personal reminiscences by Herbert Spencer'skins is a clergyman, – it is the 'fundamental
assistant, Mr. James Collier, complete the vol-religious ideas' of the Quaker poet that are here
ume. Mr. Royce employs the same analytical treated. His 'inner life,' his optimism, his
methods in reference to Spencer's popular series sympathy with nature and the lessons he draws
of essays on Education, with much the same from her manifold aspects, his belief in the divin-
results. There is probably. no statement in either ity of Jesus (for Whittier was no Hicksite), his
essay which is not just and accurate; yet_the hope of a future life, all these subjects are
book has little claim to its sub-title, ‘An Esti- handled as only a true lover and student of Whit-
mate and a Review.' No estimate of Spencer's tier's verse could handle them, with frequent
work is correct which does not lay stress on the illustrative extracts from the poems. The author
marvellous bridge of organized thought which is inclined to think as many religious ideas
Spencer built, on the relationships which he come from the poets as from the Bible'; and no
established between the various sciences, on the one who has a spark of poetry in his soul, and
inspiration which he has been to a large and who bears in mind how much of the Bible is
influential school of younger men, on all that he itself poetry, will dispute him. We' are reminded,
did rather than on what he failed to do, on the and comforted by the remembrance, that with
much in which he was right, rather than on the all Whittier's trust in the Eternal Goodness he


1904.]
277
THE DIAL
in toron and
was by no means unharassed by doubt or unper unusual features; but Professor Murray's book
plexed by difficult problems, 'the same old baf will find favor among those who sympathize with
fling questions,' which he made no pretense of his methods of presentation. This verdict must
answering. That he is to-day the poet most fre not be understood as condemning the volume with
quently quoted in our pulpits, and that his appeal faint praise, but, on the contrary, as an expres-
to the religious instincts is far stronger than that sion of admiration for the success with which a
of Longfellow, Emerson, Lowell, or Bryant, is an well-planned scheme of presentation has been
assertion few will contest. Mr. Hawkins's appre carried out.
ciative study of the dominant element in Whit-
tier's verse will send Whittier-lovers back to
their poet with renewed zest. A misprint that
BRIEFER MENTION.
may perplex some is found in Mrs. Claflin's
name, which appears as 'Chaflin,' and in Mr. ‘House and Home,' by Miss Mary Elizabeth
Stedman's, which masquerades as ‘Steadman.' Carter, is a practical book on home management
published by Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co. It is a
Indian life
Under the same editorial auspices volume in The Woman's Home Library,' to which
as that of 'Our European Neigh a second contribution is made by Miss Eleaner
in country.
bors’ series, and having the same B. Clapp, whose book is entitled “The Courtesies,'
publishers (Putnam), a series of 'Our Asiatic and is a manual of every-day etiquette. Allied
Neighbors' now begins, its initial volume being to these books in interest is “The Expert Maid-
*Indian Life in Town and Country,' by Mr. Her Servant, by Mrs. Christine Terhune Herrick, just
bert Compton, whose intimate acquaintance with
published by Messrs. Harper & Brothers.
India extends back for thirty years. The first
Messrs. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. publish, in their
"What Is Worth While' series, the following new
part of his work treats of 'Native Indian Life,'
in which the reader is told some most surprising
volumes: 'How to Bring up our Boys,' by Mr. S. A.
Nicoll; The Lost Art of Reading,' by Dr. W.
things about the divergences of race, religion, Robertson Nicoll; “The Inner Life,' by Dr. J. R.
and language, in India, -divergences greater | Miller; and Count Tolstoy's recent''Bethink Your-
than in any portion of Europe; about what is selves!! that most eloquent plea for an end of
meant by the term 'caste,' and what a powerful
warfare. This moving tract has also just been sent
social influence is exerted thereby; about the
us in pamphlet form by Messrs. Ginn & Co., as
condition of woman under the Indian social sys-
publishers for the International Union.
It can-
not be too widely circulated or deeply pondered.
tem; and about the new epoch in Indian affairs
ushered in by the opening of the Suez Canal.
The new enlarged edition of 'Bryan's Dictionary
of Painters and Engravers,' as edited by Dr. George
With the subject of his later division, 'Anglo-
C. Williamson, has now reached the fourth volume,
Indian Life,' we might claim to have some pre covering the letters from N to R. New biographies
vious knowledge through Mr. Kipling's tales; but of the British painters Reynolds, Romney, and Ros-
Mr. Compton's chapters on ‘Bungalow Life' and setti constitute the chief feature of this volume.
kindred topics will certainly aid to a better An important article on Ruskin is contributed by
understanding and deeper appreciation of Mr.
Mr. Frederic Harrison. There are also entirely new
Kipling's ‘Plain Tales from the Hills.' The book
biographies of the Italians Tintoretto, Francia, and
Guido. The illustrations are numerous and satisfac-
contains a wealth of information set forth in
tory. The Macmillan Co. publish this standard
pleasing style, and verifies the statement quoted
work, which is now within one volume of comple-
from De Tocqueville, “There has never been any tion,
thing so wonderful under the sun as the con Messrs. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. are publishing
quest, and, still more, the government, of India a 'Library of Illustrated Biography,' consisting of
by the British.'
reprints, each in a single fairly large volume, of
Text-books are not inspiring
standard works of this class. The following eight
An introduction
volumes are now ready: Mrs. Gaskell's life of
subjects for a reviewer. It is
to Psychology.
Charlotte Brontë, Farrar's life of Chris Cross 's
difficult to explain briefly the life of George Eliot, Lockhart's life of Scott,
point of view or the manner of presentation of Irving's lives of Columbus and Mahomet, Boswell's
an author who addresses himself primarily to life of Johnson, and Professor James A. Harri-
students. Particularly in psychology, in which son's life of Poe, as recently written for the 'Vir-
topic scholars on this side of the Atlantic have ginia' edition of that author's works. These
contributed so many and such distinctive texts,
handsomely-printed volumes are very desirable for
is it difficult to characterize the status of another
library use, and are supplied at a moderate price.
competitor for favor. Professor Murray of Mon-
Messrs. T. Y. Crowell & Co. publish in their
treal has re-written his former text-book of
'Chiswick’ series a group of eleven small volumes,
Psychology and made a larger and more readable
tastefully printed and bound, and having a con-
siderable diversity of interest. The list is as fol-
volume of it (Little, Brown & Co.). The book lows: Dante's 'New Life,' in Rossetti's match-
belongs to the class of psychologies that depend less version; Gray's 'Elegy’; Goldsmith's 'Deserted
upon description as the chief method of pres Village'; Storm's 'Immensee,' translated by Miss
entation. It covers the conventional ground, Bertha M. Schimmelpfennig; FitzGerald's 'Omar';
dividing the subject material into topics belong-
A Browning Calendar,' edited by Miss Constance
ing to general psychology and those belonging to
M. Spender; Mr. Lang's translation of 'Aucassin
and Nicolette'; "The Face of the Master,' by Dr.
special psychology. In both portions clearness
J. R. Miller; 'Richard Wagner,' by Mr. Nathan
and readability are prominent, and an effort to Haskell Dole; ‘Raphael of Urbino,' by Mrs. Sarah
carry the interest of the student is maintained.
K. Bolton; and “Ralph Waldo Emerson,' by the
It cannot be said that the result presents any same writer. All these books are illustrated.


278
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
NOTES.
English translation, the edition will contain an
exhaustive bibliography and a unique alphabetical
'thought-concordance to the complete works. The
illustrations will number nearly one hundred and
fifty, reproduced in photogravure and etching.
The new edition of Mathilde Blind's Life of
George Eliot, announced for publication by Messrs.
Little, Brown & Co., will include a new chapter on
George Eliot's present position in literature
determined by the leading critics who have written
of her in the twenty years following her death;
some new information as to her life and environ-
ment, gleaned from letters and surviving friends;
and an exhaustive bibliography. Illustrations have
also been added.
as
It is understood that Mrs. Humphry Ward's
next novel will appear serially in the Century' dur-
ing the coming year. A new story by Mrs. Alice
Hegan Rice will form another interesting serial
feature of the same magazine.
A new edition (the seventh) of Dr. William
Elliot Griffis's standard work on Corea, to be pub-
lished at once by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons,
will contain additional chapters bringing the his-
tory down to the present year.
Dr. James A. Henshall's "Book of the Black
Bass,' which for more than a decade has held
place as a classic among anglers, is published by
the Robert Clarke Co. in a new edition, thoroughly
revised and embodying a supplement, 'More about
the Black Bass.'
With its October issue The Craftsman' appears
in a new typographical dress, a distinct improve-
ment over that hitherto used. We are glad to
note the well-deserved success of this magazine,
now the leading exponent of the arts and crafts
movement in America.
A tribute to the late ' Jenny June,' in the form
of a volume entitled “ Memories of Jane Cunning-
ham Croly,' is published by the Messrs. Putnam.
It is the work of various hands, and includes a num.
ber of Mrs. Croly's own papers and addresses,
besides three portraits.
One of the most important scientific publications
of the year will be issued at once by the Univer-
sity of Chicago Press in Prof. Jacques Loeb's
"Studies in General Physiology.' The work pre-
sents a systematic account of the author's recent
noteworthy researches in the problems of life-
phenomena and kindred subjects.
A volume of pleasant and sprightly comment
upon domestic topics is offered by the 'Every Day
Essays' of Mrs. Marion Foster Washburne. The
author has an optimistic temperament, and is pos-
sibly a little inclined to sentiment, but her cheery
philosophy of life is given a very attractive garb.
Messrs. Rand, McNally & Co. are the publishers.
We reserve for future mention the new volume
of Mr. Kipling's stories, “Traffics and Discoveries,'
merely noting at present that it comes to us in the
regular trade edition from Messrs. Doubleday, Page
& Co., and also from Messrs. Charles Scribner's
Sons as Volume XXII. of their handsome subscrip-
tion edition of Mr. Kipling's works.
"The Romance of Isabel, Lady Burton,' told in
part by herself and in part by Mr. W. H. Wilkins,
is presented by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co. in a
very attractive new edition, printed from
plates. The two volumes in which the work first
appeared, seven years ago, are now reduced to
one, though all of the original matter is retained.
‘A Short Constitutional History of the United
States,' by Dr. Francis Newton Thorpe, is a con-
densed form of the author's larger works upon
the same subject. It is a single volume of clear
exposition and closely reasoned discussion, made
particularly valuable by its elaborate index to
the Constitution, and its extensive lists of refer-
ences to leading constitutional
Messrs.
Little, Brown & Co. are the publishers.
A new edition of Count Tolstoy's works, in
twenty-four volumes, is being undertaken by
Messrs. Dana Estes & Co. The translation is a
new one, the work of Prof. Leo Weiner of Harvard,
who has also prepared for the edition
biography of Count Tolstoy. In addition to con-
siderable matter not heretofore included in any
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
November, 1904.
Activity, Geographical Centres of. World's Work.
American Coup d'Etat of 1961. H. D. Sedgwick. Atlantic.
Australian Telegraph System. H. H. Lusk. No. American.
Bible's Style, On Improving the. J. H. Gardner. Atlantic.
Blue-Jacket, Our Modern. R. F. Zogbaum. Century.
Brain, Human,—Is it Stationary? W. I. Thomas. Forum.
Brain of the Nation, The. Gustave Michaud. Century.
Canada, Western, in 1904. T. M. Knappen. Rev. of Revs.
Canada's New Governor-General. Review of Reviews.
Canadian Public Affairs. Agnes C. Laut. Rev. of Revs.
Clipper Ship, A, and her Commander. Atlantic.
College Student, The Self-Supporting. North American.
Colonies, Alien, and Children's Court. North American.
Cotton, Rich Kingdom of. C. H. Poe. World's Work.
Country Life. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Atlantic.
Criminal Law, Private Societies and Enforcement of. Forum.
Election Contests, Close. John T. Wheelwright. Atlantic.
Fire and Faulty Construction, Protection against. Forum.
Folkstone out of Season. W. D. Howells. Harper.
Gladstone's Friendship with Lord Acton. Lippincott.
Harcourt, Sir William. G. W. E. Russell. NO. American.
Hearn, Lafcadio. Review of Reviews.
Hoar, George Frisbie. Talcott Williams. Rev. of Revs.
Horse in America, Evolution of. H. F. Osborn. Century.
Hungary, What People Read in. Review of Reviews.
Insurance Funds, Investing. H. W. Lanier. World's Work.
International Arbitration. Sir Robt. Finlay. No. American.
Irish Muse, The. Fiona Macleod. North American.
Japan, A Letter from. Lafcadio Hearn. Atlantic.
Japan, Emperor of. D. W. Stevens. World's Work.
Japan and the Resurrection of Poland. Review of Revietos.
Japan's Fitness for a Long Struggle. World's Work.
Japan's Opportunity. Baron Kaneko. No. American.
Japanese Devotion and Courage. 0. K. Davis. Century.
Jefferson, Some Family Letters of. Scribner.
Lakes, Great, Winter on the. George Hibbard.
Harper.
London, Abiding. Dora G. McChesney. Atlantic.
Monroe Doctrine and Non-Intervention. J. B. Moore. Harper.
Morley and Bryce in America. Review of Reviews.
Negro Problem, Negro's Part in. Kelly Miller. Forum.
Negro, The Old-Time. Thomas Nelson Page. Scribner.
Pack-Mule, The. Bolton C. Brown. Atlantic.
Philippines, The U. S. in the. Alleyne Ireland. Atlantic.
Planets,-Are They Inhabited ? C. Flammarion. Harper.
Psychical Research. Andrew Lang. Harper.
Railroad Accidents in the U. S. Review of Reviews.
Railroads, Safety on. John J. Esch. North American.
Republic, Lost, Search for a. Walter Hale. Harper.
Royal Academy, The. Fred A. Eaton. Scribner.
Russia, Diplomat's Recollections of. A. D. White. Century.
Russia, Plight of. John F. Carr. World's Work.
Russian Army, Conditions in. T. F. Millard. Scribner.
Science, Modern, Some Greek Anticipations of. Harper.
Scott, - Was he a Poet? Arthur Symons. Atlantic.
Stage Scenery, Modern. John Corbin. Scribner.
Suicide and Life Insurance. W. H. Lawton. No. American.
Tibetan Leader, A. J. Deniker. Century.
Trackers of France, The. R. B. de Mon vel. Century.
Venice, Legends and Pageants of. W. R. Thayer. Lippincott.
Welfare Manager, The. Lillie Hamilton French. Century.
Wheat, Harvesting the. I. F. Marcosson. World's Work.
Work and Play. Arthur Stanwood Pier. Atlantic.
Working Life of Germany and America. World's Work.
new
cases.
a
new


1904.]
279
THE DIAL
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
(The following list, containing 184 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD
LITERATURE.
COMPLETE WORKS OF DANIEL DEFOE. Edited by Gustavus
Howard Maynadier. In 16 vols., with etched frontis-
pieces, 12mo. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $16.
LIBRARY OF ILLUSTRATED BIOGRAPHIES. Comprising: Lite
of George Eliot, by John W. Cross; Life of Scott, by
John G. Lockhart; Life of Columbus, by Washington
Irving; Life of Mohamet, by Washington Irving; Life
of Johnson, by James Boswell; Life of Edgar Allan
Poe, by James A. Harrison ; Life of Christ, by F.
W. Farrar; Life of Charlotte Brontë, by Mrs. Gaskell.
Each illus. in photogravure, etc., 8vo, gilt top. T. Y.
Crowell & Co. Per vol., $1.50.
POEMS OF WILLIAM MORRIS. Selected and edited by
Percy Robert Colwell. With_photogravure portrait,
8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 360. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $2.
THE GREEK POETS: An Anthology. By Nathan Haskell
Dole. With photogravure frontispiece, 8vo, gilt top,
uncut, pp. 341. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $2.
LUXEMBOURG LIBRARY. New vols.: Zenobia, by William
Ware; Harry Lorrequer, by Charles Lever; Pride
and Prejudice, by Jane Austen; Gil Blas, by Alain
René Le Sage; Rienzi, by Edward Bulwer-Lytton.
Each illus. in photogravure, etc., 8vo, gilt top. T. Y.
Crowell & Co. Per vol., $1.50.
HANDY VOLUME CLASSICS. New vols. : Sheridan's Come-
dies, edited by Brander Matthews; Addison's Essays,
with introduction by Hamilton Wright Mabie ; Ches-
terfield's Letters, edited by Charles Welsh ; Songs from
the Dramatists, text of Robert Bell, edited and
enlarged by Brander Matthews; The Hundred Best
English Poems, selected by Adam L. Gowans, M. A.
Each with portrait, 18mo. T. Y. Crowell & Co. Per
vol., 35 cts.
LETTERS FROM A PORTUGUESE NUN to an Officer in the
French Army: Being a Reproduction of the Edition
of 1817. With frontispiece, 18mo, uncut, pp. 133.
Brentano's. 75 cts.
POETICAL WORKS OF DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI. With
introduction by William M. Rossetti. With portrait,
12mo, gilt top, pp. 349. T. Y. Crowell & Co. 75 cts.
pp. 730.
BIOGRAPHY AND MEMOIRS.
HISTORY OF ANDREW JACKSON, Pioneer, Patriot, Soldier,
Politician, President. By Augustus C. Buell. In 2
vols., with photogravure portraits, 8vo, gilt tops,
uncut. Charles Scribner's Sons. $4. net.
MY LITERARY LIFE. By Mme. Edmond Adam (Juliette
Lamber). With portraits, 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp.
542. D. Appleton & Co. $2.50 net.
IN THE DAYS OF CHAUCER. By Tudor Jenks ; with
introduction by Hamilton Wright Mabie. Illus.,
16mo, pp. 302. A. S. Barnes & Co. $1. net.
HENRY WARD BEECHER as his Friends Saw him. Illus.,
8vo, gilt top, pp. 135. Pilgrim Press. 75 cts. net.
HISTORY.
LONDON IN THE TIME OF THE TUDORS. By Sir Walter
Besant. Illus., 4to, gilt top, pp. 430. Macmillan Co.
$7.50 net.
LEAGUE OF THE HO-DE-NO-SAU-NEE, OR IROQUOIS. By Lewis
H. Morgan. New edition, with additional matter:
edited and annotated by Herbert M. Lloyd. Illus. in
color, etc., large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 332. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $5. net.
A SHORT CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
By Francis Newton Thorpe, A. M. 8vo, pp.
459.
Little, Brown & Co. $1.75 net.
A HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD. By George Stephen
Goodspeed, Ph. D. Illus. in colors, etc., 8vo, pp. 483.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
ROMAN HISTORICAL SOURCES AND INSTITUTIONS. Edited by
Henry A. Sanders. Large 8vo, pp. 402. Macmillan
Co.
EARLY WESTERN TRAVELS, 1748-1846. Edited by Reuben
Gold Thwaites, LL. D. Vol. VIII., Buttrick's Voyages
(1812-19), and Evans's Pedestrious Tour (1818).
Large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 364. Arthur H. Clark
Co. $4, net.
TWENTY FAMOUS NAVAL BATTLES, Salamis to Santiago.
By Edward Kirk Rawson. New edition ; illus., 12mo,
T. Y. Crowell & Co. $2.
WADSWORTH; or, The Charter Oak. By W. H. Goocher.
Illus., 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 399. Hartford,
Conn.: Published by the author. $2.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
AN ELIZABETHAN MANUSCRIPT Preserved at Alnwick Castle,
Northumberland: Collotype Fac-simile and Type
Transcript. Transcribed and edited by Frank J.
Burgoyne. 4to, gilt top, pp. 260. Longmans, Green
& Co. $28. net.
RENAN'S LETTERS FROM THE HOLY LAND: The Corre-
spondence of Ernest Renan with M. Berthelot, while
Gathering Material in Italy and the Orient for “The
Life of Jesus." Trans. by Lorenzo O'Rourke. With
photogravure portrait, large 8vo, gilt top, uncut, pp.
313. Doubleday, Page & Co. $2. net.
A HISTORY OF CRITICISM and Literary Taste in Europe.
From the earliest texts to the present day. By
George Saintsbury. Vol. III., Modern Criticism, com-
pleting the work. Large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 656. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $3.50 net.
BITS OF GOSSIP. By Rebecca Harding Davis. 12mo, gilt
top, pp. 233. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25 net.
THACKERAY'S LETTERS TO AN AMERICAN FAMILY. With
introduction by Lucy D. Baxter, and original draw-
ings by Thackeray. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 194.
Century Co. $1.50 net.
THE AMATEUR SPIRIT. By Bliss Perry. 12mo, gilt top,
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. $1.25 net.
IMAGINARY OBLIGATIONS. By Frank Moore Colby. 12mo,
uncut, pp. 335. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.20 net.
AMERICAN LITERARY CRITICISM. Selected and edited, with
an Introductory Essay, by William Morton Payne,
LL. D. 12mo, pp. 318. "Wampum Library." Long-
mans, Green & Co. $1.40 net.
HERBERT SPENCER : An Estimate and Review. By Josiah
Royce. Together with a chapter of personal reminis-
cences by James Collier. 12mo, pp. 234. Fox, Duf-
field & Co. $1.25 net.
A PARODY ANTHOLOGY. Collected by Carolyn Wells.
16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 391. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $1.25 net.
MORE NOTES FROM UNDERLEDGE. By William Potts. 16mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 308. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1. net.
THE STAR OF BETHLEHEM: A Miracle Play of the Nativ-
Reconstructed and adapted by Charles Mills
Gayley. Illus., 12mo, uncut, pp. 70. Fox, Duffield
& Co. $1.
BOOKS OF VERSE.
MUSIC, and Other Poems. By Henry van Dyke. 12mo,
gilt top, uncut, pp. 116. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.
net.
THE PLACE OF MY DESIRE, and Other Poems. By Edith
Colby Banfield. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 154.
Little, Brown & Co. $1.25 net.
LOVE TRIUMPHANT : A Book of Poems. By Frederic
Lawrence Knowles. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 168.
Dana Estes & Co. $1. net.
SEMIRAMIS, and Other Plays. By Olive Tilford Dargan.
12mo, uncut, pp. 255. Brentano's. $1.25 net.
DAY DREAM AND EVEN SONG. By Frederic Fairchild Sher-
man. 12mo, uncut, pp. 67. James Pott & Co. $1.10
net.
LITTLE FOLKS DOWN SOUTH. By Frank L. Stanton.
16mo, gilt top, pp. 140. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25 net.
THE HEART'S QUEST: A Book of Verses. By "Barton
Grey." 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 145. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $1.50 net.
THE TRAIL TO BOYLAND, and Other Poems. By Wilbur D.
Nesbit ; illus. by Will Vawter. 12mo, gilt top, uncut,
Pp. 164.
Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1. net.
THE ONE AND THE MANY. By Eva Gore-Booth. 12mo,
pp. 111.
Longmans, Green & Co.
UNDERNEATH THE BOUGH: A Book of Verses. By George
Allan England. 12mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 96. Graf-
ton Press. $1 net.
LULLABY CASTLE, and Other Poems. By Blanche Mary
Channing. 16mo, gilt top, uncut, pp. 62. Little,
Brown & Co. $1. net.
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ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER.
No. 442.
NOVEMBER 16, 1904. Vol. XXXVII.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
LITERATURE IN SCHOOL
. 293
ROMANCE AND REALISM. Clayton Hamilton 295
COMMUNICATION .
297
"The Socialization of Humanity. Charles Kendall
Franklin.
THE ADVANCE OF THE WEST.
Jackson Turner
Frederick
298
.
SOME HUMAN REMINISCENCES. Percy F.
Bicknell.
303
AN EPOCH-REMAKING BOOK. Guido H. Stempel 304
NEW LETTERS OF ELIA. Munson A. Havens 306
NEGRO SLAVERY IN ILLINOIS. Walter L.
Fleming ·
307
WHAT IS KNOWN OF EARTHQUAKES. Herbert
A. Howe.
310
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . 310
Howells's The Son of Royal Langbrith.--Herrick's
The Common Lot. — Lewis's The President. –
Luther's The Mastery. - Harben's The Georgians.
- Parrish's My Lady of the North.-McCutcheon's
Beverly of Graustark. — Woolley's Roland of Al-
tenburg. - Levett-Yeats's Orrain. - Pemberton's
Beatrice of Venice. - Ozenham's Hearts in Exile.
- Wells's The Food of the Gods.--Housman's Sa-
brina Warham.-Anthony Hope's Double Harness.
NOTES ON NEW NOVELS.
314
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
315
Oregon, from wilderness to statehood.-New essays
by Miss Repplier. — Appreciation of Sculpture.
Astronomy of the sentimental sort. - Familiar
talks on country topics. - Memoirs of leaders of
the French Revolution.—The invitations of Nature.
-A proffered substitute for creeds out-worn.
BRIEFER MENTION
318
NOTES
318
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
819
LITERATURE IN SCHOOL.
The idea of literature considered as a subject
for school instruction is not unsuggestive of
the late Mr. Longfellow's popular verses on
Pegasus in Pound. The case of the winged
steed made captive and forced for a time to
consort with the vulgar equine herd has a like
quality of pathos with the case of Shakespeare's
or Milton's soaring imagination brought down
to earth and made to jostle roughly with the
crude thoughts of childish minds. Theoretically,
those minds may be taught to soar by this
enforced communion; practically, they are apt
to view with contempt the example offered
them, and continue to grovel or to grope as
before. Some of them, it is safe to say, will
continue to grovel after the stage of childhood
is past. They may become excellent blacksmiths
or drummers or politicians, but their imagina-
tions will never learn to soar, and the daily
newspaper (with pictures) will be the only
sort of reading that will ever really interest
them. The grovellers are by nature impervious
to literature, and they may frankly be aban-
doned as hopeless. It is different with the
gropers. They, at least, offer possibilities; but
if these are to be encouraged and developed, it
must be gradually and by persuasion, not sud-
denly and by categorical imperative. Too fierce
a flood of light, too determined a guidance, are
dangers rather than helps to the groping spirit.
Those of us who have been watching rather
closely the developments of the past twenty
years in the school teaching of English litera-
ture do not feel altogether encouraged by what
has been accomplished. The expenditure of
breath and ink upon the subject has been
prodigious; the results are so slight as to indi-
cate that most of this energy has been misdi-
rected. We have devices and methods and
scientifically-planned courses without number,
of a kind never dreamed of in the old days,
but they do not seem to give our boys and girls
a finer appreciation of literature, or a deeper
love for good reading, than was achieved with-
out making any particular fuss about it a gen-
eration ago. It is evident that something is
wrong, and it is deeply important for us to find
out just where the fault lies, as a necessary pre-
liminary for the suggestion of remedies.
In a general way, we feel safe in asserting
that the root of the failure to produce results
in-the-teaching of English literature commen-
.
.
.


294
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
a
surate with our efforts is to be found in the fact ship the most substantial of hostages, and whose
that we deal with the subject too much as we precepts are the outcome of many years of
deal with other subjects, not recognizing the professional practice. What such a man says
differences which set it fundamentally apart carries weight, even if one dissents from it;
from linguistics and history and science. We for our own part, we agree most heartily with
make it a matter of cram and pedantic detail, premises and conclusions alike.
of examination and essay-writing, practices Mr. Trent, like the subject of 'In Memo-
which are almost certain to defeat the inculca-
riam,' has “ faced the spectres of the mind,' but
tion of literary taste, although such inculcation he has not laid them. He says:
must surely be the primary aim of the work.
'I even venture to question whether the average
Above all, we administer prescribed texts and boy or girl goes to college with much more knowl-
courses of reading, and tamely submit to the edge and love of literature than was the case before
abominable system of specific tasks invented by
they were drilled and examined in the redoubtable
“English Classics" ... What I doubt is whether
the colleges to save themselves the trouble of
the generation now entering college, after
making a real investigation of the literary qual course of literature in the schools, is much better
ifications of those who apply at their doors for off, so far as a love and knowledge of literature
admission.
aré concerned, than my own generation was with
practically no training in the subject.'
Three years ago President G. Stanley Hall,
speaking upon this subject before the New
And the reasons for this failure he sees clearly
England Association of Colleges and Second-
enough. They are exemplified in the histories
ary Schools, denounced our present methods
of English literature, in the kind of notes pro-
vided with the texts studied, in the misuse of
in the following vigorous language:
the written examination, and in the vicious
'I doubt if among all the recent triumphs of the
uniformitarians any has been worse than marking
practice of writing essays, which are likely to
off a definite quantum in this great field, or more
be bricks without straw, except of the baled
violence done to both the subject and the youthful variety afforded by the encyclopædias.
mind. The wide acceptance of these requirement Here are some apposite quotations upon
books and authors marks, I believe, a pedagogic each of the above four points, expressing the
decadence, which in a future far nearer than we
dream of will be pointed out as the low-water mark
results of the writer's experience as a teacher:
of English teaching which the last century can 'But my new treatment of my younger students
show, and as one of the most disastrous triumphs led to some important results. Reading so much
of mechanism and convenience over mental needs.' to them myself and giving them so much outside
reading to do left no time for the study of a formal
This language is not, in our opinion, any too manual of literary history. ... I finally required
scathing, but we fear that the future toward the reading of Stopford Brooke's excellent
which it so confidently looks will not prove to
“Primer of English Literature,” but did not
examine on it. I knew well enough that I was mak-
be one ‘far nearer than we dream of.'' Before
ing a sacrifice on the side of exact knowledge, but
we can secure the needed reform, we must over it seemed to me it had to be made.'
come an inertia which it is difficult to overesti "The teacher. must be prepared to make
mate; we must effect a general substitution of
other sacrifices. If the annotated texts furnished
vital methods, which are difficult, for mechan-
him do not produce the best results, he must
eschew their use. Personally I have found such
ical methods, which are easy, in the work of texts occasionally valuable, but I prefer Palgrave's
our teachers of English literature high and "Golden Treasury of Songs and Lyrics” to any
low.
annotated text I ever used.'
‘Do we not sacrifice the spirit of literature
The single word 'flexibility' is the word
while we are examining on the letter, or rather
which better than
any
other
expresses
the training our poor children so that they may stand
rational ideal of instruction in this all-impor some other person's examination on the letter? As
tant subject. The changes are rung upon this
the dread day comes around, do teachers find them-
selves and their classes reading with rapt interest
word, and upon the need which it fits, by Pro-
the noble speeches of Portia, or are they busy
fessor W. P. Trent, in a recent paper so admir with the date of the play, with some critic's opin-
ably conceived that it deserves the widest ion with regard to Portia's womanliness, with the
possible reading. Originally prepared as a lec-
names and dates of actual women lawyers and law
teachers in Italy, with the sources of the caskets
ture at Columbia University, it is now
incident, and similar matters only too dear to
printed in the October issue of The Sewanee examiners?'
Review. The charge usually brought by the
'For the school or college essay used as a test of
partisans of pedantry and mechanism against
literary work rather than as a test of work in Eng.
lish composition I must confess I have very little
the literary teaching of literature is that it
respect. "I fear that it encourages smattering, that
encourages chatter about Harriet,' and unreg it stimulates juvenile conceit, that it tends to crys-
ulated emotional expression, and all the vapor-
tallize tastes and opinions at an age when every
effort should be made to widen and lend flexibility
ings of dilettanteism. But this charge does
to the mind, that it leads to unconscious plagiarism
not lie against an advocate who, like the one
and to a complacent habit of airing one's common-
now in question, has already given to scholar placeness and fatuity.'


1904.]
295
THE DIAL
Mr. Trent calls these opinions heresies, and artist begin their work by collecting a large
doubtless they will seem so to many pedagogues. number of related facts and arranging them in
But the time will come when they shall be an intelligent manner; and then proceed to
regarded as the merest commonplaces of self induce from the observation of them an appre-
evident truth, and not until that time does hension of the general law that explains their
come will we have cause for self-gratulation on relation. This hypothesis is then tested in the
the subject of the teaching of literature. light of further experience, until it seems
Qur own conclusion is so exactly that of the So incontestible that men's minds accept it as
writer that we cannot do better than state it in the truth. Art and science do not differ in
the words which he uses as a spokesman of the their method of arriving at the truth; they
class of teachers to which he belongs. Address diverge merely in their means of expressing it
ing his fellow-teachers of other subjects, he after it has been apprehended. The scientist
says:
formulates it in a theoretic statement, while
“We can, if we please, make our examinations the artist gives it an imaginative embodiment
as rigid as you do yours, but we do not believe
perceptible to the senses.
that our facts are as important as yours, or at any
rate can be acquired with so much advantage to our
The purpose of fiction is to embody the truth
pupils. We wish to grade and advance our pupils
of human life in a series of relations between
on more flexible lines than you adopt, because we imaginary characters. The writer of fiction,
believe that the nature of our subject makes such when he does his work well, first observes care-
flexible lines advisable. We believe that both the
subject we teach and the subjects you teach are
fully the facts of life, studies them in the light
necessary to a catholic education; but that, while of extended experience, and induces from them
we are contributing to the same end as you, our certain general laws which he deems to be the
means must be different from yourg.'
truths which underlie them. He then creates
And the upshot of the matter is that our work imaginatively such characters and scenes as will
resolves itself into little more than securing a
illustrate the truths he has discovered and con-
wide amount of reading from children during
vey them clearly to the minds of his readers.
their school years. · ·
Let us have fewer new His work must be as earnest and rigorous as
bad essays written and more good old books that of the natural scientist; and it is there-
read.'
fore not strange that most great novelists should
ripen late.
If the general laws of life which the novelist
has thought out be true laws, and if his imag-
ROMANCE AND REALISM.
inary embodiment of them be thoroughly
Although fiction deals with the lives and consistent, his characters will be true men
characters of imaginary people, it is at its best and women in the highest sense. They will
no less true than history and biography, which not be actual, but they will be real. The
set forth the actual facts of life. The truth
great characters of fiction, — Sir Willoughby
of fiction is indicated by its constant popularity Patterne, _Tito Melema, D'Artagnan, Pere
in all ages among all races. "You can't fool all
Grandet, Rosalind, Tartuffe, Hamlet, Ulysses,
the people all the time, and if the drama and - embody truths of life that have been arrived
the epic and novel were not true, men would
at only after long observation of facts and
pass them by as they put away childish things. patient induction from them. Cervantes must
There is a distinction between fact and truth, have observed many, many dreamers before he
between actuality and reality. A fact is a spe | learned the truth of the idealist's character
cific manifestation of a general law: this gen-
which he has expressed in Don Quixote. The
eral law is the truth that causes and explains
great people of fiction are typical of large
the fact. It is a fact that when an apple-tree
classes of mankind. They live more truly than
is shaken in the breeze, the apples that are
do you and I, because they are made of us
loosened from the twigs fall to the ground; it is and of many men beside. They have the large
a truth that bodies in space attract each other reality of general ideas, which is a truer thing
with a force varying inversely as the square of than the actuality of facts. This is why we
the distance between them. The universe as
know them and think of them as real people, –
we feel it with our senses is actual: the laws of old acquaintances whom we knew before we
the universe as we discover them by our under were born, when we lived with them in Plato's
standing are real.
realm of ideas. In France, instead of calling a
All human investigation, whether scientific man a miser, they speak of him as an Harpagon.
or artistic, is an endeavor to arrive at the truth We know Rosalind as we know our latest sum-
which underlies the facts that we perceive; it mer love; Hamlet is our elder brother, and
is an effort to understand the large reality of understands our own wavering and faltering.
which the actual is but a sensuously percepti The characters in the noblest fiction are so real
ble embodiment. Both the scientist and the and true that even their creator has no power


296
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
to make them do what they will not. Shake-
speare tells us that Oliver suddenly changed
his nature and won the love of Celia; but we
know that in this case Shakespeare lies. The
scene is not true to the truth of fiction. Colonel
Newcome is a dear old soul, and we do not
want him to be made miserable; but if Thack-
eray had told us that the good man lived hap-
pily until his death, surrounded by the people
that he knew, Thackeray would have lied. The
author had to tell the bitter truth, though it
cost him many tears. Arbitrary plotting is of
no avail in fiction: Tom and Maggie Tulliver
were not really drowned in a flood. We know
when a story is true and when it is not.
The aim, then, of all writers of fiction who
take their work seriously and do it honestly,
is to body forth the truth of life in a series of
imagined facts. But there are two different
ways of doing this — two distinct methods of
setting forth the truth; and hence we find two
schools of novelists, which we distinguish by
the titles Realistic and Romantic.
The distinction between Realism and Rom-
ance is fundamental and wide-reaching; for
every man, whether consciously or not, is either
a realist or a romanticist. The reader who is a th
realist by nature will prefer George Eliot to
Scott; the reader who is romantic will rather
read Victor Hugo than Balzac; and neither
taste is better than the other. Each is born in
the blood, and has its origin deep in the gen-
eral heart of man. In view of this fact, it
Şeems strange that no adequate definition has
ever been made of the difference between Real-
ism and Romance. Various superficial explan-
ations have been offered, it is true; but none
of these has been scientific and satisfactory.
We have been told, for instance, that the roman-
ticists dwell chiefly upon action, while the real-
ists are interested mainly in drawing character.
But this explanation is obviously wrong, for we
have great romantic characters like Romeo, and
great realistic scenes like Rawdon Crawley's
discovery of his wife with Lord Steyne. We
have been told also that the realists paint the
manners of their own place and time, while the
romanticists deal with more unusual material ;
but Stevenson's highly romantic New Arabian
Nights' depicts details of London and Parisian
life in our own day, and the realistic 'Romola'
carries us back through many centuries to a
medieval city far away.
For the true distinction between Realism
and Romance, we must revert to our analogy
between the work of the writer of fiction and
that of the natural scientist. If we consider
the matter carefully, we shall see that the dif-
ference is merely this: In setting forth his
view of life, the realist follows the inductive
method of presentment, while the romanticist
follows the deductive method. The distinction
between inductive and deductive processes of
thought is very simple and is known to all.
When we think inductively, we reason from
the particular to the general; and when we
think deductively, we reverse the process and
reason from the general to the particular. In
our ordinary conversation, we speak inductively
when we first mention a number of simple facts
and then draw from them some general infer-
ence; and we speak deductively when we first
express a general opinion and then illustrate
it by adducing specific illustrations. Now it is
just in this way that Realism differs from
Romance. Both the realist and the romanticist
aim to set forth a true view of life; but in
doing so, as I have said, the realist works
inductively and the romanticist deductively.
In order to bring to our knowledge the law
of life which he wishes to make clear, the realist
first leads us through a series of imagined facts
as similar as possible to the details of actual
life which he was obliged to study in order to
arrive at his general conception. He elabo-
rately imitates the facts of life, so that he
may say to us finally, 'This is what I saw in
the world, and from this I learned the truth I
have to tell you.' He leads us step by step from
the particular to the general, until at last we
not only know the truth he has to express but
are also familiar with the very processes of
thought by which he arrived at this truth.
‘Adam Bede' tells us not only what George
Eliot knew about life, but also how she came to
learn it.
But the romantic novelist works differently.
He does not try to show us how he arrived at
his general conception. His only care is to
bring his general idea home to us by giving it a
specific illustrative embodiment. He feels no
obligation to make the imagined facts of his
story resemble closely the actual details of life;
he is anxious only that they shall represent his
idea adequately and consistently. Stevenson
knew that man has a dual nature, and that the
evil in him, when pampered, will gradually
gain the upper hand over the good. He did not
attempt to set forth this truth inductively,
showing us the kind of facts from the observa-
tion of which he had drawn his conclusion.
He merely gave his thought an illustrative
embodiment, conceiving a dual character in
which a man's uglier self should have a separate
incarnation. He constructed his tale deduct-
ively: beginning with a general conception, he
reduced it to particular terms. Dr. Jekyll
and Mr. Hyde is a thoroughly true story, even
though its incidents are contrary to the actual
facts of life. It is just as real as a realistic
novel; and in order to make it so, its author,
because he was working deductively, was not


1904.]
297
THE DIAL
obliged to imitate the facts he had observed. influenced the thought of the race.
He says I
'I have learned something in the world,” he
did not heed Spencer's criticism of Comte;
says to us ; ‘here is a fable that will make it whereas I did heed it, and cited it as an example
clear to you.'
of the familiar fact that even the greatest of
We see immediately that each of these two
philosophers are often unjust in criticising one
methods of presentment is natural and true;
another. He says, further, We have a mislead-
ing reference to Kant (p. 90); his destructive
and hence all criticism that aims to exalt
criticism of theology is mentioned, but nothing
Romance above Realism, or Realism above is said of his constructive argument.'
Yet on
Romance, must be forever futile. The minds
page 344 of my book I do refer to his construc-
of men have always moved in two channels, and tive argument, showing that it was based on
always will. We have both inductive and sentiment, not on facts and reason.
deductive sciences, — we even have inductive Your reviewer quotes an invective sentence
and deductive systems of morality; and as
criticizing the successful teacher in our modern
long as men shall write, we shall have, and ought
universities; but he heads his remark with, “This
to have, both inductive and deductive fiction.
is the author's idea of a university,' which is
Neither of these two methods of writing fic-
absurdly false. Throughout the book, time and
again, I say that the function of the school is
tion — the realistic and the romantic — is truer
to adjust man to his environment, natural and
than the other; and both are great when they social, and that in the future it will be the great-
are well employed. Each, however, lends itself est institution of the race, and the teacher the
to certain abuses which it will be well for us to greatest of men. He ends his criticism by saying
notice briefly. In his careful imitation of of my invective sentence, 'One must feel relieved
actual life, the realist may grow near-sighted after expelling that kind of matter from his
and come to value facts for their own sake,
consciousness!' Had I reviewed a book as he
forgetting that his primary purpose in setting
reviewed mine, I am sure I would have a load on
them forth should be to lead us to understand
my conscience, even if the review was actuated
by feeling aroused from criticism of my pro
the truths which underlie them. From this
fession or opposition to my beliefs.
misconception arise the tedious minuteness of
One of the books noticed in connection with
George Eliot, the interminable tea-cups of
mine was "The Laws of Imitation,' by Gabriel
Anthony Trollope, and the mire of the imita Tarde. Your reviewer points out the imperfec-
tors of Zola. The romanticist, on the other hand, tion of Tarde's concept, saying, 'Imitation is a
because he works with greater freedom, may fact which explains many facts, but it itself is a
o’erleap himself and express in a loose fashion phenomenon to be explained.' Yet he failed to
general conceptions which are hasty and devoid see that in Chapter II. of my book this difficulty
of truth. To this defect is owing the vast deal
is overcome in my concept of the Law of Repeti-
of rubbish which has been foisted on us recently
tion, in which I show that there are two forms
of this law, internal and external, and that imita-
by feeble imitators of Scott and Dumas. The
tion is but a form of the Law of External Repeti-
realists gain nothing by hooting at the abuses of tion. The sub-title of my book, 'An Analysis
Romance ; and the romanticists gain as little by and Synthesis of the Phenomena of Nature, Life,
yawning over Realism at its worst. The Scylla Mind, and Society, through the Law of Repeti-
and the Charybdis of fiction-writing may both tion,' should have caused him to compare the two
be avoided; and at their best, the realist work- | books, for both attempt to explain the various
ing inductively, and the romanticist working phenomena of Nature through different concep-
tions of the same great law.
deductively, are equally able to arrive at the
truth of fiction.
Your reviewer remarks that Those who have
CLAYTON HAMILTON.
felt the rational difficulties of this crude form
of monism may regard it as final'; and then
suggests that those who have studied Hegel,
Kant, Green, Pfleiderer, and Tiele, will conclude
COMMUNICATION.
that there are problems of philosophy that this
writer has not even had a glimpse of.' Perhaps
• THE SOCIALIZATION OF HUMANITY.'
But would a philosopher send a pupil to
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Kant or Hegel to-day expecting him to find a
May I ask for a little space in your journal in solution of the Riddle of the Universe Spencer
which to reply to some strictures on my book, says of Kant: 'I commenced reading a copy of
"The Socialization of Humanity,' reviewed in Kant's “ Critique of Pure Reason,” but did not
your issue of October 16! In the first place, go far. The doctrine that Time and Space are
your reviewer says that · There are many quota "nothing but subjective forms,-pertain exclu-
tions from Comte' in my book; whereas in fact sively to consciousness, and have nothing beyond:
there is not even one. Your reviewer would consciousness answering to them,"'- I rejected at
lead a person to think I am a Positivist, a dis once and absolutely. Tacitly, giving an author
ciple of Comte; whereas I am no more a disciple credit for consistency, I take it for granted that
of Comte than of Spencer or Schopenhauer, or if his fundamental principles are wrong the rest
of any other philosopher who has profoundly cannot be right' (Autobiography, Vol. I., p. 289).
so.


298
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
6
Schopenhauer says of Hegel: “But the height of
audacity in serving up pure nonsense, in string-
The New Books.
ing together senseless and extravagant mazes oľ
words, such as had previously been heard only in
mad-houses, was finally reached in Hegel, and
THE ADVANCE OF THE WEST.*
became the instrument of the most barefaced
mystification that has ever taken place, with a The publication of a series of reprints of
result which will appear fabulous to posterity Early Western Travels' in thirty-one volumes,
and will ever remain as a monument of German contemporaneously with the appearance of the
stupidity.' (“The World as Will and Idea,' Lewis and Clark journals in their first com-
Vol. II., p. 22.) After this, one would think
plete form, and so soon after the monumental
there would be an end to citing Kant and Hegel
edition of the ‘Jesuit Relations, is a sign of
as authorities with which to eclipse present-day
philosophers.
the interest that is aroused in Western history
Knowing the fairness of THE DIAL I submit
and an indication that the region on this side
my protest to this review. No one could pos-
of the Alleghany mountains has reached the
sibly gather from it anything as to the real stage that comes to every people when, in the
nature of my book.
pride of achievement, it turns to survey the
CHARLES KENDALL FRANKLIN. records of its past. Dr. Thwaites, the editor
Chicago, Nov. 10, 1904.
of all these series, has done a service to his-
torical scholarship in bringing out these impor-
[The author's retort is natural, and, from
tant sources of Western history.
his standpoint, just. Certainly he has a right It is a wonderful panorama that these 'Early
to a hearing. It may be more exact to say Western Travels' reveal. The Jesuit Rela-
that he uses Comte's ideas without giving him tions’ had exhibited the French exploration of
credit by name; and if he prefers this phras- the vast interior as told by religious enthusiasts
ing to 'quotation,' he is welcome to use it. His
wandering in the forests of the Great Lakes,
reference to page 344, where Kant is said to pushing their canoes along the labyrinth of
have rejected a belief in God, must further water-courses that thread the Mississippi Valley,
illustrate his misrepresentation of that author. and describing the savage life in this wild new
The charge made against actual universities
world before the coming of the farmer and the
whatever might happen in the author's imag- artisan. The eight volumes thus far issued
inary institutions, the reviewer still believes to
in the present series of western travel show
be gross caricature. Each reader must judge for us the procession of civilization into this wilder-
himself whether the author has improved on
ness for two generations after the middle of the
Tarde; the reviewer finds nothing of value in eighteenth century. The opening volume tells
the additions. In spite of the formidable quo of traders among the Indians of the Ohio and
tation from Mr. Spencer, weighted with the agents from English Colonies negotiating by
author's own judgment, the idealists will prob savage council-fires for Indian friendship in
ably continue to hold a place in the scholar's the final struggle just beginning between Eng-
world.—THE REVIEWER.]
land and France for the dominance of the Ohio
Valley in the middle of the eighteenth century.
Successive travellers carry forward the story
An extensive Schiller celebration, in commemora of advance into new regions and describe the
tion of the hundredth anniversary of the poet's development in the older areas over which they
death, is to be held in Chicago next May, under pass. We are taken into the life of fur-traders
the management of a central committee formed by
* EARLY WESTERN TRAVELS, 1748-1846. A series of
cooperation of the American Institute of Germanics, Annotated Reprints of some of the best and rarest con-
and the Schwabenverein of Chicago. Prizes are temporary volumes of travel, descriptive of the Aborig-
ines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle
offered of $75. each, open to competition through-
Far West during the Period of Early American
out the United States, for two prologues in verse, Settlement. Edited, with Notes, Introductions, Index, etc.,
to be recited during the days of the festival, one in
by Reuben Gold Thwaites, Ph.D., Vol. I., Journals of
Conrad Weiser (1748), George Croghan (1750-1765),
German, the other in English, neither of which
Frederick Post (1758), and Thomas Morris
shall require more than seven minutes for expres-
(1764). Vol. II., John Long's Journal, 1768-1782. Vol.
III., André Michaux's Travels into Kentucky, 1793-96 ;
sive recitation. All poems offered in competition
François André Michaux's Travels West of the Alleghany
must be in the hands of the Corresponding Secretary Mountains, 1802; Thaddeus Mason Harris's Journal of
a Tour Northwest of Alleghany Mountains, 1803. Vol. IV.,
of the Committee on the Schiller Commemoration,
Cuming's Tour to the Western Country (1807-1809). Vol.
617 Foster St., Evanston, Ill., on or before March 1, V., Bradbury's Travels in the Interior of America, 1809-
1905. The poems must be sent under an assumed
Vol. VI., Brackenridge's Journal up the Missouri,
1811; Franchère's Voyage to Northwest Coast, 1811-
name, and accompanied by a sealed envelope con-
Vol. VII., Ross's Adventures of the First Settlers
taining the real name and address of the author. on the Oregon or Columbia River, 1810-1813. Vol. VIII.,
Buttrick's Voyages, 1812-1819; Evan's Pedestrious Tour,
The right of publication of the accepted prologues
[To be completed in 31 volumes.] Illustrated.
must be given to the Committee.
and
Christian
1811.
1814.
1818.
Cleveland :
The Arthur H. Clark Co.


1904 ]
299
THE DIAL
in the forests of Canada and Wisconsin, in the to go on to the West Indies; and of the droves
days of the Revolution. We are shown the begin- of cattle and hogs going to Baltimore or Phila-
nings of town-life on the Ohio, in Kentucky delphia. Tables of prices of provisions and
and Tennessee, and on the uplands of the Caro the rate of wages in Western communities show
linas, in the closing years of the eighteenth and the exceeding cheapness of some commodities
the first of the nineteenth century. Later and the dearness of others, and the opportu-
travellers in the period preceding and following nities that the West afforded to the workman to
the War of 1812 describe for us the farms, the secure a surplus with which to purchase lands
inns, the life on the highways along the road of his own. The beginnings of cotton cultiva-
blazed by the soldiers of the French and Indian tion in the up-country of the South, along the
war, and show us communities, still rude and in alluvial lands of the lower Mississippi, and in
the gristle, but buoyant with young life and central Tennessee, are noted, and the depend-
vigor, springing up where the log-cabin and the ence of the staple areas upon the provisions of
backwoodsman's clearing had made a begin the upper Mississippi Valley. We are also
ning, or on the sites recently occupied by trad given pictures of the social life of the West-
ers' stations or by army posts on the Ohio. erners; the contrasts between the Southern and
They carry us down the current of the Mis New England elements are drawn, and the
sissippi, and give us views of the plantations on beginnings of an interest in music and the
its lower reaches, of New Orleans, and of the drama are indicated as occasional exceptions
returning boatmen making the dangerous over in the general indifference to such elements of
land journey by the Natchez trace, or going by social development.
sea to Philadelphia to complete by land the Of course, the accounts of these travellers
circuit to the head of the Ohio. In the later are to be taken with many grains of allowance.
volumes, pathfinders for the advance into the America bitterly resented the tone of most of
wider West stretching across the Great Plains the English visitors, and denied the correctness
and the Rocky Mountains to the waters of the of their portraiture of our manners and condi-
Pacific tell of their adventures and picture the tions. The War of the Reviews,' from 1819
savages and the country. As traveller after to 1824, which cMaster has epitomised in the
traveller in successive periods passes over the fourth volume of his ‘History of the American
routes of his predecessor, reporting the life by People,' shows how the English periodicals
the wayside and in the towns, we can almost pointed their criticisms against American civil-
see American society unfolding with startling ization on the basis of the accounts of English
rapidity under our gaze; farms become ham travellers, and how hotly their criticism was
lets, hamlets grow into cities; the Indian and resented by the sensitive American public. The
the forest recede; new stretches of wilderness, traveller is always prone to be impressed by
unoccupied empires, come into view in the the exceptional rather than by the typical; the
farther West, and we see the irresistible tide English travellers of that day particularly had
of settlement flowing toward the solitudes. their own customs and prejudices, and for the
In spite of all the petty detail of personal most part they did not remain long enough to
elements, and the daily itinerary, these volumes acquire full comprehension of the conditions.
are intensely interesting; for we have not many But the present series combines American with
dry pages to turn before we come upon some English and French travels, and the volumes
realistic Indian speech exhibiting forebodings so far issued are sympathetic rather than cap-
of their coming doom, some graphic descrip tious.
tion of Indian life or traders' perils, some pen-
The principle of selection applied by Dr.
picture of a city now populous and powerful in Thwaites is a compromise between the desire of
the commerce of the Union, but then in its rude the publishers, on the one side, that only rare
infancy. But the volumes are more than enter books should be selected, and the natural incli-
taining. For the critical reader, they constitute nation of the editor to choose those of greatest
a mine of material on the economic and social historical value. The volumes dealing with
development of the West. Making due allow the region east of the Mississippi in the period
ance for the mistakes of the travellers, we may from 1800 to 1835, for example, are selected
learn much from them of such topics as the from a possible list of at least a hundred, many
land-values of the successive areas of settle of them quite as worthy as those included, some
ment, and may better comprehend the forces at more valuable. But some of the best of these
work to attract the pioneers to the cheap lands are still in the market, so that we may be thank-
that bordered the region of towns and clearings. ful for the policy that has given renewed life to
We have accounts of pioneer agriculture; of the those that were disappearing. Works in Eng-
modes of clearing the land; of the shipments of lish, French, German, Italian, and Spanish
the surplus of flour down the Ohio and the exist for this period, which seems to have
Mississippi, to serve the planters of the South or attracted an unusual number of travellers.


300
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
Only brief characterizations can here be given period of transition of the Ohio Valley from
to the separate volumes that treat of the coun French to English control, the writings of
try east of the Mississippi, leaving for future Croghan are of much value. The list of Indian
review the travels of Bradbury, Brackenridge, tribes in the Northern district, with the location
Franchère, and Ross, which extended to the and numbers of warriors, is a valuable document
Missouri and Oregon countries.
for the student of the American Indians.
The first volume of the series is made
up
of Post's journals give us his two journeys to
typical early journeys into the Indian country the Ohio; one in 1758 to the neighborhood of
in the middle of the eighteenth century, when Fort Duquesne, and the other in 1758-59 to win
the Ohio wilderness was the region of Indian the Indians to support the advance of General
fighting and the bone of contention between Forbes. Post was a Moravian missionary, and
England and France. Conrad Weiser's journal his career illustrates the way in which the
of a tour to the Ohio in 1748, as agent of the English authorities made use of these German
colony of Pennsylvania, tells of his mission to
apostles of peace to conciliate the Indians. The
bring presents to the Indians. 'Bretheren,' said
courage and devotion of this missionary clearly
he to the Ohio savages, some of you have been appear in his journey into the hostile region of
in Philadelphia last Fall & acquainted us that the forks of the Ohio still possessed by the
You had taken up the English Hatchet, and French. We get from his journals the impres-
that you had already made use of it against sion (due perhaps to his own views in part)
the French, & that the French had very hard that the Indians were reluctantly drawn into
heads & your Country afforded nothing but the conflict between the French and the Eng-
Sticks & Hickerys which was not sufficient to lish. Why do not you and the French fight in
break them.' The peace of 1748 intervening, the old country, and on the sea? Why do you
the English had changed the succor thus cor
come to fight on our land? This makes every-
demanded to a friendly present, with the inti body believe you want to take the land from us
mation that the French would soon be at war by force and settle it.'
again with the English. Nothing could more Captain Morris's journal is of a different
clearly reveal the hollowness of the treaty and type. It is by an English officer, with a light-
the certainty of hostilities on the Ohio. The ness of literary touch and an equal lightness of
editorial introduction to this volume gives only mind, a fashionable dilettante who was rather
an inadequate presentation of the career of out of place in the midst of the hostile condi-
Conrad Weiser, whose life exhibits the impor tions of Detroit and the Maumee in 1764. His
tance of the German element in the interior of
account of his escapes from torture and his
New York and Pennsylvania; no reference is flight to Detroit is interesting, as is his inter-
made to the recent biographies of Weiser. view with Pontiac (pp. 305, 307).
The Irish element on the frontier is repre The second volume is given to the travels
sented by selections from the writings of George of John Long, an English Indian-trader who
Croghan, illustrating, (1) the period of Eng came to North America in 1768 and passed
lish ascendancy on the Ohio, by three docu- nearly twenty years among the Indians of the
ments of 1750 and 1751; (2) the period of upper St. Lawrence, the Nipigon district north
French ascendancy, hostility toward the Eng- and northeast of Lake Superior, and in the
lish, and war on the frontiers, by four docu Hudson Bay region. The work is of value in its
ments of 1754-1757; and (3) the period of the description of the intercourse of traders and
close of the war, the surrender of the French savages, in the period of the free trader, before
forts, and the renewed hostility of the Indians, the great fur companies were formed; in its
by two journals. Croghan's work as fur-trader
accounts of the Indians; and in its narrative of
and Indian agent for Pennsylvania, and after the expedition of Canadians and Indians from
wards for New York, was very important. It is Mackinac to Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, in
interesting to notice the careful attention to
1780, to secure the furs of that place from
soils and other conditions for future settlement capture by the forces of George Rogers Clark.
shown in his journals. The account of his jour The book appeared in London in 1791, when
ney of 1765, which was an important source for the question of the evacuation of the North-
Parkman in his Conspiracy of Pontiac,' is a western posts was under consideration by Eng-
combined version made by the present editor land; and Long's opinion that the retention of
from two supplementary versions, one the offi the posts was essential to England's maintain-
cial report (New York Colonial Documents, ing an effective barrier for Canada, doubtless
VII. 779-788), and the other the private jour influenced public opinion. The appendix to
nal published by Featherstonehaugh and after this volume contains a vocabulary of the Chip-
ward by Mann Butler in his ' History of Ken peway language. The conservatism of the
tucky. For the Western conditions in this editor is shown by his note to Long's assertion


1904.].
301
THE DIAL
As a
that 'the Menominee Indians kill their wives gives his opinion that the banks of the Ohio,
and children before they go to battle.' Dr. from Pittsburgh to Louisville inclusively, will,
Thwaites comments that No mention of such in the course of twenty years, be the most pop-
a barbarous custom as this is made by other ulous and commercial part of the United States,
writers. Long may have been misinformed.' and where I should settle in preference to any
Let us hope so!
other.' The reader will enjoy his accounts of
In the third volume we have the travels of agriculture and commerce in the West. He
the Michauxs, father and son. André Michaux's tells of the success of the Marietta settlers in
journal is of interest not only as a view of exporting directly to the Carribee Islands the
Kentucky conditions in 1793, and of the west- produce of the country, in a vessel built in their
ern waters in 1795-96, but also from the fact own town, which they sent to Jamaica'; of the
that the journey was something more than the horse-trade of Kentucky with Charleston; of
tour of a botanist. Michaux was the agent of the Kentucky cattle, driven in droves of from
Genet to concert with George Rogers Clark an two to three hundred to Virginia, along the
attack by the frontiersmen upon New Orleans Potomac river, where they were sold to graziers
in the interest of France. It is only side-lights who (in anticipation of the arrangement
that we get, however, upon his important inter between the ranchers of the Great Plains and
views with Kentucky leaders. The later jour the Kansas farmers of our time) fattened them
ney of 1795 and 1796 no doubt had also a rela for the markets of Baltimore and Philadelphia;
tion to the revised plans of France for the of the lone backwoodsman on the upper Ohio,
recovery of Louisiana in those years.
paddling in a canoe to examine the borders
botanist of well-established reputation, Michaux of the Missouri for a hundred and fifty miles
could travel in these regions without especial | beyond its mouth.
suspicion; and his journal gives ample evi ‘His costume, like that of all the American sports.
dence that his heart was in his botani men, consisted of a waistcoat with sleeves, a pair of
cal investigation. Jefferson had favored him pantaloons, and a large red and yellow worsted
as the leader of a trans-continental exploration
sash. A carabine, a tomahawk or little axe, which
the Indians make use of to cut wood and to termi-
by way of the Missouri in 1793 (not 1794, as
nate the existence of their enemies, two beaver.
the editor's note gives it), and was, in fact, snares, and a large knife suspended at his side,
familiar with Genet's purposes in sending him
constituted his sporting dress. A rug comprised the
whole of his luggage. Such were the first
to Kentucky. Michaux gives us information
inhabitants of Kentucky and Tennessee, of whom
on the routes of travel between Kentucky there are now remaining but very few. It was they
and Tennessee and the seaboard, and upon the who began to clear those fertile countries and
extent of settlement in the period of his visits
wrested them from the savages who ferociously dis-
to the West.
puted their right; it was they, in short, who made
themselves masters of the possessions, after five or
François André Michaux, the son, is a more six years of bloody war; but the long habit of a
valuable traveller, for he wrote fuller accounts wandering and idle life has prevented their enjoy-
of the western country which he visited in 1802.
ing the fruit of their labors, and profiting by the
He also was a botanist of note, and his expedi-
very price to which these lands have risen in so
short a time. They have emigrated to more remote
tion was undertaken under the auspices of the
parts of the country, and formed new settlements.
French Minister of the Interior at the time It will be the same with most of those who inhabit
when France had actually received Louisiana
the borders of the Ohio.'
by treaty, and when she was preparing to take He goes on to picture the coming of later emi-
possession. He was one of a considerable num grants from the Atlantic states, who will
ber of savants sent into the West by France, replace the log-house with framed dwellings,
in this period, to report upon the country. His and extend the clearing to fields of varied agri-
descriptions include accounts of Charleston, culture.
New York, Philadelphia, and the route to Pitts This volume also contains Dr. Harris's 'Tour
burgh. The growing importance of this gate into the Territory Northwest of the Allegheny
way of the Ohio Valley was recognized by Mountains' (1803). Harris was a New Eng-
Michaux, and he gives us an appreciative pic- land clergyman, for a time librarian of Har-
ture of the Ohio Valley, Kentucky, Tennessee, vard, and a member of the Massachusetts His-
and the return route between the mountains torical Society, and various other learned
and Charleston. The time was that when the associations. The work contains useful data,
cultivation of cotton was extending into the but is brief and lacks the charm of description
up-country of the South, and Michaux's ac of Western life found in more sympathetic
count of the progress of this movement is visitors. His journey took him through Penn-
highly important. But his own preference was sylvania to Marietta, Ohio, and the return.
for the Ohio, the centre of commercial activity As the younger Michaux portrays an advance
between the eastern and western states. He of settlement over that described by his father,


302
[Nov. 16'
THE DIAL
war.
so Fortescue Cuming, in his Sketches of a In his · Pedestrious Tour of Four Thousand
Tour to the Western Country' in 1807-1809, Miles through the Western States and Terri-
gives a further stage of growth. He was a tories, Estwick Evans, a New Hampshire law-
travelled Englishman, fair in his judgments, yer, evidently eccentric, gives an account of
and a good observer. The first part of his trip his journey through western New York and
was made on foot from Philadelphia to Pitts northern Ohio to Detroit, and then down the
burg; after a sojourn through the winter there, Alleghany, the Ohio, and the Mississippi, to
he went by boat to Marysville, Kentucky, and New Orleans. Even his absurd garb of furs,
thence on horseback through the blue-grass his painfully verbose moralizing, and his other
lands of Kentucky, and back to Maysville. oddities, do not destroy the value of his reports
From here he proceeded along the stage-road of life in the West after the ravages of the
through Chillicothe and Zanesville to Wheeling,
Michigan territory, Indiana, and Illi-
and returned to Pittsburg. The following year nois, are described in an important period of
he went by boat down the Ohio and the Mis their forming society, and the rich life of the
sissippi to Bayou Pierre, and thence on horse Southern plantations on the lower Mississippi
back into the settlements of Mississippi terri is brought vividly before the reader.
tory and into West Florida. Cuming remained When an editor has achieved the deservedly
long enough in the West to understand its life, high reputation enjoyed by Dr. Thwaites for
and the book abounds in interesting material the accuracy and clearness of his notes, it is
on the stage of development which Michaux to be expected that critics will find particular
foresaw - the development of town-life, and enjoyment in the discovery of slips. The edi-
the replacement of the hunter type by the agri- | torial introductions and abundant annotations
cultural settler and the bustling town-builder. certainly add greatly to the value of this series,
It would be impossible here to sketch the con presenting much information upon the places
tents of his work, but it is sufficient to say that visited as well as data regarding the authors
it is one of the best of its class.
and the texts. Their value would be en-
The fifth volume contains a summary of con hanced, however, by more frequent citation
ditions in Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, of the sources from which the facts are
and the surrounding regions, by Bradbury, a
drawn.
The notes are not free from mis-
Scotch naturalist, who accompanied the Astor prints; some opportunities are missed, and
ians in 1810 to the Mandans, but returned with occasional doubtful statements are found. In
Brackenridge. He went down the Mississippi illustration, reference may be made to the date
to New Orleans in 1811, and spent the period 1851 for 1853 (I., p. 21); Blainville for Bien-
of the war of 1812 in the United States, pos ville (I., pp. 23, 59); 'comsmandant' (I., p.
sibly making his journey to the Ohio Valley 56); ^ Jesuits Relation' (II., 80). It is doubt-
after this. The work is a useful estimate of ful whether the editor of the 'Jesuit Relations
conditions at the same period as Cuming's tour,
should have stated that Lac des Puans (Stink-
and adds material on the situation at the close ing Lake) was a name used by the French for
of the war.
Green Bay (II., 186). When the word Lac
In volume eight, two American travellers was used, the term was applied either to Lake
give their views of the West in the years 1812
Michigan or to Lake Winnebago. Evans's ref-
to 1819. Buttrick was a New Englander who erence to Colonel Pinkney (VIII., p. 159) is
had made a voyage to the East Indies by way
confused by the editor's note spelling the family
of the Cape of Good Hope, and another to the name Pinckney. As an example of neglect-
West Indies, both of which he describes. His ed opportunities may be instanced the fail-
love of wandering took him to Kentucky in ure to explain the importance of the Black
1814, by the route through New York to the Swamp between the Sandusky and the Mau-
Alleghany; and in the succeeding year he mee, in Harrison's operations in the War
repeated his journey. He gives us an account of 1812. Evans calls it ‘famous' for this
of emigrants chiefly from Maine, who had gath- reason; but the note (VIII., p. 196) fails to
ered to the number of about twelve hundred mention the military importance of the place.
at the headwaters of the Alleghany, waiting The maps of the various volumes are carefully
for the opening of navigation to descend the reproduced, and the index, promised as the
Ohio to seek farms where they might avoid the concluding volume of the thirty-one which are
hard times that followed the war of 1812 in to make up the series, will be of great aid to
New England. He went on to New Orleans, students. The publishers have given the travels
and returned over the famous Natchez trace in these well-printed and substantially bound
through the Indian country — the route of volumes an excellent setting. The large type,
returning flatboat men. Of the perils of travel ample margins, and good paper, form a pleas-
through this lawless region, he gives a vivid ing contrast to the original editions.
picture.
FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER.


1904.]
303
THE DIAL
a fit-
Early that morning, when his lank, gray figure
SOME HUMAN REMINISCENCES.*
She is particularly severe on the 'would-be seer
whose memorable achievement in carpentry
Among those nuggets of philosophy scat was the rustic arbor he built for Emerson to
tered irrelevantly but not unacceptably through do his thinking in,'— a very artistic and well-
the pages of Thoreau’s ‘Week,'' is the follow-
appointed structure, except that it had no door,
ing: We do not learn much from learned
and so no one could use it. To the lady from
books, but from true, sincere, human books, Virginia, this wonderful edifice seemed
from frank and honest biographies.' A frank ting symbol for this guild of prophets and
and human and at the same time most enter their scheme of life.' We have read much of
taining book of the honest biographical, or Mr. Alcott's praise of vegetarianism. A page
rather autobiographical, kind is Mrs. Rebecca from Mrs. Davis's book may perhaps help us to
Harding Davis's 'Bits of Gossip,' a piece of rate these laudations at their true value. We
writing whose only serious fault is that it is
quote, as the author has written, with no
not longer. Mrs. Davis is best known, at least
unkindness of purpose. Indeed, one can hardly
to older readers, by her story of 'Life in the
help liking the amiable dreamer all the better
Iron Mills,' one of the earliest, and perhaps after viewing his innocent absurdities through
the most powerfully written, of the many sto Mrs. Davis's eyes.
ries of laboring-class life in America.
Passing her girlhood successively in western had first appeared at the gate, Mr. Hawthorne said:
Pennsylvania, in one of the Gulf states, and in "Here comes the Sage of Concord. He is anxious
West Virginia, and her maturer years chiefly
to know what kind of human beings come up from
the back hills of Virginia. Now I will tell you,
in Philadelphia, with interspersed sojourns in
his eyes gleaming with fun, “what he will talk to
New England and elsewhere, Mrs. Davis views you about. Pears. Yes. You may begin at Plato
her fellow countrymen and women with no or the day's news, and he will come around to pears.
provincial narrowness of vision, and comments
He is now convinced that a vegetable diet affects
on their sectional peculiarities with the large
both the body and soul, and that pears exercise a
more direct and ennobling influence on us than any
tolerance and understanding of one to whom other vegetable or fruit. Wait. You 'll hear pres-
fulness of years and wealth of experience have ently." When we went in to dinner, therefore, 1
brought kindliness as well as wisdom. Espe was surprised to see the sage eat heartily of the fine
sirloin of beef set before us. But with the dessert
cially appreciative of excellences and tolerant
he began to advocate a vegetable diet, and at last
of defects is she in her attitude toward the
announced the spiritual influence of pears, to the
slaveholding Southerner of ante-bellum days, great delight of his host, who laughed like a boy
and his deadly enemy the abolitionist North-
and was humored like one by the gentle old man.
erner. Living on the neutral border as she
The Transcendentalists are one and all han-
did for some years before and during the war, dled, not roughly, but certainly without gloves,
this clear-eyed observer was able to see both by Mrs. Davis. Her estimate of them can be
sides of the perplexing question, - a far less given in no better words than her own.
comfortable frame of mind, as she truly
“New England then swarmed with weak-brained,
remarks, than that of the thorough-going par imitative folk who had studied books with more or
tisan. But a wise impartiality surely reaps its
less zeal, and who knew nothing of actual life.
rewards in the end. In keeping with this
They were suffering under the curse of an education
which they could not use; they were the lean, under-
unbiased attitude, a coolness and fairness of
fed men and women of villages and farms, who
judgment not too common in women, is were trained enough to be lawyers and teachers in
Mrs. Davis's delightfully honest and not too their communities, but who actually were cobblers,
reverential treatment of the New England
mill-hands, or tailoresses. They had revolted from
Puritanism, not to enter any other live church, but
worthies whom she met on her first visit to Bos-
to fall into a dull disgust, a nausea with all religion.
ton and Concord. Here is the way she prefaces To them came this new prophet with his discovery
her recollections of them:
of the God within themselves. They hailed it with
'I wish I could summon these memorable ghosts
acclamation. The new dialect of the Transcenden-
before you as I saw them then and afterward. To
talist was easily learned. They talked it as cor-
the eyes of an observer, belonging to the common-
rectly as the Chinaman does his pigeon English. Up
place world, they did not appear precisely as they
to the old gray house among the pines in Concord
do in the portraits drawn of them for posterity by
they went - hordes of wild-eyed Harvard under-
their companions, the other Areopagites, who walked
graduates and lean, underpaid working-women, each
and talked with them apart — always apart from
with a disease of soul to be cured by the new
Healer.'
humanity. That was the first peculiarity which
struck an outsider in Emerson, Hawthorne, and the The author's presentation of the great ones
other members of the “Atlantic' coterie; that of Boston and neighborhood is almost always
while they thought they were guiding the real
world, they stood quite outside of it, and never
shrewd, and furnishes excellent reading, how-
would see it as it was.'
ever much the reader may at times feel inclined
• BITS OF GOSSIP. By Rebecca Harding Davis. Boston:
to dissent. But when, in praise of Hawthorne,
Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
she denies to him all self-consciousness, and


304
[Nov. 16,
THE
DIAL
writes that he probably never knew that he resolved obstinately not to agree with his argu-
was different from those around him, and ment, not to laugh or cry with him, not to see him
that he knew and cared little about Nathaniel
again. Perhaps it is ungracious in me to tell this.
But I cannot give the impression he made without
Hawthorne, one cannot suppress a word of it. He was always Dr. Fell to me, in spite of his
emphatic disagreement. A man cannot spin strength and the wonderful charm of his sympathy
romances out of his brain and drop his plummet with every living creature.'
into the hidden depths of our common human After this avowal of temperamental antipathy
nature without gaining, from the introspection to Beecher, one is not surprised to learn that
involved, some very real sense of his own capaci- Mrs. Davis was no worshipper of Walt Whit-
ties and limitations, and an abiding conscious man. To her, “Whitman simply was indecent,
ness of the awful mystery that each is to him as thousands of other men are indecent, who
self even more than to his fellows. We linger are coarse by nature and vulgar by breeding
perhaps unduly over this chapter on 'Boston Many interesting things are related of Clay and
in the Sixties, but one more quotation demands Blaine, the former of whom was the political
insertion. It is a rather startling characteriza idol of her youth, and the latter a distant cousin
tion of Thoreau by his friend Emerson. and a fellow resident of Washington, Pa., her
'He said to me suddenly once, “I wish Thoreau birthplace.
birthplace. She writes with every advantage
had not died before you came. He was an interest.
ing study.” “Why?I asked. “Why! Thoreau?”
of an intimate and lifelong acquaintance; but
He hesitated, thinking, going apparently to the bot-
when she declares of Blaine that this 'melan-
tom of the matter, and said presently: "Henry choly idler . . . at heart did not care whether
often reminded me of an animal in human form. he ever entered the White House or not,' we are
He had the eye of a bird, the scent of a dog, the
most acute, delicate intelligence, — but no soul.
not entirely convinced. By the way, to refer
No,” he repeated, shaking his head with decision,
to Washington, Pa., is about as definite as
“Henry could not have had a human soul.'
referring to Smithville or Farmington, U. S.,
It is refreshing to read an author so out of
as there are twenty-three Washingtons in Penn-
humor with the commercial spirit of the age as
sylvania, according to Lippincott's Gazetteer.
is Mrs. Davis. She was reared in a community
But the context makes it reasonably certain that
where discussion of money matters was consid-
Washington of Washington County is meant.
ered vulgar, and any reference to one's own or
Another criticism may be ventured in this same
one's neighbor's pecuniary condition the ex-
field of geography. Why does the author invar-
treme of bad taste. She cherishes, too, the old-
iably spell Culpeper (the Virginia county and
fashioned reverence for things sacred. With
town) with three p's? The Virginians of that
a conceit quite unconscious of its own absurd-
district are, we believe, rather careful to dis-
ity,' she writes, each college boy and girl puts
tinguish their county and county-seat from the
the Almighty and His Messenger to man on
condiment containing three labials.
trial, and pronounces judgment on them.' Yet
Mrs. Davis has given us a little book that is
she is not without hope for the future even in
sane and wise and cheerful, as well as enter-
this particular; for after all,' she says, 'we
taining. Perhaps one reason why she is so good
are a young nation, and vanity is a fault of
a romancer is that she has so firm a hold on
youth. We will [i. e. shall] grow out of it
reality and so keen a scent for sham and hum-
presently.'
bug; and she clothes her reality in so attractive
Writing of those who wrought for the free a guise because she is quick to see the romantic
ing of the slave, she speaks as follows of Low-
in character and situation.
ell, Whittier, and Beecher:
PEROY F. BICKNELL.
‘Lowell's politics and poetry were, as a rule, kept
inside of his books. He himself in every-day life
was so simple, so sincere, so human, that you forgot
AN EPOCH-REMAKING BOOK.*
he had any higher calling than that of being the
most charming of companions. Mr. Whittier, on the No idea of the contents of 'The Rise of Eng.
contrary, was always the poet and the Abolitionist.
lish Culture,' the posthumous work of an
He did not consciously pose, but he never for a
moment forgot his mission. He was thin, mild, and
English Congregationalist, the Rev. Edwin
ascetic, looking like a Presbyterian country minis Johnson, is conveyed by the title. These con-
ter. He gave his views of slavery and the South tents are an absolute denial of credit to any
with a gentle, unwearied obstinacy, exasperating to modern historical work said to have been com-
anyone who knew that there was another side to
the question. I never saw a human being with a
posed before the period of the Revival of
personality more aggressive than that of Henry
Letters. To the author, Polydore Vergil is
Ward Beecher. . . He had an enormous following the first scholar of known personality who
of men and a few women. But, back of the heavy
undertook to write the history of our country
jaws and thick lips and searching eyes swathed in
drooping lids, back of the powerful intellect and
since the old Roman time”; all that passes for
tender sympathy, there was a nameless something • THE RISE OF ENGLISH CULTURE. By Edwin John-
in Mr. Beecher which repelled most women. You
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
son, M.A.


1904.]
305
THE DIAL
>
the history of Europe between the fall of the by setting up an imaginary heretic to teach its
Roman Empire and the Renaissance is an elabo opposite'; thirdly, to secure material advan-
rate fable worked out in a widely ramified liter- tages to themselves by feigning long established
ary conspiracy of the Benedictine monasteries.
use of possessions and tributes. And who can
With the self-interest of the Benedictines as a dispossess his memory of the saying put into the
pou sto, the author easily heaves the mediæval mouth of the genial and secular-minded Pope
world, as we assume to know it, out of exist Leo X., -"How profitable to us that fable of
ence.
Jesus Christ !"
The book, a generously handsome octavo of From among the names which the author
over 600 pages, consists of a memoir of its attaints by means of quotation marks, we may
author by Edward A. Petherick, a Part I. cull the following: St. Augustine,' Tertul-
devoted to the Benedictines and their varied lian,''St. Basil the Great;' ' Isidore of Seville,
activities, and a Part II. devoted to following ' Eusebius Pamphili,' 'St. Gregory the Great,
their trail through the historical writings of * Thomas Aquinas,' 'Scotus, Gregory of
the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Tours,''Bede,' 'Alcuin,' 'Lanfranc,' Anselm,
Why the book, written ten years before the 'Wiclif,' 'Charlemagne,' ' Alfred the Great,'
author's death, was not printed until nearly William the Conqueror.' Columbus was in-
three years after his death, is nowhere appar vented to derive to the monks the glory of a
ent.
discovery really made later and at first doubted
From Mr. Petherick's memoir we learn that and flouted by them.
the book is the last of a series : ' Antiqua The second part of the book is the one to
Mater, The Rise of Christendom,' and 'The which the title of the whole work is properly
Rise of English Culture.' Coming sud- applicable. Five chapters are devoted to Poly-
denly, after months of earnest research, upon a dore Vergil as a critic and dupe. Specific
clue, it was gradually revealed to him that the adulterations are pointed out and explained as
actual writers of the Church and Gospel his- allegories of what was going on in Henry
tories were not ancient. Not one only, or a few VIII.'s reign. E. g., 'The law Ne exeas regno
only, of the supposed ancient writers seemed is put in force when required, under Henry
to write in a sixteenth-century manner, as VIII. It also is traced up to the tyrannic sys-
Canon Westcott had remarked of Jerome: tem of exaction and confiscation under Rufus.
nearly all of them belonged to that late period.' Norman fable again proves to be Tudor
What the clue is, is not very clear. But Pethe fact. In the chapter on Leland, the author
rick makes much of the fact that both Bryce
argues that Chaucer is the syndicate name of
and Freeman comment on the absence of mediæ a number of Tudor wits; and in the next chap-
val monuments in Rome; and regarding Pales ter, on Early Printed Books, that Caxton is an
tine, he makes such assertions as this: Other hypostasis of the printing confraternity, the
inscriptions have been found in abundance, but Benedictine hoof being visible in the printer's
not a single Hebrew word.'
use of the word chapel. The Inns of Courts
Here we may turn to Mr. Johnson himself.
were a school of poetry, for the law-books that
Mr. Johnson places the seat of Judaism in should have been studied had not yet been
Spain. Here about the year 1200, Maimonides invented. In the chapter on Public Records,
gave the Jews a Creed; and it was near to Mai the existence of such records before the Tudor
monides' time that the Hebrew Scriptures were period is with much circumstance denied. The
written, began to be recited in the Synagogues Bible in England, The New Testament, Poets
and to be commented on by the Rabbins. and Critics, - whatever the heading, the tenor
Now, the Benedictine corporation could not of the chapter is the same. The tale, indeed,
have come into existence before the Hebrew becomes monotonous. The conclusion is nerve-
Scriptures were in some version known to them, less by comparison with the main thesis: it is
because they base their system of teaching upon hardly more than a homily on the Truth of
a certain interpretation of those Scriptures. . Letters and Science and the rival Truth pro-
[The Benedictines constructed out of their claimed by the Church; and there is a curious
study of “the Old Testament,” as they called intimation that in America and the Colonies
the Hebrew Scriptures, another book which they the Truth of Letters and Science will be estab-
chose to call “ the New Testament." · The Bene lished.
dictine Order, like its older rival the Syn That this book will strike the trained scholar
agogue, invented a charter, a quasi divine as preposterous, is certain at the outset. But
patent for their greed and rapacity. But they the author is himself a trained scholar, a man
did more. They planned and executed a multi of great erudition and some method. Thus the
farious fable, — first, to fill out an assumed book distinguishes itself from such works as
antiquity of the Order ; secondly, over and 'The Great Cryptogram' of Ignatius Donnelly
over again to define the dogma of the Order and similar books that believe nothing and


306
(Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
believe it with unswerving fatuity. By com generally, and in Genesis B and the continental
parison with them, it seems worthy of a matter poetry generally? Why did they think it neces-
of-fact refutation. Such a refutation would be sary to have a Latin Bede and also a vernacular
the proper task of an historian. In one way, Bede, — why a Boëthius in the Alfredian ver-
however, it may best be made by ancillary nacular and a quite independent Boëthius in the
sciences. A breath of one of these may prove
Chaucerian vernacular? All, all supereroga-
more potent than the shock of a phalanx of tion; and wholly unbelievable, even if it served
the enemy — here, accepted historical criticism. a useful end in the fable convenue.
Let us then take a look at the philological The author of this misguided work has
aspect of the author's theory. The theory strained at an historical gnat and swallowed
implies, and the author elsewhere explicitly a philological camel. Very likely he has swal-
states, that'Anglo-Saxon letters are a sixteenth lowed besides an architectural camel, a chrono-
century invention.' Surely, the author could logical camel, kitchen-middings, and what not
have had no idea of what such a statement car else. Every expert along the boundaries of his-
ried with it. It means the invention of archaic tory would probably give testimony as damag-
forms of language such that scholars three hun ing as that of the philologian. But the testi-
dred years later could work out a chronological mony of philology alone will at least suffice to
and geographical gradation of forms, a many bring in the Scotch verdict, 'Not proven.'
branched linguistic history covering a thousand
GUIDO H. STEMPEL,
years ; this history, moreover, agreeing in prin-
ciple with the history of other Germanic lan-
guages, and also with that of the Romance and
the classical languages. It means the inven-
NEW LETTERS OF ELIA.*
tion of forms which show, when observed in the
established chronology, phonetic changes con-
Sixty-seven years have passed since Thomas
formable to physiological laws not understood
Noon Talfourd, acting in the capacity of liter-
until three hundred and fifty years after the
ary executor, presented to the public a slender
supposed invention, and of forms unintelligible
volume containing all the letters of Charles
as forms to any comparison with cognate
Lamb that were then deemed suitable for pub-
tongues, yet perfectly clear when, three hundred
lication. Eleven years later, the death of Mary
Lamb
years after the supposed invention, Sanskrit
was followed by Talfourd's 'Final
and the earlier forms of Latin and Greek came
Memorials,' revealing the tragic and tender
to be studied. The invention of an historical
story of the Lambs. Since that far-away day
system of men, events, laws, and customs, which
succeeding editors, Hazlitt, FitzGerald, Lu-
Mr. Johnson attributes to the Benedictines, is
cas, and Ainger, — have garnered stray letters,
an act of human intellect far outstripping the
almost one by one, until now. this latest edition
greatest yet known — the Ptolemaic system of
comprises no less than four hundred and sixty-
astronomy. But the incidental invention of the eight epistles, — and still 'makes no claim to
multifarious phenomena of Germanic and
be complete.
Romanic linguistics outstrips the historical
Since the publication in 1888 of the first
fabulation far more than that outstrips the
Ainger edition, many letters have come to light,
most of them appearing in the Macmillan edi-
"Sphere
tion de luxe of 1900. These are all included
With Centric and Eccentric scribbled o'er,
Cycle and Epicycle, orb in orb.'
in the present edition, but devoted Elians will
Grimm and Sievers and Sweet would no doubt
be chiefly grateful for the publication here of
enjoy converse with the abbot whose stupendous
the hitherto unprinted series of sixteen letters
genius uttered this truly Jehovan fiat.
written by Lamb to John Rickman, one of the
best loved of the 'Wednesday' men.
Non liquet. But even if it did, of what use
The first of these Rickman letters is written
could such a Babel made-to-measure have been ?
The phenomenon we call umlaut, for instance,
in September, 1801, from Margate, whither
adds no whit of credibility to any part of this
Charles and Mary had gone to drink sea water
alleged fabrication. The supererogation of the
and pick up shells.' Lamb whimsically com-
invention is quite as unparalleled as the inven-
plains of the treatment accorded his contribu-
tion itself would have been. Again, the Bene-
tions to the “Morning Chronicle.'
dictines, or qui que ce soit, might have in-
'I did something for them, but I soon found that
it was
a different thing writing for the Lordly
vented Chaucerian metrics from sixteenth Editor of the great Whig Paper to what it was
century English and French usage. But why scribbling for the poor Albion. More than three-
should they have invented alliterative verse, fourths of what I did was superciliously rejected;
- or, inventing it, why did they invent such THE LETTERS OF CHARLES LAMB. 'Eversley' edition.
distinct varieties of it as are exemplified in
Newly arranged, with additions. Edited, with introduc-
tion and notes, by Alfred Ainger.
New
Langland, in Genesis A and Old English poetry York : The Macmillan Co.
In two volumes.


1904.]
307
THE DIAL
whereas in the old Albion the seal of my well
known handwriting was enough to drive away any
NEGRO SLAVERY IN ILLINOIS. *
nonsense current. I believe I shall give up this
way of writing, and turn honest, scramble on as
In the work under review we have in the
well as I can for a year,
nd make a Book, for fullest detail an account of negro servitude
why should every creature make books but I?' in Illinois, one of the states supposed by the
The gentle irony of Lamb, so familiar to us, student of school histories to have been pre-
is never long missing.
served by the Ordinance of 1787 from the
"G. Burnett had just finished his essay when I blighting influence of slavery. In the early
came away. Mushrooms scramble up in a night; but chapters, the author traces the history of negro
diamonds, you know, lie a long while ripening in
the bed. The purport of it is to persuade the world
slavery during the period of the French and
that opinions tending to the subversion of Estab. English occupation, and during the existence
lished Religion and Governments, systems of medi. of the territorial and state governments, to the
cine, etc., should not be rashly vented in every com period of anti-slavery agitation that began in
pany: a good orthodox doctrine which has been
preached up with the holy text of Pike and Gun”
the '30's. The judicial decisions are explained
with you in Ireland, and is pretty familiar in Eng-
in detail, until the final decisions destroyed
land, but is novel to George; at least he never wrote negro servitude in Illinois. Much the greater
an Essay upon that subject before. Critics should
part of the volume is devoted to the history
think of this, before they loosely cry out, This is
commonplace, what is there new in it? It may be
of the anti-slavery agitation and its local mani-
all new to the Author, he may never have thought
festations in the state, and to the rise of the
of it before, and it may have cost him as much several political parties that made use of the
brain-sweat as a piece of the most inveterate origi abolition sentiment. A final chapter sketches
nality.'
the progress, or rather the lack of progress, of
Another of the new letters begins, ‘Your
popular sentiment in regard to the negro. A
goose found her way into our Larder with
complete and scientific bibliography is ap-
infinite discretion. A letter addressed to Mrs.
pended. In the appendix are also some inter-
Rickman gives a hint of Lamb's book-hunting
esting papers relating to Illinois slavery, – sale
propensity, and almost certainly refers to the
papers, indentures, and letters from the masters
Poetry for Children,' a book rarely to be met
of slaves. A table is given showing the growth
with even then. "Will you regive or lend me,
of the anti-slavery vote, from 160 in 1840 to
by the bearer, the one Volume of Juvenile
172,196 in 1860. The illustrations consist of a
Poetry? I have tidings of a second at Bright-
photograph of the Lovejoy monument at Alton,
If the two tally, we may some day play
a reproduction of an Underground Railway
a hand at old whist, who shall have both. Of
advertisement, likenesses of several anti-slavery
Rickman himself we have this pleasant portrait :
agitators (the two Lovejoys, Lyman Trumbull,
“The finest fellow to drop in a' nights, about Zebina Eastman, and Abraham Lincoln), and,
nine or ten o'clock - cold bread and cheese time -
just in the wishing time of the night, when you
very lonely in that company, Stephen A. Doug-
wish for somebody to come in, without a distinct
las.
idea of a probable anybody. Just in the nick, Of slavery in Illinois as a social institution,
neither too early to be tedious, not too late to sit a Mr. Harris says almost nothing. His concern
reasonable time. He is a most pleasant hand; a fine
rattling fellow, has gone through life laughing at
is with the legal status of the negroes. Negro
solemn apes;
himself hugely literate, oppressively
slavery was introduced into the Illinois country
full of information in all stuff of conversation, from by the French; the English conquest in 1763
matter of fact to Xenophon and Plato - can talk
did not affect slavery, nor were property rights
Greek with Porson, politics with Thelwall, con-
jecture with George Dyer, nonsense with me, and
disturbed by Virginia, which gained the terri-
anything with anybody;
understands the tory during the Revolution. Virginia ceded
first time (a great desideratum in common minds) her claims to the United States on condition
you need never twice speak to him; does not want
that all inhabitants be allowed to retain all
explanations, translations, limitations as Professor
Godwin does when you make an assertion; up to
their possessions and their ancient rights. The
anything; down to everything; whatever sapit
Ordinance of 1787 guaranteed the continuation
hominem. A perfect man.'
of these rights and at the same time prohibited
One misses in this edition Lamb's letter of slavery in the Northwest Territory. This anti-
proposal to Frances Maria Kelley, and the truly
slavery clause was interpreted by Congress, by
noble one that followed her declinatio of his the territorial governors, and by the people, as
offer of marriage, - a serious omission, but
a serious omission, but prohibiting the introduction of more slaves,
perhaps an unavoidable one.
not as destroying slavery in the territory and
Both for the new and interesting matter that
hence making it free territory, nor as prohibit-
they contain, and as an evidence of the sus-
ing limited servitude. Consequently, from this
tained interest in Lamb's life and work, these
time until 1848, when slavery was destroyed by
two handsome volumes will be welcomed by
SERVITUDE IN ILLINOIS,
and of the Anti-Slavery Agitation in that State, 1719-
every lover of ‘Elia.'
By N. Dwight Harris, Ph.D. Illustrated.
MUNSON A. HAVENS.
cago : A. C. McClurg & Co.
on.
*
• THE HISTORY
OF
NEGRO
1864.
Chi-


308
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
a new constitution, there were three classes of limit the operation of the Black Laws' by
negroes in Illinois, — slaves for life, belonging enforcing registration, by declaring the children
to the French settlers and their descendants ; of servants to be free, by reversing the decision
indentured servants, bound to a master for a of 1828 which declared that servants were chat-
term of years, often as long as life; and free tels, by forbidding the sale of servants, and
negroes with no civil status. A slave-owner finally, in 1813, by deciding that residence in
from Virginia or Kentucky might come into a free state made a free man of a slave volun-
Illinois with his slaves, and by a process of tarily brought in by his master. The courts of
registration, supposedlyó voluntary on the part Mississippi, Louisiana, and Missouri had al-
of the negroes, change them into servants ready asserted this principle. In 1844, the rem-
bound for terms of two to ninety-nine years. nant of French slavery was abolished by the
Thus the substance of slavery was preserved, courts. All servitude not imposed by the state
under a different form, and in spite of the was destroyed by the constitution of 1848, and
Ordinance of 1787. To regulate the slaves and in 1864 the supreme court decided that the state
indentured servants, a code of laws, borrowed could not sell a free negro immigrant into
from the slave codes of Virginia and Kentucky, slavery. So the last negro became free a
was drawn up in 1803. These ‘Black Laws year before Lincoln died. The laws of Illinois
remained on the statute-books until repealed, were always in favor of slavery until 1865; the
as late as February 7, 1865. This code regu supreme court until about 1835 was pro-slavery,
lated the treatment of the servants, their food and after that date was controlled by anti-
and clothes, term of service, and punishment; slavery sentiment rather than guided by law or
it provided for a pass system, and made it precedent.
illegal for whites to trade with them. The But while the slaves were thus gaining free-
servants had no standing in law. Under this dom through the courts the laws and public
code, they were bought, sold, and bequeathed opinion were making the position of the free
by will, as if they were Mississippi slaves; and
negro unbearable. He was ill-treated and
the prices paid — $300 to $600 for boys and scorned and abused in all places; he had no
girls, and $800 to $1,000 for men — prove that standing in the courts, no rights, civil or politi-
the limitations on servitude had little effect on cal, and though forced to pay taxes he was not
the value of the slave.
allowed to send his children to school. In order
In 1818, when the state constitution was not to be sold into servitude, he must have a
formed, probably a majority of the Illinois set certificate of freedom, and must furnish a
tlers wanted a pro-slavery constitution; but, thousand-dollar bond that he would not become
from motives of expediency, the one adopted a public charge. There was much opposition to
allowed only a limited servitude except in the the presence of the free negroes, and the con-
case of the French slaves. However, there were stitution of 1848, which destroyed domestic
many who wanted unlimited negro slavery; and slavery, gave the legislature authority to pre-
from 1820 to 1824 there was a contest to secure vent free negro immigration. This article of
two-thirds of the legislature in order to have a the constitution was adopted by a majority of
convention called which, it was expected, would 28,182; and in 1853 à law was passed to
revise the constitution and legally establish enforce it by selling free negro immigrants into
negro slavery. The necessary number was servitude. In spite of all anti-slavery agitation,
secured; but a majority of the people, some the sentiment of the people did not soften
of them disgusted by the methods of the con toward the free negro. A proposed constitution
vention party, voted against having a conven was rejected in 1862, by 16,051 majority;
tion, the vote being 6,640 to 4,972.
yet an article of that constitution forbid
This victory decided that immigration to Illi ding the immigration of negroes was accepted
nois should be from the East, and not from the by a majority of 100,590, and an article pro
South; the Southerner did not feel safe in risk hibiting negro suffrage was adopted by a ma-
ing his negro property under the laws of Illi jority of 176,271, only 35,649 voting against
nois. Yet there was then no anti-slavery it. Under such influences, the free negro pop-
movement; in fact, the laws and court decisions ulation did not increase rapidly, many prefer-
gradually strengthened the master's hold upon ring to remain slaves, many of the free negroes
his servants. In 1828, the Supreme Court were kidnapped by thrifty Illinoisians and sold
decided that the Ordinance of 1787 was not to the Southern planters. The position of the
binding upon the state of Illinois, having been
negro since emancipation has improved but lit-
suspended by the constitution of 1818. It tle, the author thinks, although the unfavorable
further decided that registered servants are laws have disappeared from the statute-books.
goods and chattels, and can be sold on execu In tracing the rise of anti-slavery sentiment
tion.' But about 1835, influenced by the grow in Illinois, Mr. Harris does not clearly distin-
ing anti-slavery sentiment, the courts began to guish between the various kinds of anti-slavery


1904.]
309
THE DIAL
people. Some were opposed to slavery in Illi sympathies; for the pro-slavery Democrats and
nois; others to slavery anywhere; some wanted the Southern settlers he shows slight respect.
no negroes at all in the state, others wanted A wealth of adjectives enables him to express
only free negroes; some were abolitionists from his appreciation of the former and his dislike
moral reasons, others because of politics, and of the latter, yet this feeling seems almost
still others because of economic reasons. All colorless; the dry recital of names, dates, and
of these Mr. Harris puts together as anti-sla-platforms causes one to welcome these expres-
very men, or abolitionists. In reality, there was sions of opinions, which seem rather to be inher-
little genuine anti-slavery sentiment in Illinois ited than formed as a result of knowledge. Mr.
until the late '50's. Most of the people wanted Harris proceeds upon the assumption that the
no negroes, slave or free, but were not inclined faith of the anti-slavery men was always good,
to meddle with slavery in the South. This is their motives pure and unselfish, their char-
proved by the Lovejoy episode, and by the fact acter and intelligence above the average; but
that an anti-slavery organization could not be he is suspicious of all that pertains to their
maintained nor an anti-slavery paper be sup opponents, and is inclined to believe them guilty
ported. The attempts at founding an anti of the secret plans and treacherous methods
slavery political party resulted in failure until that went out with dynastic politics. Of the
1856. Slavery in Illinois politics was hardly abolitionists he says: The spirit displayed by
a moral issue, in spite of the efforts of the these men was admirable, and worthy of a noble
author to show high moral motives in the anti cause.' 'Enough cannot be said in praise of
slavery politicians. Much space is devoted to the self sacrifice, the patient perseverance, the
anti-slavery politics; every platform and every conscientious devotion to duty, the high sense
vote is given, every candidate named, but, with
of political honor, and withal the genial liber-
few exceptions, it looks like a case of the 'Outs? ality of these men. Of the Sou
Of the Southern element
trying to become the 'Ins' and slavery is used in the population, he says that those from the
as a good weapon in the struggle. We discount Carolinas and Georgia were 'ignorant, shiftless,
the sympathy expressed for the Southern slave, and obstinate,' 'unscrupulous and dishonest';
when we know that nothing whatever was done * Andrew Borders, a man well-known for his
for the few free negroes in their midst. Dislike cruelty and rapacity, ... a true Southerner';
for the master led the abolitionist to aid run these people [of Southern Illinois] were as
away slaves, but the latter must not stop in narrow-minded and stubborn as they were kind-
the state; no voice was raised for the free negro. hearted and hospitable.' He
says
that the
We should now admire those abolitionists more negro is still persecuted as of old, and a state
had they succored the wretches at their own of affairs very similar to that in the South
doors instead of stirring up the flames of sec exists there.' It is but fair to say that these
tional hatred by the course they pursued. A expressions of feeling do not seem to be the
queer instance of their ethics is shown in the
result of personal prejudice, but rather the
Lovejoy episode: Lovejoy, seeing that no good reflection of the spirit of the time caught from
was likely to come of his agitation, wrote a research among its documents, or acquired
letter resigning the editorship of the abolition through tradition as a matter of course, like
paper at Alton. The letter was to be published, the small Southern boy's belief that 'Yankees
but an intimate friend suppressed it, and con have horns,' or the opinion of the New York
sequently Lovejoy went on to his death at the schoolboy that “Southern people are black and
hands of the mob.
lazy.'
The peculiar composition of the population of Mr. Harris evidently does not know his negro
Illinois materially influenced politics. The except through documents; he states that to
central and southern counties were controlled a white man all negroes look alike,' and he
by men of Southern birth or descent; the north locates Hampton Institute in North Carolina.
ern counties were settled from the East, and No attention is paid to the influence of eco-
were usually opposed in politics to the southern nomic forces that were working for the extinc-
part. Most of the negroes were in the southern tion of slavery; the anti-slavery and anti-negro
counties. To favor negro immigration was to sentiments of the Southern settlers (like Lin-
favor the political opposition, and naturally coln), who fled from slavery, are not considered
the Northern settler opposed anything that important; the almost universal lily white
would strengthen the Southern settlers or cause feeling, and its importance, escaped him alto-
more of them to come into the state. Mr. Har- gether; with him, the task was to work out the
ris would have done well had he traced more anti-slavery history of Illinois as a moral and
thoroughly the sectional influences in the state; humanitarian movement, which it was not, to
a few good maps would reconcile his readers to
any great degree. The result is that we have
the omission of the illustrations used.
all the facts, but the collector was unable to
The author is decidedly abolitionist in his interpret them; he really did not understand


310
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
his subject in its largest aspects; the history the different classes of vibrations travel is a
of slavery in Illinois is inseparably connected difficult matter, and is of the highest impor-
with that of slavery in the rest of the country, tance in revealing the nature of the earth's
and cannot be written as if entirely independ- | interior.
interior. Major Dutton therefore devotes three
ent.
WALTER L. FLEMING. chapters to this part of the subject. One of
the conclusions drawn is that the more deeply
rocks lie imbedded in the earth's crust, the
more elastic and rigid they are. On the whole,
WHAT IS KNOWN OF EARTHQUAKES. * the rigidity of the earth must be very great.
The study of earthquakes, from the view-
Two of the closing chapters of the book treat
point of the new seismology, must be consid-
of the geographical distribution of earthquakes;
ered as somewhat technical. For such a study
it appears that they are most frequent where
is really a branch of physics, and concerns itself
the earth's crust is most rugged and highly
with the laws of the propagation of waves in
diversified in profile. The final chapter is
the solid body of the earth. To treat this sub-
devoted to the very interesting topic of 'sea-
ject in sueh fashion that it will be as pleasant quakes. This term is applied to peculiar agita-
and easy to master as an ordinary novel, is
tions of the sea which cause ships to tremble,
quite an impossible feat. Nevertheless, Major
and are often accompanied by a strange roar
Dutton, whose reputation as a student of geol- emanating from the water; they are due to any
ogy and an investigator of earthquakes is inter-
force which lifts or depresses the sea-bottom or
national, has succeeded in explaining and pop-
the littoral. The exhaustive tables of De Mon-
ularizing the new seismology in a noteworthy
tessus de Ballore, founded upon reliable data
degree, in his recent book upon that subject.
from 131,292 quakes, showing the geographical
In a very few cases, a formula, modest in
distribution of seismicity, are inserted as an
dimensions and easy to understand, finds its appendix. . The book is packed with many
way into the text, and saves much circumlocu-
details which it is impossible to mention in
tion; but the book is practically free from
limited space. The typographical dress of the
mathematical symbols.
volume, and the excellence of the full-page
The introductory chapter aims to acquaint
plates and other illustrations which adorn it,
the reader with the general terms used in the
befit the sterling merits of the work.
discussion of these phenomena, and to describe
HERBERT A. HOWE.
the various ways in which an earthquake com-
monly manifests itself. The author then
explains the two principal causes of earth-
RECENT FICTION.*
quakes, which are volcanic action and the mys-
terious force which shows itself in various dis-
Mr. Howells has so assured a position among
locations of the earth's crust, such as mountain
our living novelists that he can afford, upon
building and other displacements which might
occasion, to be something less than his best self;
be caused by gradual contraction of the earth,
and some of his recent work has shown signs,
or by subterranean influences of the precise
*THE SON OF ROYAL LANGBRITH. By W. D. Howells.
Harper & Brothers.
nature of which we are ignorant. The most
By Robert Herrick. New York :
dreadful earthquakes are shown to be non-vol-
canic in origin.
THE PRESIDENT. By Alfred Henry Lewis. New York:
The best modern instruments for detecting
THE MASTERY. By Mark Lee Luther. New York:
quakes, and also for measuring the complex
motions of the earth's surface during these
THE GEORGIANS. By Will N. Aarben. New York :
Harper & Brothers.
disturbances, are described in detail, and the
The Love Story of a Gray-
four sorts of waves produced are discussed.
By Randall Parrish. Chicago : A. C. McClurg
The different scales used for measuring the
By George Barr McCut-
intensity of shocks are explained, and the cheon. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
speeds of the various kinds of waves are deter-
By Edward Mott Woolley.
mined. It is shown that all recorded earth-
Chicago :
ORRAIN. Romance. Ву s.
Levett-Yeats.
quakes originate at depths probably never as
Longmaps, Green & Co.
great as twenty miles. Yet the vibrations
By
York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
caused are, in the case of great quakes, trans-
By John Oxenham.
mitted through and around the earth to dis-
Dodd, Mead & Co.
tances of thousands of miles.
THE FOOD OF THE GODs, and How It Came to Earth.
By H. G. Wells.
The determination of the speeds at which
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
The Story of her Youth. By
* EARTHQUAKES in the Light of the New Seismology.
New York: The Macmillan Co.
By Clarence Edward Dutton, Major U. S. A.
DOUBLE HARNESS. By Anthony Hope. New York :
(Science Series.) New York ; G. P. Putnam's Sons.
McClure, Phillips & Co.
New York:
THE COMMON LOT.
The Macmillan Co.
A. S. Barnes & Co.
The Macmillan Co.
MY LADY OF THE NORTH,
Jacket.
& Co.
BEVERLY OF GRAUSTARK.
ROLAND OF ALTENBURG.
Herbert S. Stone & Co.
A
York:
BEATRICE OF VENICE.
Max
New
Pemberton.
New
HEARTS IN EXILE.
New York:
SABRINA WARHAM
Lawrence Housman.
Illustrated.


1904.)
311
THE DIAL
an reparation is within his power.
if not exactly of flagging energies, at least of a
lack of that concentration of power which the
most serious art demands. No such apology as
this, however, need be made for "The Son of
Royal Langbrith,' which is the latest of his long
series of novels. In this work he appears before
the public at his highest and surest, joining with
the invention and grasp of his best early books
a heightened degree of that reflective ripeness
which comes only with the advancing years. It
is one of the finest books he has ever written;
one of the best American novels of our time.
The situation depicted is old enough, although
the publishers naïvely describe it as 'new in fic-
tion’; but this offers no bar to our satisfaction.
The oldest situations are apt to be the best, and
the only fair criterion of judgment must be, not
the choice of the situation, but the use that is
made of it. The story is of James Langbrith,
who has been brought up to revere the memory
of the father whom he lost in childhood. This
ancestor-worship has become with him a sort of
cult, and he loves to dwell upon the sturdy vir-
tues and quiet philanthropies in the exercise of
which the father had made himself a shining
example to his fellow-men. But the real facts
of the case are that this same father was an
unmitigated scoundrel, who built up his own
fortunes at the expense of others, and who posed
as a pillar of respectability while leading a dis-
solute life. When the son grows up and is
graduated from Harvard, these facts are known
to only three people in the little manufacturing
town which is the scene of the novel. One is his
long-suffering mother, who has never dared to
undeceive him; the other two are the dead man's
brother (now in charge of his mills) and the old
family physician. For the rest of the community
-- the young and the new-comers-the old pious
legend of Royal Langbrith's virtues is as fixed
a fact as the patriotism of George Washington.
Thus is raised the moral problem with which
Mr. Howells has chosen to deal. That he deals
with it subtly and judiciously, allowing a fair
hearing to all the conflicting considerations, is a
matter of course. Just how the problem is
worked out is of less importance than the way
in which it is put,-a way which is strikingly
that of Dr. Ibsen's 'Ghosts,' although in the
present case there is no problem of heredity
superadded to make the outcome horrible. But
the truth has to be revealed, and when it
has been revealed, -by accident, as it were,
rather than of set purpose on the part of
those who have kept it hidden, we see clearly
enough how sophistical were the reasonings of
those who, knowing what it was, had advised
that it be left buried forever. Fortunately, the
revelation brings with it no need of tragedy, and
its chastening effect upon the enlightened son
seems to be just what that young man needs
for the shaping of his character.
There is one situation to which the novelist
can always have recourse when others fail him,
- the situation offered by the marriage of a
strong man to a weak woman, or of a weak man
to a strong woman. It is always possible ti,
treat this relation with some degree of fresh-
ness, because the variations upon the theme are
practically inexhaustible. Mr. Robert Herrick's
The Common Lot' is based upon this relation,
and he has chosen to depict the latter of the
two possible cases. The man of his book is a
young architect, bent upon worldly success, and
gradually yielding to one temptation after
another until a sort of dry-rot has come to
permeate his entire moral organism. The woman
has a character of Puritan sensitiveness in mat-
ters of right and wrong, but she makes the too-
frequent mistake of idealizing the man whom
she loves, until first instinct and then proof of
a more sensible nature gradually do their work
of disillusionment. When she learns the truth,
she deserts her husband until such time as he
shall realize his degradation and seek her for-
giveness. The climax comes with the destruc-
tion by fire of a hotel building of the architeot's
construction, and the loss of many lives. It
was a contractor's building, dishonestly erected
with the connivance of the architect. This trag-
edy opens his eyes to the true meaning of the
practices into which he has fallen, and by con-
fession and restitution he makes what tardy
Reunited with
his wife, he starts to rebuild his broken career-
this time upon an honest foundation; and there
the story ends. We hesitate to call it the best of
Mr. Herrick's books, because we think highly of
the others; but it is without doubt a strong piece
of work, such as few of our novelists could hope
to equal. It has much variety of character and
scene, almost photographically observed, and it
has many interesting incidents of secondary
importance; but its chief virtue is to be found
in the impressiveness with which it presents the
ethical problem, and enforces (by artistic impli-
cation) the teaching that the moral life is a
unity,- that conduct cannot be a matter of com-
partments, but that each of our acts must affect
all the others for good or for evil.
“There arose a smothered feline screech as
from a tiger whose back is broken in a dead-
fall. Richard gave his wrist the shadow of a
twist, and Snorri fell on one knee. Then, as
though it were some foul thing, Richard tossed
aside Snorri's hand, from the nails of which
blood came oozing in black drops as large as
grapes.' In such fashion does heroism cope with
villainy in the first chapter of “The President,'
and thus are we assured that virtue will be
triumphant in the end. Those who like their
fiction highly-colored and strenuous will find their
account in this melodramatic tale by Mr. Alfred
Henry Lewis. Snorri is a Russian of the deep-
est dye, who seeks to marry the daughter of
Senator Hanway, and to loot the United States
Treasury by tunnelling beneath its foundations.
Richard, who is a multi-millionaire incognito,
seeks the hand of the same young woman, and
thwarts the burglarious designs of his desperate
rival with a degree of success as shining as
Snorri's discomfiture is black. These are but
sample elements of the interest with which the
novel is crammed. We have also such matters


312
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
as the revenge of an outraged woman, a colossal of an American girl from Washington, whose
stock-jobbing operation, and an intrigue for the words and ways give piquancy to the narrative.
presidency. This political feature, which we Most of the weirdly-named characters of the
mention last, is really the substance of the book, earlier work reappear, and the special senti-
which takes us to the seats of the mighty at mental interest is provided by the girl Beverly
Washington, and bids us behold the inner work and the brigand-prince Dantan who eventually
ings of the great confidence-game which is called comes to his own in both senses. It is a harm-
politics. Mr. Lewis has no style to speak of, less sort of book, capable of affording an hour of
but he has picturesque invention in plenty, and agreeable diversion.
is anything but commonplace.
Mr. Edward Mott Woolley's 'Roland of Alten-
Mr. Mark Lee Luther's new novel, 'The Mas burg' is another romance of the 'Graustark"
tery,' is a vigorous production, although it does sort, somewhat less prolific in invention, but con-
not seem to us quite the equal of The Hench forming more closely to the conventional type of
man’ in interest. It is primarily a strictly local this kind of artificial composition in matters of
ized story of New York politics, although it also diction and stage-setting. It is a story that
embodies a love-story which crops out now and makes some pretence of taking itself seriously;
then when the exigencies of the political situa whereas Mr. McCutcheon's productions rather
tion permit the hero to spare a breathing-spell | produce the impression of being innocent jokes
for sentiment. In the end, he proves equally at the reader's expense. In this book, Prince
triumphant in love and in politics. This sort of Roland, travelling incognito in America, meets
novel, the work of tense diction, nervous energy, the young woman whom fate has destined to be
and harsh actuality, is being produced in great his consort, and afterwards, when she is visiting
quantities at the present time, and is not with Altenburg and falls into danger, rescues her at
out a certain value. But the value is of the some personal peril. This also is a harmless and
kind that belongs to journalism rather than to mildly entertaining story.
literature.
The sort of historical romance that has for
Those who have read Mr. Harben's 'Abner its hero a long-suffering soldier of fortune, and
Daniel,' and wished to have further acquaint that disports itself by preference in six-
ance with that shrewd rustic, have only to turn teenth-century France, is well illustrated by the
to “The Georgians' for the satisfaction of their ‘Orrain' of Mr. S. Levett-Yeats. The story con-
desires. These books are of the sort that exist
cerns the rivalry of Diane de Poitiers and the
almost wholly for the sake of a single character, Queen, and the strife between Huguenots and
in the present case, for the sake of the story Catholics. A Huguenot maiden is the heroine,
telling busybody whose quaint humor saves and her love is the romantic prize of the narra-
every critical situation, and whose persuasiye tive; while her riches, coveted by Diane, lead her
methods dissolve every difficulty. With Abner's into desperate dangers. It is needless to say that
dialect stories eliminated, 'The Georgians' would Orrain is always there for her rescue in the nick
prove a thin enough performance, although there of time. It is a little curious to find Catharine
is sufficient pretence of connected plot to keep de Medicis saving a Huguenot victim from the
the book from absolute incoherency.
clutches of the church, but the Queen at this
The supply of Civil War stories shows no signs
time was
a different person from the Queen
of giving out. One of the best of them is 'My Mother of the year of the Massacre. Mr. Levett-
Lady of the North,' by Mr. Randall Parrish. Yeats has a pretty trick of style and description,
As the title indicates, the heroine is a Federal and knows how to construct an ingenious plot.
sympathizer, which makes it obvious that the Mr. Max Pemberton's new novel, 'Beatrice of
hero must be a Confederate. It would be a tame Venice,' has a subject of exceptional interest,
sort of romance that should forego the oppor and turns out to be a work of more 'body' than
tunities offered by this opposition for exciting most of the author's previous inventions. It is a
adventure, generosity toward the adversary, and historical romance, dealing with the early stages
final union after the war is over. The scene of of Napoleon's Italian campaign, and culminating
this novel is Virginia; the time the closing years with the horrors of the 'vespers of Verona,' after
of the conflict. It is all done upon the conven which the occupation of Venice becomes a matter
tional pattern, and very well done. The senti of course. The action is about evenly divided
mental agony is prolonged by the device of between Venice and Verona, and for the neces-
leaving the hero to suppose that the heroine is sary pair of lovers we have on the one hand a
the wife of his bitterest foe, when she is in trusted aide of Napoleon, and on the other a
reality only his sister-in-law and a widow. great lady of Venice. The latter is enabled, at
Sequels are proverbially dangerous things to the risk of steps and positions that are danger-
attempt, but Mr. George B. McCutcheon's 'Bev ously compromising, to soften the fate of the
erly of Graustark,' which is a sequel to his first captured city, and thus vindicate the patriotism
successful novel, has taken no great risks. Both which has been questioned by many suspicious
books are absurd from every point of view except persons. The story abounds in dramatic action,
that of invention, and invention is about all the and is altogether a very creditable example of
saving grace that is called for by the class of the sort of romance which it exemplifies.
readers whose interest they enlist. In the new Mr. John Oxenham's 'Hearts in Exile' tells
romance, we are again transported to the remote the old melodramatic story of Russian tyranny,
kingdom of Graustark, this time in the company secret police, Siberian exile, and eventual escape,


1904.]
318
THE DIAL
but connects it with a plot of distinct novelty.
Two men love the same woman, and she makes
her choice. Afterwards both are exiled, her hus-
band to the more remote and difficult region.
The two meet on the journey to Siberia, and
change names and destinations, thus giving the
husband the better chance of escape. The wife,
meanwhile, starts for Siberia to join her hus-
band, and having reached her distant goal finds
her rejected lover instead. The situation is diffi-
cult, for she must pass for his wife, lest the
exchange of names be discovered and both men
put in jeopardy. Long afterwards, news comes
of the death of her husband, and in due course of
time she marries the other man, whom she has
always secretly loved. But of course the hus-
band is not dead, and of course he reappears
when the mischief is done. So there is nothing
for it but to dispose of him for good, after the
agony has been sufficiently developed; and this is
done by having him shot when all three are
escaping together. The author tells his story
simply and directly, with much poignant force,
As he himself says, the narrative deals with
human emotions rather than with a too realistic
detail of all the facts which excited them.' All
of which means that the story is better than
most of its class, although not to be compared
with such powerful work as Mrs. Voynich's
Olive Latham,' which it in some respects resem-
bles.
Mr. H. G. Wells has added another to the
lengthening series of his ingenious fantasies of
mingled romance and scientific forecast. He
calls it The Food of the Gods,' and bases it
upon the chemical preparation of a food-produet
that produces gigantic growth in every organism
to which it is administered. When this product
finds its way out of the laboratories of the invent-
ors, startling consequences are entailed. To
begin with, it produces gigantic chickens and
rats and wasps, to say nothing of dangerous
rank growths of vegetation. But its real mission
is to produce a gigantic race of men and women;
and when a certain number of these creatures
have been raised upon it, and grown to their
mature stature of forty feet or thereabouts,
civilization has to face a serious menace. These
creatures are Uebermenschen in a more literal
sense than that of which Nietzsche dreamed; and
as soon as they become conscious of their power,
they have things pretty much their own way.
The Food (properly call Boomfood) once started
on its revolutionizing mission, all attempts to
suppress it prove futile, and in the end there
seems to be no outlook but extermination for
ordinary old-fashioned mortals. It is a big con-
ception, developed with much ingenuity of detail;
yet, with all his imagination, the author has only
touched upon its possibilities here and there.
There is not a little humor of the dry, satirical
kind in the book, and here the author is at his
best; when he seeks to be magniloquent he
achieves only bathos.
One of the most important novels of the sea-
son, and one of the strongest works of fiction
that we have read for many a day, is Mr.
Laurence Housman's · Sabrina Warham.' Mr.
Housman takes his art very seriously, and most
zealously avoids every species of claptrap and
sensationalism. His style is both strong and
finished, following approved conventional models
rather than seeking to produce striking effects.
The high seriousness of this work makes it almost
sombre in coloring, for it is with the tragic
deeps of life that the author chooses to deal,
and he resorts sparingly to such elaborations of
surface-detail as occupy the chief attention of
nine out of ten contemporary novelists. Of his
half-dozen or more leading characters, every one
has the strength of distinct individuality. It
may be the strength to maintain the citadel of
one's ideals against insurgent temptations, as in
the case of Sabrina; it may be the strength to
endure greatly with no outward manifestation of
emotion, as in the case of David, whom Sabrina
eventually marries. Again, it may be the
strength of a character narrowly opinionated, as
in the case of Sabrina's mother; it may be the
strength of a perverted and sour nature, as in
the case of David's father; or it may be the
strength of persistence in justifying an immoral
course of conduct, as in the case of the man
whom Sabrina first marries and afterwards
rejects when she discovers how he has deceived
her. It is possibly chargeable to Mr. Housman
as a fault, that each of these characters is too
unmitigated in its exemplification of a particular
theory of life,– that all depart to some extent,
in their rigidity of delineation, from the figures
that actual life has to offer. We are not sure
that this criticism is justifiable; what we are
sure of is that the figures in this book have so
deep an impress of vital truth that they make
shadows or puppets out of the figures in most
other novels of the hour. In reading “ Sabrina
Warham,' we have been reminded more of Mr.
Hardy than of any other novelist; but it is
hardly fair even to make a suggestion of this
sort, so entirely is the work Mr. Housman's own.
By way of contrast, let us set beside the work
just reviewed, the 'Double Harness' of Mr.
Anthony Hope Hawkins. This is a very skilful
piece of workmanship indeed, the product of a
highly accomplished craftsman in letters; yet it
cannot compare for a moment with the other in
strength. It is not that it opposes the muse of
romantic comedy to the muse of tragedy, for
the one may inspire as profoundly as the other;
but it is rather that it has a movement too obvi-
ously mechanical, a plan too obviously artifi-
cial, to prove convincing. Here we have deline-
ated with admirable cleverness the lives of three
married couples, each of them starting out, no
doubt, with the best of intentions, yet each in its
own special way making a mess of the matrimo-
nial experiment. The three are ingeniously
differentiated, so that each makes an effective
foil for the others, and all are brought into a
network of inter-relations that gives a certain
unity to the work as a whole. Moreover, Mr.
Hope's gift for phrase-making lends sparkle and
animation to his every page But his characters
leave no mark: they are not real in any natural


314
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
It opens
sense; if they are real in the sophisticated sense
of modern English society, they prove that
society rotten to the core, and thus unprofitable
even for reproof. The author forgives his char-
acters for their various sins-Pardon's the word
for all,' - and would have his readers forgive
them also, which is Christian and commendable.
We do not think he expects us to admire them,
save in one instance, and that is the instance of
a man who, when his wife is about to desert her
husband and child, forces her return by the
threat ( which we are given to understand is
made in deadly earnest ) that if she leaves him
he will forthwith kill both himself and their
infant child. This is a trifle too strong even for
melodrama, and we can hardly hold such a char-
acter at his creator's estimate.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
NOTES ON NEW NOVELS.
Apart from having his lovers practical Chris-
tians in the time of Augustus several years B. C.,
there is little in Mr. Irving Bacheller's 'Vergilius,
a Tale of the Coming of Christ' (Harper) with
which the most fastidious critic can find fault. He
presents a vivid and convincing panorama of
imperial Rome and Herodian Jerusalem, and through
the political intrigues of both capitals his pair of
Roman patricians, youthful soldier and beautiful
maiden, thread a sure path to happiness. Plots
and counter-plots, gladiatorial combats and excit-
ing personal encounters, banqueting and voyaging,
fill the pages and lead up to the fine scene of the
first Christmas.
'Deacon Lysander' (Baker & Taylor Co.), Mrs.
Sarah Pratt McLean Greene's latest book, is the
story of an old-fashioned countryman of sufficient
means, who takes his wife Candace with him on
a visit to the national capital and has there a
series of humanizing experiences. The happy
and contented couple are housed by chance in a
shabby-genteel school for girls with a boarding-
house attachment. The secrets of the household
are sufficiently obvious, with all the petty shifts
to maintain appearances on the part of the three
maiden sisters at its head. One of the three pupils
is kept from making a silly match by the good
Deacon, and eventually the three school-mistresses
are drafted off to a more comfortable career in the
pleasant little town in which the good man lives.
Kentucky, with its feuds, negroes, and whiskey, is
the scene of Mr. Opie Read's 'Turk' (Laird & Lee).
The story begins in the period just before the war,
while the agitation for the abolition of slavery is
going on, passing through that monumental strug-
gle briefly, and bringing up somewhat abruptly
with the hero in ownership of a fortune, all in
gold coin, bequeathed him by a miser. The hero is
à bound boy, the sole survivor of family welfare,
and a well-drawn if somewhat unpleasant character.
No small share of the narrative is given over to a
discussion of the liquor evil, which includes a vivid
delineation of the temptations suffered by one who
has inherited a tendency to drink not wisely but
too well. The book has more reserve and a better
conception of plot than most of Mr. Read's books,
and affords a convincing picture of the times.
Mr. Wilson Barrett's 'Never-Never Land' (Lip-
pincott) is likely to make the reader sit up'-
to borrow one of its favorite phrases. It is a
thorough-going old-fashioned Adelphi melodrama
in book form, with incident enough for a whole
nickel library' between its two covers.
in the back country of Australia, with a bank
robbery, a bush fire, a fatal accident, and a gang
of villains using a dialect fearful and wonderful;
it traverses the United States, where people speak
the variety of English usually put into the mouths
of American characters on the British stage; and
it ends in merry England.
"A Kittiwake of the Great Kills' (The Grafton
Press) is the collective title of twelve tales of
living things, including birds, beasts, snails, crabs,
and a tortoise, by Mr. Charles Frederick Stansbury.
They are all placid, interesting, and sympathetic,
written from the point of view of an elder and
wiser brother, and well calculated, if read, to put an
end to the lack of consideration with which so many
created things are viewed by thoughtless human
beings. Especially to be commended is the reserve
with which the deeds of smaller beings are set
forth, avoiding over-drafts on one's credulity in
dealing with animal psychology.
Materials of the slightest furnish forth the con-
tents of Mr. John Harwood Bacon's "The Pursuit
of Phyllis' (Holt). An American novelist of means,
sent off on vacation to recuperate from overwork,
chances upon letters addressed to a young woman
he has never heard of; he undertakes the fantastic
duty of delivering them to her, goes to Paris,
Marseillos, Ceylon, Hong Kong, and various other
remote regions, in pursuit of her, — and what was
expected to happen duly comes to pass.
A rather flippant story of a fortune and its
successive possessors, by Mr. James Branch Cabell,
is called The Eagle's Shadow' (Doubleday, Page
& Co.), the eagle having reference to good Ameri-
can money. A millionaire father dies and leaves all
his wealth to his niece, with whom the son is in
love. There is a general mix-up on account of two
conflicting wills that are discovered, but all the
differences between the lovers disappear after some
misunderstanding, and all is well with the world at
the close of the book.
More Cheerful Americans' (Holt) is the name
of Mr. Charles Battell Loomis's volume of eighteen
humorous tales, done in his familiar manner. They
have little purpose except to amuse, although a
couple of them verge upon the domain of crit.
icism: 'The Song That Sold' as showing what kind
of music Americans can be persuaded to think they
like, and 'How to Write a Novel for the Masses'
the latter so nearly true that one wonders why Mr.
Loomis does not follow his own prescription and
amass wealth thereby.
The manner in which millionaires from the new
world can be taken in by unscrupulous venders of
articles of vertu in the old gives Miss Alice Jones
the central idea about which ‘Gabriel Praed's
Castle' (Herbert B. Turner & Co.) is constructed.
As an American painter and an American designer
of costumes also become involved in the plot, the
story has elements of excitement akin to those
of a good detective story, with two pretty love-
stories thrown in.
Heading every chapter with a strain of music
as well as a musical title, Miss Linnie 8. Harris
makes the heroine of 'Sweet Peggy' (Little, Brown
& Co.) the possessor of a beautiful voice, and the
hero a singer likewise. The scene is in the New
England hills; the story is idyllic; and the minor
characters are such as really exist in those regions.


1904.]
315
THE DIAL
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Oregon, from
A terse sketch of the history of
wilderness a most interesting portion of our
to Statehood.
Pacific Coast territory is fur-
nished in Sidona V. Johnson's Short History
of Oregon' (McClurg & Co). This rapid narra-
tive touches briefly upon all the important epi-
sodes (which are not few) in the historical life
of the region once known as 'the Oregon coun-
try,' and which now embraces the states of Ore-
gon, Washington, and Idaho, with portions of
adjacent states. Beginning with the sub-title of
'Discovery,' the voyages of European sailors
along the shores of the Pacific are recounted,
ending with the discovery by Captain Gray of
the estuary of the Columbia River in 1792, and
his entrance upon its broad waters, and the sub-
sequent acquaintance of the British seamen with
this discovery, and their occupation of the shores
of the Columbia under the claim of priority.
Wisely refraining from re-arguing a question
now admitted to be settled in favor of the United
States, the compiler cites the facts as to our
prior occupation of the valley of the river, and
the strained construction of the facts under
which Great Britain affected to dispute our claim,
which was long since admitted. The exploration
of the territory is illustrated by a summary of
the leading features of the well-known Lewis
and Clark expedition; following which, nearly
half of the text is devoted to a more detailed
history of the settlement of the Oregon country.
The romantic story of the contest between two
great Anglo-Saxon civilizations for the control
of our empire on the Pacific is here related in a
succinct and readable form. The labors and
schemes of rival fur-trading companies, the com-
peting plans for immigration and settlement, the
quiet but often successful workings of the great
companies in opposition to the introduction of
immigrants for permanent occupation, the com-
plications caused by the advent of missionaries
of diverse creeds and their frequent clashes of
opinion and influence, and the varying effects
of these conflicting agencies upon the feeling and
disposition of the native tribes, are here set forth
as among the factors of a great international
controversy; though to each of these episodes,
as to the narrative of the labors and experiences
of Dr. Marcus Whitman, ending in the lament-
able Whitman massacre,' but little space can
be allowed in this 'short history.' The work is
a convenient compendium of the leading events
in the period sketched, closing with an account
of the final ending of 'the Oregon question,' and
the institution in the disputed country, first of
territorial and afterward of state government
according to the American model. From wilder-
ness to metropolitan statehood was such a rapid
course in this instance as to warrant its being
recounted as history in these 315 pages.
We are growing accustomed to
New essays by
Miss Repplier.
the plaint that the essay is
dead, its place usurped by a
new literary genre, the article of information
written by the practical man and the specialist
for a public that is tired of fine-spun theories and
demands facts—when it is not occupied with fic-
tion. We may be inclined to dispute the place
of the practical man and his article in literature,
but we are hardly in a position to deny the
decadence,-or, to speak more accurately, the
gradual disappearance,-of the essay. In Amer-
ica at least it would be in a bad way, were it
not for a little band of choice spirits few enough
to be counted on one's fingers, and numbering
among their late recruits Dr. Samuel Crothers,
and among their leaders tried and true Miss
Agnes Repplier. It is almost superfluous to
attempt a review of Miss Repplier's latest volume
of essays, published under the title of "Com-
promises' (Houghton). Most of these essays are
already familiar to magazine readers; and even
if that were not the case, she has long since found
her public, who need no critical sanction to
assure them that amid the snares and delusions
of the book-mart Miss Repplier is of the few
who may always be depended upon.
The new
Compromises' are as clever and as delight-
fully heretical as the older 'Points of View.'
There is the same felicity of bookish allusion,
the same keen-edged analysis, and the unfailing
wit whereby Miss Repplier has done so much to
enhance 'The Gayety of Life,' to quote the title
of one of these essays, and the luxury of litera-
ture, to paraphrase another. As usual, she
sweeps through a wide range of subjects. "Mar-
riage in Fiction,' 'Our Belief in Books,' and
*The Luxury of Conversation’ are perhaps most
characteristic. Another group of essays,
includ-
ing The Tourist,' The Headsman,' The Beg-
gar's Pouch,' and 'The Pilgrim's Staff,' hint of
recent European travel, some of them being the
outgrowth of personal experience, and others
clever bits of research along forgotten byways
of history. There are plenty of people who do
not care for Miss Repplier,- who find her hard as
well as brilliant, too allusive, too personal in her
attitude to life, too critical of its commonplace
dogmas. They generally end by saying that Miss
Repplier is a woman, and-for reasons that vary
with each disputant-women cannot write essays.
Only time can settle the large issue, and 'Com-
promises' will not alter the party lines much.
In ‘Points of View,' Miss Repplier reached her
high-water mark, though one detects a slight gain
in simplicity and mellowness in the more recent
volumes.
The real subject of the hand-
Appreciation
book entitled "The Apprecia-
of Sculpture.
tion of Sculpture,' from the
pen of that accomplished critic Mr. Russell Stur-
gis and published by the Baker & Taylor Co.,
is sculpture for sculpture's sake. This is sound
doctrine. In full acceptance of its point of view,
and all that is implied by it, lies the true criterion
for those who would learn to know and appre-
ciate. A work of art should be valued for itself
rather than for any moral lesson it may inculcate,
or for the appeal, however subtle or impressive,
that it may make to sentiment. The more pointed
the lesson and the stronger the appeal, the more
does it tend to divert attention from the artistic


316
[Nov. 16,
THE
DIAL
qualities of the work. To sculpture, because of
its nature and limitations, this applies with
especial force. If the sculptor be in truth an
artist, his main thought and purpose must of
necessity be aesthetic. Should enthusiasm for
any associated idea sway him too far, his pro-
ductions are sure to suffer by the substitution of
thoughts foreign to his art as such. Historic,
religious, mythological, or literary significances
are all very well, and interest in them is not to be
deprecated; but they are things quite distinct
and apart from the artistic quality which is of
first importance in works of art. By scattering
such considerations through his book, instead of
setting them forth at the outset, Mr. Sturgis
avoids the semblance of preaching and aims to
lead up to the right mental attitude rather than
to formulate it. Yet somewhow, in spite of the
truth of what he says, the manner of putting it
is, on the whole, inconclusive. He begins by
enumerating the existing works of sculpture that
unquestionably are of the best epoch of Greek
art, or have the characteristics of that epoch,
and which constitute our best standard of excel-
lence. The inquiry then proceeds, taking up the
Greco-Roman works, those of Europe in the Mid-
dle Ages, the Italian Revival and Decadence, and
ending with several chapters on the sculpture of
our own day. Eighty excellent and well-chosen
illustrations serve to point the author's remarks,
which are always intelligent and discriminating
а.
antipathy to the French National Observatory
would hardly lead him to refuse to credit this
capital discovery to the U. S. Naval Observatory.
As an illustration of the depths of sentimental-
ism with which the author essays to charm the
reader betimes, we quote from p. 192, premising
that 'Fig. 54' is a wood-cut which occupies nearly
a page and represents a young girl looking at a
stooting star. "The young girl dreaming in the
delicious tranquility of the transparent night
smiles at this charming sister in the Heavens
(Fig. 54). What cannot this adorable star
announce to the tender and loving heart? Is it
the shy messenger of the happiness so long
desired? Its unpremeditated appearance fills the
soul with a ray of hope and makes it tremble.
It is a golden beam that glides into the heart,
expanding it in the thrills of a sudden and
ephemeral pleasure.' For a combination of irre-
fragable logic and unimpeachable English, behold
the following quotation from page 208. The
author is endeavoring to show how the earth is
supported in space, without falling. 'A body can
only fall when it is attracted, drawn by a more
important body. Now in whatever direction we
may wander upon the globe, our feet are always
downward. Down is therefore the center of the
Earth. The terrestrial globe may be regarded
as an immense ball of magnet, and its attraction
holds us at its surface. We weigh toward the
center. This once understood, where could
the Earth fall to? The question is an absurdity.
“Below” being toward the center, it would have
to fall out of itself.' But why quote further!
The whole matter may be summed up by saying
that the reader of this book is by turns enlight-
ened, misled, bewildered, and amused.
Mr. William Potts, writing
Familiar talks
on country topics.
apparently as a resident, or
summer resident, of Farming-
ton, Connecticut, loyally maintains that this
pleasant and somewhat historic town has held in
its day a place next only to Rome and Boston as
a world centre; and in that town the particular
spot of chief interest and importance, to him at
least, is very naturally his attractive home, which
as christened 'Underledge.' In 'More Notes
from Underledge' (Dodd), he chats genially
with his readers, sometimes as a botanist or a
meteorologist, sometimes as an antiquary, and
again on whatever subject pops into his head,
be it 'the passing of the pump' or the hideous
monstrosity of the so-called 'trolley.' The prime
virtue of his little book is its frank and natural
tone, which reveals the writer in his words and
shows him to be a thoroughly companionable,
communicative sort of person, with a merry mood
that is not above quips and jests of even a very
trivial kind. The style is indeed the man in his
case, unless the reader is greatly deceived. From
his chapter on 'Lamb's Tales,' which has noth-
ing to do with its title, and but very little with
sheep-raising, its ostensible theme, let us take,
almost at random, a characteristic passage: 'A
marsh is always an interesting place, especially
to an artist, and also to one who is fond of wild-
Camille Flammarion has
Astronomy of the
sentimental sort.
very considerable reputation
as a writer on popular astron-
omy. He understands the audience for which he
writes, and his works have a large sale in France.
But when his latest book is placed before the
American public under the title of 'Astronomy
for Amateurs' (Appleton), there is cause for
protest; for the title of the French volume of
which this is the authorized translation is
“Astronomy for Women,' and the contents amply
justify the title. Indeed, had the American title
been 'Astronomy for French Women,' it would
have described the book more accurately. There
are, however, at least two passages in the first
hundred pages which a French or American
mother of average discreetness would hesitate to
read to her family of growing girls and boys.
Such passages might be expected in the pages of
a French novel, but there is no good excuse for
inserting them in a book on astronomy. The gen-
eral style of the book may be indicated by say-
ing that the text is sentimental, fanciful, rhe-
torically exuberant, at times inexact, and always
readable by people who enjoy reading of that
sort. The inexactness is sometimes due to the
author's endeavor to adapt his knowledge to the
average feminine intellect, as he estimates it.
Educated American women will resent the esti-
· mate. Most of the errors, however, were evi-
dently 'made in America. For example, the
statement that the two moons of Mars were dis-
covered by Mr. Hall at the University of Wash-
ington,' can scarcely have been made by a man
so .well posted as Flammarion; his well-known
he


1904.]
817
THE DIAL
flowers, for here he will find them in the great-
est profusion and variety. And then what pos-
sibilities of snakes are here, not to speak of musk-
rats and other wild fowl!' Again, speaking of
his cellar drainage, he says: 'It was a happy
accident that the builder had been brought up in
the school of that modern Greek who, what time
there happened an unfortunate giving way in the
bow of his boot, wisely made an equivalent aper-
ture in the stern, so that the water which "ran in
at the toe ran immejetly out at the heel." ' Chit-
chat is not the highest form of literature, but
who shall say it has not its uses ?
Memoirs of
There is a suggestion of invid-
leaders of the
ious comparisons about the
French Revolution.
title "The Great Frenchman
and the Little Genevese' (Putnam), which Lady
Seymour has chosen for her translation of
Etienne Dumont's 'Souvenirs sur Mirabeau.
Judged by the impression which his memoirs have
left upon students of the Revolutionary period,
and by the estimates of his character held by
such men as Sir Samuel Romilly, Dumont was the
opposite of 'little.' He had not only an unusually
clear and sympathetic mind,-he writes of his
recollections with surprising candor. Many of
the memoirs of the Revolution were composed
during the Napoleonic period, or during the
Restoration; but what writer confesses, like
Dumont in 1799, during the last ten years I
have already forgotten many facts, and I fear
that if I wait much longer my memory of them
will become very confused,' and 'as to the second
part [the period after Mirabeau's death] I have
still less to record, my recollections are very scat-
tered and the sequence of them is often broken.'
In this way he disclaims that restrospective omni-
science which frequently misleads the reader of
memoirs. His candor gives a pleasant conversa-
tional tone to his recollections; one feels that
with so sane a guide one may see events and men
as they would actually appear were we to step
down into the streets of Revolutionary Paris.
Dumont's work concerns Mirabeau chiefly, but
his descriptions of Talleyrand, of Brissot, Cla-
vière, and of Madame Roland, are almost equally
interesting. With them all he was on confidential
terms. Lady Seymour's translation is spirited,
though not free from minor inaccuracies, includ-
ing a mistake in the original title of the book.
She is also in error when she says that hers is the
first English translation of the “Souvenirs,' for
an English translation was published in 1832.
Her work is none the less a service, because the
earlier translation has long been practically
unprocurable.
Apropos of the beatitude with
The invitations
which Mr. Bradford Torrey
of Nature.
begins his delightful essay on
Hazlitt, ‘Blessed is the man who enjoys himself,'
it is pertinent to respond, ‘Blessed too is the man
who enjoys the world around him.' And Mr.
Bradford Torrey himself, if indeed not the man,
is at least one of the chief of such men. It is a
great deal to say that his new book, 'Nature's
Invitation' (Houghton), which, like its predeces-
sors, is a reprint from magazines and newspapers,
is as good as his other writings. In truth, it is a
little better,--a little more perfect in its amalga-
mation of life, literature, and nature, a little
richer in its experience of birds and blossoms,
men and mountains. It is wider, too, in geo-
graphical range, recording visits to Mt. Wash-
ington, the Everglades of Florida, and the deserts
of New Mexico; but to the man with birds in
his eye'-and other beautiful things,-location
is a mere incident. The student of nature,' Mr.
Torrey says, 'is never at a loss what to do with
his day'; and never at a loss, moreover, to make
the best of any situation in which he may be
placed. A bleak trip up Moosilauke in May is
cheered for him by the discovery of Selkirkii,
'the one species of our Eastern North American
violets he has never picked'; the inanity of a
Florida winter hotel is replaced by the excitement
of identifying rare trees and shrubs in the ham-
mock land near by; even the tedium of a nine
hours' delay on the railroad is turned into an
opportunity, for since the tourist's mind, like his
stomach, abhors a vacuum,' he goes bird-hunting
and has six new species to show for it. 'Blessed
are they who want something, for when they get
it they will be glad.' Especially blessed are they
who want the beauties of the out-door world, and
have gladness like Mr. Torrey's when they find
them. All such will subscribe heartily to the
naturalist's creed, which is thus simply stated :
'Man was not made to see one kind of beauty, or
to believe in one kind of goodness. The whole
world is hid in his heart. All things are his.
The small and the great, the near and the far,
light and darkness, good and evil, the intimacies
of home and the isolations of infinite space, all
are parts of the Creator's work, and equally parts
of the creature's inheritance.'
A proffered
In Dr. Washington Gladden's
substitute for
latest book, "Where Does the
creeds out-worn.
Sky Begin?' (Houghton, Mifflin
& Co.), there is gathered some of the ripest fruit
of two or three years' thinking and preaching.
Dr. Gladden's congregation in Columbus are for-
tunate in having been the first to hear the nine-
teen discourses which compose this volume; but
aside from the sonorous delivery which com-
mended them so favorably to the ear, there is
enough meat and marrow in them, enough sanc-
tified common-sense, to meet the tastes and the
needs of the larger constituency throughout the
country who have often been helped to clear
thinking by the utterances of this vigorous
preacher of righteousness. The practical prob-
lems of the mind, and the Christian life as it can
be lived even in this day and generation, are here
discussed with unfailing freshness, only a sug-
gestion of which may here be given by repeating
some of the most striking titles. 'Moments and
Movements,' 'The Fulfillment of Life,' “Knowing
How to be Rich,' The Everlasting Yea,' The
Education of Our Wants,' 'How to be Sure of
God,' The Lesson of the Cross,' are captions
which will appeal not in vain to a wide range
of thoughtful readers. Not much of the old


318
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
theology' is to be found in these pages, even as an
object of denunciation; the polemics of other
days have been succeeded by the glow and enthu-
siasm of a constructive Christianity that feels
the obligation resting upon it to replace the out-
worn creeds by a living and working faith.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The new 'Gladstone' edition of Rossetti gives us
in a single volume the complete poetical works,
with full index and other editorial equipment. It
follows the text of Mr. W. M. Rossetti's authorized
edition, and has the introduction written by him
nearly twenty years ago. It is published by Messrs.
T. Y. Crowell & Co.
With the publication of Volume IV. of "The
Spanish Conquest in America,' by Sir Arthur
Helps, Mr. John Lane has completed his handsome
reprint of this important work. His share of the
undertaking as publisher leaves nothing to be
desired, and the editorial part of the work, as
performed by Mr. M. Oppenheim, is also highly
satisfactory.
Messrs. Lewis Emerson Horning and Lawrence
J. Burpee have collaborated in the preparation of
"A Bibliography of Canadian Fiction' in English,
which comes to us from Mr. William Briggs,
Toronto, as a pamphlet publication of the Victoria
University Library. This is a companion to the
similar account of Canadian poetry which was
published five years ago..
Messrs. A. S. Barnes & Co. publish 'In the Days
of Chaucer,' by Mr. Tudor Jenks, with an introduc-
tion by Mr. H. W. Mabie. This is the first book
of a series planned by Mr. Jenks for the purpose
of vivifying the lives and times of the great Eng.
lish writers. The book is incidentally a biography,
but essentially a picture of life in an age long
past, and now described for us in simple and
attractive language.
"The Art of Caricature' (Baker & Taylor Co.),
by Mr. Grant White, is a text-book intended to
provide its readers with a foundation upon which
to build an art education. The information given
has not, for the most part, appeared in printed
form elsewhere, and the author has of course kept
the needs of the beginner constantly in mind. As
a book of instruction, it supplies technical knowl.
edge that will appeal to the embryo artist, and the
illustrations accompanying the chapters on expres-
sion, color, technique, composition, etc., are of such
a nature as to furnish a fundamental idea of the
general requirements of the art in question.
The 'Oxford Modern French Series,' edited by
Mr. Leon Delbos, is a collection of texts, provided
with introductions and notes, and published by
Mr. Henry Frowde for the Oxford Clarendon Press.
The following eight volumes are at hand:
Lamartine's Deux Héroïnes de la Révolution
Française,' edited by Miss Mary Bentinck-Smith;
Balzac's ''La Vendetta' and 'Pierre Grassou,
edited by Miss Marie Péchinet; Hugo's 'Bug.
Jargal,' edited by Mr. Louis Sers; Sandeau's
'Mademoiselle de la Seiglère' (the novel), edited
by Mr. A. L. Dupuis; a selection from Chateau-
briand's ‘Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe,' edited by Mr.
Louis Sers; Karr's 'Voyage autour de mon Jardin,'
edited by Mr. Stuart G. Hallam; Gozlan's 'Le
Château de Vaux, edited by Mr. A. H. Smith; and
Extraits des Voyages d'Alexis de Tocqueville,'
edited by Mr. J. Mansion. Some of the texts are
slightly shortened,' a matter for much regret.
NOTES.
A volume of 'Synopses of Dickens 's Novels,' pre-
pared by Mr. J. Walker McSpadden, is a useful
little book published by Messrs. T. Y. Crowell &
Co.
A collection of eight hundred letters written by
William and Dorothy Wordsworth, their brother
John, and other members of the family, has been
prepared by Prof. William Knight and will be
published this month by Messrs. Ginn & Co.
Professor Dana Carleton Munro has prepared for
the use of teachers in secondary schools 'A Source
Book of Roman History,' which should prove a
valuable adjunct to the work of instruction.
Messrs. D. C. Heath & Co. are the publishers.
Mr. Jonathan Nield's Guide to the Best His-
torical Novels and Tales' is published by the
Messrs. Putnam in a third edition, revised and
enlarged. This is a very useful book, and in its
present form is far more valuable than it was
before.
Still another jiu-jitsu book comes to us from Mr.
H. Irving Hancock, who has already done so much
to familiarize us with Japanese methods of physical
training. "Jiu-Jitsu Combat Tricks' is the title of
this volume, which is published by the Messrs.
Putnam.
Mr. Ernest Pertwee follows up his recent 'Re-
citer's Treasury of Verse' with a companion volume
of nearly a thousand pages devoted to Prose and
the Drama. All degrees of literary merit are repre.
sented in the collection, but it seems on the whole
well calculated to serve its special purpose.
Mr. Thomas Bailey Aldrich's play entitled
"Judith of Bethulia, written for Miss Nance
O'Neill and lately produced by her in Boston,
will be published at an early date by Messrs.
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. It is in part a dramatiza-
tion of Mr. Aldrich's narrative poem, ‘Judith and
Holofernes.'
"The American Jewish Year Book' for 5665
(which is the year beginning this last September),
is sent us by the Jewish Publication Society of
America. It is edited by Dr. Cyrus Adler and Miss
Henrietta Szold, is prevailingly biographical in
character, and might be called a Jewish Who's Who
in America.'
Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. have nearly ready Prof.
Kellogg's long-delayed book on 'American Insects.'
It will contain over eight hundred illustrations in
color and black-and-white, and will cover in a com-
prehensive way the entire American insect world.
The same publishers have nearly ready a volume
entitled_`Pedagogues and Parents,' by Mrs. Ella
Calista Wilson.
A biography of the late Henry D. Lloyd, the
well-known writer and speaker on economic and
industrial subjects, is to be prepared by his sister,
Mrs. Caro Lloyd Witherington, of New York. Any
personal letters or reminiscences of Mr. Lloyd, or
any material desirable for the purpose, will be
thankfully received by Mrs. Witherington, at 49
Wall Street, New York, in care of Mr. Henry W.
Goodrich.
One of the most interesting biographies of the
year may confidently be expected in Mr. James
Douglas's Life of Theodore Watts-Dunton, poet,
novelist, and critic, announced for early publica-
tion by Mr. John Lane. During his long life Mr.
Watts-Dunton has been intimately associated with
most of the great figures in Victorian literature and
art. Reminiscences, anecdotes, and letters of these
distinguished friends will occupy a large place in
now


1904.]
319
THE DIAL
the forthcoming volume, which will also include
some hitherto unpublished poems by Mr. Watts-
Dunton and extracts from his articles contributed
to the London 'Athenaeum.'
Baedeker’s ‘Italy from the Alps to Naples,'
recently imported by the Messrs. Scribner, is a
new book compiled from the three more extended
volumes devoted to Italy, and contains all the
matter that the hurried traveller, and most of the
matter that the leisurely traveller, will need for
his guidance.
Messrs. Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. reprint, in
their ‘Luxenbourg' edition of favorite standard
novels, the following works:
Jane Austen's
'Pride and Prejudice,' William Ware's "Zenobia,'
Lever's 'Harry Lorrequer,' Bulwer's ‘Rienzi,' and
LeSage's 'Gil Blas.' Each volume is handsomely
illustrated and neatly boxed.
The next title in Mr. Francis P. Harper's
important Americana reprints, now nearly ready,
will be "The Life and Writings of Father Pierre-
Jean De Smet,' edited by Major Hiram M. Chit-
tenden and Mr. Alfred Talbot Richardson. The
edition is in four large volumes, with full his-
torical, geographical, ethnological, and other notes,
a new biography of Father De Smet, and numerous
illustrations.
Three books of much interest in connection with
the great conflict in the far East are announced
for publication during the present month. Two
of these are by Japanese writers, — Dr. K. Asa-
kawa's 'The Russo-Japanese Conflict: Its Causes
and Issues' (Houghton), and Mr. Okakura-Kakuzo's
* The Awakening of Japan' (Century Co.). The
third volume is Dr. Hugo Ganz's account of Russia
of to-day, entitled “The Land of Riddles' (Harper).
The newest issues in the series of ‘Handy
Volume Classics,' published by the Messrs. Crowell,
follows: Sheridan's 'The Rivals,' and
"The School for Scandal,' edited by Professor
Brander Matthews; “Songs from the Dramatists,'
edited by Robert Bell, with an introduction to
the new edition by Professor Matthews; a selection
of Addison's essays, with an introduction by Mr.
H. W. Mabie; The Hundred Best English Poems,'
selected by Mr. Adam L. Gowans; and a selection
from Chesterfield's letters, edited by Mr. Charles
Welsh.
LAURA BRIDGMAN: Dr. Howe's Famous Pupil and What
he Taught her. By Maud Howe and Florence Howe
Hall. New edition; illus., 12mo, pp. 394. Little,
Brown & Co. $1.50.
HISTORY.
LAST HOURS OF SHERIDAN'S CAVALRY : A Reprint of War
Memoranda. By Henry Edwin Tremain. Illus., 12mo,
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THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1493-1898. Edited by Emma
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are
as
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 154 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD
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SHAKESPEARE'S LOVES LABOUR'S LOST, 'Variorum' edi-
tion. Edited by Horace Howard Furness, M.A.
With frontispiece, large 8vo, gilt top, pp. 401. J.
B. Lippincott Co. $4. net.
THE WEALTH OF NATIONS. By Adam Smith; edited, with
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index, by Edwin Cannan, M.A. In 2 vols., large
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PORTRAITS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, Historic and
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8vo, gilt tops. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5. net.
TALES AND POEMS OF EDGAR ALLAN POE, Handy Volume
edition. In 6 vols., illus., 16mo, gilt tops. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $6.
CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL ESSAYS OF LORD MACAULAY,
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Sons.
EDINBURGH. By Robert Louis Stevenson. New edition ;
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MONSIEUR DUPIN : The Detective Tales of Edgar Allan
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REMINISCENCES OF PEACE AND WAR. By Mrs. Roger A.
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MY RECOLLECTIONS. By Princess Catherine Radziwill.
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THE CAPTAIN AND THE KINGS. By Henry Haynie. Illus.,
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LYMAN BEECHER. By Edward F. Hayward. 12mo, gilt
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$6.
pp. 339.


320
[Nov. 16,
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SONGS OF MOTHERHOOD. Selected by Elizabeth Johnson
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THE RIVER'S CHILDREN: An Idyl of the Mississippi. By
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ANDREA : The Tribulations of a Child.
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ROMA BEATA : Letters from the Eternal City. By Maud
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Paper.
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GAINSBOROUGH, and his place in English Art. By Sir
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AMERICAN INTERIOR DECORATION : A Portfolio of 55
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LESSONS IN MUSIC FORM. By Percy Goetschius, Mus. Doc.
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pp. 79.
By


1904.]
321
THE DIAL
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INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL
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EVERYDAY PEOPLE : Drawings by Charles Dana Gibson.
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FLORENCE IN THE POETRY OF THE BROWNINGS : Being a
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322
[Nov. 16,
THE DIAL
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G
THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information.
CONTRNTS - Continued.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th of
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER.
-
No. 443.
DECEMBER 1, 1904. Vol. XXXVII.
and Romantic Associations.—Field's Rome.—Mrs.
Elliott's Roma Beata. - Beerbohm's The Poet's
Corner. — Hamerton's The Intellectual Life, illus,
trated edition. — Bradford's The Messages of the
Masters, new edition. — Miss Watanna's The Love
of Azalea. -- Le Gallienne's Old Love Stories Re-
told. — Buchanan's The Castle Comedy. - Ford's
Love Finds a Way.-Dunbar's L'il' Gal.--Sladen's.
Japan in Pictures. — Mabie's Nature and Culture,
holiday edition. New volumes in the "Thumb--
Nail Series.' — New ‘Ariel Booklets.' -- Webster's:
Strenuous Animals. — Miss Knapp's Upland Past-
Miss Tytler's The Old Masters and their
Pictures, illustrated edition. – Wister's A Journey
in Search of Christmas. – Mrs. Stuart's Sonny, a
Christmas Guest, illustrated edition.—New volumes.
in the ‘Luxembourg Library.'— Maxims of La
Rochefoucauld, Wessels's edition. — Miss Ayer's
Daily Cheer. — Cuyler's Our Christmas Tides. -
Fox's Christmas Eve on Lonesome. Carleton's
Over the Hill to the Poor-House, illus. by W. E.
Mears. — Matthewman and Fleming's Business. –
Miss Orthwein's Petals of Love for Thee.
ures.
CONTENTS.
PAGB
THE AGE OF REPRINT
. 359
A LATER 'OLD PEPYS.' Edith Kellogg Dunton 361
EARLY MAPS OF AMERICA. F. H. Hodder .
363
EMERSON, POET AND THINKER. Annie Russell
Marble
. 366
NEW BOOKS ABOUT JAPAN. William Elliot
Griffis
368
Hearn's Japan, an Attempt at Interpretation. -
Stead's Japan by the Japanese. -- Knox's Japanese
Life in Town and Country.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG-I. .
. 379
Old favorites in new forms. – Tales of our own
country.–Stories of the old world. — Adventure
in many lands .- Tales of the sea.
- For boys
especially. — For girls especially. - For boys and
girls alike. — Nature and animal stories. — Tales
of Wonderland. - Pictures, songs, and jingles.
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AN AMERICAN
ADMIRAL. Wallace Rice .
. 369
NOTES
385
.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS
386
.
HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS — I. .
371
Mrs. McMahan's Florence in the Poetry of the
Brownings, large-paper edition. — Dillon's Por-
celain. — Pictures by George Frederick Watts.
Sainte-Beuve's Portraits of the Seventeenth Cen-
tury, trans. by Miss Wormeley. - Fiske's New
France and New England, holiday edition. -
Mackaye's The Canterbury Tales. — Harris's The
Tar Baby, and Other Rhymes of Uncle Remus.
Gibson's Every Day People. — White's The Moun-
tains. -Schelling's The Queen's Progress. - Ma-
caulay's Essays and Poe's Tales and Poems,
Handy Volume' editions. — Seton's Monarch,
the Big Bear of Tallac. --- Fulleylove and Mrs.
Smith's Westminster Abbey. - Miss Trueblood's
Cats by the Way.- Maeterlinck's Our Friend the
Dog. - Bacon's Narragansett Bay, its Historic
THE AGE OF REPRINT.
Four yards of Thackeray, roughly measured,
just now standing on the editorial desk, prompt
us to a few reflections, apposite enough at any
time of the year, and peculiarly seasonable at
this time of the approaching holidays. It
appears to be Thackeray in the present instance;
it might just as well be Shakespeare or Scott
or Dickens or Carlyle. These huge boxes of
old books in new editions are among the most
familiar of our visitors, yet their appearance is
an unfailing cause of wonder, and of amused


360
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
speculation concerning their presumable pur books are now being written in greater num-
chasers and readers. That they find purchasersbers than ever to assert that the present age is
is clear enough; they would not come to us in an age of reprint. Of the new books we have
such seemingly endless procession except in here nothing to say, because our present con-
response to a corresponding demand. Con cern is with the extraordinary multiplication of
sidered as articles of commerce, they are evi the old ones, a multiplication without parallel
dently sure of their market. Carlyle is as staple in the past. It takes every conceivable form
a product as corn or cotton; Thackeray is no and is made upon every imaginable pretext.
less steady an object of consumption than An extensive collection of sets of standard
tobacco or tea. The publisher of these editions authors may result from the invention of a new
takes no more risk than the farmer who raises quality of paper, or a new device in binding,
his crop; his product is subject to the usual or a new idea about methods of bookselling.
market fluctuations, but is reasonably assured An original taste for decorative effect may make
of yielding a return of the cost of production. the future of a whole library of literature. The
The output, moreover, increases from year to talent of some new illustrator may require the
year with the increase of population, just as the production of a long series of editions whose
production of wheat increases, thus verifying only raison d'être is the exercise of that par-
the saying that man shall not live by bread ticular talent upon the text. The individuality
alone.
of some neat or brilliant critic may make
Pursuing still further the economic analogy, imperative many rows of reprints brought into
many other facts may be noted concerning this existence solely that he may be their editor. An
ſbranch of manufacturing industry. Applica- unanswerable argument for a new edition is
tion of the principle of division of labor is so always offered by the unearthing of material
thoroughgoing, and use of labor-saving machin- hitherto omitted. Victor and Cazire'is
ery is so general, that cost is reduced to an brought to light, and straightway there must be
astonishingly low figure, and even this minimum a new edition of the whole of Shelley. A
tends constantly toward a lower point. The few fragments of Lamb or Poe or Thackeray
economic gain resulting from large produc are ferretted out from the files of ancient
tion is realized to the full, and indications of
newspapers, and create a crying need for
trust methods of controlling the market have new editions of those writers. A batch of
been noticeable of recent years. Pressure is put letters is unearthed, and at once all the old edi-
upon retailers who show a tendency to cut pricestions of the author who wrote them must give
or offer secret rebates, and we even have the way to the new edition which shall include these
phenomenon of editions for export offered at letters also. It does not matter how trivial or
lower prices than these made to supply the even worthless these acquisitions are; they
home market. Shipping our American-made afford a sufficient pretext for an up-to-date
Shakespeares and Scotts to London, for the canon. Sometimes, through excess of zeal, the
purpose of underselling the products of the new matter ascribed to an author is afterwards
pauper printers of England, is a veritable send- proved not to have been written by him, and
ing of coals to Newcastle, but why should we then there must be still another new edition
not do with reading-matter what we have which shall leave it out. How skilfully editors
so successfully learned to do with steel rails? and publishers work upon their victims to
Even the more recondite regions of economic persuade them that they really must buy these
theory may be illustrated by literature in new editions, or be consigned to the outer dark-
its commercial aspect; we find exemplified ness wherein grope those bibliophiles who shirk
the law of diminishing returns when we turn their responsibilities, is well known to all who
from Dickens and Thackeray to the exploita- have ever given a thought to the psychology of
tion of less popular authors, and the pub- the bookish public.
lisher is confronted with the farmer's old All this passion for accuracy and completeness
problem of choice between intensive and exten is in a general way commendable, yet it becomes
sive cultivation. Finally, we may suggest somewhat ridiculous when it is expended upon
that in offering to the public its favorite authors of the second or third class. And in
authors in a great variety of editions, many any case it proves a severe strain upon the
a purchaser, succumbing to temptation, becomes resources of scholars, who are about the only
the owner of two or three Carlyles or Macaulays persons to whom textual integrity really mat-
or Shakespeares, thereby illustrating the doc ters. One unfortunate result of the artificial
trine of marginal utility and cheapening to the appetite for sets of the authors is the oppor-
level of cost what should be the most priceless tunity offered unscrupulous publishers to prey
of possessions.
upon an uncritical public. Here the subscrip-
It is not denying the patent fact that new tion publisher finds his opportunity, and he


1904.)
361
THE DIAL
makes the most of it. His wares are of a sort
The New Books.
that intelligent and scholarly readers reject by
instinct, but he knows better than to make his
appeal to them, or to seek to dispose of his
A LATER OLD PEPYS.'*
editions through the natural trade channels.
He aims instead at the unwary rich, and they hardly be expected to regard his literary career
The descendants of Mr. Samuel Pepys can
fall his victims in surprising numbers. His
with unalloyed satisfaction. From an imper-
editions are apt to be 'faked, they are tricked
out with showy illustrative material, they are
sonal point of view it is easy to condone his
provided with a vulgar and pretentious dress,
many faults, and impossible not to enjoy his
and the smooth-tongued canvasser is trusted to
vivacious memorial of them; but as an ancestor
work them off. They are sold for two or three
he certainly lacks dignity. The simplicity and
times their cost, and their publisher flourishes pettiness to which he owes his fame may repre-
at the expense of gullible book-buyers who
sent a type of genius, and the famous Diary is
rarely learn how shrewdly they have been
undoubtedly unique in literature; but as
imposed upon. Of course, there are occasion-
a family heirloom it has its obvious disad-
vantages, which we cannot expect the Pepys
ally offered 'subscription sets that are con-
scientiously made and in every way desirable, family to ignore. It is only natural for the
but such are the exception rather than the rule.
more serious-minded members of this family to
In most cases the edition that is marketed upon
wish, now and then, that the too garrulous
chronicles had remained in the decent obscurity
this plan is one that a discriminating book-
of short-hand, and that it had been left to
man would not put upon his shelves at any
price.
some more decorous Pepys to immortalize the
To this serious-minded faction
Such publications are designed for ignorant family name.
purchasers of the affluent class; for buyers of belongs Miss Alice C. C. Gaussen, a descendant
from a collateral branch of the Pepys family;
limited means a counterpart is offered by the
editions manufactured for the special needs of
and she has undertaken to bring it about that
the dry goods trade, the department store, and
the redoubtable Samuel shall not be the only
the popular auction-room. These objects have
These objects have Pepys known to fame.
the appearance of books, but they offer an
Miss Gaussen is willing, even anxious, to
affront to every bookish sense. They illustrate give Samuel his due. She cannot enjoy the
the extreme of cheapness in every detail; they ignominious self-revelation of his Diary, but
are printed from worn plates with bad ink
as a faithful record of the century in which he
lived she admits its charm. She reminds us,
upon coarse paper that will soon turn yellow
and rot; their binding is muslin of the flimsiest, too, quoting Robert Louis Stevenson for the
or of leather that will crumble at a touch after
purpose, that Pepys's public career was wholly
a few years. And how curiously restricted is
to his honor, and that, in sharp contrast to the
their range! The same popular novelists, the
indecent familiarity with which his name is
same old-fashioned historians, and the same
now bandied about, he was looked upon by his
democratic assembly of poets greet us in one
own generation with distant respect and even
shop after another, offered at bargain prices,
awe. King James had such regard for him that
and passed over the counters by salespeople who
he would not let even so momentous an event
know nothing of their contents and to whom
as the landing of William interrupt his sitting
they are merely so much merchandise. Truly, for a portrait which he intended as a present
the public is beset by a plague of books of this
for Samuel Pepys: a touching tribute, surely!
sort, and literature is hopelessly vulgarized by Samuel, if he had not yielded to temptation and
How proud might the Pepys family be of
the indignity thus done to it.
Upon another occasion, we propose to ask kept a diary!
what becomes of all the books thus cheaply and
But Miss Gaussen hastens to assure us that
excessively multiplied, and to inquire whether there is another Pepys —“A Later Pepys,' for
this age of reprint is correspondingly an age
so her title distinguishes him, — about whom
of advanced culture.
no such reservations are necessary. The private
life of this ‘later Pepys' was as delightful as
his public career was honorable; sharing his
kinsman's 'faculty of revealing his every
It is announced that “The Burlington Magazine? | thought, he was unlike that kinsman in ' pos-
will hereafter be published in this country by Mr.
Robert Grier Cooke of New York. By the authori sessing a mind that could afford to think
tative character of its text and the beauty of its aloud.'
external form, the ‘Burlington' has achieved an
enviable position among the world's art period-
The Correspondence of Sir William
Weller Pepys, Bart., Master in Chancery, 1758-1829.
icals. Under the new management it should find
Edited by Alice C. C. Gaussen.
its way to a large circle of American connoisseurs.
A LATER PEPYS.
In two volumes.
Illus-
trated.
New York: John Lane.


362
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
made up
Sir William Weller Pepys, this later and tated playing Boswell to some of his illustrious
more estimable representative of the family, friends, but he never did — we can easily see
was born in 1740 and died in 1825, the very why. Instead, he turned to letter-writing,
year of the publication of the unfortunate unfailing resource of all gentlemanly scrib-
Diary. He was, we are told, a Master in Chan blers; and there is evidence to show that like
cery; but it is more to the purpose that he was his friend Horace Walpole, prince of letter-
also a wit and a famous conversationalist in writers,' he intended some of them at least for
the days when the ‘Bas Bleu' flourished and a wider audience than the individual recipient.
conversation was still an art. Boswell desig It is of letters that Sir William Pepys wrote,
nated him as being 'well known in polite cir together with some that he received, that the
cles.' The great Johnson assured Mrs. Thrale bulk of Miss Gaussen's two thick volumes are
that he should have liked Pepys better if she
had praised him less, and more than once ran Of Sir William's own letters there are three
amuck of his literary tastes or his Whig prin- groups: a Chesterfieldian series, written when
ciples. It was Johnson, too, who dubbed Mrs. he was still young, to a younger cousin at
Montague 'queen of the blues,' and William Oxford; a few dated twelve years later, to his
Pepys her 'prime minister.' Fanny Burney's eldest son; and a big batch, written during a
Memoirs contain many a pleasant reference to platonic friendship of forty years' standing, to
him, bearing witness to his 'fashionable air, Hannah More. It may as well be admitted
dress and address,” to which he added great first as last that Sir William's letters are not
shrewdness and drollery'; and to the success of so amusing as we had hoped. To use one of his
his ‘Bas Bleu' assemblies, whose groups were own favorite adjectives, they are a little too
less awful than at Mrs. Montague's, and less 'blue' for modern taste.
awkward than at Mrs. Vesey's.' Hannah More The first group is decidedly pedantic. Like
even goes so far as to call him the 'chief orna Lord Chesterfield, Sir William wished his
ment of the select society of wits and scholars young friend to turn out 'an amiable and
of his time. Horace Walpole offers the char conversible Man in Society, as well as a dis-
acteristic bit of information that Sir William's
tinguished Character in publick,' and he
nose was ' as long as himself.'
regarded an industrious attention to the Ideas
Such comments as these, contained in Miss of the best writers, particularly of the best
Gaussen’s initial sketch of Sir William’s life, classical writers, as the certain means to that
stimulate interest. So do the other introduc end. We admire his optimism and his latinity;
tory chapters with their anecdotes of the blue. but we cannot help sympathizing a little with
stocking parties and some of the leading his young cousin's tardiness in responding to
Blues, their account (from Fanny Burney's his kinsman's lengthy epistles, and his reluct-
diary) of a series of gallant battles between ance to give a full account in writing of all
Johnson and William Pepys, and their descrip- the passages in the Iliad that 'struck him the
tions of the ways of the wits at Bath and Tun- most.' It is pleasant to find that after twenty
bridge Wells, and of the dress, manners, and years' experience of life Sir William's educa-
literary standards of polite society in William tional theories are far less dogmatic. Or perhaps
Pepys's day. The best society of the eighteenth it is only because his eldest son is a delicate
century may not have been any better than that boy, that he writes him simple little notes, full
of other centuries, but it was certainly more of fatherly wishes for his happiness, and instead
fortunate in its chroniclers. Fanny Burney, of urging him to apply himself to the classics,
Boswell, and Mrs. Thrale have been often bids him remember that no honor of scholar-
drawn upon, but their resources have never ship is half so valuable as a contented mind in
been exhausted ; and Miss Gaussen's point of a sound body.
view enables her to present well-known mate The letters to Mrs. Hannah More are natur-
rial in a fresh light, as well as to add a good ally the best of the three series, reflecting
deal that is intrinsically new. Sir William is much more of Sir William's personality, and
not exactly the central figure in these chapters, a little more of the life of the time. One can
but he is the point of departure. When we imagine that a platonic friendship with Mrs.
have finished them we have placed him in the More would be a pleasant, prosy, serious affair;
familiar Johnsonese background, - have met and the letters that record its progress are of
his friends and heard their tributes to his the same type,
the same type, - pleasant, prosy, meditative,
probity, benevolence, and classical learning, his and very long-winded. It is a pity that Miss
kindly heart and cultivated memory, his ani Gaussen could not have hunted up one of her
mated talk and his charming letters. For it ancestor's notes to Fanny Burney,— he must
was to letter-writing that this second Pepys
have written some, or to Horace Walpole.
devoted his literary energies. He had nothing For the great charm of the eighteenth century
to conceal in a short-hand journal. He medi lies in its ironic juxtapositions, — its bizarre


1904.)
368
THE DIAL
mingling of the elephantine and the trifling,
EARLY MAPS OF AMERICA.*
its odd fashion of toying with the one and learn-
edly expounding the other. Without its John It is just seventy years since Alexander von
son, its Burke, and its blue-stocking ladies, it Humboldt published, in the first edition of his
would have been a vapid farce; without its Examen Critique, his discovery that the name
humorists, its gossips, and its busy-bodies, we America was given to the new world at the sug-
should know very little about it nowadays, – gestion of a forgotten German geographer by
and care less. Unfortunately, Sir William's the name of Martin Waldseemüller.
In one
letters belong to the ponderous eighteenth cen place Waldseemüller wrote, “In the sixth
tury type. In spite of Johnson's cavalier treat climate toward the south pole are situated both
ment of him, he persisted in admiring Johnson, the farthest part of Africa recently discovered
and his letters have more in common with 'The
and the fourth part of the globe, which,
Vanity of Human Wishes' than with Walpole's since Americus discovered it, may be called
elegant affectations or Fanny Burney's lively Amerige, that is the land of Americus or Amer-
chronicles. Sir William never gossips, and sel-
ica'; and in another place he said, “Now truly,
dom descends to anecdote; he reflects and since a fourth part of the world has been dis-
expounds, theorizes and comments. It is all covered by Americus Vespucius, I do not see
very elevating; we can quite understand his why we may not rightly call it Amerige, that
correspondents pleasure in hearing from him, is the land of Americus or America.' These
but we do not reproduce it.
passages occur in his Cosmographiae Introduc-
On the whole, the letters written to Sir Wil tio, printed in 1507 at St. Dié in Lorraine, in
liam are more interesting than those he wrote. which a letter of Vespucius, describing four
Nathaniel Wraxall is the spiciest and most irre voyages to the new world, was printed as an ap-
sponsible of his correspondents. Major Rennell, pendix. The sub-title of the book reads, “A de-
the great geographer, pouring an encyclopædic scription of an universal cosmography, both in
fund of information into the ears of his solid and in plane, in which there have been in-
delighted hearer, is another decided and very serted the things, unknown to Ptolemy, which
genial personality. Sir Lucas Pepys, doing the have recently been discovered.' From this sub-
grand tour, writes home conscientious accounts title, and from further references in the dedica-
of his journeyings. Mrs. Chapone, in the rôle tion and the text, it is clear that the book was
of elderly mentor, advises her young friend in intended to accompany a globe and a map of the
love and begs his assistance in poetry. There world. For some thirty years cartographers
is a budget from the love-lorn Mrs. Hartley of
have known a single copy of a set of gores,
Bath, and more sketches of travel from young formerly belonging to General Hauslab, in
James Macdonald, whose brother Alexander had which South America bears the name America,
such ill luck in entertaining Johnson during and some have supposed that they were the
his tour of the Hebrides.
work of Waldseemüller. But no trace of the
There are too many of the letters; none but map of the world had ever been found, until
zealous antiquaries will care to peruse them all. it was discovered three years ago, by Father
The cynic will search through them in vain for Joseph Fischer, Professor of Geography in the
any hints of mental kinship with Samuel. The Jesuit college at Feldkirch in the Tyrol. The
general reader, skipping judiciously here and map was found in the library of Prince Wald-
there, will meet old friends in plenty and make berg, at his castle of Wolfegg, in southern
new ones as he goes. Hereafter they will all Würtemberg. Together with the map of 1507,
associate the name of Pepys with a scholar and there was also found a marine chart made by
a gentleman of the old school, a man of
Waldseemüller in 1516, the existence of which
striking worth and exemplary conduct; not, had scarcely been suspected, though some such
indeed, a genius who wrote a damaging master chart was listed in 1570 in the catalogue of
piece by chance, but a staid and pleasant friend Ortelius. But slight account of these discov-
and an irreproachable ancestor.
eries was given at the time, Professor Fischer
EDITH KELLOGG DUNTON. preferring to postpone a description of the maps
until their publication in exact fac-simile. În
A pocket series of French classics in the original editing them, he has had the assistance of Profes-
text, well printed and bound but inexpensive in sor von Wieser of the University of Innsbruck;
price, will be inaugurated this month by Messrs. and their recent issue is an important contribu-
G. P. Putnam's Sons. The series will be known as
'Les Classiques Françaises,' and the first book to
tion to the history of cartography and the his-
be issued will be Octave Feuillet's 'Le Roman d'un
tory of America.
Jeune Homme Pauvre,' with a preface by M. Ferdi-
• THE OLDEST MAP WITH THE NAME AMERICA of the
nand Brunetière. Other early volumes will be Méri.
Year 1507, and the Carta Marina of the Year 1516, by
mée's 'Colomba,' George Sand's 'La Mare au Dia M. Waldseemüller (Ilacomilus). Edited by Prof. Joseph
ble,' and Sainte-Beuve's 'Essais,' each with Fischer, S. J., and Prof. Fr. R. von Wieser.
preface by an Academician.
Henry Stevens, Son & Stiles.
a
London:


364
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
The maps are large, and very nearly of the nected by a narrow isthmus. Evidently Wald-
same size. Each consists of twelve plates, which seemüller's opinions upon this point varied dur-
when put together measure nearly eight feet by ing the progress of his work.
four. They are believed to be the first example The Carta Marina of 1516 is more elab-
of a large wood-cut from so many plates. Inter orately drawn than the map of 1507, and
est attaches chiefly to the map of 1507 as the is adorned with numerous legends drawn
earliest one to bear the name America. It is from the itineraries of early travellers and
drawn upon what is called the conical projec the narratives of later discoveries. It is
tion of Ptolemy, but so much modified as to constructed upon a rectangular network of lines,
approach the cordiform projection of a slightly representing degrees of longitude and latitude,
later school of map-makers. Europe, Asia and to which the compass lines of the sea-chart are
Africa follow Ptolemy, with additions from
added, so that it represents a transition stage
Marco Polo and the Portuguese. The repre from the portulano of the middle ages to the
sentation of America is a composite of the Mercator projection of a later time. The
description of Vespucius and the outlines of
delineation of Europe, Asia, and Africa is in
some Portuguese sea-chart. South America
advance of that of the map of 1507. Except
appears as a long narrow continent, extending
upon one point, the representation of America
from fifteen degrees north latitude to forty follows the Tabula terre nove in the Strasburg
five south. The upper two-thirds bears the Ptolemy of 1513. In the Ptolemy, Waldsee-
inscription, 'All this province was discovered
müller gives a continuous coast to North and
by order of the King of Castile,' an incorrect
South America, as in the inset map of 1507;
title taken from Vespucius; and the outlying but in the Carta Marina he breaks the coast in
islands are represented as having been discov-
such a way as to indicate, not that the conti-
ered by Columbus. Upon the southern third, nents are distinct, but that the question is
' in the sixth climate,' appears the name Amer uncertain. The Carta Marina omits one hund-
ica, and upon the extreme southern point of the
red and twenty-eight degrees of longitude west
continent the flag of Portugal. Both from
of America, so that the relation of America to
the Cosmographiae Introductio and from the
Asia is unrepresented; but the inscription upon
newly discovered map, it is clear that Waldsee-
the northern mainland, Terra de Cuba Asie
müller intended to give the name of Vespucius partis, indicates that Waldseemüller's mind had
only to the southern part of South America,
suffered the reaction characteristic of the per-
which Vespucius had described in his letter as iod, and affords additional support to the theory
'a new land.'
of the late Mr. Henry Stevens that the earliest
An interesting feature of the map of 1507 is maps did not represent North America at all,
two inset maps, representing the world in but rather two Cubas, a false one based upon
hemispheres, the eastern hemisphere as Col
known to Ptolemy, and the western hemisphere upon his first voyage, and a true Cuba derived
as described by Vespucius. These maps were from his exploration of the southern coast upon
already known to cartographers through copies, his second voyage. The name Parias, trans-
heretofore supposed to be original maps, con ferred from the northern mainland, is now
tained in Stobnicza's Introductio in Ptolomei given to the northern part of South America,
Cosmographiam, printed in Cracow in 1512. and the southern part is called Brasilia, or
The credit, therefore, which has been given to Terra Papagalli, while the name America dis-
Stobnicza belongs to Waldseemüller. They are appears altogether.
the earliest representation of the world in hemis The editors, in a brief descriptive and criti-
pheres now extant, and present an original pro cal introduction, printed in German and Eng-
jection, which Nordenskiöld regarded lish, discuss the authenticity, sources, and influ-
superior in some respects to the stereographic
ence of the maps. The name of Waldseemüller
representation of the globe used in the modern
does not appear upon the map of 1507, but as
atlas. The inset map of the western hemisphere the map agrees perfectly with the description in
is remarkable for the representation of a broad the Cosmographiae Introductio, and as many of
ocean between Asia and America, six years the legends are taken from the book, the identi-
before Balboa sighted the Pacific, and fifteen fication is complete. Upon the map of 1516,
years before the completion of the first circum Waldseemüller's name appears there, and one
navigation of the globe. There is one curious of the inscriptions indicates that a thousand
inconsistency between the main map and the copies of the earlier map were printed. The
inset. Upon the former there is a narrow maps
found in collective volume
strait between North and South America, while marked by the book-plate of Johann Schöner;
upon the latter the two continents are con and it is a curious coincidence that the only
as Columbus's exploration of the northern coast
as
were
а


1904.)
365
THE DIAL
copies that have been preserved belonged to the maps he discarded the name America, and
man who, next to Waldseemüller himself, did it was only after his death that it was intro-
most to fasten the name America upon the new duced in the Strasburg Ptolemy of 1523. The
world. The wholesale destruction of the maps editors of the present maps accept the opinion
is doubtless due to their large size, and to the of Gallois, that the Hauslab gores constitute
fact that they were mounted in the perishable the globe that accompanied the Cosmographiae
form of wall-maps. The map of 1507 is Introductio. It is perhaps presumptuous to
described as the first attempt to combine the question the opinion of so eminent an authority
Ptolemaic picture of the world with the dis as Professor von Wieser in a field that is pecu-
coveries of the Portuguese and Spaniards. It | liarly his own ; nevertheless, it is safe to say
is apparently based upon a Portuguese chart that this conclusion is not likely to meet with
which is followed still more closely in the Carta universal acceptance. The correspondence in
Marina, and the authors believe from the corre parallels indicates that the globe is based upon
spondence of nomenclature that the Canerio the map, but does not prove that it is the globe
chart was the actual source used. The fact that of 1507. A globe less than five inches in diame-
exactly the same number of degrees of longi ter seems hardly commensurate in size with so
tude are omitted in both the Canerio and the
large a map. More important is the location of
Carta Marina, strengthens this opinion; but of the name America. It is clear, from what has
course there might have been the same omis been said, that Waldseemüller originally intend-
sion in some prototype of the Canerio. It is ed it only for the southernmost part of South
now clear that Waldseemüller's maps were the America, and that he discarded it, even for that
source from which many later cartographers part of the new world, in a map made immedi-
drew their material. The two manuscript | ately afterward and in all other maps trace-
maps of Glareanus, Apian's map of 1520, long able to him and published during his lifetime.
supposed to be the first to bear the name Amer In view of these facts, it does not seem reason-
ica, and the map in Honter's Rudimenta Cos able that he should have applied the name to
mographica, are all copies of the large map of the whole continent, as is done in the Hauslab
1507; while Stobnicza's hemispheres, as already gores, in direct opposition to the text of the
noted, are reprints of the insets. Schöner fol Cosmographiae Introductio and to the map in
lowed Waldseemüller in his globes, even to the plano that accompanied it. Leaving this ques-
point of continuing the name America after tion out of account, Waldseemüller appears as
Waldseemüller had discarded it. The Carta the author of the first large printed wall-map, of
Marina was probably issued in a smaller edi the earliest printed sea-chart, and of the first
tion, and exerted less influence than the map modern atlas. His work was the connecting
of 1507; but the authors find indications that link between the older system of Ptolemy and
it was used by Mercator, and believe that it the reconstruction of geography rendered nec-
was “the source whence he derived his idea of essary by the circumnavigation of Africa and
projecting his large map of the world, and of the discovery of America. He began that devel-
inventing a projection suitable for this pur- opment of German cartography which culmi-
pose.'
nated in the atlases of Ortelius and Mercator.
The similarity between the Carta Marina and He ought, therefore, to be remembered for what
the maps in the Strasburg Ptolemy of 1513 he accomplished rather than for the mistake of
removes whatever doubt may have previously suggesting the name America, which he did all
existed as to Waldseemüller's authorship of the in his power to correct. The publication of
latter. Though not published until 1513, the the present maps, and the reprint in fac-simile
Ptolemy maps are supposed to have been of the Cosmographiae Introductio, which is in
engraved before the death of René in 1508. preparation, will probably lead to a new study
Except Ruysch's map in the Rome Ptolemy of of his life. One such study, the first in Eng-
1508, they were the first maps of the new lish, by Mr. Henry N. Stevens, was nearly
world in an edition of Ptolemy, and almost the ready for the press at the time of the discovery
first in any form. Nordenskiöld regarded them of these maps, and its publication has presum-
as constituting the first modern atlas. The ably been postponed only until the new material
same maps were reprinted in the Strasburg can be digested and incorporated.
Ptolemy of 1520; and again, after Waldsee The map of 1507 adds an important chapter
müller's death, in a reduced and altered form to the history of the naming of America.
in the Strasburg Ptolemy of 1523. He also Doubtless the map exerted a much larger influ-
undoubtedly drew the universal map in the ence in fixing the name upon the new world
edition of the Margarita Philosophica, pub than the suggestion in the Cosmographiae
lished at Strasburg in 1515. In all of these Introductio. The map appealed to the eye,


366
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
.
and impressed many who never read the book.
More than that, the book expressly restricted
EMERSON, POET AND THINKER.
the name to the southernmost part of the Similar in form and scope to her previous
southern continent. Upon the map the name studies on Browning, Tennyson, the Rossettis,
was placed upon the same part of the conti and William Morris, and designed as a beauti-
nent; but, being the only general name upon ful gift-book which shall also have a permanent
the continent, it was naturally taken, in the Value in one's library, is Miss Cary's latest work,
absence of other names and of the restrictions | ‘Emerson, Poet and Thinker.' Before reading,
in the text, to apply to the whole. With this one might expect to find here an aftermath, a
understanding it was copied in other maps and repository of many significant thoughts culled
globes, and especially in the globes made by from the Emerson centenary. On the contrary,
Schöner. It was Schöner who in 1533 made the author has chosen for special emphasis the
the first suggestion, in his Opusculum less usual aspects of Emerson's mind and
Geographicum, that Vespucius was himself teachings, and has avoided, sometimes with too
instrumental in applying his own name to the apparent effort, a recital of the known factors
new world; but it is not always noted that he in his outer and inner life. There are pages
nevertheless retained the name America upon where a brief recalling of familiar incidents
the globe that accompanied this tract. In his might enliven and illumine, and at the same
cordiform map of 1538, and in his globe gores time aid in the continuity of her study. In the
of 1541, Mercator completed the work by main, however, the book is an interesting and
extending the name America to both continents. well-balanced exposition of the subject in its
But for the influence of the map of 1507, the restricted phases. Miss Cary has the faculty
suggestion of the Cosmographiæ Introductio which she ascribes to Emerson, — the ability
would probably have produced slight effect. to present many 'an old thought with a new
The present maps are doubtless as important face. To her he has spoken an individual mes-
in their relation to the cartography of the old sage, and this she has declared with grace and
world as to that of the new; but it is only the
earnestness. She has given, not a portrayal of
latter relation that can be here noted. A full the man or the essayist, but rather a study of
appreciation of their content and import must the moral artist, of 'the gracious art with which
necessarily be the work of some years. Their he has made morality beautiful.'
discovery and publication may give a new
Early in life, two agencies urged Emerson
impulse to the study of cartography. It can
toward soul-searching aspirations, in spite of
never be too strongly insisted that history must
great difficulties in tangible progress: first, the
always be studied in the light of contemporary poverty in the Emerson home, combined with
maps; and especially is this true of the period the persistent will toward an education; second,
of discovery, when it is more important for the the influence of Mary Moody Emerson, his aunt,
understanding of contemporary thought to
whose unique personality and potent counsel
know what it was supposed had been found
have already gained reflex fame in literature.
than it is to know what had really been found. By wide reading and carefully studied note-
This subject has been neglected in the United books of his own coinpilation, by intimate
States, but it is to be hoped that sufficient atten acquaintance with many models but no master
tion will be given it in time to come to render in letters, by free intuitive meditation on the
it possible to construct an atlas of American Universe and its symbols, Emerson's philosophy
history that is worthy of the name.
was formulated, so far as it ever had definite
The maps have been issued by the publishers shape, while he was still a youth in years. Miss
in three forms: in sheets in a portfolio, in a
Cary says truly :
volume bound uniformly, with Nordenskiöld's
'It is customary to think of Emerson as "a
atlases, and as wall-maps. The bound volume
philosopher" and "a sage," but it is pleasanter,
and possibly truer, to think of him as forever
is most convenient for detailed study, but the a meditative youth to whom life suddenly unfolded
mounted maps are almost indispensable for its beneficent meaning, making it impossible for
purposes of exhibition.
While the maps are
him to grow old or dispirited. The teachings of
his boyhood are marvellously like the teachings
most interesting to specialists, they will satisfy of his age, and the freshness of his response to
a natural curiosity on the part of others to see precious intuitions of eternal truth is kept to the
the first map bearing the name America, and
end of his career.'
at the same time will afford an instructive Emphasis is laid upon the tendency of Emer-
glimpse of what was supposed in the first and son's young manhood toward ill-health, and also
second decades of the sixteenth century to be on his affiliations with many men and women
the form and extent of the world.
* RALPH WALDO EMERSON, Poet and Thinker. By Elisa-
beth Luther Cary.
New York: G. P. Put-
F. H. HODDER.
Illustrated.
nam's Sons.


1904.]
367
THE DIAL
with radical and unpoised schemes for reform. we search for and find defective metres and
One realizes anew the sanity, the saving grace rhymes and syntax yet 'we shall not have dis-
of common sense,' which saved him from becom- turbed by a hair's breadth our inner knowledge
ing, on the one hand a pumpered invalid, on that we have been pecking and quibbling over
the other a fanatic on sociological reforms. As the loveliest product of our national life.
youth and man, he had a strange detachment Emerson's editorship of The Dial,' his con-
from the mere accidents of life in his own tributions to it, and the revelation therein of
personality or that of others. This detach- his intellectual attitude on many themes of his
ment, this broad altruistic survey of life and day, receive full attention. His address to the
its laws, rather than the mere incidents of per- readers, in the first number, is quoted at length;
sonal joy and sorrow, accounts for many of the while there is also a detailed study of the qual-
beneficent and some of the disappointing phases ity and authorship of verse and prose in each
of his character and writings. Not a few of successive issue. Moreover, an Appendix fur-
his companions in the past and his readers in nishes a complete list of all “The Dial's' arti-
the present have felt this impersonality, and cles, with authors specified as far as possible.
have sympathized with Margaret Fuller's baffled Miss Cary refers to her sources of information
effort to reach personal contact with the heart in Cabot's Life of Emerson, and in the exhaus-
and soul of Emerson.
tive article by Mr. George Willis Cooke in the
Miss Cary's chapter on Religion culminates Journal of Speculative Philosophy, in 1886.
in one emphasized thought,—that Emerson's The reviewer wonders, perhaps, why she did not
appreciation of Christianity was positive though use the later authority on the subject — Mr.
not exclusive, as verified by his words of non Cooke's introduction and ascriptions in the
conformity, Christianity is the most emphatic republication of The Dial' in 1902, for the
affirmation of spiritual nature, but it is not Rowfant Club of Cleveland.
the only nor the last affirmation. To Emer Miss Cary's valuable study of Emerson closes
son, says Miss Cary, Nature was symbolic of with a chapter on the French estimate of him.
spirit. His studies and inspiration were not in We are familiar with many German criticisms
the specific beauties of meadow or stream, but and appreciations of our American seer and
in the firmament and the expansive elements. poet; here are words of discriminating praise
In the world of art he suggests Corot and from M. Montégut contributed to the Revue
Daubigny, interpreting Nature in the large, des Deux Mondes,' in 1847 and 1850, and a re-
with serenity yet severity. In the chapter which cent estimate in the same journal, in 1902, by M.
treats of the friendship with Carlyle, Miss Cary Roz, which raises question regarding the sym-
seems to show a marked favoritism for Emer-pathy of Emerson and the adaptation of his
son. Recognizing, as all students must, the optimism to real life. Partially in answer is
contrasts in temperament, in vision, in the form
a translation, given by Miss Cary, of M. Maeter-
of announcing the moral messages, all largely linck's essay on Transcendentalism and Symbol-
in Emerson's favor, many yet receive from Car- ism, with interwoven comments on Emerson as
lyle an inspiration, a vital challenge and force, illustration, in “Le Trésor des Humbles. A
which is often lacking in Emerson. If Carlyle few sentences fittingly express the responsive
was a bit caustic in saying of Emerson's lectures attitude, not alone of the French critic, but
that they did not leave much to chew the cud also of this latest American biographer.
upon,' he only expressed in blunt words the
‘But here at the same moment is Emerson, the
criticism of many a true admirer of Emerson. good shepherd of the morning, in the pale verdant
Is it just to Carlyle to contrast his intrepid meadows of a new optimism, natural and credible.
queries and denunciations of evil with Emer-
He does not insist that we skirt the abyss. He
does not take us out of the humble, familiar
son's serene optimism, under the analogy of the
inclosure, for the glacier, the sea, the eternal snows,
noisy whining of undisciplined childhood'?
the palace, the stable, the funeral pall of the
Turning to Emerson the lecturer, the author pauper, the hed of sickness are all under the same
instances especially his second visit to England, heavens, purified by the same stars, and subject
to the same infinite forces. He has enveloped us
and introduces some effective side-lights upon
with silence, with wonder. He is nearer than any
the impressions which he left and those that he one else to our habitual life. He is the sage of
carried away from the home-land where he was
the co
mon day, and common days make up the
sum of our existence.'
never quite at home. His distrust of his poetic
gifts, which long delayed the publication of his The volume is uniform in appearance with
poems, suggests their threatened loss to national Miss Cary's previous books, and like the others
literature. That such a loss would have been is a most attractive piece of book-making. Of
very great no lover of poetry will question. especial interest is the series of photogravure
Evidently Miss Cary has felt this charm in a illustrations, consisting in the main of portraits
superlative degree, else she would not indulge of Emerson and others of the Concord circle.
in such extreme praise, affirming that though
ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE,


368
[Dec. 1,
THE DIAL
NEW BOOKS ABOUT JAPAN. *
Such are the pessimistic conclusions of Mr.
Hearn's wonderful appreciation and analysis.
Mr. Lafcadio Hearn's latest-and, unfortu- Happily there are others who do not read his-
nately, last-book is an attempt at the inter- tory or define religion as do Herbert Spencer
pretation of the evolution of Japan according and Lafcadio Hearn, and who see in the very
to the philosophic light and leading of the late constitution of Japanese society the promise
Herbert Spencer. It is perhaps the best of Mr. and potency of a nation that will be able not
Hearn’s wonderful books on the Japan that is only to out-ride the economic typhoon but also
hidden from the average observer's eyes. The to enter into the inheritance of the Occident
steamships bring annually to Nippon's rocky and of the final philosophy and religion-what-
shores swarms of pilgrims led by Hearn's influ-
ence. Some of these, with honest and critical of these. In conclusion it may be said that in
ever may be the ultimate and perfected forms
intent, are unable to see what was so clear to literary charm, in brilliancy and depth of color,
this brilliant son of a Greek mother and an
Irish father; while others, who see not with interpretation will take its place among the
in autumnal ripeness of thought, Mr. Hearn's
their own eyes, but through those of Hearn, best books of the opening century.
rave beyond his ravings. With amazing powers The compilation entitled “ Japan, by the Jap-
of perception and reception, Lafcadio Hearn
lived a life of singular devotion. Most of his
anese' is the outcome of a visit recently made
writing is subjective, too much so for the hon-
to Japan by Mr. Alfred Stead, and is primarily
est scholar or for one who knows the thought and financial allies of the islanders who are
intended to strengthen the faith of the political
and evolution of Japan 'as her age-old literature
reveals it. In his latest book, however, the
now crossing swords and measuring resources
with Russia. The list of contributors includes
method is scientific,-coldly and pitilessly sci-
entific, one might almost say; and throughout others some of the noble fifty-five young men
many names of the highest authority, — among
its pages emotion is held captive to logic. The
intensity and clearness of its revelation seem
d'état at Kioto in 1868 smote
whose coup
almost fearful. The author tells us that the
duarchy to death and restored monarchy in the
form of an absolute imperialism, such as Japan
Japanese are ruled by the dead, and that indi-
viduality is not known to them. The whole
had never known before in all her history. Such
social structure is built on ancestor-worship. men, with accuracy in matters economic that
cannot be challenged, have written freely at Mr.
He acknowledges the strangeness and charm
of the country and people; he tells us of the
Stead's editorial command, or have furnished
domestic and communal cult, shows us the evo-
English translations of their speeches or official
lution of the gods, reveals the strange forma- reports. The result is an encyclopædia of up-
tion (so abhorrent to Occidental ideas) of the
to-date information that has timely and per-
family in Japan. Then he pictures, with a
manent value. It is curious to note that while
realism almost gruesome, the rule of the dead, -
some of the writers show clearly in style and
until he makes us wonder whether he is not method the repressive and secretive spirit of the
binding the selfsame sheaf with the sworn
old feudalism in which they were reared, others
like Inouye, Shibusawa, and Yamagata are as
enemies of that religion,' whom he holds up to
such contempt. He re-presents and re-inter-
frank as children in disclosing the full truth.
prets the history of Japan in a way that brings and in the light of the latest statistics, about
All that one could wish to know, historically
to mind Winwood Reade's 'Savage Africa' or his
‘Martyrdom of Man.' The Japanese are super-
Japan's material products, of factory and studio,
ficially Buddhists; inwardly and to the roots of
of army and navy, of hygiene and finance, is
their being they are Shintoists. Their religion here given with admirable prodigality. Noth-
is loyalty. Shinto has revived. Occidental ing more in contrast with the dark and secret
civilization is only a garment, a cloak. A law
ways of old Japan of the Tycoon days could
apart from custom is still practically worthless
be imagined. The editorial writer, the finan-
in the interior of the country. Ethics and cus-
cier, the student of commercial Japan, will
tom are one. The Japanese are still in the pre-
heartily welcome this portly store-house of
varied information.
Homeric stage of evolution. They will win in
Slight in comparison is
war, but they will sink before the onslaught the light shed on literature, religion, and law
of modern economic forces. Perhaps they are
in the island empire; but at the same time the
already unconsciously forging their own chains. chapters on these subjects are the most read-
able and suggestive of all. The author of
An Attempt at Interpretation. By Lafcadio
Bushido (The Knightly Code), the translator
of the Genji Monogatari (Romance of Prince
New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
Genji), the brilliant code lawyer and historian,
and the founder of the Woman's University in
(Our Asiatic Neighbors.)
Tokio are the writers, and they are all adepts in
* JAPAN.
Hearn. New York: The Macmillan Co.
JAPAN, BY THE JAPANESE. Compiled and edited by Alfred
Stead.
JAPANESE LIFE IN TOWN AND COUNTRY. By George
William Knox. Illustrated.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.


1904.)
369
THE DIAL
*
English style. But, while the reader of this
THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF AN AMERICAN
book has the “Open Sesame' to the material
ADMIRAL.
treasures of Japan, he gains no entrance into
the invisible world of the Japanese mind. Not 'In preparing this history of forty-five years
even the lord of the Imperial Household, though of service under the flag of the United States,
he writes many pages about The Imperial says Rear Admiral Schley, at the beginning of
Family,' tells us anything of the Emperor's real the preface to his interesting autobiography,
personality or domestic life. One need only 'the writer has felt that it was his duty, while
peruse carefully the chapters on Japanese still in vigorous health, to record the incidents
religion, education, and the position of women,
and activities of a career that has covered many
to appreciate how deftly the reality is con important years in the nation's progress. And
cealed. Verily, before such charming official truly no one will rise from the reading of this
politeness the average serious student of the rather bulky crown-octavo volume without feel-
Japanese will prefer the brutal frankness of ing that he has been taken into the confidence
the alien. Of the absurd preface, which vir of one of the greatest of the men who have
tually ignores the labors of over thirty years achieved distinction in our brief yet eventful
of scholarly research and publication, and of naval history.
the minor faults of compilation and editing,
Born in 1839, at Richfields, Maryland, Win-
we need not speak. For those seekiug statistics field Scott Schley came of mixed German,
and official history the volume vffers abundant Huguenot French, and Scotch-Irish ancestry,
measure; but those desirous of knowing the real his paternal line finding representation in this
Japan, and the thoughts and motives actuating country a hundred years before. His earliest
individual and nation will find between these years were passed on the farm which saw his
covers little to their purpose.
birth, and in the pleasant little city of Freder-
An account of 'Japanese Life in Town and ick, his first schooling being received at various
Country,' written by Dr. George W. Knox of local academies and at St. John's College. His.
the Union Theological Seminary, forms the earliest inclination toward the sea came from
initial volume in a projected series called 'Our reading Captain Marryat's novels, - an inclina-
Asiatic Neighbors.' The book will hardly delight tion shared with hundreds of other healthy lada
or satisfy those readers who want to know about of English speech, though they have nothing of
the daily menu, household routine, business nautical achievement to show for it. This, and
methods, or wardrobe of the people; but it is the influence of the gallant soldier from whom
by no means without its compensations. Per- he was named, took him to the Naval Academy
haps the most distinguishing trait of schokarly at Annapolis, and his life under the flag may be
American writers on Japan lies in the fact that said to have begun there on September 20, 1856.
they avoid what is merely descriptive or prag Naval Cadet Schley was reared in the older
matic in externals and try, usually with notable manner, with sails and spars for his educational
success, to show us what is in the Japanese apparatus and extended cruises in strange
brain, and thus reveal to our understanding waters for his discipline. His commission as
the springs of motive and action. Professor midshipman was received June 19, 1860,
Knox is a scholar in Confucianism. Hence he time of portent and grave anxiety. His first
knows well how the Japanese gentleman thinks voyage thereafter was to Japan on the good
and feels, and his sojourns in the homes of ship . Niagara, and the voyage was not accom-
cultivated Japanese families make his book plished until the return to Boston in May, 1861,
immensely and profitably different from the there to learn of the actual outbreak of hostili-
products of those writers to whom the geisha ties between the States. Of the decision there
is the embodiment of Japanese womanhood. promptly reached by the young officer, he says:
Knowing Buddhism well, also, he can tell us "The writer was from Maryland. Before sub-
how the common people look out on the uni scribing to the paper which was to record anew his
verse, and why they enjoy their homeland so
fealty to the flag, sufficient time was asked to read
the document carefully. This done, there was no
well. Professor Knox shows admirably that
hesitation in renewing his adhesion to the old flag.
the success of Japan's great civilizing popular When this decision was announced to Commodore
religion was in art, rather than in ethics, or McKean in his cabin, the writer by chance looked
spiritual renovation, or inspiration. He sur-
up through a windsail hatchway leading to the deck
above, and there the folds of Old Glory were seen
veys with insight and fascination the historical
in the sunlight gracefully unfolding its beauty to
development and intellectual life of the people; a soft and gentle breeze. The writer was standing
he pictures vividly the new Japan that has directly under it, declaring the most sacred decision
emerged from the old, and the now vanished
of his life to his Commander.'
samurai,' whose name is indeed gone, but whose Luck, good fortune, call it what one will, is an
life and traditions still animate the plain peo • FORTY-FIVE YEARS UNDER THE FLAG.
ple.
Scott Schley, Rear Admiral U. S. N.
WILLIAM ELLIOT GRIFFIS.
York : D. Appleton & Co.
a
By Winfield
Illustrated. New


370
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6
-
element in every career; and in this respect seaman step by step through the Civil War.
Rear Admiral Schley has little complaint to But
space does not permit more than to note
make against the fates. With all his approved that Schley was placed in command of the
skill, opportunity for distinction might still Monongahela,' of which Admiral George
have been lacking, and it never has been, Dewey was made executive officer soon after-
down to the culmination of his professional life ward, Schley then becoming navigator of the
off Santiago de Cuba, on July 3, 1898. The ' Richmond.' It was during the siege of Port
first square-rigged prize captured during the Hudson that General Agnus and the young
Civil War,' the General Parkhill,' was his lieutenant formed that friendship which has
earliest independent command, taken soon after been of so much importance to them both.
the Niagara' began the blockade of Charleston After being transferred to the 'Wateree,' and
on May 12, 1861. August 31 he was promoted making an extended cruise in South American
to be master, and assigned to the “ Potomac,' his waters as executive officer of that ship, Schley
fellow master on that ship being the late Wil was transferred to the Naval Academy as
liam T. Sampson. Assigned to duty under Far instructor, becoming a lieutenant-commander.
ragut in the Gulf blockade, young Schley went He had much and varied experience as execu-
under fire for the first time near Fort Morgan tive officer of the 'Benicia' after ending his
in Mobile Bay.
detail in that great school, playing an active
Not long after, the intervention of European part in the opening of Corea to the world,
powers in Mexico led to the despatch to Vera largely through the attack upon the forts in the
Cruz of the ‘Potomac.' Returning, Schley was Salée River in 1871.
made lieutenant in July, 1862, and assigned as Several chapters are taken up with the story
executive officer to the steam gunboat. Winona, of the Greely relief expedition in 1884. The
where his first duty was the painful one of account of the preliminary arrangements made
placing his superior officer under arrest for under Schley's supervision shows that thor-
drunkenness. It was while in temporary com oughness was the first consideration, though
mand of this ship that the following incident celerity was none the less in mind. The com-
occurred, the pronoun referring to Schley, while ing upon the survivors, on June 22, as told in
Farragut is the commander-in-chief mentioned. the book, loses nothing by its reserve.
‘Directions were given him to report whenever "The “Bear,” closely followed by the "Thetis,
the signals could be read. As the orders had been arrived off the wreck camp cache about 10 p. m.,
to destroy the [Confederate] battery, it was not and there found Lieutenant Greely and six of his
thought that the signal then flying could refer to comrades in a tent which the violent gale had
us, as our duty under them was specific and dis blown down over the party as they lay in their
tinct. Later, however, it was learned that the sig. sleeping bags. The other eighteen of his party had
nal was intended to withdraw us from action. Not perished, some while seeking relief toward Cape
understanding this at the moment, the action was Isabella; some drowned while sealing; some had
continued until every gun of the enemy had ceased starved to death. The graves of a number were on
firing. Then the ship lifted her anchor and dropped a little ridge hardly two hundred feet away.
down with the current to her usual position, where, "The condition of the survivors was desperate in
after anchoring, the customary visit was made to the extreme, while the squalor of the camp as found
the commander-in-chief to report the result of the was heartrending and distressing.
All
combat. Arriving on board, the writer found on those rescued were at the last limit of their endur-
the quarter-deck the commander-in-chief, who, after ance, as their swollen joints and great weakness
responding to his salute, said:
indicated only too plainly: Life was a question of
6“Captain, you begin early in your life to dis-
a few days at most to that noble band. It is a
obey orders. Did you not see the signal flying for matter of grave doubt had the relief ships been
near an hour to withdraw from action",
delayed forty-eight hours whether a living soul
would have been found of the party. It is even
An attempt at explanation on the part of
more certain that if their rescue had depended upon
Lieutenant Schley was met by the statement the whalers they could not have been reached in
that Farragut wanted none of this Nelson time.'
business in his squadron, about not seeing sig Returning from the frozen North, Schley,
nals.' Then, -
who reached his captaincy in April, 1888, was
"The admiral invited the writer into his cabin.
appointed chief of the bureau of equipment
The moment the door was closed behind him there
and recruiting, and from that given command
was an entire change in his tone and manner as
he said smilingly, “I have censured you, sir, on the
of the newly constructed war-ship ‘ Baltimore,'
quarter-deck for what appeared to be a disregard afterward to give so good an account of herself
of my orders. I desire now to commend you and at Manila Bay. To this ship was confided the
your officers and men for doing what you believed
right under the circumstances. Do it again when-
sorrowful honor of carrying the mortal part of
ever in your judgment it is nocessary to carry out
the great inventor, John Ericsson, back to his
your conception of duty. Will you take a glass of native Sweden; and the end of this mission was
wine, sirpis;
marked by distinguished courtesies extended to
It would be both interesting and instructive the American sailors and their ship in several
to follow the deeds of this efficient American European capitals. While at Kiel, Schley met


1904.]
371
THE DIAL
I.
Captain von Diederich, who was also, it will be
remembered, at Manila Bay.
HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS.
While commander of the Baltimore,' Schley
was sent to Valparaiso during the civil war Lovers of Florence and of the Brownings will
through which Chili was then passing, and his unite in praising the sumptuous edition de luxe
strict enforcement of neutrality seems to have
of Mrs. Anna Benneson McMahan's volume
incited the public against him. At all events,
entitled 'Florence in the Poetry of the Brown-
it was the seamen under his command who were
ings' (A. C. McClurg & Co.). In her editorial
capacity, Mrs. McMahan has wisely resisted the
selected for injury on October 16, 1891, and it
temptation to write anything but a brief preface,
was unquestionably Schley's diligence in col- letting eight of the many Florentine poems of the
lecting evidence which enabled the American Brownings make a better basis for illustration
government to adjust the difficulty with sub than any comment, however skilful, could pos-
stantial justice to everyone concerned and with sibly do. Besides Casa Guidi Windows' and
out incurring the hostility of the new Chilean Old Pictures in Florence,' which would be the
authorities
inevitable selections for a Florentine anthology,
Captain Schley became inspector of the
she has chosen Mrs. Browning's The Dance,
and Robert Browning's 'Fra Lippo Lippi,'
Third Lighthouse District upon the conclusion
Andrea del Sarto,' The Statue and the Bust,'
of this extended cruise, and in that capacity Book I. of The Ring and the Book,' and 'One
laid the electric buoys which marked the chan. Word More.' These poems are illustrated by
nels between the mouth of the Chicago River sixty reproductions of Florentine art and scen-
and the grounds of the World's Columbian ery, from the excellent photographs of the
Exposition in 1893. In September, 1895, he brothers Alinari, printed in a soft tone of brown
took command of the New York.' In connec-
on Italian vellum. The pictures, which Mrs.
tion with that event, he makes the sensible
McMahan has chosen individually to elucidate
observation that ships are worth just as much
some obscure or interesting allusion of the poems,
and collectively to let her readers see Florence
[as] and not a whit more than the men who
as nearly as possible as the Brownings saw it,
command them.' In March, 1897, there was a
show squares, palaces and churches, quaint gate-
transfer to the Lighthouse Board, followed in
ways, scenic panoramas, frescoes, statuary, and
March, 1898, by the appointment to command paintings, the very stall where 'The Book' was
of the Flying Squadron at Hampton Roads, purchased, and finally Mrs. Browning's tomb and
Schley's commission as commander being dated the Protestant cemetery where she lies buried.
on February 6 of that eventful year.
The frontispiece is of course a view of Casa
The Flying Squadron sailed on May 13, with
Guidi, the home of the poets for fourteen years,
Schley on his flagship, the ‘Brooklyn,' and
- from whose windows Mrs. Browning heard the
voice of young Italy singing, and returning to
from that time on his conduct has been the
which Robert Browning, ‘The Book’ in his hand,
subject of the most heated and embittered con-
'Stepped out on the narrow terrace built
troversy in the annals of the American navy. Over the street and opposite the church,
In his statement of the facts involved, it must
And paced its lozenge brick work sprinkled cool,'
be said that Schley maintains both dignity and
while he watched the fateful drama of the Ring
reserve, refraining from acridity of personal
unfold itself again before his eyes. 'Casa Guidi
criticism to a marked degree, and presenting a
Windows' and 'Old Pictures in Florence gain
most from this pictorial annotation, but the other
case which his adversaries will have difficulty in
poems gain, too, and conversely the Florentine
controverting. Thirteen of the thirty-seven scenes take on a new beauty and significance
chapters of the book are given up to the account with the poems as a guide. The mechanical fea-
of his cruising and fighting off the Cuban tures of the book are perfect. It is elegantly
shores, and to the inquiry instituted regarding printed on hand-made paper and bound in grey
his conduct, so that it is impossible here to
boards with white vellum back. The Florentine
enter into details, even were it desirable at this lily in heavy gold makes a simple and effective
time to rake over the ashes of scandals now
cover decoration. The volume is happily con-
fortunately moribund.
ceived and luxuriously executed, and it would be
It is to be said in conclusion that no history
difficult to imagine a more beautiful gift-book
of so enduring a type. The large-paper edition,
of the war with Spain can be relied upon
which
to which the present notice has reference, is lim-
does not take into full account the statement of ited to two hundred and fifty copies.
this important and interesting work, and that
One of the most beautiful and at the same time
there is every reason for the national feeling substantial of the season's publications is Mr.
embodied in the stanza:
Edward Dillon's stout quartoon Porcelain,
God save us war upon the seas,
forming the second volume of The Connoisseur's
But, if it slip,
Library' (Putnam). Appealing primarily to the
Send such a Chief, with men like these,
On such a ship!
collector, or at least to the connoisseur in ceram-
ics, it is an exhaustive and scholarly treatment
WALLACE RICE.
of a very definite subdivision of the general sub-
item


372
[Dec. 1,
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ject, and is provided with an extensive and care setting