5 25 а 308 THE DIAL TE A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information VOLUME LVII. JULY 1 TO DECEMBER 16, 1914 CHICAGO THE HENRY O. SHEPARD CO. 1914 . 6 U,s' 1914 INDEX TO VOLUME LVII. . . . . . . . o . . . AMERICAN POLITICAL PARTIES ARCHITECTURE, CLASSIC, IN ENGLAND ART, OUR HOSTILITY TO BALZAC AND FLAUBERT BENNETT, MR. ARNOLD, CRUISING WITH BLAKELOCK BOOKS OF THE COMING SEASON, 1914 BRAZILIAN JOURNEY, A BUTLER, SAMUEL, NEW REPRINTS OF CALIFORNIA CANADA, MOUNTAINEERING IN CHAUCER AND THE ROMAN DE LA ROSE CHRISTIANITY ON TRIAL CONFEDERATE PORTRAITS, A GALLERY OF CONTINENT, DARK, IN THE HEART OF THE CRITICISM, GROCER-SHOP CRITICISM, THE CRITICS OF DEMOCRACY, A CRITIC OF DICKINSON, MR. G. LOWES, ON EAST AND WEST DOWDEN, EDWARD, MIND AND ART OF DRUMMOND OF HAWTHORNDEN EGYPT AND THE SUDAN, BRITISH ADMINISTRATION IN ELLIS, MR. HAVELOCK, OBSERVES ENEMY, OUR NATURAL ENGLISH DRAMA OF THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES ENTENTE CORDIALE, THE IRONY OF THE EUGENICS, THE APOSTLE OF FICTION, RECENT . . 48 . . . . . . . PAGE Frederic Austin Ogg 296 Sidney Fiske Kimball 202 491 Grant Showerman 502 Edith Kellogg Dunton 504 Edward E. Hale 382 183 T. D. A. Cockerell 449 Thomas Percival Beyer 105 Charles Atwood Kofoid 496 Lawrence J. Burpee . 141 Thomas Percival Beyer 76 T. D. A. Cockerell 78 David Y. Thomas . 51 Percy F. Bicknell . 12 5 Herbert Ellsworth Cory. 371 Grant Showerman 389 F. B. R. Hellems 500 Percy F. Bicknell . Herbert Ellsworth Cory 197 Frederic Austin Ogg . 252 F. B. R. Hellems 386 T. D. A. Cockerell 293 Homer E. Woodbridge 50 Percy F. Bicknell . 100 T. D. A. Cockerell 249 Lucian Cary. 18, 53, 106, 203, 255, 299, 340, 455 Frederic Austin Ogg. 76 Amelia von Ende 283 Charles Leonard Moore . 441 Frederic Austin Ogg . 138 239 439 456, 505 John M. Coulter 102 Carl Becker . 384 Charles Leonard Moore 67 Wallace Rice 337 William Kilborne Stewart . 333 George Bernard Donlin . 250 281 E. H. Lacon Watson 43 Charles Leonard Moore . 185 Charles Leonard Moore . 241 37 W. P. Reeves 139 Percy F. Bicknell . 247 W. W. Comfort 29 Horace M. Kallen 50 Charles Leonard Moore . 325 Arthur C. L. Brown . 77 Charles Leonard Moore 91 Thomas Percival Beyer . 14 . . . FRENCH GOVERNMENT, THE PRESIDENT OF FRANCE ON FRENCH POETRY, NEW TENDENCIES IN GERMAN CULTURE GERMAN EMPIRE, THE GREENWICH VILLAGE HOLIDAY Book MUSTER, THE HOLIDAY PUBLICATIONS, 1914 HORTICULTURE, AN AMERICAN ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF HUGO, VICTOR, AND JULIETTE DROUET ICONOCLASM, INCENSE AND IMMIGRANTS, PAST AND PRESENT KANT, A HUMANIZED KEY, Miss ELLEN, SOCIALISM OF LINDSAY, MR. VACHEL LITERARY ENDEAVOR, BY-PRODUCTS OF LITERATURE, ASIATIC AND GREEK SPIRIT IN LITERATURE IN WAR AND PEACE LIVE WIRE, A LOLLARDY AND THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND MAGAZINE, THE STORY OF A, AND ITS FOUNDER MATRIARCHATE, THE CASE FOR THE MENTAL EQUIPMENT, MAN'S ORIGINAL METROPOLITAN MUSEUM, SOME AMERICAN PICTURES IN THE MIDDLE-IRISH ROMANCE, A MISRULE, LORDS OF MODERNIST, AN ENGLISH . . . . . 56941 iv. INDEX Archibald Henderson George Bernard Donlin Louis I. Bredvold . . Percy F. Bicknell . Laurence M. Larson . W. H. Johnson George Bernard Donlin Charles Leonard Moore . Alice C. Henderson T. D. A. Cockerell T. D. A. Cockerell Samuel A. Tannenbaum George Bernard Donlin. Percy F. Bicknell . . . “ MODERNITY," THE QUINTESSENCE OF NIETZSCHE AND DR. BRANDES NOVEL, ESSAYS ON THE NOVELS, SERIALS VERSUS PARIS, BEHIND THE SCENES IN PARNELL, CHARLES STEWART, New MEMOIRS OF “PATHFINDER, THE” PHILADELPHIA, LIFE IN PICTURES AND WORDS POETRY, RECENT PUER, — PATER HOMINIS SCIENTIFIC MAN, THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SHAKESPEARE PLAY-LISTS, THE SUSPECTED SHAW, MR., NEW PREFACE OF TELEGRAPH, THE INVENTOR OF THE THEATRE MANQUE, LE . THEATRICAL TRIUMVIRATE, A FAMOUS TOLSTOI, AN INTIMATE VIEW OF VILLAINS, HEROIC WALPOLE'S “ DEAR BOTH WAR, THE GREAT WAR, THE RELEVANCE OF WHITMAN, WALT, AN ENGLISH STUDY OF YALE, GRADUATES OF YOUNGER GENERATION, THE . . PAGE 201 297 332 125 195 498 452 453 127 253 335 136 16 74 447 369 291 387 103 450 379 135 17 339 323 • . • Percy F. Bicknell Olin Dantzler Wannamaker Homer E. Woodbridge Garland Greever Edward B. Krehbiel Edward B. Krehbiel Louis I. Bredvold . Norman Foerster 0 209, . . ANNOUNCEMENTS OF FALL BOOKS — 1914 . SEASON'S BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG -1914 CASUAL COMMENT NOTES ON NEW NOVELS BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS BRIEFER MENTION NOTES TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS LIST OF New BOOKS • 263 465 7, 39, 69, 93, 129, 187, 243, 286, 327, 374, 443, 493 342, 390 20, 55, 79, 108, 142, 205, 257, 301, 343, 391 26, 58, 82, 113, 146, 207, 261, 306, 394 26, 58, 83, 113, 146, 208, 262, 306, 347, 395, 469, 512 27, 83, 147, 262, 348, 470 28, 59, 114, 148, 227, 268, 307, 348, 396, 470, 512 0 . . CASUAL COMMENT 66 “ America American Literary Taste, European Appreciation of. Autograph-hunters, An Author Pestered by. Baconian Absurdity, The Latest.... Battlefield, The Poet on the.. Belgians, The, of Cæsar's Commentaries ". Best-sellers of the Moment.... Book, The Desired Why It Is Not Forthcoming. Book for the Present Hour, A. Book-advertisement, A Novel. Book-collector, The Undismayed. Book-hunger in the Iron Range of Minnesota. Books, Balm in..... Books, Desecrators of.. Books ad Libitum.. Books with Which to Become Saturated. Bookseller, A, of the Old School. Borrow, George, Mementoes of. Boy Nature Two Thousand Years Ago... Business Man, The Literary Needs of a. Carpenter, Mr. Edward, Optimism of.. Censorship, An Alleviation to the Rigors of. College Customs, Primitive... Comedy, High - Why We Have No. Conspiracies of Silence.... Convictions, The Cowardice of Their. PAGE 444 330 70 71 187 131 331 41 189 446 444 445 192 8 328 495 376 130 96 331 327 331 95 94 374 96 PAGE Critic, Literary, The Limited Audience of the.. 288 Culture and Conquest... 245 Ducal Correspondence, Humors of a.. 131 Edition, Limited, The Most. 443 Educational Side Shows... 191 Emperor, The Learned Pastimes of an. 286 English, Sinewy, An Inexhaustible Source of. 130 Epic, A Proposed, in Four Books.. 376 Fiction, Forbidden, The Fascination of. 133 Fiction, Immortal Characters in.. 41 Fiction and Fact.... 188 Fiction-taster, The Office of.. 245 French Press, The Influence of the.. 192 Frenchwomen Who Write for a Livelihood. 94 Genius, The Modesty of.... 42 German Culture, The One Englishman Appreciative of.. 377 “Great Illusion, The,” The Author of.. 190 Greek in the Original, Those Who Read. 8 Hawthorne's Exclusion from Boston's Hall of Fame. 70 History in the Making .. 243 Homeric Noddings. 286 Imagery, The Sacrifice of a Neat Bit of. 95 Immigrant, How to Win the... 42 Inferiority, The Arrogance of. 494 “James," The Genesis of. 8 Journal of Opinion, A". 446 66 INDEX V. 331 493 PAGE Journalistic Ideals 39 Juvenile Readers, The Prejudices of. 445 Law and Literature.... 93 Learning, Aids to the Advancement of, a Century Ago.. 7 Lecture, The Decay of the. 244 Legend Masquerading as History. 69 Leipzig, The Big Book Fair at. 71 Leipzig Exposition, Impressions of the. 329 Librarian, A Thwarted but Undismayed. Librarians, Would-be, Deterrents to.. 446 Library, A, to Suit the Temper of the Times. 95 Library, Branch, Another Business Man's. 43 Library, Public, Summer Work of the... 132 Library, The, As a Promoter of Social Reform. 131 Library, The Interest of the, in the Coming Generation.. 331 Library Activity, A Check to. 330 Library Editor, The.... 246 Library Extension, An Aid to.. 376 Library Science as a Reformatory Agent. 189 Library Spirit Unquelled by Earthquake and Fire. 189 Library-user, Profitable Investment of the. 289 Library-users, Easily Discouraged.. 131 Linguistic Peculiarities, Little.. 493 Literary Life, The, and the Active Life. 192 Literary “Sensation," A Forthcoming.. 72 Literature, The, of Little Nations.. 328 Literature and Art, Disguised Friends of. 329 Literature as Viewed by Its Makers.. 41 Loti, M. Pierre -- His Impressions of the War. 444 Manuscripts, Precious, A Holocaust of.. 287 “ Mark Twain ” Character, A Famous. 288 Martial Muse, The.. 129 Mexico's First Book. 72 “Movies," The Muse of the. 375 Nietzsche, In Defence of.. 330 Orthographic Puzzle, An. 445 Parliamentary Poetics 190 Pensions for Authors, Public, The Question of. 43 People, The - What They Are Reading... 246 PAGE Physician, The Literary Diversions of a.. 42 Picaresque, The Charm of the.. 243 Poem's Centennial, A. 132 Poet, A Misinterpreted. Poet, A Royal.... 244 Poetry, The Sustaining Power of. 40 Poetry and Prosperity... 328 Post Card, Picture, Educational Use of the. 289 Professorial Liability to Imposition.. 245 Pronunciation, Puzzles in. 375 Protest, An Eloquent.. 329 Publishing House, The World's Greatest. 71 Reader, The Adhesive... 375 Reader's Intelligence, Insults to the. 443 Readers, Duck-back 287 Readers, Juvenile, Prejudices of. 445 Rizal, José, Translated Writings of. 129 Ro, The Progress of.. 246 Sapphic Fragments, The Poetic Worth of the Recently Discovered 9 Shakespeare on the French Stage. 7 Shakespeare-Bacon Question, A Biblical Settlement of the 191 Spelling, Simplified, Latest Recruits of. 70 Spelling-reform, Peace through. 494 Statistics, Amusement in..., 493 Tagalogs, Culture among the.. 288 Tourgueniéfr-Tolstoi Breach, The Truth about the.. 40 Treitschke's Casuistry 374 Typography, The Art of. 191 Unreason, A Protest against. 129 War, A Modification of Sherthan's Definition of.. 287 War's Effect on Literary Production... 190 Warfare, Psychology of, A Proposed Book on the.. 494 Watts-Dunton, Theodore, The Friendships of.. 7 Waverly Novels, The Ancient Dispute as to the Author- ship of the. 133 Women -- Why They Do Not Buy More Books.. 132 Word, Printed, In Awe of the. 9 AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED as ... 394 Adams, Franklin P. By and Large... 464 Adams, Frederick Upham. The Conquest of the Tropics. 58 Adams, Samuel Hopkins. The Clarion. 299 Ambler, C. H. Thomas Ritchie..... 79 “Angell, Norman.” Arms and Industry. 135 Antrim, Saida Brumback and Ernest Irving. The County Library 24 Arden, Joan. A Childhood. 25 Arkwright, William. The Trend. 54 Arnold, Winifred. Little Merry Christmas. 509 Atherton, Gertrude. California.. 498 Atherton, Gertrude. Perch of the Devil. 204 Austin, Mary, and Palmer, Sutton. California. 496 Bacon, Edwin M. Rambles around Old Boston. 506 Bacon, Josephine Daskam. To-day's Daughter.. 256 Bailey, L. H. The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, Vol. I., enlarged edition..... 102 Ballagh, J. C. Letters of Richard Henry Lee, Vol. II... 207 Barclay, Thomas. Thirty Years.. 100 Baring, Maurice. Round the World in Any Number of Days 506 Barrett, Michael. Rambles in Catholic Lands. 507 Bashford, H. H. Vagabonds in Périgord.. 302 Beach, Rex. The Auction Block... 342 Beasley, T. D. A Tramp through the Bret Harte Country.. 457 Belloc, Hilaire. The Book of the Bayeux Tapestry. 507 Bennett, Arnold. From the Log of the Velsa. 504 Bennett, Arnold. The Author's Craft.. 344 Benson, Arthur Christopher. Where No Fear Was. 57 Beresford, J. D. The House in Demetrius Road.. 300 Bernhardi, Friedrich von. Germany and the Next War. 380 Bernhardi, Friedrich von. How Germany Makes War.. 380 Best, Harry. The Deaf.. 24 Biggers, Earl Derr. Love Insurance. 342 Black, Hugh. The Open Door. 510 Blackall, C. R. The Son of Timeus. 511 Blunt, Reginald. In Cheyne Walk and Thereabout.... 23 Bonstelle, Jessie, and de Forest, Marian. Little Women Letters from the House of Alcott... 306 Bosher, Kate Langley. How It Happened. 509 Bottome, Phyllis. Broken Music. 54 Boyer, Clarence Valentine. The Villain Hero in Elizabethan Tragedy 103 Bradford, Gamaliel. Confederate Portraits.. 51 Brady, Cyrus T. The Little Angel of Canyon Creek. 342 Brandes, Georg. Friedrich Nietzsche.... 297 Brooks, Van Wyck. John Addington Symonds.. 109 Brown, William D. H. Good Health and Long Life. Brown, William Garrott. The New Politics.. 58 Browne, Francis Fisher. Golden Poems, revised edition 460 Budge, E. A. W. The Literature of the Egyptians.... 301 Budge, E. A. W. A History of the Egyptian People. ... 301 Bullard, Arthur. Panama, revised and enlarged edition. 457 Bullard, F. Lauriston. Famous War Correspondents.... 305 Bülow, Bernhard von. Imperial Germany. 138 Bumpus, T. Francis. A Guide to Gothic Architecture... 394 Burgess, Gelett. Burgess Unabridged... 463 Burpee, Lawrence J. Among the Canadian Alps. 456 Butler, Samuel. The Fair Haven.. 105 Butler, Samuel. The Humor of Homer, and Other Essays 105 Carpenter, W. Boyd. The Spiritual Message of Dante... 26 Carroll, D. H. Fifty-eight Paintings by Homer Martin.. 56 Carruthers, Douglas. Unknown Mongolia.. 142 “ Case of Belgium in the Present War, The". 379 Castle, Mr. and Mrs. Egerton. Our Sentimental Garden. 510 Cellier, François, and Bridgeman, Cunningham. Gilbert and Sullivan, and Their Operas.... 291 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart. Immanuel Kant.. 333 Chisholm, A. S. M. Recreations of a Physician... 258 Clark, Barrett H. The Continental Drama of To-day... 392 Clark, Francis E. The Charm of Scandinavia.. 458 Clark, George L. A History of Connecticut. 261 Collins, Varnum Lansing. Princeton. 259 “Comprehensive Standard Dictionary 82 Cook, Edward. Why Britain Is at War. 379 Cooke, Marjorie Benton. Bambi.... 256 Cooper, Elizabeth. The Women of Egypt.. 304 Couperus, Louis, Small Souls .... 300 vi. INDEX 99 PAGE Cox, E. G. The Medieval Popular Ballad. 303 Cram, Ralph Adams. The Ministry of Art. 112 Cramb, J. A. Germany and England.. 293 Crawford, M. Leola. Seven Weeks in the Orient. 507 Crawford, Mary Caroline. Social Life in New England. 461 Crothers, Samuel McChord. Meditations on Votes for Women 510 Cullum, Ridgwell. The Way of the Strong. 342 Curle, Richard. Joseph Conrad. 393 Cutting, Mary Stewart. The Blossoming Rod. 510 Daingerfield, Elliott. Ralph Albert Blakelock. 382 Dalrymple, Leona. In the Heart of the Christmas Pines, new edition 509 Dalrymple, Leona. Uncle Noah's Christmas Inspiration, new edition 509 Dalrymple, Leona. Uncle Noah's Christmas Party. 509 Davis, John F. California Romantic and Resourceful... 497 Dawson, Coningsby. The Raft.. 255 Deland, Margaret. The Hands of Esau. 462 Dellenbaugh, Frederick S. Frémont and '49.. 452 Dickens's Christmas Carol, illus. by Arthur I. Keller. 509 Dickinson, G. Lowes. Appearances.. 500 Dickinson, Helen A. German Masters of Art. 459 Douglas, Alfred. Oscar Wilde and Myself. 206 Dowden, Edward. Fragments from Old Letters. 48 Dowden, Edward, Letters of, and His Correspondents.. 48 “ Drama League Series of Plays”. 82 Drummond, William. Poetical Works, edited by L. E. Kastner 197 Duncan, Sara Jeannette. His Royal Happiness. 391 Edginton, H. M. Oh! James !. 107 Edwards, George Wharton. The Forest of Arden. 458 Ellis, Havelock. Impressions and Comments... 386 Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Journals, Vol. X.. 108 Esmein, A. A History of Continental Criminal Pro- cedure 146 Eucken, Rudolph, Can We Still Be Christians ?. 78 “Everyman's Library 113 Faguet, Emile. Balzac. 502 Faguet, Emile. Flaubert.. 502 Faguet, Emile. The Dread of Responsibility.. 389 Fansler, Dean Spruill. Chaucer and the Roman de la Rose 76 Ferber, Edna. Personality Plus.. 342 Finot, Jean. The Science of Happiness. 111 Fitch, George. Sizing up Uncle Sam.. 464 Fitzgerald, Percy. The Book Fancier. 463 Flexner, Bernard, and Baldwin, Roger N. Juvenile Courts and Probation 336 Flitch, J. E. Crawford. An Idler in Spain. 394 Foley, James W. Tales of the Trail.. 511 Forman, Justus Miles. The Blind Spot. 390 France, Anatole. The Revolt of the Angels.. 455 Frost, Robert. North of Boston... 254 Gairdner, James. Lollardy and the Reformation in England 139 Gale, Zona. Neighborhood Stories. 462 Gallatin, A. E., The Portraits and Caricatures of James McNeill Whistler.. 80 Gallatin, A. E. Whistler's Pastels.. 80 Galsworthy, John. Memories.. 511 Galsworthy, John. The Mob. 55 Gardiner, A. C. Pillars of Society. 306 Garofalo, Raffaele. Criminology.. 56 "German Army from Within, The" 379 Ghosal, Mrs. An Unfinished Song.. 204 Gimbaud, Louis. Love Letters of Juliette Drouet to Victor Hugo 384 Glasgow, Maude. Life and Law. 395 Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield, illus. by Edmund J. Sullivan.. 459 Gomme, Sir Laurence. London. 460 Goodnow, Ruby Ross, and Adams, Payne. The Honest House 458 Graham, Stephen. With Poor Immigrants to America.. 304 Graham, W. A. Siam, second edition. 146 Graham-Smith, G. S. Flies in Relation to Disease. 144 Grahame, Kenneth. The Golden Age, illus. by R. J. E. Moony 509 “Graves, Armgaard Karl.' The Secrets of the German War Office 380 Hall, Eliza Calvert. A Book of Hand-woven Cover- lets, cheaper edition.. 508 Hammond, John Martin. Colonial Mansions of Maryland and Delaware 459 PAGE Hamsun, Knut. Shallow Soil. 20 Harris, Frank. Great Days.. 19 Harte, Bret. Stories and Poems and Other Uncollected Writings 142 Hartley, C. Gasquoine. The Age of the Mother-power... 295 Hauptmann, Gerhart. The Sunken Bell, trans. by Charles Henry Mettzer 82 Hawthorne, Julian. The Subterranean Brotherhood. 346 Henderson, C. Hanford. What Is It to Be Educated ?... 257 Herges heimer, Joseph. The Lay Anthony. 204 Herrick, Robert. Clark's Field.. 19 Hewlett, William. Telling the Truth. 107 Hill, Frederick Trevor. Washington the Man of Action. 461 Hinton, James. The Mystery of Pain, new edition... 261 Hope, Laurence. India's Love Lyrics, illus. by Byam Shaw 508 Hopkins, Tighe. The Romance of Fraud. 81 Hornaday, William T. The New American Natural His- tory, Fireside edition. 395 “ House of Deceit, The 341 Howe, M. A. DeWolfe. The Boston Symphony Orchestra 507 Hudson, William Henry. The Man Napoleon.. 461 Hutcheon, William. Whigs and Whiggism. 25 Hutchinson, A. S. M. The Clean Heart.. 257 Hutten, Bettina von. Maria. 53 Hutton, Edward. England of My Heart: Spring. 457 Hutton, W. H. Shakespeare's Country.. 207 Ireland, Alleyne. Joseph Pulitzer.. 110 Ives, George. A History of Penal Methods. 394 Jackson, Charles Tenney. The Fountain of Youth. 506 Jacobs, W. W. Night Watches. 391 James, G. W. Indian Blankets and Their Makers. 459 James, Henry. Notes on Novelists.... 332 James, Herman G. Applied City Government. 261 Jastrow, Morris, Jr. Hebrew and Babylonian Traditions 112 Jenks, Jeremiah W., and Lauck, W. Jett. The Immigra- tion Problem, revised and enlarged edition. 22 Johnson, Stanley C. History of Emigration.. 260 Jordan, David Starr and Harvey E. War's Aftermath... 394 Joyce, Thomas A. Mexican Archæology... 303 Judson, Katharine B. Myths and Legends of the Mis- sissippi Valley 464 Kennedy, J. M. How the War Began. 379 Keppel Frederick. Columbia 301 Key, Ellen. The Younger Generation. 250 Kirtlan, Ernest J. B. Beowulf.. 460 Koester, Frank. Modern City Planning... 345 Kolb, Ellsworth L. Through the Grand Canyon. 456 Lagerlöf, Selma. The Legend of the Sacred Image.. 509 Lang, Andrew. Oxford, new edition.. 461 Law, Ernest. More about Shakespeare Forgeries 16 Leonard, R. M. Oxford Garlands... 464 Lessing, Bruno. With the Best Intention.. 390 Lewis, G. Griffin. The Mystery of the Oriental Rug. 508 “Loeb Classical Library .82, 306 London, Jack. The Mutiny of the Elsinore. 342 Loti, Pierre. Egypt, new edition... 208 Low, Sidney. Egypt in Transition. 252 Lucas, E. V. A Wanderer in Venice. 506 Lucas, E. V. Lucas' Annual. 345 Lucas, J. Our Villa in Italy. 260 Lützow, Franz. The Hussite Wars. 261 Lytton, Constance. Prisons and Prisoners. 143 Mabie, Louise Kennedy. The Lights Are Bright. 107 Macaulay's History of England, illustrated edition. 113 MacFarlane, Peter Clark. Those Who Have Come Back. 346 MacGill, Patrick. Songs of the Dead End. 254 Mackenzie, W. R. The English Morality from the Point of View of Allegory.. 111 Mangold, George B. Problems of Child Welfare. 335 Markham, Edwin, Lindsey, Benjamin B., and Creel, George, Children in Bondage 337 Martins, J. P. O. The Golden Age of Prince Henry.. 205 Maspero, Gaston. Manual of Egyptian Archæology, sixth edition Matson, Esther. A Book of Inscriptions. 463 Mavor, James. Economic History of Russia. , 341 Maycock, Willoughby. With Mr. Chamberlain in the United States 205 McClure, S. S. My Autobiography. 247 McEvoy, Charles. Private Affairs. 390 Mcllwaine, H. R. Journal of the House of Burgesses of Virginia 209 Mecklenburg, Duke of, From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile.. 12 23 INDEX vii. PAGE Melville, Lewis. The Berry Papers... 450 Merrick, Leonard. When Love Flies Out o' the Window. 107 Meynell, Alice. Essays... 261 Mitford, E. Bruce. Japan's Inheritance. 143 Moore, T. Sturge. The Sea Is Kind.. 253 Moqué, Alice Lee, Delightful Dalmatia. 458 Morgan, Barbara Spofford. The Backward Child. 25 Morse, Edward Lind. Samuel F. B. Morse. 447 Munro, William Bennett. Selections from the Federalist. 261 Münsterberg, Hugo. The War and America.. 343 Neeser, Robert W. Our Many-sided Navy. 145 Nettleton, George Henry. English Drama of the Restora- tion and 18th Century.. 50 Neuman, A. R. Dr. Barnardo as I Knew Him. 395 Nicholls, William Jasper. Wild Mustard.. 391 Nicholson, Meredith. The Poet... 462 Noble, Margaret E., and Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists.. 81 Norris, Kathleen. Saturday's Child. 256 Northend, Mary H. Historic Homes of New England.. 461 Ogg, Frederic Austin. Daniel Webster. 23 O'Keeffe, J. G. The Frenzy of Suibhne. Olcott, Charles S. The Lure of the Camera. 457 Onions, Oliver. Gray Youth.. 20 " Ooze Leather Christmas Series" 462 Oppenheim, James. Songs for the New Age.. 255 O'Shea, Katharine. Charles Stewart Parnell. 498 Oxen ham, John. Maid of the Mist... 390 Pahlow, Gertrude. The Gilded Chrysalis. 391 Palmer, Howard. Mountaineering and Exploration in the Selkirks 141 Park, J. Edgar. The Rejuvenation of Father Christmas. 510 Parnell, John Howard. Charles Stewart Parnell... 498 " Pastor's Wife, The". 456 Pearson, Karl. The Life, Letters, and Labours of Francis Galton, Vol. I... 249 Pennell, Elizabeth Robins and Joseph. Our Philadelphia. 453 Pennell, Mrs. Joseph. Hans Breitmann's Ballads. 508 Perry-Ascough, H. G. C., and Otter-Barry, R. B. With the Russians in Mongolia.. 142 Peterson, Margaret. Blind Eyes.. 342 Petre, F. Loraine. Napoleon at Bay. 111 Phillpotts, Eden. Faith Tresilion.... 54 Pickard-Cambridge, A. W. Demosthenes. 305 Pinchot, Gifford. The Training of a Forester. 206 Poincaré, Raymond. How France Is Governed.. 76 Porterfield, Allen. Outline of German Romanticism. 394 Prince, Morton. The Unconscious. 20 Quint, Wilder Dwight. The Story of Dartmouth.. 460 Rawnsley, W. F. Highways and Byways in Lincolnshire 506 Read, Opie. The New Mr. Howerson. 204 Reed, John. Insurgent Mexico..... 303 Rice, William Gorham. Carillons of Belgium and Hol- land 508 Richardson, A. E. Monumental Classic Architecture. 202 Richardson, Russell. Europe from a Motor Car. 259 Ridger, A. Loton. A Wanderer's Trail. 56 Rihbany, Abraham Mitrie. A Far Journey 302 Roberts, Helen C. A Free Hand.. 19 Roberts, Myrtle Glenn. The Foot of the Rainbow...... 463 Roosevelt, Theodore. Through the Brazilian Wilderness. 449 Ross, Edward Alsworth. The Old World in the New.... 337 Sabin, Edwin L. Kit Carson Days.. 343 Saint, Lawrence B. A Knight of the Cross. 511 Salzmann, L. F. Henry II... 258 Sampson, Alden. Studies in Milton. 108 Samuel, Horace B. Modernities..... 201 Sanchez, Nellie Van de Grift. Spanish and Indian Place Names 497 Saunders, C. F. With Flowers and Trees in California. . 496 Saylor, H. H. Country Houses by Aymar Embury, II... 508 Schauffler, Robert Haven. The Joyful Heart. 510 Scott, Leroy. No. 13 Washington Square.. 107 Seawell, Molly Elliot. Betty's Virginia Christmas. 462 Sedgwick, Anne Douglas. The Encounter.. 340 “Selection of Latin Verse 146 Sélincourt, Basil de. Walt Whitman. 17 Shackleton, Robert, Mr. and Mrs. The Charm of the Antique 459 Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream, illus. by Arthur Rackham, cheaper edition... 460 Shakesppeare's Midsummer Night's Dream,, illus. by W. Heath Robinson 509 PAGE “ Sharman Lyon." Bamboo.. 464 Sharp, Dallas Lore. Where Rolls the Oregon.. 82 Shaw, Bernard. Misalliance, The Dark Lady of the Son- nets, and Fanny's First Play. 74 Shorter, Dora Sigerson. Madge Linsey. 254 Sidgwick, Ethel. A Lady of Leisure... 257 Sinclair, May. The Return of the Prodigal. 20 Sinclair, Upton, Sylvia.... 382 Sladen, Douglas. The Real “ Truth about Germany 379 Slattery, Margaret. He Took It upon Himself.. 514 Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of Fruit Insects 347 Sloane, William Milligan. Party Government in the United States of America... 296 Slosson, Edwin E. Major Prophets of To-day. 391 Smith, F. Hopkinson. In Dickens's London. 457 Somerville, H. B. Ashes of Vengeance. 391 Spence-Jones, Dean. The Secrets of a Great Cathedral.. 508 Stacpoole, Henry D. The Poems of François Villon..... 460 Stephens, Kate. The Greek Spirit... 393 Steveni, W. Barnes. The Russian Army from Within... 379 Steveni, W. Barnes. Things Seen in Sweden.... 507 Stewart, Elinore Pruitt." Letters of a Woman Home- steader 21 Stokes, Anson Phelps. Memorials of Eminent Yale Men. 339 Street, Julian, and Morgan, Wallace. Abroad at Home. . 505 Stuck, Hudson. Ten Thousand Miles in a Dog Sled. 144 Sturgeon, Mary C. Women of the Classics. 464 Sutherland, Howard. The Promise of Life.. 510 Suttner, Bertha von. When Thoughts Will Soar. 203 Tatlock, John S. P., and MacKaye, Percy. Modern Readers' Chaucer, cheaper edition... 509 Taylor, James M. Before Vassar Opened.. 55 Temperley, Gladys. Henry VII... 258 Thomas, George C., Jr. The Practical Book of Outdoor Rose Growing 511 Thompson, Robert Ellis. The History of the Dwelling House and Its Future. 261 Thompson, Vance. The Ego Book.. 510 Thoreau's Walking, Riverside Press edition. 509 Thoreau's Works, edited by Clifton Johnson. 460 Thorndike, Edward L. The Original Nature of Man.. 50 Tingfang, Wu. America through the Spectacles of an Oriental Diplomat 26 Titterton, W. R. Me as a Model. 511 Tolstoy, Count Ilyá. Reminiscences of Tolstoy. 387 Trevena, John, Granite.. 204 Van Dyke, Henry. The Lost Boy.. 462 Van Dyke, John C. New Guides to Old Masters. 26 Van Vorst, Marie. Big Tremaine.. 391 Vassili, Paul. France from behind the Veil. 195 Venable, Edward C. Pierre Vinton.. 299 Venn, John. Early Collegiate Life. 21 Vinci, Leonardo da. Anatomical Papers. 208 Wagner's Rienzi, trans. by Oliver Huckel. 464 Wagner's The Flying Dutchman, trans. by Oliver Huckel 464 Walcott, Arthur S. Java and Her Neighbours... 81 Walker, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh. Outlines of Victorian Literature 261 Wallace, Dillon. The Gaunt Gray Wolf. 391 Waller, Mary E. Through the Gates of the Netherlands. 458 Walpole, Hugh. The Duchess of Wrexe... 54 Walsh, William S. Heroes and Heroines of Fiction. 394 Ward, James. Color Decoration in Architecture.. 112 Ward, Lester F. Glimpses of the Cosmos, Vols. I-III.... 136 Watts, Mary S. The Rise of Jennie Cushing. 341 Webster, Nesta H. The Sheep Track.. 107 Wellington, R. G. The Political and Sectional Influence of the Public Lands. 207 Wells, H. G. The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman. 455 Whitaker, Herman. West Winds.. 462 Whiting, Lillian. The Lure of London. 458 “ Why We Are at War", 379 Wightman, Richard. Soul-Spur 463 “ William J. Locke Calendar, The 464 Williams, Henry S. Adding Years to Your Life. 346 Williams, John H. Yosemite and Its High Sierra. 507 Wolzogen, Ernst von. Florian Mayr.... 54 Woodberry, George E. North Africa and the Desert... 57 Woodhead, H. G. W., and Bell, H. T. M. The China Year Book, 1914.. 146 Wylie, James Hamilton. The Reign of Henry V. 145 Yeats, W. B. Stories of Red Hanrahan... 110 viii. INDEX MISCELLANEOUS “ Blast PAGE “Art and Archæology 59 Autograph-hunters, In Defence of. John Thomas Lee.... 133 Beresford, Mr. J. D., Trilogy of. Francis Buzzell.. 11 " Bibelot, The," Conclusion of.. 307 27 Books, The Banished. L. D. T. 134 Brandes, Professor, and American Culture. J. Christian Bay 72 Children What They Should Know. Walter Taylor Field 11 “ Conspiracy of Silence," The. Alen Wilson Porterfield. 495 “ Cornhill Booklet, The 307 Courlander, Alphonse, Death of.. 469 “Criticism, Grocer-shop." Laura Tobey. 47 Criticism, Grocer-shop, and Real Criticism. J. E. Spin- garn 96 Criticism, Impressionistic. Parke Farley... 73 Denominational Colleges, The Carnegie Foundation and. W. H. Johnson.... 99 Emerson's Journals. Charles M. Street. 289 “ Everyman Encyclopædia,” The, Article on Chicago. J. Seymour Currey.. 9 Flügel, Ewald, Death of. 469 PAGE Fontaine, Lamar, and “All Quiet along the Potomac.” Hyder E. Rollins.. 45 Fontaine, Mr. Lamar. Calvin S. Brown. 290 French Poets, The Young. Edward J. O'Brien. 378 “ Heart of Heart." W. M. T...... 47 Lemaître, Jules, Death of.. 147 Lincoln, Unpublished Letters and Speeches of. Daniel K. Dodge and Clarence W. Alvord. 11 Lincoln Public Library, History of.. 262 * Lippincott's Magazine,” Sale of.. 347 Literature and War. Helen Minturn Seymour 377 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, Death of. 512 Mexican People, The Character of the. E. L. C. Morse... 10 Mexico's First Book. Henry Lewis Bullen. 133 New Republic, The 208 Poet's Plaint, A. P. F. B.. 133 Potomac, All Quiet along the." Charles E. Benton.. 73 Potomac, All Quiet along the.” Hyder E. Rollins.. 290 Reconstruction, The Truth about. B. G. Brawley. 73 Russell Sage Foundation Library Bulletin.. 262 Suttner, Baroness Bertha von, Death of... 27 * Tempest,” The Use of. William H. Bowers. 47 Wagner, The Women of. John L. Hervey.. 192 Wordsworth, Bettering. Titus Munson Coan. 446 THE DIAL A Semi-Monthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAGE THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 18t and GROCER-SHOP CRITICISM. 18th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in advance, postage prepaid in the United States and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian postage 50 cents per year extra. RE The metaphor is a homely one, and lends MITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, itself readily to satirical comment, but Mr. payable to THE DIAL. Unless otherwise ordered, subscrip- tions will begin with the current number. When no direct Bliss Perry deliberately adopts it for the de- request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is re- ceived, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is scription of the art of literary criticism, and desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. Published by THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY, what he says in its defence may be read in 638 So. Sherman St., Chicago. his essay on “Literary Criticism in American Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Periodicals,” which occupies the place of Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879. honor in the July “Yale Review." “It Vol. LVII. JULY 1, 1914. No. 673. surely ought to be possible," he says, to re- duce the varieties of criticism “to the terms CONTENTS. of a single process, to conceive of criticism GROCER-SHOP CRITICISM 5 as the performance of a single act. I ven- CASUAL COMMENT 7 ture to call it, as it has often, no doubt, been The friendships of Theodore Watts-Dunton. - Shakespeare on the French stage.-Aids called before, the act of weighing." It is to the advancement of learning a century difficult to get away from this metaphor, ago.— Desecrators of books.— The genesis which the author elaborates by describing the of “James.”— Those who read their Greek in the original. The poetic worth of the re way in which a grocer weighs out a pound cently discovered Sapphic fragments.- In of butter, and the chorus of excited protests awe of the printed word. against the very idea of there being such COMMUNICATIONS 9 The “Everyman Encyclopædia » Article in things in criticism as standard weights, stand- Chicago. J. Seymour Currey. ard scales, and competent literary grocers, The Character of the Mexican People. E. L. cannot eradicate from our consciousness the C. Morse. “ What Children Should Know." Walter deep-lying feeling that it is the business of Taylor Field. criticism to estimate literature, to pass judg- Unpublished Letters and Speeches of Lin- ment upon it, to register the facts about it coln. Daniel K. Dodge and Clarence W. Alvord. in some sort of objective fashion. That THE Mr. J. D. Beresford's Trilogy. . Francis DIAL has upheld this view for upwards of Buzzell. thirty years is well known to our readers. IN THE HEART OF THE DARK CONTI- NENT. Percy F. Bicknell . Such foolish vaporings as were indulged in 12 AN ENGLISH MODERNIST. Thomas Percival a few years ago by Mr. Joel Spingarn met Beyer 14 THE SUSPECTED' SHAKESPEARE PLAY: with our vehement denial. When that icono- clastic gentleman asserted that “we have LISTS. Samuel A. Tannenbaum 16 AN ENGLISH STUDY OF WALT WHITMAN. done with all the old rules and methods, Louis I. Bredvold 17 we replied, as Mr. Perry now replies, that RECENT FICTION. Lucian Cary 18 "we have done nothing of the sort." We still Herrick's Clark's Field.— Harris's Great Days.— Miss Roberts's A Free Hand.- practice and believe in the grocer's procedure, Onions's Gray Youth.— Miss Sinclair's The although fully aware that "there is some Return of the Prodigal.— Hamsun's Shallow variation in the grocers' weights and in the Soil. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS . mechanism of their scales; that there are 20 In darkest consciousness.- Early life in an garrulous grocers who talk when they should English college.- The joys of homesteading. be weighing, philosophical grocers who have Problems of immigration.- Chelsea celeb- theories of their business, self-opinionated rities major and minor.-- A manual of Egyptian archaeology.-A great New Eng grocers who declare that they can tell a pound land statesman.- The social position of the of butter by the eye or by the ‘heft' as accu- deaf.- The pioneer county library.-A study of the backward child.- Disraeli on Whigs rately as if they weighed it.' and Whiggism.- Memories of a childhood. When it comes to the question of whether BRIEFER MENTION 26 the literary “weighing” in our periodicals is VOTES 26 TOPICS IN JULY PERIODICALS 27 honestly or skilfully done, it is hard to arrive LIST OF NEW BOOKS 28 at an answer which is not darkly pessimistic. 6 (July 1 THE DIAL There is an appalling amount of it - mostly Emerson made the entry in his Journal, one the chatter of irresponsible young persons Edgar Allan Poe was subjecting current lit- who are without the balance of fixed convic erature to a criticism so informed and so tions, and without the background of that penetrating that it has survived alongside of wide acquaintance with literature which is his immortal creative work in poetry and fic- essential to any critic whose words are worth tion. And Emerson himself, who, we are heeding. The trouble with most of this writ- reminded, “lived long enough to see the first ing is that the compensation offered for it | volumes of the Chicago Dial,” was writing is miserably inadequate for the reward of book reviews that we may still read with any kind of good work, while the public which profit, and that are preserved by virtue of it addresses has no real interest in literature. their fine intelligence quite as much as by As Mr. Perry says: “The real difficulty is virtue of their Emersonian authorship. Since that these untrained and underpaid journal-1836, we have had in Lowell and Stedman ists are producing copy, as best they can, for two really great critics, and many others that a public which is genuinely interested in are more than respectable. On the whole, it stock-market criticism, in base-ball criticism, does not seem to us that American literature in political, social, and economic criticism, is noticeably poorer in criticism of the finer and, in a few cities, in musical and dramatic sort than it is in any of the other categories criticism, but which is not very eagerly inter- which the convenient term of belles-lettres ested in the criticism of books." But when, includes. it may be asked, was it ever otherwise with It certainly is an unfair method of argu- the treatment of literature in the periodicalment to contrast, as Mr. Perry does, the im- press? Granted that the volume of chatter mense volume of our book production with our about books and about the personalities of slender output of serious criticism: “If you the authors has become enormously swollen, turn to the newspapers for information about are not the proportions of wheat and chaff, the twelve or thirteen thousand books pub- of bread and sack, about what they always lished in this country every year, you find, were ? Of the critical writing of any past it is true, a heroically compiled mass of book age, we cherish the small fraction that has notices — many of them composed, in their enduring value, because based upon knowl- essential features, by the advertising clerks edge and insight, while the great mass of of the publishers who are trying to sell the ephemeral stuff has been winnowed away, and books. But do most of these books deserve is now clean forgotten. any other treatment? Is not this condition Mr. Perry's thesis about the inadequacy of a fair illustration of the principle of suum American criticism is based upon two texts cuique applied to literature? Does not the one from Emerson, the other from Mr. Henry occasional worthy book find, amid all this James. In 1836, Emerson wrote in his Jour- welter of "literary” scribbling, the worthy nal: “The literary man in this country has judge and the considered verdict? If the no critic.” In 1905, Mr. James delivered a lecture in this country in which he said: reader “has great difficulty in discovering what new books are worth buying and read- “I do not propose for a moment to invite you ing,” is he not in the case of the man who to blink the fact that our huge Anglo-Saxon array suffers from uncontrolled disease for lack of of producers and readers — and especially our vast cis-Atlantic multitude - presents production expert medical counsel, or of the man who is uncontrolled, production untouched by criticism, financially wronged for lack of the best legal unguided, unlighted, uninstructed, unashamed, on advice? Among the practitioners of literary a scale that is really a new thing in the world. It criticism — taking the term in its most com- is the complete reversal of any proportion, be- tween the elements, that was ever seen before. It prehensive sense — there are “quacks” or is the biggest flock straying without shepherds, “shysters” in numbers quite as great as are making its music without a sight of the classic to be found in the professions respectively crook, be-ribboned or other, without a sound of suggested for comparison. But we do not, the sheep-dog's bark — wholesome note, once in a for all that, declare the professions of medi- way, that has ever found room for pasture." cine and law to be pretentious failures, and Both of these quoted sayings are weighty, there is no reason why we should discredit the but is the case really as serious as they would whole profession of criticism because of the seem to indicate? At the very time when I follies and ineptitudes committed in its name. 1914) 7 THE DIAL . Mr. Perry is so obsessed with the flagrant count on the eccentric artist for warm and immorality of the methods of advertising fre unbroken friendship, year in and year out, quently employed by publishers that he finds through rain or shine, good fortune or ill; the trail of the serpent—the disguised read- but the closest and most enduring of Watts- ing notice and the puff unashamed — in the Dunton's friendships were with Rossetti, columns that pretend to contain only disin- Morris, and Swinburne, and the greatness of terested expressions of critical judgment. Un shown by the author of “Aylwin" in the mat- these names, together with the indifference doubtedly these columns are, in the case of ter of collecting and making more easily ac- many newspapers, thus prostituted to the cessible the products of his pen, may partly service of the counting-room, and no con account for the comparative obscurity in demnation of the practice can be too severe. which his own name and work have been But the readers of a newspaper or magazine allowed to remain. cannot long be deceived by this rank impos- ture, and soon learn to distinguish the honest SHAKESPEARE ON THE FRENCH STAGE re- from the dishonest publication. And no array ceives in some respects a more adequate and of instances of this sort of confidence game faithful presentation than in his own coun- can shake the solid fact that we produce in try or America. The Parisians are having our country a large body of critical writing just now what they call a Shakespeare sea- exhibiting both knowledge and discernment, son, two theatres offering Shakespeare plays the work of men of entire probity, not to be simultaneously - "Macbeth” at the Comédie influenced by either sordid or personal con- Française, for the first time in the history of siderations to stray into the ways of intellec- that famous playhouse, and “Twelfth Night” tual dishonesty. There may not be enough (“La Nuit des Rois”) at one of the theatres on the rive gauche — and the versions there of it fully to leaven the whole lump, but there offered to the public are said to be much less is enough of it to refute the man who, echoing cut and trimmed and adapted than are the Emerson, still asserts that "the literary man stage versions commonly presented to an in this country has no critic." English-speaking audience. For instance, in the Richepin translation of "Macbeth," the one used on this occasion, the usually omitted CASUAL COMMENT. second scene of act four, in which Lady Mac- duff's little boy prattles prettily with his THE FRIENDSHIPS OF THEODORE WATTS- mother and is put to death by one of the DUNTON, whose death (June 7) goes far murderers, is retained by the actors; and, in toward severing our vital connection with the general, there seems to be much less fear of great Victorians among whom he so naturally wearying the audience by giving Shakespeare took his place, must have meant more to him unabridged, untransposed, and untelescoped, than can be told in words, and must have con- than with us. Perhaps the French theatre tributed immeasurably to his growth and to trains time their departure with more regard the development of his art as poet, novelist, it that the Parisian audience is much less to the convenience of their passengers; or is and critic. Beginning his young manhood as suburban in character than our own play- a solicitor in his father's office at St. Ives, in Huntingdonshire, and going afterward' to going public, and can afford to take its Shake- London with his brother to gain a larger ex- speare uncurtailed! It is reported in regard perience in his hereditary profession, he was to the French performance of “Twelfth inevitably led by his literary and artistic Night” that there is much less liberty taken tastes and his love of nature to abandon the with the comic parts, much less “business'' law for the more seductive delights of lit- interpolated, than when the play is given in erature. Rambles in East Anglia and par- the poet's own tongue. Must it be inferred ticipation in the careless, nomadic life of the that Shakespeare enjoys greater prophetic honors abroad than at home? gypsies, helped to determine the bent of his genius and brought him into close friendship with Borrow and Groome, with whom he is AIDS TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING A ranked as one of the best interpreters of CENTURY AGO included (on the principle that Romany customs and character. Other friends the end justifies the means) legalized lotteries with whom he was intimate as a congenial for the benefit of Harvard College. With the companion were Tennyson and Browning; Widener Library approaching completion as Whistler he saw almost daily for ten years, the latest addition to Harvard's imposing but one may question whether anybody could I array of costly modern structures, it is inter- 8 (July 1 THE DIAL esting to glance back at the history of old the necessary scrutiny to returned books; and Holworthy Hall, which owes its existence to borrowers are equally negligent about con- a successful lottery conducted in the year cerning themselves with what they commonly 1806 under the authority of the General regard as none of their business. We have Court of Massachusetts, as the legislature of heard of a library that adopted the practice that State was and still is officially styled. of inserting in all books of its own binding or That there was some belief, or some attempt rebinding a few blank leaves bearing a printed to believe, that this method of raising funds request that they be used, rather than the for educational purposes was wholly right and body of the book, for purposes of annotation, proper, is evident from the following adver-illustration, or other voluntary contribution tisement of the 1795 lottery, quoted by Mr. on the gifted reader's part; but how far the Benjamin Baker in a recent contribution to device served its purpose we cannot say. the Boston “Transcript,” — "So great is the demand for tickets in the 2d Class of Har- vard College Lottery, that it has become THE GENESIS OF “JAMES,” a new novel that doubtful whether there will be any to dispose is enjoying no little popularity among English of, for several days previous to the 9th of readers at present, contains features of inter- April next, on which day the Lottery is posi- est to readers of whatever nationality. Its tively to commence drawing. The spirit author, pseudonymously known as “W. Dane which animated the first settlers of this coun- Bank, 's is said to be on the sunny side of try to promote useful knowledge, has, if pos- forty — or thirty-eight, to be exact - and to sible, increased with the present generations; have started in life as an employee in a hat and this is the evidence, That there is scarcely factory near Manchester; later he tried his a single one in the community, either male hand at school-teaching, and finally took the or female, who is not more or less interested road to London and became a free-lance in in the College Lottery.' This gem of uncon literature. “James” was written at odd scious humor is followed by an equally amus- hours, and pictures with a realism that be- ing bit of verse: tokens personal experience of that whereof it “The lisping babe cries, Papa, care for me, treats the fortunes of a young man who, like Pray buy a TICKET- and in time you'll see the author, has worked in a hat factory and The pleasing benefit thy son will find, aspired to greater things. But of course there In Learning faithfully to serve mankind." can be nothing of an autobiographical charac- ter in the account of James's rather ignoble striving for worldly success, and in his ultimate DESECRATORS OF BOOKS, or, in especial, those triumph with his incomparable hair-restorer, who with more or less emphatic markings and Superbo." “Superbo.” The kind of realism we have underlinings undertake to instruct all subse- here seems to indicate that the author may be quent readers in the merits of certain chosen an admirer and more or less unconscious imi- passages, are scathingly denounced by the tator of Mr. Arnold Bennett. But as to this Portland “Oregonian," which thus classifies the offenders: "The people who commit this ing a fuller acquaintance with “W. Dane we can pronounce more certainly after gain- offense fall into three classes: those who use Bank.' The report that “James" suffered ordinary pencils, those who use indelible pen- four rebuffs before achieving publicity sounds cils, and those who use ink. The first are interesting and inclines one to suspect that worthy of the rock-pile, the second of the the book may be something of a masterpiece, penitentiary, the third of the gallows. This though the number of rejections is not quite is a nuisance from which the public library large enough to turn the suspicion into a has always suffered and probably always will certainty. suffer in a world where human nature and pencils coexist. Nearly all libraries attempt to spot the offenders by asking borrowers to THOSE WHO READ THEIR GREEK IN THE report any defacement or mutilation that they ORIGINAL are commonly supposed, and not may discover, and by directing attendants to without reason, to be somewhat above the examine all books upon their return, thus average reader in intellect and scholarship. making the latest borrower, unless he himself Whether knowledge of Greek is a cause or a points out the evidence of misuse upon bring- consequence of this superiority, or whether it ing back a book that has been misused, pre may not, to some extent, be both, would be sumptively guilty of any markings or other hard to prove. At any rate, one is interested disfigurements that the book may be found to in what Dean West, of Princeton, has to say contain. But attendants have not the time, on the supposed influence of Greek studies in or will not take the time, as a rule, to give securing for the student a high rank in gen- .. 1914) 9 THE DIAL eral scholarship. At Princeton Greek is re text and translation of the manual of Aris- quired for the bachelor-of-arts degree, but not tarchus of Samos on 'The Sizes and Distances for that of bachelor of letters or bachelor of of the Sun and Moon,' prepared with great science. In the course of an article in the historical labor by Sir Thomas Heath, a for- New York “Times," he writes: “The bach mer fellow of English Cambridge, and pub- elors of arts have maintained a clear lead lished in 1913 at the Oxford Press, is really over the others in all the humanistic subjects, more important than the complete works of such as philosophy, history, politics, eco Sappho, if they could be found; but Sir nomics, archæology, Latin, English, and mod Thomas could not make the world think so.'' ern languages. They have at least fairly tied and sometimes have led the others in mathe- matics, physics, and geology, and have not IN AWE OF THE PRINTED WORD, the old-time done so well in chemistry and biology, though bibliophile was likely, especially if he chanced in the advanced courses in chemistry they to be a custodian of books, to cherish as little take the lead at the end. The bachelors of short of sacred every volume that once found science come second, and in a few instances lodgment on his shelves. In contrast to this surpass the bachelors of arts. The bachelors we have what Mr. John Cotton Dana in the of letters, as a rule, come third. Moreover, current issue of “Special Libraries" calls the bachelors of arts lead the others every “the new library creed,” concerning which he year in the small percentage of 'dropped' writes: "Select the best books, list them students. These are cold, hard facts. It is elaborately, save them forever - was the sum the bachelors of arts alone who have a general of the librarians' creed of yesterday. To- and widely sustained lead in scholarship in morrow it must be, select a few of the best Princeton during the six years in question books and keep them, as before, but also, (1907-1912). It is not a question of leaving select from the vast flood of print the things out Latin - for all the others have Latin, and your constituency will find helpful, make in practically the same amount. It is clearly them available with a minimum of expense, and solely the Greek question.” Inconclusive and discard them as soon as their usefulness though any reasoning must be from such in- is past.' But such is still the librarian's awe sufficient premises as the foregoing, yet so far for the printed word, or for that portion of as they go these statements are significant it in his keeping, that the discarding process and may help in some small measure toward a is as yet slow and timidly tentative; and the settlement of the Greek question." thought of adding printed matter of con- fessedly ephemeral value and for only tem- porary retention is naturally abhorrent to THE POETIC WORTH OF THE RECENTLY DIS the conservative librarian. Mr. Dana admits COVERED SAPPHIC FRAGMENTS, in which the that “the new library creed” has thus far educated world was bound to take a lively been adopted by very few practising libra- interest, is not rated very high by Mr. rians. Its universal adoption, however, unless Frank B. Sanborn in a recent “Boston Lit by some miracle the present flood of print be- erary Letter” to the Springfield “Republi- comes greatly diminished in volume, is in- As Mr. Sanborn is almost alone among evitable in the near future. our men of letters in his practice of reading regularly, with ease and scholarly apprecia- tion, the classics that most of us dropped when COMMUNICATIONS. we left college, weight attaches to the opinion he thus expresses : “I fear that these small THE “EVERYMAN ENCYCLOPÆDIA" fragments of the Æolic Greek of the all- ARTICLE ON CHICAGO. admired Sappho may diminish rather than (To the Editor of the THE DIAL.) augment her poetic fame. So much of them Included in that excellent series of publications is conjectural, and her diction is so hard to known as “ Everyman's Library" is a set of emend, that the quaintness of them will strike twelve volumes entitled “ The Everyman Encyclo- the modern ear more than their strictly poetic pædia.” It is disappointing to find in the article quality." Probably a certain predetermina Chicago" a number of errors, a few of which tion to discover excellence in any slightest I feel obliged to call attention to. The article in fragment of Sappho that may be unearthed general seems to have been compiled from accounts influences most critics in her favor, but Mr. and descriptions made twenty or more years ago, such as might be found in out-of-date gazetteers Sanborn perhaps shows a disposition to err and cyclopædias. in the other direction when he dismisses In that part of the article enumerating some of Sappho in these words: "For the instruction the important buildings of the city there is a very of after ages in astronomy, the new Greek inadequate account given of the representative can.', on 10 (July 1 THE DIAL ever. con- structures as they exist to-day. Several of those available to the writer of the article when it was included in the list given have within recent years published last year. been far surpassed in every respect by finer and In regard to the government of Chicago the greater structures, but none of those built within article says that the mayor is elected for a term of the last two decades receives any mention what two years, when the fact is the mayor's term is for One, at least, has been removed entirely. four years and has been so since 1907. The popu- In the list is mentioned the “ Board of Trade, a lation of the city is said to be nearly 3,000,000,” granite building, with a tower 300 feet in height," whereas by the last government census. it was and though the building remains, the tower spoken 2,185,283, which hardly justifies the expression of was removed a number of years ago. quoted. A little farther on, the population is The twin structure, the City Hall and Court formally given as 2,815,000, which it is readily House, is said to have cost $4,000,000, and “close seen is a transposition of the figures shown in to it is the statue of Columbus." Both the build- the census, an unpardonable error in proof- ing and statue were removed five years ago and a reading. new structure on the same site was completed in In the historical portion it is stated that Fort 1911, costing $10,000,000. Among the great Dearborn was built in 1804, an error that at one libraries no mention is made of the John Crerar time was a very prevalent one, but in later years Library, certainly belonging in the front rank of it has been shown conclusively that the true date institutions of that character both as to endow of this event was 1803. However, the “Encyclo- ment and number of volumes in its collection. pædia Britannica” makes the same mistake, The total area of the parks of Chicago is given which is mentioned to show that writers of ency- at 2,000 acres, whereas there are more than 4,400 clopædias are very often careless when it comes acres included in the total area. No mention is to facts about Western history. In the bibliog- made of the newer parks which have been created raphy the author of a certain valuable history of within the last twenty years, such as Marquette, Chicago is given as “A. J. Andreas," a mistake for McKinley, and Sherman Parks. : “Lake Front | A. T. Andreas. Park appears in the list given, though that name It would have been a very easy matter to have was changed to Grant Park many years ago. Mid avoided most or all of the errors above mentioned, way Plaisance is said to have been the site of the as a few books of reference giving correct infor- World's Columbian Exposition in 1893; and while mation on all these points were easily obtainable. this is true in part, the fact is that Jackson Park It shows how easy it is to avoid one's responsi- was the site of far the most important of the bilities in such matters by sitting down with some Exposition structures. old cyclopædia article and rewriting or Among the institutions mentioned "Armour In-densing it without any attempt to revise or bring stitute" appears but not Lewis Institute, and the information down to date. Taking liberties “Hall House” is erroneously printed for Hull with articles of this kind is a common fault with House. The Field Museum of Natural History is writers of cyclopædias and works of similar char- mentioned under its old name, long since dis acter, especially those on subjects pertaining to the carded. The water supply, it is said, is “extremely newer regions of the West. Writers and editors good,” which is quite true, but the writer adds of such works exercise much more caution when that it is “ owing to the construction of a tunnel the older cities and localities of the country are four miles into Lake Michigan." As a matter of under treatment, for it is well known that negligent fact there are nine tunnels in existence, one of and loose writing in regard to them will meet with which, it is true, extends four miles into the lake, much more prompt criticism than our busy people though none of the others exceed two miles in take the trouble to notice. Such an article as this length. It is said that the “canal” (referring to about Chicago, with as many errors contained in it the Drainage Canal) cost $33,000,000, though the as are found there, would raise a storm of protest cost to the taxpayers was about $75,000,000, and from the large body of readers found in almost the end is not yet. any of our older cities and communities; but it is Treating of the manufacturing carried on here taken for granted that the easy way will answer the writer of the article says that “numbers of for our more modern city, where, it is perhaps harvesting machines are made," which certainly correctly surmised, the few readers who do peruse seems an odd mode of expression, considering that the articles cannot find time in the mad rush of one company alone turns out some 800,000 ma everyday life to pause a moment and demand cor- chines of that kind annually in Chicago. In that rections in the interest of accuracy. part of the article referring to the grain trade it J. SEYMOUR CURREY. is said that the total reaches to “ about 3,000,000 Evanston (Ill.) Historical Society, June 23, 1914. bushels of corn, oats, and barley per annum. Whether the “total” refers to receipts or ship- ments, or both together, is not stated, but in any THE CHARACTER OF THE MEXICAN PEOPLE. case the figures are grotesquely incorrect. The total grain receipts at Chicago for the year 1912 (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) were 322,000,000 bushels, and the shipments 244, It is a common saying that one must go away 000,000, the difference being the quantity con from home to learn about himself, and it is equally sumed or remaining in storage at the end of the true that a person who has lived in Mexico must year. There are later figures than those quoted consult North American writers in order to learn here, as I am using only such information as was Mexican ideas and aspirations. Poor things, the 1914) 11 THE DIAL Mexicans, don't know what they want; they are become educated. Doubtless the school is often at inarticulate; we know, and we inform the world! fault, but it cannot do everything. It can teach In spite of all this, may I – having lived in the lore of books, which it too often does by a Mexico, keeping house, circulating among all cramming process, but after all the child will gain classes and especially among peons — may I sug in the home, if at all, that broader knowledge of gest that your reviewer, in discussing certain books affairs and that outlook on life which constitutes bearing on Mexico, fell into the very common error culture as distinct from book-learning. Now, how of reading into the Mexican people aspirations much are the average parents of to-day doing at and ideas totally foreign to that very amiable and home to open the way for this culture? What is immature race? the usual conversation at the family dinner table? The population of Mexico consists of some four- College-bred parents, who can talk intelligently teen millions. Of these some two million are and interestingly on literature or science or topics whites, chiefly Spanish, and the remainder, some of current interest, and who do so at their clubs, twelve million, consists of Indian stock; Aztec, spend the dinner hour at home in discussing the Toltec, Maya, Zapotec, etc. A psychological burning question of when the calciminer shall tint anthropologist (or whatever the proper title may the parlor ceiling, or how the Joneses happened to be) would probably call them morons — physically get that outlandish green auto, or perhaps they eat adults, mentally children. In that respect they are in preoccupied silence and let the children chatter much like our negroes before the war. about anything or nothing. Is it any wonder that Now, it is a matter of history that many of our children in such homes are not vitally interested good people half a century ago assumed that the in the subjects that are given to them at school, or negro had high and lofty aspirations for constitu- that they fail somehow to acquire an all-round tional government and political freedom. In due education? time things shaped themselves so that the negro You have referred to the ignorance of the mod- had an opportunity to demonstrate to the world ern child regarding the literature of the Bible. I just exactly what his “aspirations” were, just had occasion a few months ago to place two Bible what concrete form these longings for freedom, stories in the hands of a class of third-grade pupils etc., took. As we look back now at the shameless in one of the large public schools, as a test. Only tale of graft, boodle, corruption, blindness to three children out of a membership of fifty-two public duty, and wholesale inefficiency, we wonder had heard the story of Moses. A majority had how the experiment ever came to be tried. heard in Sunday-school about Joseph, but many The reason is simple: we persisted in reading were very bazy concerning him. Has the reading into negro character aspirations and ideals totally of the Scriptures at home been entirely abandoned foreign to it - utterly incomprehensible to them. in these latter days, and is the change of attitude And at the present day, undeterred and unen toward them responsible for the condition just lightened by the patent teachings of history, a noted ? WALTER TAYLOR FIELD. large part of the American people still persists in the error of assuming aspirations and ideals Chicago, June 20, 1914. among a people unable to read and write of which they have not the slightest inkling. UNPUBLISHED LETTERS AND SPEECHES OF American and other foreign observers unite in LINCOLN. limiting the aspirations of the average peon of Mexico to such simple things as a sufficiency of (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) frejoles, tortillas and pan dulce to eat; a suit of The undersigned have been appointed by the cotton clothes and the inevitable frazada to wear, Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library an adobe shanty with a few sticks of furniture editors of a collection of uncollected and unprinted to live in; an occasional bullfight or shady comedy letters, speeches, etc., of Abraham Lincoln. We to witness; and vague unlimited aspirations for should greatly appreciate any information concern- mescal, gambling, cockfighting, robbery, and mur ing such material that may be furnished us by der when drunk. He not only has no aspiration for representative government, just and impartial DANIEL K. DODGE, judiciary, civil service reform, and community CLARENCE W. ALVORD. altruism, but the very terms are meaningless to University of Illinois, Urbana, June 22, 1914. him. The peon is four-fifths of the Mexican people. E. L. C. MORSE. MR. J. D. BERESFORD'S TRILOGY. Chicago, June 20, 1914. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) “ WHAT CHILDREN SHOULD KNOW." I should like to devise means of persuading Mr. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) J. D. Beresford to complete the trilogy which he The editorial on "What Children Should Know," began so wonderfully well in “ The Early History of Jacob Stahl ” and continued only less won- in the last issue of THE DIAL, offers food for re- flection. You are right, I think, in placing upon derfully in "A Candidate for Truth.” Would not the parents much of the blame for the ignorance a petition signed by admirers of these novels have of the coming generation. We depend upon the an effect? I should be happy to assist in the circu- lation of such a petition. school to supply our children with culture, and we FRANCIS BUZZELL. blame the school if the child does not respond and Lake Bluff, Ill., June 26, 1914. your readers. 12 (July 1 THE DIAL ness. The New Books. style. Everyone sings the praises of King Albert of Belgium, who has not only generously renounced his very considerable private revenues from the IN THE HEART OF THE DARK CONTINENT. * Congo, but has himself contributed large sums of money towards the introduction of modern appli- Of late years the wilds of Africa have had ances, and towards combatting the sleeping sick- no lack of visits from eminent explorers, hunters, geographers, ethnologists, anthropolo- “ It will be time enough to discuss the promised gists, zoologists, botanists, and other seekers Congo reforms together with their influence on after things new and strange and interesting international trade, which is so closely bound up in them, when they have become an accomplished in the little-known interior of the Dark Con- fact — and this is still a long way off. tinent. The fruits of one of the most notable “Now, at any rate, contrary to the assertions of of these expeditions are offered, so far as they biased newspapers, the natives enjoy considerate can be offered in a book, in the two handsome treatment, not only here, but in many other parts volumes describing the operations of the Ger of the West Coast, a treatment regarded with grave man exploring party headed by the Duke of anxiety by such as really understand negro psy- Mecklenburg in 1910-1911, being the second chology. The manner in which justice is admin- African expedition conducted by this intrepid istered in some of the chief West African towns, explorer. But although his name appears on in many cases positively favouring the negroes to the title-page as sole author, not more than an incredible degree, seriously resembles an unac- one-seventh of the book is from his pen, the countable panic. Such obvious anxiety not to offend so-called 'influential' individuals must in remaining six-sevenths being the work of five the long run have injurious results. For natives other members of the party, who were engaged are quick to recognize timidity, and to take advan- in subsidiary expeditions aside from the main tage of it. I could mention several examples bear- route. ing out this statement only too well. Every "From the Congo to the Niger and the traveller should consider it his duty to call attention Nile” designates in a general way the pur- to the need of just but stern government." pose and character of this central African The writer regards the economic develop- exploring enterprise, in which its leader con ment of the Congo as "seriously endangered fined his activities chiefly to the regions of the by the new regulations regarding the treat- Middle-Congo, Ubangi, Lake Tchad, and the ment of the natives." It is reported, though Binue (or Benue) and Niger rivers, while his we need not necessarily be alarmed by the aids pushed their several ways eastward to statement, that the profits from rubber-pro- the White Nile and up to its confluence with duction have of late materially diminished. the Blue Nile, through the German Congo and As the government no longer uses force in South Cameroons, and to the islands of Fer collecting the rubber by native industry, the nando Po and Annobon. The purpose of all large collecting stations have become useless. these trips was, of course, to obtain geograph Plantations now offer the sole means of obtain- ical, ethnological, anthropological, zoological, ing rubber, but even here there are serious botanical, and other useful information, and obstacles in the regulations forbidding the to collect specimens of animal and plant life employment of unwilling native laborers, so in other words, to enlarge the bounds of that the early abandonment of these planta- human knowledge as to this little-travelled tions seems unavoidable. Better that, how- section of the globe, in which a considerable ever, than the perpetuation of a barbarous extent of recently-acquired German territory system of peonage or negro slavery. beckoned alluringly to German explorers and In contrast to that “just but stern govern- scientists. ment” advocated by the traveller familiar · Evidences of improved conditions in the with German methods of administration, na- Belgian Congo were noted by the explorers, tive African systems of government and of though not all the changes observed by them judicial procedure are certainly feeble and in- were fully approved. We read, for example effectual. In the Mandja country “the chiefs in the opening chapter: have absolutely no authority over their sub- “In Boma we noticed several alterations and improvements. The sleeping sickness, which still jects, the government being highly demo- cratic. A chief cannot punish any of his ravages a great part of the interior of Africa, has necessitated the extension of the splendid hospital, subjects, and has no means of enforcing obe- and the large palace of the Governor is soon to be dience." In the detection of crime, trials by replaced by a new building in the modern European fire or poison are customary. A suspected thief is made to hold his hand in the fire, and * FROM THE CONGO TO THE NIGER AND THE NILE. if it burns him he is declared guilty; or he Account of the African Expedition of By Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg. may be forced to drink poison, and if he dies With 514 illustrations from photographs and drawings, and a map. Philadelphia: The John Winston Co. of it his guilt is proved, but if he survives he An German Central In 1910-1911. two volumes. 1914) 13 THE DIAL is innocent. Among the Niellims there is a venerable old man named Bogpingi, he says bee-hive test that serves the same purpose as that the patriarch related with great pride the the ordeal by fire or poison. The accused is history of his origin, which is as follows: compelled to thrust his hand into a bee-hive, “His great-grandfather, Rumbi, had once upon and if the bees resent the intrusion in their a time lost his way in the great Congo forest, and usual manner the suspected one is pronounced had lived by himself until he made friends with guilty, a contrary result causing a correspond a herd of chimpanzees. He made his home with ing verdict. But the court is commonly won this herd, and eventually married a chimpanzee over by unfair means by the plaintiff; that young lady. By this union he had several children, is, the bees are irritated beforehand, and hence amongst them Bansira, who was afterwards Bog- an acquittal is all but unknown. pingi's grandfather. Bansira was finally adopted German criticism of rules and regulations by the Pambias, and his family has remained with in districts controlled by the French is not this tribe ever since; his son was the chief Gimma, the father of my informant Bogpingi. The old unnaturally to be found in the book.. For gentleman was very proud of having had a chim- example, in the Duke of Mecklenburg's ac- panzee for his great-grandmother, and his face count of his explorations about Lake Tchad certainly confirmed his account of his ancestry, we read: bearing an unmistakable resemblance to my two “ The daily loading of the animals was indeed a tame chimpanzees. Several times in this country sore trial of our patience. Each ox carries his I came across families claiming a direct descent driver and a load suspended on each side, which from anthropoid apes, which they regarded as a must be very carefully balanced to prevent the special honour, and by no means as a disgrace!" heavier load from dragging down the lighter. This One further notable passage must be given, was an almost daily occurrence, so that we became this time from Dr. Arnold Schultze's travels quite accustomed to hear the crash of falling pack in the German Congo and South Cameroons, ing-cases, although this did not exactly improve as related by him in the second volume. Near their contents. The preparations for starting the village of Lau, between Yukaduma and always occupied at least an hour and a half, whereas well-drilled carriers get ready to march in Assobam, he was visited by a chieftain who less than half an hour. The animals soon tired and gave interesting information concerning the fell on the bad roads, which resembled nothing so widely-scattered secret society called “Labi." much as a frozen and newly ploughed field. The “ The most astonishing thing connected with this overhanging branches, too, pulled down the loads, society is its secret language, understood by all and thus necessitated halts of varying duration members, and constituting a bond of union between which were very tiresome. However, French 'hu- natives belonging to the most diverse and often manity' forbids the employment of native carriers hostile tribes. A Labi member may not kill his in all districts where they can be replaced by antagonist in battle after the latter has proclaimed animals. Perhaps the happy day will yet dawn his membership by means of a few code words. in Europe when all manual labour will be for- Duku, a soldier who accompanied me, belonged to bidden for humanitarian reasons !" this society, and confirmed the statements of the Sharper point is given to this ironical com Lau chief, adding that its members are found ment on French "humanity” by the thought among the Yangheres, Bokaris, Bipalos, and Kakas, less cruelty of the native drivers toward their as well as among the Makas and Yebekolles." beasts of burden. But in general we sympa- No lack of unusual and often exceedingly thize with the negroes in their decided pref- interesting information is to be found in these erence for following their own pursuits rather generous volumes. The colored illustrations than being coerced into the wearisome office and uncolored drawings furnished by the of carrier. artist of the expedition, Herr Ernst M. Heims, Among the more interesting discoveries are excellent; and his pen contributes a nota- of these explorers may be noted the stone ble section, “From Lake Tchad to the Niger." hatchets and hammers found in Bagirmi and Pictures from photographs abound through- regarded as “traces of a far-distant age,” out the work, and a good map is inserted at and also the “eatable earth" of the same re- the end. The translation, commendable espe- gion -- a natural product looked upon by the cially for its successful avoidance of the tone natives as a great delicacy when made into a of a translation, is from an unnamed hand kind of pudding sauce. Here, evidently, is or hands. Some evidences of haste in the the paradise of which our own clay-eaters preparation and proof-reading and printing dream. Further eastward, in Bahr-el-Ghazal, of the book are discoverable, as is commonly there was encountered what might almost be to be expected in a work issued simultaneously regarded as the long-looked-for missing link; in several languages; but the substantial in fact, several links made their appearance, worth of this contribution to our knowledge as described by Captain von Wiese und Kais of equatorial Africa is not thereby impaired. erswaldau. Recording his meeting with a PERCY F. BICKNELL. 14 (July 1 THE DIAL AN ENGLISHI MODERNIST. * sistent Catholic book can scarcely be scientific in a modern sense. That is, the deductive “ Modernism” is a word which only re Aristotelian interpretations made by Thomas cently has been found frequenting good society Aquinas in the thirteenth century have never with a specific, not to say a technical, mean been brought into harmony with the empir- ing. It would be a moderately good definition | ical methods of the twentieth century (and to say that Mr. G. K. Chesterton is a Modern- therein lies the problem of the Modernist). ist; but still only moderately good, for so Science is always heretical and protestant, many Modernists are not what Mr. Chesterton whatever the bias of the scientist may be. is. It may be better, then, to quote Professor Therefore when a scientific person and a non- Santayana, from his breezy “Winds of Doc- Catholic to boot reads in Mr. Ward's Preface trine”: “Modernism is the infiltration into that “the crude theory of 'private judgment' minds that begin by being Catholic and wish finds few advocates" and that “heresies are to remain so of two contemporary influences : of course a danger to the Church,” the audac- one the rationalistic study of the Bible and ity of this cool conservatism is more startling of church history, the other modern philos- to him than the last outburst of the highest ophy, especially in its mystical and idealistic German criticism can be to the innocent lit- forms.” A little further on he says in his eralist. But it will also be extremely salutary brilliant and slightly unfair way: “The mod for that same non-Catholic to get the view- ernist, then, starts with the orthodox but point of Modernism, not from a priest, but untenable persuasion that Catholicism com- from a Catholic philosopher and man of the prehends all that is good; he adds the world. heterodox though amiable sentiment that any The chapter on “Union among Christians” well-meaning ambition of the mind, any illu turns a frank face to the great schism in the mination, any science, must be good, and Christian Church. Why are not Catholics as therefore compatible with Catholicism." ready as Protestants to coöperate against the On reading the first half of Mr. Wilfrid common foes of atheism and free thought? Ward's “Men and Matters'' one might not Mr. Ward's answer is so important as to de- feel the application of the foregoing remarks, serve full quotation : for though the papers on George Wyndham “ What then is the true import and rationale and John Stuart Mill and "Mr. Chesterton of the exclusiveness of Catholics? of their slow- among the Prophets" all reveal the Catholic ness to amalgamate with other Christians? Why, point of view, that view is truly Catholic, if they wish to coöperate with others against the undisturbed by any hint of schism, modernist common enemy are they not more ready than they or medievalist; while the two delightful actually are to put out of sight points of differ- papers on Disraeli might have been written ence, to join in common worship, to send their children to schools in which the essence of Chris- by a Jew. tianity is taught, though not the distinctively It is in the second half of the volume that Catholic doctrines? Why do they seem so slow to the Modernism of Mr. Ward develops. Begin- recognize that in the great battle for Christian ning auspiciously with an essay on Cardinal faith, forms of the creed are minor matters com- Vaughan, the unity is broken briefly by pared with its essence? The reply may be put in “Tennyson at Freshwater.” Then the burden various ways. The one which I think best appeals is renewed, and grows in volume and dis to the modern mind is the view which is illustrated tinctness to the end. The titles alone are elo- in Cardinal Newman's Essay on Development, by quent: “Cardinal Newman's Sensitiveness," his comparison of the Catholic Church to an Union among Christians," "The Conserva- organism. An organism has many parts perform- tive Genius of the Church,” “St. Thomas ing various functions which cannot be regarded as Aquinas and the Mediæval Thought," "Car- equally important elements in its life-work. Yet dinal Newman on its power to do its life-work effectively depends Constructive Religious on the whole being kept alive and vigorous. And Thought,” “Reduced Christianity," and and for this object functions not directly connected “Papers Read before the Synthetic Society.”' with its most important work are indispensable. Although there is a formidable ecclesiastical Cicero's digestive functions are certainly a very sound to these titles, and indeed not a little minor matter in our thought of Cicero as a world- ecclesiastical material under them, yet the power. Yet they may have played an all-important writer's sound historical knowledge and mel-part in the general well-being without which he low personality, joined with his completely would not have left us the writings by which his flexible and dignified handling, give them all greatness was established. The Catholic Church no doubt claims to be the one indefectible guardian an interest even to the general reader. of the Christian revelation. Her exclusiveness is The groundwork of assumptions in a con- largely based on this claim. But it has also much of its raison d'être in reasons which are the condi- * MEN AND MATTERS. tions of efficiency for any organism. Her creed By Wilfrid Ward. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. 1914] 15 THE DIAL tions." and ritual and organization form a complete and Aristotle's metaphysical works, condemned by living whole. Once you begin to tamper with it the Council of Paris in 1210 A. D. to be burnt, and to suggest that only those parts of her creed were “sifted” by Albertus Magnus and trans- should be insisted on which she shares with other formed by St. Thomas, until in 1254 they Christians, you threaten the validity of the living organism and the individuality on which its power were in the official required list for the Bach- elor of Arts degree. This lesson from Aquinas, largely depends." Mr. Ward would have the modern Church This would be fine were it not for a defect | learn. He says the temper of mind of the in the analogy of Cicero's “digestive func- twelfth and thirteenth centuries was much Modern history takes very important like this of the twentieth. The material of the account of Cicero's digestion. We are dog- intellectual questioning was different; but the matically certain that life depends to an exces method, the precocious curiosity, was the same. sive degree “upon the liver," that the deepest Therefore in dealing to-day with secular learn- tragedies (such as Hamlet's) have all a phy- ing the Christian theologians "have every- siological basis. So it is not quite modern to thing to learn from St. Thomas.” assume that the liver is only obscurely in our It appears later in this essay that what St. minds. Furthermore, is there not a sugges Thomas did was to join the philosophy of tion of casuistry in the comparison of ritual Plato to the method of Aristotle, and Mr. with such an important part of Cicero? Cic Ward's immense though natural mistake is ero's baldness or the cut of his toga really that Christian theologians have still only had no effect, according to the best informa- Plato and Aristotle to reckon with. Mr. Ward tion available, on his influence as a world knows something of later philosophies, of power. Pragmatism for instance, but he brushes this Another passage to the same point seems last aside as out of court. Such a magisterial much more convincing. Speaking of one of manner with this potent element in our Zeit- the distinctively Catholic ideals, the monastic geist argues only fear of the opposition or life, as a point at issue for Protestants, espe distrust of his own forces, or both. The cially for Mr. Kingsley, Mr. Ward writes: “Summa Theologica,” however keen and “Probably far more will be done to check infi effective a weapon in the thirteenth century, delity by the zeal and esprit de corps of even one needs more than a simple readjustment; it among the hundreds of Catholic religious orders must have a new handle and some new blades. than by all that the religion in common between The essays that are without ecclesiastical Mr. Kingsley and the Pope would be likely to tang are delightful. That on Disraeli flashes effect not because the points in common between them are not the most important ones, but because light upon so many facets of this sparkling in the monastic vocation you have the inspiration person that the confluence takes on unity and and the faith that can move mountains, while Mr. historic truth. The treatment of John Stuart Kingsley and the Pope are not likely to combine Mill is as fine a piece of critical writing upon so as to create any parallel esprit de corps or self- a difficult and not over-engaging subject as denying zeal in their followers. Zeal is needed can be found in contemporary literature. It as well as truth, heat as well as light. Nothing is worthy of the early reviewers, of the hand is more important than belief in God. Yet a mis of a Macaulay or the heart of a Carlyle. cellaneous collection of theists would probably be “Tennyson at Freshwater,” though a comparatively lukewarm and ineffective apostles.” charming piece of literary chat, curiously Herein lies the only effective justification of misses the mark of its author. Mr. Ward as denominations. Speaking in terms of formal a boy had known and worshipped Tennyson, logic, as you inerease the extension of a term and in recounting some homely incidents or thing you decrease the intention, until concerning the god of his idolatry” he dan- finally the meaning grows so thin that it is gerously assumes that his readers will inter- nothing but skin and bone with not a drop of pret them as sympathetically as he himself blood to give it force. does. For instance, Jowett's remark, “Ten- The gist of Modernism is contained in the nyson experienced a great deal of pain from two papers, “The Conservative Genius of the the attacks of his enemies; I never remember Church” and “St. Thomas Aquinas and Me his receiving the least pleasure from the diæval Thought.” The conservative principle commendation of his friends," quoted approv- of the Church has resulted in the continuous ingly, may not be considered altogether con- double phenomenon of Resistance and Assimi clusive as to Tennyson's imperviousness to lation. “The palmary instance of this as- flattery, but rather bears witness to a gluttony similative activity - because the change was that no surfeit could satisfy. And Mr. Ward's greatest — was the complete adaptation of the concluding anecdote has such a doubtful twist ology to Aristotelian philosophy and to dia as to leave one almost suspicious of his alle- lectical treatment by St. Thomas Aquinas." | giance: 16 (July 1 THE DIAL “He was perfectly conscious of all that he memorandum, not in Malone's handwriting, added to the effect of a poem by reading it himself, which agrees with the suspected play-list in and I remember on one occasion his reading to Sir almost every detail, even as to the peculiari- Richard Jebb and myself 'Come into the garden, ties of spelling. If the play-list was founded Maud,' working up the passion of the concluding on the Malone memorandum it must have been stanzas with extraordinary power, each line in a higher key than the one before it, and then his made after 1812, the year of Malone's death. voice falling suddenly with the last words: Recently it occurred to Mr. Ernest Law to · Would start and tremble under her feet, examine the condemned papers, and he came And blossom in purple and red.' to the conclusion that the adverse judgment He added, as the tears stood in his eyes and his of his predecessors had been too hastily voice trembled with emotion, 'No one knows what reached and that the questioned accounts were Maud is till they have heard me read it.' And it genuine. Professor Wallace, Sir George War- was perfectly true.” ner, and others, examined the papers at Mr. THOMAS PERCIVAL BEYER. Law's request and confirmed his conclusions; whereupon he published the results of his investigation in 1911 in a very readable and THE SUSPECTED SHAKESPEARE interesting booklet entitled, “Some Supposed PLAY-LISTS.* Shakespeare Forgeries." As might have been In 1842 Peter Cunningham, clerk in the anticipated, the little book and its facsimiles audit office, Somerset House, announced that attracted the attention of students of Eliza- he had discovered the original manuscript ac- bethan literature the world over, and its con- counts of the expenses incurred by the Master clusions met with general acceptance. There of the Revels, Edmund Tylney, for the dra was one writer, however, who was not con- matic entertainment of King James. The vinced, and who, in the pages of “The Athe- “find” consisted of three folio sheets folded næum, attacked the questioned documents into six leaves, twelve pages, which were held with great vigor and much learning, even if together by a thread. In this pamphlet three not with that scientific accuracy that such pages are devoted to an enumeration of plays an inquiry demands. an inquiry demands. The little book now presented before the king at Whitehall in before us, “More about Shakespeare ‘Forg- the winter of 1604-5 and 1611-12, among eries,' " embodies Mr. Law's reply to his which are included some of Shakespeare's anonymous critic; and it must be admitted plays, with the dates of their production and that he scores neatly, fairly, and convincingly the name of “the poet wch mayd the plaies – with regard to most of the points made Shaxberd." These lists are of the utmost im- against the Accounts. And yet the present portance to Shakespeare scholars, for they reviewer is not convinced. The historic and throw light on the hotly debated questions of literary evidence of the genuineness of the the date of composition of some of the poet's 1604-5 and 1611-12 lists is not such as not to greatest works, such as “The Tempest, leave room for doubt. A question of this “Othello,” “A Winter's Tale," and "Meas- | kind can be settled in only one way,— by a ure for Measure." Twenty-six years after properly conducted scientific investigation of Cunningham's startling discovery, the forgot- the MS. by a professional handwriting ex- ten pamphlet was offered for sale to the Brit- pert along the lines so well described and ish Museum by a book dealer. Sir F. Madden depicted by Mr. A. S. Osborn in his unsur- investigated the matter and, finding that the passable volume, “Questioned Documents." papers were public property, retained them Notwithstanding the many manuscripts Pro- in the name of the government. After a fessor Wallace has read, he is in no sense a cursory examination, the pages which mention handwriting expert, certainly no more than Shaxberd's plays were unhesitatingly de- J. 0. Halliwell was. That Sir George Warner clared to be “a gross forgery." Mr. Bond, “scrutinized” the questioned documents and Assistant Keeper of Manuscripts, Mr. Hardy, pronounced in their favor, notwithstanding of the Rolls Court, and all Shakespearean “a somewhat suspicious air about them, editors and scholars, so regarded them. Speak- proves absolutely nothing. The report of ing of pages 3 and 4 of the 1604-5 list, Mr. Professor Dobbie, the Principal of the gov- Halliwell declared that the character of the ernment laboratories, stands in a different ink alone warranted the suspicion that the category; but unfortunately Mr. Law does forgery was perpetrated after 1812. One of not print the report, contenting himself with the reasons for this statement was the fact quoting Professor Dobbie as saying that the that in 1880 he had discovered among the general appearance of the ink is uniform Malone MSS. in the Bodleian Library a throughout the book, that none of it had faded more in one part than in another, and that * MORE ABOUT SHAKESPEARE “ FORGERIES.” By Ernest Law, B.A. New York: The Macmillan Co. microscopically and chemically the ink shows 1111 1914) 17 THE DIAL identical characteristics throughout the pam- and to the memory of Cunningham, the biog- phlet. But this by no means puts the ques-rapher of Inigo Jones and Nell Gwynn, Mr. tion out of court. All who have seen the Law should have provided us with such fac- original MS., even Mr. Law, have said that simile enlargements (X 30) of parts of the there are suspicious features about the ques- suspected MSS., with the full report of Pro- tioned pages, such as the general appearance fessor Dobbie, with natural size facsimiles of of the writing, the tint of the ink, the pres- parts of the unsuspected MSS., of the writings ence of the names of the dramatists in the of persons who might have had a hand in margin, the character of the ink, the punctua- writing these documents (Tylney, Swanston, tion, the spelling, etc. Cunningham, etc.), for it is not impossible Mr. Law should not have rested with the that we may some day be able to identify the examination of the ink, for there is nothing maker of a few pen-strokes from certain more certain in modern bibliotics than that microscopic characteristics as definite as an in- it is not always possible positively to deter- dividual's finger prints. A facsimile of the mine whether the ink of a suspected portion Malone “scrap” would also be of value. of a writing is of the same kind as the ink of A trifling matter to which we must call the unsuspected part or whether the two writ- attention, because of the proneness of so many ings were made with the same ink. And when, writers to make incorrect statements con- in the case of old documents, these questions cerning Shakespeare, is Mr. Law's assertion are answered it is important to know whether (p. 17) that the substantive plural plays does the suspected forger could have obtained or not occur anywhere in Shakespeare's works. made ink of that kind, i. e., whether the for- Julius Cæsar, speaking of Cassius, says: “He mula of the suspected ink was known to him. loves no Playes," and Rosalind says: “good It is extremely doubtful whether it is possible playes prove the better by the helpe of good to differentiate the age of the ink in a ques. Epilogues." SAMUEL A. TANNENBAUM. tioned manuscript that is not less than sev- enty years old from a genuine writing three hundred years old, especially if the chemical AN ENGLISH STUDY OF WALT WHITMAN.* composition of the two inks was practically identical. Ever since its first appearance, the poetry The present inquiry is one of the most diffi of Walt Whitman has been received as a chal- cult that a handwriting expert can be called lenge to traditional culture, sounding the note upon to decide. We have to deal with the of defiance and revolution. But his disciples question of a simulated holograph purporting have hailed him also as the discoverer of a to have been written between 1604 and 1612. new world and a new life which is to replace The suspected forger did not attempt to copy, entirely the old. Most readers, perhaps, find- trace, or imitate any particular individual's ing in his poetry a genuine and valuable expe- handwriting. We have, therefore, no standard rience, have been bewildered by these extreme for comparison, and all that is left us to do claims, unable to accept them or reject them is to study the questioned documents for such wholly. They have found in their very real tell-tale evidences as a forger, unless gifted experience some implications which seemed with superhuman cleverness, is sure to leave obviously absurd. Such puzzled readers need in his work. Such evidence can be found a work which gives more illumination and less only in photographic enlargements of the heated rhapsody than the essays on Whitman document by direct and by transmitted light. which we have become accustomed to. It is Such photographs disclose things unobserva- from this critical point of view that the En- ble by the keenest eye, such as patching, glish writer, Mr. Basil de Sélincourt, has writ- over-writing, differences in the ink tints, dif ten his stimulating study. His purpose has ferences in the pens used, erasures by chemi been to analyze Whitman's poetry, to state cal or mechanical means, underlying pencil its principles positively; and thus make possi- lines, breaks in the continuity of writing (as ble not only a relation of Whitman with the if the writer were drawing instead of writ- past, but an intelligent estimate of his signifi- ing), retouching, writing over the folds in cance for the future. the paper (showing whether the writing was Mr. de Sélincourt has devoted about half his done before or after the paper was folded, book to the difficult problem of Whitman's very important in this case), whether tears in art. Here the important feature is the aban- the paper were made before or after the writ donment of metre and the reliance on rhythm ing, differences in line, quality, etc. For these alone. Since the first appearance of “Leaves purposes the reduced facsimiles published by of Grass" we have of course learned more Mr. Law are absolutely valueless. To have Critical Study. By Basil de rendered a really important service to letters Sélincourt. With portrait. New York: Mitchell Kennerley. # WALT WHITMAN. A 18 (July 1 THE DIAL thoroughly that rhythm is the more impor-cult for a young nation to contemplate with tant, and even that great poetry can be writ- | religious seriousness its crudities. "Growth ten without metre. Nevertheless, since metre is not a delectable word to those whose task helps to make the intended cadence clear to it is to be growing. There is even a flavour the reader, Mr. de Sélincourt thinks Whitman, of tactlessness in the use of it under such in abandoning it, made a great sacrifice of circumstances.” It is not then so strange that For unless rhythm “is | Whitman should have found his most appre- communicated with exactitude, the words are ciative audience over-seas. “Writing for the liable to lose their poetic quality and to be- mechanic, the pioneer, the rough, he forgot come lifeless.' that the rough does not understand or care In the larger matters of construction of line for roughness, craving perpetually to be and poem, the author is more sympathetic.smooth. His primary appeal is to those whose The basis of construction, it is clear, is the ear he would not have thought or cared to line, each line being complete in itself and gain, to authors and teachers, to the cultured containing in germ the personality of the poet. classes in this old feudal world, to those who By parallelism, by various devices of repeti are sophisticated and tired of sophistication, tion, line is bound to line to make up a poem. to those who are chafing against limitations The unity of the whole is not at first apparent, they must abide by.' and is indeed achieved only by atmosphere, by What his countrymen can profit by, how- the personality of the poet, and not by the ever, is the courage and insight which could stricter imaginative or logical continuity. find a place in poetry even for the crude and This summary of Mr. de Sélincourt's chap- the rough. Whitman believed firmly, and in ters, though bald, is perhaps sufficient to his remarkable and too much neglected prose justify the statement that in so far as Whit- writings expressed the idea with great co- man is great, “it is not his daring unconven gency and power, that democracy must be tionalities that make him so, though these in based on religious character. In the future. themselves are such as to argue greatness of the human race must learn that its aspira- a kind. He is great because, having chosen tions to intellectual and artistic culture were his method, he takes the consequences of his at least partial, if not worse, and have too choice with consummate pliability and respon- often stood in the way of the deeper and more siveness.” sacred principle of growth. For Whitman, However, even after deriving from the book as Mr. de Sélincourt says, “is the poet of the itself these principles by which to judge it, principle of life, of the pilgrimage and prog- the reader finds that Whitman's work is very ress of the soul, of perpetual growth and uneven in merit. Mr. de Sélincourt explains amelioration, of the joy of spiritual growth.” that the poet's power “varied immensely at LOUIS I. BREDVOLD. different periods of his life; and being a poor critic of his own writings, he finally arranged them without regard for their poetic value, RECENT FICTION.* considering merely in what order the thought of each would be most effective in its contri The novelist's business is to communicate. bution to the thought of all.” But the stu The novelist who takes himself seriously is dent of Whitman has to realize, as profoundly always quite as much concerned about the as Whitman did himself, that the poetic value persons to whom he wishes to speak as he is of his work is secondary to its thought. His about the thing he wishes to say. His work perfect lines, indeed, could not alone repre- is conditioned by their capacity for apprecia- sent him; Whitman without his jargon, his tion almost as rigidly as it is by his own bad taste, his absurdities, strange as it may powers of creation. If he finds that even the seem, would lose much of his peculiar power. more clear-seeing and imaginative of his con- The grotesque and ugly does have some temporaries are incapable of assigning to sex strange function in culture, perhaps a lib- its proper importance in life he may feel com- erating one; but its presence in Whitman's pelled either to over-emphasize that impor- poetry is explained by that wholesale tolerance and undiscriminating sympathy which he con- By Robert Herrick. Boston: Houghton sidered a part of the spirit of democracy. Kennerley. Whitman ruled out of life the selective prin- By Helen C. Roberts. ciples of reason and taste. GRAY YOUTH. By Oliver Onions. New York: George H. The real crux in Whitman criticism is this THE RETURN OF THE PRODIGAL. conception of spiritual democracy. If we ac- By May Sinclair. cept that, we accept everything, --crudeness introduction by Carl Christian Hyllested. as well as beauty and grace. But it is diffi- Charles Scribner's Sons. CLARK'S FIELD. Mifflin Co. GREAT DAYS. By Frank Harris. New York: Mitchell A FREE HAND. Dutton & Co. New York: E. P. Doran Co. New York: The Macmillan Co. SHALLOW SOIL. By Knut Hamsun. Translated with an New York: 1914) 19 THE DIAL tance or to ignore it altogether. If he finds “Great Days" as as an experiment in social that all they ask of a heroine is that she be psychology. He wondered what the public, beautiful he may compliantly endow his hero or at least the reviewing part of it, would say ine with all the graces he can think of or he to an adventure story which was written on may obstinately insist on giving her a squint. the model G. A. Henty used a hundred times But whichever the direction of his reaction to but which recorded the hero's experience of those he writes for he does inevitably react, to love — a minimum- in the same forthright the result that he adjusts his presentation of fashion as his experience of war. Mr. Harris his view of life to what he imagines to be their was unable to divest himself of his outfit of view of life. general ideas or of his satirical view of the Mr. Robert Herrick is conscious of the de- English upper middle-classes when he came mand for heroes and heroines: that is one actually to the writing of such a yarn even reason why there are none in his novels. Mr. though he made the period that of Napoleon's Herrick never completely forgets that his rise, but otherwise he has carried out his plan. obligations to his public include that of edu It is too early to know the result. But doubt- cating it; and everybody knows that educa less it is foreshadowed in the comment of an tion is partly a process of giving plain bread avowedly “radical” literary monthly. This and butter to children who would much prefer comment is to the effect that “Great Days” cake. But this point aside, Mr. Herrick can- is the big rough brother of Three Weeks, '" not give us Great Persons because, perhaps, which is a sufficiently astounding misstate- he does not believe in them. "He is interested ment of the facts to gratify the perverse Mr. in types rather than in individuals; which Harris. The rest of us will hardly be so is only another way of saying that he is inter- pleased. For if we are still unable in this ested in the way our society modifies an country to see that the difference between ordinary person rather than in the way an Mrs. Elinor Glyn and Mr. Frank Harris is a extraordinary person modifies our society. basic difference, we have a longer way to The formula of “Clark's Field” is precisely travel toward intelligent appreciation than is that of One Woman's Life." The difference pleasant to contemplate. is that Adelle Clark is a pale, dull, kindly It is difficult to say in what respect Miss creature while Milly Ridge is a pretty, quick, Helen C. Roberts has modified her conception ambitious one. Adelle moves among people of of “A Free Hand” in order to present it to wealth in spite of herself, because she inherits her prospective audience. her prospective audience. She has made an five million dollars. Milly achieves a similar earnest, careful, and competent study of a place in the world largely by her own effort. man whom the casual American would un- Oddly enough the story of Adelle is the more hesitatingly pronounce a “dub” but who is pleasing of the two; the vein of it is lighter to a degree made interesting by the desire or the tone is more genial, it would be hard to for which Miss Roberts has provided a name say which It is a soundly written analysis in her title, as well as by his genuineness. of the case Mr. Herrick has chosen and if it Ridley Courage is a dentist, diffident and only once reaches any height of emotion it awkward, who marries a young actress, Alison contains many entertaining and illuminating Grant, at a time when she is ill and discour- passages. The chapter devoted to Mr. Ashly aged. She does not love him; does not, in- Crane's attempt to win Adelle by the bold deed, pretend to love him. And when, some bandit method of love-making is perhaps the years later, she finds herself strong again she best of these. It should serve excellently for leaves her husband and their small daughter reading aloud in those households where the in order to go back to the stage. The author's hạbit of reading aloud still persists. But an sympathy is chiefly with the husband. He Adelle can never arouse the enthusiasm of is of finer, if less triumphant, stuff than his readers of fiction. Her significance is thrust wife; and being the more complex of the two upon her; she is not important of and by he is naturally the more interesting to his herself; she is important merely as an exam creator. But the reader will be quite as much ple of our social product. It is more than interested in the woman and will wish for possible, as I have suggested, that Mr. Her more about her, which illustrates the inherent rick does not believe in persons who are difficulty of presenting the sort of person who anything more than that. If so it is his mis cannot justify himself outwardly as well as fortune and ours. For nothing less than a inwardly. Nevertheless, Miss Roberts's novel heroine could serve to bring out Mr. Herrick's is an excellent one. The publication of one best powers. as good by an unknown American writer Mr. Frank Harris is so interested in the would be an event. Our young novelists are conventional demands of English-speaking not given to expecting so much of their read- audiences that he has, I imagine, written ers as Miss Roberts does. 20 [July 1 THE DIAL Mr. Oliver Onions demands attention as Americans he failed to meet has equalled. the author of the trilogy of which “The Story There is real feeling behind it and there is of Louie" was the final volume. His “Gray in it the art to make that feeling effective. Youth,” which is made up of the two novels Mr. Hamsun saw twenty years ago or more he has written since (and which have recently in Christiania a group of young Bohemians been published in England under the titles poets, journalists, and artists — whose “The Two Kisses” and “A Crooked Mile'') power was altogether out of proportion to is a “clever” book. The first part is a satire their merit. His “Shallow Soil” is an attack on the contemporary young woman who thinks on them, but it is not a propaganda novel in herself and her chosen friends an enormous the bad sense. It is the story of the loves of improvement on the generation which bore four or five young people told with quiet them, who reads Mr. Frazer's “The Golden power. Such a novel compels me again to Bough” and admires "the clear-sighted Wein- ask why it is that they seem to do these things iger”?; the second part is a satire on the so much better abroad, not only in France, wealthy social meddler - in this case the where the tradition of prose fiction is so well young woman herself married, a mother, and established, and in Russia, but in little coun- possessed of enough money to be dangerous. tries like Denmark and Norway. Do Euro- Mr. Onions could have made it much keener peans write for a more intelligently apprecia- than it is; at least it is to be hoped that he tive audience, or do they write for an audience could. None of it cuts very deep and a good much the same as ours, but with more respect? deal of it appeals to familiar and established LUCIAN CARY. prejudice. In a word it is too obvious. Mr. Onions has set up a target on his own private range and that is a pity when there are so BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. many shining marks to shoot at. Miss May Sinclair, whose very literary Dr. Morton Prince has formu- in darkest talent continues to occupy itself chiefly with consciousness. lated in his book on "The Un- literary figures for the benefit of literary conscious” (Macmillan) the readers, wrote a preface for the English edi principles of interpretation of wayward ex- tion of the stories she offers in “The Return pressions of personality. The volume is of the Prodigal” in which she asked that they offered as an introduction to certain central be given the same consideration as so many problems in abnormal psychology. It is pri- novels. Only one of the stories, “The Cos- marily a book for students, and is presented mopolitan, ” which is as long as a brief novel, in the form of lectures. Viewed from the sur- deserves especial attention. It is about a face appearance, and with attention confined woman who sacrificed herself first to her to the bizarre features of shifting and divid- father — surely the deadliest bore in the ing and handicapped personalities, the vaga- year's fiction - and later to a cause. The ries of conflicting selves inhabiting the same story which furnishes the title for the volume tenement of clay seem fanciful and myste- is the least happy of the lot. The action is The action is rious,- veritable Jekylls and Hydes of lab- well enough but the details are without veri- oratory and clinic. It seems incredible that similitude. Miss Sinclair's conception of the the normal issue of a decently consistent self inside of a man who made himself a million should not be the fate of all; and the suspi- aire in the Chicago pork-packing industry is cion arises in some cases that the dividing possible; her conception of the outside of him chasms are not so deep or so real as the sub- is absurd. But there is fun — usually cruel jects relate. Phenomena of this kind cannot fun — in some of the literary stories, like be studied in detachment; as such they may "The Wrackham Papers," which Miss Sin appear to be freakish, but freak is a concep- clair understands so well how to do. There tion unrecognized by any self-respecting is even, in “Appearances," enough sentiment science. Dr. Prince organizes this domain to appease the appetite of the American mag with a more minute analysis of relations than azine editor — for whom, no doubt, it was put has yet been attempted. His distinctions are there. drawn with rare acuteness; and the resulting Mr. Knut Hamsun, who tried on two occa system of interpretation has enduring value; sions to make his way in America and found rica and found however subject to modification, it stands nothing better than a place as a street-car a notable step in the development of the sub- conductor in Chicago, has now his revenge. ject. Dr. Prince proceeds upon the principle His “Shallow Soil,'' translated into English that the abnormal phenomena are closely re- for the first time this year, is a novel that lated to the normal,— the clue to the one is few of the Americans he met will ever hear the clue to the other. Slight "faults” and of, but it is also one that hardly one of the lapses in normal life both follow and reveal 1914) 21 THE DIAL the course of more serious fissures of per- helps for poor scholars have been allowed to sonality as they appear in the distorted world suffer neglect or loss of personal tradition at of the abnormal. One of the fundamental the hands of their academic heirs. Vividly, concepts is that of conservation; the author's and with a fine spirit of appreciation, this theory of conservation makes it plain that living master calls the roll of the early stu- consciousness holds the key to but a portion dents, fellows, and patrons of the college, and of the storehouse. The unconscious vaults are brings back from oblivion many a brief tale essential to the mental economy; their mode of devotion to academic institution. The of contributing their supplies is peculiar, and accounts of pre-Reformation days, from the requires elaborate devices to secure their founding in 1348 until the monks were ban- record. Reserving the term subconscious for ished, bring very close to us the actual life the most general aspect of phenomena out of the young men who with icy fingers con- side the ordinary field of conscious awareness sulted the huge folios chained to the read- and control, the author makes the uncon- ing desk, as they sought to amass material scious the subterranean flow of memories and for their learned disputations. We see the registrations that affect without emerging to students at “commons” at "commons” listening drearily the surface appearance. They are written in enough to the voice of the clerk appointed to the primitive operations, the original primary read aloud some religious treatise during reactions of the nervous system. It is when meal time. meal time. The close relationship between these contributions, together with the sub-monastic life and college life is pictured all consciously held material nearer to the focus along, and especially in the chapter “Monks of assimilation, become organized and attempt in College," where Dr. Venn accounts for the a somewhat independent existence that the presence of so many young men from the term coconscious is brought forward; it desig- monasteries. They were selected by prior or nates a more or less firmly organized group abbot because of some special promise, and of responsiveness detached from the central were sent to the university to gain that personality and collateral with it. That the knowledge of Divinity or of Canon or Civil source of these irregularities of the mind's Law which would enable them to transact coalescence is an emotional one is abundantly business with prelates or with high secular clear; hysteria is the name of the congenial authorities, when the monastery needed culture-bed in which they grow. The mode trained and shrewd judgment. Some of these of their growth is complex indeed, and the young monks were elevated to posts of great layman is soon lost in the intricacies and distinction in later life. A more cheerful note entanglements of cross purposes and internal in scholastic life is to be observed when, in strife, to be solved only by the combined dip- 1580, drastic rules about “fote-ball” were lomatic skill and strategy of the clinician. To drawn up, and any student caught playing those to whom these problems form a serious this game with students of other colleges was study, Dr. Prince's volume may be recom in danger of being "openly corrected with mended as indispensable. the rod in the common schools by some of the University officers." In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the amenities of life oc- Under the title, “Early Colle- cupied more time, as may be seen in the let- Early life in an English giate Life” (Cambridge: W. ters written by young gentlemen who show college. Heffer & Sons), Dr. John Venn much concern regarding their apparel. “I has prepared a volume of addresses, letters, have sent you mine hatcase that you may and miscellaneous papers relating to Gonville send up my new hat: I have very much need and Caius College, Cambridge,— popularly The last chapter is a most interesting known as “Keys.' As an undergraduate of account of the routine of college life sixty the college, and now its president, Dr. Venn years ago. With its brief bits of biography, has a special sentiment for all the details its glimpses into a hidden past, its reconstruc- which he has collected from old records, oldtion of ancient life, the volume gives a very bursars' books, and kindred sources. Grouped sympathetic introduction to a great founda- as these studies are to form a continuous, tion. though informal, history of educators in one of the units of a great university, they are The enterprise, energy, and suc- absorbing reading, especially to those at all The joys of homesteading. cess of a young widow who, with familiar with collegiate life in England. The her two-year-old daughter, went first paper, “The Memory of Our Benefac-out to the Far West, filed a homesteader's tors, gives a very appealing account of claim, and by her achievements added so various early donors whose gifts of books, many feathers to her cap that, as she ex- windows, plate, braziers, or of pecuniary | pressed it, she felt as if she were wearing a on it. 22 [July 1 THE DIAL feather duster on her head, are related in whom are recognized as experts in the fields racy, idiomatic, unstudied style by the hero of economics and social legislation, were as- ine herself in a series of letters to a friend, sociated with Senator Dillingham's Immigra- written in the midst of the new experiences tion Commission throughout the four years .and with manifest guiltlessness of ulterior of its researches, and in their book they in- designs on the writer's part toward the read-corporated the most authentic and significant ing public. These “Letters of a Woman information contained in the forty-two mas- Homesteader” (Houghton) are signed at sive volumes of material which the Commis- first, "Elinore Rupert," but before a year sion published. They wrote, not as advocates, is out the confession is made that within six but as recorders and interpreters of facts. In weeks of the homesteader's arrival at Burnt the present edition the subject matter is Fork, Wyoming, the scene of the narrative, brought up to date, with the aid of the census she had allowed herself to be wooed and won of 1910 and of the most recent reports of the by the worthy and, we will add, discerning Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization. Scot whose homestead adjoined the one that Many chapters, including that on Recent Im- was ere long to be hers, and who had engaged migrants in Agriculture, have been rewritten, her services as housekeeper; and after this and new tables, charts, and texts of legisla- interesting confession she signs herself by her tive measures — notably the literacy-test sec- new name, which appears on the title-page as tion of the Dillingham-Burnett Bill vetoed “Elinore Pruitt Stewart,' Pruit being, as by President Taft in February, 1913, and the she explains in one of her letters, her patro California Alien Land Ownership Act of May, nymic. One suspects that the canny Scots 1913 - have been added. In their first edi- man's quick surrender to her charms was tion the authors declared for a more effec- partly effected by her display of a remarka tive restriction of immigration and suggested ble range and variety of useful accomplish as the most desirable mode the imposition of ments. She delighted him by her ability to an educational test. In the new edition they run the mowing machine and to milk the cows take occasion to lay added stress upon these no less than by her efficiency as cook and recommendations. They say that a policy of laundress and dairy maid; for she had early permanent or absolute exclusion is not im- been left an orphan in the Indian Territory, perative. But they maintain that if the and had learned farming as well as house influx of immigrant wage-earners shall be keeping. Small wonder, then, that though allowed to continue at its present rate there she had never had a day's schooling, she was is “no ground for expecting any noteworthy equal to the task of learning to write, and that improvement in the near future in the work- finally she wrote such letters that “The At- | ing and living conditions of the employees of lantic Monthly” was glad to publish them our mines and factories." Admitting that when by some kind providence they were the adoption of a policy of restriction might brought to the editor's attention; and those be attended by a temporary check in the letters, now collected in a book, give promise rapidity of the remarkable industrial expan- of attaining no inconsiderable fame in the sion of the last few years, they remind the literary world. They are, indeed, an example reader, in a convincing manner, that the true of that variety of the unexpected which make measure of the economic welfare of the citi- it worth while to be an editor. Mrs. Stewart's zens of an industrial and commercial nation enthusiasm for homesteading is infectious, as does not consist in the number of tons of coal are also the high spirits and jollity of her produced or the tons of pig iron, steel rails, admirable letters. Her neighbors are made to or yards of print cloth manufactured. The live and breathe before our eyes as she hits present situation is declared to be developing off their various peculiarities and amiabili social and political dangers which demand ties; to their faults and foibles, if they have immediate action. Coming from the average any, she makes no allusion. It is a hearty and writer upon the immigration problem, an wholesome book. Six good drawings accom- assertion of this nature might well be dis- pany the reading matter. counted. Coming from students of the well- known sanity and judiciousness of Messrs. Jenks and Lauck, the declaration merits the There has been issued recently reflection of every serious-minded citizen. Problems of a third edition, revised and en- immigration. With respect to the immigration of Oriental larged, of “The Immigration peoples, it is maintained that the country's Problem” (Funk & Wagnalls Co.), by Dr. present policy is entirely justifiable, although Jeremiah W. Jenks and Mr. W. Jett Lauck. it is pointed out that the form of selection In its original form the book possessed distinct might well be modified "so as not to wound qualities of superiority. Its authors, both of the national susceptibilities of any people.” 1914) 23 THE DIAL Mr. Reginald Blunt has made plementary chapter." She has also incor- Chelsea celebrities himself an authority on Chelsea, porated the most important discoveries which major and minor. its history and traditions, its have taken place since that time. Among these greater and lesser celebrities. His latest work may be mentioned the structure of the pyra- on his favorite theme bears the title, “In mid complex, with its four parts: valley Cheyne Walk and Thereabout” (Lippincott), temple, ascending causeway, mortuary temple and presents to view some of the less familiar on the plateau, and pyramid proper behind all, characters and old-time haunts of that his as revealed in the excavations at Abusir and toric portion of the Thames riverside. Thus Gizeh. Further work at Der el-Bahri on the we have chapters on Mary Astell, Don Saltero western edge of ancient Thebes has shown that and his coffee-house, Dr. Bartholomew Do- Queen Hatshepsut's mortuary temple, like meniceti and his baths, James Neilds the that which in earlier days stood at the east philanthropist, and his eccentric son, John side of the royal pyramid (to which Hatshep- Camden Neilds, and others, with an account of sut's cliff tomb excavated in the desolate val- the Chelsea Porcelain Factory, and another of ley behind is in this age analogous), was the Physic Garden of the Worshipful Society connected by a causeway with a gateway tem- of Apothecaries. Necessarily the great Sir ple down in the river valley. The terraced Hans Sloane and the Carlyles and Whistler form of Hatshepsut's cliff temple, which she and others of high renown play some part in had received credit for originating, has also Mr. Blunt's narrative; and the famous man been found to be modelled on an Eleventh Dy- sion bought by Sloane in 1736 (and recently nasty temple* lying immediately south of it made the subject of an interesting volume by and built before 2000 B. C., over five hundred Mr. Randall Davies — “The Greatest House years earlier. years earlier. The short table of the prin- at Chelsea") has its history briefly outlined in cipal epochs of Egyptian history” included one of the chapters. Light is thrown on the for the first time is a convenient addition. character and accomplishments of Sloane by The “Manual," however, does not in the text extracts from the little-known “Narrative of always distinguish different stages of devel- Some of the Occurrences in the Life of Ed-opment, as, for example, in the description mund Howard of the Parish of Chelsea.” of “moving statues” (p. 127). The intrusion Howard was in the famous naturalist's em- of priestcraft into politics there indicated did ployment as servant, and seems to have been not reach its height until the end of the New à shrewdly observant person. But the best Kingdom.” The history of the pyramid form of the book is reserved till the last, when the continues to be suggested, but not sharply author reproduces four unpublished letters brought out. A few well-chosen half-tone from Mrs. Carlyle to her maid Jessie (now plates supplement the cuts (many of them Mrs. Broadfoot of Thornhill) and adds details badly worn), which the publishers have re- furnished him by Mrs. Broadfoot herself tained from earlier editions. M. Maspero's all illustrating the amiability of maid Jessie's "Manual of Egyptian Archæology” in its re- master and mistress, and correcting certain vised and improved form, though neither abso- widely prevalent misconceptions. Mr. Blunt's lutely accurate nor thoroughly systematic, is father, it appears, was rector of Chelsea at by its compactness and readability well suited the time of Mrs. Carlyle's sudden death, and to the prominent place which this work has so thus the author is enabled to correct Froude's long held. characteristically inaccurate account of that period in the life of the Carlyles. Note- Few Americans have been made A great worthy illustrations from scarce old photo- the subject of more books and graphs and engravings contribute to the essays, sketches and speeches, interest of the book. than New Hampshire's most illustrious son, Daniel Webster. To the dozen or more exist- The field of Egyptian archæing biographies of this great statesman, jurist, A manual of Egyptian ology has just been resurveyed and orator, a by no means negligible addition archæology. in a sixth English edition of Sir is now made in Professor Frederic Austin Gaston Maspero's “Manual” (Putnam), ed- Ogg's “Daniel Webster”. (Jacobs), in the ited by Mrs. C. H. W. Johns. As M. Mas- series of “American Crisis Biographies. pero's other activities kept him fully occupied, As the author says in his preface, “the sub- the new editor, who is the sister of the able ject is old, and yet ever fresh. The shelves English Egyptologist F. Ll. Griffith, must be of our libraries groan under the masses of credited with whatever changes appear. Mrs. books relating to it. Yet neglected or largely Johns has transferred to their proper places unused materials are still being brought to in the author's scheme the data which in the * For the very latest news of this temple see the January (1914) Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New fifth edition (1902) were lumped in a “sup York, which excavated there last year. New England statesman. 24 [July 1 THE DIAL light; and so intricately do the life and work the position of the deaf among their fellow of the man enter into the very texture of beings ought not to be considered so anoma- the nation's history that they are very nearly lous as to require extended discussion. But as incapable of full and final interpretation in this first and less important section of the as is that history itself.” The recent pub- book it is interesting to note that the pro- lication of Professor Van Tyne's "Letters of portion of deaf and dumb to the whole Daniel Webster," and of the eighteen-volume population of the country has considerably “National Edition" of his “Writings and decreased in the last thirty years, according Speeches,” has made readily available the to census figures, though this proportion is most important of the original sources to almost exactly the same as in 1830, the first which a biographer of Webster naturally year cited in the table. Our deaf and dumb turns; and these sources have been studiously now number about forty-four thousand, or consulted by Professor Ogg. Inevitably and about four hundred and seventy-six to the rightly, it is the public activities rather than million inhabitants. It is also noteworthy the private life and character of the man that that heredity has been found to play a less receive chief attention in this “American important part in deafness than is commonly Crisis” biography. For the more intimately supposed. "If both parents are congenitally human side of his nature we already have Mr. deaf, with deafness prevalent in their fami- Fisher's “True Daniel Webster's and the lies, there is danger of deafness in the off- earlier “Private Life" by Lanman. Though spring; but “adventitious” deafness seems modestly calling his book a “sketch,” Dr. Ogg not likely to be transmitted. In the section has filled four hundred closely printed pages of the book devoted to the history of the edu- with his careful study of his subject; and cation of the deaf and dumb, and to an ac- that, too, without over-weighting the volume count of what is now done for their training with extracts from Webster's writings and by the nation and the separate states, there speeches. What references and quotations do is evidence of the greatest care and thorough- occur seem aptly illustrative and to the point. ness, the references to authoritative sources Some disapproval, no doubt, will be his por of information being innumerable. As a tion for not condemning more unsparingly the study of his subject so far as our country act that inspired Whittier's “Ichabod" and is concerned, Mr. Best's treatise is the full- made Horace Mann call Webster “a fallen est yet published; and what is more, its tone star.” That, however, is a dead issue to the throughout -- its refusal to consider the deaf present generation. A useful chronological as objects of charity -- is sane and wholesome, survey of Webster's life precedes the main and promotive of self-respect and self-help narrative, and a four-page bibliography fold in the handicapped but not disabled sufferers lows it, after which comes the index. "No life from the lack of one of the five senses. of Webster the statesman could, in the same compass, well prove more satisfactory. On the first day of the present The pioneer century there was dedicated at Until less than a century ago library. The social Van Wert, Ohio, the first county position of deaf mutes were regarded much library, in the fullest sense of the term, almost the deaf. as the insane, or at least the a decade before the now famous California feeble-minded, are now regarded, and the pos- system of county libraries came into being, sibility of their being educated to fill positions and well in advance of similar movements in of usefulness and honor on the same footing other States. The Van Wert institution owed as their less unfortunate fellow citizens had its origin to the munificence and foresight of dawned upon the minds of but few. Their John Sanford Brumback, banker, financier, present position in an enlightened country and, in earlier years, successful merchant, of like our own, with especial consideration of that city. From the pen of his daughter, Mrs. the educational problem they present and the Saida Brumback Antrim, who has from the provision made for their schooling in this beginning served as secretary of the library country, is treated with evident thoughtful- board, and from that of her husband, Ernest ness, and after a careful study of the whole Irving Antrim, Ph.D., there now appears a subject, by Mr. Harry Best in a volume of handsome volume, “The County Library, the Crowell Library of Economics entitled narrating the history of the Van Wert library “The Deaf: Their Position in Society and the and describing its county-wide activities, and Provision for Their Education in the United also presenting a careful summary of the States.” Of the two headings under which county library movement in the United States. the theme is treated, as indicated in the sub-The life of Mr. Brumback is briefly reviewed title, it is to the second that by far the greater in the opening chapter, and, in addition to space is allotted -- and rightly enough, for and rightly enough, for Mrs. Antrim's preface, a commendatory in- county 1914] 25 THE DIAL Disraeli on backward child. troduction is furnished by Dr. P. P. Claxton, the book may be recommended as adapted to national Commissioner of Education. A map, many of the situations that actually confront forty-two illustrations from photographs, a the correction of backwardness with which the full and accurate index, and various statis- teacher must deal. Measured by the stand- tical tables, complete the book's ample equip- ards of recent contributions, the volume de- ment. Especially worthy of note are the care serves a prominent place in the teacher's with which the every-day working of the library. Brumback Library in all its departments and branches is made clear to the reader; the In his compilation entitled indubitability of the proof that this is chrono Whigs and “Whigs and Whiggism” (Mac- Whiggism. logically the first free public library actively millan), Mr. William Hutcheon operating throughout an entire county; and has put together such of Disraeli's political the diligent research shown in the concluding writings as deal particularly with what Dis- section, on the county library movement as raeli regarded as Whig ideas and to which a whole. The county library is gaining rap- he developed an early aversion. The volume idly in favor and importance, and the end is is composed chiefly of contributions to the by no means yet in sight. This book will aid “Times,” the “Morning Post," and the and hasten the development of the movement, “Press," and some of these are reprinted now and is sure to prove a useful manual as well for the first time. The general reader will not as an interesting account of what has been be intensely interested in Disraeli’s vindictive done and is being done in county library work attacks on his aristocratic enemies; but to the in a representative district of our middle student of English history the volume will West. (The Pioneer Press, Van Wert, Ohio.) prove very useful, as it will enable him to understand how the Jewish radical came to A commendable contribution to be identified with the Tory party and even A study of the an important practical topic became the recognized chief to whom the con- is Barbara Spofford Morgan's servative classes entrusted the defence of the “The Backward Child” (Putnam). Despite “land” and the church.” It will also help serious limitations of plan and execution, it us to measure the distance that journalism presents the virtue of an original attempt to has travelled along the road toward decency see into and through the problem, and to in political discussion: language such as Dis- bring to bear upon it the available principles raeli used in his tirade in the Morning Post” of psychology supported by sound common in 1835 (“Peers and People'') would no sense. The varieties of tests to be used in longer be tolerated even in the most partisan securing a diagnosis of the type and range of party organs. The editor has contributed of defect which ordinary yet difficult school a brief introductory chapter in which he children present are set forth in simple lan- traces Disraeli's career as a contributor to guage, and in a form that facilitates appli- the political discussions of the day, and ac- cation. The art of treatment and relief is counts for his alliance with Lord Lyndhurst likewise considered. The book is certain to be and other Tory leaders. The volume also con- helpful to the large number of teachers who tains several interesting illustrations, includ- have to deal with all sorts and conditions of ing three facsimile letters. children; particularly to those with limited opportunities to determine the nature of the There is nothing remarkable deviations thus presented to the normal stand- about the random memories ards to which educational measures are ad- which Miss Joan Arden weaves justed. Yet both the psychology and the together in her account of “A Childhood” pedagogy of the volume are casual; and many (Macmillan). Scattered impressions that of the analyses are given with an assurance stand out with a weird vividness possessed by that finds slight support in sound principle; nothing grown-up,— magical in their sug- nor are the available findings of psychology gestive incompleteness, mysterious because adequately utilized. For all this there is half-understood, often terrifying, often un- good excuse in the newness of the subject and consciously cruel,- of such things, in retro- the lack of accredited procedures. It is a spect, is every childhood made. But it is pity that study showing a rather unusual another matter to record these memories with- power to approach a subject without the hack out brushing off the bloom that makes them neyed and irrelevant preconceptions that alive and lovely and wonderful. Perhaps only makes so much of pedagogy futile, should not a shy, self-conscious little girl could grow up have been raised to a still greater value by a to do it: a child whose world is largely in deeper insight into the rationale of the proc- her imagination, and whose experiences are esses to be practically applied. None the less more poignant because so seldom shared, Memories of a childhood. 26 [July 1 THE DIAL cans. Such a child was the author of this book; with NOTES. her, childhood was more than ordinarily a hidden life; and more than ordinarily un- Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer's “ Collected Poems": dimmed and vital are her memories of it. A will be published shortly. preface by Mr. Gilbert Murray pays tribute to Mr. Richard Pryce's new novel, “ David,” will the sustained interest that Miss Arden has be published in the autumn by Messrs. Houghton Mifflin Co. managed to create without any narrative con- tinuity. And that is the essence of child- Miss Ethel Sidgwick's new novel, "A Lady of hood's tale: that it shall seem a random Leisure," will be published in September by Messrs. Small, Maynard & Co. proem to something sadder and sterner and Mr. and Mrs. C. N. Williamson have written a greater, though giving no hint what the new novel, “A Soldier of the Legion,” which will be greater things may be. published by Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co. Mr. James Elroy Flecker, the young Cambridge poet, is the author of “ The King of Alsander," BRIEFER MENTION. which is announced in London. The Rt. Rev. W. Boyd Carpenter, Canon of “ Children of the Earth," the play which was Westminster, delivered the Belden lectures at Har awarded the $10,000 prize in Mr. Winthrop Ames's vard University in 1913; his subject was “ The competition, is Miss Alice Brown's first long play, Spiritual Message of Dante.” The lectures have The scandal which resulted in the death of the now been gathered into a volume issued by the editor of “Le Figaro" has already served to make Harvard University Press. Their purport is a book, “ The Caillaux Drama," by Mr. John N. modestly explained by the author: They are Raphael. simply thoughts on religious experience as ex- A holiday edition of Mrs. Gene Stratton-Porter's emplified in Dante's poem.” T'here is food for reflection in the genial pages Freckles ” will be published in the autumn by of "America through the Spectacles of an Oriental Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co., with illustrations Diplomat (Stokes). Hon. Wu Tingfang, for- by Thomas Fogarty. mer minister from China to the United States, has The translation of “ The Death of a Nobody," travelled much and resided in various lands, and by Desmond MacCarthy and Sydney Waterloo what he sees in America cannot but interest Ameri- from the French of M. Jules Romains, has at- His opinions of us are in the main very tracted favorable attention in England and may agreeable to our self-satisfaction, but he does not shortly be expected in America. scruple to tell us frankly, though always with Mr. Earl Derr Biggers, whose “ Seven Keys to Chinese tact and courtesy, of certain of our fail. Baldpate” served Mr. George Cohan so well in ings and follies. Some of his suggestions for the theatre last season, has written a new novel improvement for instance that the title of our called “Love Insurance," which Messrs. Bobbs- chief executive should be changed from president Merrill will publish shortly. to emperor may have been made in the spirit of An English publisher has again tried the experi- humor, with possibly a sting concealed; but others ment of bringing a book of fiction in the Conti- are wholly serious and demand consideration. nental vesture of yellow paper. The volume chosen The art-loving tourist is sure to welcome Profes is “ The Adventuress," a collection of short stories sor John C. Van Dyke's “New Guides to Old by Mr. George Willoughby. Masters" (Scribner), a series of individual guide- Mr. Ralph Nevill is writing the biography of books of critical appreciation to the important Lady Dorothy Nevill, that “ shrewd, cynical, tol- art-galleries of Europe. Of the twelve volumes erant, and wholly delightful fine lady." Lady comprising the series two have already been Dorothy knew Cobden, Disraeli, Gladstone, and issued,- one dealing with the National Gallery Labouchere as well as Lord Morley and wrote five and the Wallace Collection in London, and one de- volumes of reminiscences. scribing the treasures of the Louvre in Paris. Only the best pictures of the old masters are considered; Mr. Edward D. Page is the author of " Trade Morals: and the art of the canvas is dwelt upon rather than Their Origin, Growth and Province," its origin, name, pedigree, or commercial value. which the Yale University Press has in prepara- No space is given to mediocre or ruined examples tion. He has been engaged for nearly forty years by even celebrated painters, the text dealing en- in the dry goods commission business and was a tirely with merits that now exist and may be seen member of the Hughes Commission on Speculation in 1909. by any intelligent observer. Instead of repeating oft-told tales of things past and belonging to a Miss Helen Marot, executive secretary of the vanished age, the discussion of each picture is cori- Woman's Trade Union League, is the author of fined to decorative form, color, handling, method, “American Labor Unions: Aims and Methods, by manner, style,— things seen and vital to-day and a Member," which Messrs. Holt will publish late forever. A general Introduction, and a bibliog- in August. The book contains chapters on “The raphy of the best books for further study, both Industrial Workers of the World,” “ Organization applicable to the whole series, form special fea of Women,” and “ Violence.” tures of importance in the first volume. The flexi Lord Redesdale has made a translation of Mr. ble covers and pocket size are conveniences. Houston Stewart Chamberlain's book, " Immanuel 1914 ) 27 THE DIAL . Kant: A Study and a Comparison with Goethe, Leonardo da Vinci, Bruno, Plato, and Descartes.” Mr. Chamberlain, who writes in German in spite of his name, will be remembered as the author of “ The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century.” The Ingersoll lecture for this year, “ Metem- psychosis,” which was delivered by Mr. George Foot Moore, will be published at once by the Har- vard University Press. This Press has in project a series to be called “ Harvard Studies in Romance Languages.” It is to be edited by Professors Shel- don, Grandgent, Ford, and Potter. The first volume will be a critical edition of the poetry of Giacomo da Lentino, a thirteenth century Sicilian poet, by Ernest Felix Langley, Professor of Ro- mance Languages at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mr. Wyndham Lewis's new illustrated quarterly, “ Blast,” will evidently excite disgust in some quar- ters, amusement in others, and enthusiasm in still others. The announcement of the first number describes it as The Manifesto of the Vorticists. The English Parallel Movement to Cubism and Ex- pressionism. Imagism in Poetry. Deathblow to Impressionism and Futurism and All the Refuse of Naif Science," etc., etc. Among the contributors are Jacob Epstein, Ezra Pound, Rebecca West, Laurence Atkinson, Gaudier-Brzeska, and Ford Madox Hueffer. Baroness Bertha von Suttner died June 21 at Vienna, aged 71. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905, largely on account of her novel “Die Waffen nieder” and her work as editor of the magazine of the same name pub- lished by the international peace bureau at Berne. Baroness von Suttner was the daughter of Field Marshall Count Franz von Kinsky and when a girl was betrothed to Prince Adolph Wittgenstein, but he was killed in battle. She gave instructions before her death that her body was to be cremated without religious ceremony, speeches, or flowers. Baroness von Suttner spent part of the year 1912 lecturing in the United States on behalf of interna- tional peace. Her recent novel, " When Thoughts Will Soar," was published in this country last week. • Cochran, William F. Ray S. Baker American Coeducation. Zona Gale Atlantic Colorado Strike, The. E. M. Ammons No. Amer. Communions of Christendom. F. W. Puller Constructive Concord, A Pilgrim in. H. A. Beers Yale Convalescent, Diversions of a. Henry C. Lodge'. . Scribner Cooking, Community. Lewis C. Mumford Forum Criticism, Literary, in American Periodicals. Bliss Perry Yale Development, 'Facts' oi. E. G. Conklin Pop. Sc. Dickens, Charles. Henry F. Dickens Harper Doctor, The Social. W. P. Capes Forum Dunlap, William. Theodore S. Woolsey Yale Emigrants, Russian, to America. Stephen Graham Harper Enthusiasm. Robert Haven Schauffler Atlantic Equality, Struggle for. Charles F. Emerick Pop. Sc. Erasmians, A Plea for. C. H. A. Wager Atlantic Eucken, Rudolph. Albert L. Whittaker Forum Farm Landlord-Tenant Problem, The American. P. R. Kellar Forum Farmer, The Unfinancial. John Parr Everybody's Farming, Two-story. J. Russell Smith Century Fear, Disease of. Burton J. Hendrick McClure Feminism, Masculine Opposition to. Alice D. Miller Scribner Feminism, Philosophy of. George B. Foster Forum Florida, A Houseboat Trip to. Carlyle Ellis Everybody's Foes, Defence from Our. Fraser Harris Pop. Sc. Fra Jacopone da Todi. Edmund G. Gardner • Constructive Franklin, Benjamin, New View of. R. T. McKenzie Century Gentlewoman, Passing of the. Herman Scheffauer No. Amer. Greek Genius, The. John Jay Chapman Atlantic Greek Literature, Recovery of Lost. H. de F. Smith Yale Heyse, Paul, Conversations with. W. L. Phelps Yale Holidays, American. Harrison Rhodes Harper Holland. Arnold Bennett Century Home Rule –And After. F. P. Jones No. Amer. Hooker, Joseph. Gamaliel Bradford Atlantic Industrial South, Leaders for the. W. A. Dyer Italians in America. 'Edward A. Ross World's Work Century Jerusalem, Hygienic Conditions in. Adolf Deissmann Constructive Law, Universality of. W. D. Parkinson Atlantic Law Makers and Lawyers. John C. Dana Pop. Sc. Liberty, Mediæval and Modern. A. F. Pollard Yale Living, High Cost of. Henry P. Fairchild Forum “Lizard," The Lighthouse. William H. Rideing Scribner Lyricism, Catholic. R. Vallery-Radot Constructive Marine Policy, America's. A. C. Laut Century Medicine, Preventive, Education and. C. R. Green Forum Mellen, Charles S. Garet Garrett Everybody's Mexican Problem, The Real. R. G. Usher No. Amer. Mexican Trouble, The. Richard H. Davis Scribner Microbe, Man and the. C. E. A. Winslow Pop. Sc. Middle Class, The. E. S. Atlantic Middle Class, The. Seymour Deming Atlantic Missions and Settlements in England. C. P. S. Clarke Constructive Monore Doctrine, Latin America and the. Hiram Bingham Yale Motor Boat, New Type of.' Albert Hickman American National Problem, A Perennial. Champ Clark No. Amer. Noyes, Alfred. Brian Hooker Century Noyes, Alfred, Poetry of. Philip L. Given No. Amer. Pacific, New Opportunities in the. Lincoln Hutchinson Yale Prices, High, and High Living.' F. s. 'Dickson Yale Priesthood, The Christian. Richard Roberts Constructive Profit Sharing for Savings. Janet R. Rankin World's Work Religion, Change and. H. S. Holland Constructive Religion, Danger of Tolerance in. B. I. Bell Atlantic Retail Clerks, A College for. G. M. Hyde World's Work River, The Unknown. Theodore Roosevelt Scribner Roosevelt, Theodore. George Harvey No. Amer. Scholarship, Unity in. Francis Brown Constructive Shonts, Theodore P. Edward M. Woolley McClure Social Problem, Churches and the. Philip Snowden Constructive Society Worker, The. Bolton Hall Forum Solar Variability. C. G. Abbot Harper Suffrage, Equal. C. William Beebe Atlantic Theatre, Dramatizing the. Huntly Carter Forum Tolstoy, Reminiscences of. Ilyá Tolstoy Century Trade in Other Lands. L. R. Freeman World's Work Trenton's Simple Government. Arno Dosch World's Work Ulster, The Covenant in. J. D. Kenny Forum Vera Cruz. Frederick Palmer Everybody's Vermont, Education in. J. M. Hubbard Atlantic Villa. George Marvin World's Work Villa, “ Pancho," at First Hand. J. R. Taylor World's Work Waste in Education. Franklin W. Johnson Pop. Sc. Wells, H. G., World of. Van Wyck Brooks Forum Wesley and Catholicism. Augustin Leger Constructive Whaling Industry, The American. J. A. Harris Pop. Sc. Yosemite Valley, The. Harold French Pop. Sc. TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS. July, 1914. Altitude, High, Effects of. Yandell Henderson Yale American, The Changed. D. F. Kellogg No. Amer. Anglicanism and Reunion. J. G. Simpson Constructive Anti-Jewish Prejudice in America. Bernard Drachman Forum Appalachians, Remaking 'the. 'w. i. Hall World's Work Art, The Good of. Henry W. Lanier World's Work Art Exhibitions, Recent. James Huneker Scribner Avignon. Richard Le Gallienne Harper Azores, From the, to Spain. Albert B. Paine Century Blind, Miss Holt's Work for the. Irma Kraft Century Bulwer-Lytton, Reminiscences of. Gabrielle de R. Waddell Century Caribbean, Salt-harvesters of the. C. W. Furlong Harper Caribbean Tropics, In the. Julius Muller Century Christ, Confession of. Henry C. King Constructive Christian Conference, Programme of. W. H. Frere Constructive Christian Science. "Randolph H. McKim No. Amer. Christian Science Healing. J. W. Hegeman No. Amer. Church and the World, A Layman's View of the. Eugene Stock Constructive Coast Defences, American. 'cieveland Moffett McClure 28 [July 1 THE DIAL LIST OF NEW BOOKS. The Ideal Motor Tour in France. By Walter Hale. Illustrated, 12mo, 301 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.50 net. Where Rolls the Oregon. By Dallas Lore Sharp. Illustrated, 12mo, 251 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net. Two in the wilderness. By Stanley Washburn. 12mo, 320 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25 net. [The following list, containing 64 titles, includes books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES. Kings and Queens of England. Edited by Robert S. Rait, M.A., and William Page, F.S.A. First vol- umes: Life of Henry II., by L. F. Salzmann; Life of Henry VII., by W. M. Gladys Temperley, with Introduction by James T. Shotwell. Each illustrated, 8vo. Houghton Mifflin Co. Per vol- ume, $2.50 net. John Addington Symonds: _A Biographical Study. By Van Wyck Brooks. With portrait, 12mo, 234 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50 net. France from Behind the Veil: Fifty Years of Social and Political Life. By Count Paul Vassili. Illus- trated, large 8vo, 396 pages. Funk & Wag- nalls Co. $3.75 net. HISTORY. Germany. By A. W. Holland. Illustrated, 8vo, 312 pages. Macmillan Co. $2. net. The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913. By Jacob Gould Schurman. 12mo, 140 pages. Princeton Univer- sity Press. $1. net. La Guerre de Sept Ans: Histoire Diplomatique et Militaire. By Richard Waddington. 8yo, 147 pages. Paris: Firmin-Didot et Cie. Paper. DRAMA AND VERSE. The Sister of the Wind, and Other Poems. By Grace Fallow Norton. 12mo, 189 pages. Hough- ton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net. Savva and The Life of Man: Two Plays. By Leonid Andreyev; translated from the Russian, with Introduction, by Thomas Seltzer. 12mo, 236 pages. “Modern Drama Series." Mitchell Ken- nerly. $1. net. The Christian Year, Lyra Innocentium, and Other Poems. By John Keble. With portrait, 12mo, 571 pages. Oxford University Press. Love of One's Neighbor, By Leonid Andreyev; translated from the Russian by Thomas Seltzer. 12mo, 40 pages. Albert and Charles Boni. 40 cts. net. Syrinx: Pastels of Hellas. By Mitchell S. Buck. 12mo, 58 pages. Claire Marie. $1.25 net. Des Imagistes: An Anthology. 12mo, 63 pages. Albert and Charles Boni. $1. net. PUBLIC AFFAIRS. SOCIOLOGY, POLITICS, AND ECONOMICS. Work and Wealth: A Human Valuation. By J. A. Hobson. 8vo, 367 pages. Macmillan Co. $2. net. Forces Mining and Undermining China. By Row- land R. Gibson. With photogravure frontispiece, 8vo, 302 pages. Century Co. $2. net. Eugenics: Twelve University Lectures. By Mor- ton A. Aldrich and Others; with Foreword by Lewellys F. Barker. 8vo, 348 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $2. net. A History of Diplomacy in the International De- velopment of Europe. By David Jayne Hill, LL.D. Volume III.; with maps, large 8vo, 706 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $6. net. Toynbee Hall and the_English Settlement Move- ment. By Werner Picht; translated from the German by Lilian A. Cowell. Revised edition; 12mo, 248 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.35 net. ART AND ARCHITECTURE. A Short History of Italian Painting. By Alice Van Vechten Brown and William Rankin. Illus- trated, 8vo, 414 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.25 net. Ancient and Medieval Art: A Short History. By Margaret H. Bulley. Illustrated in color, etc., 12mo, 328 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.75 net. The Gods of India: A Brief Description of Their History, Character, and Worship. " By E. Osborn Martin. Illustrated, 8vo, 330 pages. E. P. Dut- ton & Co. $1.50 net. Aesthetic Dancing. By Emil Rath. Illustrated, large 8vo, 136 pages. A. S. Barnes Co. Roma: Ancient, Subterranean, and Modern Rome in Word and Picture. By Albert Kuhn, D.D. Illustrated, 4to. Benziger Brothers. Paper. RELIGION AND THEOLOGY. Spiritual Reformers in the Sixteenth and Seven- teenth Centuries. By Rufus M. Jones, D.Litt. Large 8vo, 362 pages. Macmillan Co. $3. net. A Constructive Basis for Theology By James Ten Broeke, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 400 pages. Macmil- lan Co. $3. net. The Culture of Ancient Israel. By Carl Heinrich Cornill. Illustrated, 12mo, 167 pages. Open Court Publishing Co. $1. net. The Mystery of Pain, By James Hinton. 12mo, 108 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1. net. Restatement and Reunion. By Burnett Hillman Streeter. 12mo, 194 pages. Macmillan Co. The Unknown God, and Other Orthodox Essays. By Jacob Piatt Dunn. 12mo, 178 pages. Indianap- olis: Sentinel Printing Co. $1. net. EDUCATION. Princeton, By Varnum Lansing Collins. Illus- trated, 12mo, 416 pages. “American College and University Series." Oxford University Press. $1.50 net. What Is It to Be Educated? By C. Hanford Hen- derson, 12mo, 462 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net. Dramatic Games and Dances for Little Children. By Caroline Crawford, with Music by Elizabeth Rose Fogg and Illustrations by Katherine Kel- logg. 4to, 77 pages. A. S. Barnes Co. History of the United States. By Matthew Page Andrews, M.A. Illustrated, 12mo, 378 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. Tom Brown's Sehool Days. By Thomas Hughes; edited by A. B. De Mille, A.M. 16mo, 422 pages. Scott, Foresman & Co. 35 cts. net. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. Cyclopedia of American Government. Edited by Andrew C. McLaughlin, LL.D., and Albert Bush- nell Hart, LL.D. Volume I. Large 8vo, 732 pages. D. Appleton & Co. The South African Year-Book, 1914. By W. H. 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By Hugh Walpole. 12mo, 503 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.40 net. Nothing Else Matters. By William Samuel John- son. 12mo, 306 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.25 net. When Love Flies Out of the Window. By Leonard Merrick. 12mo, 300 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.20 net. Gay Morning. By J. E. Buckrose. 12mo, 319 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net. Cuddy Yarborough's Daughter. By Una L. Silber- rad. 12mo, 315 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net. The Autobiography of a Happy Woman. 12mo, 373 pages. Moffat, Yard & Co. $1.50 net. Bobby. By J. J. Bell. 12mo, 160 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1. net. TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION. The Happy Irish. By Harold Begbie. Illustrated, 12mo, 330 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net. THE DIAL A Semi-fillonthly Journal of Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information. PAGE . THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 18t and 16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $8. a year in A LIVE WIRE. advanoe, postage prepaid in the United States and Mexico; Foreign and Canadian postage 50 cents per year extra. RE The recent visit to Chicago of a company of MITTANCES should be by check, or by express or postal order, payable to THE DIAL. Unless otherwise ordered, subscrip- New York city officials, headed by Mayor tions will begin with the current number. When no direct Mitchell, for the purpose of inspecting the request to discontinue at expiration of subscription is re- ceived, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is school systems of this vicinity, was an event desired ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application. Published by THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY, whose significance needs to be emphasized. 632 So. Sherman St., Chicago. We have often asserted that the mayor of a Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post large American city has no greater responsi- Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 8, 1879. bility than that which is associated with the Vol. LVII. JULY 16, 1914. No. 674. management of its public schools, and that the most important function he exercises is CONTENTS. that of appointing the school trustees. How A LIVE WIRE 37 that responsibility has been evaded, and how CASUAL COMMENT 39 that function has been subordinated to polit- Journalistic ideals. The truth about the ical interests by the mayors of Chicago as far Tourgueniéff-Tolstoi breach.—The sustaining power of poetry.- Literature as viewed by back as memory reaches provides material for its makers.- Why the desired book is not a melancholy chapter in our civic annals. It forthcoming.-Immortal characters in fiction. would be difficult to imagine a mayor of Chi- -How to win the immigrant. The modesty of genius.— The literary diversions of a cago taking the matter of public education as physician.— The question of public pensions seriously as the New York executive seems to for authors.-Another business men's branch have taken it, although our present executive library. head, in one of his earlier terms, once went BY-PRODUCTS OF LITERARY ENDEAVOR. (Special London Correspondence.) E. H. so far as to appoint a really competent com- Lacon Watson 43 mission to investigate the subject. It is true COMMUNICATIONS 45 that the findings of that commission were Lamar Fontaine and “All Quiet along the almost completely ignored, but the fact of its Potomac.” Hyder E. Rollins. "Grocer-shop Criticism.” Laura Tobey. creation was encouraging. It remains, never- “ Heart of Heart.” W. M. T. theless, about the only thing ever done by a The Use of “ Tempest.” William H. Bowers. mayor of Chicago to indicate a sense that the EDWARD DOWDEN'S MIND AND ART. duties of the executive office in relation to the Percy F. Bicknell 48 schools extend to something beyond rewarding ENGLISH DRAMA OF THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES. Homer E. Woodbridge. . political supporters, seeing that nationalities 50 MAN'S ORIGINAL MENTAL EQUIPMENT. and religions and topographical areas are rep- Horace M. Kallen 50 resented in school affairs, and determining the A GALLERY OF CONFEDERATE POR- award of fat contracts to the deserving. TRAITS. David Y. Thomas 51 It is not, however, our present purpose to RECENT FICTION. Lucian Cary 53 enlarge upon the history of school manage- Baroness von Hutten's Maria.- Miss Bot- ment in Chicago, but rather to suggest a tome's Broken Music.— Baron von Wolzogen's Florian Mayr.- Phillpotts's Faith Tresilion. point of view which is material to the judg- -Arkwright's The Trend.— Walpole's The ment to be passed upon the recent outburst Duchess of Wrexe. of educational activity on the part of the New BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 55 York authorities. Our approval of the in- Love of mankind versus love of country.-A history of mankind.- Four years of adven- vestigation is considerably lessened when we ture in many lands.-An Italian student of remember that Mayor Mitchell is the one re- criminology – The art of Homer Martin.- sponsible for the continuance in office of The color and atmosphere of North Africa. - Comment and query on the function of Mr. Thomas W. Churchill as President of the fear. New York Board of Education. During his BRIEFER MENTION 58 | previous term, Mr. Churchill's activities had NOTES 58 proved so mischievous and so demoralizing to LIST OF NEW BOOKS 59 the interests of the New York schools that . 38 [July 16 THE DIAL protests against his reappointment came from regret exceedingly that I cannot comply with this practically all educators who observed the sit- request. I do not find, either in the law or in the uation at close range and were competent to by-laws of the Board of Education, that any authority has been conferred on the City Superin- pass upon it. These protests were so pro- tendent of Schools to “direct’ his colleagues as to nounced and so weighty that only a politician their attendance on outside meetings. Even if such could have ignored them, but Mr. Mitchell authority had been conferred on the City Superin- flouted the consensus of intelligent profes- tendent, it would be inconsistent with my ideas of sional opinion upon the subject by extending and gentlemen, to direct my colleagues to pay the courtesy that ought to prevail among ladies the term of Mr. Churchill's authority. Many no attention to an invitation from any reputable illustrations of his unfitness for the office body of citizens to participate in a conference. I might be adduced, but numbers could not conceive it to be the duty of all teachers to set to make the argument more convincing than the the youth of our city an example of appropriate single instance we are about to give. courtesy in the ordinary intercourse of life. Such courtesy is due to all men and women of whatever It is well known that for many years the estate. It certainly should not be lacking toward superintendency of the New York city schools the Public Education Association, composed, as it has been in the very competent hands of is, of men and women who have taken a deep Dr. William H. Maxwell, one of the most interest in our public schools, and who have done so much to aid every worthy effort for their highly respected of American educators. Some- advancement and to defeat every attempt at their time last fall, the Public Education Associa- injury. tion of New York, a voluntary organization “But there is a still stronger reason why the of men and women working in the interest of City Superintendent should not direct' officers the schools, invited Dr. Maxwell to attend a immediately under his direction' not to attend conference on the educational budget for the conferences. When a man becomes an officer in year. President Churchill, learning of this rights of an American citizen. Free speech is one the public education service, he loses none of the invitation, wrapped himself in the robes of of those rights. I have too keen a sense of the his little brief authority, and wrote to the limitations of my official authority, and too pro- veteran educator and New York Superinten- found a regard for the institutions of my country, dent of fifteen years' standing a letter con- to attempt to interfere with the right of free speech, even at the request of the President of the taining the following amazing sentence: Board of Education." “You are therefore requested not to attend this conference, and to direct the superinten- We are not surprised that the magazine "Edu- dents or other officers immediately under your cation,” quoting this letter, calls it “one of direction that no attention should be paid to the greatest educational documents of the the request to appear at such conference year,” and adds that “its influence will be unless the Board of Education, or its Presi- widespread and permanent." dent, grants permission." Dr. Maxwell's This correspondence illustrates in a striking reply to this ukase was dignified but uncom- fashion defect which is found in most of promising. We quote the significant passages. our municipal school systems. The rights and “In reply I beg leave to say that I have received duties of a superintendent should be so de- and have accepted an invitation to be present at fined and protected by law as to make this this conference. In this case I feel justified in sort of petty tyranny impossible, and to keep reaching a decision not in accord with your views. the activities of boards of education within I have ever regarded it as part, indeed a large part, of my duty as a public officer, to give infor- proper bounds. Unfortunately, they are not, mation regarding the schools and their work to in most of our states, thus safeguarded, and, any citizen or any body of citizens who asked for in consequence, we find nearly everywhere it, to defend publicly their work, their administra- that fussy and self-important school trustees, tion, and my own actions against unjust attack, whose legitimate business it is to manage the and to profit by just criticism and opportune sug; finances of the system and decide broad prin- gestion. It is in pursuance of this policy that I have in the past attended public meetings to con- ciples of educational policy, are interfering sider educational questions, that I have accepted and dictating in strictly professional matters the invitation of the Public Education Association with which they have no rightful concern. for September 22, and that I purpose to continue For the educational side of the system, it is to attend such meetings. their business to employ experts, and then “ You request further that I direct the super- leave them a free hand. Any confusion be- intendents or other officers immediately under your (my) direction that no attention should be paid to tween the functions of trusteeship and admin- the request to appear at such conference.' I l istration is bound to be harmful, and ought 1914) 39 THE DIAL to be made impossible. The ideal school board a prescriptive right to be shoved along at the is one whose powers are strictly limited, in normal rate if through dulness or laziness he whose membership there is no representation does not make the normal progress. Later, of special groups or interests, and whose num the author pays his respects to science, which bers are not too large to permit of all being in the schools has been enacted into a list of seated around a small table and carrying on sesquipedalian words and sentences as intel- their discussions in a conversational tone. It ligible to the mind of an ordinary parent as is the indulgence in oratory that plays the the chatter of the jabberwock.” Finally, in- mischief in board meetings, and makes real voking the memories of 1776, the author in- deliberation impossible. President Eliot has dulges in a diatribe against what he calls the been urging this ideal upon us for many years, "monarchial regiment" [sic] in education, and it is time that we should heed his sane although it is hard to find out what he means and sober counsel. by it. The trail of the demagogue is over Returning to Mr. Churchill, it is obvious every paragraph of this address, which no that any further exhibition of his unfitness intelligent person can read without disgust, to hold the position he occupies must be of mingled with sorrow that its author should the nature of an anti-climax, but there are one hold by the grace of politics the post of high- or two other matters of which we are impelled est authority in the school system of New to say a word. It was only the other day that York. he distinguished himself by a violent on- The “Journal of Education,” which prints slaught upon that worthiest of educational the address, calls Mr. Churchill “a live wire. philanthropies, the Carnegie Foundation, The metaphor is well chosen, because a live upon the ground, forsooth, that Mr. Carnegie wire may be a very dangerous thing. Un- does not choose to extend his benefaction to fortunately, this particular wire is at loose institutions that flout the very idea of a uni- ends, and is a menace to those who get within versity by establishing sectarian tests for their its reach. A live wire that is properly and teaching. The narrow-minded and reaction safely circuited supplies the effective driving ary temper of this outburst is almost in- force that a school system needs, but the cur- credible, and is anything but becoming to an rent should be promptly shut off from such educational official in high position. Recently, a live wire as the President of the New York Board of Education. also, Mr. Churchill delivered himself, at a pub- lic school reunion in New York, of an address from which we are constrained to make a few extracts. He began by telling the pathetic CASUAL COMMENT. story of a boy who got into a high school in JOURNALISTIC IDEALS commonly mean low a slightly irregular way, and who could not and utilitarian or commercial ideals, and be kept there, under the rules, until special among the popular metropolitan journals action was taken in his case. But whence that are usually regarded as not disinclined these tears? The action was taken, and surely to sacrifice higher aims to less exalted motives has long been numbered the newspaper di- a system of high schools must have rules reg- rected so brilliantly and for so many years ulating conditions of entrance. Next, he by the commanding genius whose name is assails what he calls the "high school stand- associated with our leading school for the ard,” indulging in declamation about the training of journalists. Interesting, and not schools being "for the people," and inveigh- devoid of unintentional humor, are the fol- ing against “the traditions of ancient aris- lowing extracts from an eloquent monologue tocracy." This, of course, is the sheerest uttered by Mr. Joseph Pulitzer a short time claptrap, and means, if it means anything, before his death, and reproduced by one of that children of a certain age must be passed his secretaries in the book elsewhere reviewed through the high school, without regard to in these pages. After asserting that “accu- their acquirements, and in defiance of the racy is to a newspaper what virtue is to a woman, ” and that his daily instructions fact that they are not yet qualified to be pro- to his staff insist first and foremost upon accu- moted from the lower grades. “Schools for racy, Mr. Pulitzer continues: “I do not say the people” is a phrase meaning that suitable that The World is the only paper which takes instruction is freely offered to every child; extraordinary pains to be accurate; on the it emphatically does not mean that a child has contrary, I think that almost every paper in 40 [July 16 THE DIAL ܕܕ America tries to be accurate. I will go fur- | has cause to envy me. But five years later ther than that. There is not a paper of any there came what Tolstoi's son calls “a com- importance published in French, German or plete breach” between the two friends, though English, whether it is printed in Europe or its completeness was not such as to prevent in America, which I have not studied for weeks exchange of courtesies and even an extension or months, and some of them I have read of hospitality on at least three occasions on steadily for a quarter of a century; and I the part of the "crank, as his friend re- tell you this, Mr. Ireland, after years of expe- garded him, who had secluded himself at rience, after having comparisons made by Yásnaya Polyána. The case is well sum- the hundred, from time to time, of different marized by Count Ilyá thus: “It seems to versions of the same event, that the press me that Tourgueniéff, as an artist, saw nothing of America as a whole has a higher standard in my father beyond his great literary talent, of accuracy than the European press as a and was unwilling to allow him the right to whole.” The speaker's deliberate opinion is be anything besides an artist and a writer. that “there are no newspapers in America Any other line of activity on my father's which are so habitually, so criminally stuffed part offended Tourgueniéff, as it were, and he with fake news as the worst of the European was angry with my father because he did not papers. And further : “As a matter of follow his advice. He was much older than fact, the criticisms you hear about the Amer my father, he did not hesitate to rank his own ican press are founded on a dislike for our talent lower than my father's, and demanded headlines and for the prominence we give only one thing of him, that he should devote to crime, to corruption in office, and to sen all the energies of his life to his literary sational topics generally; the charge of inac- work.' But of course Tolstoi insisted on curacy is just thrown in to make it look being something more than a literary artist, worse. I do not believe that one person in and so these two, each of whom protested that a thousand who attacks the American press he had never had a serious disagreement with for being inaccurate has ever taken the trou any one else, and each of whom earnestly de- ble to investigate the facts." Even the charge sired the other's friendship, were utterly un- of sensationalism, most shameful of literary able to “hit it off” together. crimes, is made to rest on a very frail founda- tion, if not altogether refuted. Is all this to THE SUSTAINING POWER OF POETRY, in mo- be taken as highly encouraging and gratify- ments of physical weakness and mental de- ing, or simply as one more illustration of the pression, has been attested more than once. old maxim, quot homines, tot sententiæ, and in an eloquent passage of his writings Rob- of the equally ancient truth that men easily ertson of Brighton describes the refreshment believe what they wish to believe ? and reinvigoration that he derived from Shakespeare in times of weariness, and con- THE TRUTH ABOUT THE TOURGUENIEFF-TOL trasts this healthful stimulus with the baleful STOI BREACH is told by Tolstoi's son, Count effects of those grosser medicaments resorted Ilya Tolstoi, in the current instalment of to by the slaves of alcohol or opium. Matthew his reminiscences of his father, in the “Cen Arnold's well-known sonnet, “To a Friend,” tury Magazine.' It is made clear that, con beginning, “Who prop, thou ask'st, in these trary to the prevalent notion, there was no bad days, my mind ?" gives high praise to literary rivalry or literary jealousy between Homer, “clearest-souled of men,” but higher the two men; but there was perpetual discord still to Sophocles, “who saw life steadily and between their temperaments. “Your whole saw it whole." During his recent recovery being stretches out hands toward the future, from a severe illness Senator Lodge had re- writes the older to the younger man in 1856; course to the poets of Greece and of England “mine is built up in the past. For me to fol to build up again the weakened fabric of his low you is impossible. For you to follow me inner life. He describes in “Diversions of a is equally out of the question. You are too Convalescent,” published in this month's far removed from me, and besides, you stand “Scribner's Magazine," the solace and satis- too firmly on your own legs to become any faction he found in recalling certain familiar one's disciple. I can assure you that I never poems and parts of poems, and tells how his attributed any malice to you, never suspected thoughts, “ranging at will through the wide you of any literary envy. I have often spaces of memory, turned naturally and thought, if you will excuse the expression, chiefly to Milton and Shakespeare, above all that you were wanting in common sense, but to the latter. Passages from Paradise Lost,' never in goodness. You are too penetrating from 'Lycidas,' 'L'Allegro,' 'Il Penseroso, not to know that if either of us has cause the ‘Samson Agonistes,' and the ‘Comus,' and to envy the other, it is certainly not you that lines from the sonnets, came unbidden in the ܙܕ 1914) 41 THE DIAL silences of such a time. They were only frag- is something almost.Carlylean, in his outcries ments, but there was an endless pleasure in against the difficulties: of his literary'• task, trying to recite them, to see how far the con though the entire removal of those difficulties valescent could go, and there was something would probably have left him as, wretched. as .. infinitely soothing and satisfying in their was Carlyle as soon as he had finished:oper noble beauty and in the mere perfection of book and while he was waiting for the impulse the words and rhythm,... He reiterates to begin another. The author, no less than that "it was to Shakespeare, best known and the obscurest of his readers, looks before and best beloved, that the convalescent's mind after and pines for what is not, and for what . turned most constantly. His words recurred by no possibility ever can be. unceasingly as the thoughts, effortless and un- fettered, flitted here and there. Passages WHY THE DESIRED BOOK IS NOT FORTH- from the plays, entire sonnets, repeated them- COMING is a question that has puzzled and selves to the convalescent, some over and over also irritated more public-library users than again, always with a sense of peace and deep could easily be counted. With that tendency content.” One is reminded of Carlyle, in the which we all show to base our generalizations loneliness and feebleness of his last years, on one or two striking instances, the disap- solacing himself with reading again the whole pointed applicant for a recent popular novel of Shakespeare. exclaims: "That's just the way; I never can get anything I want here," and he (or LITERATURE AS VIEWED BY ITS MAKERS has more often she) flings out of the library and unquestionably its seamy side, comparable slams the door in wrathful disgust — or would with that of the drama as contemplated from slam it if it were not for its anti-slam attach- the stage and behind the scenes. When we ment which cruelly denies one that solace. give ourselves up to the sublimities of the With a scrupulosity not found in every library “Divine Comedy” we seldom think of its report, the John Crerar librarian explains, author as the man who, in more than a fig. in his current annual record of things done urative sense, had descended into Hell (for and things left undone, “the causes of fail- it was in that character that the people were ures to supply books called for," as follows: wont to regard him as they craned their necks “At bindery, 663; otherwise unavailable to get a peep at him on the street), and when temporarily, mostly burned or stolen and not we refresh ourselves with the delightful yet replaced, 49; in use by another reader, humor and pathos of “The Vicar of Wake- 1,073; withdrawn from general circulation, field” we forget the four weary years its 39; not found on shelves, 548; errors of author waited, in poverty and discouragement, library assistants or records, 140; total, for its publication. Goldsmith's ready pen2,512. The total is 1.58 per cent of the total and his dexterity as a compiler gave him but call slips presented. Excluding the first four little satisfaction. “While you are nibbling causes as unavoidable, the avoidable failures about elegant phrases, I am obliged to write were 0.43 per cent." This total of less than half a volume, ” he complained to his friend one-fiftieth of all the books called for is cred- Cradock. In the letters of Edward Dowden itably small. The corresponding figures in a now given to the world in two selective col- public library circulating fiction and other lections occur not a few expressions of dis- light literature would be considerably larger, taste for the less pleasing part of his daily probably too large to admit of publication duties as a writer of books and as a lecturer with any great pride on the librarian's part. on literature. For example, one of his let- | Among the minor problems daily confronting ters closes thus: “I must end, and turn to the public librarian, there is none more hope- - may I say an infernal kind of work, writ- less of solution than the problem of meeting ing examination papers - which will occupy promptly every demand for a popular book me for several toilsome days. You at least without overloading the library with extra have not to torture English literature into copies that must speedily become so much use- horrid little questions." And an earlier one less lumber. has this passage: “My miscellaneous read- ing for my E. literature book sinks down into IMMORTAL CHARACTERS IN FICTION are not a Serbonian bog. You can fully appreciate created by every novelist. Indeed, to the the difficulty of getting at facts from Bede, older novel-readers among us it sometimes or rather from 'Beowulf' and Cædmon' on seems as if no characters were now being wards, where much is uncertain and much created to compare in popularity and lon- obscure.” Still again, referring to the same gevity with the famous creations of Dickens task, he moans: “The English literature has and Scott and Thackeray. At the Boston nearly crushed me out of existence.”' There Authors' Club it was asserted the other day 42. [July 16 THE DIAL that.I .ro modern.romancer.bad yet arisen whose sonal progress and self-betterment, and in its characters: could be compared with those of friendly rooms are an American environment these older novelists in respect to what may and the atmosphere of our spoken English.” .. be called their lingering or haunting quality. Among evidences that library work with those Surely; if apý recent writers have given to in whom Mr. Carr is interested is not thrown the world'áhy Saini Wellers or Dominie Samp- away may be cited the Boston Public Library's sons or Becky Sharps, the world is not yet testimony that “children of foreign-born par- keenly conscious of the gift. And yet, among ents read a better class of books than their the younger novel-readers there are doubtless American brothers and sisters.” The Immi- not a few who are far more familiar with the grant Education Society, of New York, pub- characters of Mr. Kipling's and Mr. Locke's lishes Mr. Carr's useful manual, which is and Mr. Arnold Bennett's books than with likely to meet with an increasing demand, if those of any writer so nearly mediæval as certain signs in the library field are not mis- must to them appear the great trio named | leading. above. Nevertheless, these other and later children of the romancer's imagination show THE MODESTY OF GENIUS is one of its most little disposition to join the company of uni- pleasing traits when it is present, which it versally-known fictitious characters, although not always is. In our mental pictures of exception might be made in favor of several Dickens the quality of modest simplicity and that will occur to the reader. Mr. Dooley, utter absence of conceit or self-consciousness though not exactly a personage out of a novel, is, perhaps, not the most prominent feature, has a fame that is more than national, as also thanks to the stories that have come down to have those juvenile favorites, Tom Sawyer us of his jaunty appearance as a young man, and Huckleberry Finn; and it may be that and of preference for neckties of not the Rebecca will not fade from memory with quietest hue and for other articles of personal the passing of the buttercups. But no one can adornment rather characteristic of the dandy. tell beforehand what names will get into the That we may have unwittingly done the great “Who's Who in Fiction" of half a century novelist a wrong seems to be indicated by a hence. noteworthy passage from the pen of his son, Mr. Henry Fielding Dickens, K. C., who con- How to WIN THE IMMIGRANT, how to help tributes • A Chat About Charles Dickens” to him to feel at home in the new land, and how to this month's “Harper's Magazine.” He open the way to his becoming a useful and writes: “Now if I were asked what it was loyal citizen, are questions that have deeply that had struck me most about my father I interested Mr. John Foster Carr, as is already think I should unhesitatingly say that it was known from his widely circulated “Guide to the United States for the Italian Immigrant, his extraordinary modesty. His nature was a manual translated, mutatis mutandis, into conceit surprising. When it is remembered of the simplest ; his absence of affectation or many tongues for the benefit of immigrants how, at the age of twenty-four, he jumped to A later work from the the very top of his profession and remained same hand, entitled “Immigrant and Li- brary,” is primarily for the librarian who blamed him if he had shown some slight symp- there to the end, no man could well have wishes to increase the usefulness of his library toms of having had his head turned. I can among the alien population of his neighbor- emphatically assert, from my knowledge of hood. This little book, too, has reference especially to the Italian immigrant, and its him, that there was a total absence of any. thing of the kind." It may be objected that preliminary pages of general suggestion and the members of a man's family are too near advice are followed by classified lists of Italian him to see him in the right perspective, and books likely to meet the needs and desires of the objection is not without weight; but let working-class Italians. As the writer well us not forget the emphatic words of Carlyle says, “we sometimes forget that no natural- upon hearing of Dickens's death, — "the good, ized citizen can ever be a good American unless he has first been a good Italian or Ger. Dickens; every inch of him an honest man." the gentle, high-gifted, ever-friendly, noble man or Greek unless he has the reverent instinct of loyalty to the land of his birth. If he is to be a good American, we must give THE LITERARY DIVERSIONS OF A PHYSICIAN him some sufficient reason for respecting and sometimes succeed in securing a place in his loving our land. And how better than affections not second to that held by the through the library can this country of ours things of his profession. It is safe to say be made alluring, accepted in love! Alluring that Sir Thomas Browne, Dr. John Brown, certainly is the library's invitation to per- Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, and Dr. S. Weir 1914) 43 THE DIAL "No." Mitchell all took more satisfaction, in secret "And have you never read a poem of Tenny- if not openly, in their success and fame as son's?' Milnes sent him "Locksley authors than in their reputation as prac-Hall” and “Ulysses” to peruse at his leisure, titioners of medicine. What we accomplish What we accomplish and the great statesman may or may not have with the left hand and at odd moments seems done so; but, as all the world knows, Tenny- to bear more unmistakably the stamp of son was so fortunate as to get his pension. innate capacity or genius than that which with Knowles's turn came later. Apparently it sedulous training and strenuous effort we would have been all one to Peel whether the achieve in our regular working hours and by pension was asked for in the name of the the conscientious application of our best ener greatest poet in the land or for the obscurest gies. Dr. Christopher Johnston, who died in rhymester of Grub Street. Baltimore at the end of last month, was the son of a physician and was himself educated ANOTHER BUSINESS MEN'S BRANCH LIBRARY, to be a physician, and for eight years prac- after the pattern of the highly successful ticed medicine in the city of his birth; but pioneer institution of this kind at Newark, Oriental studies encroached increasingly on N. J., is about to be established in Boston's his time and attention, until finally he became City Hall, in the room formerly used by the known to the world as one of the most emi now extinct board of aldermen. The library nent Orientalists in this country and as a already has a good collection of such reference writer in his chosen department of learning, books, maps, atlases, and other works, as are holding at the same time a professorship in needed for the equipment of the proposed this department at Johns Hopkins University. branch, and as it is not at present intended He wrote “Epistolary Literature of the As- to provide books for circulation there will be syrians and Babylonians," which appeared in little expense involved in the installation of 1896, and edited ten years later a work on the new service. Dr. Edward M. Hartwell, “Ancient Empires of the East.” Articles on secretary of the statistics department, is Assyriology and Egyptology also came from named as head of the City Hall Branch — the his pen, and he gave assistance to Professor name of this latest addition to the Boston Paul Haupt in a new translation of the Bible Public Library system. New York has a issued some years ago in Germany. Dr. similar branch of its public library in its City Johnston was born in Baltimore, Dec. 8, 1856, Hall, and it is safe to say that the business received his college education at the Univer men's branch, as an essential part of the sity of Virginia, his medical training at the American public library, has come to stay and University of Maryland, studied and after to grow. ward taught Semitics at Johns Hopkins, and BY-PRODUCTS OF LITERARY rose to the dignity of a full professorship (in ENDEAVOR. Oriental history and archæology) in that uni- versity six years ago. (Special Correspondence of THE DIAL.) There are so many, in these days of Compulsory Education, who can write, after a fashion, that it THE QUESTION OF PUBLIC PENSIONS FOR is not surprising to find the poor author adven- AUTHORS, a question that some are trying to turing upon paths unknown to his more stolid agitate in this country, has more than one forefathers. The dignity of letters is only for the aspect and is not the simplest problem imag- writer with a competence; the others have to inable. Generally speaking, what interest in scramble for what they can get, like schoolboys or acquaintance with literature can be claimed in a muddy field. And even your successful for our legislators or other government offi- author, arrived at a pitch where he enjoys a more than comfortable income from his work, too often cials who would be called upon to grant the throws his dignity to the winds, scrambling with proposed pensions ? In Tennyson's day in the rest for more,- which, from the point of view England, as the London “Chronicle” has of his less fortunate brother in art, cannot be recently pointed out, there was no end of held other than reprehensible. But what is a difficulty in getting suitable pensions for de popular writer to do when editors pursue him serving men of letters. When the question of with flattering proposals? It takes a mind of granting the author of "The Lady of Shalott" uncommon loftiness to refuse handsome offers of a pension of two hundred pounds was under cash for work that is easy and affords an agree- consideration, there was a rival in the field able change. And so we find novelists of renown, both men and women, writing in the public press, in the person of Sheridan Knowles. Peel no doubt for highly exorbitant fees, on subjects confessed his complete ignorance of both with which they are often very imperfectly claimants. "What!” exclaimed Monckton acquainted. Milnes, “have you never seen the name of In fact, the less they know about their topic, it Sheridan Knowles on a playbill ?” would seem, the more anxiously does the modern "No." 44 (July 16 THE DIAL editor crave their assistance. It has lately become golfers began to get tired of reading similar advice, the fashion with the more widely circulated of our worded with a slight difference. And the point London morning papers to select the most incon- of view was always the same,, the intensely gruous persons to act as reporters on their serious outlook of the man to whom golf was a Sports” page. Football, of course, is just now means of livelihood as well as a game. And so the popular craze, among a certain section of the with cricket, and football, and the rest. It occurred public. We possess a whole class who follow the to the powers who rule such things that perhaps career of their favorites in the various leagues, or the professional writer and preacher might infuse in the Cup Ties, with more than a feverish interest. a little more spirit into the affair. And so they Football, with these, is a religion: they are turned to the professional writer, the professional steeped in the terminology of the game: their speaker, the artist in words and phrases, for a reading, conversation, and thoughts appear all to change. be concentrated upon this one absorbing topic. Our great lights in fiction took up the work And I suppose that the kindly editor of the readily enough. But I do not know that they London " Daily Mail” imagined that this intelli made a great success of the business. Several gent section of his readers hungered for variety. novelists have tried their hands at football Perhaps he reasoned that, being human, they must matches; a bishop or two, I believe, have written, surely be getting tired of the uninspired stuff that their impressions of other games in which the was served up to them week after week by the Church had, up to that time, taken but a languid common reporters. Or perhaps again he is a interest. But any freshness that they might have subtle humorist, delighting in the incongruous for brought to their task was nipped by a natural fear its own sake. At any rate, for the last few of displaying their ignorance. Indeed, in most months he has adopted the practice of employing cases, the journal that employed them thought it as football reporter the Ignorant Celebrity. Some necessary to provide a journalistic nurse to coach times he entraps a lady novelist; sometimes a them in their duties. Under the eye of this mentor pillar of the Church. The one essential appears the poor fellows were afraid to let their fancy to be that the writer should know as little as have free play. The apologetic note was too much possible of the game he has to describe. Whether in evidence in their work; and their reports read the football enthusiast enjoys the curious sus very much like those of a new hand who had yet tenance that is dished up to him above these to learn the alphabet of his trade. Certainly the honored names I have no means of telling. I bishops contrived to introduce a few words of should conjecture that he takes his favorite pas moral reflection; the lady novelists attempted a time too seriously to relish the change; probably few generalities; the humorists did their best to he prefers the common man who knows his busi insert an occasional joke. But I doubt if the ness to the more florid balderdash of the accom experiment will be repeated when we come to plished word-spinner. On the other hand, the another football season. editor of this popular journal is assuredly a man The press of this country, very properly, does who knows his public. He is aware that they like all it can to brighten its pages. Some years ago, big names. And it is possible that his readers we had the reputation of possessing the most solid experience a pleasant sense of superiority when daily press in the world. The solidity implied they discover that, after all, they know more about weight; and our morning papers secured their the intricacies of the Association code than Miss dignity at the cost of hard reading. Twenty years Marie Corelli or the Right Reverend the Bishop ago, or even less, the man who assimilated his of Zanzibar. “ Times” in the morning felt as if he had already This pursuit of the Big Name is nothing new done a good day's work. As the general pace of in British journalism: this latest development is life increased, it was felt that this daily labor merely a new phase of a practice that came into imposed too great a task upon the nation; even vogue toward the end of the last century. And the “ Times (most conservative of organs) had there is something to be said for it. The opinion to modify its form and cast overboard some of its of the expert is very well, but now and again it is ancient lumber. It was about that time that the not amiss to have also the opinion of one who has personal “causerie " began to take the place of earned his reputation in other fields. Thus we get the reasoned criticism. The art of writing in the a certain freshness of outlook; and freshness is press became the art of chatting pleasantly about an eminently desirable quality in a daily paper. personal predilections. Lightness and freshness of A short time ago editors were all for securing the outlook were the two qualities most in demand. services of well-known players to write of the Young men were captured fresh from the uni- games in which they excelled. Professional crick-versities, or even earlier, and set to record their eters used to write of the matches in which they impressions of the latest performances in Litera- took part; commonly, it may be admitted, they ture, Painting, Music, and the Drama. And at made a very dull job of it. So, too, almost all first, no doubt, they did infuse a certain amount our leading golfers perpetrated books of advice of freshness into their task. But a very little on their so popular pastime. Some of these dis- experience of the critic's arm chair is sufficient to played a literary facility that confounded those give the tyro all the airs of the expert; and in a critics who held that a certain torpidity of intellect very few weeks the young men were discovered was essential to the making of a first-class golfer. to have picked up most of the outworn tags of But there was, necessarily, a degree of sameness their predecessors. But the manner, at any rate, about their work: even the most enthusiastic of was different; and the manner has persisted. The 1914) 45 THE DIAL are rumors reviewer of to-day, with the critic of music and Max Pemberton, has struck out a new line for the drama, still commonly adopts the personal himself by turning out those curious medleys, so standpoint, which is a legacy from those earlier popular here of late, which we call Revues. And times. He does not go back to first principles. his industry has contributed not a little to the He has, in short, no standard by which to judge brightness of these strange productions. There but that of his own sympathies. of other novelists following his It is something for the young writer that he has example. The more the barriers are broken down no longer to mould his thoughts into the arbitrary in this and other directions the better. I do not form employed by the journalist of former days. know that the profession of novelist can be said He has a freer hand, both as to matter and manner. to be decaying, but it is certainly somewhat incon- The old “ leading article” of our youth had a veniently over-crowded in these days. framework of cast iron: it was a bed of Pro- E. H. LACON WATSON. crustes into which the writer had somehow to mould his thoughts, sometimes cutting them short London, July 1, 1914. but more often expanding them to the last degree of tenuity. Those three paragraphs, each about half a column in length, had to be filled; and the COMMUNICATIONS. unhappy journalist, in self defence, fell insensibly into the habit of using the longest periphrases, a LAMAR FONTAINE AND "ALL QUIET ALONG dozen words where two would serve. You could THE POTOMAC.” tell the accomplished leader-writer at a glance when he adventured into other fields of literary (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) endeavor: there was apt to be something didactic The bare statement in a recent book, “ Writers and long-winded even in his conversation. He and Writings of Texas,” that Lamar Fontaine was gained a fatal facility in the use of words; he the author of the poem, “All Quiet along the became a machine for transforming every con Potomac,” calls to mind one of the most pic- ceivable subject into articles in three paragraphs. turesque figures in American literature and a lit- I am glad to think that the leading article, in its erary controversy that was bitterly waged by the old form, is practically dead. It could not be said press during the seventies and eighties. to be good practice for the intending Man of Fontaine was born, October 10, 1829, in Laberde Letters. Prairie, Washington County, Texas. In 1840 his I confess myself a believer in the notion of a family moved to Austin, then the capital of the writer trying as many fields as possible. It is a Republic, where his father served first as private commonplace that the best masters of prose have secretary to President Lamar (for whom Fontaine in general been able to write fluent if not inspired was named), and later as pastor of the Episcopal verse. And journalism has given many of our church. The remainder of Fontaine's life reads greatest names to literature, from the times of like pure fiction, and is rivalled in interest only Dickens and Thackeray to the present day. The by the adventurous life of Captain John Smith. practice of daily writing may or may not be Shortly after his arrival at Austin he was cap- useful; sometimes, no doubt, it makes for pro tured by the Comanche Indians, who kept him a lixity. But the journalist has to touch life at prisoner for four years. Escaping by a clever many points: he must have at the least a bowing subterfuge, he returned on foot to Austin, a dis- acquaintance with all the activities of the moment; tance of seven hundred and fifty miles. After six and this should have its use when he comes to the years in the U. S. Navy, under the instruction of writing of novels. So that Mrs. Elinor Glyn and Lieutenant Matthew Fontaine Maury, he went to her sisters, who have recently paid occasional visits Russia, where he entered the Russian army. Dur- to the football field in the way of business, may ing the siege of Sebastopol, by his expert marks- possibly find inspiration for future works in the manship, he attracted the attention of the Czar, unaccustomed spectacle. In the meantime, their who bestowed on him the Iron Cross of Peter the names have been advertised among a section of Great. From Russia Fontaine journeyed to South the public to whom, in all probability, their works America, and was there working as a civil engineer had up to that time been but indifferently known. when the Civil War broke out. He sailed imme- And so, too, with the stage. The masters of diately' for the South and enlisted in the Confed- modern fiction adventure more and more into this erate army, acting for two years as a scout for province, and with increasing success. Mr. Arnold Stonewall Jackson and later as a courier for Pem- Bennett is the most popular playwright of the berton and Johnston. At the siege of Vicksburg moment; Mr. G. K. Chesterton may be said to Fontaine distinguished himself by penetrating the have won his spurs at the same innocent pursuit; Union lines on crutches and entering the city with Mr. Temple Thurston is another recruit whó important dispatches and 40,000 gun caps. Alto- appears to be making his way toward the legiti-gether he took part in twenty-seven battles and mate drama by way of the music-hall sketch. Of fifty-seven skirmishes, and was wounded sixty- Sir James Barrie, and the other lights who have seven times! After the war and until his death in already illuminated the British stage, there is no Augusta, Georgia, he supported himself by teach- need to speak now. But he, too, has been coquet-ing and surveying. ting with the music-halls. And while some of our The poem which is responsible for Fontaine's older dramatists have been occupying themselves literary prominence appeared anonymously in in the designing of pageants, one novelist, Mr. / “Harper's Weekly” for November 30, 1861, under 46 [July 16 THE DIAL 6 The the title, “ The Picket.” His claim to its author and threw on some pine knots, and roused Moore ship was not long uncontested. Mrs. Ethel Beers, to take my place. He rose slowly and gathered the only other contestant who gained much con his gun and stepped to the fire, stretching himself, sideration, died on the very day (October 10, 1879) as a sleepy soldier will, and gaped and yawned; on which her only volume of poetry, “All Quiet and while his arms were extended, and his hand along the Potomac, and Other Poems," appeared. | grasped the barrel of his gun, there was a flash This volume did much to strengthen her claim. across the river and the whiz of a bullet, and he She has been favored, too, by most authorities. sank to the earth, with a hole just above his eye Thus Appleton's "Cyclopædia of American Biog on the left side. . . . Not a word, not a groan raphy” remarks: “Her most noted poem is ‘Al escaped him. I removed his remains from near Quiet along the Potomac,' suggested by an oft the fire where he had fallen. As I did so my eyes repeated dispatch during the first year of the fell on the telegraphic columns of a newspaper, Civil War. Its authorship was warmly disputed; and it was headed All Quiet along the Potomac but, as is usual in such cases, only one of the To-night.' And, oh, how truthful it was. claimants had written other verses of equal merit. When morning dawned the words of that news- That was Mrs. Beers, and there is now no further paper were burned in my brain — they rang in doubt as to the genuineness of her title.” The my ears, and were painted on every scene that met poem had appeared under her name without com my view. . . . And while I stood and gazed at his ment in W. C. Bryant's “ Library of Poetry and marble face and glazed eyes . . . I felt what few Song” in 1871. Even Southern reference books mortals ever feel in this shadowy vale. I penned have usually made cautious statements. the outlines of the poem then and there, but not South in the Building of the Nation," to quote an as they now appear, for the first were biting and instance, remarks: Fontaine claimed the author sarcastic. I read the crude copy to Mr. W. W. ship of • All Quiet along the Potomac,' but Williams, and to Graham and Deprist. And Mr. his claims seem not to be firmly established Williams suggested that if I would only make it while C. W. Raines's “ Bibliography of Texas” pathetic, instead of sarcastic, it would be better. (p. 84) declares: “Mr. F., one of the claimants I did so, and on the 9th of August I had it com- to the authorship of this celebrated poem, was a plete, as the poem now stands, and I read it to my man of but little literary ability ... and a school messmates . . . and gave them copies of the orig- teacher of scant qualifications. He has many cer inal, and they recopied and sent them home, and tificates of respectable men to sustain his claim, soon the whole regiment, brigade, division, and but the internal evidence is lacking." army were in possession of it.” As early as 1869, however, when the controversy Mrs. Beers claims to have written the poem on between Mrs. Beers and Fontaine was just begin a "cool September morning, after reading the ning, the poem was published under Fontaine's stereotyped announcement, 'All Quiet,' etc., to name in The Southern Poems of the War" which was added in small type, 'A Picket Shot.' (collected and arranged by Miss Emily V. Mason, But it is obvious that Fontaine's 'account of why of Virginia) and in “ The Southern Amaranth he wrote the poem is the more plausible and could (by Miss Sallie A. Brock), with notes alluding better explain its deep emotion. In regard to to the controversy and sustaining Fontaine's claim. Mrs. Beers, he wrote in the letter mentioned above: In this year, also, James Wood Davidson compiled “Does it seem possible to a reading public that a his “Living Writers of the South," in which he woman unacquainted and unused to the scenes and credited the poem to Fontaine, justifying his act incidents of war should be able to portray so good by publishing letters from Fontaine and various and so true a picture, and she a thousand miles other Confederate officers. This evidence is from the spot? or how a Northern woman could strengthened by several other letters in Sam H. write a poem so truly Southern, when the most Dixon's “ Poets and Poetry of Texas" (1885), a intense and bitter animosity existed between the quaint old book, long out of circulation. The most two sections, and a cruel, bloody war was raging interesting of these is a letter from Fontaine, dated at the time? It passes all comprehension. And if June 24, 1885. she could do such a thing, she would be the most Fontaine begins by telling of his friendship with remarkable woman on the face of the earth." a Mr. Moore, a member of his own company, with Fontaine, it should be remembered, wrote other whom, 6 because we were of the same tempera poems: his war songs are excellent, notably ment, and exceedingly fond of poetry," he usually Oenone," " Only a Soldier,” and “Dying Pris- contrived to stay, even while on picket duty. On oner at Camp Chase.” For these he deserves some August 2, 1861, he goes on to say, he and Moore attention, even if his claim to “All Quiet along were hailed by a Federal picket, who invited them the Potomac" be not recognized. Regardless of to come half way to exchange papers. Fontaine who wrote the poem, it is interesting to read J. W. swam across to the island, put on one of the Davidson's dictum that it will be remembered “as overcoats of the guard, and ate a hearty meal, and long as hostile hosts send sorrow over civilized made arrangements with the entire post that we country — as long as bloody death in distant lands would not fire at one another while on guard.” | breaks loving hearts at home"; and Dixon's state- He then returned to the Confederate lines. ment: “This poem stands among the finest lyrics had to stand on post six hours at a time," he con of the English language. It made the name of its tinues. That night I took my stand at six and author familiar to the world. Its popularity does Moore retired to rest. . . . As soon as I found not grow less as time passes. . It will be appreci- that midnight had arrived I stepped to the fire ated as long as the memory of battle's fierce con- 66 We 1914 ] 47 THE DIAL . men. flict is retained by man; as long, perhaps, as the not want to come into contact with the personality of cradle owns its infant and the lonely picket walks the critic, since they have obviously never been intro- duced to him. upon the face of the earth !" HYDER E. ROLLINS. “ The ideal critic, on the other hand – - as opposed to the so-exemplary reviewer – is a person who can University of Texas, Austin, July 8, 1914. so handle words that from the fir three phrases any intelligent person - any foreigner, that is to say, and any one of three inhabitants of these islands any “ GROCER-SHOP CRITICISM." intelligent person will know at once the sort of chap (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) he is dealing with. Letters of introduction will there. fore be unnecessary, and the intelligent reader will I am one of those who would like to make know pretty well what sort of book the fellow is “excited protests against the very idea of there writing about because he will know the sort of fellow being such things in criticism as standard weights, the fellow is. standard scales, and competent literary grocers,' Does not Mr. Hueffer succeed in demonstrating that but Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer offers me à chance the difference between the non-impressionist writer to do something better. He explains, in the cur- and the impressionist writer is the difference rent issue of “Poetry and Drama," the difference between a carpenter and a Sheraton or a Chip- between non-impressionist writing — which is what pendale? you defend in your article on " Grocer-Shop Criti- cism” — and impressionist writing: Seriously, I recognize the necessity of the criti- cism which makes it a business to list, describe, and “ The difference between the description of a grass place books: or, as THE DIAL puts it, “ to by the agricultural correspondent of the Times news- estimate literature, to pass judgment upon it, to paper and the description of the same grass by Mr. W. H. Hudson is just the difference the measure register the facts about it in some sort of objective of the difference between the egos of the two gentle- fashion." But that sort of criticism interests me The difference between the description of any as a reader very little. It is useful - to those who given book by a sound English reviewer and the have a use for it. The other sort (the sort that description of the same book by some foreigner | Mr. George Moore has written in his autobiog- attempting Impressionist criticism is again merely a raphy, that M. Anatole France puts into his novels, matter of the difference in the ego. even that which Mr. Hueffer has put into his Mind, I am not saying that the non-Impressionist “ Memories and Impressions ") is interesting – to productions may not have their values — their very those who have an interest for it. LAURA TOBEY. great values. The Impressionist gives you his own views, expecting you to draw deductions, since pre New York City, July 10, 1914. sumably you know the sort of chap he is. The agri- cultural correspondent of the Times, on the other hand — and a jolly good writer he is — attempts to “ HEART OF HEART." give you, not so much his own impressions of a new (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) grass as the factual observations of himself and of as many as possible other sound authorities. He will In connection with your remarks about “Tempta- tell you how many blades of the new grass will grow tions to Misquotation" (June 16), under which upon an acre, what height they will attain, what will you refer to Hamlet's “heart of heart," it is per- be a reasonable tonnage to expect when green, when haps worth recalling that Wordsworth uses heart sun-dried in the form of hay or as ensilage. He will of hearts" in the last stanza of his ode, “ Intima- tell you the fattening value of the new fodder in its tions of Immortality.” various forms and the nitrogenous value of the manure dropped by the so-fattened beasts. He will provide “And 0, ye Fountains, Meadows, Hills and you, in short, with reading that is quite interesting Groves, to the layman, since all facts are interesting to men Forebode not any severing of our loves ! of good will; and the agriculturist he will provide Yet in my heart of hearts I feel your might.” with information of real value. Mr. Hudson, on the May not some instances of supposed "misquo- other hand, will give you nothing but the pleasure of coming in contact with his temperament, and I doubt tation " be really a borrowing from Wordsworth? whether, if you read with the greatest care his descrip- W. M. T. tion of false sea-buckthorn (hippophae rhamnoides) Sackville, N. B., July 3, 1914. you would very willingly recognize that greenish-gray plant, with the spines and the berries like reddish THE USE OF “ TEMPEST." amber, if you came across it. “ Or again so at least I was informed by an (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) editor the other day - the business of a sound English I have just read the article in your issue for reviewer is to make the readers of the paper under May 16 on dialectic English. The word tempest stand exactly what sort of book it is that the reviewer is writing about. . . What the sound English re- recalls the surprise I felt at the beginning of three viewer, therefore, has to do is to identify himself with years' residence on Cape Cod to hear the word the point of view of as large a number of readers of used commonly as an exact synonym for thunder- the journal for which he may be reviewing, as he can storm. easily do, and then to give them as many facts about Persnickety I have been accustomed to use in the book under consideration as his allotted space will the sense attached to perjinkety, that is, over-fas- hold. To do this he must sacrifice his personality and tidious. I do not know how the word was acquired the greater part of his readability. But he will prob- or how common its use is. ably very much help his editor, since the great majority of readers do not want to read anything that any WILLIAM H. BOWERS. reasonable person would want to read: and they do Brookings, South Dakota, July 3, 1914. 48 (July 16 THE DIAL The New Books. acquired a lot of wholly useless knowledge and can't get rid of it.' The creative faculty was what he valued; and his instinct for recognising it, which enabled him to contribute to literature so large a EDWARD DOWDEN'S MIND AND ART. * body of most helpful criticism, was derived fronı A pleasing self-delineation of the Irish critic the poet in himself.” and poet whose first book, “ Shakespeare, his Continuing his comment, the writer speaks Mind and Art,” made him widely known as a of the artistic detachment, the objectivity, the gifted writer and a discerning interpreter of lack of the personal element and of expres- other men's writings, is to be found in the two sions of personal preference in Dowden's work collections of letters issued under the super as a literary critic; and he likens his method vision of his widow and one of his daughters. to that of Sainte-Beuve in French criticism, "Letters of Edward Dowden and His Corre- ascribing to him the highest credit for his spondents "' is prefaced with a brief editorial interpretation of Shakespeare. Then, in a note signed by Mrs. Dowden and Miss Hilda passage that excellently characterizes the cor- M. Dowden, and with a longer critical and respondence here under review, he adds : appreciative introduction by Mr. W. K. Magee “ It is this missing personal element in his writ- ("John Eglinton”). "Fragments from Old ings which the present collection of letters comes to Letters. E. D. to E. D. W. 1869-1892 ” is supply; and the mere fact that so many of his cor- edited by Mrs. Dowden alone, the "E. D. W." respondents, from his earliest years, preserved his referred to on the title page, or, in full, the letters, is already a sort of credential of their inter- Elizabeth Dickinson West who became Dow est and value. The writing of letters was at all den's second wife in 1895, and who is a daugh times with him one of his principal relaxations. He ter of the late Dean of St. Patrick's. The two seemed always ready for it, and wherever he hap- volumes appeared almost simultaneously, and pened to be in the Examination Hall of Trinity together constitute one work, the tone of all College, or lying out on the grass, or in the midst of his family -- he would pull out his fountain-pen, the letters being predominantly though by no and in that beautiful handwriting welcomed by his means exclusively literary and critical, often correspondents all over the world, would give the rich in book-learning, and always kindly and, piece of advice solicited, find what he could say in as one instinctively feels, agreeably charac praise of some MS., supply a fact in literary his- teristic of the writer. This, of course, applies tory, or gossip about himself, his literary, profes- to the letters from Dowden, which make up sorial, political activities, with the same blending of all one volume and the greater part of the irony and sympathy with which he looked on at life other. and the world. It was almost his chosen mode of There is something rather touching and intercourse with his friends, as he admits playfully to the friend to whom he wrote his best letters: wholly ingratiating in Dowden's lifelong de- 'It is satisfactory to be at writing distance. It is sire to give the best expression of himself in only now and then I am friendly to you in bodily poetry of his own rather than, as he was presence. However, you are aware that under my destined to do, in appraising and interpreting talk of the weather there is something more real. the poetry of others. In his college days at But on paper I can even talk of “two new points Dublin University he won, among other in Hamlet's soul ” (much better than the weather).' honors, the vice-chancellor's prize for both The personality which presents itself in these letters English verse and prose, and the little book is that almost of a saint of culture: a saint, how- of poems he published at the age of thirty-one ever, not lost to humanity, nor whom celestial diet has spoiled for human nature's daily food; for they was so far successful as to go into a second are a record of a life passed with the great person- edition. But if he did not win immortal fame alities of literature." as a poet, it was the poet in him that helped to make him one of the soundest and most The preface here quoted from is a little con- stimulating of critics and one of the most fusing and self-contradictory in professing to enjoyable of essayists. As Mr. Magee says of find in Dowden's critical work, which in a him in the preface already referred to,- general way includes all his prose work, “an “ The poet in Dowden was the secret of his per- entire elimination of his own personality, sonal distinction; it was the secret also of that and in asserting at the end that “his con- strange humility of his, for he hardly valued him- tribution to Irish literature was perhaps the self at all on the possession of those faculties for greatest he could have made, a personality.” which the world in his case found most use: his It was in keeping with this very impersonality aptitude for mere book-learning, for instance, of of his that he could humorously call himself which he says in his letters, Somebow I have "a half-breed Irishman” and one endowed * LETTERS OF EDWARD DOWDEN AND HIS CORRESPONDENTS. “with none of the instincts of Irish nation- Illustrated. New York : E. P. Dutton & Co. ality.” He refused to join in the Irish literary OLD LETTERS. E. D. to E. D. W. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. movement that vainly sought his support in FRAGMENTS FROM 1869-1892. Illustrated. 1914] 49 THE DIAL the early nineties; his interest was in a larger “I do n't know what my lecture on the 'Humour literary movement, and it is this very breadth of Shakespeare' will turn out, except that I have of literary sympathy that has given him so no intention of being funny. I conjecture before- wide an influence in the world of letters. hand that not only a man's laughter is significant, And now for a few illustrative extracts from but the history of his laughter, and I think if I the correspondence itself. Here is one that arrange Shakespeare's plays in chronological order, and ask what Shakespeare laughed at from 26 to 46, combines the intimate and personal with the something ought to be discoverable. The wit of the literary and critical in a delightful manner. early comedies is something very remote from the It is from a letter written in the country to sublime and pathetic grotesque of Lear's fool. ... Mr. Magee; the date, August 12, 1895. As to Shakespeare's humour, I think there is a tem- “If you are, as I suppose, gone away for your porary and a permanent element (permanent at holiday, I hope you have better weather than ours. least as long as we have the sense of humour) in it. It has resulted for me in a stupefying dose of read I have — rarely --- laughed aloud when reading ing. I am just now finishing a long poem by Shakespeare, but not so much at anything exactly Mr. Milton called “Paradise Lost,' which I am sure humorous as at something else, probably sympathy you have heard of, perhaps read. Mark Pattison with Shakespeare's delight in inventing anything so deplores Milton's prostitution in pamphlet writing much after his own heart. I think in heaven we I confess I sometimes turn from the addresses of shall have something corresponding to humour, the the Almighty to his Son, and vice versa, with some relative will still remain, and perhaps the highest satisfaction to the rages and arguments on divorce heroisms we can now conceive will appear then like and king-killing and prelate-harrying; and I like the efforts of a baby to think or speak or move, and to see how the poet behaved in the stress of the as we smile with a half pleased, half tender, and realities of his day." wholly loving feeling at the upward tendings of a Writing in term time from Dublin to Ed baby, so we shall have a tender, half-amused joy in mund Gosse, Dowden gives a glimpse of him- the striving after right of souls in their childhood, self in the class-room. He is at his epistolary and we shall afford the same recreation to the Greater Spirits who are above ourselves." best in such light and humorous passages as this: The poetic gift of his correspondent quick- “Last Friday I went into my class-room with a ened the interest Dowden evidently felt in her delightful new lecture copied out of a certain new from the first. He gives her useful advice volume by E. G., which lecture I purposed to about writing and publishing, and from time deliver with a critical air and an impressive aspect to time commends her work in prose and verse. of original investigation, as the lecturer's own. Referring to her literary manner, he says, in Imagine my disgust when I saw • Seventeenth Cen- a passage that no one who plies a pen will tury Studies’ already in the hands of one of my fail to enjoy: students. I made a vain attempt to turn him out of my class-room for breach of discipline. Then I “As to what I said of style I mean not that you humbled myself and said, 'I will now read some have applied the manipulative dexterities of a extracts from a charming essay on Herrick, by craftsman to your sentences but that you see an:) Mr. Gosse, which I am proud to see is already feel what ought to be done, and do it; and one gets known to members of my class.' The young offender the pleasure from such writing that one gets from felt touched by this, and did not mention the fact the swift work of an artist who tells a truth with that I read nearly the whole essay." The manipulative dexterities I ain Dowden's long friendship with the woman far from despising." whom, three years after the death of his first This mention of “the manipulative dexteri- wife, he married, and by whom the last years ties” recalls what a reviewer in “The Spec- of his life were cheered, is commemorated in tator" said of Dowden's style upon the ap- the smaller of the two volumes here under pearance of his “Transcripts and Studies.” notice. The letters begin in the spring of In a criticism of the book the writer was of 1869, and end in the autumn of 1892. The opinion that “occasionally Mr. Dowden allows marriage, after which the two “were never a the wealth of decorative language of which he day apart until April 3, 1913," took place in is a master to get the better of him and serve December of 1895. To judge from the letters as a substitute for thought; but this is not and parts of letters published, it was chiefly often, and for the most part his criticism is as what may be called a literary and intellectual thoughtful as it is happily expressed." friendship that finally took on a warmer glow Happily expressed thoughts abound in and ended in matrimony; and it is because these collections of letters; and though all the letters are devoted so largely to the parts are not equally interesting to all read- writer's studies and literary diversions that ers, no reader who feels moved to open the they are of sufficient general interest to be volumes should fail to find much matter suited made public. Here is a part of one written to his tastes, and none that is utterly devoid in 1874, when the writer was nearing the end of savor. Portraits, views, and facsimiles are of his thirty-first year. included. PEROY F. BICKNELL. every touch. 50 (July 16 THE DIAL ENGLISH DRAMA OF THE 17TH AND 18TH and their history. In the same way the de- CENTURIES.* velopment of dramatic technique is almost With all the attention which colleges have ignored, except in so far as it is connected given in the past few years to dramatic with the controversy about the rules. We studies, it is strange that no serious history get only a hint of the decisive influence of of the English drama of the last two cen. new stage conditions on technique. So simple turies should have appeared. Dr. Ward's a matter as the introduction of the curtain, standard work carries the story only to the for instance, had an important effect upon death of Queen Anne; Professor Schelling naïveté in this whole matter may be sug- The author's confines himself to the Elizabethan period. naïveté in this whole matter may be sug- Professor Nettleton's "English Drama of the gested by a single sentence. "Like Gold- Restoration and Eighteenth Century” is in smith, smith," he says, "Sheridan prefers 'expec- tended to supply this lack in part; and a tation' to 'surprise' as a dramatic motive." sequel which will deal with the nineteenth Yes: and he might have added, like Sopho- century is promised. cles, like Shakespeare, and like every other The present study is dedicated to Dr. Ward, dramatist who knew his business. and has had the benefit of his advice and sug- Aside from these capital omissions, the gestions. For the sake of completeness and chief weakness of the book is an occasional continuity, Professor Nettleton has wisely woodenness or vagueness of style. Certain included the Restoration, and has given a mechanical tricks, such as the constant quali- résumé of the scattering dramatic activities fication of a sentence by its successor begin- of the Puritan period. The volume ends with ning with “yet,” become distinctly annoying. a discussion of Sheridan. Considering the As to vagueness, just what does this mean? difficulties of the task and the rather narrow “The Law against Lovers (1662) blends with limits of space, the book is in many respects the darker tones of Measure for Measure the excellent. It is based on a thorough study of lively accents of Benedick and Beatrice." Or the plays; it is logically planned and well what degree of indebtedness is implied in the proportioned; in statement of fact it is remark that “The Parson's Wedding” “drew cautious and so far as it has been tested accu- from Calderon”! But these are minor de- rate. Its literary judgments, if a trifle con fects. Some day, it is to be hoped, Professor ventional, are generally sound. The history is Nettleton may enlarge his book and give ade- carefully integrated, every writer being con quate treatment to the parts of the subject sidered with reference to his predecessors and which he has slighted; meanwhile we must be his followers. Thus, for instance, we are grateful to him for a good working text, in- made to see how the origin of sentimental valuable to students of the period. comedy may be traced to the sentimentalized HOMER E. WOODBRIDGE. tragedy of Otway and Southerne; or more specifically, how Goldsmith and Sheridan took hints for their great comedies from MAN'S ORIGINAL MENTAL EQUIPMENT. Wycherley, Farquhar, Steele, and Foote. There is a good, though rather scanty, work “The Original Nature of Man" is the first ing bibliography, and a fairly satisfactory volume of a trilogy by Mr. Edward L. Thorn- index. dike, professor of educational psychology at The chief faults are sins of omission. Pro Columbia. It “describes man's original men- fessor Nettleton pays astonishingly little at tal equipment - the inherited foundations of tention to stage conditions and dramatic intellect, morals, and skill.” Of its mates, technique. The differences between the Eliza- "The Psychology of Learning," which is the bethan theatre and that of the Restoration second, has still to be written; while the third, are stated only briefly; the evolution of the on “Individual Differences and their Causes,” Restoration stage into the modern stage is was printed as long ago as 1903, under the entirely ignored. The word “stage” does title, “Educational Psychology. not appear in the index; the word “theatre” pose of this trilogy is to offer ‘a systematic appears only with reference to Drury Lane. account of present knowledge of the dynamics In the chapters on the Garrick era especially of human nature and behavior,” not, how- we feel the need of some account of the rival ever, for the sake of knowledge, but for the theatres and companies; and indeed the value sake of the improvement of mankind. Mr. of the whole book woul'i be greatly increased Thorndike appears as a sort of American by a brief chronological view of the theatres Socrates, applying the methods of the * ENGLISH DRAMA OF THY RESTORATION AND EIGHTEENTH * THE ORIGINAL NATURE OF MAN. By Edward L. Thorn- By: George Henry Nettleton. Educational Psychology." York: The Macmillan Co. The pur- CENTURY (1642-1780). New 60 dike. College, Columbia University. New York: Teachers 1914) 51 THE DIAL “sciences of psychology, in obedience to the “ The original tendencies of man have not been maxim “Know thyself." His conclusion is no right, are not right, and probably never will be less Socratic and triumphantly common- right. By them alone few of the best wants in place. There is a higher and a lower in human life would have been felt, and fewer still satisfied. Nor would the crude, conflicting perilous human nature. For happiness and civiliza- wants which original nature so largely represents tion it is necessary that the lower shall be and serves, have had much more fulfilment. Orig- controlled by the higher. The instrument of inal nature has achieved what goodness the world control is education. Plato said the same knows as a state achieves order, by killing, con- thing, not less eloquently, if more gracefully fining and reforming some of its elements. It and convincingly, in the “Republic" and progresses, not by laissez faire, but by changing elsewhere. But he was n't so sure as Mr. the environment in which it operates and by renew- Thorndike that the thing could be done: the edly changing itself in each generation. Man is American parts company with the Greek in now as civilized, rational, and humane as he is his optimism. Mr. Thorndike's tone, indeed, because man in the past has changed things into makes his book completely national. If shapes more satisfying, and changed parts of his psy- own nature into traits more satisfying, to man as chology can be American, his is American a whole. Man is thus eternally altering himself to psychology. suit himself. His nature is not right in his own Notwithstanding, he says in his easy, breezy, eyes. Only one thing in it, indeed is unreservedly sometimes staccato manner, many striking and good, the power to make it better. This power, important things, which are not the less worth the power of leaning or modification in favor of repeating because they are the immemorial the satisfying, the capacity represented by the law wisdom of the fathers gaberdined in the slang of effect, is the essential principle of reason or of a latter-day science. Instead of a tripartite right in the world.” morally qualified soul, original nature is now Familiar doctrine, age-old wisdom! But conceived as a multiform congeries of func- Mr. Thorndike does a great service to state it tions — “a name for the nature of the com anew, and so freshly, as an offering to just bined germ-cells from which man springs” those folk among whom pedantry is most “ what is common to all men minus all adapta- prevalent and vision most needed, the Lapu- tions to tools, houses, clothes, furniture, words, tan professors who are making a mess of the beliefs, religions, law, science, the arts, and to youth of the land with their “science" of whatever in other men's behavior is due to adapta- education” and “pedagogy.' Written tions to it. . . . Consider the intellectual and moral ostensibly for these, the book must by virtue equipment of the monkeys. Add to it certain im- of its robustious optimism no less than its portant social instincts, notably those connected with the more refined facial expressions and the sanity and fluency perforce appeal to all cul- tivated readers. approval-disapproval series. Increase in intensity and breadth the satisfyingness of mental life for HORACE M. KALLEN. its own sake, widen the repertory of movements to include human facial expressions, finger and thumb play and articulate babble, enrich the fund of A GALLERY OF CONFEDERATE indifferent possibilities of secondary connections PORTRAITS. * and give them the tendency to piecemeal action in very fine detail. The result will be substantially One of the curious things in recent histor- the original nature of man." ical writing is the amount of time and energy This "original nature" Mr. Thorndike ren that Mr. Gamaliel Bradford, a northern man, ders concrete and specific by means of a de has given to Confederate history. But there scriptive inventory of instincts and capacities. is nothing strange in the fact that any man, Their origin is original nature." Its im- living anywhere, should think General Lee provement depends on the elimination of the worthy of study; and perhaps it was his pro- worse, not on their reformation. Containing found study of this man which led Mr. Brad- within itself a principle of change, "the cir ford to draw the portraits of the lesser lights cumstances of the life led by modern man by which Lee was surrounded. Eight men are metamorphose almost every original tendency considered in Mr. Bradford's new volume into habits which are much unlike it even of “Confederate Portraits,” beginning with directly contrary to it." This is education This is education Joseph E. Johnston and ending with Raphael "fostering the good elements of original Semmes. nature and encouraging their fertility, and These papers, which first appeared as mag- debarring the worse elements from reproduc- azine articles, are not mere sketches, nor are tion or eliminating them outright." The in- The in- | they condensed biographies. They are exactly struments of this education are satisfaction what the title of the book suggests,- pen pic- and discomfort. These are infallible. Left CONFEDERATE PORTRAITS. By Gamaliel Bradford. Boston: to itself, original nature would run amuck. Houghton Mifflin Co. 52 [July 16 THE DIAL kas ܕܙ tures, character sketches. When a man is able self with saying that “it is utterly unjust to to draw a living picture out of material gath- deny that his patriotism was genuine or that ered largely from the Rebellion records it is he gave his very best sincerely,” the reviewer evidence of more than ordinary ability at por- would be forced to take issue with him. But traiture; and the knowledge that such was the author saves himself, at least in part, the source of much of Mr. Bradford's mate by qualifying clauses,— "in his way,' rial should incline us the more readily to deeply as he could feel,” etc. Danton, the accept the portraits as genuine. Verisimili- Frenchman, when urged to flee for safety, re- tude is stamped upon every sketch, regardless plied that he did not carry his country on the of the copious citations of sources. They are soles of his feet. It seems that Benjamin did all sympathetic, yet pitiless. carry his country thus. Lee, Davis, Stephens, In nearly all the men dealt with here the and thousands of others whose courage and elements were mixed. Johnston was straight- devotion Benjamin spoke of with admiration forward, absolutely honest and upright, cour might submit, but he would never be taken ageous beyond question, yet simple and alive. They might remain to bind up the demonstrative, even to the point of kissing wounds of the broken-hearted and build again his male friends. He loved his men and was on the ruins of their country, but not so Ben- loved by them. His great failing was that jamin, who fled to England and forgot all while he could see all the mistakes of Davis, about the South. Had a man of foreign birth Lee, Jackson, and the rest, he could see none been the only one who thought more of him- of his own. Stuart figures here as a man of self than of his country, the story would not laughter. Light-hearted and gay and rollick be so bad. But Pryor, Wise, and others for- ing, he was yet a very Puritan in morals, sook the country they had helped to plunge devoted to duty and capable in the perform- into woe and went to dwell in the North. ance thereof. Withal he was, says Sedg Not so the gentle, large-hearted Stephens wick, “the greatest cavalry officer ever foaled and the fiery Toombs,- two men very unlike, in America. yet both extremely devoted. Toombs did in- Longstreet was no less able and brave than deed flee when everyone was seeking personal Johnston; but he was hard-headed, even safety; but he never forgot his country, and stolid, seeking to impose his own personality he returned to do her good service. In both upon everybody else. With supreme trust in men we find a curious mixture of aristocracy himself, he trusted no one else. No more and democracy. When the fight against the striking contrast is presented by Mr. Bradford railroads and other powerful corporations had than when he says that Longstreet was always barely begun, Toombs was in the forefront of able to give a good reason for not arriving in the fight and foresaw “starving millions of time, but Jackson, when at his best, arrived in our posterity” robbed and given over to the time in spite of good reasons. Blamed by keeping of these corporations. “The right to many for the failure at Gettysburg, Long control these railroads belongs to the State, to street was determined not to bear the blame the people,” said he, “and as long as I rep- himself. Perhaps the cleverest bit of shifting resent the people, I will not relinquish it, so in this matter Mr. Bradford has failed to men help me God.'; At the same time he favored tion. Years afterwards, when Lee was dead, giving over the people to the keeping of Longstreet said that Lee was to blame, – that judges not subject to popular election or any Lee himself had said so and that Lee was too sort of control. But the greatest contradic- honorable a man to tell an untruth. After tions are found in Stephens. Frail of body, the war Longstreet became a Republican,- practically all heart and intellect, he was that is, to the Southerner, a scalawag. For easily touched by suffering and ever ready this the South never quite forgave him; but to relieve it,- so much so as to win a slave's he never wavered, and always manifested simple eulogy: "He is kind to folks that charity for those who had none for him. nobody else will be kind to. Mars Alex is Beauregard's name betrays the Gallic blood. kinder to dogs than most folks is to folks.” His head fairly boiled with ideas, some of After this one is shocked to think that he them really good. Had they been followed, would have made human slavery, wherein the the Confederacy would have won,- so thought many toil for the few, the cornerstone of the Beauregard. Unfortunately this idea became new government he was seeking to establish. an obsession with him; it was a malady that He was a man of intellect, yet that intellect attacked some others also. But the man had stopped just short of the profound. It is easy fine traits; no one who had not could have so enough now for the mediocre mind, reading won and kept the devotion of his soldiers. backward, to see that slavery was already Benjamin's patriotism has been a matter of doomed in 1860. Some mediocre minds saw dispute. If Mr. Bradford had contented him it then. That a man of Stephens's goodness 1914) 53 THE DIAL of heart and strength of intellect could not see than browned) by the sun, but one must be it is one of the anomalies of the nineteenth a very independent person indeed to be in century. danger of spending too much of one's time in If Mr. Bradford's book should enjoy a wide a hammock. The custom of our society does reading in the South, it will serve a useful not permit of it. Yet “hammock fiction" is purpose there, as clothing with flesh and not designed for independent, custom-smash- blood names which the mass of the people now ing persons. No. Hammocks and fiction have know little about other than that they stand no relation to each other. Either fiction is so for half deified heroes whom it is more pious interesting that one reads it anywhere and to worship than to suspect. The Northern anyhow, even when people come to call, or man, also, may read of these Americans with it is too dull to keep one from going to sleep profit. The last paragraph of the book is a in a hammock. But this brings me back to bit of sermonizing well worth quoting: the belief that “light” fiction is more in- “ Meade and Lee, Hancock and Longstreet, teresting than “heavy” fiction, to the Tired Reynolds and Pickett, even more, the common Giant theory of the novel, of which Mr. soldiers, North and South both, were all Ameri- Wells speaks, and its brother, the Tired cans, all ours, ours to praise, ours to be proud of, Business Man theory of the stage, of which ours to learn from. The inheritance of their everybody speaks, or, until recently, did ever- courage, their sacrifice, their loyalty to high ideals lastingly speak. As if Mr. Martin Andersen is one of which no country can ever hear too Nexö’s “Pelle the Conqueror,” which is much. And if the tradition of these great souls brings with it glory, it brings duty with it also. heavy fiction about a boy in Denmark, were We are not called upon to go out and fight in less interesting than Mrs. Kate Douglas Wig- arms as they did, but there is plenty of fighting which is light fiction about a girl in America! plenty of fighting gins's. "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, left. The danger to a republic from open war is great. The danger from self-indulgence, from The division of fiction into light and heavy pampered living, from the spirit of letting others is utterly misleading. It would be much more do things, is even greater. I am ready to believe to the point to divide it into sweet and salt. that at a sudden call to duty our automobiling, That is sweet which is capable of being ap- dancing, money-getting youth would respond as preciated by girls with their hair down their did those of '61, drop their play, and go out to backs or the boys who count on being fresh- defend a Cemetery Hill. But I wish we could make them remember that even in common, hum- fathers and mothers. Since a tooth for sweets men next October; and, too often, by their drum, daily life every man has his Gettysburg is hardly more a trait of adolescence than of sooner or later. Let him fight it and win it, so that his little republic - for of such is made the maturity. That is salt which, while it often great Republic - shall be forever triumphant and mightily offends those who like the sweet, free." is capable of interesting immensely those of DAVID Y. THOMAS. a robust fibre. Art has something to do with it, of course; sometimes it plays hob with my so-simple classification, bringing the robust reader to the sweet kind of thing, and vice RECENT FICTION.* versa. But mostly art is on the side of the salt just as readers are mostly born to read This is, I am told, the season of “hammock either the sweet or the salt; and no power of fiction." I should have said of dull fiction. For it is a curious notion that the least inter example and no amount of training can change them. All hammock fiction is sweet: the esting fiction should be the sort best able to problems of conduct presented are never real; compete with the temptation to lie in a ham- mock. And for that matter the temptation the moral values are never sharply defined; which summer offers nowadays — among the and the ending is happy. But I would not say that all sweet fiction is intellectually dis- novel-reading classes -- is not the hammock reputable. The six novels below are chiefly but its opposite. One is in danger of playing sweet, and yet, for one reason and another, too many rounds of golf, or of staying too long they are to be considered. in the water, or of being blistered (rather The Baroness von Hutten will be remem- * MARIA. By Bettina von Hutten. New York: D. Apple bered as the writer whose “Pam" and "Pam BROKEN MUSIC. By Phyllis Bottome. Boston: Houghton Decides” so excited the young person of eight By Ernst von Wolzogen. Translated by or ten years ago. Pam was the sort of girl who, when a caller asked for Mrs. So-and-So, By William Arkwright. New York: John calmly replied: “I'm sure you mean my mother. She's Miss So-and-So," as, indeed, By Phillpotts.. New York: she was. The heroine of the present novel is By Hugh Walpole. New York: George H. Doran Co. not as wicked as Pam's mother. Maria fell ton & Co. New York: Mifflin Co. FLORIAN MAYR. Edward Breck and Charles Harvey Genung. B. W. Huebsch. THE TREND. Lane Co. FAITH TRESILION. Eden The Macmillan Co. THE DUCHESS OF WREXE. 54 [July 16 THE DIAL desperately in love with a person of high de to understand. His sufferings like his devo- gree who was already married. There were tion are of course patent ... but, after all, extenuating circumstances. For one thing was he one of us?” This trick — for it is the man's wife did not love him; she had hardly less — is not an engaging one. The married him, as he had her, for reasons of reader will feel like assuring Mr. Arkwright state or politics or whatever the reasons are that it is his business to understand his chief that control the matrimonial adventures of character and to make us understand. Other- kings and queens. Maria was a singer, and wise, why write! But Mr. Arkwright's novel alone in the world. Her only complaint of holds up better than his William Soulsby. If life was that her singing, though wonderful, we doubt the existence of a street waif with lacked the specific and marvellous "some a voice like a horn from heaven, who creates thing” which singing ought to have. Any the rôle in a new opera and dies as he sings one who has read novels about women with the last note, we cannot doubt the Tasmanian the capacity to sing understands at once, wife of the rather pedantic old family friend which saves the Baroness von Hutten a deal from Australia. And Bob, who discovers of trouble. In the end, though only at the William, is decidedly pleasant. There is very end, Maria turns back from the railway almost as much salt as sugar here, but the train by which she has planned to join her writing is too formal for contemporary taste. lover. The sorrow of giving him up does the Most readers will find it stilted and some will trick; henceforth her voice is divine. This be utterly put out to find a lecture on style, is, perhaps, an unfair summary of a novel several pages of it, toward the end. that is undeniably amusing. But is it not Mr. Eden Phillpotts's new novel is not of sweet? Dartmoor but of Devon, and not of the Miss Phyllis Bottome (if it is Miss) starts present but of a hundred years ago, when off almost in the salty vein. The curé, being smuggling was almost as lively a trade as at the house of a Miss Prenderghast, thought privateering. The girl whose name serves as to himself: “English ladies can have no a title, Faith Tresilion, is a fine, brave crea- temptations: That is why they are protes ture who effects a desperate rescue in a small tants." But this sort of thing proves to be boat while under fire. She was not at all, only a pocket. Jean, the musician, is in love as the sentimental innkeeper, Mr. Sidebottom, with Gabrielle and Margot is in love with explains, “what one expects from an unmar- Jean. The result is that Jean, discovering ried girl.” Perhaps Faith owed a good deal that Gabrielle is an adventuress with a past, to her mother, who was bedridden, but who is broken-hearted enough to produce music said of herself: "owing to my character and even if it is broken music — and Margot sings the brains in my head and my great power of her heart out to the delight of her compa- language I count for twice as much as a lot triots. There is ease here, and cleverness, but of other every-day females that have the use only in the use of a formula already well of their legs." Mr. Phillpotts is an honest worked. craftsman, if not an inspired one, whose novels The hero of the Baron von Wolzogen's are neither salt nor sweet. musical novel, “Florian Mayr," is a genuine Mr. Hugh Walpole has now for some time artist and a favorite pupil of Liszt. It is been groomed for a place alongside Mr. Wells, said, by persons who ought to know (as well or at least Mr. Bennett. But “The Duchess as by Mr. James Huneker), that the portrait of Wrexe" will hardly put him there, even of Liszt is the best one extant. But whether if it has interested Mr. Henry James to write or not the drawing is accurate to the life, about it. Mr. Walpole's skill, and his serious the figure is a striking one. It is astounding conception of his task, which are what rec- to find this German novelist working in so ommend him to Mr. James, are beyond ques- much feeling with so little sentimentalism; tion. But a novel which offers to study a so much respect for the artist with so keen society must stand rather firmly where con- a humor. Those writers who make a religion duct is concerned and that whether it is as of baiting the bourgeoisie are usually unequal satirical as Herr Arthur Schnitzler or as pon- to the task of justifying the artist. But tifical as Mr. Winston Churchill. Mr. Wal- von Wolzogen is never shrill; he is sturdy; pole's duchess is too interesting a figure to he is, in the slang of the day, “human." omit; the powerful ones of the Victorian The hero of "The Trend” is hardly human. manner and tradition have still an interest Mr. Arkwright confesses as much in a fore for us even though we think we have ceased word. He says of his characters: “I think to respect them. But Mr. Walpole's Rachel, that all of them will be fairly intelligible to who occupies as much of his interest as, and a thoughtful reader - except perhaps Wil more of his space than, the duchess, needs liam Soulsby, and him I do not myself pretend more explaining than he has given her. It 1914 ) 55 THE DIAL is possible that a young woman of parts, “To the Memory of Stephen More, 'Faithful having married a stupid man and fallen in to His Ideal.'" Equally ironical is the sug- love with a man whose dreams are as “pagan" gestion which prevails in the whole play, that as her own, would learn to love her husband. the mob-spirit dominates each individual, But it is difficult to understand why Mr. thinking separately, fully as much as it does Walpole regards the whole affair with so much the gay, unthinking revellers. It is a vivid complacency. He has not seen this thing presentation of what happens, and what has sharply, either morally or psychologically. happened since history began, when men (like He has slurred its values. He has been sweet the element which gives the play its name), as when he might have been salt. one of the characters says, “just feel some- LUCIAN CARY. thing big and religious, and go it blind.” versus love of country. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS. “Before Vassar Opened" A history (Houghton Mifflin) is an author- of Vassar. Love of mankind Closely connected with the main itative volume by Doctor James theme of Mr. Galsworthy's latest M. Taylor, who has only recently retired from play, “The Mob” (Scribner), is the presidency of Vassar College, after a long the world-old question, whose interest ever term of service. This contribution to the his- endures, What is a man who holds a faith tory of the higher education of women in with all his heart to do? The protagonist, America will appeal to all college women and, Stephen More, Under Secretary of State and also, to that large circle of readers who are member of Parliament, is opposed to the war thoughtfully considering educational prob- upon which his country is entering. Firm in lems. The opening chapters sketch very rap- his convictions that little nations have a right idly the history of the higher institutions to live, that the annexation, which with vic- open to women in the South and in the North tory becomes inevitable, is depriving the during the years before Vassar was founded. enemy - a wild, lawless race- of a freedom - of a freedom Without undue emphasis upon the hardships, that they cherish above all things, and that Dr. Taylor pictures vividly enough the pov- "as we are tender of our own land, so we erty in things material, and the wealth in should be of the lands of others," he raises aspiration and ideals characteristic of those his voice in the House, in the name of Justice early days when, as at Oberlin Collegiate and Civilization. With clear vision he places Institute, "most of the ladies paid for their a message “from the great heart of man- (weekly) board by their labor, 75 cents for kind” over and above the well-worn slogan, vegetable diet only, 871/2 cents with animal “my country, right or wrong. War has food once a day." Stirring, indeed, are these broken out even while he speaks, and every records of the ways in which American women where his lone opposition is declared as folly, struggled for the privileges of a liberal edu- a bit of “moon-summer madness." All rise cation. The rest of the book is devoted to against him: his father-in-law, who has done the history of Vassar. Matthew Vassar, En- service in the War Department until his hairs glish by birth, was a brewer in Poughkeepsie are gray; his three brothers-in-law who are who amassed a fortune of $800,000. Shrewd, on the field; his political associates who taunt practical, self-educated, deeply religious, he him that little nations are his hobby and desired that his wealth should serve some warn him that by his act he foregoes his high purpose, and through his niece, Lydia chance to sit in the Cabinet; his friends who Booth, head of a seminary in Poughkeepsie, get entangled in their feelings and the con- and through Doctor Milo P. Jewett, a man ventions and yet, representing general senti- of education and of wide experience, who ment, obey the strongest common instinct in purchased Miss Booth's school, Matthew Vas- the world, love of country; his dark-eyed sar was led to found a college for women. little Olive who begs her father to be on their There are many minor details given regard- side; Katherine, who deserts him because she | ing the preliminary stages, and some very feels too unheroic to remain his wife after she unimportant aspects of the many conferences has implored him to come down to her level ; are unnecessarily accentuated, but on the and, finally, the hooting mob that hounds him whole, the account of the foundation is ab- to his death. Throughout it all he remained sorbing reading. Of keenest interest are the firm. Greater to him than the divine right of passages that set forth the policy and the country was the divine right of mankind. academic ideals of Dr. Jewett, the first presi- With the consummate irony of which Mr.dent, and of Dr. Raymond, his successor. The Galsworthy is a master comes the "after-narrative pauses with the death of Matthew math” at the very end: A statue is erected Vassar in 1868, when the college was well- 56 [July 16 THE DIAL adventure in 9 established and already recognized as a potent stigator of thought and his authority fortifies influence in the educational life of America. the most essential conclusions of American All those who know how high a standard of reformers. He dismisses the juristic tradition scholarship has been maintained by Vassar that punishment is a measured evil corre- will welcome an introduction to the days when sponding to the degree of guilt (which may those standards were being discussed and be fixed in advance), and substitutes the defi- defined. nition that it ought to be a means calculated to effect the cessation of the criminal's harm- With a burning desire to see the fulness to society. The true notion of crime Four years of world, and also with plenty of is not legal but sociological, and many offences many lands. British pluck and tenacity, Mr. are contraventions of useful rules of conduct A. Loton Ridger, at the age of twenty-one, without revealing a character dangerous to took passage on a tramp steamer for San the common welfare. By real or "natural" Francisco by way of the Straits of Magellan crime the author means those acts which no (not "round the Horn,' as he at first says), as he at first says), civilized society can refuse to recognize as and for the next six years, with little inter criminal and repress by means of punish- ruption, he was extending his knowledge of ment.” The persons who commit “natural" geography in both hemispheres, until at last crimes are classified as murderers, violent he became well qualified for membership in criminals, criminals deficient in probity, and the Royal Geographical Society and now ap- lascivious criminals; and for each group the pends the initials, F. R. G. S., to his name on author proposes a suitable method of elimina- the title-page of his book, "A Wanderer's tion or repression. Among the debatable pro- Trail” (Holt). Both Americas, from Alaska posals of the book are: capital punishment of to Patagonia, eastern and southern Asia, and all who are convicted of murder; deportation various parts of Africa were visited by him; of certain offenders; and the abolition of the and his study of native manners and customs jury system and of all pardons and amnesties. was the more thorough from the necessity he The author has more faith in the prognosis was under of working his way at every step. of criminal psychology and less faith in re- Playing a minor part in a Seattle theatre, formatory education than we have in Amer- working in a lumber camp and elsewhere in ica, and he has no confidence whatever in the great Northwest, teaching English in a juries representing the people. On this point Tokio school, mining in the Rand, engaging he seems to think of justice as a royal gift. in journalism in China - thus and in a hun “That a people is not capable of administer- dred other ways he contrived to keep himself ing justice is no reason for depriving it of from destitution and to provide the where justice. Whether deserving it or not, it should withal for such travelling expenses as were have justice imposed upon it ... What is not defrayed by working his way on ship- needed to overcome its barbarous customs is board in any subordinate position he could not a jury, but judges who do not represent secure. Admirable are the adaptability and this people.” This language would make most tact and resourcefulness displayed by this Americans cling more strongly to the institu- Englishman, who wisely determined at the tion of the jury, with all its glaring faults. outset not to wear the stamp of his nationality On the whole the work here noticed is one of as the most obvious item of his outward the most instructive and stimulating contribu- appearance. He does not hesitate to ridicule tions to the study of crime and punishment, and censure those ultra-British qualities that quite indispensable to the student of the might, in another, have made shipwreck of subject. such an undertaking as he had in hand; and in commenting on certain educational defects The "Fifty-eight Paintings by of the average Englishman's he goes so far as Homer Martin. Homer Martin” described by to say, “We egregious English know more Dana H. Carroll (F. F. Sher- about football than the intricacies of our man) is a necessary complement to Mr. language." Mather's recent monograph on the painter. Like the books on Inness published in the same Once more the American In- An Italian form and by the same publisher, these two student of stitute of Criminal Law and books differ in plan and scope. Mr. Mather criminology. Criminology has made a wise gives a study of the painter's life and art, selection of a classic book for its series of illustrated by a few of his most characteristic translations. “Criminology" (Little, Brown), pictures. Mr. Carroll on the other hand gives which Mr. R. W. Millar has translated, is us independent descriptions of a great num- by Baron Raffaele Garofalo. This distin ber of the artist's paintings, not including guished jurist of Italy has long been an in those in the other volume. He offers, there- The art of 1914) THE DIAL 57 void of terrors of countless kinds, but soberly fore, a great opportunity to the student, for which I entered this world — the new world only a few of Homer Martin's pictures are of France, the old world of the desert. It to be seen in the great galleries, a few are was almost an accident of travel that I had accessible in clubs, while by far the greater come here, refuging myself from the life I number are in private collections. So the had known, and seeking a place to forget and volume gives something which cannot other to repose, away from men. I had no thought wise be attained without great difficulty if of even temporary residence or exploration; at all. Where a book offers so much of value but each day my interest deepened, my curi- it is not ungracious to find minor fault. We osity was enlivened, my sympathies warmed, do not gain from the editor any comprehensive and slowly I was aware that the land held idea of the paintings of which he writes. He me in its spell - a land of fantastic scenery, has chosen to present them in an order of of a mysterious people, of a barbaric history which we do not grasp the significance, neither and mise en scène, a land of the primitive. chronological so as to give an idea of the I coursed it from end to end." Toward the artist's development, nor according to sub- close of the volume the spirit of the African ject. Of course in such a collection the pic- desert is thus presented: “In that nomad tures themselves offer us much, however world, where everything is passing away, ordered and arranged. The lover of painting there is nothing fixed but the will of Allah. will want to appreciate the work of the It is not strange to find fatality the last word painter for himself, and doubtless many will of Islam. In the desert world the will of be helped by Mr. Carroll's descriptions. nature appears with extreme nakedness; the Homer Martin was so distinguished an artist fortune of man is brief, scant, and unstable; and so little really known save to a few that the struggle is against infinite odds, a meagre we rejoice at this opportunity to know him subsistence is gained, if at all; and the blow better. No one else has felt the romance of of adversity is sudden and decisive. Patience American landscape just as he did. He was everywhere is the virtue of the poor, resigna- not less impressed by its grandeur than was tion the best philosophy of the unfortunate, Cole and he rendered it not less truly than and defeat, as well as victory, and perhaps Durand. But the grandeur that he saw was more often, brings peace. These are great truer than that of Cole, and his truth was on words of Islam, and nowhere have they sunk a larger scale than the fidelity of Durand.deeper into life than in the desert-soul.” The Others had much the same gifts, or greater book is, obviously, one to ponder rather than than those early masters, Church for instance to gallop through, to read in certain moods, or Bierstadt. But no other painter has seen to drop, and to begin again, as impulse nature as did Homer Martin, or if he did, he prompts; and its wisdom of the Orient offers did not so render her. an excellent corrective to the harsh practical- ity of our restless Occidentalism. The African impressions of a With his wonted insight and his The color and atmosphere of poet and dreamer and seer of sure grasp on many of the vital North Africa. visions are recorded with wealth function of fear. truths of this pleasing anxious of imagery and graces of rhetoric in Profes-being of ours, Mr. Arthur Christopher Benson sor George E. Woodberry’s “North Africa and gives us a score of helpful and suggestive and the Desert” (Scribner). Its sub-title, “Scenes eminently readable chapters on the nature and Moods," well indicates the book's char- and uses of fear. “Where No Fear Was” acter, which is not unlike that of Mr. Robert (Putnam) does not, as its title might lead Hichens's word-paintings of Mediterranean one to infer, picture a state of existence de- lands, a kind of artistry that, of course, owes far more of its charm and magic to the par- faces the actuality of things and seeks to ticular way in which things are seen than to derive as much help and useful teaching as the things themselves — if indeed there be are to be had from the multiform manifesta- any such entity as "things in themselves." tions of this omnipresent though often merci. The successive chapters treat of experiences fully latent emotion of our common human and observations and reflections in Tunis, nature. As is his excellent custom, the writer Tlemcen, Figuig, Tougourt, Djerba, and draws largely on his draws largely on his own experience for the Tripoli; of scenes and visions” in the Sa- | illustration and elaboration of his theme. The hara Desert; and of meditations indulged in, now happily obsolescent but not yet obsolete over pipe and coffee, "on the mat,'' in a small fear of eternal punishment he takes early oasis village of the Zibans. In his opening opportunity to dismiss as "simply inconsis- pages the author thus takes the reader into tent with any belief in the goodness of God.” his confidence: “Tunis is the gateway by Cheerful but not blindly optimistic is the Comment and query on the 58 [July 16 THE DIAL chapter on the uses of fear. "Fear is the NOTES. shadow of the imaginative, the resourceful, the inventive temperament, but it multiplies Mr. T. Philip Terry, compiler of guides to resource and invention a hundredfold.” Dis Mexico and Japan, is at work on a guide to China. coursing on that form of anxiety which comes Mr. Maurice Hewlett has contracted to spend from taking oneself too seriously, Mr. Ben two months lecturing in the United States next son interweaves one of those anecdotes from winter. real life that help to give meaning and A new Sherlock Holmes novel, “ The Valley of warmth and vitality to his pages. “I was Fear," will be brought out shortly by Messrs. sitting the other day," he tells us, “at a func. Doran. tion next a man of some eminence, and I was Mrs. Gertrude Atherton's new novel, “Perch of really amazed at the way in which he dis the Devil,” will be published August 28 by Messrs. coursed of himself and his habits, his diet, Stokes. his hours of work, and the blank indifference Mr. Ian Hay's new story, "A Knight on Wheels," with which he received similar confidences. will be issued in September by Messrs. Houghton He merely waited till the speaker had fin- Mifflin. ished, and then resumed his own story." No Mr. Wilfrid Wilson Gibson's new volume of small part of the value and charm of the book poems will be published in the autumn by Messrs. lies in the writer's full and frank revealment Macmillan. of himself. It is the atmosphere of real life Dr. Siegmund Freud's new book, " The Psycho- and not the musty air of the study that per- Pathology of Everyday Life,” will be published at vades the volume. But this is no new feature once by Messrs. Macmillan. of Mr. Benson's writing, nor can any new Mr. A. C. Benson's new volume of essays, en- word of commendation be easily found with titled “Orchard Pavilion,” is announced for the which to call attention to his book. autumn by Messrs. Putnam. Mr. Harold Bell Wright's new novel, “ The Eyes of the World,” is announced for publication on August 8 by the Book Supply Co. BRIEFER MENTION. Novels by Miss Anne Douglas Sedgwick, Eleanor Scattered articles from the pen of the late Hallowell Abbott, and Mrs. Alice Hegan Rice are William Garrott Brown have been gathered into announced for autumn publication by the Cen- a volume entitled “ The New Politics and Other | tury Co. Papers ” (Houghton). All of the articles had S. Weir Mitchell arranged shortly before his appeared in periodicals during the past eight or death for a definitive edition of his poems. The ten years, and dealt with political and economic volume will be published in the autumn by the questions that were then before the public. It Century Co. must not be supposed, however, that the pub Mr. Roi Cooper Megrue's play, “Under Cover," lishers have erred in seeking to give them perma which ran from Christmas to the Fourth of July nance. Though occasioned by immediate situations, in Boston, has been novelized for publication by they are of more than transient interest. The Messrs. Little, Brown & Co. subjects treated are: “ The New Politics," “ Pro- It is announced that Miss Alice Brown is the phetic Voices about America," “ The White Peril: The Immediate Danger of the Negro," “ The South 6. Martin Redfield” whose novel, “ My Love and and the Saloon," " President Taft's 'Opportunity," | 1;" attracted favorable attention when it was pub- and “Greetings to the Presidents” (Presidents lished a year or two ago by Messrs. Macmillan. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson). The autobiography of Mr. Abraham Mitrie Rih- bany, pastor of the Church of the Disciples, The reader is led to wonder, as he turns the Boston, will be published under the title of "A pages of The Conquest of the Tropics,” whether Far Journey," in the autumn by Messrs. Houghton Mr. Frederick Upham Adams was moved to write Mifflin. the book as an advertisement for the stock of the United Fruit Company or to induce tourists to Colonel Theodore Roosevelt has resigned his try the steamers of its “ Great White Fleet,” or place as contributing editor to the “ Outlook” in as a defence of the company against the charge order to devote the greater part of his time to that it is a trust. The publishers (Doubleday) politics. He expects to continue writing for the frankly state that this is the first of a series to magazine on occasion. be published concerning “big business” enter An edition of the late Stanley Houghton's prises in this country. They have done their part works will include, in addition to “ Hindle Wakes" excellently. The product is finely printed, illus and the other plays which have been produced and trated, and bound, making an attractive volume. printed, two long plays and one short play which Unfortunately the title is misleading. Aside from are new and a number of critical articles con- one chapter devoted to sanitation there is relatively tributed to the “ Manchester Guardian.” little concerning the real conquest of the tropics, The book which François Cellier, conductor of but a great deal about the origin and methods of the Savoy operas, began as a record of Gilbert the fruit company. and Sullivan's works, and of their production by 1914) 59 THE DIAL Mr. and Mrs. D'Oyly Carte, has been completed only to a wider public, but also to their scientific by Mr. Cunningham Bridgman, and will be pub- colleagues, in a form more attractive and accessible lished in the autumn by Messrs. Little, Brown & Co. than is possible through articles in the scientific “ His Official Fiancée" is the title of a new journals, which are often scattered. The size of vel by Bertha Ruch, in private life Mrs. Oliver the books will be 100 to, 150 pages, duodecimo. Onions, which will be published shortly. Mrs. It is announced that the “Century Magazine" will Onions was a student of the Lambeth School of hereafter be published by the Century Magazine Art who discovered a talent for writing magazine Company, of which Mr. Robert H. McBride, of serials. She has gradually begun to do more seri the publishing house of McBride, Nast & Co., will ous work. he president. Mr. Robert Sterling Yard, who has Former associates of Harry Peyton Steger, who been for the last year the editor of the “ Century died a year and a half ago, are collecting his letters Magazine,” will continue in that place and will be for publication. Many of these letters are said to secretary of the new company, Mr. Carl T. exhibit the qualities which made him so much liked Keller of Boston, an officer of the New England among authors and publishers. Persons having Telephone and Telegraph Company, is vice-presi- letters from Steger are requested to send copies of dent, and Mr. Robert H. Montgomery of New them to Mr. John_A. Lomax, Secretary of the York City is treasurer. The “ Century Magazine " University, Austin, Texas. will continue to be edited from its present offices Sir George 0. Trevelyan's “ George the Third and there will be, as in the past, close cooperation and Charles Fox," the second and final volume of with the publishing business conducted by the which will be published in the autumn by Messrs. Century Co. The new company is, however, dis- Longmans, brings to a close the series of six tinct from the Century Co. and McBride, Nast volumes of which the first four are entitled “ The & Co. History of the American Revolution.” Sir George “Art and Archæology” is the title of a new non- has been engaged on the work since he left the technical illustrated magazine published by the House of Commons seventeen years ago. Archæological Institute of America, the first num- Miss Selma Lagerlöf, who won the Nobel prize ber of which bears the date of July, 1914. During for literature in 1909, is the first woman to be the present year four numbers will be issued, but elected to the Swedish Academy. Miss Lagerlöf, commencing with 1915 the magazine will appear who was the daughter of an army officer, was a monthly. Its fifty pages are devoted to articles school teacher. She made her early reputation by a covering a considerable range, and to notes and book for children, " The Wonderful Adventures of brief book reviews. brief book reviews. The articles include “ Mas- Nils.” A novel, “Jerusalem,” is now being trans- terpieces of Aboriginal American Art—I., Stucco lated into English for publication by Messrs.Work,” in which Mr. W. H. Holmes, of the Doubleday Page. United States National Museum, describes one of An annual magazine edited by Mr. E. V. Lucas the decorative features of some of the great pre- is announced in London by Messrs. Methuen. historic structures of Yucatan and other parts of Among the contributors will be Austin Dobson, Mexico;. “The Visitation at Pistoia by Luca della Arnold Bennett, Hugh Walpole, John Galsworthy, Robbia," by Professor Allan Marquand, of Prince- and F. Anstey. A quantity of new material ton; "Ancient Babylonian Antiquaries," by Pro- relating to Robert Browning which has been se- fessor Albert T. Clay, of Yale; “Excavations at cured for the first issue includes a letter from Vrokastro, Crete, in 1912," by Miss Edith H. Hall, John Ruskin discussing the poetic achievement of of the University of Pennsylvania Museum. A “Men and Women" and a number of letters from brief illustrated description of the Lincoln Memo- Robert Louis Stevenson. rial now being erected at Washington forms the Five new volumes will appear immediately in first of a proposed series on “ Modern Master- the Home University Library series. They are: pieces of Classical_Architecture.” The general “ Chaucer and His Times," by Miss Grace E. editor is Professor David Moore Robinson, of the Hadow; “ The Wars Between England and Johns Hopkins University. America (1763-1815),” by Professor Theodore C. Smith; “ William Morris: His Work and In- LIST OF NEW BOOKS. fluence," by Mr. A. Clutton Brock; “ The Growth of Europe,” by Professor Granville Cole; and [The following list, containing 79 titles, includes books Sex," by Professor J. Arthur Thomson and Pro- received by THE DIAL since its last issue.] fessor Patrick Geddes. BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. “ The Weather and Climate of Chicago," by Great Families Series. First volumes: The Caven- Professor Henry J. Cox and Mr. John A. Arming- dish.Family, by Francis Bickley; The Cecil Family, by G. Ravenscroft Dennis; The La Tré- ton, will be published this week by the University moille Family, by Winifred Stephens; of Chicago Press. The first two titles of the Uni- Seymour Family, by A. Audrey Locke. illustrated, 8vo. Houghton Mifflin Co. Per vol- versity of Chicago Science Series are announced ume, $2.50 net. Nantucket: for autumn publication. These are “ The Origin A History. By R. A. Douglas-Lith- gow, M.D. Illustrated, 8vo, 389 pages. of the Earth," by Professor Thomas C. Chamber Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net. lin, and “ Isolation and Measurement of the Elec- Memoirs and Correspondence. Edited by George W. E. Russell. With portrait, tron," by Professor Robert A. Millikan. This 8vo, 407 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $3.50 net. series proposes to make it possible for eminent sci Lord Chatham and the Whig Opposition. By D. A. Winstanley, M.A. Illustrated, 8vo, 460 pages. entific investigators to explain their researches not G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.25 net. The Each G. P. Malcolm Maccoll: 60 [July 16 THE DIAL - The Municipalities of the Roman Empire. James S. Reid, Litt.D. 8vo, 548 pages. By. G. Putnam's Sons. $3.75 net. Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to the First Century, A. D. By E. J. Rapson, M.A. Illustrated, 12mo, 199 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 75 cts. net. Pennsylvania, The Keystone: A Short History. By Samuel Whitaker Pennypacker. Illustrated, 12mo, 316 pages. Philadelphia: Christopher Sower Co. GENERAL LITERATURE. Letters of Edward Dowden and His Correspondents. With photogravure portraits, 8vo, 415 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50 net. Fragments from Old Letters, E. D. to E. D. W., 1869-1892. With photogravure portraits, 8vo, 206 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net. Collected Literary Essays: Classical and Modern. By A. W. Verrall, Litt.D.; edited, with Memoir, by M. A. Bayfield, M.A., and J. D. Duff, M.A. With photogravure portrait, 8vo, 292 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50 net. Clio Enthroned: A Study of Prose-forms in Thu- cydides. By Walter R. M. Lamb, M.A. 8vo, 319 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3. net. Outlines of Victorian Literature. By Hugh Walker, LL.D., and Mrs. Hugh Walker. 8vo, 224 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Browning and Italian Art and Artists. By Pearl Hogrefe, A.M. 8vo, 78 pages. Lawrence: Uni. versity of Kansas. 'Paper, 50 cts. net. The Land of the Blue Poppy: Travels of a Natural- ist in Eastern Tibet. By F. Kingdon Ward. Illustrated, large 8vo, 283 pages. G. P. Put- nam's Sons. $4. net. Mexico: The Land of Unrest. By Henry Baerlein. Second and cheaper edition; illustrated, large 8vo, 459 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $2. net. PUBLIC AFFAIRS.-SOCIOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND POLITICS. The Development of Modern Turkey as Measured by Its Press. By Ahmed Emin, Ph.D. 8vo, 140 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. Paper, $1. net. The Currency Problem in China. By Wen Pin Wei, Ph.D. 8vo, 156 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. Paper, $1.25 net. The System of Taxation in China in the Tsing Dynasty, 1644-1911. By Shao-Kwan Chen, Ph.D. 8vo, 117 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. Paper, $1. net. 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Published by THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY, 632 So. Sherman St., Chicago. Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879. Vol. LVII. AUGUST 1, 1914. No. 675. CONTENTS. PAGE INCENSE AND ICONOCLASM. Charles Leon- ard Moore. 67 69 CASUAL COMMENT . Legend masquerading as history.-An author pestered by autograph-hunters.—Hawthorne's exclusion from Boston's hall of fame.- Sim- plified spelling's latest recruits.-- The big book fair at Leipzig.– The world's greatest publishing house. — The latest Baconian ab- surdity.- A forthcoming literary tion.”- ." — Mexico's first book. sensa- 72 COMMUNICATIONS Professor Brandes and American Culture. J. Christian Bay. "All Quiet along the Potomac." Charles E. Benton. The Truth about Reconstruction. B. G. Brawley. Impressionistic Criticism. Parke Farley. MR. SHAW'S NEW PREFACE. George Bernard Donlin INCENSE AND ICONOCLASM. Should criticism burn tapers and swing censers before the masters of literature, or should it take an axe and smash these idols of the past? The modern spirit, the demo- cratic spirit, is impatient of superiorities. It is inconvenient for it to have to worship dead people when it wants to worship its living self. It would like to see an Act of Oblitera- tion passed so that everything which hap- pened before it came upon the scene should be cast away. It feels confidently able to produce out of its own resources all that any reasonable creature needs in the way of lit- erary or artistic work. In some of the South Sea Islands, when a man has reached a cer- tain age he is buried in the ground up to his neck and left to his own devices. A good many modern writers, artists, and musicians would like to apply this method to their predecessors. There is a certain hardship in each age's struggle to attain expression against the over- whelming mass of expression already in exis- tence. In no other field of human effort does the practitioner have to contend with ghosts. A living general does not have to array his battalions against Cæsar or Hannibal or Napoleon. A living athlete does not go up against Herakles or Milo. But a book or pic- ture or musical composition has to fight not only against its natural rivals of the present, but against all that has been preserved from the past. But what is the past ? A book that was published or a picture that was painted yes- terday, belongs just as much to the past as art works of a thousand years ago. The human spirit is as fluid as air, but it is just as permanent. An idyll of Theocritus, “Aucassin and Nicolette,” ballad of Tenny- son,- what earthly difference is there be- tween these except a trifle more or less of art and perfection. We ought all to be idol wor- shippers, because we all want our own memo- ries preserved. The man who smashes an idol does so in the hope of having his own statue set up in its place. But what guaran- tees have we that if we cut off the heads of our present rulers, the next generation will 74 76 CHAUCER AND THE ROMAN DE LA ROSE. Thomas Percival Beyer THE PRESIDENT OF FRANCE ON FRENCH GOVERNMENT. Frederic Austin Ogg A MIDDLE-IRISH ROMANCE. Arthur C. L. Brown . 78 a 79 CHRISTIANITY ON TRIAL, T. D. A, Cock- erell. BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS A Virginia editor of ante-bellum days.- Timid praise of James Whistler.- Indian lore for western readers.—A book of prisons and prisoners.— The attractions of Java and its adjacent islands.- A naturalist in the wild Northwest. BRIEFER MENTION 82 NOTES 83 . TOPICS IN AUGUST PERIODICALS 83 68 (August 1 THE DIAL not dig up our bones and cast them into the But what is this common standard? Well, common pit? there are hierarchies of art qualities and hier- We believe grocers classify four grades of archies of art forms. Taste runs in cycles: eggs - eggs, fresh eggs, strictly fresh eggs, the same essential needs of human nature and new-laid eggs. There is ever more variety crop up at intervals and require to be ex- of critical intelligence and taste among human pressed. Each age gives its authors and beings, ranging from the crude instincts of artists a list of the things it wants done. What the natural man, through various grades of one age considers of prime importance may educated opinion, up to the inspired appre- rank low in the opinion of the next; but ciator. But as everyone has the inalienable taking the whole roll of time, it is not diffi- right to judge for himself,— as he can say cult to see what are the prime and what are that he prefers Martin Tupper or Walt Whit- the secondary qualities of art. man to Shakespeare, or considers Jane Austen In literature it is first of all necessary that a greater novelist than Scott,-- there is bound a writer should have something to say and to be an immense amount of idol-smashing that he should know how to say it. The two going on all the time. The statues of the true things usually go together. Though the great inheritors of the purple line cannot be kept thinkers may be rare, and the great colorists on their pedestals without a vast amount of in words almost to be counted on one's fin- critical effort. gers, anyone who has an emotion or an idea And revolutions we must have. Every age can usually find language which will be at tries to set its stamp upon its artists. It is least adequate. Execution, however, counts only on condition that they paint its portrait for so much in literature that a writer of very that it allows their images to be set up in the inferior intellectual powers who has the in- Hall of Fame. The portrait painters of a stinct for the ordering of perfect words may shallow, selfish, and material age will thus outrank a greater man. be sadly in the way when the inspired delin Creativeness is the next requisite for a eators of a spiritual and heroic age come great literary artist. Do writers create! We along. And the reverse is true. Even the Even the believe so: at least they produce something most magnificent outbursts of the art spirit which did not exist in the world before. The tend in time to become tame and conventional, photographic reproduction of reality is prac- and a recurrence to a fresher, if shallower, tically impossible, for the dullest and prosiest style is necessary. writer who merely desires to report what he But in the end the classics emerge. How, sees has to report it as he sees it, which is it is hard to say, for they usually have to differently from anybody else, and quite other contend with barbarian popularities, they are than the actual thing. On the other hand, a usually eclipsed in their time by quite sec writer's attempt to juggle with his materials, ondary figures. Shakespeare was eclipsed by to use nature and life as masks, to create by Jonson, by Fletcher, by Daniel. Goethe was the way of allegory and symbolism, results eclipsed by Klinger, by Kotzebue, by Schiller, in a secondary kind of art. in a secondary kind of art. When an artist by Jean Paul. But the best are finally trium- has to stand before his picture with a wand phant, and the others range themselves in and explain that his men and women are not order under them. Then we think iconoclasm men and women but embodiments of moral is out of place. Criticism, yes! To show how qualities, that his tree shadows are emblems these aristocrats of the intellect and soul dif. of evil and his cloud lights symbols of good, fer from one another, to point out in what such a work may be interesting and an excel- qualities they are supreme, to show how the lent puzzle-exercise for the intellect, but it is secondary figures approach or draw away certainly not as good art as a picture which from them, --- all this is gratitude's propi- is intelligible at the first glance. It is the tiatory offering, it is incense of the most same with books. When allegorical or sym- refined kind. But to attempt to deal out de- bolical literature succeeds it is because read- struction to them is like the Ecrasez l'infame! ers pay no attention to its recondite meanings, of the French sans culottes. They, though but take it as a straightforward narrative of rising in all the ages, have been tried by a events. common standard, and they are bound to Power and Beauty divide literature be- keep their places. tween them. To say that the latter rules alone 1914) 69 THE DIAL seems to us as monstrous as to say that there and croaks; but it is hardly worth while to is only one sex in the world. The materials cultivate those disadvantages. The very idea of terror, horror, the grotesque, the ugly, the of verse is measure and ordered repetition. ludicrous, out of which probably two-thirds If you want to dispense with these things, of literature is built, have no glimpse of why not write prose? beauty in them; they have immense power, A new writer has to-day what a new writer and they thrill our minds as much as beauty always had, nature and humanity for his can, though in another way. We feel a shock materials, words and tones for his tools. And as keenly as we do an attraction. he has his individual way of looking at or To come back to the question of incense and using these things. He may be wise or not iconoclasm,- have not all these art qualities to disregard the models of the past; but he we have enumerated been exercised since the may be very sure that he will not give the beginning of literature? Has anything new world anything new, except the touch of his been added in modern or comparatively mod- personality, or his special skill with language. ern times ? It is doubtful. There is a cer Mr. Comyns Carr tells a delicious story in tain glamor of image and expression, which his recent book, which seems to bear on this seems to belong to Northern races, which matter. Lord Randolph Churchill meeting comes out in the Icelandic sagas, the Irish Henry Irving at dinner told him that he had epics, the Welsh bards, and the Mabinogion, been to see him act Hamlet, but that he had and whose fullest development is in Shake- been called away before the conclusion of speare, Coleridge, and Keats. But there is But there is the play, and would Irving be good enough something so like it in Sappho and Catullus, to tell him how it ended. The latter concealed Theocritus and Virgil, that it is hardly worth his surprise and gave a sketch of the last while to make the distinction. Probably no acts. “Good," said Lord Randolph, “I will French or Italian critic would admit that come and see the whole piece." A few nights there is a distinction. Literature has passed later he met the actor again, and said that through all possible phases of thought and he had not only seen him but had bought the expression again and again. book and read “Hamlet” and several other As with art qualities, so with art forms. plays by the same author. They were fixed almost at the start. There know,” he said, “I found them extremely in- were the epic, the drama, the lyric. There teresting.” Lord Randolph was a strong per- were the secondary forms, the idyll, the phil-sonality, but he did not come to much, and osophic poem, the prose narrative, the dia- perhaps part of the secret of this was his logue, the essay, the epistle. Have we really disposition to trust to his own resources. Our invented anything new? Shakespeare min- new novelists, poets, artists, and musicians gled tragedy and comedy, but so did some who want to see the dead past bury its dead of the ancients. Herakles in the “Alcestis” are in a like case. They do not realize that a is a comic figure, and some of Aristophanes's real work of art is about the most living thing in the world. plays rise to the region of romance if not of CHARLES LEONARD MOORE. tragedy. Job's comforters are decidedly comic, though perhaps unintentionally so. We have, we think, invented the novel. But CASUAL COMMENT. there are Greek novels, and the telling of in- LEGEND MASQUERADING AS HISTORY is too terminable stories probably began with the familiar to excite surprise, and too tenacious Cave man. Scheherazade dates a good way of its hold on the credulity of the unscholarly back. We hear a good deal now about vers to admit of much hope that it will ever be libre. Well, the Greeks had their dithyrambic made to relax that hold. For instance, the verse, which was free enough. In English we popular conception of Juggernaut (corrup- had Skelton's ragged rhyme, the so-called tion of the Sanskrit Jagannatha, Lord of the Pindaric odes, Milton's and Matthew Arnold's World, the name under which Vishnu, the Preserver, is worshipped at Puri in Orissa) irregular blank verse, the long irregular lines is so far from correct as to ascribe to that god of Blake's Prophetic Books, the rhythmical the qualities of Siva, the Destroyer, rather prose of Macpherson's Ossian. Much of this than those properly belonging to him; and is good enough, but none of it is the best. even a competent writer like John Forster A man may be a good actor although he limps could allow himself to say, in his life of "And do you 70 [August 1 THE DIAL Dickens: “Poor Johnny Tetterby staggering difficulty in perusing my answer, and place it under his Moloch of an infant, the Juggernaut | unread in your collection. The next time that crushed out all his enjoyments. Long it shall occur to you to trouble an author as ago Sir W. W. Hunter, in his “Gazetteer of you have troubled me, find out - I do not say India,” made it plain that this Juggernaut what he has written — far less do I suggest legend has no historical basis, unless it be the that you should read it - but find out how fact that in any religious ceremony attended he is in the habit of spelling his unpretentious by dense throngs of people a life or two may name and give him upon that point the flat- be sacrificed in the press, or a fanatical devo-tery of imitation." One is naturally curious tee may even sacrifice his own life. Another to know whether the letter was ever sent, or legend that dies hard is that of the supposed whether, like so many letters that calm second witch-burning at Salem. The recent destruc thought consigns to the waste-basket, its mere tive fire that wiped out so many ancient land writing served the purpose of safety-valve marks in the old Massachusetts town elicited and rendered its actual sending as unneces- from the Baltimore “Star” the following: sary as it would have been, on the whole, “On mere suspicion of being witches women unwise. were burnt alive. We should not be sorry that the old landmarks are gone. " The witch- HAWTHORNE'S EXCLUSION FROM BOSTON'S craft delusion was bad enough, and Salem has HALL OF FAME, a palace of immortality that reason to be ashamed of its participation in the excesses that attended that delusion; but selected by a competent committee of Bos- is to be the abode of one hundred celebrities all New England was swept by the incredible tonians, is Boston's loss, as all will agree, not superstition, to which even the learned and Hawthorne's. The rule requiring that the pious Cotton Mather gave his adherence, and selected famous one should have done his best Salem was not singular in its punishment of work within the city limits, or, if not there, suspected persons. Nineteen of these were within five miles of Beacon Hill, may of course hanged as witches on Gallows Hill, and one, be made to exclude the author of " The Scar- Giles Cory, was pressed to death for refusing let Letter," which was written in Salem. But to plead; but no burning at the stake took there are not a few readers of Hawthorne who place either at Salem or elsewhere in New prefer “The Blithedale Romance” to any. England. Nevertheless popular tradition will always have it that witch-burning is what thing else produced by its author; and this admirable work was conceived and written in Salem is chiefly to be remembered for in the rough (in note-book jottings) at Brook history. Farm, now within the city's bounds, although the finished novel took shape at West New- AN AUTHOR PESTERED BY AUTOGRAPH-HUNT ton, where Hawthorne lived for several months ERS has the choice of various ways of more in 1852. Why, let us ask, should so much or less gracefully eluding their importunities. stress be laid on the mere act of writing, when Few such importunates succeed in eliciting the conceiving and the mental elaboration from their victims so rare an epistolary gem of a literary masterpiece are the important as that recently made public by Mr. Lloyd things? And who knows how much of Haw- Osborne, who on July 27 placed on sale at thorne's most fruitful imaginative activity Sotheby's a number of letters and manuscript may not have been in Boston, which was one fragments in the handwriting of his step- of his many places of brief residence, at the father. The choice bit here referred to is the time of his holding a position in the Boston first draft of a letter to a certain petitioner customhouse, and about which he has written for Stevenson's autograph who had committed so much, in his “American Notebooks" and the blunder of misspelling (substituting ph elsewhere? It surely should not require any for v) the name of him whose kindness was dangerous strain on Boston's New England being thus presumed upon. The reply, perhaps conscience to claim our first master of prose needlessly tart, but eminently characteristic, fiction as her own spiritual citizen, as he was was in part as follows: “The few lines with once her bodily resident. which you have found time to honor me con- tain certain indications of your character on which I take a pleasure in dwelling. They SIMPLIFIED SPELLING'S LATEST RECRUITS, it show you so illiterate that I cannot judge appears from the “Bulletin,” from which it your admiration flattering; they show you is always a pleasure to quote, are the gay and so careless of giving trouble to me that I am giddy devotees of the turkey trot, the tango, myself careless how much offence I may con the kitchen sink, and the other curious capers vey to you; and they are so ill-penned that of that class. Just how it came about that I am tempted to hope you will discover a the dancers were found to be giving aid and 1914) 71 THE DIAL >> comfort to the spelling-reformers, is thus admirable and creditable part of this great explained: “The keepers of restaurants and exhibition is the American section, as many of saloons hav introduced for the entertainment' our compatriots will discover for themselves of their 'patrons' the delites of song and before the season closes. dance, in order to stimulate orders for meat and drink. Some advertize 'thé dansant,' which is supposed to mean 'dancing tea,' THE WORLD'S GREATEST PUBLISHING HOUSE, whatever that may be. But the printers often as the “Book Bulletin” of the Chicago Public print the frase 'the dansant,' and the easy Library informs its readers, is the govern- patrons' accordingly pronounce it, we sup- ment printing establishment at Washington, pose, “the dan-sant (den-sænt), as if paral- “the finest and best-equipped in the world, lel to the can-can' or 'the one-step.' This and no nation approaches this country in the givs, of course, a clear notion of what a 'dan effort to enlighten its people through the me- sant' is. The occult ‘dansant' has reacted dium of printers' ink. Nearly six million upon the spelling of dance, which now reap- dollars has been appropriated this year to pears sometimes as "danse' - a good result maintain the government printing office. At from a queer source. Of course "danse,' enormous additional cost for expert service, as well as “daunse, daunce,” and “dance,' the government secures the material for its has good authority in our early literature, as publications on all sorts of subjects. Some the writer of the foregoing points out; and of the publications are in the form of portly the form thus inadvertently restored by the books, some are bulletins, some are circulars, disciples of Terpsichore has, for the spelling and an important section comprises maps. reformer, this advantage, that its past tense And, furthermore, some of the publications and past participle may be phonetically writ- are windy political harangues, printed in the ten danst, and these new forms open “Congressional Record" as if actually deliv- the way for “pranse,” “pranst,” and so on. ered before our national legislators (though Worse things might happen than a general never actually inflicted on any audience), and agreement upon one form for the variable and sent out at public expense in thousands of often interchangeable endings -nce, -nse; but copies, to remain unread by as many unap- to admit this is by no means to take the preciative constituents of the senders. No “advanst” position of the Simplified Spelling private publishing house could endure for a Board. week the enormous waste that gives so little concern to those who year after year pay for THE BIG BOOK FAIR AT LEIPZIG, or, in official the maintenance of this biggest printing and language, the Internationale Ausstellung für publishing plant in the world. Buchgewerbe und Graphik,” has opened most auspiciously. In its first six weeks, and before THE LATEST BACONIAN ABSURDITY takes the the vacation season had well begun, the turn- form of a bulky volume by a certain Mr. Har- stiles recorded the visits of more than a man, an Englishman, who sets himself the million interested sight-seers, who have had stupendous task of proving that the Lord displayed before them all the marvellous proc-Chancellor wrote, in addition to his own and esses known to the arts of printing and illus- Shakespeare's works and sundry other books tration. Divided into eighty sections, the of his time, Spenser's “Faerie Queene" and vast exhibition presents everything conceiva- “Shepherd's Calendar,'' Samuel Daniel's ble in connection with the impressing of visible letter from Octavia to Mark Antony, and a or (for the blind) tangible marks on plain number of other things that have hitherto surfaces, from the stamping of oilcloth to the escaped the Baconian drag-net and been printing and illustration of the édition de allowed to mask themselves under spurious luxe and the manufacture of books in raised authorship. Mr. Harman's six hundred pages type. The busy book-producing Saxon city, are little likely to become household words noted for its annual book-market, is just the on this side of the Atlantic, or indeed on either place for holding such an exposition as the side, and most readers of this brief notice will present. Printing in the land of its birth probably content themselves with such second- (with apologies to China) is symbolized and hand information about the book as is here glorified by the heroic statue of Gutenberg offered. The title of the work is “Edmund unveiled a few weeks ago in the centre of the Spenser and the Impersonations of Francis splendid fair that may be said to owe its Bacon.” Why would it not be shorter and existence to the inventive genius of Mainz who, simpler, instead of proving the Baconian almost five centuries ago, began those opera- authorship of so many Elizabethan books, one tions with movable wooden types that have at a time, to establish the non-Baconian origin led to such astonishing results. Not the least of such few as may fairly be allowed to other 72 (August 1 THE DIAL writers, and then lump all the rest of the lit Professor Brandes, writing in the “Politiken," erature of the period under Lord Bacon's finds that America possesses the material basis for name? highly developed mental culture, but no more. He compares contemporary America with Europe of the dark ages, and finds that they agree appre- A FORTHCOMING LITERARY SENSATION is ciably. The accumulation of vast personal wealth foreshadowed by the London correspondent of in great commercial centers, and the visible use of the Boston “Transcript,” who says he has this wealth for the purpose of mental culture received confidential information about an through great universities and museums, this is, important book soon to be issued and to as it was in early Europe, the beginning of a period contain a most dramatic disclosure of the of culture in America. Thereupon the genius ap- liveliest interest in political circles. “It is pears, organizing a cultural development,- that permissible to add,” he continues, “that the human genius commonly called the great man, who book in question is a 'Life of Cardinal Man- needs and utilizes all the outward things, money, ning,' and that it will contain correspondence the university milieu, laboratories and institutional between a retired parliamentary leader and apparatus generally. In advancing this view Professor Brandes fulfils an Irishman who was much in the public eye over twenty years ago. In this correspon- the prophecy of Disraeli, who warned us of the time when comfort should be mistaken for culture. dence is one outstanding fact, and in that fact It is a view common enough in Europe, but lies the 'sensation.'” It is a cruel position to scarcely worthy of Professor Brandes. He might be in— restrained by a sense of honor from be expected to recollect Disraeli's warning well revealing a choice secret that will very likely enough to rise above the common European cultural leak out before long through some less con egotism, according to which you swim on the crest scientious channel. Would one, we wonder, of a cultural wave if you insure for yourself a be getting “warm” if one were to guess that liberal income and the greatest possible amount of the Irishman “much in the public eye over modern improvement in material comfort. In America this view of life generally is discredited. twenty years ago" is Charles Stewart Parnell? As for the universities, only a short time ago Presi- dent Jordan called attention to their danger of MEXICO'S FIRST BOOK, which is believed to being over-equipped with material comforts. Pre- have been also America's first book, was viously, amidst a modest equipment, the student and the investigator were obliged to devise their printed on a primitive press sent over in 1535 own minor apparatus; to struggle with difficulties in the charge of Juan Pablos by Jules Crom- and to overcome them; to work ahead without berger, who had opened a printing house in awaiting an endowment. Nowadays you press a Seville and was led to hope that a similar button for this, issue an order for that, draw on establishment in the transatlantic Spanish pos- this fund or obtain support from that; but all sessions would prove a profitable business ven these outward facilities do not, in themselves, stim- ture. Thus it came about that in the year ulate independent activity in research, and the 1536 there appeared in Mexico City a Spanish material endowments do not result in a propor- book of a religious character, bearing the title tionate mental and scientific activity. (we give it in translation), “A Spiritual Lad- Rags certainly are not, per se, a comfort, yet der for Reaching Heaven." Times have there is no causal relation between accumulated commercial wealth and human culture. Moreover, changed in Mexico since then! cultural development in the past almost invariably involved an explosion of some superstition touch- COMMUNICATIONS. ing the importance of some material power. Real progress in human culture is not assisted by being PROFESSOR BRANDES AND AMERICAN an object of institutional protection: it acts inde- CULTURE. pendently until it has conquered. (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) Professor Brandes is greatly mistaken in antici- After a journey of three weeks, Professor pating for America any cultural progress save Brandes is making known his impressions of that which is based upon idea and will-power. America. They are crystallized in this bright Human culture as a standard of measurement for jewel: “ the country of the shaved barbarians." social conditions; human culture as a climax in the It is true that even after having been personally activity of numerous, mutually incongruous forces feasted out of reason, every superlative being influencing national and individual life; human called into action to reflect his greatness, Professor culture as the spontaneous utterance of genius in Brandes could not justly be expected to heap com man: will these problems be solved in America ex- pliments upon the country he saw in brief, kaleido actly in the same way as in Europe? For the pres- scopic reflex. Nevertheless, " the land of the shaved ent, it seems that America excels in the estimation barbarians” will impress many of us who are of those particular life activities whose improve- obliged to remain behind and to sustain the Ameri ment is judged socially advantageous. In America can form of life, with the feeling that some human culture means an improvement of the com- apparently decent person spits in our face. mon basis of life, and not a condition of egotistic 1914) 73 THE DIAL 66 cism." comfort acquired by a few and humbly supported Mississippi, where the Negroes reached the highest by the multitude. political power, they at no time had more than Professor Brandes might be expected to com thirty-four out of the 140 members of the Legis- prehend this without calling into service more lature; but that they took part in those govern- circumspection than was afforded by his bird's-eye ments which put the Southern states in harmony view of this country. We are quite accustomed to with the nation and that they helped to plan and criticism using severo ac atroci stylo," but an organize the present Southern common school sys- epithet in the style of a sensational newspaper tem. In view of such facts as these, current and headline is hardly worthy of one who cannot have popular exaggerations would at least seem to be forgotten Holberg's epigram, ut studeam, studeo. in need of modification. B. G. BRAWLEY. J. CHRISTIAN BAY. Morehouse College, Atlanta, Ga., July 17, 1914. Chicago, July 23, 1914. IMPRESSIONISTIC CRITICISM. “ALL QUIET ALONG THE POTOMAC.” (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) I agree with your correspondent, Mrs. Laura In THE DIAL of July 16 Mr. Hyder E. Rollins Tobey, on the lack of value of "grocer-shop criti- says that in W. C. Bryant's “Library of Poetry The trouble with such criticism is that it and Song" (1871), “All Quiet along the Potomac” presupposes a standard of absolutes — of literary is credited to Mrs. Ethel Beers. weights and measures - which does n't exist. Peo- Referring to Mr. Bryant's volume, I find the poem ple have not yet succeeded in reducing life to any credited there to Mrs. Howland, on page 381, under commensurate values of quarts or ounces, and it the title, “The Picket-Guard.” In the index of is futile to expect in the critic a higher sensibility authors the name of Mrs. Beers does not appear. of perception than in the creative artist — who is in the first place molded by life before he attempts CHARLES E. BENTON. to turn life into a mold — and that mold not neces- Rochester, N. Y., July 21, 1914. sarily standardized in relation to the perception of antecedent artists. Then, in spite of the agreed- THE TRUTH ABOUT RECONSTRUCTION. upon grocer-weight standard of measure, there is always the liability of human fallibility in the (To the Editor of THE DIAL.) grocer. : . . However noble in intention, there is no In the issue of THE DIAL for July 1 there ap such thing as an honest grocer – in literary criti- pears a letter on “ The Character of the Mexican cism. That is to say, there is no such thing as an People” from Mr. E. L. C. Morse of Chicago. In objective critic. the course of his remarks Mr. Morse, desiring to The only honest course, therefore, for literary draw an analogy, goes somewhat out of his way criticism is that of frank impressionism - ad- to sneer at the American Negro. Two millions of mitting, as it does, the likelihood of human error the inhabitants of Mexico, he informs us, are white people, chiefly of Spanish origin. The remaining striving simply to record an honest impression, in judging a work of human intelligence, and twelve millions are of mixed Indian ancestry: “A no more and no less. Speaking from experience, I psychological anthropologist would probably call them morons — physically adults, mentally chil- can say that the work of impressionistic critics is the only sort of criticism from which I have gained dren. In that respect they are much like our negroes before the war." Further on we read: any real sense of values in regard to a new book “Many of our good people half a century ago of fiction, or a new play, or a new poem. Even assumed that the negro had high and lofty aspira- when I have temperamentally so consistently dis- tions for constitutional government and political agreed with a particular reviewer as to buy always freedom.” Then follows once more the charge of the books he disparaged, and to shun, for the most the Negro's incompetency as shown in the days of part, those he recommended, I have yet admitted Reconstruction, with all the old story of graft, by this very process the worth of his impres- lack of political insight, etc., etc. sionistic judgment. Is it not about time that a stop should be put to From the so-called grocer-shop criticism I have these old slurs and slanders on the Negro? Simple derived neither the profit of coincident conviction historical accuracy to-day demands that the facts nor the pleasure of honest disagreement. This de- of Reconstruction be studied without prejudice vitalized theory of criticism simply reduces itself and with a reasonable amount of care. No situa to an algebraic formula in which the reader's tion that has ever arisen in American history has interest and enjoyment represent zero. received more gross exaggeration than the tale of Is it not significant that grocer-shop criticism the ex-slave's shortcomings when he was given a almost always parades under the mask of anonym- chance in the political life of the nation. Why? ity? It is the uniform of the so-called " sound Because it is the popular thing to give the Negro reviewer," whose personality is various and may a kick. As a matter of fact the Negro was for the be interchanged ad lib., without any noticeable most part simply the victim of the greed of men change in the product. Indeed, the instrument is far more criminal and at the time more capable fitted, interchangeably, for any commodity on the than himself. Major John R. Lynch has recently market. shown us in "The Facts of Reconstruction" (issued PARKE FARLEY. by the Neale Publishing Co., New York) that in Chicago, July 18, 1914. 74 (August 1 THE DIAL The New Books. cere enough in what he said; only one doubts whether he said all that was in his mind. Ordinarily, the playwright leaves the writing MR. SHAW'S NEW PREFACE.* of his preface to the professional critic. But Bernard Shaw has done more than any of Mr. Shaw had seen what the critics did to his contemporaries to reconcile us to the Ibsen; that their ineptitudes and pathetic thorough-going moralistic attitude, and he trivialities made a deep impression on his has done so by insisting that the conquest of mind, is sufficiently apparent from the ex- morality is at least as difficult and dangerous tended excerpts he has ironically handed on as the quest of the Holy Grail. Odd that we to posterity in “The Quintessence of Ibsen- should need to be reminded of anything so ism. Could, then, a serious dramatist, bent obvious. Yet in spite of the martyrdom of on handling subjects of the utmost social sig. saints and the torture of heretics, in spite of nificance, trust himself to be interpreted by a Luther and John Knox, we are given to think- group of amiable æsthetes, whom he himself ing of morality in terms of submission rather had described as fainéants? Whether he ac- than in terms of revolt. Mr. Shaw will not tually asked himself this question or not, it is certain that Mr. Shaw did not hesitate to hear of this morality, which he has identified for his own purposes with the current sub- assume the risk of explaining his own mes- urban morality. As a matter of fact, we may sage, an exceedingly delicate and difficult doubt whether its influence is really so per- task'in which he has absolutely no equal. So vasive; it is pretty certain that it has never true is this that it is nothing but a work of gripped the masculine half of the race, how- supererogation to attempt to interpret Mr. ever much it may have served to console his Shaw, even if the attempt is not simply an mate in less militant epochs than ours. But ineptitude and consequently an impertinence. it has been preached persistently by myopic Those of us who delight in Mr. Shaw as a persons of the best intentions, who remained man with an infinite capacity for life and blissfully unaware that it is rarely applied in civic responsibility, do not in the least regret practice. his facility in self-explanation, though when Those who fancy a quiet life only follow a we are a bit impatient we may allow ourselves the trite remark that his skill in the preface profound instinct when they discourage the rise of a new moralist. Traditional morality is a measure of his limitation as a dramatist. is a convenient substitute for earnest thought. We simply seize a shabby old idea — one of Those who disturb it, make us uncomfortable, those æsthetic ideas about which Mr. Shaw and we revenge ourselves by calling them im- has happily shown so little curiosity — and moralists, as in the case of Ibsen, or irre- say that no first-rate creative gift has ever sponsible paradoxers, as in the case of Mr. itself or others. What of it? We may be been so immediately intelligible, either to Shaw. It is a convenient way of evading the issue. But Mr. Shaw was determined that sure that Mr. Shaw has so profound a distaste the issue should not be evaded, and he would for vagueness that we may doubt whether the not be Mr. Shaw if he had not had his way. possession of genius like Shakespeare's could Neither would comfortable abstract discussion compensate him for the sense in himself of serve, the futility of such discussion being something he could not fully comprehend. sufficiently proved by the experience of those And apropos of the prefaces, the impression clergymen who find that they can continue somehow prevails that Mr. Shaw's ideas have to draw their salaries only by avoiding the the precision and inexorable unfolding of a concrete. Mr. Shaw, with the instinct of the proposition from Euclid. Mr. Arthur Symons dramatist, wrapped the Seven Deadly Sins in speaks with a shudder of his remorseless logic But if we the trappings of our industrial civilization, and unanswerable common sense. and left them to point the moral. think of Mr. Shaw as a person puffed up But it will hardly do, either, to say that he with the logician's silly pride in his logic as left his puppets to point the moral : he did a weapon sufficient for any occasion, is it not not; he pulled up the curtain on the show, because we are so largely occupied with the which he had first taken the trouble to make fictitious Shaw of the reporters rather than as amusing as possible, and then stepped to with the genuine Shaw of the prefaces ? It would be nearer the truth to insist the front of the stage and harangued the mob nat hat in a preface. Mr. Shaw has ingeniously de- he has sought to give us is less a programme fended what surely needs no defence — his than a point of view. No, although he reliance on the preface. Doubtless he was sin- possesses enough ideas to set a score of doc- trinaires up in business, he is not himself a * MISALLIANCE, THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS, AND doctrinaire. He is concerned with the spirit FANNY'S FIRST PLAY. With a Treatise on Parents and Chil- dren. By Bernard Shaw, New York: Brentano's. rather than with the letter. ן דיי T-IL TIT 1914) 75 THE DIAL No better instance, indeed, of the con which, though you may decipher it, you cannot in cealed but still discernible modesty with which any fruitful sense read, though the enforced at- Mr. Shaw offers to arrange our destiny could tempt will make you loathe the sight of a book all be cited than his latest volume of plays. If the rest of your life. With millions of acres of he were really the prideful logician we care- woods and valleys and hills and wind and air and birds and streams and fishes and all sorts of in- lessly assume him to be, he would not have structive and healthy things easily accessible, or written two of the plays in this volume with streets and shop windows and crowds and "Misalliance” and “Fanny's First Play,” vehicles and all sorts of city delights at the door, the third being nothing but a Shakespearean you are forced to sit, not in a room with some jeu d'esprit. For he is here engaged in ex human grace and comfort of furniture and decora- ploring the problem of parents and children; tion, but in a stalled pound with a lot of other and, although his moralist's hope of a better children, beaten if you talk, beaten if you move, humanity rests squarely on the child, it would beaten if you cannot prove by answering idiotic be idle to pretend that he has given us any- questions that even when you escaped from the thing like a programme for improving the pound and from the eye of your gaoler, you were state of the child. He cannot tell us in detail still agonizing over his detestable sham books in- what we ought to do, though he has no hesita- stead of daring to live.” tion in telling us what we ought not to do As a partial corrective of this black picture, his task there being reduced to a simple one may say at once that Mr. Shaw frankly description of our actual practice. admits he was not beaten; but he assures The two chief influences in the life of the us he was sent to a schoolmaster so excep- child are, of course, the home and the school. tionally indifferent that he was allowed to In the well-known Shavian view, the middle- escape without learning anything. If neither the home nor the school will do for the child class home is no place for any social being; | (which is, in the Shavian view, a fresh experi- it is exclusive and narrow; a place where ment of the Life Force trying to improve on people make affection an excuse for deplorable manners. It is bad for adults, impossible for plicitly confesses the inadequacy of logic: its parents), what then? Here Mr. Shaw ex- children. A child has no political rights; it is a chattel, the exclusive possession of its “I must not pretend, then, that I have a system ready to replace all the other systems. Obstruct- parents, who may ruin it as effectually by too ing the way of the proper organization of child- much petting as by too much beating. And hood, as of everything else, lies our ridiculous the problem is further complicated by the fact misdistribution of the national income, with its that a child is a nuisance to a grown-up per accompanying class distinctions and imposition of son. “What is more, the nuisance becomes snobbery on children as a necessary part of their more and more intolerable as the grown-up social training. The result of our economic folly person becomes more cultivated, more sensi is that we are a nation of undesirable acquaintances; tive, and more deeply engaged in the highest and the first object of all our institutions for chil- methods of adult work. The child at play is dren is segregation.” noisy and ought to be noisy: Sir Isaac New We ask for a solution of this most perplex- ton at work is quiet and ought to be quiet." ing of problems — the problem of the child - Moreover, real understanding cannot exist and Mr. Shaw murmurs vaguely about a world between an adult and a creature so essen made more habitable for children by Social- tially cruel and selfish as a child. It is idle ism. But he does not pretend, you see, that to pretend that the family provides children he has a programme. What he wishes is to with edifying adult society. Here, as in so emphasize the spirit in which he thinks we many other respects, the home is nothing but should go to work. Take the case of political a humbug. Mr. Shaw finds proof of this in rights. Not the most astute of statesmen, ac- the fact that parents who can afford to send tuated by the most humane motives, could their children to a board school will not have remove that disability of the child. As long them at home. The parents, of course, will as there are parents, children will be largely tell you that they have to