STATE VANIA COLLEGE THE 1855 THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE LIBRARY 2308 1895 - THE DIAL A Semi-Montbly Fournal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME XLI. JULY 1 To DECEMBER 16, 1906 CHICAGO THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1906 05 | سال D5 Library 7:16 INDEX TO VOLUME XLI. . . . . . . . . . . AMERICAN PAINTING, A CRITICAL ACCOUNT OF AMERICAN POETRY, RECENT . “ ARABIAN KNIGHT,” LIFE OF THE BIOGRAPHIES IN HOLIDAY FORM Books OF THE FALL Season, 1906 “ BREITMANN, HANS” AND “ROMANY RYE” BROKEN LIFE, THE STORY OF A CANADA SEEN THROUGH ENGLISH EYES CHA-JIN, CULT OF THE CONQUEST, THE EASTERN COURSE OF CONTINENTAL LITERATURE, A YEAR OF CRITIC MILITANT, A. DECLARATION, OUR GREAT, STORY OF DIAZ, PRESIDENT: MAKER OF MODERN MEXICO DICKENS, A BIZARRE BOOK ON DIXIE, AFTER THE WAR IN DOGMA, ANATOMY OF EDUCATION, HIGHER, IN AMERICA EDUCATION, SOME MODERN IDEAS IN EGYPT, OLD, TO THE FRONT ELIZABETHAN POET, REVIVAL OF AN ENGLISH PROSE, A NEw MASTER OF ENGLISH RIVERS, Two FAMOUS EUROPE AT THE CLOSE OF THE LAST CENTURY EVELYN, OLD, IN HOLIDAY ATTIRE FICTION, RECENT FICTION, Root IDEAS OF FICTION, THE HUNGER-MOTIVE IN FICTION, THE LOVE-THEME IN FINANCE, THE NEW ORDER IN GREEK WORLD, THE, UNDER ROMAN SWAY HEARN, LAFCADIO, THE SELF-REVELATION OF HOLIDAY ART BOOK, A DISTINGUISHED HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS, MISCELLANEOUS, 1906 IRVING, SIR HENRY, THE INTIMATE LIFE OF KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM LAMB, A DISCIPLE AND FOLLOWER OF LIBERTY, THE STRUGGLE FOR LINCOLN, ABRAHAM, WRITINGS OF LITERARY PATHS, The Two “ MEREDITH, ACCORDING TO' MODERNITY, THE NOTE OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY, THE OLDEST TEXT-BOOK OF NAPOLEON, MATURE JUDGMENTS ON PAGE Charles Henry Hart 86 William Morton Payne . 205 Percy F. Bicknell 29 Percy F. Bicknell 384 151 Percy F. Bicknell 198 156 Lawrence J. Burpee 278 Frederick W. Gookin 105 H. E. Coblentz 239 269 William Morton Payne 323 Edwin E. Sparks 202 Arthur Howard Noll 109 Percy F. Bicknell 272 Walter L. Fleming 274 T. D. A. Cockerell 60 Edward O. Sisson 321 Edward O. Sisson 89 Ira Maurice Price 15 W. A. Bradley 10 F. B. R. Hellems 226 Anna Benneson McMahan. 200 E. D. Adams 63 H. W. Boynton 451 William Morton Payne 36, 113,240 Charles Leonard Moore. 195 Charles Leonard Moore . 311 Charles Leonard Moore. 439 Frank L. McVey . 165 F. B. R. Hellems 110 Frederick W. Gookin 448 Frederick W. Gookin 383 393, 455 Ingram A. Pyle 276 27 Percy F. Bicknell 83 James W. Garner 31 Charles H. Cooper 84 81 193 225 Paul Shorey Henry E. Bourne 203 . . . . . 88 24810 iv. INDEX PAGE . St. George L. Sioussat May Estelle Cook Edwin Erle Sparks . . Percy F. Bicknell Percy F. Bicknell . H. Parker Willis Percy F. Bicknell Charles H. A. Wager William Morton Payne . NATIONALITY, EVOLUTION OF OUR NATURE-BOOKS FOR THE HOLIDAYS ORATION, A SHORT, THE LONG STORY OF O TEMPORA! O MORES ! OYSTER BAY, THE EDICT OF PARIS, AN ENGLISH JOURNALIST IN PASCAL, A PAGE FROM PEER GYNT PHILIPPINES, MORE LIGHT ON THE POETRY AND ARBORICULTURE POETRY, LANDSCAPE IN POETRY, RECENT POETS' SHRINE, A PRE-RAPHAELITE BROTHERHOOD, MORE OF THE RAILWAY PROBLEM, HEART OF THE RENASCENCE, THREE MEN OF THE ROME's GOLDEN Days, FIGURES FROM SCHOLAR's MIND, A SPENCER, HERBERT, A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF STUART, MARY, Two New BOOKS ON SUBCONSCIOUS, IN THE REALM OF THE THOREAU IN TWENTY VOLUMES Tolstoy, EARLY LIFE OF TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION, HOLIDAY BOOKS OF TRAVEL, HOLIDAY BOOKS OF VIOLINIST, A FAMOUS, APPRECIATION OF VISIONARIES, Two . WASHINGTON AS HOUSEKEEPER AND FARMER WESTERN COURSE OF EMPIRE, THE WI HITMAN, WALT, FIFTY YEARS AFTER 159 387 320 379 103 316 153 309 279 3 235 65 57 444 35 13 446 33 164 62 106 232 59 452 390 12 281 237 6 317 . Edith Kellogg Dunton John J. Halsey L. E. Robinson Anna Benneson McMahan. Charles H. A. Wager T. D. A. Cockerell Lawrence J. Burpee James R. Angell F. B. Sanborn . Annie Russell Marble . . . Wallace Rice Josiah Renick Smith William Morton Payne Walter L. Fleming Frederick J. Turner . W. E. Simonds 230, 271, 314, 381, 442 Meals, On Behaviour at 271 Mechanical Spirit of the Age, The 271 Melville, Herman, A Projected Biography of 443 Newspaper Habit, The 272 Nose, Judging Literature through the 443 Pervasiveness in the World of Letters, Genius for 443 Plays, New Printing of 314 Poetry, American, Timidity of 314 Poetry, the Technique of, Some Interesting Notes on 382 Public Libraries, A Plan to Syndicate the . 443 Reading Habits of our people. 382 Shakespeare Plays, Another Author of the 442 Shakespeare, The Reading of 230 Solitude, The Art of 271 Spelling Reform, Mr. Howells and 231 Stephen, Leslie, Mr. Maitland's Life and Letters of 231 Translators, Blunders of . 315 Wharton, Edith, A French Tribute to 382 CASUAL COMMENT Atlantic Monthly's Fiftieth Birthday . 442 Book-Prices, Probable Effects of a General Cheapening 443 Browning's Defense of his Alleged Obscurity of Style 231 Chicago, English Visitors and 314 City-Lover, The Perfect Type of 315 Department Store, Literature of the 381 Dickens and Stevenson, New Limited Editions of . 315 Dickinson, G. Lowes, The Humor of 315 Drama, International, Impracticability of . 314 Eliot, President, and College Aid 231 Greek Vase, The, as a Symbol of American Society 271 Keats's Will 442 Life's Little Ironies 272 Literary Criticism, Value of Sympathy in 381 Literary Merit, The Ready Recognition of . 442 Literary Notables, The Seventieth Birthday of Two 382 Literary Workers, A Retreat for 442 Literature Repeating Itself, An Instance of 231 ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL Books, 1906 SEASON's Books FOR THE YOUNG, 1906 BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. BRIEFER MENTION NOTES. LISTS OF New Books . 170 401 18, 39, 70, 91, 117, 166, 209, 243, 283, 326 43, 212, 286, 329 21, 44, 73, 94, 121, 169, 212, 246, 286, 330, 399, 462 22, 44, 74, 95, 122, 213, 247, 288, 331, 405, 463 INDEX AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED PAGE Abbott, Charles Conrad. The Rambles of an Idler... 390 "Acorn, The". 22 Acton, Lord, and others. Cambridge Modern History, Vol. IX., Napoleon.. 203 Addison, Julia de Wolf. Art of the Dresden Gallery. 459 Alec-Tweedie, Mrs. The Maker of Modern Mexico.. 109 Alger, George W. Moral Overstrain..... 93 Allen, Grant, and Williamson, George C. Cities of Northern Italy... 392 "Altogether New Cynic's Calendar for 1907". 399 Amelung, Walter, and Holtzinger, Heinrich. Museums and Ruins of Ancient Rome, trans. by Mrs. S. Arthur Strong.. 40 "American Occupation of the Philippines,” Bibliog- raphy of 121 Anderson, Wilbert L. The Country Town. 21 Andrews, Mary R. S. The Perfect Tribute. 320 Austin, Mary. The Flock... 388 Avary, Myrta Lockett. Dixie after the War. 274 Babcock, Kendric C. Rise of American Nationality. 163 Bacon, Edwin M. The Connecticut River... 327 Baedekers, New 44, 169, 462 Baily, J. T. Herbert. Emma, Lady Hamilton. 386 Bain, John, Jr. Cigarettes in Fact and Fancy. 399 Baker, John Cordis. American Country Homes and their Gardens. 396 Bakewell, Charles M. Davidson's Philosophy of Goethe's Faust...... 462 Baldwin, James. The Golden Fleece. 73 Balfour, Andrew. Second Report of the Wellcome Research Laboratories... 331 Barbour, A. Maynard. Breakers Ahead. 38 Barbour, Ralph Henry. A Maid in Arcady. 397 Baring-Gould, S. A Book of the Riviera. 72 Barnard, William Francis. The Moods of Lite. 208 Barry, Richard. Sandy from the Sierras. 116 Bassett, John Spencer. The Federalist System. 161 Batcheller, Mrs. Tryphosa B. Glimpses of Italian Court Life. 459 Bazán, Emilia .P. Mystery of the Lost Dauphin. 113 Beatty, Arthur. Selections from Swinburne. 330 Beebe, C. William. The Log of the Sun. 387 Bell, Mrs. Arthur G. Picturesque Brittany. 244 Bell, Ralcy Husted. Words of the Wood. 207 Bénédite, Léonce. Drawings of Millet. 383 Benson, Arthur C. From a College Window. 33 Benson, Arthur C. The House of Quiet. 33 Benson, Arthur C. The Thread of Gold. 33 Benson, Arthur C. Walter Pater. 119 Biagi, Guido. George Eliot's Romola. 456 Biese, Alfred. The Feeling for Nature. 235 Bigelow, Poultney. German Struggle for Liberty, Vol. IV.. 73 Binns, W. Moore. First Century of English Porcelain 455 Birchall, Sara H. Book of the Singing Winds..... 69 Birukoff, Paul. Leo Tolstoy, his Life and Work, Vol. I.. 59 Bisland, Elizabeth. Life and Letters of Lafcadio Hearn 448 Blaisdell, E. Warde. Animal Serials. 397 Bliss, Frederick J. Development of Palestine Explo- ration 211 Block, Louis J. Many Moods and Many Minds. 206 "Book by Book". 246 "Book of Spice." 399 "Boyce, Neith." The Eternal Spring.. 115 Brady, Cyrus Townsend. The True Andrew Jackson. 18 Brainerd, Eleanor Hoyt. In Vanity Fair... 92 Branch Historical Papers of Randolph Macon College 44 Brandes, George. Reminiscences of My Childhood and Youth... 323 Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt, Vols. I.-III. 17 Breasted, James Henry. History of Egypt, from Earliest times to the Persian Conquest.. 15 Bright, Norma K. The Dream Child... 209 Brooks, Stratton D. Brooks's Readers.. 246 Brown, Alice. The Court of Love.... 39 Brown, Marshall. Humor of Bulls and Blunders... 197 PAGE Browne, Edward G. Literary History of Persia, Vol. II.. 400 Browning's The Last Ride Together, illustrated by Frederick Simpson Coburn. 462 Bryce, Catherine T. Robert Louis Stevenson Reader. 21 Burrage, Henry Sweetser. Gettysburg and Lincoln, 320 Burroughs, John. Bird and Bough.. 206 Byron's Love Poems, Caldwell edition. 462 Cable's Old Creole Days, illustrated by Albert Herter 398 Cabot, Ella Lyman. Everyday Ethics. 400 Caird, Mona. Romantic Cities of Provence. 391 Capes, Bernard. Bembo.. 114 Calvin, Sir Auckland. Making of Modern Egypt... 120 CarmichaelMontgomery. Life of John William Walshe, F.S.A., new edition. 94 Carpenter, George Rice. English Grammar. 462 Carpenter, George R. Rhetoric and English Compo- sition 400 Carr, Clark E. Lincoln at Gettysburg. 320 Carrington, Fitz Roy. The Pilgrim's Staff. 287 Carus, Paul. Tract of the Quiet Way, and Treatise of the Exalted One on Response and Retribution 246 Chambers, Robert W. The Fighting Chance. 243 Champlin, John D. Young Folks' Cyclopædia of Persons and Places, revised edition. 246 Channing, Edward. Jeffersonian System. 162 Chesterton, G. K. Charles Dickens.. 272 Churchill, Winston. Coniston..... 116 Claydon, Arthur W. Cloud Studies. 169 Clement, Ernest W. Hildreth's Japan as It Was and Is 400 Cleveland, Frederick A. The Bank and the Treasury 166 Climenson, Emily J. Queen of the Blue-Stockings.. 19 Coggins, Herbert L. Knick-Knacks. 399 Collins, John. Arnold's Merope and the Electra... 21 Commons, John R. Trade Unionism and Labor Problems 40 Conant, Charles A. Principles of Money and Banking 165 "Congo, The: A Report of the Commission of In- quiry.” 210 Cortissoz, Royal. Cellini's Autobiography, Brentano's edition 455 Crawford, J. H. From Fox's Earth to Mountain Tarn 388 Creighton, Louise. Heroes of European History..... 463 Crowell's Thin-Paper Poets. 397 Crowell's Thin-Paper Two-Volume Sets. 397 Curtis, Newton M. From Bull Run to Chancellors- ville 284 Dalton's Complete Bridge. 463 "Danby, Frank.” The Sphinx's Lawyer. 114 Dauncey, Mrs. Campbell. An Englishwoman in the Philippines 279 Davis, H. W. C. England under the Normans and Angevins 41 Davis, Richard Harding. Farces. 400 Dawson, Miles M. Business of Life Insurance. 117 Dawson, W. J. Quest of the Simple Life. 284 Day, Lewis F. Alphabets, Old and New, 2d edition. 73 Day, Mrs. Frank R. The Princess of Manoa. 456 Deeping, Warwick. Bess of the Woods. 240 Deland, Margaret. Awakening of Helena Richie. 115 De Mille, James. Cord and Creese, new edition. 44 Dewar, Douglas. Bombay Ducks. 388 Dickens's Mr. Pickwick's Christmas, illustrated by George A. Williams. 397 Dickerson, Mary C. The Frog Book. 209 Dix, Morgan. History of the Parish of Trinity Church, Vol. IV. 119 Dix, William F. The Face in the Girandole. 458 Dobson, Austin. Diary of John Evelyn. 451 Dodd, Lee W. A Modern Alchemist. 205 Dodge, Henry N. Mystery of the West. 208 Dole, Nathan H. Building of the Organ. 67 Dooley, Mrs. James H. Dem Good Ole Times. 457 Dorchain, M. Auguste. Les Cent Meilleurs Poems (Lyriques) de la Langue Française. ... 400 Dougherty, J. Hampden. Electoral System of the United States.. 70 vi. INDEX PAGE Dowd, Alice M. Our Common Wild Flowers of Springtime and Autumn. 94 Drew, Bernard. Cassandra. 66 Du Bois, Elizabeth Hickman, Stress Accent in Latin Poetry 287 Dubois, J. A. Hindu Manners and Customs, trans. by H. K. Beauchamp, third edition... 44 Duniway, Clyde A. Development of Freedom of the Press in Massachusetts.... 168 Eichendorff, Joseph Freiherr von. The Happy-Go- Lucky, trans. by Mrs. A. L. Wister. 461 Elder, Paul. Mosaic Essays, collected edition. 456 Eliot, George. Works of, "New Century" edition. 286 Ellis, Clara Spalding. What's Next?.. 462 Ellison, Edith Nicholl. A Child's Recollections of Tennyson 246 Elton, Oliver. Michael Drayton. 10 Emanuel, Walter. The Dogs of War. 460 "English Idylls" Series, new vols.. 456 Fairlie, John A. Local Government in Counties, Towns, and Villages.. 73 Fanshawe, Reginald. Corydon. 65 Finck, Henry T. Edvard Grieg. 18 Fisher, Gertrude Adams. A Woman Alone in the Heart of Japan.. 393 Fitzgerald, Percy. Sir Henry Irving. 384 Fogazzaro, Antonio. The Saint. 281 “Foolish Almanac, Second" 458 Forbes-Lindsay, C. H. The Philippines under Span- ish and American Rules.. 454 Ford, J. D. M. and Mary A. Romances of Chivalry in Italian Verse. 463 Foreman, John. The Philippine Islands, third edition 94 Forman, Justus Miles. Buchanan's Wife.. 242 France, Anatole. Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard, trans. by Lafcadio Hearn, new edition.. 21 Franklin, Frank G. Legislative History of Natu- ralization 121 Franklin's Autobiography, Riverside Press edition... 456 Fraprie, Frank Roy. Little Pilgrimages among Ba- varian Inns. 453 Fraser, John Foster. Canada As It Is. 278 Freer, William B. Philippine Experiences of an American Teacher. 71 French, Samuel Livingston. Army of the Potomac. 42 Frenssen, Gustav. Holyland. 281 Fulton, Edward. A Rhetoric and Composition. 462 Fyvie, John. Some Literary Eccentrics. 245 Garrett, John Henry. The Idyllic Avon. 200 Gaskell, Mrs., Works of, "Knutsford” edition. 286 Gaussen, Alice C. C. A Woman of Wit and Wisdom. 168 Gibbs, Philip. Men and Women of the French Revo- lution 385 Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield, Caradoc Press edition 457 Goldthwaite, Vera. The Philosophy of Ingersoll... 456 Gordon, William C. Social Ideals of Alfred Tenny- son 94 Gosse, Edmund. Short History of Modern English Literature, new revised edition... 463 Graham, Harry. Misrepresentative Women. 458 Green, M. Louise. Development of Religious Liberty in Connecticut. 73 Hadow, G. E. and W. H. Oxford Treasury of English Literature, Vol. I.. 286 Haeckel, Ernst. Last Words on Evolution. 400 Haines, Jennie Day. Fear Not.... 456 Haines, Jennie Day Sunday Symphonies. 456 Haines, Jennie Day. Ye Gardeyne Boke. 455 Hale, Edward Everett. Foundations of the Republic 21 Hale, Edward Everett. Tarry-at-Home Travels. 390 Hamilton, Angus. Afghanistan. 239 "Handy Volume Classics". 247 Harbeck, Charles T. Bibliography of the History of the U. S. Navy. 212 “Harper's Novelettes," Vol. I., Under the Sunset. 21 Harrison, Frederic. Memories and Thoughts. 212 Harrison, James A. George Washington.. 212 Hart, Albert Bushnell. American Nation, Vols. VIII.- XIII. 159 Harvey, James Clarence. Over the Walnuts and Wine 458 Harwood, W. S. The New Earth. 39 Hawkes, Clarence. Shaggycoat. 389 Haworth, Paul L. Disputed Hayes-Tilden Election of 1876.. 245 PAGE Hawthorne's In Colonial Days, illus. by Frank C. Merrill 461 Hay, Marie. A German Pompadour.. 386 Haynes, George H. The Election of Senators. 93 Hazelton, John H. Declaration of Independence: Its History 202 Henderson, T. F. Mary Queen of Scots: Her En- vironment and Tragedy.. 62 Henshaw, Julia W. Mountain Wild Flowers of America 73 Herford, Oliver. Little Book of Bores. 398 Hodder, F. H. Audubon's Western Journal. 120 Hodgkin, Thomas. History of England, from Earliest Times to the Norman Conquest.. 92 Hollander, Jacob H., and Barnett, George E. Studies in American Trade Unionism.. 40 Holme, Charles. Old English Country Cottages. 396 Holme, Charles. The Art Revival in Austria... 396 Holt, Hamilton. Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans 94 Hornaday, William T. Camp-Fires in the Canadian Rockies 391 Hoskins, L. M. A Text-Book of Hydraulics. 462 Houghton, Louise S. Telling Bible Stories. 211 Howard, G. E. Preliminaries of the Revolution. 159 Howard, John R. Prose You Ought to Know. 460 Howells, William Dean. Certain Delightful English Towns 391 Hueffer, Ford M. Holbein. 285 Huffcut, Ernest W. Anson's Principles of English Law of Contract, second American edition...... 286 Hughes, Rupert. Colonel Crockett's Co-operative Christmas 399 Hulbert, Archer B. The Ohio River. 395 Hullah, Annette. Theodor Lèschetizky. 18 Hurlbut, Jesse L. Story of the Bible. 461 Huston, Paul Griswold. Around an Old Homestead.. 389 Hyatt, Alfred H. The Footpath Way... 457 "Iarflaith." White Poppies.... 67 Ingersoll, Ernest. The Wit of the Wild.. 389 Isham, Samuel. History of American Painting.. 86 Jackson, A. V. Williams. Persia, Past and Present.. 393 James, George Wharton. The Story of Scraggles... 389 James, George Wharton. Wonders of the Colorado Desert 454 Jastrow, Joseph. The Subconscious.. 106 Jenks, Jeremiah W. Citizenship and the Schools.. 212 Jesperson, Otto. Growth and Structure of the Eng- lish Language. 121 Johnson, Burges. Beastly Rhymes.. 397 Johnson, Clifton. Highways and Byways of the Mis- sissippi Valley. 452 Johnson, Philander C. Senator Sorghum's Primer of Politics 458 Johnson, Rossiter. Story of the Constitution. 21 Jones, Amanda T. Poems, collected edition. 286 Keeler, Charles. San Francisco through Earthquake and 121 Kelley, Gwendolyn D., and Upton, George P. Re- menyi: Musician and Man. 12 Kelly, H. A. Walter Reed and Yellow Fever. 211 Kennard, Joseph S. Italian Romance Writers. 42 Kind, John Louis. Edward Young in Germany 283 King, Charles F. Advanced Geography. 287 "King's English, The". 72 Kinkead, Eleanor Talbot. The Invisible Bond. 115 Kipling's “They," illustrated by F. H. Townsend. 398 Knollys, George. Ledgers and Literature... 328 Knowles, Frederic L. The Value of Love. 400 Knowles, F. M. A Cheerful Year Book.. 399 Knox, George William. Spirit of the Orient. 328 Kobbé, Gustav. Famous American Songs. 395 Koopman, Harry L. At the Gates of the Century.. 207 Lamb's Tales from Shakespeare, Brentano's edition. 461 Lanciani, Rodolfo. Golden Days of the Renaissance in Rome. 446 Langham Series of Art Monographs. .21, 44, 286 Lang, John. "Children's Heroes Series". 121 Lansdale, Maria Hornor. Châteaux of Touraine. 393 Larned, J. N. Books, Culture, and Character. 327 Laut, Agnes. Vikings of the Pacific. 166 Lawson, Thomas W. Frenzied Finance. 166 Lawson, Publius V. Story of the Rocks and Minerals of Wisconsin. 400 Fire.... INDEX vii. PAGE Lee, Sidney. Stratford-on-Avon, revised edition... 461 Lewis, Charlton M. Principles of English Verse. 246 Lloyd, Henry D. Man the Social Creator. 43 London, Jack. White Fang. 389 Longfellow's Hiawatha, illus. by Harrison Fisher. 396 Long, William J. Brier-Patch Philosophy. 390 Lord, Walter Frewen. Mirror of a century. 91 Lucas, Edwin V. A Wanderer in London. 391 Lucas, Edwin V. The Friendly Town. 457 Luce, Morton. Handbook to the Works of Shakespeare 43 McCarthy, Justin Huntly. The Flower of France... 114 McLaughlin, Andrew C. The Confederation and the Constitution 161 McMahan, Anna B. With Byron in Italy... 459 McMullen, Lynn B. Forty Lessons in Physics. 462 McTaggart, John M. E. Some Dogmas of Religion.. 60 Maccunn, Florence A. Mary Stuart. 62 Macdonnell, Anne. Touraine and Its Story. 394 Macfall, Haldane. Sir Henry Irving.. 95 Mackaye, Percy. Jeanne d'Arc. 463 Mackinnon, James. History of Modern Liberty. 31 Macmillan's Pocket Classics... .287, 462 Macphail, Andrew. The Vine of Sibmah. 240 Macvane, Edith. The Adventures of Joujou. 398 Maeterlinck, Maurice. The Swarm.. 461 Mahaffy, John P. Silver Age of the Greek World.. 110 Maine's Ancient Law, with introduction by Sir Frederick Pollock.. 246 Major, David R. First Steps in Mental Growth. 243 Mark Twain. The $30,000 Bequest, and Other Stories 287 Marshall, Thomas. Aristotle's Theory of Conduct.. 88 Martens, M. F. de. Par la Justice vers la Paix.... 400 Martin, Percy F. Through Five Republics of South America 204 Masefield, John C. Lyrists of the Restoration. 462 Masson, Frederic. Memoirs of the Count de Cartrie.. 285 Matson, Esther. All the Year in a Garden. 458 Maxwell, Donald. A Cruise across Europe. 453 Meakin, Annette M. B. Russia: Travels and Studies 393 Meiklejohn, J. M. D. The English Language, re- vised American edition. 287 Meredith, George, Works of, "Pocket” edition. . 21, 247 Merriman, Charles E. Who's It in America. 458 Metcalf, H. B. Gems of Wisdom... 458 Mifflin, Lloyd. My Lady of Dream. 207 Miles, Alfred H. The Bravest Deed I Ever Saw, second edition.... 400 Mills, Lawrence H. Zarathustra and the Greeks.. 287 Miltoun, Francis. Castles and Châteaux of Old Tou- raine 394 Miltoun, Francis. Rambles on the Riviera. 393 Mitchell, Edmund. In Desert Keeping. 241 "Modern Love: An Anthology" 43 Molloy, Fitzgerald. Russian Court in the 18th Cen- tury 20 Morris, Clara. Life of a Star. 20 Morris, J. Makers of Japan. .326 Moses, Montrose J. Famous Actor Families in Amer- ica 395 Mottram, William. True Story of George Eliot. 384 Moulton, Forrest Ray. Introduction to Astronomy.. 12 Muckensturm, Louis. Louis's Salads and Chafing Dishes, and Louis's Mixed Drinks..... 461 Muensterberg, Hugo. Harvard Psychological Studies, Vol. 284 "Müller, Max. Memories, trans. by George P. Upton, illus. by Helen and Margaret Armstrong. 399 Newcomb, Simon. Sidelights on Astronomy. 329 Nicholson, Meredith. Poems..... 207 Nicolay, John G., and Hay, John. Complete Works of Lincoln, Gettysburg edition, Vols. I.-X. .84, 329 Noll, Arthur Howard. Doctor Quintard, Chaplain C.S.A. 169 Okakura-Kakuzo. Book of Tea. 105 Orczy, Baroness. A Son of the People.. 241 Orr, James. Problem of the Old Testament. 41 O'Shea, M. V. Dynamic Factors in Education. 89 Oxford Library of Prose and Poetry.. 246, 399 Page, Thomas Nelson. On Newfound River, new edition 286 Parsons, Frank. Heart of the Railroad Problem.. 35 Paston, George. Haydon and his Friends. 92 Pasture, Mrs. Henry de la. The Man from America. 241 Paul, Herbert. Stray Leaves.... 243 PAGE Paulsen, Friedrich. German Universities. 19 Payne, Leonidas W., Jr. Hector of Germaine. 462 Peck, Ellen Brainerd. Songs by the Sedges. 208 Peixotto, Ernest C. By Italian Seas.. 392 Pemberton, Max. My Sword for Lafayette. 37 Pennell, Elizabeth Robins. Charles Godfrey Leland. 198 Perry, Bliss. Walt Whitman. 317 Perry, Martha D. Letters from a Surgeon of the Civil War. 71 Perry, Thomas S. Life of John Fiske... 43 Petrie, W. M. Flinders. History of Egypt, from the XIXth to XXXth Dynasties. 16 Phelps, Idella. Your Health !. 458 Porter, Charlotte, and Clarke, Helen A. Shakespeare's Works, "First Folio" edition. 73 Porter, Rose. Daily Joy and Daily Peace. 458 Potter, Henry Codman. Reminiscences of Bishops and Archbishops. 329 Powell, Benjamin Erichthonius and the Three Daughters of Cecrops. 121 Pratt, A. E. Two Years among New Guinea Canni- bals 393 Preissig, Edward. Notes on the History and Political Institutions of the Old World. 94 Quiller-Couch, A. T. The Pilgrim's Way. 457 Quiller-Couch, A. T. From a Cornish Window. 118 "Q. P." How to Buy Life Insurance. 117 "Red Letter Library". 287 Reed, Edward B. Selections from Addison. 399 Reeve, Sidney C. The Cost of Competition. 19 Reynolds, John S. Reconstruction in South Carolina 118. Rhead, Louis. Basses, Fresh-Water and Marine.... 20 Rhoads, W. M. Wise and Otherwise. 399 Ribot, Th. The Creative Imagination. 244 Rice, Cale Young Plays and Lyrics... 68 Richardson, Major John. Wacousta, new illus. edition 94 Rickert, Edith. Folly.. 114 Rickett, Arthur. Personal Forces in Modern Litera- ture 210 Riley, James Whitcomb. When the Heart Beats Young 398 Robertson, John M. Short History of Free Thought, revised and enlarged edition. 62 Roe, George. Rub'aiyat of Omar Kayyam. 400 Rogers, Robert C. The Rosary ... 205 Rose, J. Holland. Development of European Na- tions, 1870-1900. 63 Rossetti, William Michael, Reminiscences of. 444 Rowe, Stuart H. Physical Nature of the Child. 89 Rowland, Henry C. In the Shadow. 116 "Royal Academy Pictures," Vol. XIX. 44 Russell, Alexander D., and Suhrawardy, Abdullah al ma'mun. First Steps in Muslim Jurisprudence. 121 Russell, T. Baron. A Hundred Years Hence. 283 Ryan, Coletta. Songs in a Sun-Garden.. 209 Ryan, Marah Ellis. For the Soul of Rafael. 39 Sage, William. The District Attorney. 38 Sanborn, Kate. Old-time Wall Papers. 41 Sanders, Frank K., and Fowler, Henry T. Outlines for the Study of Biblical History and Literature 462 Sangster, Margaret. Fairest Girlhood. 398 Schauffler, Robert Haven. Where Speech Ends. 242 Scott, John Reed. Colonel of the Red Huzzars. 116 Seeley, Levi. Elementary Pedagogy.. 90 Serao, Matilde. In the Country of Jesus. 211 Seymour, Frederick H. A. Sauntering in Spain. 392 Shackford, Martha Hale. First Book of Poetics. 400 Shaler, Mrs. Nathaniel S. Masters of Fate.. 329 Shaw, G. Bernard. Three Plays for Puritans, new edition 463 Shelley, Annie B. Bridge, Abridged. 287 Shelley, Henry C. Literary By-Paths in Old England 391 Sheran, William H. Handbook of Literary Criticism 94 Sherard, Robert Harborough, Life of Oscar Wilde.. 156 Sherard, Robert Harborough. Twenty Years in Paris 316 Sichel, Edith. Life and Letters of Alfred Ainger.. 83 Sill, Louise Morgan. In Sun or Shade.. 69 Sinclair, Upton. King Midas, revised edition. 287 Singleton, Esther. Historic Buildings of America.. 460 Singleton, Esther. Rome.. 460 Slater, John R. Sources of Tyndale's Version of the Pentateuch 169 Slosson, Margaret. How Ferns Grow. 168 Smiley, Charles N. Latinitas and Hellenismos. 246 II... viii. INDEX 36 PAGE Smith, E. Boyd. Story of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith. 460 Smith, F. Berkeley. In London Town. 453 Smith, F. Hopkinson. The Tides of Barnegat. 243 Smith, Goldwin. In Quest of Light. 85 Smith, Lewis Worthington. In the Furrow. 207 Smith, William H., Jr. Priced Lincoln Bibliography 400 Snider, Denton J. American Ten Years' War, 1855- 1865 328 Sonnenschein, W. S. Five Thousand Words Fre- quently Misspelt. 44 "Standard English Classics" .246, 463 Steffens, Lincoln. Struggle for Self-Government.. 93 Steindorff, Georg. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians 17 Stevenson, Burton E. and Elizabeth B. Days and Deeds 43 Stimson, Frederic J. In Cure of Her Soul. 37 Stockwell, C. T. Evolution of Immortality, fourth edition, revised.. 330 Stoker, Bram. Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving 276 Strasburger, Eduard. Rambles on the Riviera, trans. by 0. and B. Comerford Casey.. 392 Stringer, Arthur. The Wire-Tappers., 38 Sudermann, Hermann. The Undying Past. 113 Swayne, Christine S. The Visionary.. 69 Swinburne, Algernon Charles. William Blake: A Critical Essay, new edition.. 400 Swinburne's Anactoria, and Other Lyrical Poems. 330 Szold, Henrietta. American Jewish Year Book, 5667 286 Syrett, Netta. The Day's Journey. 242 Swinburne, Selected Lyrical Poems of. 330 Tappan, Eva March. American Hero Stories. 286 Taylor, Edward R. Into the Light. 68 "Temple Greek and Latin Classics". .21, 44, 399 Thackeray's Ballads and Songs, illustrated by H. M. Brock, new edition.. 395 "Thin Paper Classics". 44, 462 Thomas, Edward. The Heart of England. 454 Thomson, J. Arthur. Herbert Spencer.. 164 Thorndike, Edward. Principles of Teaching. 89 Thomson, W. Hanna. Brain and Personality 284 "Thumb Nail Series,” new volumes... 398 Thwaites, Reuben Gold. Early Western Travels...6, 72 Thwing, Charles F. History of Higher Education in America. 321 Tilton, Theodore. Fading of the Mayflower. 67 Todd, Charles Burr. In Olde Connecticut. 285 Tompkins, Herbert W. In Constable's Country... 454 Torrey, Bradford. Thoreau's Works, Walden edition 232 Tout, T. F. Advanced History of Great Britain. 463 Trowbridge, W. R. H. Court Beauties of Old White- hall 385 Upton, George P. Standard Operas, revised and en- larged edition. 330 Van Vorst, Marie. The Sin of George Warrener... 114 PAGE Ver Beck, Frank. Book of Bears.. 397 Vernon, William W. Readings on the Inferno of Dante 247 Wack, Harry Wellington. In Thamesland. 200 Wade, Blanche Elizabeth. The Stained Glass Lady. 394 Wagner, Charles. Impressions of America. 286 Walker, Williston. John Calvin.... 286 "Wallace, Dexter." Blood of the Prophets. 206 Van Dyke, Henry. The Friendly Year. 462 Van Dyke, Paul. Renascence Portraits. 13 Van Tyne, Claude H. The American Revolution. 160 Vincent, Charles. Fifty Shakespeare Songs. 330 Vincent, Leon H. American Literary Masters. 43 Waller, Mary E. Through the Gates of the Nether- lands 452 Wallis, I. Henry. The Cloud Kingdom. 66 Walsh, Walter. Moral Damage of War. 330 Walton's Compleat Angler, Caradoc Press edition.. 457 Ward, Mrs. Humphry. Fenwick's Career... Washington, George, Letters and Recollections of. 237 Watanna, Onoto. A Japanese Blossom. 398 Waters. W. G. Traveller's Joy.. 457 Wedgwood, Ethel. Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville. 121 Wedmore, Frederick. Whistler and Others.. 285 Weeden, William B. War Government, Federal and State 167 Wells, Carolyn. At the Sign of the Sphinx. 287 "Wer Ist's?" 202 Wharton, Anne Hollingsworth. Italian Days and Ways 452 Whates, H. R. Canada the New Nation. 278 Wheatley, Henry B. Diary of John Evelyn, new edition 451 White, Stewart Edward. The Pass. 387 Whiting, Lilian. The Land of Enchantment. 453 Whittier's Snow-Bound, illus. by Pyle and others. 396 Wilde, Oscar, Poems of, Buckles' edition. 73 Wildman, Murray S. Money Inflation in the United States 165 Wilkinson, Florence. The Far Country. 68 Williams, H. Noel. Five Fair Sisters. 386 Witt, Robert C. How to Look at Pictures. 120 Williams, Leonard. Granada. 392 Williamson, C. N. and A. M. Lady Betty across the Water 37 Williamson, C. N. and A. M. Rosemary in Search of Father. 396 Wilson, Alice. Actæon's Defense.. 208 Winchester, T. C. Life of John Wesley. 42 Wise, John S. Recollections of Thirteen Presidents. 117 Woods, David Walker. John Witherspoon.. 70 Woods, Margaret L. The King's Revoke. 241 Wright, Mabel Osgood. The Garden, You and I. 70 Wright, Thomas. Life of Sir Richard Burton. 29 Young, Filson. The Sands of Pleasure. 241 MISCELLANEOUS Argyll, Anna, Countess of, A Quaint Letter from... 197 Book Advertising, Devious Methods of. Edward S. Parsons 314 Book Advertising, Devious Methods of --The Pub- lisher's Side. G. P. Putnam's Sons.. 382 Cæsar's "Thrasonical Brag." Samuel Willard. 155 Cambridge History of English Literature, Announce- ment ol. 331 Longfellow Centennial Celebration, The Forthcoming 330 "Milton, Taking Chances with.” Samuel T. Pickard. 155 "Pacific Empire Monthly," Announcement of. 74 Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, Announce- ment of.. 44 Poetry and Trees. George S. Wills. 29 "Putnam's Magazine," The Revival of. 73 Riverside Press Editions, 1906. 169, 330 Scott's “Fair Maid of Perth," Andrew Lang on..... 212 "Spelling Reform," Another Phase of. Thomas H. Briggs, Jr. 197 Spelling Reform, Duty of Scholars toward. W. H. Johnson 155 JE PENN. STATE COLLEGE L'OY, STATE CULLU-, PENN. 333 THE DIAL A SEMI- MONTHLY JOURNAL OF Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. EDITED BY Volume XLI. FRANCIS F. BROWNE / No. 481. CHICAGO, JULY 1, 1906. 10 cts, a copy. $2. a year. { FINE ARTS BUILDING 203 Michigan Blvd. Good fiction for Summer Reading From Page's List MR. MORLEY ROBERTS'S Third Edition. THE IDLERS (Illustrated, $1.50.) "As absorbing as the devil. The antithesis of 'Rachel Marr' in an equally masterful and con- vincing work.” – New York Sun. MISS LILIAN BELL'S Fourth Edition. CAROLINA LEE (Illustrated, $1.50.) “Miss Bell is here at better than even her best. Wit, humor, and sentiment are cleverly mingled in a fascinating romance." - Ph elphia Press. MR. G. SIDNEY PATERNOSTER'S Second Edition. THE CRUISE OF THE CONQUEROR (Illustrated, $1.50.) Being the Further Adventures of the Motor Pirate As a land pirate he was a marvel, but as a sea-going buccaneer Mannering is a miracle of devilish ingenuity.”—New York Evening Post. MR. RUPERT SARGENT HOLLAND'S THE COUNT AT HARVARD Hits the target of Harvard life directly in the centre.” — Boston Transcript. Second Edition. (Illustrated, $1.50.) CAPTAIN T. JENKINS HAINS'S THE VOYAGE OF THE ARROW An all action sea tale of the first rank by a master of his craft.” – New York World. Published in May. Second Edition now ready. (Illustrated, $1.50.) MAJOR ARTHUR GRIFFITHS'S Third Edition. THE PASSENGER FROM CALAIS ($1.25.) An original detective story, ingenious and immensely diverting.” —Chicago News. Published May 25. MR. DAVID A. CURTIS'S Second Edition now ready. STAND PAT: Or, Poker Stories From the Mississippi (Illustrated, $1.50.) “Good poker stories! What could be more interesting reading for the idle hours of a man who knows the game?” — Chicago Inter Ocean. Published June 1. MR. FRANK L. POLLOCK'S Second Edition on press. THE TREASURE TRAIL (Illustrated, $1.25.) "A straight adventure story which the most ardent lover of exciting fiction will find sufficiently thrilling. Well written and original in theme." — Brooklyn Eagle. MR. REGINALD WRIGHT KAUFFMAN'S Just published. MISS FRANCES BAIRD, DETECTIVE (Colored frontispiece, $1.25.) Mr. Kauffman has never done better work than in this story of a woman detective. His characterization is original and sympathetic; the mystery involved in a double murder and theft is most puzzling; the climax is wholly unexpected, yet logical L. C. Page and Company Publishers Boston, wass. 2 [July 1, 1906. THE DIAL EARLY CRITICAL OPINIONS OF WINSTON CHURCHILL'S new novel CONISTON describe it as "first of all a delightful love-story, vigorous, vibrant and realistic." CONISTON “is a love-story of the sort that warms the cockles of the heart, arouses every laggard and latent impulse of sympathy, and lends enthusiasm to fancy . . . its sentiment is so true, its humor so native and abiding, and its grip on the eternal verities so strong, that its characters seem to live and move in the immediate present." CONISTON “is by long odds the best, the most important, and most significant novel that has proceeded from Mr. Churchill's pen — if it be not, indeed, the best American novel yet brought to public notice and attention. . With amazing constructive skill and superb literary art ... its alluring and powerful demonstration of human nature glows and flashes through the pages of this long narrative." CONISTON “is the great novel of the year.” Uniform with “Richard Carvel," “ The Crossing," “The Crisis,” etc. Cloth, $1.50. PUBLISHED BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth Ave., NEW YORK THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER BY THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. PAGE THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and 16th POETRY AND ARBORICULTURE. of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; The daily press has reported the slaughter, in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. REMITTANCES should in a New York town, of some grand old white be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE oaks that lifted their heads in majesty one hun- DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions dred feet heavenward, each of them “a forest will begin with the current number. When no direct request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is received, it is waving on a single stem "; and, with shame be assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. it confessed, these monarchs of the tree world ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communi- were sacrificed to the demands of a local spoke- cations should be addressed to THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. factory. Wood that has for centuries matched its strength with the fierce fury of winter blasts, and braved the devasting thunderbolt, must henceforth patiently describe its wearisome No. 481. JULY 1, 1906. Vol. XLI. epitrochoids (if that be the name of the curve) beneath the weight of some groaning dray, or CONTENTS. more nimbly revolve with the nickel-mounted hubs and silently-swift rubber tires of some smart trap, or festive tally-ho, or road devour- POETRY AND ARBORICULTURE. Percy F. ing motor car, — not altogether ignoble uses, it Bicknell 3 may be urged, but served at how lamentable a cost! THE WESTERN COURSE OF EMPIRE. Frederick The annual recurrence of arbor-day may have J. Turner 6 suggested to many besides the present writer the REVIVAL OF AN ELIZABETHAN POET. W. A. query whether, in the present endeavor of all Bradley 10 enlightened persons to create a public sentiment adverse to the reckless sacrifice of natural beauty AN APPRECIATION OF A FAMOUS VIOLINIST. to commercial utility — and even, as is often Josiah Renick Smith . 12 proved in the end, to commercial inutility, poetry may not be enlisted as a powerful ally in THREE MEN OF THE RENASCENCE. L. E. the righteous cause, a more powerful ally, that is, Robinson, 13 than we have yet recognized it to be; and this, OLD EGYPT TO THE FRONT. Ira Maurice Price 15 too, without giving the slightest offense to the ad- Breasted's A History of Egypt. — Petrie's A His- vocates of " art for art's sake,” or incurring the tory of Egypt. — Steindorff's The Religion of the faintest suspicion of seeking to harness Pegasus Ancient Egyptians. — Breasted's Ancient Records to the plough. Quite the contrary. The poetry of Egypt. of trees and forests and woodland scenery may, BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 18 by appealing to our love of natural beauty, serve The personality of Andrew Jackson. — Lives of the interests of arboriculture, and, by a pleasing two living masters of music. — The deadly waste reciprocation of benefits, arboriculture will yield of competition. “Queen of the Blue-Stockings." inspiration to the muse of the nature-loving poet. Education at German universities. — Fragments of The right influences thus brought into action an actress's autobiography. — Catherine of Russia, and her court. — The basses, fresh-water and ma- by the apostles of sweetness and light should rine. -A handbook of the Constitution of the broaden down from the more to the less cul- United States. — A hopeful view of the future of tured, until all good Americans shall feel the the country town. same instinctive respect for noble trees and NOTES 21 majestic forests that is entertained in the older communities of the world. Something of the LIST OF NEW BOOKS 22 same recognition accorded to the rights of . . 4 [July 1, THE DIAL animals will thus more and more be yielded to expected, offer scarcely anything to our purpose. the claims of our rooted and stationary fellow But coming down to the post-classical poets of creatures. Alexandria, we find in the “ Argonautica ” of Although the poet has, of necessity, less often Apollonius Rhodius at least two graceful refer- taken a theme for his song from the calm ences to trees. A hamadryad thus pleads for beauty of field and forest than from the rich the life of an oak: multiplicity of human emotions and passions “Oh, rustic, stay, nor wound the hallowed rind; and actions, yet a very considerable body of For ages with that stem I live entwined." verse could be got together descriptive of wood Again, after the too-adventurous Phæthon has land scenes and of the majesty of individual come to grief, and, hurled from the sun-chariot trees, to say nothing of the many poems that, by Jove's thunderbolt, has perished in the river like “ The Building of the Ship” and “The Eridanus, we read : Wonderful One-Hoss Shay,” treat of the uses “The daughters of the sun, a mournful band, Along the bank, enclosed in poplars stand.” of timber mechanic uses, which it is our pres- Items such as these, however, are rather matters ent purpose to put entirely out of mind. The Old Testament writers, as living in a poorly- of curiosity than of literary interest. Passing to a better-known poet than old Apollonius, we wooded land, make but few references to trees. find in Ovid's story of Orpheus and Eurydice The green bay tree of the Psalmist, and the all the trees of the forest described, with appro- cedars of Lebanon, are familiar to us ; the oak, cypress, sycamore, pine, and fir tree are also priate epithets, as following the sweet strains of the musician's lyre; and in the legend of Ver- occasionally mentioned, as are various kinds of tumnus and Pomona the patroness of the apple- fruit trees; and the ash occurs once, in " Isaiah.” But of the stately beauty of the forest primeva! In the same poet occurs the following descrip- tree is represented as a scientific arboriculturist. we get hardly a hint. In his “ History of Israel,” tion of an aged oak: Ewald says that Solomon made gardens, vine- “ An ancient oak in the dark centre stood, yards, and pleasant parks around Jerusalem, and The covert's glory, and itself a wood; that he wrote a book describing all the plants and Garlands embraced its shaft, and from the boughs trees cultivated there; but this treatise is lost. Hung tablets, monuments of prosperous vows. In the cool dusk its unpierced verdure spread Homer, rich in marine effects, gives but a The Dryads oft their hallow'd dances led; faint idea of the charms of sylvan scenery. In And oft when round their gauging arms they cast, Full fifteen ells it measured in the waist." the sixth book of the “ Iliad” he aptly likens the successive generations of men to the leaves Virgil, too, is responsive to the appeal of wood- land scenes. When Æneas reached Italy, one of the trees, ever dying and as often renewed ; and in the “ Odyssey ” he pictures the grove of the first sights to attract his attention and win his admiration was : that surrounds Calypso's grotto, and also de- “A mighty grove of glancing trees. scribes the orchards of the Phæacians. But, Embowered amid the sylvan scene, though other references to trees are not lacking, Old Tiber winds his banks between." Homer is by no means the forest-lover's poet. In the second book of the “ Georgics,” all the Hesiod, now and then, is a little more satisfying, methods, natural and artificial, by which trees as in the first book of his “ Works and Days,' are propagated, are enumerated in realistic de where he depicts a country rejoicing in peace tail. tail. A fine description of the oak is also met and plenty, and adds : with in this poem. “Nature indulgent o'er their land is seen; Passing abruptly (to avoid the tedium of too With oaks, high-towering, are their mountains green; With heavy mast their arms diffusive bow, long lingering among the ancients) from Virgil While from their trunks rich streams of honey flow." to Spenser, we come upon a good picture of a Theocritus, as some of his Idyls prove, was rugged old oak in “ The Shepherd's Calendar” sensitive to the beauty of tree and forest. He (February) : sings of the “clustering pine-tree that scatters “There grew an aged tree on the green, A goodly Oak sometime had it been many a cone,” and elsewhere thus voices his With arms full strong and largely displayed : love of the same tree : The body big and mightily pight, “Yon breezy pine, whose foliage shades the springs, Thoroughly wooded and of wondrous height; In many a vocal whisper sweetly sings." Whylome had been the king of the field, Moschus celebrates the calm delights of repose And muckle mast to the husband did yield, And with his nuts larded many swine : beneath a plane-tree, whose leafage, cool and But now the gray moss marrèd his rine; deep, guards the sleeper from every annoyance. His barèd boughs were beaten with storms, His top was bald and wasted with worms, The Greek tragic poets, as might have been His honour decayed, his branches sere.” 1906.] 5 THE DIAL The swine-feeding virtues of this oak recall the have been with our splendid elms in mind that early English custom of estimating the value of Walt Whitman asked, “ Why are there trees forests by the number of hogs they would fatten; | I never walk under but large and melodious and in the survey made at the time of the Nor- thoughts descend upon me?” Lowell — under man Conquest, and embodied in Doomsday the trees at Elmwood, we may suppose - writes : Book, woods of a single hog have a place on the “I care not how men trace their ancestry, list. The derivation of acorn (from æc or To ape or Adam: let them please their whim; But I in June am midway to believe ac and “corn,” as being the corn produced A tree among my far progenitors. by the oak) is interesting. The tree first yields Such sympathy is mine with all the race, acorns at about eighteen years of age, and it Such mutual recognition vaguely sweet There is between us, — surely there are times does not attain its maximum height and pro- When they consent to own me of their kin, ductiveness until it is much older. The vulgar And condescend to me, and call me cousin." proverb, “soon ripe, soon rotten," holds true Of the charms of countless other trees, as throughout the vegetable world. Dryden voices celebrated in song and story, only the briefest the prevailing belief as to the great age attained hints can here be given. hints can here be given. How vivid and how by the oak, in these lines : familiar the picture presented in these three lines “ Three centuries he grows, and three he stays from Wordsworth: Supreme in state; and in three more decays." “I saw far off the dark top of a pine But from competent authority we learn that the Look like a cloud, - a slender stem the tie That bound it to its native earth." tree's maximum tale of years far exceeds the limit here set, being in fact about two thousand. What could be more magnificent than the horse- There are flourishing in England to-day trees chestnut in full bloom, its thousand chandeliers that are said to have been old enough to cut for aflame, and the whole as resplendent as an illu- lumber when William the Conqueror landed in minated pagoda ? The catalpa, in its pride of 1066. Venerable indeed are such veterans of foliage and blossom, presents a somewhat sim- the tree-world. The historic oaks of this and ilar appearance. Who can celebrate fitly, even other lands — the Charter Oak, the Eliot Oak, in stateliest verse, the grandeur of the maple in the Royal Oak, and countless others — need not autumn ? Who will picture its rosy charms (we here detain us. Of an oak with its historic pos- have in mind now the red maple) in spring ? sibilities still before it, Oliver Wendell Holmes Lowell has attempted the double task : writes : “ There is an oak a mile from where I “The maple puts her corals on in May, While loitering frosts about the lowlands cling, am now sitting, at Beverly Farms, Massachu- To be in tune with what the robins sing, setts, to which I always lift my hat. What a Plastering new log huts 'mid her branches gray; future that robust, full-blooded, broad-armed, But when the autumn southward turns away, Then in her veins burns most the blood of spring, symmetrical young giant has before it if the And every leaf, intensely blossoming, human ephemera which carries an axe in its Makes the year's sunset pale the set of day." grasp does not sacrilegiously invade its life!” It is, however, a tardy spring that sees the maple Less hardy and shorter-lived than the oak, but first donning her corals in May ; nor, in prosaic more pliantly graceful in form, is the elm, espe- truth, are the maple blossoms light enough in cially the American elm. Dr. Holmes speaks of hue to suggest the delicate pink of coral. Of “the grand old patriarchs, those mighty elms, the chestnut in springtime, and its swelling before which I often, when alone, and without buds, Tennyson has written : affectation, bowed my head, and could without “What an hour was that, shame have knelt and kissed the turf at their When after roving in the woods ('T was April then), I came and sat feet.” With a pleasing bit of imagery he has Below the chestnuts, when their buds told us that “ the proper rule for measuring the Were glistening to the breezy blue.” girth of the trunk of an elm is the same as that The sombre beauties of evergreen groves have for taking the measure of a lady's girdle,” been celebrated by many poets. Most familiar that is, in the waist of the tree, just where the to us are the opening lines of " Evangeline": trunk begins to expand downward and to throw “This is the forest primeval. The murmuring pines and the out its mighty roots, and to broaden upward into hemlocks, its powerful branches. This point is usually Bearded with moss, and in garments green, indistinct in the twilight, about five feet from the ground. In rhythmic Stand like Druids of eld, with voices sad and prophetic, and poetic phrase the same writer somewhere Stand like harpers hoar, with beards that rest on their bosoms." exclaims, “What tales, if there were tongues in From these stately lines to Bryant's “ Forest trees, this giant elm could tell !” It might well | Hymn ” is a natural transition : 6 [July 1, THE DIAL 9 “The groves were God's first temples. Ere man learned To hew the shaft, and lay the architrave, The New Books. And spread the roof above them- ere he framed The lofty vault, to gather and roll back The sound of anthems; in the darkling wood, Amid the cool and silence, he knelt down, THE WESTERN COURSE OF EMPIRE.* And offered to the Mightiest solemn thanks And supplication." The important series of reprints of “ Early Still finer and more natural are the sentiments Western Travels," under the editorship of Dr. Thwaites, increasingly reveals its value as the of the same poet's “ Inscription for the Entrance to a Wood”: work proceeds. The earlier volumes were re- “ Even the green trees viewed in THE DIAL for November 16, 1904, Partake the deep contentment; as they bend where attention was called to the general aspects To the soft winds, the sun from the blue sky of the series, and especially to its worth as ex- Looks in and sheds a blessing on the scene.' hibiting in graphic contemporaneous accounts Let us remember, too, Bryant's “Autumn the procession of civilization advancing into the Woods,” glowing with color and murmuring West from the days of the contact between the with the southwest wind,– perhaps the best of French and the English. his woodland lays. The present volumes, continuing the series to With Wordsworth, it is needless to say, the Vol. XX., embrace the period between the War lover of nature must ever delight “ to range her of 1812 and the early thirties, and fall into blooming bowers and spacious fields," three groups. The first is made up of James “Or pierce the gloom of her majestic woods ; Flint, Hulme, Flower, Woods, Faux, and Welby Roaming, or resting under grateful shade In and meditative cheerfulness." (English travellers of whom all except Flint de- peace vote especial attention to English immigration The gustatory delights of a fruit orchard need to Illinois), and Ogden, Bullock, and Bradbury not here be enlarged upon, although the pleasure of owning a few cherry-trees, snowy wonders in (in part), who in briefer sketches depict condi- early May, or a half-dozen rows of apple-trees, of 1812. tions in the Mississippi Valley following the War clothing themselves in pink-and-white prettiness fur-traders, Franchere and Ross, who made the A second group consists of Astoria as the summer approaches, is not exclusively a voyage around the Cape to the Oregon country, gastronomic satisfaction. Says our always- and Bradbury and Brackenridge, who accom- enjoyable Dr. Holmes, in writing of his large apple-trees : “ Fine trees they are, and I am grate- Missouri. The third group, including Nuttall, panied Astor's overland party well up the ful to them, and even proud of two of them, the 'green tent’and the “ seven-branched candle- Long, Pattie, and Gregg, includes explorers and traders in the Southwest, and especially in the stick ’; but they are lacking in distinction,' as Matthew Arnold would say, and are fruit- arid country west and south of the Missouri. Together, these travellers present a remark- peddlers, while the elm deals only in sunbeams." ably interesting picture of American expansion It is a cheering sign of the times, and one that goes far to offset the discouraging symptom noted * EARLY WESTERN TRAVELS - 1748-1846. A series of Anno- tated Reprints of some of the best and rarest contemporary at the beginning of this article, that one million volumes of Travel, descriptive of the Aborigines and Social and Economic Conditions in the Middle and Far West, during the young trees are to be, or already have been, dis- Period of Early American Settlement. Edited, with Notes, and tributed by the State Forestry Commission to Introductions and Index, by Reuben Gold Thwaites, LL.D. Vol. V., Bradbury's Travels in the Interior of America, 1809-1811. Vol. dwellers on the treeless plains of western Kansas. VI., Brackenridge's Journey up the Missouri, 1811; Franchère's The pioneer's inveterate hatred of “ timber" Voyage to Northwest Coast, 1811-1814. Vol. VII., Ross's Adven- tures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River, we may hope to be passing away. To quote 1810-1813. Vol. VIII., Buttrick's Voyages, 1812-1819; Evans's once more, and for the last time, the tree-loving Pedestrious Tour. Vol. IX., Flint's (James) Letters from America 1818-1820. Vol. X., Hulme's Journal of a Tour in the Autocrat, " when trees are spoken of under the West in 1818; Flower's Letters from Lexington and the Illinois, fatal name of timber, the settler may expect 1819, and Letters from Illinois, 1820-1821; Woods's Two Years Residence in the Settlement on English Prairie in the Illinois soon to find himself in a graveyard of blackened Country, 1820-1821. Vols. XI. and XII., Faux's Memorable Days in America (1819-1820), and Welby's Visit to North America and stumps," or, worse still, a cemetery of those the English Settlements in Illinois, 1819-1820 Vol. XIII., gaunt horrors, girdled trees, done to death in Nuttall's Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory, 1819. Vols. XIV., XV., XVI., XVII., James's Account of an Expedition shameful fashion, and lifting their naked and from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains performed in the years stiffening arms in mute appeal to heaven. But 1819, 1820, by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under the Command of Maj. S. H. Long. Vol. XVIII., Pattie's let us hope that blackened stumps and girdled Personal Narrative, 1824-1827. Vols. XIX. and XX., Ogden's trees are fast becoming things of an irrevocable Letters from the West; Bullock's Sketch of a Journey through the Western States, 1827; and Gregg's Commerce of the Prairies. past. [To be completed in 31 volumes.] Illustrated. Cleveland: The PERCY F. BICKNELL. Arthur H. Clark Co. 6 1906.] 7 THE DIAL following the War of 1812. We are made 66 Commerce of the Prairies." The first of these to see the tide of settlement reaching the edge travellers was a New England Quaker who spent of the prairies of the Old Northwest even under two years, beginning in 1821, along the Ohio the discouragements of the panic of 1820, and towns. He furnishes little valuable information, are shown the far-reaching effect of this body of much of his description being second-hand. cheap lands upon discontented English farmers. Bullock was an English jeweller interested in We get graphic views of backwoodsmen making natural history, who twice visited Mexico in the new frontiers up the Missouri and the Arkansas, search for curios, and on his visit in 1827 voy- and of planters carrying the question of slavery aged from New Orleans up the Mississippi to into the new lands. Beyond these areas of set Cincinnati. Here he purchased a large estate tlement we see the daring hunters and Indian across the river, and plotted an interesting site traders, whose predecessors had traversed the for a future city. Returning by way of the cities forests of the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes, along Lake Erie and the Erie Canal, he gives now pushing forward to reveal the mysteries of us an appreciative view of the country through the arid plains and the Rocky Mountains, there which he passed. New Orleans, with its twelve to contest with Englishmen the possession of the to fifteen hundred flat-boats lying along the New Northwest in the Oregon country, and with river, its busy commerce in cotton and sugar, its Spaniards the New Southwest in the region of cosmopolitan population, is vividly portrayed. Santa Fé. A fresh horizon of American ambi- Cincinnati so captivated him that he determined tion rises into view: the Pacific Coast engages the to make it his future home. Through central interest of pioneer and statesman, and another | Ohio to Sandusky his stage route took him past advance is prepared into Spanish American Indian reservations, which, under his somewhat lands. idealistic pen, became centres of agricultural Among the best of the English travellers is prosperity. Buffalo, reached by steamboat, re- James Flint, whose moderation and insight make minded him of a Dutch town; and here too he his travels especially valuable for the period describes the Indian remnants giving way before 1818-1820, when he studied agricultural condi- the whites. On the Erie Canal he met many tions from Long Island to Ohio and into Canada. poor Irish emigrants on their way to Ohio. He is alert to note new agricultural implements, The English settlement in Edwards County, prices of lands and products, wages and freight- Illinois, called out a large amount of contro- rates. The beginning of the agricultural occu versial literature in this period. Founded by pation of the edges of the prairies engages his Morris Birkbeck and George Flower, on the interest. The changing values in this period of prairie between the Big and the Little Wabash, disturbed industrial conditions diminish the reli- in 1817, it was an interesting experiment in ability of his observations, but the panic of 1819 the occupation of the neglected prairie lands, by itself gave him occasion for useful comments on wealthy and scientific English farmers who had Western banking and currency. His sojourn left England in the years of political discontent of several months in Indiana furnished the op- and economic depression that followed the War portunity for a series of useful chapters on of 1812. The story of the evolution of society in American political, economic, and social condi- this region, and of the attempts to apply the agri- tions, which make him an interesting predecessor cultural methods of the mother country to Mlinois of his fellow-countryman James Bryce, although prairies is a most interesting one. Through it it must be confessed that he is not in the same runs also a romance, that divided the founders, class. He gives intelligent estimates of the rela- and resulted in separation into two rival ham- tive advantages of the different sections for im- lets, Albion and Wansborough. The experiment migrants, and predicts the effect of slavery not attracted wide attention in England, called out only in turning foreigners away from the South, the opposition of English agricultural interests, but also in the inevitable discord produced along aroused the jealousy of Eastern land speculators, the extensive boundary-line between free and whose ideas were voiced by the famous Cobbett slave States. His friendly attitude toward the (Peter Porcupine), and led many Englishmen West as a whole, and his faith in its future, was to travel into the West. It made clear the fact shown by his settling in Indiana. that gentleman farming for profit in Western Ogden's “ Letters from the West ” and Bul- prairies was not a practicable system ; whatever lock’s “ Sketch of a Journey,” briefer sketches, opposing sympathies the travellers had, they are somewhat inappropriately placed in the united in the conclusion that only the strong- present series, in the same volume with Gregg's | handed toilers could grapple with frontier farm- 8 [July 1, THE DIAL ing. Free lands furnished only the opportunity statement : “ The American, considered as an for hard work in this frontier, where a wage animal, is filthy, bordering on the beastly; as a class hardly existed. man, he seems a being of superior capabilities. Of the voluminous literature called out by All his vices and imperfections seem nat- this settlement, Dr. Thwaites prints the narra ural; those of the semi-barbarian. He is ashamed tives of Hulme, Woods, Faux, Welby, and the of none of them.” letters of Richard Flower, the father of George In Welby's account we have another amusing Flower. The student will find in Birkbeck's and unfavorable view of Western life. He jour- “ Notes on a Journey” and “Letters from Illi- neyed to Illinois in a handsome phaeton and nois,” and in George Flower's “ History of the pair, attended by a groom in top-boots and on English Settlement," important accounts to horseback. Naturally enough, this intrusion supplement the above; but the editor has selected into backwoods taverns created consternation for reprinting the works that are less accessible. and resentment, and led in turn to disrespectful Hulme's “ Journal ” abounds in useful notes on remarks on the democratic and vulgar society of economic conditions, wages, prices, etc. He the frontier on the part of this English visitor. writes in the spirit of fairness, though he de Several of these travellers give considerable cided against remaining in Illinois ; but his work space to the very interesting German commu- was unfairly used by Cobbett in his “ Year's nistic experiment at Harmony in Indiana. All Residence to attack the West as a field for were impressed by the thrift and prosperity of English emigrants. Flower's letters are written the settlement, which was indeed a revelation in defense, but contain valuable information on of what combined and differentiated industrial Western conditions. Woods gives us a straight- activity could do in building up a successful forward account of his journey to the West, his economic society on the frontier. In this con- land purchases, and his experience with the nection may be noted the repeated evidence that retreating frontiersmen. a home market developed by the rise of the little Faux was a less agreeable type of the John cities along the Ohio Valley increased the value Bull farmer, lacking adaptability to new condi- of lands and furnished a profitable market for tions, and devoid of good breeding. He talks the products of the adjacent regions. No care- with unrestrained freedom of the seamy side of ful reader of these travels can fail to see more American life, and professedly has a mission to clearly how Clay's American System would ap- deter Englishmen from removing to a land of peal to the West. sharpers. The primitive conditions gave him In general it may be said that the student only disgust. Faux's strictures were not kindly of society, and the economist as well as the his- received by contemporary Americans, and later torian, can profit by the perusal of these travels. critics have found him guilty on many counts With all their prejudices and superficial infor- of violating good taste, truthfulness, and judg- mation, they present, as it is nowhere else so well ment. But his book is a useful one. If the win- presented, the picture of society in the making dows which he opens upon American conditions in the American back country: Indian yielding following the financial panic of 1820 show vistas to backwoodsmen; backwoodsman selling out of the back yard instead of the well-kept lawns, his little clearing on the approach of capital and they are none the less real windows; and after civilization ; farming rapidly giving rise to cities due allowance for his prejudices, the reader will as markets for crops, and these in turn calling find in Faux abundant repayment for opening his into existence the mercantile and professional pages. The narrative of his sojourn in Charles- classes, and creating irresistible demands for ton society and among interior planters fur- | manufacturing and improvements in transporta- nishes very readable and intimate views of the tion. Hard on the heels of the woodchoppers life of the slaveholders, while his Washington came the academies and churches ; and then the visit opened to him an acquaintance with large work of social evolution had to be begun anew land-owners from whom he drew more or less on a remoter frontier. reliable accounts of the agricultural conditions Turning from the Middle West to the trans- of the region. His data on Western agrarian Mississippi empire, a new and fascinating theme economics, when checked by that of other con is presented; for here American civilization temporaries, is a useful source of information on was brought to its early survey of the Great the cost of clearing lands, the profits in successive Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Pacific years, and kindred subjects. But his general Ocean. In his republication of the narratives of attitude toward the country is summed up in this Brackenridge, Bradbury, Franchere, and Ross, 1906.] 9 THE DIAL > Dr. Thwaites enables the reader of Irving's Valuable also is the data on the sociology of " Astoria to see the Far West, not idealized the Indians of the plains, especially that of the by the style of the great author, but in the clear Omahas. The most enduring result of Long's Western sunlight, realistically if not artistically expedition, however, was the characterization of set forth. Nuttall, a scientist who visited the the region of the plains as the Great American Arkansas region in 1819, has a value, aside Desert, unsuited for agricultural occupation, from his scientific observations, in the view which and valuable chiefly as a western frontier bar- he gives of the period when American pioneers rier against Indians and foreign nations. and the Indians were mingled together in this A different type of book is Pattie's “ Narra- frontier area. The student whose knowledge of tive” of the wanderings of a trapper. His Arkansas at this time is confined to discussions grandfather was a pioneer in Kentucky, serving over its territorial status, and to whom the in the frontier fighting under Logan and George tongue of settlement depicted in the Census Rogers Clark; his father, as the editor points maps of the distribution of population in 1820 out, joined the Boones in the migration to Mis- means but little, will find in Nuttall the oppor souri, and in this new frontier defended block- tunity to realize the coarse rough life that was houses against the Indians in the War of 1812. going on in this newly occupied wilderness. The Patties, father and son, conducted a trading To Long's Expedition Dr. Thwaites gives caravan up the Platte to Santa Fé in 1824, and four volumes, reprinting James's “ Account after romantic adventures, including the rescue in the London edition, modified by transferring from the Indians of a Spanish señorita, daugh- the notes to the foot of the pages and including ter of the Governor, they secured permission to various supplementary material from the Phila trap on the Gila River. In this distant land, the delphia edition. This “Yellowstone Expedition,” adventurous Patties traversed the wilderness be- undertaken during 1819 and 1820, was sent out tween the Big Horn and the Gila, until in 1827 by the United States Government, with the com they followed this river into California, suffering bined purpose of extending the military posts horrible hardships in the deserts before they up the Missouri in order to overawe the Indians reached San Diego. Here they were promptly and diminish British influence, and of fur- jailed by the governor, and the elder Pattie died nishing scientific information concerning the in his cell. The son, after his release from prison, trans-Missouri country. The latter project was gives a most interesting account of California confided to Major Long, who, with a party of life in this period before the coming of the Amer- scientists, proceeded from Pittsburg to the ican pioneer ; but his hatred of the Mexicans for Rocky Mountains by way of the South Platte, the treatment which had been received no doubt and returned in two detachments by descending colors his narrative. Passing into Mexico, he the Arkansas and the Canadian Rivers. The finally returned by way of New Orleans to Ken- party were but poorly equipped by the Gov- tucky. The especial value of the narrative lies ernment, for the panic of 1819 compelled in the account of the life that went on in the retrenchment. The scientific results were not Spanish-American Southwest prior to American of enduring value, and as an exploration it was exploitation. But it has an interest from the not especially productive of new discoveries, the fact that it is a well-told story of adventure, and lack of equipment preventing them from pene because Pattie broke a new trail for Americans trating the mountain valleys, although James to the Pacific. distinguished himself by making the first ascent Even more valuable for its portraiture of of Pike's Peak. By the confusing reports of conditions in the arid lands is the classic 6 Com- Indians, Long was led to descend the Canadian merce of the Prairies, or the Journal of a Santa under the mistaken idea that he had reached Fé Trader,” by Josiah Gregg, here reproduced the upper waters of the Red River, which his in two volumes. The work is by far the best instructions required him to explore. Neverthe account of the trade along the Santa Fé Trail, less, the “ Western Engineer,” the first steam and is at once accurate and fascinating. boat to ascend the Missouri above Chariton ers the period from the beginning of this trade (near the present Glascow), bore them along to its interruption in 1841, when Mexico closed the line of advancing pioneers; and the des the custom-houses. The vivid pictures of the criptions of this new area of frontier settlement daily life of the caravans from frontier Missouri are interesting. Quite as useful is the account of across the deserts to the Mexican settlements life in the sparse settlements between Arkansas could not be better done, and the accounts of and St. Louis, given by the returning explorers. society and manners and customs among the It cov- 10 [July 1, THE DIAL people over whom the tide of American advance obscure method of publication, the new bio- was so soon to flow are as real as they are enter- graphical and other matter which it contains taining. Gregg is an enthusiast over the prairies, escaped the notice of recent historians of En- in the sweep and freedom of which he rejoiced ; glish literature, including Professor Courthope. but he is at the same time the reliable historian “I regret," writes Professor Elton in his Intro- of an influential commerce which had much to duction, " that Mr. Courthope was not saved do with shaping the later conflict which resulted some of the labor of his independent inquiries, in the expansion of the United States into the and hope that my reasons may relieve him of region he describes. some serious doubts he has expressed in regard The same abundance of maps, pictures, and to Drayton's behaviour. If Drayton acted as valuable annotations which characterize the Mr. Courthope thinks, he was the less a gentle- earlier volume are to be found in these later issues man ; but if the charge is not true, no other is of the series. In spite of rare slips, such as the left against his personal character.” attribution of the Hayne-Webster debate to The charge which is here referred to, and 1832, the notes themselves are among the most which is dealt with by Professor Elton in his valuable of the contributions to American his first chapter, is that Drayton, having originally torical scholarship presented by this excellent addressed Lady Bedford as “ Idea” in the son- series. FREDERICK J. TURNER. nets, later, out of pure spite, transferred that name to Anne Goodere, Lady Rainsford. A break Drayton did have with Lady Bedford, who had been his patron, never his mistress ; REVIVAL OF AN ELIZABETHAN POET.* but the name “ Idea,” as Professor Elton con- There are few English poets as well known clusively shows through a rather complicated by name as Drayton who is at the same time so but consistent concatenation of bibliographical little accessible to the general reader. Outside evidence, had never been applied to that lady of libraries, it is almost impossible to get by the poet, but had, from the very start, if we together a complete set of his works ; and the are to find any concrete personality behind this valuable selection made by Mr. Bullen has long abstract term at all, referred exclusively to the been out of print. Other volumes of selections other lady. Drayton is thus saved from the im- have been edited by Mr. Henry Morley and by putation of having used the same series of verse Canon Beeching,—the latter's, published as late twice under the same fanciful name of address as 1899, heralding the manifestation of a new in the service of two separate love-suits. popular interest in the old poet who has been Professor Elton does not overlook the theory, largely neglected save by scholars since the which has of late been so prominently brought days of Lamb and Southey. Now there are forward and strongly supported by Mr. Sidney announced a new complete variorum edition of Lee, that Drayton, in common with the other Drayton's poems under the editorship of Mr. Elizabethan sonneteers, wrote in a purely lit- Arnold Glover, and a new selection with an erary convention of the Renaissance, and that introduction by Mr. Arthur Symons. And as “ Idea," instead of being Anne Goodere or any an avant-courieur to this concerted attempt to other real person, is, like Sidney's “ Stella," restore Drayton to his place of eminence in Shakespeare's “ Dark Lady,” and the various English literature, there has lately been pub- other heroines of these sonnet sequences, a mere lished in England a little volume by Professor fiction required by the convention as it was taken Oliver Elton which will tell the prospective over from French and Italian literature. To reader of the poetry all that is known, through this theory, while allowing the weight of Mr. the researches of modern scholarship, of the man Lee's recent discovery of the hitherto unsus- and his work. pected extent of the indebtedness of the group Professor Elton's essay, - for it is scarcely as a whole to Petrarch, Desportes, Ronsard, and more, is not a new piece of work, but was others, Professor Elton replies in the only man- published ten years ago under the title of ner possible for those who apprehend in their - An Introduction to Michael Drayton,” by the own consciousness the processes of art as modes Spenser Society of Manchester, which had of real experience, and who are susceptible to the already issued various reprints of Drayton's charm and vitality of the best of these sequences poetry. Owing, as the author says, to this as poetry. Between the two theories, that the Elizabethan sonnets transcribed in every MICHAEL DRAYTON, By Oliver Elton, M.A. London: Con- stable & Co. detail real experience, and the other, that they the one, 1906.] 11 THE DIAL a a are merely translations or academic exercises been the author of Nymphidia ; to have prac- supplied by pilferings from foreign poets, tised with some measure of success nearly every there is third way of interpreting them, that other form of composition known to his time, of the imaginative artist who gets his original including forms so remote from each other as impulse from his personal experience, but who the epical narrative and the verse drama, proceeds in a mood of creative elation, filling out surely to have done these things was to have his frame with those themes, motives, and ex accomplished something to make him worthy of pressions which, get them when he may, appear remembrance among the greater men with whom to him beautiful and worthy to be wrought into he lived. He was in all respects a representa- the work of his own heart and brain. Professor tive Elizabethan, — perhaps, judging by the Elton writes most felicitously of Drayton's son scope and diversity of his work, the most repre- nets in this vein : sentative, indicating best of all, certainly “ They are plastic experiments where the original better than Shakespeare, the general level of impulse of love or complaint is transfigured in the joy of cultivation and the general aims and tendencies fashioning; much as when a man should begin to paint of the age in letters. And he had that in him, his mistress' face upon a fan, but should find that it did not suit the spaces and design, and then should alter it too, which made him representative of even more into some happy pattern, perhaps inspired by another than his age : his intense and ardent patriotism, artist, but should still send her the offering as his which constitutes him, more than almost any handiwork in her honour. This kind of work will be other English poet, the national bard of Britain. undreamed of, if we forget that a shy gift may hide Other greater English poets have dedicated their scholar's practice; that the presence of a common theme most glowing numbers to love of country; but in many artists, perhaps influencing one another, is a never has one lived so exclusively at the moment poor proof of the insincerity of any of them; and that of inspiration in this pervading patriotism, or the existence of weaker work on the same theme else- made inspiration so exclusively coëxtensive with where or by the same hand does not prejudice the quality of a noble and graceful poem.” patriotic enthusiasm as he. Hence has been In succeeding chapters, Professor Elton treats shaped the kind of recognition which has been most freely accorded him. “No poet," writes of the Satires and Odes, Later Works, and with one critic (Mr. Bullen), “is more thoroughly a short critical chapter, concluding with a Bib- English than Michael Drayton; there is not a liography, Appendix, and an Index, that fill poem in our literature that breathes a finer spirit fully one-third of the volume. Here, then, is of patriotism than the · Ballad of Agincourt'; the preparation one should need for the study and who loved better than the author of the and proper understanding of Drayton's volumi- • Poly-olbion' all the highways and byways of nous works. And it may be said that if any- England, its hills and dales, its woods and thing could find favor for Drayton in advance streams?” on the part of one unfamiliar with the poet and The · Poly-olbion ’ is indeed, for the Briton a little halting in his approach to such for- of to-day, now that the face of England is sadly midable masses of verse, it would be Professor Elton's happy success in striking just the right hideous factory towns, a kind of sacred reposi- scarred since Drayton's time with iron rails and note in presenting the claims of his poet for consideration. These claims are certainly modest tory of her pristine beauty and freshness. There England lives again as once she was before a and reasonable. Unlike so many editors and material and progressive age had all but dried resurrectors of neglected reputations, he does up the founts of poesy at her heart. It was the not seem to be holding a brief which he is bound to sustain at all costs. He admits that Ruskin, when that apostle of beauty and of na- heart of Drayton that spoke through the lips of Drayton as a poet possessed industry rather than ture poured forth his jeremiads over England's inspiration, although his patience and persever-sylvan and pastoral defilement. Hence the more ance, his fine scholarly equipment, his noble than merely surface significance of the revival, respect for his craft, and above all an inner sweetness of the man himself which yielded itself allowed to slumber in old folios and scarce at this time, of work which has so long been fully only as his years advanced, led him to real reprints. W. A. BRADLEY. inspiration in more than one line and passage. Surely, to have written one perfect sonnet, and to have approached Sidney, Spenser, and Shake- “In Tuscany: Tuscan Towns, Tuscan Types, and the Tuscan Tongue,” by Mr. Montgomery Carmichael, has speare in others; to have invented the form of reached a third edition, now imported by Messrs. E. P. the Heroical and of the Ode or Ballad ; to have Dutton & Co. 12 [July 1, THE DIAL AN APPRECIATION OF A FAMOUS French, English, German, with a bit of Hun- VIOLINIST.* garian now and then ; and abound in puns that are bad, jokes that are good, shrewd comment, Mr. Upton and Miss Kelley, in their collab- and overflowing good-humor. Here is a frag- orated work entitled 66 Remenyi, Musician and ment of one that is undated : Man," have given us a book about a musician rather than a work on music. The personal “You heard me that morning, the day when I left you? All right, that was nofing: you ought to hear element presses strongly forward in every page. me now, now that my friend pianist and accompanist Edouard Remenyi was incapable of classification; has arrived from San Francisco, and you would hear as a violinist he represented himself, not a school. M-U-S-I-C, you bet ! C'est le cas de dire le mieux est With splendid technical equipment, he played toujours ennemi du bien’; mais dans ce cas le meilleurissime with all his soul; and so at times was carried est pour toujours ennemi même du meilleur. I am now in my orientally perfumed musical element (with a away by his impetuous temperament to extrava double vengeance), and now at last, after years of gant results. It was the custom in some critical musical and forced Carême (Lent), I am in a perfect quarters to stigmatize him as a sort of inspired exotic musical garden of Hesperides and musical charlatan who knew how to play all sorts of Champs Elysées. I could make you now paint minia- tures, grandiatures, in oil, in pastel, in Tod und Teufel, tricks on his violin for the popular edification. that you would not recognize yourself, and that the Nothing could have been farther from the truth. female zealous paintress would, could, and should paint The same charge has been made against all artists until nothing would remain of her but a spot — there who had eccentric manners or yielded in any now I must finish. I have to rehearse some foine new pieces of music of my own composition, des pièces qui ne unusual degree to the claims of a fiery nature. se mouchent pas du pied. This means « unpretetentious Paganini had to meet it; so had Von Bülow; so pieces, yes, but devilishly good all the same.' has De Pachmann. Remenyi was a trained and Votre vieil ami, ED. REMENYI." versatile musician who knew the classic literature And this, from a letter dated August 16, 1897: of the violin and loved to play it to the people. “ Now my dear Corvina [he was fond of compli- He will always have the praise which belongs to menting Miss Kelley by calling her a descendant of those who have moved many thousands of souls Matthias Corvinus], a simple question: In your last with pure delight, and moved them deeply. letter you addressed me, • Mon cher ami,' in to-day's Knowing, as he did, many of the great men of you write, My dear Signor.' This is on my dear Corviniana's part absolutely erroneous, as I am not an our times, -among them the musicians Wagner, Italian. If you want to be very polite to me you would Brahms, Liszt, Joachim, Raff, and others, — it be obliged to write · Edes Remenyi Ur' ( dear Remenyi is to be regretted that Remenyi did not write his Mister"). This is Hungarian. Herr, Monsieur, Signor, memoirs, as he often talked of doing. In his Señor, Dom, Don, Pañe, Mister, are • Ur'in Hungarian, and the Ur' cometh after the Remenyi, that is, Remenyi later years he was a welcome guest at the home of Mister. Now you know it. Miss Gwendolyn Kelley in Columbus, and became “ As to going to it is more than tempting, but a warm friend of both herself and her mother. between the cup and the lip there is many a slip, and To Miss Kelley were entrusted many of his let between my goodiest wish, desire, and will, and my ters and other biographical documents, with the poter d'andare, il y a thirty billion impediments, but qui vivra verra ? Greeting to your parents, and where is intention of some day using them in making a the Narcissus Apollonia ? If he wants a good violin story of his life. That hope was frustrated by cheap, he can have one. I know of one. Thousand his sudden death at San Francisco in 1898 ; but million greetings and thanks to my good and genial friend Corviniana. Miss Kelley, knowing his purpose, made as full “ From her devoted palm-tree fiddler, a collection of material as possible, added her EDOUARD REMENYI." own graceful tribute of admiration, together with one from her mother, and secured, to edit the The book is well printed, and illustrated with whole, the practised hand of Mr. George P. interesting portraits; and it be heartily rec- Upton, the well-known musical critic and author, ommended as a presentment of one of the most of Chicago. The result is, accordingly, a cento original of violinists. JOSIAH RENICK SMITH. of impressions, sketches, letters, anecdotes, in which, after all, we get a pretty clear idea of the ardent, whimsical, somewhat vain, but quite sim- “ An Introduction to Astronomy,” by Professor For- ple and lovable nature of the man. His letters rest Ray Moulton, is a high-school and college text-book published by the Macmillan Co. The book is attractive to Miss Kelley — generally signed “your old in style, abundantly illustrated, and provided with ques- fiddler friend” -- are a comical macaroni of tions and exercises. The most important recent devel- An Appreciation. By opments of astronomy and astro-physics are accounted Gwendolyn Dunlevy Kelley and George P. Upton. Illustrated. for in the discussion, which gives the book an excep- Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. tional interest for the teacher. may * REMENYI: MUSICIAN AND MAN. 1906.] 13 THE DIAL THREE MEN OF THE RENASCENCE.* a broader and more human culture of the mind, their favorite means the study of classic antiquity, but neither Any promising addition to the very limited their means nor their end was the source of the impulse number of books in English on the Renascence which moved them." is sure of a cordial welcome among students of This impulse is explained as “a revival of the literature and students of history alike. In his love of truth and beauty, making men more sen- “ Renascence Portraits,” Professor Paul Van sitive to the world around them and quicker to Dyke has contributed a book of substantial respond to its glories of form and color with value to all students of that interesting but often vivid emotions of pleasure.” This revival found misinterpreted movement. The volume is an in the uncovering of classic culture a “new and attempt to illustrate the Renascence by the de better means of expression. This is a some- scription of three men who were affected by it, what more direct statement of the same view typically and contemporaneously, in Italy, En that is presented by such authorities as Burck- gland, and Germany. These men are Pietro hardt and Symonds, and by almost every recent Aretino, the Venetian satirist, whom Burckhardt writer on the Middle Age. Yet one finds a calls the founder of modern journalism ; Thomas scholar of no less eminence than Sidney Lee, in Cromwell, the powerful vicar-general of Henry his brilliant essays on sixteenth century En- the Eighth ; and Maximilian I., the first German glishmen, tending to emphasize the causal, rather Emperor trained under the New Learning. The than the instrumental, importance of the clas- three " portraits” which make up the bulk of sical discovery in the Renascence of Western the volume are biographical studies embodying Europe. With no disposition to fall into a meta- the well-authenticated results of careful research, physical defense of his position, Professor Van and they are given a style of treatment which Dyke states his belief that “ to use the word makes them enjoyable reading. The author be- Renascence intelligently, we must see behind lieves that the writer of history may worthily it the men of the Renascence"; that whether aspire to something more than scientific exact it be true that man helps to make his history ness ; he has succeeded in his own avowed pur or is made by it, “ we act as if it were true pose to be interesting. that he helps to make it," and he contends The initial essay is concerned with an expo that to assume that personality is a leading factor sition of what the Renascence was. Against in the life of our own day justifies the assump- the popular idea, the author expresses his views tion of its potency in the life of the sixteenth in these words : century. “ The Renascence was not an equivalent to the revival It is to the author's credit that he has given of classic antiquity. Nowhere has the undue liking of us, in his first Portrait, the fullest and most writers on history for memorable, sharp, and picturesque trustworthy account of Pietro Aretino to be statements made more plain its evil effects upon popular misconceptions than in this matter. Large numbers of found in English. Aretino has received but brief educated people believe that the Renascence began with treatment at the hands of Symonds and Burck- the fall of Constantinople, which drove a crowd of Greek hardt; and much new light has been thrown on teachers into Italy and so revived the knowledge of the his character since their works were written. classic world — mother of arts, literature, and learning." His importance as an illustration of the spirit The fallacy of this popular idea of the Re of the later Italian Renascence is very great. nascence becomes quite apparent when one Well known to Englishmen in Addison's day, remembers that Petrarch, the “ first of the mod- the fame, or rather the ill-fame, of this remark- erns ” and the more notable of his confrères of able sycophant gradually lapsed into obscurity, the early Renascence in Italy, were all dead or until to-day, even among the educated, he is very old men by 1453. What bearing, there- scarcely known by name. The researches of fore, had the recovery of classic civilization upon Italian scholars have recently made the writings the Renascence movement ? On this point the of this erstwhile - Perverter of morals and let- author's words afford a direct answer: ters” accessible to the extent to which they have « The truth is that the influence of classic antiquity survived, so that it is now possible to study in the art, the language and the literature of Rome and Greece was only the means of accomplishing the Re- Aretino soberly in the light of the diseased age in which he lived. nascence ideal." Again he observes : Aretino spent the last thirty years of his life « The end of the men of the Italian Renascence was in Venice, where he died in 1557. Unaided by a knowledge of the humanities, he developed in *RENASCENCE PORTRAITS. By Paul Van Dyke, D.D. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. the vernacular a style of expression remarkable 14 [July 1, THE DIAL for its facility and power. His mastery of pas facts is one thing ; it is quite another to frame quinade made him in truth the “Scourge of them fitly into an individuality, so that a Princes." He reduced invective and eulogy to reader of ordinary imagination may receive a a successful commercial system. The dread or trustworthy impression of the character that is pleasure which his pen inspired became a con- interpreted for him. The task is well-nigh tinual source of revenue from the official incum- baffling when the material at the biographer's bents of both church and state. His knowledge disposal is practically void of the personal ele- of the crimes and rumors of crimes chargeable to ment. Such a difficulty opposes itself to the the priests and princes of Europe made it desir-historian of Thomas Cromwell. About seven able for them to keep the facts of their careers thousand letters and documents about him are out of his Giudizi, periodically circulated and calendared in the State Papers of Henry VIII.'s eagerly read. On the principle that offenders reign, but he has left us no personal record of hate publicity, he demanded gifts from promis- his motives. Such is not the case with his great ing victims as a condition of his silence or eulogy. namesake and kinsman, Oliver. Professor Van Henry VIII., Francis I., and Charles V. were Dyke's fresh and independent study of the great among those who pensioned him ; such was the minister minister — based on a personal examination of power of the press in its incipiency! He was these letters and state papers is on the whole always ready to confer immortality for a sub- sympathetic and vindicatory. He believes that sidy - an exchange of servitu” for “ cortesia.” Cromwell was neither so incredibly bad as most In return for generous treatment, he thus writes of his contemporaries thought him to be, nor to Barbarossa, pirate prince of Algiers : “ The so great and good as, for instance, Froude's sun envies you because the glory of the fame extravagant estimate would imply. He sees in which crowns you with eternal praise goes into Cromwell a man of the Renascence able to those parts of the world where the light of the discern England's need of a strong national flame which he offers cannot go.” Henry VIII.'s government, and strong enough to employ the liberality is rewarded by similar grandiloquence truculent methods of the time in devising and of praise. An instance of Aretino's failure of executing a definite programme of reform. This reward is afforded in Michaelangelo's admirable programme embraced the overthrow of papal indifference to his request for some sketches ; authority by making Henry VIII. supreme head but the great artist was punished by a seriously of the church; the displacing of the old ascetic phrased denunciation of the nudities in the and political ecclesiasticism by the protest-ideal ; Last Judgment." and the final destruction of the declining feudal In hiring himself out as a giver of immor- nobility. In thus centralizing the power of the tality, Aretino illustrates the “ common weak- sovereign, Cromwell employed and preserved ness of the men of that day, an insatiable desire the Parliamentary sanction. He strove to re- for fame." His own words best express this place the Old Learning by the New; and hav- “ characteristic passion of the age”: “I do not ing embittered the king by his attitude toward know the pleasures misers feel in the sound of the distasteful marriage with the German prin- the gold they count, but I know well that the cess, he fell a sudden victim of the courtly party, blessed spirits do not hear music which is more who were not only his personal enemies, but were grateful than the harmony that comes out of unwilling to share his manifest sympathy for the one's own praises. One feeds on it as in Para- transition of England from the mediæval to the dise the souls feed on the vision of God.” modern idea of the state. As a writer, Aretino was prolific and ver The essay on Cromwell embodies the conclu- satile. His works include comedies, obscene sions of Professor Van Dyke's criticism of Car- sonnets, and pornographic dialogues which he dinal Pole's portrait of Cromwell in the Apologia, maintained were a warning to virtue and an written in 1539 to urge Charles V. to invade exposure of vice.” His religious writings in England and “ force it from schism to obedi- clude a life of Christ and the lives of several ence.” This criticism, first published in the mediaeval saints. Presumably he wrote about “ American Historical Review,” is reproduced six thousand letters, of which more than half in an appendix to the volume. In it, Professor have survived. It is, of course, in these that Van Dyke presents an elaborate and fairly sat- Professor Van Dyke has found his best material isfactory argument to disprove Pole’s contention for exhibiting Aretino's curious personality. that Cromwell's diabolism was inspired by Ma- To portray personality is the supreme task chiavelli's Il Principe. Cromwell's portrait in of the biographer's art. To gather and judge Fox's Book of Martyrs, as a “ Martyr of the 1906.] 15 THE DIAL Gospel,” is likewise shown to be untrustworthy. the student. It is a book that will be read with Both estimates were outgrowths of the violent much satisfaction and profit by everyone inter- polemic spirit which attended the breaking up ested in the great transition movement from of the old conditions in England to make place mediæval to modern life. L. E. ROBINSON. for the new. The essay on Maximilian I. affords a schol- arly and readable illustration of the crude con- ditions under which the German Renascence OLD EGYPT TO THE FRONT.* moved forward. An account of the inchoate Napoleon opened Old Egypt to the modern political confederacy which was Germany's in world. His discovery of the Rosetta Stone, in heritance from mediævalism forms a clearly- 1799, was one of the two permanent and bene- sketched background for the author's portrait ficial results of his Egyptian campaign. For it of the picturesque but inefficient Hapsburg em was by the decipherment of that unique docu- peror. Although much care had been given to mentary relic of antiquity that Champollion and his education, Maximilian shared but little of other decipherers introduced to us the Ancient the real humanistic spirit, and was thoroughly Egyptians. Explorers, excavators, archæolo- mediæval as a ruler. This aspect Professor Van gists, linguists and historians have been unroll- Dyke makes clearer than most writers on the ing their history for nearly a century. Temples, Renascence in Germany. Maximilian gave some tombs, pyramids and papyri have almost poured encouragement to the universities, and possessed their treasures into the laps of those laborers. a passion for art; he even found time for such | Every season's work is filled with surprises ; literary composition and dictation as his Haps- every new campaign of exploration and excava- burg pride was capable of ; but the material for tion yields some results that help bridge the the four allegorical works for which he is directly chasm between the known and unknown in the or indirectly responsible – Weisskunig, Teuer- long stretch of Egyptian time. The wealth and dank, The Triumphed Arch, and The Triumphal abundance of the material gathered during the Procession savor of the mediæval rather than last century have increased with every decade. of the modern taste. He manifested no intelli- Its scope has included history, science, religion, gent interest in the Reformation. He failed to politics, and social customs. Time and again recognize the awakening national consciousness scholars have prepared, on the basis of discover- of his people, and their growing aspiration for ies, elaborate treatises, discussions, and extended reform in church and state. The inherited fan- histories of that great Oriental people. But tasy of the Holy Roman Empire fed his thirst the new facts found even in one decade require for personal distinction and family aggrandize- another re-casting and re-writing to be commen- ment, and blinded him to the demands of his surate with our newly discovered knowledge. time for a strongly-organized internal adminis Professor Breasted, whose previous work in tration of authority. He was happiest when this field has entitled him to distinction, has had hunting, dancing, or leading an army upon some excellent advantages and opportunities to make foreign conquest. He had no taste for construc- the most thorough preparation for the writing tive statesmanship, and was a complete failure of a history of Egypt. He spent some years in in matters of finance. The Renascence forces the service of the German Government in copy- slowly gathering were his opportunity to become ing and collating such Egyptian inscriptions the national leader of a people evidently moving as are found in all the principal museums of toward modernism in its ideals. But whatever Europe. His first-hand acquaintance with the interest he had in his patronage of Renascence | language, and his years of experience in deci- tendencies“ grew from the hope of presenting phering and translating it, put him into posses- his figure to posterity as the greatest member of the glorious house of Hapsburg, and illus- Conquest. By James Henry Breasted, Ph.D. Illustrated. New trating the lessons of his example to descendants who might raise the dynasty to the heights of power where his day-dreams had placed it.” Of American historians, Professor Van Dyke has given us the most important contribution to the literature of the Renascence. What in his earlier work he did for the general reader, he Ph.D. Volume I., The First to the Seventeenth Dynasties ; II., The Eighteenth Dynasty; III., The Nineteenth Dynasty. has done in these “ Renascence Portraits " for University of Chicago Press. * A HISTORY OF EGYPT, from the Earliest Times to the Persian York: Charles Scribner's Sons. A HISTORY OF EGYPT, from the XIXth to the XXXth Dynas- ties. By W. M. Flinders Petrie. Illustrated. New York: Im- ported by Charles Scribner's Sons. THE RELIGION OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS. By Georg Stein- dorff. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ANCIENT RECORDS OF EGYPT. Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest. Collected, edited, and translated, with commentary, by James Henry Breasted, 16 [July 1, THE DIAL sion of the very best material available. That domination of the Nile Valley which stretches he might utilize to the fullest extent the latest over 208 years of time. But the historian is improvements and results of research, he per at his best in treating the XVIIIth and XIXth sonally translated the entire body of known dynasties — The Empire. The Empire. Here we have a Egyptian inscriptions; and these translations are plethora of information touching almost every now appearing in four volumes from the Uni phase of Egyptian life. The discoveries of the versity of Chicago Press. This material forms last decade have given us a new conception of the the basis of his present “ History of Egypt.” glory of the XVIIIth dynasty. The uncovering The entire sweep of time covered by the vol of the Der el Bahri temple of Queen Hatshepsut ume stretches from 4241 B. C. to 525 B. C., has unlocked many of the mysteries of that or from the introduction of the calendar year, remarkable woman's power and reign. The “the earliest fixed date in the history of the relations of the XIXth dynasty to Asia and to world,” down to the conquest of Egypt by the the Hittites constitutes one of the chief inter- Persians. This period of time is discussed under ests of that period. To Rameses II. and to his eight books, -1, Introduction ; 2, The Old tremendous energy in erecting monuments are Kingdom; 3, The Middle Kingdom, The Feudal due the vivid pictures that we have of that epoch. Age; 4, The Hyksos, The Rise of the Empire; Professor Breasted has shown remarkable 5, The Empire, First Period ; 6, The Empire, skill in weaving together the scattered fragments Second Period; 7, The Decadence; 8, The Resto- of information that we possess covering the ration and the End. The most startling discover whole period of his treatment; and the result is ies of the last decade fall within the scope of the a vigorous, popular, and highly interesting narra- first two books. Histories of Egypt written more tive account - even though sometimes severely than ten years ago began authentic history after condensed — of the political, religious, and social the time of the reputed Menes. 6 Menes the life of the ancient Egyptians. The type used Good," the founder of Memphis, was said, in in the volume is large and clear, and the text is 1894, by Professor Maspero (" Dawn of Civili not burdened with references these appearing zation," p. 234) to have owed “his existence as footnotes. The volume is rather profusely to a popular attempt at etymology.” Again he illustrated with half-tones and etchings of scenes says, “The two Thinite dynasties, in direct and antiquities that are connected directly with descent from the fabulous Menes, furnish, like the narrative. Another edition should correct this hero himself, only a tissue of romantic tales these errors: Figure 26, opposite page 42, is and miraculous legends in the place of history upside down; map 11, page 444, is also inverted; (p. 237). At this date, however, we not only a few misprints, as “ called " for " call,” line 9 know that Menes was a historical character, but from bottom of page 80, and “born" for we have an abundance of his personal effects “ borne,” line 8, page 123. The publishers have some of which may be seen in the Haskell done their part excellently, but they should give Oriental Museum of the University of Chicago. a book of this weight a firmer binding. More than this, Professor Petrie's excavations have produced evidence of the existence of sev Professor Flinders Petrie is now the Nestor eral kings who ruled previous to the establish among active living excavators. He has dug out ment of the so-called first dynasty. These finds of the tombs and tumuli of Egypt a vast amount have pushed back the historical beginning of of antiquities, that have proved to be new chap- Egypt more than seven hundred years, even on ters in the history of Old Egypt. His skill, the basis of the calendar year introduced in both as an excavator and an Egyptian scholar, 4241 B. C. has given him the advantage of being able to The third book, on “ The Middle Kingdom," utilize his discoveries at once. His work in the contains some new material, though less than present volume reveals an exhaustive knowledge the first two books. The feudal age is described of the antiquities, including inscriptions, of Old with ample fulness as that in which the empire Egypt. But the narrative is not popular in finally expanded and began to reach beyond its character. It is rather a complete index of every ancient boundaries and to aspire to the position known historical monument that belongs to the of world rulers. On the Hyksos period, treated XIXth and succeeding dynasties through the in the fourth book, we have next to no new light. XXXth, with a careful and scholarly estimate Josephus, some fragments of antiquities, and an of its character and contents. The atmosphere occasional reference or hint, constitute the bulk of the book is studious and learned. It requires of our sources for an account of that Asiatic patient, thoughtful, concentrated effort to read · 1906.] 17 THE DIAL ; it and get out of it the best that it contains. It after. Professor Steindorff's lectures are com- is not history in the popular sense of that term, paratively comprehensive of all the light we have but is rather a chronological arrangement of the on Egyptian religion, set forth in popular and materials out of which a running narrative could readable but distinctly scholarly terms. be constructed. As a compendium, it is inval- uable to the scholar. The book is well illustrated We are extremely fortunate to receive from by 155 beautiful reproductions of seals, statues, the press the sources of Professor Breasted's monuments, and inscriptions, belonging to the “ History of Egypt” in his “ Ancient Records period that it covers. The first two volumes of of Egypt.” This latter work is appearing in four the series to which Professor Petrie's work be- volumes, three of which are already out, and will longs appeared several years ago, and brought present in translations all the known historical the history down to the close of the XVIIIth documents from the earliest times to the Persian dynasty. The present volume carries us down conquest. conquest. The author has wisely introduced his through the XXXth dynasty. The succeeding translations by discussing, in the initial volume, volumes of the series are to be on Ptolemaic with sufficient detail, the documentary sources Egypt, by Professor J. P. Mahaffy ; Roman of Egyptian history and the chronology; and he Egypt, by Mr. J. G. Milne ; and Arabic Egypt, has also included therein a chronological table. by Dr. Stanley Lane Poole. The first volume embraces the material from the first to the seventeenth dynasties. The Professor Georg Steindorff, of the University earliest date said to be fixed in Egyptian history of Leipzig, delivered, in the spring of last year, is 4241 B. C., the time of the introduction of the fifth course of lectures in the “ American the Egyptian calendar. Under this scheme, Lectures on the History of Religions.” A spe- A spe- Menes, the first king of the first dynasty, began cialist himself, and dealing with his material at to rule 3400 B. C., and succeeding dynasties first-hand, he gives us his own interpretation of and reigns follow in such order that each can be the phenomena of religion as he finds them in the almost exactly dated. This fact gives great monuments of Egypt. There were no peoples satisfaction to the student of history. Thence in antiquity which were more deeply religious through this volume the author gives under sepa- than were the Egyptians. It permeated their rate sections a translation of each little inscrip- actions and controlled their conduct. The mass tion of each year, so far as found, of each king's of religious ritual, amulets, charms, divinities, reign. In some places the section is almost bar- temples, are but the externals of the thoughts ren, because of lack of material or of its broken and beliefs that swayed their lives. The abund character. To make the matter more significant, ance of religious texts that now speak to us of Professor Breasted describes each inscription their thoughts are relatively meagre in definite before translating it, and in footnotes gives information. In the earliest times, we find local textual remarks or references so that the reader divinities on the one hand and cosmic beings on may verify his statements. the other, standing at an infinite distance from Volume II. presents translations of all the man. As time went on, these two became blended known inscriptions of the eighteenth dynasty by theological speculation; and from that com one of the two most productive periods of bination we discover an almost new religion. Egyptian history. This large volume is replete The sun-god (Atum) of On or Heliopolis was with the marvellous documents of the reigns of the first divinity to enter into special relations Thutmose III. and his half-sister queen. with the human race, and to receive special wor can trace through these inscriptions the won- ship. By a process of reasoning, the sun-god derful seventeen campaigns of Thutmose, as he that soared in the heavens was regarded as one sweeps the plains of Western Asia and makes his and the same in essence as he. In a similar influence felt over in the Mesopotamian Valley. manner, they everywhere united local deities and We can also trace in outline the steps by which cosmic beings until there was evolved a unique the religion of Western Asia invaded the sacred religion. But the most striking element in the precincts of the gods of the Nile, and possibly, Egyptian religion was their conception of life later age, contributed to the overthrow of after death. This idea modified not only their that powerful dynasty. whole lives, but shows itself in all their funeral The third volume deals likewise with a single customs, and in their elaborate tombs and burial dynasty, the nineteenth. The largest contribu- places. The belief in the transmigration of souls tions to our knowledge of any one monarch of likewise permeated all their ideas of the here this dynasty are the known records of Rameses in a 18 [July 1, THE DIAL II. The number of wars, conquests, temples, war and politics. There is a tendency toward hero- statues, and palaces of that monarch are almost worship-a slight Jacksonian disposition to under- incredible. With an indomitable energy he rate Jackson's opponents; but this is useful to offset perpetuated his name and fame in almost every such unfriendly accounts as that of Sumner, whom available space in Egypt. These translations, our author handles without gloves. In view of Mr. as none before, convince the reader of the vast Brady's understanding of the Southwestern frontier spirit of expansion, we hardly expect to find him say- significance of his career in the history of that ing that as a result of the battle of New Orleans,“ to period. Andrew Jackson is due the vital fact that the western Such source-books are invaluable to the stu boundary of the United States is the Pacific and dent of Egyptian history, and serve as the chief not the Mississippi”; also, understanding Andrew basis of the popular work reviewed above. Jackson as he does, he should be able to explain his IRA MAURICE PRICE. hero's attitude toward the annexation of Texas, “our national iniquity,” as he calls it, seemingly unmindful of our later and far greater transgressions. But in spite of such defects as those noted, the book BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. is a live and interesting one; the author's method and his love for his subject have made it the most “The True Andrew Jackson,” by The personality readable life of Jackson since Parton's, and it has of Andrew Mr. Cyrus Townsend Brady, is the Jackson. seventh of the series of “True Biog- the advantage of Parton's in being shorter. raphies” (Lippincott). Like the other volumes of Edvard Grieg is probably the most Lives of two the series, this one aims simply to present a per living master's eminent of living composers - pace sonality, and not to furnish a complete life with a of music. Camille Saint-Saens; and although discussion of the military and political events of the he has reached his “grand climacteric,” being sixty- time in which the subject lived. The topics treated three this year, curiously enough no connected will exhibit the compass of the work: Jackson's account of his life and personality and works has family and his early life; Jackson as lawyer, planter, been written in English. His countless admirers will soldier, politician; his manners and personal appear therefore welcome the compact little biography con- ance; his devotion to mother and wife, his respect tributed to the “Living Masters of Music” series for women and kindness to children; his pugnacity, (John Lane) by Mr. Henry T. Finck, the well-known his patriotism, his duels and quarrels. The book is musical critic. Its 130 pages contain just what one well illustrated, and the appendix contains a paper would most wish to know about the Norwegian mas- on the birthplace of Jackson by Mr. A. S. Salley, Jr., ter - his childhood, education, originality of genius, of South Carolina, some nullification documents, and relation to other composers ; together with vari- Jackson's farewell address, and his last will and ous photographs, fac-similes of music, and a complete testament. A useful chronology is also given. Mr. bibliography by opus numbers of all his compositions Brady has evidently made use of all available ma to date. It is not generally known that Grieg is of terial in print, and in constructing his account he Scottish descent pretty well back; and that the has drawn heavily upon former biographers of “Old name originally was Greig, as it is so often misspelled Hickory” – Parton, Buell, Sumner, Colyar, and now. Mr. Finck's admiration for his musical heroes Brown, besides the general historians who deal is hard to restrain within moderate limits; it is like with the Jacksonian period, such as Roosevelt, Peck, Mr. Swinburne talking of Marlowe, or Victor Hugo and Schouler. From these sources have been drawn when he says of Solvejg's Cradle Song in “Peer anecdotes, opinions, estimates, so numerous that the Gynt,” “I would not give it for all the songs of reviewer is tempted to assert that not a single in- Brahms, Hugo, Wolf, and Richard Strauss, put to- teresting one has escaped. And here is one fault gether. The creative thrill of delight which Grieg of the book :- there is too much quotation, and must have felt when he penned the last twelve bars the result is too much like a scrap-book. We are of this song — which have not their equal in more glad to have the stories and opinions of Jackson's than twelve other songs ever composed — surely contemporaries, but there is no need of an array of atoned for all the disappointnients of his life.” This estimates from Mr. Brady's contemporaries. Mr. is pretty strong; but, for all that, the book is a sound Brady has made a closer study of Jackson than most and sympathetic study of this great son of the North. of the recent authorities quoted by him, and his - Another interesting book in the same series is the judgment, not theirs, should have been given. Many sketch of Theodor Leschetizky, the great Viennese of these extracts are practically duplicates; too many teacher of the piano, by Miss Annette Hullah. Of of them are not labelled as to source. The historical Bohemian and Polish parentage, Leschetizky was structure is unusually sound, in this respect the work musically endowed from birth, and as a Wunderkind ranking among the best of the series. The author The author made the usual sensation by his public performances has a correct conception of the forces at work in the at the age of nine. At fourteen he began to take West, and has rightly estimated the importance of pupils himself; and ever since then - for more than Jackson's environment in relation to his career in sixty years - he has been beset by eager students . 1906.] 19 THE DIAL from all parts of the world. The story of this con- There are limits to the appetite of Queen of the centrated career is well and clearly told by Miss Blue-Stockings.” even the greediest devourer of me- Hullah, who makes the discriminating point that moirs and letters. Why Mrs Emily J. Lescheticky is emphatically an individualist in his Climenson, the “great-great-niece” of Mrs. Elizabeth work: “ Less philanthropic than his friend Rubin- Montagu, Montagu, “Queen of the Blue-Stockings," should stein, he has preferred to work in a smaller field. feel called upon to issue two large volumes (which He would devote himself heart and soul to watching bear the imprint of Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co.) of and tending the unfolding of any young talent, but that lady's correspondence, when we have at least not to the education of the masses; and it is well five volumes already, is not apparent to one who is that it is so, for otherwise a specialist would have neither a Robinson nor a Montagu. False dates in been lost to the world. His chief care was that each some of the Montagu letters published by the present pupil entrusted to him should develop to the best of editor's grandfather, Baron Rokeby, have been cor- his ability; if pianism in general incidentally bene- rected; but exactly how many of the letters in this fited by the system of study he had built up, so collection are here printed for the first time, one much the better." could tell only by a laborious comparison of Mrs. Climenson's pages with Lord Rokeby's, and with The deadly “It is not gold, but the legalized strife perhaps a dozen other publications containing por- waste of for gold,” says Mr. Sidney C. Reeve, tions, large or small, of Mrs. Montagu's correspond- competition. “which is the root of all evil.” The institution of " barter” and the resultant “competi- in this case, the midnight oil and the strain on the ence, and the game is not worth the candle, or, tive system” have indeed many sins to answer for, eyes. We e are told that if all the letters were pub- if all be true that this author says throughout the lished they would fill a large bookcase; so that six hundred pages of “The Cost of Competition' presumably many fresh pages are here opened to (McClure, Phillips & Co.). The first half of the the reader. Not a few letters to Mrs. Montagu are book treats the economic cost, in contradistinction also included, and the interspersed narrative matter to the ethical cost, and the future of competition. and accompanying footnotes are all that could be That economics, as a science, is as yet in a very crude expected of a painstaking editor. She hopes, if life stage of development, is sadly impressed upon the is spared her, to continue her labors at some future reader, who cannot forbear wishing that writers on time, pausing here with the year 1761, thirty-nine this subject would adopt a standard terminology, years before her distinguished kinswoman's death. and in so doing omit new definitions whose distinc- As a portrait gallery, the volumes are attractive, tions from old ones are apt to seem arbitrary and with their twenty-four reproductions from Reynolds, are certainly confusing. Mr. Reeve, however, start- ing with his own definitions, builds up a perfectly and to the genealogical enthusiast the opening pages Lawrence, Opie, Hogarth, Hudson, and other artists; consistent system of economics, pointing out, by of family history, and the large folder showing the means of statement and diagram, the waste of pro- Robinson pedigree, will prove choice reading. Of ductive energy in the present system of exchange. Mrs. Montagu's acknowledged merits as a letter- His arguments are convincingly stated, and perhaps writer – despite Dr. Johnson's poor opinion of her the only barrier to the reader's conviction is the intellectual equipment — it is unnecessary here to absence of statistical proof, which the author depre- say anything cates as “the weakest method of all.” In the second part of the book, Mr. Reeve estimates the ethical Through the translation - acceptable cost of competition, and its effect, especially upon though not masterly -- of Professor the community. This cost, he would lead us to be- Paulsen's comprehensive volume upon lieve, is so tremendous that half-way reforms are “German Universities” (Scribner), a significant futile, and the only remedy is the adoption of co contribution to the American's knowledge of Ger- ordination and community-ownership of all value man education has been rendered accessible. The produced. This economic transformation he confi book presents an adequate historical survey of the dently predicts for the near future; it is, indeed, development of the German universities, a story the only hope of a man who says that he is “pal that on the whole shows how few of the essential pably, absolutely sure that all want, the great bulk characteristics of these seats of learning are properly of all crime, and an enormous proportion of all sin, ascribed to their age. Modern education is as mod- sorrow, and ugliness, are the inevitable fruit of a ern in one country as another; and the American single artificial and irremediable but indestructible who takes comfort for the deficiencies of Amer- institution : Barter.” Hence all nature, it would seem ican universities by leaving their shortcomings to to us, escapes without its share of responsibility in their youth is resting his judgment upon illusive sup- this indictment; and we cannot agree with Mr. Reeve port. An account of the modern characteristics of to the extent of believing that economic forces are a German university is followed by a detailed ac- the only sources of ethical results. “ The Cost of count of the spirit and methods of university instruc- Competition” is written with all the zeal of a mis- tion, by an equally careful résumé of the student life, sionary, and upholds the cause of socialism with and by a less pertinent (to American readers) ac- vigor and earnestness. count of the ways and purposes of the several facul- Education at the German universities. 20 [July 1, THE DIAL life, Mrs. Clara Morris Harriott has appealed to a th ties. While useful and authoritative, the volume is into Russia to be the consort of the stupid heir to not wholly suited to English readers, and suggests Elizabeth's throne, by her force of will and magnetic that a book specially written for their needs would be personality made herself absolute mistress of the a more efficient means of promoting an acquaintance great Russian Empire, casting off her unspeakable and a comprehension of German universities than husband and drawing to her support the nobility is afforded by this translation. Professor Paulsen's and the masses as she proved her power to rule. She critical and painstaking analyses of points and argu- practised unbridled and open licentiousness ; but ments that appeal only to the German in his more inasmuch as in that barbarous court licentiousness technical moods mar the perspective of the work for was common, she maintained her sway and proved the American reader. At the same time, they serye herself to be a great ruler and state-builder, one of to present the perspective of importance to the Ger the great rulers of modern history. Mr. Molloy's man mind, and emphasize the great differences of work does not contain a narrative of political events, problem and point of view that the educational stu but rather the personal narrative of Catherine's life dents of the two countries have to face. The trans and of the lives of those with whom she was asso- lation is welcome, but does not lessen the need for a ciated as Grand Duchess and Empress. We see volume that shall present the story of the German the procession of handsome favorites on whom she universities in a way adapted to the American point lavished affection and wealth to the end of her life; of view and to the American interests. the venal and cruel courtiers; the Empress Eliza- beth who preceded her, her husband, and the base To understand the career of anyone Fragments of son who followed her. And we find incidentally an actress's who has exerted a marked influence set forth the motives, mainly personal, that led to autobiography. upon art or science, it is necessary Russia's various interventions in European affairs not only to have some sympathy with that person, during the latter half of the eighteenth century, but still more to understand the circumstances and and to the great scheme of Catherine's later life, the conditions which made his or her career and influ- Partition of Poland. The whole story is of absorb- ence possible. In the autobiographical sketch of her ing interest to one who would watch the play of the elemental passions either in individual relations sympathetic audience by dedicating her work to or in a barbaric state. The work is illustrated with "those women whº tasted sorrow and defeat before many fine portraits. they won success.” “The Life of a Star” (McClure, Phillips & Co.) is made up of a collection of short It will be a comfort to all good an- The basses, articles, reprinted from various periodicals; they por fresh-water glers, at least to all such as “angle and marine. tray the dignity of the actor's art, with its difficulties, by the book,” to come upon so wisely its uses, and its triumphs. Personal reminiscences specialized a volume as Mr. Rhead's “ The Basses, of many persons famous in art, literature, and politics Fresh-Water and Marine ” (Stokes). Even those are interspersed. Fragmentary views of McKinley who usually find the printed page of little avail, and Garfield, gained from personal acquaintance, either for inspiration or instruction, will do well to are here made no less interesting than the anecdotal make an exception in this case, for the editor-author sketches of Salvini, Rachel, or Dion Boucicault. has succeeded not only in telling “how, when, and The author's own histrionic invasion of the metrop where to fish for bass,” but in giving the reader an olis, her crucial moments in critical Boston, her ad intimate acquaintance with the history, habits, and ventures en route, suggest, as she intimates, one distribution of the various species. The basis of the of those small kaleidoscopes wherein these short descriptions is carefully scientific, but science serves sketches become the bits of colored glass green mostly as a point of departure, and the pleasing for hope, blue for faith, red for courage, purple for vicissitudes of angling" receive due attention. The power.” This record of the thoughts, fancies, sen book represents a division of labor, the chapters on timents and reflections of a good and talented woman the fresh-water basses having been written by the is commendable alike for the grace, purity, simplicity late Mr. William C. Harris, and those on the marine and expressiveness of its diction, its apt and oft basses being contributed by Mr. Tarleton H. Bean, times felicitous collocation of words and phrases, and while the editor himself adds interesting reminis- the easy flow of its style. It will bear comparison cences and practical suggestions. Colored plates of with some of the best of similar work by authors of the basses, and of artificial flies, have informing acknowledged rank in literature. value, though most of the illustrations serve for general attractiveness rather than accurate exposi- Catherine The story of the great Empress tion. To the actual fisherman, the chapters on baits, of Russia, Catherine is retold in two substantial flies, and artificial lures will be most serviceable; and her court. volumes by Mr. Fitzgerald Molloy, while to others the story of the marine basses will in "The Russian Court in the Eighteenth Century" perhaps be most engaging, for the spice of rather (imported by Charles Scribner's Sons). It is the rare adventure in it. A satisfactory feature of the narrative of a career as strange and astonishing as book is the credit given the United States Fish Com- any to be found in the annals of history. This mission for the successful stocking of many waters princess of a little German state, who was brought with this typically American fish. 1906.] 21 THE DIAL A handbook of The small volume by Mr. Rossiter “ Elements of Political Science,” by Professor Stephen the Constitution of the United Johnson entitled “ The Story of the Leacock, is a text-book for the use of high schools and States. Constitution” (New York: William colleges, just published by Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Ritchie) seems to be a miniature reduction of the principal facts in the first part of a constitutional “ Francisco de Goya," by Mr. Richard Muther, is history of the United States. It is not such a critical the subject of the latest volume in the “ Langham Se- ries of Art Monographs,” imported by the Messrs. study as the volumes of a similar title by Stevens, Scribner. Campbell, and other investigators, but rather a sum- A practical manual of “ English Composition,” suit- mary or outline. The chapters deal with the for. able for school use, and helpful for writers out of school, mation and failure of the Articles of Confederation, is the work of Mr. Hammond Lamont, and is published the incidents of the Convention and its work, the by Messrs. Charles Scribner's Sons. ratification by States, and a sketch of the amend « The Education Question,” being a series of four ments. In the introduction, the author hints that addresses by the Bishop of Salisbury upon the burning neither the “inspired” theory nor the inheritance question of the hour in English politics, is' a pamphlet from England explains the origin of the Constitu- publication of Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co. tion; but he nowhere lifts the veil. The only novel “ The Foundations of the Republic,” by the Rev. feature of the sketch is a summary of “what might Edward Everett Hale, is a small volume published by Messrs. James Pott & Co. Its contents are two lectures have been,” describing the proposals that failed of adoption in the Convention. Defects exist in the given of recent years before the Brooklyn Institute. frame of national government, according to the au- Four new volumes in the “pocket edition" of Sir George Meredith's writings are now sent us by the thor, in the discrepancies of divorce laws in the vari- Messrs. Scribner. “ The Egoist,” “Harry Richmond," ous States, in the veto power, which is "a remnant “ Rhoda Fleming,” and “ Beauchamp's Career” are the of kingly prerogative,” and in the ease with which titles. a State may alter its constitution after admission to Good translations are rare, but among their small the Union - whereas its admission should be in the number we must surely reckon Lafcadio Hearn's version nature of a contract. The accustomed official docu of “The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard,” that charming ments take up a large portion of the volume. The masterpiece of M. Anatole France. This delightful work may serve as a handbook for students or as a book now comes to us from Messrs. Harper & Brothers convenient manual for the general public. in a new edition. · The Literary History of the English People," by A hopeful view In “The Country Town: A Study of M. J. J. Jusserand, French ambassador to the United of the future of Rural Evolution ” (Baker & Taylor States, will shortly appear under the Putnam imprint. the country town. Co.), Mr. Wilbert L. Anderson takes This second part - the first of the two volumes which an optimistic view of the future of rural communi it comprises covers a period extending from the ties, though by no means ignoring the unfortunate Renaissance to the Civil War. tendencies which have been emphasized by other “ Harper's Novelettes" is a new series of volumes of writers. He has read widely and thought deeply on short stories to be edited by Messrs. W. D. Howells and H. M. Alden. The first volume is called “Under the the subject, and on many other subjects in so far as Sunset," and includes ten tales of life in the far West they affect his theme; but though he cites numerous by Mr. Janvier, Mr. Mighels, Mrs. Peattie, Miss Chan- authorities, he writes in the graceful style of the ning, and others. Apparently these stories are reprinted essayist. While recognizing that tendencies are at from " Harper's Magazine." work which, unchecked, would ruin all rural com A new edition of Mrs. Gaskell's works will appear munities, he relies upon the power of children to be shortly under the Putnam imprint. It will be named better than their fathers, and upon the innate virtue « The Knutsford Edition,” and will be a “ biographical of the rural environment to make edition in the sense in which Mrs. Ritchie's edition of for the migra- up tion of the more progressive elements of the popula- Thackeray is so called. The work upon it is being done tion to the cities. There is a philosophical vagueness under the editorial supervision of Dr. Adolphus W. about the proposals for conscious improvement, and Ward, Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge. One of the most attractive school books that we have the author seems to under-estimate the value of such seen for a long time is the “ Robert Louis Stevenson a definite movement for the betterment of rural Reader," compiled by Catherine T. Bryce and published conditions as the revival of old-time handicrafts. by the Messrs. Scribner. It is made up of selections Much is made of the “indissoluble partnership” from the “Child's Garden,” with alternate chapters between country and city. telling the story of each poem in simple prose. There is an illustration in color on nearly every page. Matthew Arnold's Merope,” with Mr. Robert Whitelaw's translation of the “ Electra” of Sophocles, NOTES. are brought together in a little volume under the edi- “The Title-Mart,” a comedy in three acts by Mr. torship of Mr. John Churton Collins, who supplies a Winston Churchill, is published in book form by the lengthy and learned critical introduction. Mr. Collins Macmillan Co. also stands sponsor for an edition of Dr. H. Kynaston's A new edition of Sir Walter Armstrong's miniature translation of the “ Alcestis ” of Euripides. Both books biography of Thomas Gainsborough is published by are published by Mr. Henry Frowde at the Oxford Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. Clarendon Press. 22 [July 1, THE DIAL “ The Temple Greek and Latin Classics,” edited by Messrs. G. Lowes Dickinson and H. O. Meredith, are a new Dent series of reprints, published in this country by Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons. They present the original text faced by an English translation. The « Medea” and “ Hippolytus ” of Euripides, edited and translated by Mr. Sydney Waterlow, are given us in the initial volume of the series. Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. will publish at once a new illustrated edition of the famous Canadian romance, “ Wacousta," by Major John Richardson. The story is founded upon incidents connected with the attempt on Fort Detroit by the Indian chief Pontiac in the year 1763, which gives it a special pertinency for Messrs. McClurg & Co.'s list, as the same incidents are the basis of Mr. Randall Parrish's “ A Sword of the Old Front- ier,” published by them last Fall. “ The Acorn," of which the first two numbers have been received, is a quarterly magazine of literature and art published in London at the Caradoc Press, and in this country by the J. B. Lippincott Co. Each number is a volume in substantial binding, which at once sug- gests “ The Yellow Book” of fin de siécle fame. 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Third edition; with portrait, 12mo, pp. 741. Oxford University Press. $2. In Tuscany: Tuscan Towns, Tuscan Types, and the Tuscan Tongue. By Montgomery Carmichael. Third edition; illus., 12mo, pp. 353. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net. My Log Book. Illus., in color, etc., oblong 12mo. E. P. Dut- ton & Co. $1.25. NATURE Our Common Wild Flowers of Springtime and Autumn. By Alice M. Dowd. With frontispiece, 12mo, pp. 183. Boston: Gorham Press. $1.25. THEOLOGY AND RELIGION. Hebrew Life and Thought: Being Interpretative Studies in the Literature of Israel. By Louise Seymour Houghton. 12mo, pp. 386. University of Chicago Press. $1.50 net. Spurgeon's Illustrative Anecdotes. Selected and Classified by Louis Albert Banks, D.D. 12mo, pp. 313. Funk&Wagnalls Co. $1.20 net. Outline Studies in the New Testament for Bible Teach. ers. By Jesse Lyman Hurlbut, D.D. 12mo, pp. 112. Eaton & Mains. 40 cts. net. 1906.] 23 THE DIAL FOR ANY BOOK ON EARTH write to H. H. TIMBY, Book Hunter. Catalogues free. 1st Nat. 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A new sort of automobile story with a splendid supply of fun and sentiment.” – Philadelphia Press. CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS NEW YORK 26 [July 16, 1906. THE DIAL DO YOU NEED MORE REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD READ CONISTON Here they are, a line long each - - It is splendid fiction — and more, much more. Brooklyn Citizen. A wonderful piece of work, singularly vigorous. New York Times. Original and distinctive as it is fascinating. Outlook. Mr. Churchill sees broadly, his grasp is big. - Evening Post, New York. He may fitly be compared to Thackeray. - Evening Post, New York. In naturalness and vitality rarely equalled. Courier-Journal, Louisville. Its love affair grips the reader's heart. Washington Star. Mr. Churchill is a born story-teller. Pittsburg Gazette. The character drawing of Jethro is superb. Boston Herald. Its quiet, almost dry humor is delicious. Sunday Oregonian. “ Coniston” is an inspiration of genius. Public Ledger, Philadelphia. It is among the small company of the best. Chicago Tribune. It is a big story, strongly developed. - The Globe-Democrat, St. Louis. Simply exquisite in its truthfulness to life. Post-Dispatch, St. Louis. It has such a subtle insight into values. - Ohio State Journal. It is the most widely read book of the year. Record-Herald, Chicago. For royal entertainment one need go no further. Grand Rapids Herald. “ Coniston” is the great novel of the year. - North American, Philadelphia. - - - CONISTON CAN BE BOUGHT WHEREVER BOOKS ARE SOLD IT IS PUBLISHED BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY pe THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Enformation. ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOFFICE AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER BY THE DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. PAGE THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 18t and 16th tween knowledge and wisdom can hardly exist, of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; for wisdom is of the years far beyond, when in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 50 cents a year for extra postage must be added. REMITTANCES should knowledge shall have been duly sifted and syn- be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE thesized. And what passes for wisdom even to DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions will begin with the current number. When no direct request advanced age may be no more than that crystal- to discontinue at expiration of subscription is received, it is lized prejudice which is the intellectual founda- assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communi. tion of most lives that are past their prime. cations should be addressed to Let us take a moment to inquire into this dis- THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. tinction. We realize, of course, that all wisdom must be knowledge, and also that the proposition is not a convertible one. For knowledge ranges No. 482. JULY 16, 1906. Vol. XLI. all the way from the baldly empirical statement of isolated facts to such generalizations as those CONTENTS. that have made immortal the names of Newton KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM. 27 and Darwin. With every step taken in the di- COMMUNICATION . 29 rection of rationalization, knowledge approaches Poetry and Trees. George S. Wills. wisdom more closely, and to that extent begins LIFE OF "THE ARABIAN KNIGHT.” Percy F. Bicknell. to partake of its character and share its dignity. 26 Yet the attainment of a certain degree of intel- THE STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY. James W. Garner 31 lectual abstraction is not in itself enough to A SCHOLAR'S MIND. Charles H. A. Wager. 33 admit mere knowledge to the jealously-guarded THE HEART OF THE RAILWAY PROBLEM. courts of wisdom ; we have an instinctive feeling John J. Halsey 35 that other credentials are demanded, and an RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne 36 Mrs Humphry Ward's Fenwick's Career. – Will- inquiry into their nature inevitably leads us to iamson's Lady Betty Across the Water. — Pem the realization that they should also be affected berton's My Sword for Lafayette. -- Stimson's by a human interest. The profoundest and most In Cure of Her Soul. — Sage's The District Attor- ney. --Stringer's The Wire-Tappers. - Barbour's completely-classified knowledge, as of the mathe- Breakers Ahead. — Miss Ryan's For the Soul of matician or the naturalist, may make a man Rafael. - Miss Brown's The Court of Love. learned, but need not make him wise ; it is the BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 39 former term, rather than the latter, that is the New aspects of the same old earth.—The museums and ruins of ancient Rome. - Phases and factors of more fitting for the Newtons and the Darwins, trades-unions in America.-A $6,000 prize book.-- but we need have no hesitation in attributing wis- Two notable centuries of English history. - Fasci- dom, using the word with the nicest sense of its nations of old-fashioned wall-papers. — A new life of the founder of Methodism. — Modern Italian value, to an Aristotle, or a Bacon, or a Goethe. novelists. — Discredited notions of the Civil War. We attribute wisdom to such men as these - An American expounder of modern thought. – Posthumous essays of a social reformer. because, in the possession of highly specialized BRIEFER MENTION 43 stores of knowledge, they have not been content NOTES 44 with it for its own sake, but have been insistent LIST OF NEW BOOKS 44 in bringing it to bear upon the conduct of life. Their aphoristic utterances form a sort of frac- tional distillate of the rarer elements of their KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM. thought, and, whether expressed in prose or “ Knowledge comes but wisdom lingers." verse, impress us with the sense of their finality. Tennyson understood the matter well enough, Here, of course, the poets have a little the best for he was one of the wisest of men. But the of it, for they know how to add to a wise saying phrase, glibly quoted though it may be, prob- just that touch of beauty that is needed to make ably has little meaning for the majority of it forever memorable. Never was a criticism those who use it. To cocksure youth, in partic- more just than was addressed by Jowett to ular, making confident pronouncement upon all Tennyson, saying: “Your poetry has an element things in heaven and earth, the distinction be- of philosophy more to be considered than any 28 [July 16, THE DIAL regular philosophy in England.” And never perious cry of our nature for that deeper wis- was a definition more profound than Words- dom which subsumes our temporal existence worth’s of poetry as “ the breath and finer spirit under the species of eternity. of all knowledge, the impassioned expression Not to despair of truth, but to learn to know which is in the countenance of all science.” wisdom from its counterfeit, is the obligation Much of the world's inheritance of wisdom is laid upon every serious soul. There is in cir- impersonal in its nature, not traceable to a defi- culation much spurious coin of thought, and nite source, being the expression of racial rather careless observation permits it a wide currency. than of individual consciousness. It flashes In some cases the imitation is too obvious to upon us from apologue and parable and proverb, deceive any who are not willing to be deceived; which have no assignable origin save dim tra in others the expert requires all his skill to dis- dition, but are treasured from age to age for tinguish between the false and the true. How the universality of the thought they embody, well we know the musty phrases to which sophis- making them no less applicable to our own lives try invariably has recourse when some wrong is than to those remote conditions which gave them to be defended or some lie varnished with the birth. Every people has its store of such wis semblance of verity! Let one of these phrases dom as this, ranging from the dignity and au make its cunning appeal to some prepossession thority of whatever scriptures it holds sacred to of ours, and the wrong is supported, the lie the homeliness of those practical maxims that countenanced. Eternal vigilance is the price, oral transmission rather than the printed page not of liberty alone, but of intellectual and serves to keep alive. This is the wisdom which, moral integrity. albeit with a certain admixture of superstition, There is a type of mind for which the wisest is brought to bear upon us from the nursery precepts grow stale by repetition, and are even- upwards, and whispers its monitions in our ear tually spurned in favor of more piquant rivals. at all seasons and upon all occasions. It is For the mind of this type the phrase-mongers perhaps the deepest of all wisdom, by virtue of ever lie in wait, their epigrams pointed by wit the very fact that it has thus triumphantly borne and baited with paradox. They acquire vogue the test of time, and approved itself to human by sheer audacity of utterance, and no truth is intelligence under circumstances so numerous sacred enough to shame them from its denial. and so diverse. We need not specify, for modern instances will Those of us who have succumbed to civiliza occur to every reader. But the mischief done tion, however, enduring its inherent evils for by these smart philosophasters is considerable. the sake of the benefits which so manifestly out They sap the ethical foundations of society, and weigh them, have also at our command the sell their birthright for the pottage of a little world of books, which means the recorded wis applause. “ As the crackling of thorns under a dom of past generations and of our own which pot ”— so were their antics described of old by is even now passing. It is a bewildering maze, one who was wise indeed. filled with the sound of many voices, their coun Wisdom receives its highest warrant from sels sharply at variance, and their conflicting age and experience. Despite the scriptural tes- claims irreconcilable in any synthesis now ap timony that it may come from the mouths of parent to the understanding. Yet something babes and sucklings, we are justified in viewing forbids us to exclaim, in Milton's phrase, with suspicion any coinage of thought, however “ Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy," sharp its mintage, that cannot claim a respon- which is the refuge of indifferentism ; something sible origin. Young's verse, urgent within us impels to the quest of truth, “ The man of wisdom is the man of years," no matter how laborious may be the tracking is the statement of a truism, generally speaking, thereof. Nor, again quoting Milton, may we be for no form of words may as such so bear the content with the proposition which he thus impress of authority as to dispense with the words : support of a weighty personality. Many a “To know saying that is in itself without force or distinc- That which before us lies in daily life tion acquires both from the character of which Is the prime wisdom.” it is the deliverance, and is given a higher power Or if this be “ the prime wisdom ”in a narrowly of energetic impact by the very name of its practical sense, it cannot suffice for the spiritual author. The man who has seen life from many needs of beings of our “ large discourse, looking angles and has upheld the standard of truth in before and after.” We cannot stifle the im many conflicts, the man who has been tested by : 1906.] 29 THE DIAL adversity and whose thought is the product of The New Books. ripe reflection, is the man who may fitly claim our respect and confidence. But each new generation, as the scroll of LIFE OF "THE ARABIAN KNIGHT." * time is unrolled for it, must work out its own Good wine needs no bush. A good book salvation. The accumulated wisdom of the past needs no laudatory preface. The confident, al- is offered for our guidance, but something more most exulting, tone of Mr. Thomas Wright's in- than passive acceptance is required of us. Our troduction to his “ Life of Sir Richard Burton" spiritual no less than our material inheritance tends to prejudice the reader against what is to very truth our own possession. New occasions complacent author, “ which form an astonishing bring new duties, and bring also new problems story, will no doubt come as a complete surprise of conduct that for their solution tax our utmost to almost everybody. I can imagine them, powers. And specious counsels are ever whis- | indeed, dropping like a bomb-shell into some pered in the ears of youth, making the worse circles." Bombastic prediction! In the same appear the better reason, and seeking to turn strain is to be noted the following: its gaze away from the old ethical landmarks. “ The amount of absolutely new information in this Si jeunesse savait! But youth does not know, work is very large. Thus, we are telling for the first and from its very nature cannot know, many time the history of Burton's friendships with Mr. F. F. things of the highest import that are clear to the Arbuthnot, Mr. John Payne, and others; and we are giving for the first time, too, a complete and accurate eyes of experience. So it pursues the old round history of the translation of The Arabian Nights, The of folly and disillusionment, of sin and expiation, Scented Garden, and other works. Hundreds of new facts slowly shaping itself in character and purpose. are recorded respecting these and other absorbing topics, Wisdom is vindicated in the end, but the waste while the citations from the unpublished letters of Burton and Lady Burton will, we are sure, receive welcome. of the process seems pitiful. Yet this, too, is We are able to give about fifty entirely new anecdotes wisdom — to discern the educative value of the - many of them extremely piquant and amusing. We very faults that come near to making shipwreck also tell the touching story of Burton's brother Edward of life, and to realize that something more than [who was dumb for the last forty years of his life). In our account of Burton's travels will be found a number counsels of perfection are required for the up- of interesting facts and some anecdotes not given in building of the poised and full-statured soul. Burton's works.” And yet, self-confidence and self-praise not- withstanding, the author has turned out a cred- COMMUNICATION. itable piece of book-making. The story is not offered as the glowing tribute of an intimate and POETRY AND TREES. admiring friend, — in fact, there is no indication (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) that the narrator ever even saw the subject of I have just read with sympathetic pleasure the article on “ Poetry and Arboriculture,” in your issue of July 1. his narrative; but the whole book bears such Worthy to stand with anything that the poets have writ- evidence of painstaking research, draws from so ten about the trees, is Spenser's simple enumeration in many sources hitherto neglected or unavailable, the first book of the first canto of “The Faërie Queene": presents so many new facts and throws so much "Much can they praise the trees so straight and hy. new light on the old ones, that it cannot be dis- The sayling Pine; the Cedar proud and tall; The vine-propt Elme; the Popplar never dry; missed as merely a pretentious piece of hack- The builder Oake, sole king of forrests all; work. Read the preface as an appendix, - and The Aspine, good for staves; the Cypresse funerall; The Laurell, meed of mightie conquerors a preface, though first in the order of position, And poets sage; the Firre that weepeth still; The Willow, worne of forlorne paramours; is always last in the order of creation, — and The Eugh, obedient to the bender's will; there is less fault to find with it. Its assertions The Birch for shaftes; the Sallow for the mill; The Mirrhe, sweete-bleeding in the bitter wound; are not outrageously extravagant, however un- The warlike Beech; the Ash for nothing ill; fortunate their tone. Neither Mr. Hitchman in The fruitfull Olive, and the Platane round; The corner Holme; the Maple seldom inward sound." his detailed account of Burton the traveller and A little instruction in some of the fundamental prin- explorer, nor Lady Burton in her portly vol- ciples of Forestry, with a wider acquaintance with what umes of verbiage and slang and rhodomontade the great poets have said about the trees, would pro- and indiscriminate panegyric, nor Miss Stisted duce more practical results, and would open the way to in her shorter eulogistic sketch of her uncle's life, a great deal more of pleasure and profit, than many of the subjects that now absorb much of the time in our nor any other writer known to us, has so care- public schools. GEORGE S. WILLS. • THE LIFE OF SIR RICHARD BURTON. By Thomas Wright. Greensboro, N. C., July 3, 1906. In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Song. 30 [July 16, THE DIAL by the fully weighed the claims of this man of varied tion, given in his Translator's Foreword to The Arabian talents and striking personality to be accounted Nights, and Lady Burton's account, given in her life of her husband, do not tally with the facts as revealed in also a great translator and man of letters. As his letters. In matters relating to his own history, it is in the treatment of Burton as a scholar Burton often spoke with amazing recklessness, and and writer, rather than as a daring and resource perhaps he considered he was justified in stating that ful explorer, a speaker of many tongues, and an his translation of The Arabian Nights was well advanced ardent anthropologist, that Mr. Wright's book by November 1881, seeing that it had for thirty years intermittently occupied his thoughts. As regards Lady offers something new to the general reader, it Burton, no doubt, of some of the facts presently to be will here be fitting to confine our attention to But she was one who easily these interesting “ revelations,” merely adding deceived herself. Whatever she wished, she was apt way that the story of his restless wan- to believe. The actual facts compiled from existing derings, gathered chiefly from his own too- documentary evidence — including Burton's own letters will now be revealed for the first time; and it will voluminous writings, is so well told as to make be found, as is generally the case, that the unembroi- it difficult to point to a single dull page in the dered truth is more interesting than the romance." narrative. Sir Richard's fifty or more pub An instructive chapter deals with “ The Fate lished volumes, prolix and ill-proportioned, have of The Scented Garden.'" The biographer been squeezed and made to yield their juice for holds that the loss was chiefly a pecuniary one, us in Mr. Wright's more scholarly pages. to Lady Burton herself, who burned the manu- After giving a long list of his authorities for script, and that its publication would not have information never before divulged, the biog- added to the translator's fame. An earlier ver- rapher tells of his success (the reward of per sion of all but the rare twenty-first chapter, sistent effort) in winning Mr. John Payne's from Burton's pen, had been published by the consent to the publication of the true story Kama Shastra Society, and apparently the mis- concerning his own and Burton's “ Arabian sing chapter had not been supplied in the later Nights." Some of these facts are already translation ; and such notes as Burton may have known to Arabic scholars who have critically added are probably better lost. His fondness examined the two versions. Intimate friends for the pornographic, and his firm conviction and zealous co-workers though these two men that researches in all the nameless forms of were, Burton seems to have been most strangely oriental vice make for the advancement of an- willing to take credit that was the other's due. thropological science and of human welfare, He acknowledges indebtedness to Mr. Payne, can never cease to astound and even to dismay but not in terms equal to the extent of his obli his admirers. Truly his was a nature woven of gation. In the mere drudgery of translation, Mr. mingled yarn. In unsparing reprehension, his Wright makes it clear, by “ deadly parallels," biographer writes : that his hero was not above “cribbing.” Two of “ Henceforth every translation was to be annotated the shorter tales are printed in the two versions from a certain point of view (as indicated in Burton's side by side, and they show a transference of preface to his Catullus). One can but regret this per- versity, for the old Roman and other authors have whole clauses from the earlier to the later pub- unpleasantnesses enough without accentuating them. lication. The biographer, “yielding to nobody in .. Unfortunately, Sir Richard now made this kind of admiration of Sir Richard Burton," yet finds him work his speciality, and it would be idle - or rather it self obliged to make the following admissions : would be untrue to deny that he now chose certain books for translation, not on account of their beautiful “When I compared the two translations, page by poetry and noble thoughts, but because they lent them- page, I could scarcely believe my own eyes; and only selves to pungent annotation. Indeed, his passion for one conclusion was possible. Burton, indeed, has taken this sort of literature had become a monomania. He from Payne at least three-quarters of the entire work. insisted, however, and he certainly believed, that he was He has transferred many hundreds of sentences and clauses bodily. Sometimes we come upon a whole page advancing the interests of science. We wish we could say that it was chiefly for their beauties that he now set with only a word or two altered. In short, amazing to himself to translate Catullus, Ausonius, and Apuleius. say, the public have given Burton credit for a gift which he did not possess . . For the translating of so delicate, so musical and that of being a great translator. so gracious a poet as Catullus he was absolutely and I must mention that Mr. Payne gave me an abso- entirely unqualified." lutely free hand — nay, more than that, having placed all the documents before me, he said — and this he he Of Burton's rendering of Camoëns, we read repeated again and again — Wherever there is any the following: doubt, give Burton the benefit of it,' and I have done so. Regarded as a faithful rendering, the book was a - Amazing as the statement may seem, we feel our success, for Burton had drunk The Lusiads till he was selves compelled to say at once, though regretfully, super-saturated with it. Alone among the translators, that Burton's own account of the history of the transla he had visited every spot alluded to in the poem, and 3 66 1906.] 31 THE DIAL his geographical and other studies had enabled him to elucidate many passages that had baffled his predeces- THE STRUGGLE FOR LIBERTY,* sors. Then, too, he had the assistance of Aubertin, Da Cunha, and other able Portuguese scholars and Camoëns For many years the late Lord Acton of enthusiasts. Regarded, however, as poetry, the book | Cambridge is said to have cherished the plan of was a failure; and for the simple reason that Burton writing a History of Liberty, which, considering was not a poet. : : : On every page we are reminded his vast erudition, would probably have been a of the translator's defective ear, annoyed by the unnec masterpiece of historical writing. Professor Mac- essary use of obsolete words, and disappointed by his lack of what Poe called ethericity.' kinnon, of St. Andrews University, has given us What is told of Lady Burton's reckless burn. somewhat the same lines, except that he purposes the first two volumes of a work planned on ing of her husband's papers after his death must to restrict himself to a narrower field, -namely, fill the reader with regret — not for the loss of “The Scented Garden,” but for the destruction This self-imposed limitation has not, however, the history of liberty during modern times. of diaries, letters, and other autobiographic been strictly observed by the author, for his material that would have made good reading if initial volume is devoted entirely to the pre- carefully winnowed and edited, and would have contributed to the better understanding of a modern period, with a view to tracing the me- puzzling but ever fascinating personality. diæval origins of modern liberty which were The otherwise excellent appearance of Mr. slowly evolved from the chaos and confusion of the Roman Empire in the West. The second Wright's volumes is marred by perhaps more volume covers the period of the Reformation, than the pardonable number of misprints. Or shall we call some of them slips of the pen ? the major part being devoted to a study of the “Arundell,” elsewhere thus spelled, appears in struggle for liberty in England and Scotland; the genealogical table with one l. Wortley great battle of constitutional liberty was fought for here it was, says the author, that “the Montagu twice takes unto himself a final e. Sine does duty for sive in a Latin phrase. Age in those countries formed the preliminary “ Dervise” and “ dervish” strive for preference of that great constitutional drama.' Succeed- “ Ober Ammergau ” looks very un-German in its divided and bicapitalized form. ing volumes, we are told, will be devoted mainly Last, but not least, the author shares with Mr. Borthrop conflicts of the sixteenth century gave to liberty, to tracing the impulse which the theories and Trumbull of Middlemarch” renown, with An- thony Trollope, John Stuart Mill, and many Revolution, and were displayed in the constitu- which came to full maturity in the French other excellent Englishmen, an unaccountable partiality for commencing rather than begin seventeenth century, the American and the tional struggle in England and Scotland in the ning his various undertakings. Only one in- French Revolutions in the eighteenth, and in stance of the latter verb has caught this reviewer's those movements in the nineteenth century re- eye in Mr. Wright's pages. And yet we Ameri- cans have been accused of a reprehensible and sulting in the establishment of full intellectual, peculiarly national proneness always to com- religious, political, and social liberty. An examination of the two volumes at hand mence, never to begin. warrants the conclusion that a useful and valu- In the matter of pictorial embellishment, we able contribution to historical literature will be have it on Mr. Wright's authority that "the illustrations in this book are of exceptional in- made if the work is ever completed on the scale its author planned. It should be observed, terest.” They include the Burton family por however, that the work is designed to be what traits, which, owing to certain family quarrels, its name indicates — a history of liberty, not a Lady Burton was unable to use in her own work. They are now reproduced for the first philosophical treatise. In vain does one search for a discussion of the nature and limitations of time. A series of photographs taken at Trieste, liberty, with the exception of a few brief obser- where Burton succeeded Charles Lever as Brit- ish Consul, deserves mention; and numerous vations in the preface; or of the theories that have obtained in different ages and by different pictures of friends of Burton also adorn the schools concerning the idea and scope of liberty. work. Eleven appendices, including excellent bibliographies of Burton, Arbuthnot, Dr. Stein: To some, this will appear to be a serious defect; gass, and Mr. Payne, are added. The index, of an intention to treat his subject philosophi- but in view of the author's explicit disclaimer though somewhat scanty, is helpful. "A HISTORY OF MODERN LIBERTY. By James Mackinnon, PERCY F. BICKNELL. Ph.D. In two volumes. New York: Longmans, Green, & Co. 32 [July 16, THE DIAL cally, criticism on this score is hardly just. they seldom had reference to the masses. 6 Lib- Nevertheless, we are justified in feeling a sense erty of the subject,” he says, applied to the of regret that a work on so important a subject privileged few, not to the servile class. Popular should be restricted entirely to its historical liberty as we understand it was wholly non- aspect. existent. Occasionally a bold champion of free- It may be seriously questioned whether the dom of thought and conscience appeared to usefulness of the work would not have been in challenge traditional authority, but he was usu- creased by the topical method of treatment ally suppressed by the sword or fagot. The rather than the chronological. Thus, there is revival of commerce and the growth of towns, no place to which one can turn for an account following the crusades, gave an impulse to the of the rise of religious liberty, or the freedom of movement for emancipation from feudal sub- the press, or the other forms of intellectual jection. Then came a recognition of the rights emancipation. To gain specific information con of the craft-guilds, or artisans, and the gradual cerning the development of liberty under any elevation of the peasantry in the social scale, one of these heads would require a reading of to be followed in time by the admission of the the entire work. Another possible ground of Third Estate to the Parliaments. During the criticism is the inclusion in the history of much feudal régime, the individual overshadowed the that has little or no bearing on the subject of State, just as during the period of the Roman liberty, as the term is ordinarily understood. Empire the State regulated and controlled al- Thus, there is a long account of the Reforma- most every activity of the individual. The tion, that has little to do with liberty except as sovereignty of the individual under feudalism regards the emancipation of the Church from was no more conducive to the development of Rome. The work is encumbered with a detailed real liberty than was the despotism of Rome, history of the religious wars, and a discussion for the former régime meant disintegration of of the lives and doctrines of Luther, Von Hutten, the State, with its resulting anarchy and oppres- Calvin, Zwingli, and other reformers, containing sion of the masses, just as the latter meant the a large amount of historical detail mainly foreign crushing out of the individuality of the citizen. to the subject of liberty. The same is to a less Everywhere the despotism of caste tended to extent true of the detailed discussion of the po- compress within narrow limits the liberty of litical theories of Machiavelli, Hotman, Lan-action of the individual, and to destroy his sense guet, L'Hopital, Bodin, and other political of initiative and energy. The sum total of the philosophers, — theories interesting in them- struggles during the Middle Ages was the ele selves, but belonging rather to a history of polit- vation of the serf to a condition of partial free- ical philosophy than to a history of liberty. dom, the endowment of the merchant and artisan Professor Mackinnon's style in places is with political and civil rights, the attainment of characterized by lucidity of statement, forceful municipal freedom, and the inauguration of the ness of expression, and even by brilliancy; but movement for intelleetual and religious liberty. too often the detail which mars his discussions The Renaissance and the Reformation con- is dry and prolix. Unfortunately for the serious stitute an important stage in the evolution of student, he does not indulge in what he calls the modern liberty. The former was characterized luxury of footnotes, or in citations of authorities. by an emancipation of the intellect from the Often one wishes to know the source of infor thralls of tradition and the bonds of the feudal mation for particular statements ; but this is not age, the latter by an emancipation of the con- given. At the end of each chapter, however, science in spiritual matters. More particularly is appended a list of the authorities consulted, it liberated the soul from the authority of Rome an examination of which affords evidence that and brought it into immediate relation with the author possesses a wide familiarity with the God. The modern spirit of liberty of thought literature of his subject. and of worship breathed freer, and gradually Starting out with a definition of liberty as the awoke from the nightmare of authority. The free development of man, Professor Mackinnon Reformation, the author says, was a crusade in reviews the history of the Middle Ages in a vain favor of liberty as the age understood liberty; search for some evidence of that larger conception but, mighty as the movement was, it constituted which the word possesses to-day. He points out He points out little more than the mere background of that that the terms “ rights,” “ liberties,” and “priv- larger movement which did not finally take ileges " are frequently met with in the chronicles shape until the nineteenth century. and state papers of the Middle Ages, but that JAMES WILFORD GARNER. 1906.] 33 THE DIAL A SCHOLAR'S MIND.* clearness, repeating a luscious phrase often “ I have loved books and music, and, above enough to establish its precision of form, and a triumph of all, the earth and the things of the earth. T. yet not often enough to satiate instinctive art”; nor this, in “ The Thread of the wholesome, normal man, these things are but Gold,” without a thought of Amold : “ Beyond an agreeable background, and the real business all this lies that wellspring of inner joy which of life lies with wife and child and work. But seems to be withheld from so many of us. Is to me the real things have been the beautiful it indeed withheld? Can we not by quiet pas- things— sunrise and sunset, streams and woods, sivity, rather than by resolute effort, learn the old houses, talk, poetry, pictures, ideas. And secret of it? I believe myself that the source I always liked my work, too.” So writes the is there in many hearts, but that we visit it too author of “ The Thread of Gold,” not, indeed, rarely, and forget it in the multitude of little of himself, but of one of the interesting and cares and businesses, which seem so important, quiet types of character that he describes with so absorbing." so much skill. Yet the words, with but little Nor are these books, although they deal much modification, are applicable to him, as also to with out-of-door delights, the beauty and sig- the author or authors of the two volumes that nificance of natural objects, the quaint and we have grouped with his. It is no doubt an interesting ways of animals, in any sense intrusion on Mr. Benson's anonymity to attrib- “nature-books." They deal, to use a phrase that ute to him these two delightful unsigned books. occurs in “ From a College Window," not with One sees clearly enough why they are unsigned. Such intimate avowals as these are made with | of natural emotion.” The latter pursuit is one " the pursuit of natural history, but the pursuit more freedom from behind even a transparent that most so-called “nature-books” pointedly mask. The greater spontaneity and charm of the avoid. Most of all, they are not hollow with anonymous volumes, as compared with “ From the great emptiness of the current literature of a College Window," are evidence of this. Cer- “the simple life.” Concerning this, Mr. Ben- tainly, however discreet one may incline to be, son, in " From a College Window," sufficiently he cannot resist the conviction that the three 6. The moment that a man is conscious books are the work of one hand. The subjects that he is simple and humble, he is simple and considered, the opinions expressed, the allusions humble no longer.” Yet the genuinely simple and illustrations employed, the personal stamp life is the very theme of which they treat. of the style, are as convincing as such things can be natural, to find our true life, to be independ- well be. It would be stupid, however, to infer ent of luxuries, not to be at the mercy of pre- that the two unacknowledged volumes are in any judices and false ideals judices and false ideals — that is the secret of way autobiographical. They merely express, life,” says “ The House of Quiet.” from behind a thin veil of fictitious characters These books appeal, then, to no special class, and situations, the author's inmost mind. but, as Wordsworth said of poetry, to man as man. These are not clever books, as current taste They are full of a broad and winning humanity. estimates cleverness. They contain no paradox, Human associations give them their charm, and no epigram, no scintillation. Still less are they a full human pulse beats in every sentence. To literary books. The writer of them knows his be sure, they are hardly universal in their ap- poets, but for the most part he carefully ignores peal. They are too subtle, too tender, too occasions to quote from them. Indeed, at times thoughtful for that. But they deal, after all, he seems rather to do violence to himself in with the elements of mere living,” which is his effort to avoid an allusion. One need not not the less elemental because it is fine and cul- admire the reminiscent habits of Hazlitt and tivated. Indeed, their chief charm consists in Lowell, to regret that in such books and by their portrayal of a certain type of mind, and such a man an apt quotation should be so they will have an interest for those only who patently scouted. For example, it is hard to believe that he wrote the following passage in can in any degree sympathize with that type. This type is perhaps sufficiently described in the “ The House of Quiet” without a thought of passage quoted at the beginning of this article. Browning : “A thrush sang with incredible It is a mind to which the earth and the things . THE HOUSE OF QUIET. Edited by J. T. New York: E. P. of the earth are endlessly interesting and de- » before THE THREAD OF Gold. By the author of " The House of lightful, which is “awake and aware Quiet.” New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. the beauty of the world, which watches for its FROM A COLLEGE WINDOW. By Arthur Christopher Benson. brief epiphanies, which loses no finest touch of says : " To Dutton & Co. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 34 [July 16, THE DIAL So well. it, which lives in the memory of it. It is alive, limitations so much greater and more narrow- also, to the beauties of art, though toward these ing, we are assured nowadays, than the limi- it maintains a somewhat reluctant attitude. tations, say, of business or professional life. The artist is, by definition, too hard and self-Well, here at any rate is one man who ac- centred to satisfy so humane and benign a spirit. cepts them without protest or apology. And to The cuckoo's “ heartless customs” are to him many, do doubt, it will be a genuine satisfac- suggestive of the ways of the poet. “ Those tion, amid the prevalent talk of making oneself that sing so delicately,” says “ The Thread of better, or at least different, to find this quiet Gold," would not have leisure and courage to acceptance of the limitations of temperament make their music so soft and sweet if they had and situation. To have the courage of one's not a hard heart to turn to the sorrows of the limitations — not many of us are as bold as that! world "; and “The House of Quiet" affirms, He has also the scholar's and the poet's per- even more distinctly, “ that literature and art sistent sense of the past, of “the incommuni- play a very small part in the lives of the major cable touch of time." He dwells upon the life ity of people ; that most men have no sort of an that has throbbed and grown quiet, worked and idea that they are serious matters, but look loved, enjoyed and suffered within the walls of upon them as more or less graceful amusements; the old picturesque English houses that he loves that in such regions they have no power of Of one of them he writes in “ The criticism and no judgment; but that these are Thread of Gold": of “I vision which the artist and the man of letters felt the care and love that had gone to the making of suffer from and encourage — the defect, I mean, it, and the dignity that it had won from rain and sun and the kindly hand of nature; it spoke of hope and of treating artistic ideals as matters of pre- brightness, of youth and joy; and told me, too, that all eminent national, even of moral, importance." things were passing away, that even the house itself, We could wish, perhaps, that this fine spirit though it could outlive a few restless generations, was received with less grudging thanks the gifts pro- indeed debita morti, and bowed itself to its fall." vided by the gods of art. He is in danger of He has the scholar's sense of “the greatness and giving aid and comfort to persons with whom, littleness of human life,” its relative littleness, we are persuaded, he would be even less in sym- its absolute greatness. He has the scholar's per- pathy. Yet we must take him as we find him. spective, which forbids him to approve what Perhaps this gentle heresy adds an original and he calls “the vicious circle” of conventional piquant touch to a character of such a type. For duties and amusements, the scholar's estimate of he belongs naturally to a class to whom artistic values, that teaches him the futility of ambition ideals are matters of preëminent importance. and influence. “I think that God puts us into He is a scholar, in the humane, not the scien- the world to live," says one of the characters tific, sense of the term, living a quiet life of that he analyzes, “not necessarily to get in- thought and imagination; though secluded from fluence over other people. If a man is worth the business of the world, delighting in human anything, the influence comes ; and I don't call association of every sort, and feeling to the full it living, to attend public luncheons and to write the charm, almost a pathetic charm at times, of unnecessary letters, because public luncheons are the gay young life about him. In “ The Thread things which need not exist and are only amuse- of Gold” he writes : ments invented by fussy and idle people"; and “ And then, too, there is the tide of youthful life that again : “One has no longer any anxious sense floods every corner of the place. It is an endless of duty; one desires no longer either to impress pleasure to see the troops of slim and alert young fig or influence; one aims only at guarding the ures, full of enjoyment and life, with all the best gifts of life, health, work, amusement, society, friendship, quality of all one does or says. Over and lying ready to their hand. The sense of this beating over again this note of an ennobled Cyrenaicism and thrilling pulse of life circulating through these “ To seize the moment, with all its con- sombre and splendid buildings is what gives the place ditions, to press the quality out of it, that is the its inner glow; this life full of hope, of sensation, of best victory." Pater himself is hardly more emotion, not yet shadowed or disillusioned or weary, seems to be as the fire on the altar, throwing up its uncompromising, though this is not the Cyre- sharp, darting tongues of flame, its clouds of fragrant naicism of Pater. He has, finally, the scholar's smoke, giving warmth and significance and a fiery heart type of religion. “Ought we not,” he asks, to a sombre shrine.” " to try to make our religion a much wider, To say that the author is a scholar implies, quieter thing?” Before the immense mysteries of course, that he has the limitations of his class, of nature and of suffering, his attitude is that recurs : 1906.] 35 THE DIAL the press. of a perpetual question followed by a perpetual THE HEART OF THE RAILWAY PROBLEM.* acquiescence. He has an abiding sense of the fatality of things, like that of Edward Fitzgerald Railroad Problem " comes at a fortunate time Mr. Parsons's book on 6. The Heart of the when he chose for his epitaph the words, “ It is He that hath made us, and not we ourselves.” for its popularity; and it is well worth the read- But beneath this, and coloring all his outlook ing: The keynote may be taken from the upon history, nature, human life, the sufferings preface. of dumb creatures, the limitations and sorrows “ A plan was adopted for a book, to be called The Railways, the Trusts, and the People,' which is now in of his own career, there is a serene faith in a For the preparation of this work the possible explanation, in what he calls “ a tender writer, traveled through nine countries of Europe, and secret." over three-fourths of the United States, studying rail- As to the manner in which all this is ex- ways, meeting railroad presidents and managers, minis- ters of railways, members of railway commissions, pressed, the passages quoted are the best witness. governors, senators, and leading men of every class, in These pages are written con amore, with an the effort to get a thorough understanding of the rail- indescribable effect of sincerity and meditative way situation. He also made an extensive study of the beauty. Their style is delicately, subtly, un- railroad literature of leading countries, and examined obtrusively figurative. It varies, of course, in thoroughly the reports and decisions of commissions and courts in railroad cases in the United States. As quality; and while it is never imitative, it fol- these studies progressed, the writer became more and lows so closely the feeling of the subject that it more convinced that the heart of the railroad problem now and again reminds us of other men's treat lies in the question of impartial treatment of shippers. ment of similar themes. The picnic of the The chief complaint against our railroads is not that the rates as a whole are unreasonable, but that favorit- pauper lunatics, in " The Thread of Gold,” has ism is shown for large shippers or special interests a little of the quaint and unusual charm, just having control of railways or a special pull with the missing the grotesque, of some of Hawthorne’s management. This book consists, in the main, of the tales. Whenever he dwells upon the human broad study of railway favoritism, which was made as associations of landscape and buildings, the a basis for the generalizations outlined in the brief chapter on that subject in The Railways, the Trusts, pathetic evanescence of human things, the way and the People."" in which even brick and stone, rocks and trees, Whatever opinion of the railways a reader of may become saturated with human joy and sor- this book may carry away as he closes it, he row, upon his pages lies the serene mellow after- will have to say that the multitudinous forms of noon light that rests upon the pages of Irving: discrimination have been laid open to the light In a passage like the following, one is reminded of day. As many chapters discuss as many inevitably of a landscape by Böcklin : forms as passenger rebates, direct freight re- “A stone's throw away lay a large square moat, full bates, denial of fair facilities, classification and of water, all fringed with ancient gnarled trees; the island which it enclosed was overgrown with tiny thickets commodity rates, oil and beef, imports and of dishevelled box-trees, and huge sprawling laurels; exports, locality discriminations, long-haul de- we walked softly round it, and there was our goal: a cisions, Colorado fuel rebates, midnight tariffs, small church of a whitish stone, in the middle of a little terminal railroads, private cars, while one fruit- close of old sycamores in stiff summer leaf.” ful chapter is devoted to free cartage, demurrage, Such comparisons may easily do these volumes the expense bill system, goods not billed, and injustice. Their manner is original, spontaneous, milling in transit. The history of remedial unstudied, but at the same time it is the fruit attempts runs along through the Granger Laws, of prolonged and delicate cultivation. They the Hepburn Report, the Interstate Commerce endure perfectly the test of being read out-of Act, Supreme Court decisions, ten years of doors, for they are as little out of harmony with Federal regulation, the Elkins Act, the Wiscon- the wide serenities of sea and wood and sky sin revelations. sin revelations. The closing chapters are con- and field as the poetry of Walt Whitman. One cerned with the possibility of regulation of could hardly say more. Yet there is one great rate-making, and methods for accomplishing that name, or, rather, one great manner, of which the end. As the book went to press in March, reader of these pages constantly thinks, — the 1906, the discussion of recent measures ends name and manner of Virgil. For indeed these with the presentation to Congress of the Esch- little idyllic eclogues are like Virgil's, full of Townsend, Interstate Commission, and Hepburn simple and serene landscape beauty and a spirit bills. Of the more recent occurrences which of quiet retrospection, ending often, like his, in • THE HEART OF THE RAILROAD PROBLEM, The History of the glow of sunset and the peace of nightfall. Railway Discrimination in the United States, the Chief Efforts at Control, and the Remedies Proposed, with Hints from Other CHARLES H. A. WAGER. Countries. By Frank Parsons. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. 36 [July 16, THE DIAL have shaped the last-mentioned bill into the of common carriers, and the abatement of the Conference Bill of the two houses of Congress, pass evil can be reinforced by a commission with and the Act of June 30, 1906, an admirable peremptory rate-making powers, Mr. Parsons is résumé may be found in the weekly columns of the opinion that the public would be bene- of that excellent journal, “ The Railway Age.” fitted, and no vested interest would suffer injury. The merits of Mr. Parsons's book are in its Events—and public opinion too_have marched thorough and compendious presentation of the fast in the field of this railway question in the last various evils that have come to pass in the few months ; and it does appear to a looker-on in making of railway rates. If the treatment is Vienna that we are in a fair way to try the experi- open to criticism, it is along the line of the ment. There can be little doubt that under the genesis of these conditions. In a country that new law, which embodies Mr. Parsons's sugges- is a continent, and that has grown in less than tions, the best class of railway men — the Hills, a hundred years from a wilderness to an empire, Hughitts, Fishes, Mellens - will fall into line the mere physical conditions — in both time and and cheerfully seek to satisfy the American pub- space--have inevitably generated the industrial lic. For it must ever be remembered that the conditions that we find oppressive to-day, al mere presence of the power in the Commission though they have grown logically out of earlier to make a rate will act as it did between 1887 ones that were the fostering cradle of our na and 1897, when it was thought that the Com- tional greatness. It is to the credit of writers mission had such power; the great bulk of the like Johnson, Pratt, and Stickney, that they see rates will still be made in the railroad offices by this; it is likewise apparent that in their eager railroad experts, and the function of the Com- ness to reform abuses Mr. Hudson and Mr. mission will be in a large degree preventive Baker have ignored it. Yet any legislation that rather than revisory. JOHN J. HALSEY. is to accomplish permanent good must avoid the single vision of the latter, as truly as that of the enthusiastic hero-worshipper of the railroads, RECENT FICTION.* Mr. Spearman. The railroad men are, it is true, the makers of rebates and all other dis Once more Mrs. Ward has based the fundamen- criminations; but they are in a degree victims tal situation of a novel upon a historical prototype. And this time, of growing and enlarging conditions, not only once for all," as she puts it, in their physical and economic, but even in their she makes explicit admission of the practice, and justifies it in terms that should forever silence the moral environment, which have helped to make ill-natured criticism that has assailed “Lady Rose's them what they are. The words “ guilty” and Daughter" and "The Marriage of William Ashe.” “ criminal ” must not be used too strenuously The artist, she insists, "may gather from any field, with reference to statutory guilt and crime by so long as he sacredly respects what other artists a public tarred with the same brush. On the have already made their own by the transmuting other hand, it is satisfactory to see how com processes of the mind. ... To the teller of stories, pletely the array of facts in Mr. Parsons's cata- all that is recorded of the real life of men, as well logue of discrimination, as practised even to the as all that his own eyes can see, is offered for the present year, is enforced by the testimony that enrichment of his tale." In accordance with this has been presented in the courts since this book principle, finding in the life of Romney a story of lasting human interest, Mrs. Ward has not hesitated went to press, and how both demolish the ab- to make use of it for the modern instance of “Fen- surd statement made in Mr. Spearman's popular wick's Career.” Fenwick is a young artist, married book, “ The Strategy of Great Railroads,” that * FENWICK'S CAREER. By Mrs. Humphry Ward. New York: “ Alexander J. Cassatt has made unjust discrim Harper & Brothers. ination in railroad traffic a thing of the past. LADY BATTY ACROSS THE WATER. By C. N. and A. M. Will- iamson. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co. It is easy to see the evils; it is more difficult MY SWORD FOR LAFAYETTE, By Max Pemberton. New York: to point out the remedy. Mr. Parsons's chapter Dodd, Mead & Co. on “fixing rates by public authority” is very IN CURE OF HER SOUL. By Frederic Jessup Stimson, New York: D. Appleton & Co. valuable. One by one he goes over the objec THE DISTRICT ATTORNEY. By William Sage. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co. tions to a general rate-making by some central THE WIRE-TAPPERS. By Arthur Stringer. Boston: Little, authority, and meets them most lucidly. If the Brown, & Co. amendments to the Hepburn bill added by the BREAKERS AHEAD. By A. Maynard Barbour. Philadelphia: The J. B. Lippincott Co. Senate can be enlarged to include private cars, FOR THE SOUL OF RAFAEL. By Marah Ellis Ryan. Chicago: Pullmans, pipe-lines, express companies, water A.C. McClurg & Co. THE COURT OF LOVE. By Alice Brown. Boston: Houghton, carriers, and terminals, under the restrictions Mifflin & Co. 1906.] 37 THE DIAL to a simple country girl in Westmoreland. He finds Mr. and Mrs. Williamson have side-tracked, as it beyond his power to earn a decent living in his it were, the motor-car, for the purpose of writing unappreciative provincial environment, and, con their international comedy of manners entitled scious of his powers if only he may have the oppor “ Lady Betty across the Water.” Lady Betty is a tunity of displaying them, goes to London alone to nice English girl, who is shipped to America by her fight for recognition and make a home for his wife designing mother, both to get her out of her less and child. After a hard struggle, he wins his way, attractive sister's way, and to secure for her a rich partly with the aid of a wealthy patron, and the sale American husband. She has a variety of interesting of two pictures makes it possible to plan a reunion of experiences, in New York, Newport, Chicago, and his family. But in a moment of weakness he has rural Ohio; and, as she tells of them in the first made the fatal mistake of allowing his London person, her comments upon American life are highly friends to suppose him unmarried; and when this diverting. The following passage, which we find in fact reaches his wife, as it does in a roundabout the opening pages, is an example of the sort of thing way, it makes her start for London at once. Reaching that gives the book its undeniable charm. her husband's studio during his absence, she dis "I am never taken into family conclaves, because I'm not covers evidence of what seems to her unfaithfulness; out yet. I don't see what difference that makes, especially as I'm not to be allowed to come out until after Vic's mar- and, acting upon a jealous impulse, she writes him ried, because she was presented four years ago, and isn't even a note to say that she has left him forever. Then engaged yet; so, for all I can tell, I may have to stay in till comes a lapse of twelve years ; and when we resume I'm a hundred, or leak out slowly when nobody is noticing, the story, it is to find that Fenwick has become as Vic says girls do in the middle classes." famous, but, unable to discover the whereabouts of Concerning Lady Betty's romance, we will not par- his wife and child, has grown embittered and morose. ticularize. It begins on the steamer which takes her Tactlessness and an uncompromising temper have to America, upsets all the plans contrived for her, and lost him nearly all his friends, and put him at outs culminates acceptably to most of the persons inter- with the official representatives of art. The only ested. A frothy sort of cleverness is the chief attri- real joy that all these years have brought him has bute of the story, but its thin vein of wit is exhausted been the friendship of Madame de Pastourelles, the long before the end is reached, and nothing more daughter of his first patron; and to her he has never substantial is found to take its place. revealed the secret of his marriage. She is now set We can say little in praise of “My Sword for free by the death of a worthless husband, and is Lafayette," by Mr. Max Pemberton. The author prepared to become something more than Fenwick's has a certain facility of invention, but his style is friend, when the secret gets out. This poignant without flexibility, and his figures are rarely any. situation is succeeded by renewed efforts to find the thing more than puppets. The present romance runaway wife and child, efforts which eventually begins with the departure of Lafayette for the Amer- prove successful, and lead to a reunion. The lives ican colonies, and ends in the days of the French of both husband and wife have been broken beyond Revolution. The narrative is in the first person, repair by the estrangement, and Mrs. Ward is too related by an American friend of the distinguished genuine an artist to gloss over, in the interests of a Frenchman, and includes adventures in France, conventional sentimentality, the essential hopeless-America, and England. The heroine dies upon ness of the situation. It is to the child alone — now the guillotine; but she is never realized for us with grown to gracious maidenhood that we must look sufficient distinctness to make the reader greatly for whatever gleam of light is cast upon the closing care what becomes of her. chapters of the novel. “Fenwick's Career" seems Mr. F. J. Stimson has put a considerable list to us nearly if not quite the best of the author's of books to his credit since his graduation from novels. Fenwick himself is anything but an agree Harvard over a quarter of a century ago. His first able or sympathetic character, but he is a real indi venture the amusing skit “Rollo at Cambridge' vidual and not an intellectual abstraction. This is is still remembered; and at least as much may Mrs. Ward's chief triumph in her present work. be said for “Guerndale,” his first serious novel. Madame de Pastourelles, although portrayed with Taking the law for his vocation, he has ever since the most refined and delicate art, is no more remark continued to cultivate fiction as his avocation; and able than several other women of the novelist's his work has grown broader and stronger with the creation. Another positive merit of this novel is passsing years. passsing years. He has at last produced a novel, found in its comparative freedom from the prolixity “In Cure of Her Soul,” which is not only the finest that lies like a dead weight upon most of its prede thing he has ever done, but which is a really note- cessors. It is true that subjects are discussed -art worthy addition to our literature. The very title of subjects, in this case, with the usual critical jargon ; the book is indicative of its serious character. It is but they are not discussed to death, and for this we a study of contemporary American society, covering may be truly thankful. For Mrs. Ward's chief de the period of the author's own maturity, and dealing fect hitherto has been her inability to control within with the life that he has known at first-hand - the reasonable bounds the reflective and philosophical social life of New York and Newport and the Berk- tendencies which give so marked a character to her shires, and the phases of business and politics which intellectual activity. a lawyer comes to know most intimately in the 38 [July 16, THE DIAL practice of his profession. The outline of the story he gets into politics, is nominated by the independ- is simple enough. It is the old story of a man and ents for the office of district attorney, and, after an two women, of his impulsive marriage with the one exciting campaign, is elected. Then he proceeds to and his subsequent discovery that he loves the other. attack the franchise corruptionists, and in logical But Mr. Stimson does not work out his plan upon succession lands in the penitentiary first a group of the usual sentimental lines. He appears to be aldermen, then the go-between, and finally, in the enough of the old-fashioned moralist to regard a face of desperate resistance, the arch-criminal, a marriage as something sacred, to hold that life has magnate who has just bought a seat to the Senate a higher purpose than the realization of eager desire, of the United States. The whole affair goes on with and to believe that men are bound to accept the the beautiful precision of clockwork, — in which consequences of their acts, even at the cost of much respect we fear that the story is sadly untrue to life. self-sacrifice and suffering. He has thus weighted We are inclined to think, also, that the note of the novel with meaning by framing it upon high didacticism is at times a little too effusively sounded; ethical ideals and a fine spirituality. As a study of but to the book as a whole sincere praise may be the appalling vacuity and corruption of the pleasure accorded. And special praise must be given to cer- seeking wealthy classes, it is quite as good as “The tain of its episodes to the vaguely-localized chapter House of Mirth,” and it offers us a much more truth that takes us to the South American port where one ful portrayal of contemporary society, because its of the rascals has hidden himself, and to the final outlook is broad enough to include types of clean scene in the jury-room where the fate of the dis- living and earnest purpose as well as types of vulgar graced senator is sealed. For the sake of the frivolity. The variety of its interests is, in fact, romantic conventions, a love-story is mingled with quite extraordinary; and however lightly a char all this serious matter, but contributes only a slight acter or a situation or a social problem is touched element of the total interest. upon, we feel the presence of a controlling principle Frank and Jim - otherwise Frances Candler and of sanity in the treatment. The style, moreover, is James Durkin are two young persons who, finding flexible enough to fit the many moods and require- the earning of an honest livelihood a very humdrum ments of the narrative. It can be concise, vivid, and affair, are tempted to join the ranks of the predatory, dramatic, if need be; or it can be gravely reflective and turn their wits to account in various question- on occasion, and touched with spiritual beauty. The able ways. Having once entered upon the criminal frequent use, for emotional purposes, of suggestions path, they find themselves urged to still further from Dante and Wagner is most felicitous, and the steps, and engage in an interesting series of burgla- fact that the author resorts to these two sources of ries, frauds, and confidence games. They conveniently inspiration is one of the clearest indications of the attribute their misconduct to " force of circum- fineness of his temper. The book is not without its stances," and are both loud and frequent in the pro- faults. Both Dante and Wagner are misquoted ; testation that to live honestly is what they chiefly the passages which relate to the manipulation of yearn for. But the day of reform is to be post- certain railroad properties are too complicated to be poned until they have made a “strike” of sufficient understood by lay readers; the construction of the magnitude to secure them a comfortable existence. novel as a whole is faulty, and the process by which Then they will come out into the open, and life will the soul of the erring wife is cured is left largely to be all idyllic. Although this story is about as im- our imagination. In failing to work out this prob- moral in its tendencies as any that we have ever lem psychologically, the author has missed a great read, the crimes which it deals with are so ingeni- opportunity, and to a certain extent disappointed us ously contrived as to prove remarkably interesting. in the expectations which might reasonably be based Both are experts in applied electricity, and the upon the title he has chosen for his work. technical jargon of the profession is everywhere Novels which deal with the corruption of our forced into the service of the narrative, and even into political life are getting to be very common nowa the characterizations. It is at least a novelty to read days, which may be a cheering indication of an a book in which the heroine is described in such aroused moral sense in the community. At all events, terms as the following: such books are to be welcomed, for the evils upon "She was as fluctuant, she told herself, as the aluminum which they are based are notorious, and to realize needle of a quadrant electrometer. No, she was more like them in the public consciousness is to take an im the helpless little pith-ball of an electroscope, she mentally portant step toward their remedy. An exceptionally amended, ever dangling back and forth in a melancholy con- flict of repulsion and attraction." straightforward and clean-cut book of this class is This is the modern scientific substitute for the old- “The District Attorney,” by Mr. William Sage. The hero is a young man just out of the law-school, fashioned supernatural machinery of good and bad the son of one of our captains of industry” (how angels, as used, for example, in Marlowe's “ Dr. this title suggests to us the French analogue of Faustus." The title of this novel is “ The Wire- chevalier d'industrie!) When he learns the nature Tappers," and Mr. Arthur Stringer is its author. of the methods by which his father has become The hero of “ Breakers Ahead” is a young En- wealthy, he refuses to profit by them, and turns to glishman who quarrels with his father and comes to his profession for an independent career. Presently America in quest of a career. We learn this ele- 1906.] 39 THE DIAL of the same mentary fact of his nativity with some difficulty, for suggestive as it is of another kind of “ Alice' to describe a youth as a prime favorite among his plunged into a new “Wonderland,” we hurry breath- class-mates at college, the leading spirit of the fra- lessly through its pages, and wish that there were ternities, popular with soubrettes and chorus-girls," more of them. Indeed, when its fast and furious is certainly not to describe him as a student at one close is reached, we are left harrassed by all sorts of the English universities. But when we have once of cruel doubts concerning the knots that are not dis- "placed " him, the story of his fortunes presents no entangled and the complications that are not cleared serious obstacles to our comprehension, although the up. No outline of its plot — if there be such a thing plot has one very weak link, and although his sec about it - could convey the least sense of its bub- ond wife is not very consistently portrayed. The bling humor and joyously riotous course. action of the novel turns upon the fact that he takes WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. to himself this second wife, for his deserted first wife is still living, and the fact that he believes her to be dead upon the flimsiest of hearsay evidence is the weak link to which reference has already been BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. made. Otherwise, the story is exceptionally well Mr. W. S. Harwood's latest book, put together, and rises steadily toward a climax of New aspects “The New Earth” (Macmillan), interest that proves fairly enthralling. And hack old earth. has to do chiefly with recent agricul- neyed as the essential plot would seem to be from tural experiment and achievement in this country. this bare outline, it has nevertheless features of The title would appear to be of no very conspicuous marked originality, and gives us something more utility either to the reader or to the author To the than the impression of re-reading a tale already former it suggests but little of the volume's content many times told. The manner of its telling is or purpose ; while the effort of Mr. Harwood to use matter-of-fact and effective. The author's name, his evidently pre-selected inscription, and to bring A. Maynard Barbour, is, we understand, the name it now and then into somewhat friendly relations of a woman. with the general text, moves the sympathy of the Mrs. Ryan’s new novel has so confused a way of critic. We have the “Men of the New Earth,” the introducing its characters and setting forth their “ Influence of the New Earth,” the “Soil of the New relationships that we are midway in the volume be Earth,” the “ New Earth in America,” the “ Brain fore we have fairly straightened them out. Aside of the Earth" (whatever that means), etc. from this defect of constructive technique, we may cent agricultural science shows many results which say that the work is one of vivid dramatic quality are in themselves sufficiently attractive and inter- and appealing romantic charm. It is a romance of esting, and if the reader can ignore all the vociferous California in the early days of the Gringo invasion, effort to drive him to appreciation and admiration, and is entitled “For the Soul of Rafael.” There and will patiently consider the simple facts narrated, are few subjects in American life that offer such he may find in this book much to reward him for effective material for romance as this, and few his trouble. He will get a new view, no doubt, of writers have been as successful in blending into a the work of the Agricultural Department at Wash- composite unity the three elements which it offers. ington, a new view of the purpose of our various There is, first, the element of ancient Aztec tradi- Experiment Stations in the several States, and may tion; then there is the element of Spanish Catholi- perchance be impressed with the fact that agriculture cism superimposed upon that heathen foundation ; is at last becoming a progressive science. Mr. Har- and, finally, there is the element of Americanism, wood's knowledge appears to be in general derived aggressive and irreverent, riding rough-shod over at second hand, and he consequently not infre- the sentiments and idealisms of the older civiliza- quently falls into error. Men have not yet learned tion which it so rudely displaced. All three of to 6 set aside the laws of Nature.” Linnæus was these influences are given their full artistic value in not an active botanist in 1700, nor is protoplasm Mrs. Ryan's romance, an accomplishment which the “life principle” of anything. A squash may. means wide knowledge and deep sympathy on the develop “roots several thousand feet in length,” but author's part. The illustrations to the book are from it must be in some new earth" unknown to geog- photographs selected or posed for the purpose. Their rapher or astronomer. Even the “ new earth man natural and archæological features are interesting, may hardly persuade us that if the redwood were but the human figures they introduce do not seem “ 2000 years old when came the dawn of Christi- either to fit naturally into their surroundings or to anity," therefore human life may be prolonged be- confirm our preconceptions of the characters they yond “the natural span.” On page 78 we have an represent. erroneous statement as to the constitution of the air, “The Court of Love” is an extravaganza of the and on page 80 an inaccurate and misleading expla- most fantastic description, and when we have read nation of the formation of dew. Mr. Harwood's far enough to discover its character we rub our eyes style is, moreover, open to criticism in many ways. and once more scan the title-page to make sure that It is, as already suggested, by far too strenuous. it really is the work of Miss Alice Brown. But We Americans are surely interested in all that is 40 [July 16, THE · DIAL The museums ancient Rome. factors of really interesting and deserving of consideration, have indeed each the inadequate attention of one and a simple statement of fact should be sufficient sentence. But concerning the wonderful Sepulcre- to command attention. For an American, a florid tum, - that primitive burial-ground which, first dis- or lurid presentation of a practical matter suggests covered in 1902, has now opened up an earlier page exaggeration; he becomes suspicious, if not incrodu- in the history of Rome than ever before known, lous. Mr. Harwood's book, to do him justice, needs there is not a single word. The excavations of 1904 editing, at least to an extent that would have pre around the base of the so-called Column of Phocas, vented such a sentence as the following: “Indications which revealed brick-stamps of the time of Diocle at once pointed to a condition of affairs approaching tian, four centuries before Phocas and the finding of similar to that in Spain,” etc. But notwithstanding the pontifical vases near by, are ignored. The base its defects, the volume offers much real information; of the equestrian statue, found in 1903, is given no and while we believe that it is still the same old significance, and the name of Domitian in connection earth which must yet for long years continue to sup with it is not mentioned, although the work is almost port the race, yet we are glad to welcome any im certainly his, as proved by a remarkable correspon- provements in culture or method that may hasten dence to the references in Latin literature. Some the coming of any new earth” wherein may dwell of the illustrations of this work are from recent not only righteousness, but industry, wisdom, and photographs; but the majority are hopelessly out of comfort and happiness for men. date, especially those on the northern border of the forum, which show the old tenement houses and The intelligent and studious visitor street-car track that were demolished as long ago and ruins of in Rome has felt two pressing needs : as 1899. The translation from the German has been a guide to its museums somewhat less done admirably by Mrs. S. Arthur Strong, LL.D. minute and technical than the work of Helbig, and a guide through the ruins of the ancient city less volu Phases and Prof. John R. Commons has selected minous and more up-to-date than Middleton. A trades-unions a number of articles, mainly from work in two small volumes called “Museums and in America. economic journals, and has edited Ruins of Ancient Rome” (Dutton), with Dr. Walter them for a volume entitled “Trade Unionism Amelung and Dr. Heinrich Holtzinger as authors, and Labor Problems," one of a series of “Se- arouses cheerful expectations. These are not dis-lections and Documents in Economics” (Ginn & appointed so long as we have Dr. Amelung as a Co.), in which Mr. William Z. Ripley, the general guide through the museums (Volume I.). Only the editor, has attempted to apply the “case system most important works are touched upon, but these to the teaching of descriptive economics. The are discussed by that most helpful of methods, the method is interesting, and for two reasons has led, comparative. For example, in the presence of some in the case of Mr. Commons's book, to results special statue in a Roman gallery he describes sim- especially fortuitous. Each chapter, in the first ilar works in other collections, or places on the page place, shows a greater intimacy with its particular an illustration of a more complete or better render subject than one author would have been able to ing of the same statue, or a more correct representa sustain throughout the treatment of a question so tion of an original to be found elsewhere. Before comprehensive as " the labor problem"; and, sec- such important works as the Praxitelean Venus of ondly, the sum total of the opinions in the collection Cnidos, in the Vatican Gallery, we have an oppor 80 discreetly compiled are far more valuable than tunity of comparing through the illustrations the those of any one man. Moreover, despite the va- much better copy of the head (in Berlin), and the riety of material in the book, a fair amount of unity whole of the present figure as it exists under the tin is preserved through Mr. Commons's introduction, drapery which “moral barbarism ” has wrapped which adequately relates the chapters. To compare about the lower limbs. Looking at the Discobolus in any way these chapters, varied as they are in of Myron, we have three variations with which to subject matter, is obviously impracticable; but one compare it. Thus the volume becomes quite a lib is tempted to recommend, as exceptionally well pre- eral education in the history of antique sculpture, sented, Mr. Warne's “The Miners' Union," Mr. which is made more thorough by its Historic Index Commons's “The Teamsters of Chicago," and Mr. in the concluding chapter. The second volume, on Bogart's “The Chicago Building Trades Dispute the Ruins, is somewhat smaller and distinctly poorer of 1900.” _ For one who has found Mr. Commons's than the first. Dr. Holtzinger has not availed him work commendable, it is gratifying to turn to self of the results of the most recent excavations. “Studies in American Trade Unionism (Holt), He seems scar carcely to be aware of anything that has edited by Mr. Jacob H. Hollander and Mr. George been done since the present century came in. Yet E. Barnett; for their method and results have been these six years have been the most brilliant in the somewhat similar to those evinced in the volume whole history of excavation. In the Roman Forum first named. This latter volume consists of articles more has been done in this time to uncover ancient written by advanced students in Johns Hopkins monuments and explain ancient history than in all University, under the direction of the editors, each the combined centuries before. The tomb of Rom student undertaking the detailed investigation of ulus and the beautiful church of Santa Maria Antiqua some one carefully selected aspect of trades-unions. 1906.] 41 THE DIAL Two notable centuries of . These tasks were faithfully performed, and the led him so completely to close the door to the legiti- product is a careful and concise presentation of mate results of Biblical criticism. With the com- various phases of the labor problem. The chapter mittee of award constituted as it was, this is precisely on the Knights of Labor and the American Fed- the kind of work that would be likely to capture the eration is perhaps of the most general interest, and prize. There is no book in English that presents should be read by all who are as yet unenlightened with such fulness and strength, from the conservative upon the subject of these two great organizations. point of view, the problems of the Old Testament. In reading these articles, one is deeply impressed with the fact that labor unions are in these days Three volumes of Professor Oman's essentially business organizations, definitely and collaborated “History of England” minutely systematized. The consequence is a more English history. (Putnam) have now appeared - commercial relation than formerly existed between volumes dealing with the Stuart, the Tudor, and the employer and employed, and the elimination of Post-Saxon periods. The last of these (the second the somewhat hypocritical "paternalism.” This, in in chronological order) is devoted to the two cen- turn, seems to bring about more open-handed dealing turies following the battle of Hastings; it bears the between the two great forces, and the recognition title “England under the Normans and Angevins," that each insists upon consideration from the other. and is written by Mr. H. W. C. Davis of Balliol The authors in all cases deal with facts rather than College, Oxford. “The period covered by the with theories; yet they evidently do not believe present volume," says the author, “possesses a dis- capital and labor entirely antagonistic, nor the ad- tinctive character and unity.” At first sight it is justment of their differences impossible. difficult to see in what this unity can consist; we remember this period as one of unsettled conditions, The late William Bross of Chicago of great conflicts in church and state and society. A $6,000 established a prize in connection with But when we look backward from Evesham to prize book. Lake Forest University, to stimulate Hastings, and note what the intervening years ac- the production of the best books or treatises “on complished, we realize that the author's statement the connection, relation, and mutual bearing of any is correct. is correct. When Edward I. ascended the throne, practical science, or history of our race, or the facts there was a truly English nation with a highly or- in any department of knowledge, with and upon the ganized feudal society and a vigorous national church. Christian Religion.” In 1902, a prize of six thou- The principle of representative government had sand dollars was offered for the best book fulfilling been recognized, courts had been established, and a any of the purposes described in the trust agree common law created. The author's purpose is to ment, the manuscripts to be presented on or before trace and account for these “remarkable develop June 1, 1905. The judges were Professors G. T. ments.” The subject is therefore treated mainly Ladd of Yale, A. T. Ormond of Princeton, and from the political side ; but the social and institu- G. F. Wright of Oberlin. After examination of the tional phases are not neglected. In many instances essays and awarding of the prize by number, the the author's conclusions are not in accord with cur- sealed envelopes were broken, and it was found that rent opinions, but in every case they are carefully Professor James Orr, of Glasgow, Scotland, had won stated and usually well supported. To him, the his- the large sum on proofs of a book entitled “The tory of the age does not record “a' duel between two Problem of the Old Testament." For thirty years races,” but “ rather a struggle of native against Professor Ort has been carefully gathering up evi foreign ambitions and ideas." The effect of the dence on some of the serious problems that face Crusades op England is rated very low; the reader every thoughtful reader of the Old Testament. His is left with a doubt if English society was influenced books already published have sufficiently indicated at all by these movements. Of the Great Charter, his type of mind. He takes a comprehensive grasp the author says: “In reality, Magna Charta made of any subject, but maintains a prevailingly conserv few lasting innovations and asserted no new liber- ative position. He states very fairly his opponent's ties." - He accuses the framers of the Charter of view of the case, but his own view is, of course, undue conservatism and lack of foresight. Still, he always the stronger one. In this formidable volume places a higher value on that document than certain of over 600 pages (Scribner) he presents a survey continental historians have done. The book is of the whole case before us. His statements are written in a clear, easy, and entertaining style, and buttressed by profuse quotations and abundant ref- as a popular history it is likely to take high rank. erences to the critical literature of the day. His conclusions are always conservative, though often, Fascinations of Old furniture, old plate and china, we are glad to see, progressively so. His work is old-fashioned and old lace, have all had many an- not that of a theological archæologist who has no wall-papers., nalists; and now comes Miss Kate mind to see the new, but he finds truth worth rec Sanborn riding another and wholly original new-old ognition in the advances of modern scholarship. hobby. She has delved into the history and hunted With all his generous treatment of his opponents, up the surviving remnants of “Old-time Wall Pa- we are still of the opinion that the right kind of pers,” and from her researches and her unique sympathy with progressive thought would not have collection of photographs has made a fascinating 42 [July 16, THE DIAL Modern Italian novelists. monograph, which the Literary Collector Press of possibilities of open-air preaching to the masses, was New York publishes in an attractive limited edition. an important influence in the rise of Methodism. Miss Sanborn was born in a room whose walls were The genius of Wesley for organization and personal covered with one of the famous Bay of Naples pa instruction, resulting in the formation of the United pers, and when she bought her abandoned farm, a Societies,” is exhibited as a potent factor in the few years ago, she found on its walls several quaint launching of the movement. The author has not hand-painted floral designs, hidden under a half-permitted the social, intellectual, and religious con- dozen layers of cheap modern covering. So she ditions of eighteenth century England to pass with- never labored under the popular misconception that out adequate notice. He sees that those conditions in colonial days walls were all whitewashed. In- furnish the natural background to a biography of stead, she was greatly surprised to find so little Wesley. The last chapter, on “John Wesley the material on the subject of the evolution of modern Man," is an especially clear and satisfactory presen- wall-hangings. The effect of this sparsity of mate tation of the great preacher's mind and personality rial is evident in the earlier chapters of the book, where interesting but disjointed odds and ends of Dr. Joseph Spencer Kennard's “Ital- general information and description and anecdote ian Romance Writers" (Brentano's) present an unpleasant effect of scrappiness. The is an English version of a work pub chapters on early American papers are much better, lished last year in Italy. It is not, as might be but tho chief interest of the book lies undoubtedly inferred from its title, a chronological history of in its excellent reproductions of over eighty old-time Italian novels and novelists, but a study of the most papers, most of them being patterns that covered the important of those, from Manzoni to d'Annunzio, walls of colonial or early nineteenth-century man- - a study undertaken for the purpose of showing sions in New England. Some are reproduced in the that the “birth of the novel was contemporary original colors, and many plates show details as well with the idea of nationality" and that its develop as general views. Most of the papers shown are the ment has always been simultaneous with that of the panelled ones, with a different scene for each side of nation.” Recalling some of the chief events of the the room. Tropical views and mythological themes past century, and examining many of the most im- seem to be favorites, and the designs generally show portant novels published in the past hundred years, an elaboration that is, to say the least, amazing. the author traces “the parallelism and synchronism These old papers are of course rapidly disappearing of the political and literary awakening of Italy,” and even now Miss Sanborn's collection of photo and compares that country's “last political changes graphs could not be duplicated. So her book is with its last period of mental evolution and its most likely to become standard, and people who care for recent literary production, the modern novel," in antiques will wish to own it. order to show “how this mirror of the social con- ditions of the young nation has been in turn both A new life of Clear, readable, interesting: such will cause and effect of the Peninsula's intellectual devel- the founder of doubtless be the judgment of the opment.” Then, taking up the Italian novel of to- Methodism. average reader of Mr. T. C. Win- day, and studying it by means of a comparison of chester's “Life of John Wesley" (Macmillan). The past and present conditions, he not only concludes influence which John Wesley wielded for nearly a that the novel of the future will be whatever Italian third of the eighteenth century in England would life shall be, but ventures to predict that "it will suggest the need of just such a volume as the author be the instrument, no less than the interpreter, of has here given to the public. There are other | Italy's progress.” This hopeful view is based upon lives of Wesley, representing greater labor in com his confidence in the country's moral improvement, position and research than the present one, but no and with it the development of a greater respect for other presents with such vividness the personal side women and the solution of many perplexing social of Wesley's career. The author has not attempted problems. Aside from its general comments and an elaborate study of the man and of the important conclusions, the book has value for the chapters on movement which has grown into the world-wide the various Italian novelists included in its survey. ecclesiastical organization known as Methodism. He It is a pity, however, that American readers could has told us, rather, the story of both the man and not have been presented with a version in less the movement from the viewpoint, not of a disciple, “rocky” English than the present one. but of one who believes that the story is worth tell. ing afresh for popular reading. With a fine sense The mass of controversial writing of perspective, Mr. Winchester's narrative covers concerning the military conduct of the years of Wesley's youth, his education at Ox- Civil War. the Civil War receives a belated ad- ford, his experience in America, and his transition dition in Mr. Samuel Livingston French's volume struggle between a native bent toward Calvinistio on "The Army of the Potomac" (Publishing Society introspection and those influences from without of New York). The work covers the history of the which enabled him at last to emerge in the clear organization and campaigns of this great division of light of spiritual self-discovery and service. Wes the Federal forces to 1863, when Meade took com- ley's debt to Whitfield, who revealed to him the mand. Here the story closes abruptly, without Discredited notions of the 1906.] 43 THE DIAL explanation or apology. The purpose of the volume, ever-present, will not deter the reader who is touched as announced in the preface, is to award the honors with the peculiar social longings and hopes of the impartially, and to frame an absolutely unbiassed day; for Mr. Lloyd was a social prophet of no ordi- and correct judgment concerning the various com nary power and inspiration. The main thesis of the manders of the Army of the Potomac. How impar- present book is indicated by the title, namely, that tially the work has been done, and how unbiassed man is creating, out of the divine potentialities of are the author's judgments, may be inferred from his own nature, the social life and institutions which the terms used in describing General McClellan's are, for a large body of thinkers to-day, the “King- “ weakness of character,” his “bravado,” his “out dom of Heaven” upon earth. The book is also rageous treatment" of General Pope, his “imper- understood to embody the author's religious beliefs. tinent and assinine” letters to President Lincoln, One chapter sets forth that “ social progress is al- his candidacy for the presidency “on'a Secession ways religious"; another preaches the religion of platform,” and his “treasonable conduct” on many labor”; elsewhere we find the more questionable occasions. By contrast, Burnside is praised for his doctrine that God is not yet, but is becoming, through loyalty, courage, and honorable service. Hooker's the process of human social development. Every- futility is condoned because of insufficient troops where we find optimism – evil interpreted as good and of his strained relations with Halleck. The in the making, and the future heralded as a mighty volume is composed mainly of extracts from official advance upon the present. documents and letters, chosen to bolster up the rather absurd and discredited positions taken by the author. An American A recent volume in the excellent BRIEFER MENTION. erpounder of series of “ Beacon Biographies modern thought. (Small, Maynard & Co.) deals with Mr. Leon H. Vincent's “American Literary Masters" the life and work of John Fiske. (Houghton) is a series of essays upon nineteen of the As the author, most famous American writers, from Irving to Whit- Mr. Thomas Sargeant Perry, emphasizes, the interest man. The work is pleasing in style, and provides much in Mr. Fiske's career lies in the part he took in systematically-ordered information. Although not ap- unfolding modern thought to his fellow countrymen." parently intended for use as a text-book, it might prof- Apart from his precocity, the story of his early life itably be used for that purpose. is not unusual, and his later career was marked “Modern Love: An Anthology," is published by Mr. chiefly by the appearance of his various works. Mitchell Kennerley. It is a little book of poems by His significance lies in his early acceptance of the mostly) living English authors, “chosen from fifty principles of evolution, which both in philosophic number of poets. The booklet is claimed to be the different volumes,” and representing perhaps half that and in historical aspects he clearly grasped and cogently taught. In American history he was a first anthology of love poems to be published which has avoided the insincere elaboration and hyperbole of the pioneer, in bringing the events he described into their style of the love poems of early literature.” proper relation to the history of the world, and in Days and Deeds" is a compilation of verse for presenting them as elements in the one increasing children's reading and speaking, and is published purpose" that runs throughout all cosmic and all hu- by the Baker & Taylor Co. The editors, Burton E. man development. Mr. Fiske was “a born teacher," Stevenson and Elizabeth B. Stevenson, have made a uniting accurate and varied knowledge with lucid classified collection of what they call “the really presentation and a rare power to charm and arouse significant poetry relating to American holidays and the enthusiasm of listener or reader. To those for to great Americans,” and have added thereto “an tunate enough to enjoy his personal acquaintance, anthology of the seasons," and a brief selection of Mr. Fiske's was a gracious and attractive person- “poems every child should know." This should prove ality. Of his vast scholarship, his remarkable mem- a very useful book for schools. The number of special days illustrated is no less than twenty-seven, and ory, his humor, and his unfailing fairness, sincerity, includes even such dubious occasions as April Fool's and integrity, Mr. Perry's brief sketch gives a clear day, Chicago day, San Jacinto day, and Carnation day. and definite impression. One turns from it with “A Handbook to the Works of William Shake- the feeling that the picture is drawn in bold, strong speare," by Mr. Morton Luce, is published by the Mac- lines, regretting only that fuller detail was not millan Co. It is a convenient compendium of “the attempted. critical and explanatory helps that must otherwise be Posthumous “Man the Social Creator” (Double- sought from many books." A series of introductions essays of a day, Page & Co.) is mainly a collec to the separate works, taken chronologically, fills the social reformer. tion of addresses delivered by the late bulk of the volume, the remaining contents being chap- Henry D. Lloyd during the ten years preceding his ters of history, biography, and bibliography, with dis- death, and now brought together in a volume. cussions of Shakespeare's art, philosophy, and metrics. The author never having intended them for publica- and seems to be, with the possible exception of Professor The book is prepared with knowledge and judgment, tion, the addresses, as the editors remark, contain Dowden's similar work, the best single volume avail- many defects in argument and lucidity which Mr. able for a fairly close and detailed study of the poet. Lloyd would certainly have remedied before pub- Certainly, the amount of matter packed within a small lishing." But these defects, though numerous and compass is remarkable. 66 44 [July 16, THE DIAL The book of “ Chevalier Bayard," in Sara Coleridge's NOTES. translation, is a new “ Pocket Classic,” and “The Taine's critical study of Balzac, translated by Mr. Travels of Mungo Park" a new “ Thin Paper Classic,” Lorenzo O'Rourke, and provided with an introductory in the well-known series of reprints published in London “ appreciation " of the author by the same hand, is a by Mr. George Newnes, and imported for the American recent publication of the Funk & Wagnalls Co. market by the Messrs Scribner. The publishing firm of Fox, Duffield & Co., of New All students of Spanish literature are familiar with York, will hereafter be known as Duffield & Co., Mr. the extensive collection by Rivadeneyra, in 71 volumes, Fox retiring. The officers of the new corporation are known as the Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, the pub- Pitts Duffield, Kenneth Duffield, and F. A. Richardson. lication of which was begun in 1846 and suspended in 1880, shortly after the doath of its founder and pub- Two recent text-books published by the Macmillan lisher. No one now remains of the little group of Co. are « English Studies in Interpretation and Com- position,” by Messrs. M. S. and 0. I. Woodley, and a scholars who were associated together in this most “School History of the United States,” by Mr. Henry praiseworthy task of editing and publishing such Span- ish texts as were either rare or difficult of access until William Elson. . To the “Temple Greek and Latin Classics” (text. interested, therefore, in a prospectus recently received that time to the general public. We are particularly and translation) has just been added Plato's “ Euthy- of a Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles, to be pub- phro,” “ Apology,” and “Crito," introduced and edited lished by the well-known house of Bailly-Baillière y by Mr. F. M. Stawell. Messrs. G. P. Putnam's Sons are Hijos of Madrid, under the direction of that profound the publishers. scholar and delightful writer, Marcelino Menéndez y New editions of Baedeker's “Rhine” and “Great Pelayo, with the collaboration of such noted specialists Britain," the sixteenth and sixth respectively, are im as R. Menéndez Pidal, M. Serrano y Sanz, A. Bonilla ported by the Messrs. Scribner. Mr. J. F. Muirhead y San Martín, E. Cotarelo y Mori, M. Mir, and other continues to act in his capacity as editor of the “Great distinguished Spanish scholars. It is the purpose of Britain” manual. the Nueva Biblioteca to offer a continuation and com- A third edition of the Abbé J. A. Dubois's work on plement to the Biblioteca of Rivadeneyra, though not to “ Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies," as trans follow too closely its plan or imitate exactly its methods, lated by Mr. Henry K. Beauchamp, comes to us from the particularly in the reproduction of texts. In the col- Oxford Clarendon Press. The translator's introduction lection by Rivadeneyra, modern orthography is used in and Max Müller's prefatory note are both reprinted. all texts, even those of the Middle Ages; and in many To the “Miniature Reference Library" of the Messrs. philological accuracy is wanting. In the Nueva, all Routledge is now added « Five Thousand Words Fre texts preceding the classical epoch are to be reproduced quently Misspelt,” by Mr. William Swan Sonnenschein. with their peculiar orthography, those of the sixteenth Many proper names are included, and the little book as and seventeenth centuries to be left to the discretion of a whole bears the marks of very careful preparation. the individual editors, and those of the eighteenth and “Early Diplomatic Negotiations of the United States nineteenth centuries to be printed according to modern with Russia," by Mr. John C. Hildt, and “The Finances usage. Voluminous though the work of Rivadeneyra of American Trade Unions,” by Dr. A. M. Sakolski, are is, there are some literary classes or periods that are two recent publications of the Johns Hopkins Univer but poorly represented, if at all. This is notably true sity in the “ Historical and Political Science " Series. of the literature of the Middle Ages. 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THE LIVING AGE CO., 6 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. THE DIAL PRESS, FINE ARTS BUILDING, CHICAGO THE DIAL A SEMI- MONTHLY JOURNAL OF Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. EDITED BY FRANCIS F. BROWNE S No. 483. Volume XLI. CHICAGO, AUGUST 1, 1906. 10 cts. a copy. $2. a year. FINE ARTS BUILDING 203 Michigan Blvd. What some of the critics of England and America are saying about Mr. MORLEY ROBERTS’S unusual novel from Page's List THE IDLERS FOURTH PRINTING The English Press London Literary World: “Mr. Roberts has done for the last set of London what Mrs. Wharton did for the same social class in America. It is a powerful novel - a merciless dissection of modern society.” London Morning Post: Mr. Morley Roberts has written many excellent books, but none so good as 'The Idlers.' The character of Renée is made the occasion of one of the most vivid and tragic scenes in fiction.” London Graphic: "A vigorously written tale containing much of the keenest observation and very admirable char- acter drawing." St. James's Gazette (London): “An occasionally unpleasant but decidedly readable novel of modern society. Con- tains situations which would be the finest French farce were they not treated by the author with a somewhat ghastly seriousness." London Queen: "Mr. Roberts indulges subtleties, and is never afraid to call a spade a spade. The story goes with a swing and a gallop which carries its readers over a good many stiff fences." The American Press New York Sun: "The story makes absorbing reading. It is full of clever irony. The interest is maintained and is sharp everywhere - in dialogue, the description, and the comment. There is is a dramatic part that runs to tragedy and that will make the reader 'sit up.' The characters are ingeniously imagined and skilfully handled. They supply both comedy and tragedy." St. Louis Republic: "There is something of the Bernard Shaw about him, but he is a trifle pleasanter, and, possibly, cleverer. Then, too, he figures to provide always the wholesome contrast between the agreeable and disagreeable. His is at once a broader view than Shaw's, and he can occasionally see other than the ills, oddities, meannesses, baseness, folly, and inconsistency of the human being. He is a saner philosopher and truer artist, which accentuates the piquancy of his pessimism and trenchant cleverness, when he does happen upon ills, which, by the way, is most of the time." Chicago Inter Ocean: “An entertaining galaxy of English types, portrayed with brutal directness; an interesting story, full of strong situations and clever and cynical satire." New York Times Saturday Review:"Mr. Roberts believes in love, in honor, even in comradeship, though he jeers at some things which wear those names. Because of these things and a knack that way, the story is a story for people who like their romance spiced with wit and anchored to a sense of things as they are." Boston Advertiser : “A real story, rather ugly in spots, but vibrant with life and vigorously told. One may rail against some of Mr. Roberts's ideas, but he will not suffer the fate of one ignored.” Boston Transcript: "The story is well told, has many dramatic situations, some brilliant satire, and also abundant humor, or it could not be from the pen of Morley Roberts." Philadelphia North American: "The accomplished author of 'Rachel Marr,' a great novel of genuine passion, has raked the British gilded muck heap, and found material for his practised hand. The Idlers' bristles with dramatic situations, the final scene being a tragedy of appalling intensity." L. C. PAGE & COMPANY (All Bookstores) BOSTON 50 [August 1, THE DIAL Crowell's Classics Schools and Colleges NOLD. for ASTOR SERIES OF POETS - 97 Volumes List Price, 60 cts; Price to Schools, 40 cts. per Vol. This edition is especially adapted for the schoolroom, the library, and the home. The volumes are not too fine to handle, but will be found well printed and neatly bound. In nearly all instances complete notes and indices are included, together with a frontispiece portrait of the author. ARNOLD (MATTHEW), (Complete.) KIPLING. (With Intro- What a Prominent AURORA LEIGH. Mrs. BROWNING. duction.) BEAUTIES OF SHAKESPEARE. DODD. LADY OF THE LAKE. Professor says : "I am delighted with the BEST AMERICAN POEMS. (HOWARD.) (With notes.) books.and shall use the As- BEST ENGLISH POEMS. (Gowans.) LALLA ROOKH. (With tor Edition henceforward BROWNING (MRS.). (Complete.) notes.) in my classes. The books BROWNING (ROBERT). (Select, with notes.) LATIN POETS. 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Heart, DE AMICIS. Heidi, SPYRI. Heroes and Hero Worship. CARLYLE. Hiawatha. LONGFELLOW. Holmes's Early Poems. House of Seven Gables, HAWTHORNE. Iceland Fisherman. LOTI. 52 [August 1, THE DIAL HANDY VOLUME SERIES, Pocket Edition - Continued Idylls of the King. TENNYSON. Prose Quotations. POWERS. Imitation of Christ. KEMPIS (À). Prue and I. CURTIS. In Memoriam. TENNYSON. Queen of the Air. RUSKIN. Jackanapes. EWING. Representative Men. EMERSON. Keats. (Selections.) Reveries of a Bachelor. MITCHELL. La Belle Nivernaise, DAUDET. Revolutionary Literature. (TRENT.) Lady of the Lake, Scott. Robin Hood. McSPADDEN. Lalla Rookh, MOORE. Robinson Crusoe. DEFOE. L'Avril, MARGUERITTE. Rubaiyát of Omar Khayyam. Lectures on Architecture. RUSKIN. Sartor Resartus. CARLYLE. Legends of Charlemagne. BULFINCH. Scarlet Letter. HAWTHORNE. Life of Nelson. SOUTHEY. Sesame and Lilies. RUSKIN. Light of Asia. ARNOLD. Seven Lamps. RUSKIN. Little Lame Prince. MULOCK. Shakespeare's Songs and Sonnets. Locksley Hall. TENNYSON. Shelley. (Selections.) Longfellow's Early Poems. Sheridan's Comedies. (MATTHEWS.) Lover's Tale and other Poems. TENNYSON. Snow Image. HAWTHORNE. Lowell's Early Poems. Songs from the Dramatists. (MATTHEWS.) Lucile. MEREDITH. Stevenson's Poems. Macaulay's Historical Essays. Stones of Venice. RUSKIN. Macaulay's Literary Essays. Stories from Dickens. McSPADDEN. Maine Woods. THOREAU. Stories from Homer. CHURCH. Marble Faun. 2 vols. HAWTHORNE. Stories from Plutarch. ROWBOTHAM. Montaigne's Essays. (HAZLITT.) Stories from Scottish History. EDGAR. Mopsa the Fairy. INGELOW. Stories from Virgil. CHURCH. Mosses from an Old Manse. 2 vols. Haw Stories from Wagner. McSPADDEN. THORNE. Stories of King Arthur. CUTLER. My Uncle and My Curé. LA BRETE. Story of a Short Life. EWING. Nature: Addresses, etc. EMERSON. Swinburne's Poems. (Selections.) BEATTY. Oregon Trail. PARKMAN. Swiss Family Robinson. Wyss. Our Old Home. HAWTHORNE. Tales from Herodotus. HAVELL. Past and Present. CARLYLE. Tales from Shakespeare. LAMB. Paul and Virginia. ST. PIERRE. Tales of a Wayside Inn. LONGFELLOW. Pearls for Young Ladies. RUSKIN. Tanglewood Tales. HAWTHORNE. Pilgrim's Progress. BUNYAN. Tartarin of Tarascon. DAUDET. Pioneer Literature. (TRENT.) Tartarin on the Alps. DAUDET. Poems by Two Brothers. TENNYSON. Through the Looking Glass. CARROLL. Poe's Essays and Miscellanies. True and Beautiful. RUSKIN. Poe's Poems. Twice Told Tales. 2 vols. HAWTHORNE. Poe's Tales. Unto this Last. RUSKIN. Poetical Quotations. POWERS. Val d'Arno. RUSKIN. Poetry of Architecture. RUSKIN. Vicar of Wakefield. GOLDSMITH. Precious Thoughts. RUSKIN. Walden: THOREAU, Princess, TENNYSON. Water Babies. KINGSLEY. Prince of the House of David, Week on the Concord. THOREAU. INGRAHAM. Whittier's Early Poems. Professor at the Breakfast Table. Wonder Book. HAWTHORNE. HOLMES. Wordsworth. (Selections.) SEND FOR SAMPLE VOLUMES Thomas y. Crowell & Co., 428 West Broadway, New York 1906.) 53 THE DIAL Crowell's Classics for Schools and Colleges TOMER. ASTOR PROSE SERIES-329 Volumes The best books in all prose literature, printed on good paper and neatly bound, with frontispieces, and title-pages printed in two colors. Cloth, assorted colors. Per volume, 60 cents. Price to Schools, 40 cents. Abbé Constantin. HALEVY. Country Doctor. BALZAC. "The best books for Abbot. SCOTT. Cousin Pons. BALZAC. the money published in England or Amer- Adam Bede. ELIOT. Cranford. GASKELL. ica." – FROM A CUS- Addison's Essays. (MABIE.) Crayon Papers. IRVING. Æsop's Fables. Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard. FRANCE. Age of Chivalry. BULFINCH. Crown of Wild Olive. RUSKIN. Age of Fable. BULFINCH. Cruise of the Cachalot. BULLEN. Alhambra. IRVING. Cuore. DE AMICIS. Alice in Wonderland. CARROLL. Cyrano de Bergerac. ROSTAND. Andersen's Fairy Tales. Dame de Monsoreau. DUMAS. Annals of a Sportsman. TURGENIEFF. Daniel Deronda. ELIOT. Arabian Nights. 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Frondes Agrestes. RUSKIN. Corinne. DE STAËL. Gil Blas. LE SAGE. 54 [August 1, THE DIAL ASTOR PROSE SERIES - Continued Gilded Clique. GABORIAU. Louise de la Vallière. DUMAS. Goethe and Schiller. MÜHLBACH. Macaulay's Historical Essays. Grandfather's Chair. HAWTHORNE. Macaulay's Literary Essays. Great Expectations. DICKENS. Magic Skin. BALZAC. Greek Heroes. KINGSLEY. Maine Woods. THOREAU. Green Mountain Boys. THOMPSON. Makers of Florence. OLIPHANT. Grimm's Fairy Tales. Makers of Venice. OLIPHANT. Gulliver's Travels. SWIFT. Man in the Iron Mask. DUMAS. Guy Mannering. SCOTT. Marble Faun. HAWTHORNE. Hallam's Middle Ages. Marguerite de Valois. DUMAS. Handy Andy. LOVER. Marquis of Penalta. VALDES. Hans of Iceland. HUGO. Masterman Ready. MARRYAT. Harold. BULWER. Master of Ballantrae. STEVENSON. Harry Lorrequer. LEVER. Maximina, VALDES. Heart of Midlothian. SCOTT. Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. Heidi. SPYRI. Middlemarch. ELIOT. Henry Esmond, THACKERAY. Midshipman Easy. MARRYAT. Hereward the Wake. KINGSLEY. Mill on the Floss. ELIOT. Heroes and Hero Worship. CARLYLE. Mine Own People. KIPLING. History of Civilization. GUIZOT. Minister's Wooing. STOWE. Holy Roman Empire. BRYCE. Modeste Mignon, BALZAC. Homo Sum. EBERS. Montaigne's Essays. HAZLITT. House of Seven Gables. HAWTHORNE. Mopsa the Fairy. INGELOW. Hypatia. KINGSLEY. Mornings in Florence. RUSKIN. Iceland Fisherman. LOTI. Mosses from an Old Manse. HAWTHORNE. In Peril of His Life. GABORIAU. My Lady Nicotine. BARRIE. Irish Sketch Book. THACKERAY. My Uncle and My Cur, LA BRETE. Ivanhoe. SCOTT. Natural Law. DRUMMOND. Jack Hinton. LEVER. Nature: Addresses, etc. EMERSON. Jacob Faithful. MARRYAT. New Arabian Nights. STEVENSON. Jane Eyre. BRONTË. Newcomes. THACKERAY. John Halifax. MULOCK. Ninety-Three. HUGO. Joshua. EBERS. Notre Dame Hugo. Kenilworth. SCOTT. Old Curiosity Shop. DICKENS. Kidnapped. STEVENSON. Old Mortality. Scott. Knickerbocker's New York. IRVING. Oliver Twist. DICKENS. La Belle Nivernaise. DAUDET. On the Eve. TURGENIEFF. Lamplighter. CUMMINS. Oregon Trail. PARKMAN. Last Days of Pompeii. LYTTON. Origin of Species. DARWIN. Last of the Barons. LYTTON. Our Old Home. HAWTHORNE. Last of the Mohicans. COOPER. Pan Michael. SIENKIEWICZ. Legend of Montrose. SCOTT. Paris Sketch Book. THACKERAY. Legends of Charlemagne. BULFINCH. Past and Present. CARLYLE. Lerouge Case. GABORIAU. Pathfinder. COOPER. Life of Brontë. GASKELL. Paul and Virginia. St. PIERRE. Life of Christ. FARRAR. Pelham. LYTTON. Life of Columbus. IRVING. Pendennis. THACKERAY. Life of Goldsmith. IRVING. Père Goriot. BALZAC. Life of Mahomet. IRVING. Peter Simple. MARRYAT. Life of Nelson. SOUTHEY. Phantom 'Rickshaw. KIPLING. Life of Schiller. CARLYLE. Pictures from Italy. DICKENS. Light that Failed. KIPLING. Pilgrim's Progress. BUNYAN. Lily of the Valley. BALZAC. Pillar of Fire INGRAHAM. Lionel Lincoln. COOPER. Pilot. COOPER. Little Minister. BARRIE. Pioneers. COOPER. Liza. TURGENIEFF. Plain Tales. KIPLING. Lorna Doone. BLACKMORE. Poe's Essays. 1906.] 55 THE DIAL ASTOR PROSE SERIES - Continued Poe's Tales. Tales from Shakespeare. LAMB. Prairie. COOPER. Tales of a Traveller. IRVING. Pride and Prejudice. AUSTEN. Talisman. SCOTT. Prince of the House of David. INGRAHAM. Tanglewood Tales. HAWTHORNE. Professor at the Breakfast Table. HOLMES. Tartarin of Tarascon. DAUDET. Prue and I. CURTIS. Tartarin on the Alps. DAUDET. Queen of the Air. RUSKIN. Thaddeus of Warsaw. PORTER. Queen Hortense. MÜHLBACH. Thelma. CORELLI. Quentin Durward. SCOTT. Three Musketeers. DUMAS. Quo Vadis. SIENKIEWICZ. Throne of David. INGRAHAM. Redgauntlet. SCOTT. Through the Looking-Glass. CARROLL. Red Rover. COOPER. Toilers of the Sea. HUGO. Representative Men. EMERSON. Tom Brown at Oxford. HUGHES. Reveries of a Bachelor. MITCHELL. Tom Brown's School Days. HUGHES. Rienzi. BULWER. Treasure Island. STEVENSON. Robin Hood. McSPADDEN. Twenty Thousand Leagues. VERNE. . Robinson Crusoe. DEFOE. Twenty Years After DUMAS. Rob Roy. Scott. Twice Told Tales. HAWTHORNE. Romance of Two Worlds. CORELLI. Two Admirals. COOPER. Romola. ELIOT. Two Paths, RUSKIN. Rory O'More. LOVER. Two Years Before the Mast. DANA. Royal Edinburgh. OLIPHANT. Uarda, GEORG EBERS. Sartor Resartus. CARLYLE. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Mrs. STOWE. Scarlet Letter. HAWTHORNE. Under Two Flags. OUIDA. Schönberg Cotta Family. CHARLES. Undine. DE LA MOTTE FOUQUE. Scottish Chiefs, PORTER. Unto this Last. RUSKIN. Seekers after God, FARRAR. Ursule Mirouët, BALZAC. Self Help. SMILES. Vanity Fair. THACKERAY. Sense and Sensibility, AUSTEN. Vendetta. CORELLI. Seraphita, BALZAC. Vicar of Wakefield. GOLDSMITH. Sesame and Lilies, RUSKIN. Vicomte de Bragelonne. DUMAS. Seven Lamps of Architecture, RUSKIN. Virginians. THACKERAY. Sheridan's Comedies. (MATTHEWS.) Virgin Soil. TURGENIEFF. Shirley. BRONTË. Walden. THOREAU. Silas Marner, ELIOT. Walton's Angler. Sketch Book. IRVING. Water Babies. KINGSLEY. Smoke. TURGENIEFF. Water Witch. COOPER. Snow Image. HAWTHORNE. Waverley, Scott. Soldiers Three, KIPLING. Week on the Concord. THOREAU. Spring Floods, and Leah. TURGENIEFF. Westward Ho! KINGSLEY. Spy. COOPER. What's Mine's Mine. McDONALD. Stones of Venice. RUSKIN. (Selections.) White Cross and Dove of Pearls. Stories from Dickens, McSPADDEN. White Rocks. ROD. Stories from Homer. CHURCH. Wide, Wide World. WARNER. Stories from Plutarch, ROWBOTHAM. Window in Thrums. BARRIE. Stories from Scottish History. EDGAR. Wing and Wing. COOPER. Stories from Virgil. CHURCH. With Fire and Sword. SIENKIEWICZ. Stories from Wagner. McSPADDEN. Woman in White, COLLINS. Stories of King Arthur, CUTLER. Wonder Book. HAWTHORNE. Strathmore, OUIDA. Woodstock. SCOTT. Study in Scarlet. DOYLE. Wormwood, CORELLI. Swiss Family Robinson. Wyss. Wreck of the Grosvenor. RUSSELL. Tale of Two Cities. DICKENS. Zanoni. BULWER. Tales from Herodotus. HAVELL. Zenobia. WARE. SEND FOR SAMPLE VOLUMES Thomas y. Crowell & Co., 428 West Broadway, New York 56 [August 1, 1906. 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ENTERED AT THE CHICAGO POSTOPFIOB AS SECOND-CLASS MATTER BY THB DIAL COMPANY, PUBLISHERS. PAGE . . THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 181 and 16th A POETS SHRINE. of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States, Canada, and Mexico; There is no spot on earth more sacred to lovers in other countries comprised in the Postal Union, 60 cents a of English poetry than that corner of the old year for extra postage must be added. REMITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order. payable to THE Protestant Cemetery at Rome where the mortal DIAL COMPANY. Unless otherwise ordered, subscriptions remains of Keats and Shelley were laid to rest will begin with the current number. When no direct request nearly a century ago. Adonais and Ariel, the to discontinue at expiration of subscription is received, it is , assumed that a continuance of the subscription is desired. poet of pure beauty and the poet of boundless ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. All communi love, the spirit who “outsoared the shadow of cations should be addressed to our night” and the heart whose beating blood THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago. was running song," — these, of all English poets, are the ones with whom our associations are the most tender and whose memory is the No. 483. AUGUST 1, 1906. dearest. Many are the pilgrims who have re- Vol. XLI. paired to their graves as to a shrine, whose tears have welled from a deeper source than sentiment, CONTENTS. and whose devotion to the good and beautiful has been strengthened by the example of those A POETS' SHRINE. 57 lives, so soon extinguished and so futile in seem- THE EARLY LIFE OF TOLSTOY. Annie Russell ing, yet so potent in their sway over the emo- Marble 59 tions and the ideals of the ensuing generations. The Roman municipality has upon several THE ANATOMY OF DOGMA. T. D. A. Cockerell 60 occasions during recent years, actuated by a zeal TWO NEW BOOKS ON MARY STUART. Law for “ improvements,” threatened to invade the rence J. Burpee 62 resting-place of our poets. On one occasion, a section of the old wall of the cemetery was EUROPE AT THE CLOSE OF THE LAST CEN- TURY. E. D. Adams . actually demolished for the of making 63 purpose a new street. The British Embassy at Rome RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne 65 has thus far been able to oppose successfully Fanshawe's Corydon, An Elegy on Matthew Arnold. these attempts at vandalism, although in one -Drew's Cassandra and Other Poems. - Wallis's The Cloud Kingdom. — Iarflaith's White Poppies. instance the mischief was averted only by the - Theodore Tilton's The Fading of the Mayflower. interposition of Queen Victoria herself. The - Dole's The Building of the Organ, etc. — Rice's house on the Piazza di Spagna in which Keats Plays and Lyrics. – Taylor's Into the Light, and lived the last weeks of his stricken life has also Other Verse. -- Miss Wilkinson's The Far Country. been threatened by the “ march of progress, - Miss Sill's In Sun or Shade. — Miss Swayne's and has suffered sadly from neglect. The Visionary, and Other Poems. -Miss Birchall's Book of the Singing Winds. About three years ago, a small company of American writers, fortuitously gathered in Rome, BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. 70 determined to make an effort to save the graves The delights and benefits of a “garden vacation.” of the poets from violation, and at the same - Defects of the electoral system of the United States. — An American college president in the time to preserve the Keats house from disfigure- Revolution. — An American school-teacher in the ment by converting it into a sort of museum or Philippines. — Hospital sketches and field-notes of memorial of both Keats and Shelley. An inter- the Civil War.— Life and manners in central national organization was planned, with com- Illinois a century ago. — Our English under fire. — mittees in Rome, London, and New York, having The Riviera: its history and charms. - More of the German struggle for liberty. — The development for its objects the purchase of the house and of religious liberty in Connecticut. the perpetual guardianship of the two graves. It was desired to establish in the house a col- NOTES 73 lection of relics and a library, under the charge LIST OF NEW BOOKS 74 of a curator, and to rent the unneeded floors as 58 [August 1, THE DIAL a means of maintenance. There would thus be Keats. A year later he slept within sight of provided in Rome a pleasant meeting-place for the grave of his brother poet. English and American travellers, on a spot hal It may not be amiss also to recall the epitaphs lowed by its associations with one of the poets. of the two singers. That of Keats, as composed Since the organization of these committees, by Severn, reads as follows: much effective work has been done in a quiet “ This grave contains all that was mortal of a young way, and official endorsement has been given to English poet, who, on his deathbed, in the bitterness of the plan by Their Majesties the Kings of Italy his heart at the malicious power of his enemies, desired the words to be engraved on his tombstone: Here lies and England, and by the President of the one whose name was writ in water,' Feb. 24th, 1821." United States. The purchase of the Keats house Upon the wall near by, a medallion portrait will require about twenty-two thousand dollars, was afterwards placed by joint English and although a somewhat larger fund than this should American devotion, and beneath it this acrostic: be raised to place the project upon a secure “ Keats, if thy cherished name be writ in water,' basis. One-half the purchase price has already Each drop has fallen on some woman's cheek - been secured (mostly from American subscrib A sacred tribute such as heroes seek, ers), and an option obtained upon the property Though oft in vain, for dazzling deeds of slaughter. by an advance payment. It remains only to Sleep on ! not honoured less for epitaph so meek.” complete the fund and obtain full possession, For Shelley's tombstone, Leigh Hunt proposed which must, however, be done by next January. a pompous legend : A public appeal is now made for contributions, “Percy Bysshe Shelley, Anglus, oram Etruscam large or small, from all lovers of poetry who legens in navigiolo inter Ligurnum portum et Viam wish to become associated with this highly com- Regiam, procellâ periit VIII. Non. Jul. MDCCCXXII. mendable enterprise. Subscriptions will be re- ceived by Mr. Robert Underwood Johnson, form, giving, besides the name and the dates, But his friend Trelawny adopted a simpler 33 East 17th St., New York, the secretary and treasurer of the American Committee. There only the expressive motto, “Cor Cordium,” and the familiar lines from “ The Tempest": seems to be little doubt that the needed amount will be forthcoming, and it should be a matter of “Nothing of him that doth fade But doth suffer a sea-change pride with our own countrymen to see that this Into something rich and strange.” undertaking, American in its conception, should owe its success chiefly to American support. It was a singular fate that spared the respec- Of all the old-world shrines to which lovers became old men, and at last brought them to tive companions of the two poets until they of poetry repair, there is probably no other that so fully meets the conditions of ideal fitness and who lived in Rome for the rest of his life, rest with the friends of their youth. Severn, died beauty as the spot in the old Roman cemetery in 1879, at the age of eighty-three, and was over which this tender guardianship is now sought to be established. It has been described buried by the side of Keats. Trelawny, four many times, and pictured until the old Roman years his senior, outlived him by two, and died at his country home in England at the ripe age wall, the pyramid of Caius Cestius, the solemn of eighty-nine. This is a very interesting story. cypresses, and all the other features of the scene have been made familiar beyond all similarly, Cemetery received a letter from Mr. Trelawny, In May, 1881, the director of the Protestant consecrated places. Yet it may not be amiss saying that as he was now very old he wished to quote once more the stanza from “ Adonais which was the first description of the spot ever to prepare for death, and requesting that a place be made ready for his ashes. This was a great penned. surprise to the authorities, for it was nearly sixty “ And gray walls moulder round, on which dull Time Feeds, like slow fire upon a hoary brand; years since Trelawny had purchased the plot, And one keen pyramid with wedge sublime, and nothing had been heard from him since Pavilioning the dust of him who planned 1822. In July, Trelawny was informed that the This refuge for his memory, doth stand grave was ready for him, and in August he died. Like flame transformed to marble; and beneath His body was cremated, his ashes were taken A field is spread, on which a newer band to Rome and interred by the side of Shelley's. Have pitched in Heaven's smile their camp of death Welcoming him we lose with scarce-extinguished breath." heart. His tombstone bears this inscription : " It makes one in love with death to think “ These are two friends whose lives were undivided;. So let their memory be now they have glided that one should be buried in so sweet a place,' Under the grave; let not their bones. De parted, was Shelley's comment upon the burial-place of For their two hearts in life were single-hearted."- 1906.) 59 THE DIAL ; The New Books. prefatory. It is an exhaustive analysis of the youth and early manhood of a personality of ex- ceptional interest, with whose later years of THE EARLY LIFE OF TOLSTOY,* achievement the reading-public is generally fa- Tolstoy's life seems now so near its end, and miliar. Within this period were developed and his messages so fully delivered, that the time displayed those traits which have given to Tol- is ripe for a study in detail of the development stoy the high rank now accorded him as social of the man, and for a new emphasis upon his seer and literary artist. In youth, as in later influences on modern society and modern litera- life, he showed a character compounded of pas- ture. To portray a life so crowded with dra- sionate ardor, truthfulness, modesty, and a love matic incidents, and to interpret a literary work of goodness which could not be submerged be- so large and significant, a biographer must neath indulgence in evil and vice. In the In- have a broad sympathy with the larger aims of troduction to this volume, Count Tolstoy has his subject and a great capacity for details ; he laid stress upon his determination to be truth- must be able to construct a strong character out ful, — to avow his early sensuality and vanity of many paradoxical and often unadmirable no less than his yearnings for the good. He traits. The beginnings of such a study, with divides his life into four periods of unequal especial emphasis upon the biographic element, length : his joyous childhood, his sensuous and may be found in the first translated volume weak youth, his quiet family life of middle dealing with Tolstoy's life and work, compiled years, and his last twenty years of deeper activi- by Paul Birukoff and revised by Tolstoy him- ties in reform and letters. With earnest sin- self, which has been prepared for the new “ In- cerity he adds: “Such a history of my life ternational Edition of Tolstoy's works. during these four periods I should like to write This biography belongs to the impersonal, quite truthfully, if God will give me the power editorial type, as regards its author ; he keeps and time. I think that such an autobiography, in the background, and allows his subject even though very defective, would be more prof- to be portrayed, in character and activities, itable to men than all that artistic prattle with through journals, letters, and a few published which the twelve volumes of my works are filled, extracts. Mr. Birukoff was a pupil of Tolstoy, and to which men of our time attribute an un- however, and in occasional passages, as well as deserved significance." in the underlying motive of his work, he shows The present volume adds few new incidents a loving reverence for his master. The bibli- to the known facts regarding Tolstoy's ances- ography, which is a part of the introduction to try and boyhood. There are graphic pictures the present volume, indicates how fully the edi at intervals, – that of the sensitive boy just tor has read and considered various estimates of emerging from babyhood, listening to the weird Tolstoy's early life and his first ventures in tales by the blind story-teller in his grand- authorship. The period of Tolstoy's life covered mother's chamber, or companioning his father by this volume is his boyhood and early man- on the hunt and bearing away life-impressions hood, leaving him at thirty-four years of age. of his gayety and kindness. Prominent among It may seem unwise to some readers that this those who left deep influences during the child- fragment of such an important life-history as that hood at Yasnaya Polyana was his aunt Tatiana of Tolstoy should have been published before Alexandrova ; of her part in his emotional de- the other portions of the biography were com- velopment he writes: “She taught me the spir- pleted. Tolstoy's development was so unusual, itual delight of love. She taught me this, but yet sequential, that one might prefer to follow not in words : by her whole being she filled me the traces of it in a complete circle rather than with love. I saw, I felt, how she enjoyed lov- study it in segments, at distant intervals. Such a ing, and I understood the joy of love. This completion of the biography would also allow the was the first thing. Secondly, she taught me reader to grasp the vital points in the character the delights of an unhurried, lonely life.” Other and genius of its subject by that concentration of memories were associated with his brothers, interest which is often lost by the serial method. Nicholai and Sergius, and with the death of his This single volume, however, is far more than father, which first awakened a sense of religious awe in the shy, self-conscious lad. These more * LEO TOLSTOY, HIS LIFE AND WORK. Autobiographical Memoirs, Letters, and Biographical Material. Compiled by serious traits did not preclude a few boyish Paul Birukoff and revised by Leo Tolstoy. Translated from the pranks, like jumping from a two-story window Russian. Volume I., Childhood and Early Manhood. Illus- trated, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. or clipping his eyebrows. 60 [August 1, THE DIAL In his later books, “ Youth” and “ My Con- earlier irregularities. The struggle of heart and fession,” Tolstoy has revealed, with unsparing soul through which the maiden passed, as she frankness, the depravity of his university years saw her hero unveiled, is told with dramatic and his life at Moscow, with their indulgences vividness, suggesting the similar motive in Mr. in cards, routs, and adventures among the gyp James Lane Allen's novel, The Mettle of the sies. At the same time, the reader is made to Pasture.” With sadness but with sympathetic feel the tumultuous inner life of yearning and courage, Tolstoy's friend accepted the past and unrest. Mr. Birukoff has summarized the brief pledged herself to his future of repentance and period thus : “During these three years of his achievement. This volume leaves the reader at life, Tolstoy tasted of everything which a pas the threshold of Tolstoy's home-life and literary sionate and energetic young man could seize.” fame. He had already written a few novels that Meantime, his literary tastes were seeking ex were known to critics and authors but were scant- pression, and he planned a story of gypsy life, ily read by the public, as “The Snow-Storm,” or a novel, modelled after Sterne's “Senti « The Two Hussars," " Family Happiness, mental Journey.” These early efforts at au " Polikushka," and "The Memoirs of a Billiard thorship were not brought to fruition, and the Marker.” Within these forgotten studies in few published tales which first won him notice fiction were the germs of that moral element among the St. Petersburg group of writers are and denunciation of contemporary social evils scarcely recalled to-day. With his enlistment on which he has concentrated all his powerful in the army of the Caucasus, in 1850, came a artistic gifts.” One more experience—the search crisis both in his moral and literary develop- for and grasp of true religion - was needed to ment. The scenery of the mountains and the crystallize his moral and mental enthusiasm and simple life of the peasants awakened his crea give peace to his spiritual unrest. The editor tive genius, and the results were shown in “ The closes his work with this forecast : “ In the next Cossacks” and “Tales from Sebastopol.” volume we hope to narrate that current of events Much space is given in this volume to the in Tolstoy's life which brought him to the mo- relations between Tolstoy and Turgenieff, with ment when the thirst for truth, and the suffering details of their sundry meetings and correspon- occasioned by not finding it, culminated, and dence. Men of common ideals and gifts, their eventually led him to the only solution, the only temperaments forbade much spiritual affinity, foundation of life, and the only guide in his although there was mutual admiration, and even further exertions — to religion.” affection, when they were separated. Following The attractiveness of this volume is enhanced the two journeys abroad, and the death of his by nearly thirty illustrations, some rare photo- brother Nicholai, — experiences which broad graphs from early paintings of Tolstoy, many ened and deepened Tolstoy's soul, — he put into portraits of his family, and a few fine views of practical experiment his theories of educational the parks and buildings of Yasnaya Polyana, the reform which had been maturing in his mind family estate. ANNIE RUSSELL MARBLE. for twelve years. The reader will here find detailed information regarding the ten schools under Tolstoy's control, lists of the teachers, THE ANATOMY OF DOGMA.* and many incidents of interest in the school- life, amplified from his articles on Education In his book entitled “ Some Dogmas of Re- and Instruction. ligion,” Dr. McTaggart says : At thirty-four years of age, after many sen- “ By metaphysics I mean the systematic study of the ultimate nature of reality, and by dogma I mean any timental adventures, Tolstoy loved worthily the proposition which has a metaphysical significance”(p. 1). younger daughter of a family friend, Dr. Bers. “Religion is clearly a state of mind. It is also clear The Countess Tolstoy has won the admiration that it is not exclusively the acceptance of certain of the world by her broad and clear intellect, propositions as true. It seems to me that it may best be described as an emotion resting on a conviction of a her wise administrative ability, her wonderful harmony between ourselves and the universe at large" insight into Tolstoy's character, and her pro- (p. 3). tecting loyalty to him. In “Anna Karenina” It may fairly be asked, whether reality has he has used the declaration of love" by primary any other nature than its ultimate one ; and if letters,” by which he expressed his own interest so, how we are to know when we have reached in the young girl, and gained her response. that nature. Would it not be better to content True to his unswerving honesty, he insisted that By John McTaggart Ellis she should read all his diaries revealing his McTaggart. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. SOME DOGMAS OF RELIGION. 1906.] 61 THE DIAL ourselves with a more modest conception of in the book. in the book. The conclusion is reached, that metaphysics and dogma, frankly confessing that the arguments which may lead us to believe in the “ ultimate ” nature of anything, as distin- immortality also make it probable that we have guished from its apparent or imaginable nature, pre-existed. We cannot give a condensed sum- is beyond the field of human thought ? Nothing mary of these chapters, which are full of inter- is more commonplace or familiar than time; yet esting suggestions. Instead, we offer a rather it is entirely out of the question to imagine the long quotation from the close of Chapter IV., whole of time, or its limits, or its limitless as a good example of the author's style, and quality — if to be limitless is a quality. Meta- especially for the purpose of showing that his physics, it seems to me, finds its true scope in results are not wholly negative. bridging, by means of thought, the gaps between “ Pre-existence indeed, as we have seen, renders more observable phenomena ; and dogma consists of probable a plurality of future lives. And the prospect. statements made on metaphysical grounds. It of a great number of lives — perhaps an infinite num- ber, though this is not a necessary part of the theory - is a nice question whether any dogma, as thus gives us the prospect of many dangers, many conflicts, defined, can be said to be knowledge. At first many griefs, in an indefinitely long future. Death is sight, it appears easy to deny it that property, not a haven of rest. It is a starting-point for fresh labors. But if the trials are great, so is the recompense. confining knowledge to the results of experience - the field of science; but an analysis of the We miss much here by our own folly, much by unfavor- able circumstances. Above all, we miss much because simplest scientific proposition shows that it con- so many good things are incompatible. We cannot tains more than the description of immediate spend our youth both in the study and in the saddle. experience. The definition of religion also ap We cannot gain the benefit both of unbroken health and of bodily weakness, both of riches and of poverty, pears to be criticisable. Who knows anything both of comradeship and of isolation, both of defiance about “the universe at large"? Would it not and of obedience. We cannot learn the lessons alike be equally reasonable to say that the sense of of Galahad and of Tristram and of Caradoc. And yet location depends upon a conviction of position they are all so good to learn. Would it not be worth in space at large ? Undoubtedly religion depends might come to us in another ? much to be able to hope that what we missed in one life And would it not be upon a conviction of harmony between ourselves worth much to be able to hope that we might have a and something else; but what is that other? chance to succeed hereafter in the tasks which we failed It seems to me that the true basis of the feeling in here? ... But though the way is long, and perhaps depends on our sense of worth ; there is some endless, it can be no more wearisome than a single life. thing in ourselves which responds to an eternal For with death we leave behind us memory, and old standard of value, which we believe cannot fail. age, and fatigue. And surely death acquires a new and deeper significance when we regard it no longer as a We may not know how powerful the right is in single and unexplained break in an unending life, but the universe, but we do not believe in its extinc as part of the continually recurring rhythm of progress tion, and we do believe that, whatever its nu as inevitable, as natural, and as benevolent as sleep. merical strength, it amounts to more than all We have only left youth behind us, as at noon we have left the sunrise. They will both come back, and they else, because it alone has value. do not grow old ” (pp. 138-139). Having thus found fault with the very basis Chapter V. deals with Free-will, and offers of Dr. McTaggart's argument, we may frankly a strong argument in favor of the determinist admit that his book is lucid and interesting, position. It seems to me that the discussion and that it will do excellent service in clearing proceeds largely from a misapprehension as to away many venerable cobwebs. At the same what is ordinarily meant by “free-will,” that time, the common man will undoubtedly protest term being, in its common usage, somewhåt of that it is not quite fair to demolish the phrases a misnomer. If I say my will is free, I do not he is accustomed to use, and then assume that mean, as the indeterminist is declared to mean, his real position is also overthrown. One could that it is dependent upon nothing ; I mean, wax sarcastic over the expressions “ Dear Sir” really, that it is not free, that I control it. and “ Yours truly,” employed daily in letters ; Logically, indeterminism in its literal and pure but letter-writers would be amused rather than form cannot be defended, and is rightly de- wounded by the exposure of their unveracity molished by the author; but there still remains and insincerity. a practical and recognizable position, which is The first chapter of the book sets forth the entirely contrary to pure or mechanical deter- importance of dogma ; in the second, the estab minism. Dr. McTaggart reduces this, in effect, lishment of dogma is considered at length. The to the feeling that our wills are true causes of third and fourth treat of human immortality phenomena, as they certainly are, whether them- and pre-existence, and seem to me to be the best selves already caused or not. This seems only 62 [August 1, THE DIAL to be one aspect of the matter; and it is pos- sible that freedom to vary experience may be Two NEW BOOKS ON MARY STUART.* the real basis of “free-will,” and ultimately of Here and there in the history of nations a virtue itself. If this is declared to be illogical, character is found around which is gathered an it may be fairly replied that there is no escap- atmosphere of such intense human interest that ing the paradox; for one who declares that the lapse of years adds to rather than weakens there is no such thing as freedom puts himself its charm. its charm. Such a character is that of Mary out of court as a judge of its existence. Either Stuart. So much has been written about her, he is discussing something which is incompre- and the subject has been approached from so hensible, or he has not rightly apprehended the many different points of view, that one might practical meaning of the term. have thought it impossible either to say any. Chapters VI. and VII. treat of the idea of thing new or to put the old facts in a light that God, and it is excellently argued that the literal would attract attention. Yet even within the idea of an omnipotent God presents so many last few years the books and articles devoted to difficulties and contradictions that it is untena the life and character of Mary Queen of Scots ble. It is also held that a God who is the would make a respectable little library; and now creator of all reality is hard to imagine, but we have before us two additional biographies, that a God who is neither omnipotent nor crea both of which, it is safe to say, will appeal to a tive (except in the sense that human beings are large circle of readers. Without detracting from creative) conflicts with no valid metaphysical or the merits of the books themselves, it may be other doctrine. The principal objection one may said that much of their popularity will be due offer to this discussion is the one already men simply to the fact that they tell the story of one tioned, that much of it is really little more than of the most fascinating and puzzling women in playing with words. Thus : the history of all times, a woman who, what- “ Could God create a being of such a nature that he ever her faults (and they were serious enough), could not subsequently destroy it?" Whatever answer has always held a large share of the world's we make to this question is fatal to God's omnipotence. sympathy. The same qualities which won for If we say that he could not create such a being, then there is something that he cannot do. If we say that If we say that Mary, at every stage of her life and under the he can create such a being, then there is still some- most forbidding circumstances, the warm affec- thing that he cannot do to follow such an act of tion and ardent partisanship of men and women creation by an act of destruction” (p. 204). alike, appeal to-day with scarcely diminished This reminds us of the old argument to prove force. that an arrow cannot fly through the air, be It is a commonplace, whether just or other- cause it cannot move where it is, neither it wise, that the most severe judges of women are move where it is not; and it is about as useful Yet of the two books now under con- to the deist as the latter argument is to the sideration, one by a man, the other by a woman, physicist. This, however, is rather an extreme the latter is the more sympathetic, and also the instance; and there is much else in the chapters more convincing. After reading the two, one well worth reading. Chapter VIII. treats of feels that while the former presents an admirably Theism and Happiness, and there is a short just and impartial picture of the reign of Mary Conclusion, in which it is held that metaphysics Queen of Scots, the latter brings us into inti- may yet show the way out of the fundamental mate contact with the woman herself, with all difficulties encountered in the course of the dis- her weaknesses, all her faults, and all her charm. cussion, ending with a quotation from Spinoza : Despite the care and skill with which Mr. Hen- “ If the way which I have pointed out as lead derson has marshalled his facts, one lays down ing to this result seems exceedingly hard, it may his two volumes with a certain feeling of dis- nevertheless be discovered. . . . But all things But all things appointment. He has overloaded his pages with . excellent are as difficult as they are rare.” detail ; he has devoted so much time and thought T. D. A. COCKERELL. to the background of the picture, and to the accessories, that the central figure is shadowy and lifeless. Miss Maccunn, on the other hand, Mr. John M. ROBERTSON's “Short History of Free has subordinated everything else to her main Thought, Ancient and Modern,” published in 1899, has now been re-written, and enlarged to such an extent • MARY STUART. By Florence A. Maccunn. Illustrated. New that it fills two stout volumes instead of one. This out- MARY QUEEN OF Scots: Her Environment and Tragedy. By spoken and admirable work is published by Messrs. T. F. Henderson. In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Imported by Charles Scribner's Sons. can women. York: E. P. Dutton & Co. 1906.] 63 THE DIAL The power figure, and the result is a portrait glowing with Preface, “ The recent concise biographies, what- animation. Apart from certain minor points of ever their special merits, and the more impor- difference, the two biographies agree substan tant works lately published on special aspects of tially in the facts of Mary's life, as well as in the subject, so far from forestalling, rather sug- the interpretation of the motives of the Queen gest the desirability of a biography dealing in a of Scots, and of those who crossed her path for somewhat detailed and critical fashion with the good or evil. But neither the presentation of main episodes of Mary's career"; and it is just facts, however skilful, nor the interpretation of such a detailed and critical narrative that he has motives, however subtle, is in itself potent to given us. He has brought together for the first re-create an individual character. time many facts that were formerly to be sought to accomplish that, — to reconstruct not only only in scattered and more or less inaccessible the life but the personality, — is something quite is something quite books or magazine articles, and he has added apart. It requires the possession of that gift not a little entirely new matter, important to a of imagination which is a part of genius. We proper understanding of the life of Mary Stuart would be glad, did space permit, to illustrate and of those around her. this by means of quotations in the present case ; To the historical student of the period, no to show how Miss Maccunn has succeeded where portion of Mr. Henderson's book will be more so many have failed. The living Mary Stuart interesting than Appendix A, in which he dis- that we meet with in her pages is not created cusses the latest phase of the Casket Contro- in a moment; her personality reveals itself versy, with especial reference to Mr. Lang's gradually, as we read her story. We feel that Mystery of Mary Stuart.” With unanswer- the woman here portrayed, so virile, so emi able logic and admirable good humor, he pulls nently human, who loved and hated so vehem to pieces Mr. Lang's ingenious argument for ently, who sinned so grievously and suffered for the partial forgery of the famous Glasgow her sins so intensely, is no figment of the imagi Letter, and pokes unmerciful fun at the hair- nation, but the true Mary Stuart. splitting reasoning by which Mr. Lang upbuilds “She unaffectedly loved the stir of camps, the fierce his frail castle in the air. If the subject were joy of fighting, the eager pursuit of revenge. . . She not one of those fascinating problems that never lacked dignity nor presence of mind. Anger she continue to tempt the ingenuity of scholars, no showed, and sorrow, but never vanity nor indecision, nor any of the more ignoble faults. Yet it was the matter how exhaustively they may have been woman of the warmer heart, the more generous hand, thrashed out, one would be tempted to say that the finer nature, who was to meet with treachery and Mr. Henderson has finally disposed of the ques- ingratitude on all hands, while neither her caprice nor tion of the authenticity of the Casket Letters. her shameless disloyalty were to deprive Elizabeth of We cannot close without drawing particular the most devoted and efficient services ever rendered to a crown." attention to the number and excellence of the illustrations in both these books. The care Of Elizabeth, we get this striking characteri- bestowed nowadays on the adequate illustration zation : “ She had, as it were, an instinct divining the thought of books of history, biography, and other classes of her people and prescient of their destiny; she used of literature that a few years ago could boast of the large full utterance characteristic of the time, she nothing more attractive or illuminating than a shared its audacity, its love of adventure; she was the map or frontispiece, is one of the most striking heart of England." and commendable developments in present-day Miss Maccunn is equally happy in her pic- bookmaking. LAWRENCE J. BURPEE. tures of the other characters, large and small, who influenced Mary's life. Darnley and Both- well, Murray and John Knox, the ambassadors EUROPE AT THE CLOSE OF THE LAST Lethington, Throckmorton, and Randolph, the CENTURY.* four faithful Maries, and many others, move through these pages, not as mere wooden pup- Mr. Rose's previous historical studies have pets, but as living men and women, with human been so largely centred in the Napoleonic era, virtues and human vices. that it seems at first a matter for surprise that he should now produce a work dealing with Something has been said as to the limitations of Mr. Henderson's book, but a wrong impression European history in the last thirty years of the would be created if the reviewer failed to note nineteenth century. He has been heretofore its value as a contribution to the literature of • THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN NATIONS, 1870-1900. By J. Holland Rose. Litt.D. In two volumes. New York: G. P. its subject. As Mr. Henderson justly says in his Putnam's Sons. 64 (August 1, THE DIAL the specialist, writing of a limited epoch. In too broadly and too positively stated ; but oer- the present study he attempts the role of the tainly the author makes the inference seem general historian. The results of his work must extremely probable. And, third, the usual story therefore be estimated by wholly different stand of the Ems telegram — a story originating with ards from those applied to his earlier writings. Bismarck himself, to the effect that by changing In short, Mr. Rose's former work appealed to the wording of a telegram a mildly expressed and met the approval of the student of history, message was transformed into an offensive one, while he now seeks rather the approval of the thus preventing any chance of pacific overtures general reader. is characterized as nonsense by Mr. Rose, In very many respects, the author has suc and his contention is supported by presenting ceeded in his new field; for the presentation of the texts of both messages. There can be no a general résumé, into which are woven the doubt that the original was much more forcible, results of monographic studies by others, and and offensive even, in language than Bismarck's by Mr. Rose as well, really constitutes a new "edited ” despatch. Stated thus briefly, these and valuable bit of work. The labor of collating incidents may seem to have had but petty im- and determining the value of the numerous portance; but they both represent the care in essays and articles bearing on minute points in study evinced in this work, and are in truth of recent history must have been tremendous in real value historically, since they offer new inter- itself, and it involved a genuine historical study pretations of disputed points and help to a by the author. Much genius is displayed also clearer understanding of leading characters. The in the clever manner in which such isolated account given of the events of the war itself is monographic results are bound together so as to clear and straightforward, but in this the author form a consecutive and attractive narrative, is less successful than when explaining men and while wholly new impressions are received of motives. some of the great political characters of the Probably greater interest will attach to-day period. In clearness of presentation, Mr. Rose's to what the author has to say about Russia and work is not surpassed by any general history of Russian conditions. Russian conditions. His account does not in- Modern Europe, and its general readableness is clude the recent war with Japan, nor the sub- in but a few instances marred by detail, where sequent revolutionary risings. He wrote, in fact, detail was neither necessary nor useful, — a before that war had taken place; and for this fault of the Introduction, which contains too very reason his estimate of the character of the much condensed food for the general reader, Russian government, and of the leaders and while for the better informed it is but a review. the people, is perhaps more interesting than if Three points upon which Mr. Rose's own he had had recent events to guide his interpreta- study leads him to new conclusions are con- tion. In treating of the development of Nihilism nected with the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. which followed the popular discontent with the First, he is convinced that the preliminary results of the war of 1878, he offers an analysis engagements for mutual aid between Austria equally applicable, if true, to the existing and France had reached a much more definite situation : basis than has been customarily asserted, and “ The Slav peoples that form the great bulk of her that the two Emperors and their military ad- [Russia's] population are notoriously sensitive. Shut up for nearly half the year by the rigors of winter, they visers had arrived at an agreement not fully naturally develop habits of brooding introspection or known to their diplomats and ministers. The coarse animalism, — witness the plaintive strains of positive belief that Austria would help France their folk-songs, the pessimism that haunts their litera- when once war was under way largely explains ture, and the dram-drinking habits of the peasantry. the seeming precipitancy of the war party in The Muscovite temperament and the Muscovite climate naturally lead to idealist strivings against the hardships France in urging hostilities. Second, Bismarck of life or a dull grovelling amongst them. Melancholy has always denied that he used the candidacy or vodka is the outcome of it all.” of Prince Leopold to the Spanish throne to stir And to this Mr. Rose adds that the Russian up war with France. Mr. Rose asserts that he humiliation resulting from the war, the blow to did so use it, even against the wishes of King self-confidence and esteem, were revenged by William, and of the Prince himself; in short, revolution upon the incapable government that that Bismarck instigated the candidacy and had betrayed the nation. Mr. Rose's dramatic hurried it on for the sole purpose of bringing statement in support of his assumption that on war as rapidly as possible. The proof offered climate and geographical conditions are respon- here is wholly inferential, and the results seem sible for the people's character and acts is 1906.) 65 THE DIAL ing hardly convincing, and seems rather an attract would have met with general acceptance if it ive generalization than a sound analysis. But were not for the totally unexpected develop- the insistence that national humiliation is the ments of 1906. great, if not the greatest, factor in producing The points noted and illustrations given do revolution, is a truth easily proved by a refer- but scant justice to the charm and effectiveness ence to many other states besides Russia, and is of Mr. Rose's first volume. It is both a contri- an element in the present Russian situation fre- bution to historical knowledge and is distinctly quently overlooked by writers and investigators. readable ; for the author has put his personality Until now, the greatest strength of the Russian and his enthusiasm into the work, and one feels government has been the implicit confidence of the attraction of a keen mind absorbed in active the mass of the people in their rulers. To-day study. But in all frankness it must be said that the spell is broken ; for, as Mr. Rose puts it, the second volume is of a distinctly lower grade writing of an earlier epoch, “ The pathetic than the first. “ The pathetic than the first. There is in it a note of weari- devotion of her peasantry has not made up for ness of the task. It is correct and up to date, the mental and moral defects of her governing but the language is less vivid. Possibly the loss classes." in charm is really due to the fact that the topics The dangers of historical prophecy are well treated in the second volume are so recent as to exemplified in the author's statement of reasons permit of little but an ordinary straightforward for the lack of any great revolution in Europe narrative of events ; for here the materials for since the Paris Commune in 1871. After ask historical study are lacking, and here also acute “What is the reason for this?” he answers : and positive analysis is impossible. But both Mainly, it would seem, the enormous powers given volumes are always and everywhere absolutely to the modern organized State by the discoveries of simple and clear, so that concise and correct mechanical science and the triumphs of the engineer information on whatever of importance pertains Telegraphy now flashes to the capital the news of a threatening revolt in the hundredth part of the time to modern European history, within the period formerly taken by couriers with their relays of horses. covered, is available to anyone. Fully as great is the saving of time in the transport of E. D. ADAMS. large bodies of troops to the disaffected districts. Thus, the all-important factors that make for success force, skill, and time are all on the side of the central Gov- RECENT POETRY.* ernments.” In a poem of two hundred and twenty-four Spen- After acknowledging that the spread of demo- serian stanzas, Mr. Reginald Fanshawe has paid cratic and constitutional ideas has been a pre heartfelt tribute to an institution, a man, and an in- ventative also of revolution, he adds : tellectual epoch. The title of the poem is “ Corydon," “The fact, however, that there has been no wide and it is further described as an elegy in memory spread revolt in Russia since the year 1863, shows that of Matthew Arnold and Oxford.” This accounts for democracy has not been the chief influence tending to two of the three parts of his programme ; the other dissolve or suppress discontent. As we shall see in a is accounted for by the sections that summarize such later chapter, Russia has defied constitutionalism and moderns as Tennyson, Newman, Arnold, Toynbee, ground down alien races and creeds; yet (up to the Thomas Hill Green, Ruskin, Browning, Swinburne, year 1904) no great rising has shaken her autocratic system to its base. This seems to prove that the im CORYDON. An Elegy in Memory of Matthew Arnold and munity of the present age in regard to insurrections is Oxford. By Reginald Fanshawe. London: Henry Frowde. CASSANDRA, AND OTHER POEMs. By Bernard Drew. London: due rather to the triumphs of mechanical science than David Nutt. to the progress of democracy. The fact is not pleasing THE CLOUD KINGDOM. By I. Henry Wallis. New York: The to contemplate; but it must be faced.” John Lane Co. Such an analysis is, of course, partially over- WHITE POPPIES. By Iarflaith. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell. THE FADING OF THE MAYFLOWER. A Poem of the Present thrown by recent events in Russia ; yet in the Time. By Theodore Tilton. Chicago: A. N. Marquis & Co. main the causes for the quiet under which Eu- THE BUILDING OF THE ORGAN. ONWARD. Two Symphonic Poems. By Nathan Haskell Dole. New York: Moffat, Yard rope has rested are correctly stated, and it may indeed be asserted that revolution in Russia was PLAYS AND LYRICS. By Cale Young Rice. New York: McClure, Phillips & Co. largely possible because of the breaking down INTO THE LIGHT, AND OTHER VERSE. By Edward Robeson of centralized administrative machinery. Still Taylor. San Francisco: The Stanley-Taylor Co. THE FAR COUNTRY. By Florence Wilkinson. New York: the fact remains that Mr. Rose foretold no rev. McClure, Phillips & Co. olutionary movement of magnitude in Russia, IN SUN OR SHADE. Poems by Louise Morgan Sill. New York: Harper & Brothers. but rather desperate isolated attempts by assassi THE VISIONARY, AND OTHER POEMs. By Christine Siebeneck nation to further a political propaganda. Cer- Swayne. Boston: Richard G. Badger. THE BOOK OF THE SINGING WINDS. By Sara Hamilton tainly, however, the dictum of Mr. Rose in 1904 Birchall. Boston: Alfred Bartlett. & Co. 66 (August 1, THE DÍAL Morris, and Burne-Jones. The spiritual progenitors of childhood, now the more sober reflectiveness of of these men - Homer, Plato, Sophocles, and Mar-riper years. The exquisite charm of this work may cus Aurelius, Goethe, Byron, and Wordsworth - best be illustrated by “The Sparrow." also receive attention in succinct stanzas of charac- Among the carven images terization. On the whole, the poem, which seems On God's great house of prayer, over-long in comparison with the " Thyrsis” that A statue of the Virgin is, And our dear Lord is there. inspired it, is not too long for its theme, thus broadly Close to his Mother does he lie, considered, and it is executed in all its parts with And answers her caress a degree of finish that removes any occasion for With loving little hands that try apology. For, despite a certain monotony of diction, Against her cheek to press. it is a very beautiful poem, informed with high “A circling aureole has He, seriousness, and the embodiment of ripe reflection To tell His name to all ; upon the deeper meanings of art and life. A circling aureole has She Round her brows virginal; Arnold is its central theme, our quotation shall be And on this circlet that She has of the two stanzas that set forth his essential char- A sparrow's nest is made acteristics : Of hay and straw and stalks of grass From street and close conveyed. “O nature strangely blent; light petulance Of airy laughter; buoyant ease urbane “ It seems as though that nest were there Of world and youth; the lucid lips of France ; That He might look on it, Some breath of Byron's sick romantic pain, For always is He gazing where Dispassionate, purged; bright cynic-edged disdain The mother-bird does sit. Of Heine, clean, unpoignant; peace austere, And should her little fledglings fall, Wordsworth's high woodland peace, unrapturous, sane; Most surely will He know; Goethe's grave calm Olympian; Attic clear And of His love which blesseth all Vision and wistful doubt and Stoic will severe! Some comfort will bestow. “He saw life broken, but with steady smile, “ The mystic Dove broods over them; Which is the mask of men that only weep, And Angel-faces shine Facing grey shadows, stooped not to beguile Around the Star of Bethlehem Clear courage with drugged dreams, or purchase sleep Above the Babe divine. Painless for haunting inward hurt, too deep, About are fiends with mouths awry Ah me! for song's redemption. If but part And twisted faces wild ; He saw, and would too lightly overleap But safe from them the nest is by Time's deep-set boundaries, buoyed by airy art, The Mother and her Child. For his pure vision's flaw he paid a broken heart." “The sparrows fly into the street Mr. Bernard Drew's “Cassandra and Other 'Mid turmoil, sin and shame; Poems ” is a volume of verse inspired by abstract Unheeded by the crowds they meet, Who care not whence they came; and bookish themes. It is coldly correct in diction, Who know not of the nest that is and rather commonplace in thought, although the In the Angel-land above, author has caught the trick of minor verse-writing Beside the Holy Presences, successfully enough to produce now and then a fairly Beneath the brooding Dove. acceptable piece of derivative workmanship. Such, “But it may be that unto some for example, is this irregular sonnet on "Twilight": Who love each living thing, And smile to see the sparrows come, “O'er earth and heaven the slow long twilight eve A happy thought they bring. Deepens and trembles through the summer haze ; And as to their high home they go, The distant hills faint out before the gaze. A child with upward glance With all the legends of the years engraven May see their nest, and her face glow The sea sings softly in the little haven With Heavenly radiance.” Of ancient glories bred of ancient days, And hidden channels and old ocean ways The happiest inspirations of Coleridge and of Blake That thunderous water-surges watch and weave. are fairly matched by these tender and lovely verses. The sinking crimson o'er the cliff-capped bay Sheds light athwart the wave; the twinkling stars In graver mood is penned the song to "The Night- Steal slowly forth upon the path of Day; ingale,” with the first two stanzas of which we must The eastern steeds that drew Sol's golden cars fain be content. Vanish amid the shadows faint and grey Before the Evening's flaming scimitars." “ As one beneath the apple bloom at ease May read of palm trees and of orchid flowers, It is the sort of verse that any person of education Or one who idles through the summer hours and sensibility can write if he wishes, verse having In some sweet Devon Coombe -- may dream of seas no originality of thought or imagery, and no individ- That wind up island creeks to fragrant bowers Beneath the Southern Cross, – so we, the tale uality of utterance. Hear, of the music of the Nightingale. “The Cloud Kingdom” is the realm wherein the “Too partial! Why will he not come to us? feathered denizens of the air disport themselves and Wide are our woodlands, and the lanes thereby rule supreme. The volume to which Mr. I. Henry Grass-grown and lush-leaved under hedges high ; Wallis has given this title is a collection of about And heaths of gorse and broom are plenteous. Yet, when Antares climbs our Southern sky, thirty bird-poems, intertwining delicate fancies with And sedge-birds are awake, we still must fail graceful verse, and expressing, now the naïve thought To hear the singing of the Nightingale." 1906.] 67 THE DIAL There are birds a-plenty in the volume of songs sonnets is considerable, and they embody much called “White Poppies,” but they are strange ex quaint information and homely wisdom, but they otic creatures, mynas and bulbuls and casuareens. almost never appeal to us as poetry. These lyrics are airy trifles, voicing the moods of an Another poem of essentially didactic character, exile under Eastern skies. The rhymes “ To Mary” an ambitious poem composed in a spirit of high are pretty enough to quote. seriousness, is Mr. Nathan Haskell Dole's “The “ Could I return across the sea, Building of the Organ.” In form, this work is a sym- Like some bold Knight of Faery phony in five movements and many themes. The Whose wishes are his wings, and be themes are provided with tempo marks, in further- As light as he and airy; ance of the musical analogy upon which the poem “Ah, then, beside the kitchen fire, is based. Mr. E. F. Fenollosa, it will be remem- Or in the shining dairy, Or where each happy woodland choir bered, made a similar experiment in "The Discovery Of song is never chary; of America,” published in 1893, and quite recently “Now, ere the summer yet be done, the experiment has again been attempted by Mr. Or warm south winds be wary, Charles E. Russell in “The Twin Immortalities.' I would out-race the setting sun These works, as well as the one now to be consid- Once more to see you, Mary." ered, all exemplify the aim which Mr. Dole describes Other maidens, however, seem at times to occupy as that of giving “to English verse a new medium the poet's fancy, as the lines called “ Orange Blos of expression, plastic and elastic, capable of infinite soms” attest. variety, and as well adapted to the genius of the “As I rode out with blue-eyed Blanche, Language as the classic Ode was to Greek in the hands She reached her hand up to a branch, of a Pindar.” We have called Mr. Dole's poem And plucked a bunch of orange blooms. ambitious, and this statement clearly warrants the 'I love,' she said, 'all sweet perfumes ; epithet. In judging “ The Building of the Organ” But this I love the most of all.' I answered, while (delicious thrall!) as an artistic performance, we must keep in mind She pinned them to her pretty vest, the special conditions imposed by the task, one of That I should like the blossoms best which is that a certain bareness of diction is de- Enwreath'd for me around her hair manded, for the author had ever in mind the possi- Before a certain altar stair." bility that his words might be sung as well as read, But perhaps Blanche is, after all, only another name and, as he justly remarks, “there are many words in for Mary, and merely the tribute paid to the exi- English which cannot be sung.” It would not be gency of a needed rhyme. fair, that is, to deal with this poem and ignore the “The Fading of the Mayflower” comes to us fundamental principle of its composition, any more not exactly as a voice from the grave, since Mr. than it would be fair to deal similarly with Lanier's Theodore Tilton still lives in the honorable retire- “ Centennial Cantata" or with the book of a music- ment of age — but as a voice from a past that now drama by Richard Wagner. With this qualification seems remote indeed, the past of the New England in mind, we should say that Mr. Dole had produced lyceum, the abolitionist crusade, and the Civil War. a remarkable piece of work, not subtle, allusive, or It is a voice of admonition, raised in earnest protest even melodious in the ordinary poetical sense, but and with satirical accent, against the mad worship thoughtful, finely imaginative, and stately in move- ment. of money which is so marked a characteristic of the Its general theme is peace and the brother- present generation. In a cycle of one hundred and hood of man, and its ethical burden is of the noblest. fourteen sonnets (some of them slightly irregular), We quote a fugal theme (andante maestoso) by way of illustration. the writer contrasts the stern idealism of the puritans who founded New England with the lax degeneracy “Hark! like a golden thread of sound aërial of their descendants. This is the fashion of his dis A plaintive cadence from the Organ steals ; It trembles, rises, floats away ethereal! course : The Soul in silent prayer devoutly kneels! “ Thus, to our arbute, owe we all our East, And half our North, and half of half our West – “Then comes a change: a crash of chords rolls thundering Until, of flowers, our Mayflower is the best And shakes the windows in their leaded panes ; Except our Lord's own lilies! We at least It thrills the throng who listen breathless-wondering, May love it next to these! . . . Or have we ceased To hear the splendour of the sequent strains. To pin it in our cap — to manifest ‘From out the chaos of the weird prophetical (As by an edelweiss) a soul at rest Emerges like the crystal Light of Life But when it climbs ? Alas, our sacred Beast A fervid theme, spontaneous, poetical, Is what we bow to! Much art thou adored, That sings of strenuous Victory won from Strife. O Golden Calf! Thy wide-encroaching rule In all our fifty commonwealths is rife! “With deeper tones the same great theme enphonious We dote upon thee! Look! Our golden hoard Ensues enmesht in woof of woven sounds, Out-fortunes Fortunatus! He a fool!. Thus grows the Fugue; a splendid web harmonious To save his wallet, forfeited his life ! ” With a whole world of Beauty in its bounds." The staccato diction here exemplified characterizes The variety of metres employed by Mr. Dole for the work throughout. The homiletic value of the his effects is extraordinary, and no less so the tech- 66 68 [August 1, THE DIAL nical skill with which he uses them. The symphonic And in the midst of that imperial throng, poem “Onward," appended to the volume, illustrates Now newly splendored by his sonnet-lore, Fame gently seats him and delights to score upon a lesser scale the methods and ideas that are Her beadroll with his name in letters strong; exploited in the larger work. For though he felt not passion's noblest ire About five years ago, we took note of “Song- That bears the uttered thought on wings of fire, Nor made his numbers all the vastness sweep, Surf,” a slender volume of lyrics by Mr. Cale Young Yet he was Art's, and drank of her desire, Rice, characterized chiefly by an unpleasant turgidity Until Imagination, true and deep, of diction. Mr. Rice now presents us with a stout Burst into beauty on his flawless lyre.” and very handsome volume containing the better of A number of translations from Leconte de Lisle the early lyrics, many new ones, and two plays in and other modern French poets are included among verse, “ Yolanda ” and “ David.” His work in this the contents of this volume. larger compass and maturer form deserves far more praise than could be accorded to those first fruits, “The Far Country” is a volume of verse of un- and gives us much sincere and conscientious work usual quality, the work of Miss Florence Wilkinson. manship. The old straining for effect is still ap- It is verse of varied inspiration, giving us now an parent, although far less so than formerly, and many impression de voyage, now a suggestion of old-time examples of commonplace and oddity occur, he balladry and romance, now an outpouring of deep elimination of which would have been to the author's feeling. A tendency toward forced forms of ex- profit. “At Amalfi” is the poem we choose for pression and an indulgence in mere emotional ejacu- quotation lation appear to be the most noticeable faults of what is, on the whole, a volume of quite exceptional “Come to the window, you who are mine. Waken! the night is calling. richness and strength. The stanzas “In a Ruined Sit by me here — with the moon's fair shine Abboy” may be taken as an example of Miss Wil- Into your deep eyes falling. kinson's best work. “ The sea afar is a fearful gloom; “The moon blows toward the broken tower, Lean from the casement, listen! A winged sphere of fire, Anear, it breaks with a faery spume, And through the ivy over-streaming Spraying the moon-path's glisten. Rose-window, arch, and crumbling choir * The little white town below lies deep Trembles the wind in ecstasy As eternity in slumber. His fingers of desire. O, you who are mine, how a glance can reap “ Where lords and ladies long ago Beauties beyond all number! Yolande and Mordred, “Amalfi!' say it -- as the stars set Knelt pale before the crucifix, O'er yon far promontory. With bells upflung and incense shed, *Amalfi!'... Shall we ever forget Now many a pink-tipped daisy lifts Even Above this glory? Its fair unknowing head. “No; as twin sails at anchor ride, “Where scutcheons gleamed, and lance and helm, Our spirits rock together Trophies of sacred fight, On a sea of love - lit as this tide And the great windows gloomed and glowed With tenderest star-weather. Like jewels dusky-bright — The eternal hills look gravely through “And the quick ecstasy within These arches of the night. Your breast is against me beating. * Amalfi!' ... Never a night shall win “A thousand memories walk tiptoe, From God again such fleeting. Sainted, occult, unspelt; An elder time's development; “Ah — but the dawn is redd’ning up Like mists that blow and melt, Over the moon low-dying. So we that stray here hand in hand Come, come away - - we have drunk the cup: Have on our foreheads dimly felt Ours is the dream undying." The chrysmal kiss processional Of Presences that knelt. This affords a typical illustration of both the strength and weakness of Mr. Rice's verse. It also shows “The moon shakes at the unportalled door, how definitely he has been influenced by the method A sailing sphere of fire; of Robert Browning. The shadows lie all breathlessly Still as intense desire. Dr. Edward Robeson Taylor's new volume con- Beloved, - thus our hearts are hushed tains the long poem “Into the Light,” published Yet mounting ever higher, Until they mix in one clear note, - five years ago, a few other reprinted pieces, and (O lyric heart, to sing, to float!) much new matter. It is quite fitting that the trans- Heaven-smitten like a lyre." lator of “Les Trophées” should have given us a sonnet on the death of Heredia last October. The picturesque manner of this poem is perhaps more characteristic of Miss Wilkinson's verse than “ Vainly you'll call importunate and long any other, but she has also a manner in which the On him to add fresh jewels to his store, For muse-beloved he dwells forevermore reflective element is dominant, and this we may With all the crowned ones of his deathless song. illustrate by the poem entitled “Forerunners.” 1906.] 69 THE DIAL “In the first sleep-watch of the night With dreams that flit and hesitate, Hark for the tokens of our flight, Lost voices seeking each his mate; “ A hurrying step along the road, A knock, a cry, but only one. Nay, heed them not, for they shall be Forgotten with the morning sun.' “These are the tokens of our flight; We, nameless ones who go before, Who stop to call a comrade soul But find no latch at any door. "That drifting smoke across the plain, That footfall fading by the sea, Perchance our camp fires dying out, Our passionate steps no more to be. “The vagrant red of Autumn leaf, The haunting echo and its grief, Luring you on from hill to hill, The vagrant red, the wandering sigh, It is the life-blood that we spill. * Yet we are nameless before God; We have nor grave nor epitaph; And where we perished of our thirst, Yea, where there was no drop to quaff, A spring shall gush from our dead bones And full-fed ones sit down and laugh." The stout and faithful heart pursuing the forlorn and elusive hope — it has been the theme of much inspiring verse, and it is with no mean company that the poem we have just quoted claims its rightful place. “In Sun and Shade," by Miss Louise Morgan Sill, may be described as typical magazine verse. “In Verona” will do for a representative selection. “Soft air, soft fountains, warmed with sun And thrilling to their overflow, Where red and white the marbles gleam, And mould'ring lions crouch and dream Of deeds forgotten long ago. “And near lived Juliet - passionate With love and sorrow — neither child Nor woman, beautiful and doomed .. What showers of almond-buds have bloomed Since love that loyal soul beguiled ! “Now, where she dwelt, gay dancers turn With tripping steps to a guitar, Oblivious of the spirit sweet Who haunts the garden and the street, Or trims her lamp in yonder star. “ Yet what are marbles, rich and worn, And what is all Verona's pride Of pompous power and holy art To that enraptured, tragic heart That lived for love and for love died ? “Lilt of guitar and fountain's song, Your music haunts me, and the breath Of almond-blossoms brings to me Verona's fragrant memory Of love that died and smiled at death." A few Hawaiian songs give a somewhat distinct- ive note to “The Visionary, and Other Pooms,” by Miss Christine Siebeneck Swayne. Otherwise, the pieces are of the conventional sort apon conventional themes. We quote “ Lost Atlantis” for its imagi- native quality. “The blind snake crawls along the walls Of tower and turret ages buried; The ground swell laps within the gaps Of the long rampart rough and serried. “There clings white brine upon the shrine Within the temple’s wave-worn glory, And white things creep in slime, and sleep Upon the tablet's graven story. “Soft silence reigns in these domains Where once the trumpet rang so loudly; And pallid gleams of phosphor beams Glow where the sun once glittered proudly. "Oh, love, they lie beneath no sky, Who fell by field and hill and river - The wild seas roll from pole to pole, And surfs above them boom forever." The imitation of a Tennysonian model is auda- ciously obvious, but the poem is striking enough to arrest attention on its own account. Miss Birchall's "Book of the Singing Winds" is a tiny book of outdoor verse, full of the vagabond spirit, and unpretentiously charming. This song “A la Belle Etoile” will waken a responsive echo in many breasts. Oh, who will lodge at my Inn to-night, And live both fair and fine, With a blogsoming blackberry vine for a gate, And a friendly star for a sign ? “Good sir, my Inn is a gentle Inn, The wine is sweet and old; 'Tis Adam's, sir, with a fine bouquet, And the colour of liquid gold. “The carriages roll on the rocky road To a musty house afar; But the gentlefolk stop by the blackberry gate At the Inn of the Beautiful Star. “Sweet fern, sweet fern for your pillow, sir, And a quick-eared faun for your mate, And a firefly's light for your candle bright - Good sooth, we sleep in state. “The winds go murmuring by at dusk And call you up at dawn, To walk through the fairies' handkerchiefs And startle a sleeping fawn. “When day is red on the river's bed, And bright on quartz and spar, We'll say our short St. Martin's grace At the Inn of the Beautiful Star. “The blackberry vine is a maiden now, With her pale stars in the dew; Come back next month, good sir, there'll be Sweet blackberries for you. “ We'll wish you luck from the blackberry gate, Although you wander far 'Tis here that you'll come home at last- To our Inn of the Beautiful Star." There are several other pieces as good as this, and for once we. find the word "arbutus” correctly accented. WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE. 70 [August 1, THE DIAL vacation." Invaluable as a historical treatise is Defects of the BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. electoral system Mr. J. Hampden Dougherty's “The of the U. 8. "The delights In her new book, “The Garden, Electoral System of the United and benefits of You and I” (Macmillan), a "garden Bar- States” (Putnam), a comprehensive study of the bara” (now identified as Mrs. Mabel provision of the Constitution relating to the proced- Osgood Wright) has, according to the announce- ure of counting the electoral vote for President and Vice President. The author traces the history and ments, gone back to the methods of her first anony- mous success, “The Garden of a Commuter's practices of Congress as an electoral body, discusses Wife.” But the reader looking for this may be dis- the various interpretations placed on the words of the Constitution “the votes shall then be counted” appointed, for somewhat is lacking of the freshness and spontaneity of Barbara's first appearance. In following the provision relating to the opening of fact, the form in which the present book is cast, the returns by the President of the Senate, explains comprising a series of long letters with their equally the Federalist bill of 1800, which, although it never long replies full of garden information and advice, became law, was the source of all subsequent rules is forced and unnatural. Nevertheless, it would be and practices, and describes the provisions of the ungracious to find only faults in a book whose pri- Electoral Count law of 1887. He shows that the framers of the Constitution never dreamed that mary object is exactly that of giving advice and information, eminently sane, and showing evidence the counting of the electoral vote would involve any- of practical knowledge. The purpose of the corre- thing more than a simple process of addition, but spondence is to afford opportunity for the experi- that in practice it has required the canvassing of enced Barbara to give of her more abundant disputed returns, and this in turn has necessitated knowledge to Mary Penrose, who with her husband the decision of such important questions as relate to is having a "garden vacation," camping in an old the regularity of votes, the qualifications of electors, open barn in their own grounds. If the right of a state to participate in the choice of Mrs. young Penrose, an avowed novice, masters the subject with electors, etc., etc. He very properly pronounces the remarkable swiftness, and is able to return Barbara's Electoral Count provision as the “weakest spot " in suggestions with what appears to be expert knowl- the Constitution, declares that it has broken down edge, the arrangement of the book must again be in practice, and asserts that its continuance without blamed. Mary Penrose's "garden vacation” is a change is fraught with peril to the country. Instead delightful arrangement, whereby she and her hus- of providing in a passive way that the votes “shall band are enabled to devote to the improvement of be counted," the Constitution should specify the their out-of-town-home the money that would other canvassing authority and the method of procedure. wise have been spent in travelling, at the same time The Electoral Count law of 1887, passed after a learning by observation and experiment the joys of long struggle following the crisis of 1877, is designed an out-door life. There are other minor benefits to provide by statute against deadlocks in the future; that result, but the main achievement is of course but, as Mr. Dougherty points out, the law is an in- the building of the garden, revising the old one, strument of compromises believed to be unconstitu- adding new beauties, and especially replacing upon tional, is cumbersome in its details, and seriously a certain knoll that is an important feature of the defective in that it neglects to provide how the vote landscape those trees, shrubs, and undergrowths that of a state shall be saved from rejection when both ought to be there. The young folks are furthered Houses disagree. In the final chapter of his book, in their plans in various ways, as well as by the aid Mr. Dougherty suggests an amendment to the Con- of Barbara's friendly letters; there is “The Man stitution providing for the direct election of the from Everywhere," who is superintending a piece President and Vice President by popular vote, each of engineering that in the clearing away of a certain state being allowed as many votes as it has Senators other knoll in the neighborhood supplies the mate- and Representatives in Congress, the vote to be ascer- rials for planting that of the Penroses; there is a tained and canvassed by an authority duly consti- handy but erratic Irish gardener, Larry by name, tuted by the state. The effect of this amendment who “happens along," and when his habits become would be to abolish the Electoral College and reduce too much for him he is succeeded by a melancholy the ultimate count at Washington to a simple mathe- German; and there is a visit to the seaside garden matical calculation, as the framers of the Constitu- of our old friends Martin and Lavinia Cortwright, tion intended it should be. and a further visit in their company to a “garden It has long been the boast of Prince- An American of sweet odors.” A thread of romance runs through college president ton men that not a graduate of that the letters, and the same spirit of sympathy with in the Revolution. institution took the side of the King nature that has informed the writer's other volumes when the American Revolution demanded a delim- is evident in the present one. For the sake of the itation between Patriot and Loyalist. Much of the garden-lover who reads to learn, it should be said credit attaching to that unanimity has always been that there are several excellent and suggestive lists ascribed to the president of the college at the time, of perennials, annuals, and roses, with explanatory the Rev. John Witherspoon. A readable, sane, and notes; but there is no index. trustworthy life of the Scotch dominie-president has 1906.] 71 THE DIAL the Civil War. been written by Dr. David Walker Woods (Flem eager to learn English. The best part of the book ing H. Revell Co.). As a well-known preacher in is that which describes the methods employed by Scotland, of most liberal views, Witherspoon was the teachers. The supervising teachers are generally summoned by the trustees of the New Jersey college Americans, and under their direction native teachers in 1768 to become its head. By accepting the in- give instruction to the children; the instruction is vitation, Witherspoon gave the author an opportunity all in English, but aims at immediate practical to make an interesting chapter on the early history results ; American songs are taught, American games of the college. The new president entered upon the are played, and over the schools American flags fly; heroic task, not uncommon in later days, of raising the teachers not only instruct in books, but they give funds to pay existing debts and to provide for the much needed advice as to sanitation and other future of the institution. In this work, he visited practical matters. The church authorities, it is said, nearly every Presbyterian congregation in the thir- support the work. Incidentally, Mr. Freer writes teen colonies. He sent a vessel to Georgia to bring of various other aspects of Philippine life, — the to a Northern market the produce which the Pres- religious customs and festivals ; the different races byterians of that colony could give more easily than of the Islanders ; the home-life and amusements of cash. In addition to financing the college, Wither the natives ; native markets; methods of transpor- spoon did most of the teaching. He was professor tation; characteristics of the natives, especially of of Hebrew, advanced Greek and Latin, Divinity, the children. The author believes that the educa- Moral Philosophy, and Eloquence. During the tion now being given is a distinctly elevating force, Revolutionary War, when the college was temporarily and that the people of all races are eager for it. abandoned, Witherspoon served in the Continental They are more willing than the Indians in the Congress, signed the Declaration of Independence, United States, and make more progress. Seldom is and took an active part in the instructions to the there reference to political affairs, but it is quite American representatives in forming the treaty of clear that this teacher is not an anti-imperialist, for 1783 which ended the war. He was also active in he does not believe that the Filipinos are capable of rehabilitating the church and in transforming it into self-government. the American Presbyterian Church. After the col- - The War” still means to many of lege was reopened, the Scotch dominie continued as Hospital sketches President until his death in 1794. In the volume and field notes of us the Civil War, and the war-time memories that most interest us are one notes a few errors, as “ Thompson” for Charles “ Thomson," the Secretary of Congress. The bank memories that go back now more than forty years. advocated by Morris could scarcely be called a Mrs. Martha Derby Perry's “ Letters from a Sur- “national” bank. The address to the people of geon of the Civil War” (Little, Brown & Co.) are Quebec is omitted from the list of papers of the her husband's letters written home in 1862–64, First Continental Congress. These are minor criti- when he served as assistant surgeon with the famous Twentieth Massachusetts Volunteers. cisms, and detract little from a biography which will Although appeal to Princeton men and to students of church young and of subordinate rank, Dr. John G. Perry history, as well as to those interested in the Revolu- seems to have had that in him which invited the tionary period of our national life. assignment of difficult duty and the imposition of grave responsibilities. His brief and modest letters, “ The Philippine Experiences of an supplemented by a few editorial insertions, tell a An American school-teacher in American Teacher" (Scribner) is a story of hardship and danger, especially in the Wil- the Philippines. book that fits its title. The author, derness campaign and before Petersburg, that might Mr. William B. Freer, describes only his own expe- easily have tempted another to essay a more ambi- riences; he does not attempt to solve, or even to tious style. Three very short extracts will show state, the various Philippine problems; he says little the book's quality, and the writer's. “The hardest in regard to the general school system of the Phil battles I have fought since joining the army,” Dr. ippines ; his book is simply a description of the Perry assures his wife, from a comfortless winter Philippine life of one American teacher, and an camp, “ have been with myself.” Again: “I doubt interesting one it is. The educational policy of the if our ancestors at Valley Forge suffered more from Americans in the Philippines has been severely cold than we did. I generally marched on foot so criticised, especially for the attempt to “ American as to keep warm, and often found that I had been ize” the natives in language and institutions. But sound asleep while my legs were trudging along." if the experiences of the author of this book be taken Still again, speaking of a prayer-meeting held by as typical, it would seem that there should be no employees and agents of the Sanitary Commission: serious objection to the system. He claims that the “ The effect was doleful in the extreme, and I never use of English is justified by the fact that the natives w to repeat such an experience while I in have no common language, and that in nearly every the army. Let men pray by themselves as much as school there will be pupils who cannot understand they please and read their Bibles in solitude, but not one another ; few outside of the large towns under fill every man's ears with their sins and offences." stand Spanish ; so for a common language English Indications of the writer's nerve and endurance are is as good as any. Besides, he says, the people are not wanting, such as the setting of his own broken 72 (August 1, THE DIAL leg when other surgical aid was not at hand, and his and “Westminster Gazette," and from the works of dragging the injured member about with him through Jowett, R. L. Stevenson, Huxley, Richard Grant days and nights of hard work and forced marches. White, Mr. Meredith, and many other far from Mrs. Perry's experience in the New York draft careless writers. Like most books on the use of riots of 1863 forms a noteworthy chapter. The language, it offers counsels of perfection; but im- brevity and restraint of both Dr. and Mrs. Perry's possible though it is for poor scribbling and gab style almost make the reviewer feel that, for his own bling humanity to live up to them, they can hardly part, it were better bad he “ from speech refrained, fail to effect something toward raising the standard nobility more nobly to repay." of written and spoken English. Of the many de- batable questions touched on, that of Americanisms, Life and manners A recent issue of THE DIAL (July 1, although treated with admirable impartiality, may in central Illinois 1906) contained an extended re be selected for a word of protest. “The English a century ago. view, by Prof. Frederick J. Turner, and American language and literature," we are told, of a number of volumes of “ Early Western Travels," "are both good things; but they are better apart." that interesting series of reprints which we owe to Is this the right view ? If so, place must be made the industry and enthusiasm of Dr. Reuben Gold for an Australian, a South-African, and an Anglo- Thwaites. Of the three groups into which these Indian language and literature. Why encourage volumes fall, one contains the writings of Hulme, this multiplication of languages and literatures, or Woods, Faux, Welby, and Richard Flower, English try to retard the glad day, confidently predicted travellers who visited the English settlement which by some, when English shall become the world- was established in Edwards County, Illinois, by language? Characteristic and picturesque modes Morris Birkbeck and George Flower in the year of expression will arise on each side of the Atlantic, 1817. There is considerable supplementary litera but so they will on each side of the Irish Sea, and ture bearing on this subject that has not been in of the Cheviot Hills, and of the Thames River; and cluded in Dr. Thwaites's monumental work ; and we would not have it otherwise. In the literature to these separate publications has now been added headed by the names of Chaucer, Spenser, Shake- the “ Personal Narrative" of Elias Pym Fordham, speare, and Milton, we must claim a place for edited by Mr. Frederic Austin Ogg, and published Bryant, Whittier, Longfellow, and Lowell. The by Messrs. A. H. Clark & Co., Cleveland. Fordham style of “The King's English” attracts rather than was a young English civil engineer, who came over repels: it is scholarly, pleasantly allusive, and not with Birkbeck in the spring of 1817, and took untinged with humor. The authorship is open to charge of the equipment which was being trans- conjecture, with such clue as is furnished by the ported to the new settlement, consisting mainly signatures "H. W. F.” and “F. G. F.” at the end of farming implements and household furniture. of the preface. Though he made an entry of land in the English “A Book of the Riviera” (Dutton), Prairie, and found plenty of occupation, his stay in The Riviera: America seems to have been comparatively brief, by Mr. S. Baring-Gould, is a delight- and he soon returned to practise his profession in ful work of nineteen chapters and the mother country. The extracts from his letters forty illustrations, dealing with the Ligurian coast and journal here presented in book form constitute between Marseilles and Savona. This region, really an artless but convincing narrative of life in what 80 ancient, is only about three-quarters of a century old as a winter resort. It was rediscovered in 1831 we now call the Middle West, but was then the very ragged edge of civilization. He holds no brief by Lord Brougham, fleeing from the fogs of England, for either side of the emigration controversy, like on his way to Naples. Halted there by the vigilance Birkbeck or Cobbett; is not blind to the crudities of the Sardinian police, lest he should introduce and graver defects of a frontier people; but sees, cholera into Piedmont, he became so charmed by more clearly than some of the older heads around the climate, the sunshine, the flowers, that he bought an estate and built himself a winter residence at him, that this is a nation in the making and that it is worth making. Cannes, then only a fishing-village. He talked and wrote about the place, and from this beginning dates Forty-three years ago, Dean Alford the whole chain of Riviera winter resorts, with their Our English under fire. stirred the English-speaking world villas, hotels, casinos, and shops, which now line the with his book on “The Queen's shores of the Mediterranean. Extremely modern English,” which was speedily followed by Mr. as these places are, both in appearance and reality, George Washington Moon's animated rejoinder, the object of Mr. Baring-Gould's work is to show “The Dean's English ”; and now there comes, that they are but the modern fringe on an ancient anonymously, from the Oxford Press, a sharply garment, a superficial sprinkling over beds of remote critical, but sane and good-tempered, treatise on antiquity. For example, he has less to say about “The King's English,” which is also evoking con Nice, Monte Carlo, and Monaco, as fashionable re- siderable comment and discussion. Its warning sorts for gambling, than about the Greek city of examples are taken from such esteemed publica- Nike (Victory), and the Monaco which was named tions as the “Spectator,” “Times,” “Telegraph,” from Monoikos, the Phænician god whose temple its history and charms. 1906.] 73 THE DIAL anciently crowned this rock, “assuredly the loveliest NOTES. spot on the Ligurian coast.” Since there is hardly a village or town in the whole region which has not “ Twelfe Night” is now added by the Messrs. treasures for the sketcher or the photographer, as Crowell to their “ First Folio” edition of Shakespeare, well as for the pleasure-seeker, this book, with its edited by the Misses Charlotte Porter and Helen A. Clarke. charming illustrations from photographs, will surely Messrs. F. M. Buckles & Co. issue “ The Poems of satisfy the author's purpose “to interest the many Oscar Wilde” in a two-volume edition, which includes visitors to the Ligurian coast in the places which the original “Poems” of 1881, “Ravenna" (1887), they see.” “ The Sphinx” (1894), “ The Ballad of Reading Jail" More of the The fourth volume of Mr. Poultney (1898), besides a few hitherto uncollected pieces. A second edition of Mr. Lewis F. Day's “ Alphabets German struggle Bigelow's “ History of the German for Liberty. Old and New” is published by Messrs. Charles Scrib- Struggle for Liberty” (Harper & ner's Sons. An introductory essay on “ Art in the Bros.) has recently appeared. Another volume will Alphabet” gives added value to the collection of speci- bring the story down to the establishment of the men designs with which the book is mainly filled. present imperial government. Mr. Bigelow speaks In “ The Golden Fleece," published by the American in his preface of the difficulty of securing infor Book Co., Mr. James Baldwin has retold the story of mation from families possessing it, because of the Jason and Medea and the voyage of the Argo in lan- fear that its publication might hinder the profes- guage pleasantly fitted for the comprehension of child- sional career of its members. He has, nevertheless, ish readers. Much practice has made Mr. Baldwin an brought together a vast amount of material — the adept in this sort of narration, and many a child will list of titles consulted occupying nearly three closely bless him for this latest of his reading-books. We printed pages, and not including the standard works. e are glad to know that the work of restoring the The impression of the book is, however, not one of buildings of Stanford University, damaged by the re- mastery of the subject-matter, rather one of con- cent earthquake, has progressed so satisfactorily that official announcement is made that the regular courses fusion confounded. With a clear and orderly out- of instruction in all departments will be resumed at the line in mind, the reader will be interested in many opening of the Fall term, August 30. This includes details. But often these smack of "yellow jour- | libraries, laboratories, and dormitories, as well as the nalism,” and almost without exception are jumbled necessary class-rooms. together in a manner that affords no suggestion of « Local Government in Counties, Towns, and Vil- a dignified historical narrative. The tone of the lages,” by Dr. John A. Fairlie, is a publication of the work is throughout journalistic, often hysterical; Century Co. in their “ American State Series.” The but some later writer will doubtless find in this mass work is mainly descriptive of present conditions, and the historical discussion is reduced to a bare summary. of material abundant matter for a single volume that will clearly and logically present the subject Taken together with Professor Goodnow's “ City Gov- ernment,” in the same series, this book completes the without sacrificing what has evidently been Mr. study of our local administrative agencies. Bigelow's paramount aim — the readableness and Mrs. Julia W. Henshaw is the author of a convenient popular character of the narrative. manual, beautifully illustrated, of the “ Mountain Wild- Flowers of America.” About three hundred species are Development of Another student, M. Louise Green, included, and there are no less than a hundred full- religious liberty Ph.D., has been delving into the page plates from photographs. The field covered is not in Connecticut. records of early New England, and defined, but it includes the far North and the far West we have as the result “The Development of Re- of both Canada and the United States. The classifica- ligious Liberty in Connecticut” (Houghton). The tion is empirical, based upon color alone. work presents a full and accurate treatment of an Chapman and Shirley's “The Tragedie of Chabot Admirall of France,”