n; what he commands is law: the virtue of
but, what intellectual power or principle of childhood is summed up in obedience.”
conduct will be developed by the exercise he is Hence, during home life and the earlier
to go through or by the discipline to which he years of school life, the child's defective moral
is subjected ? Not only is this explicitly an sentiments must be supplemented by the par-
nounced as the true object of common-school ents and the teacher's power to compel
education, but it pervades every line of the obedience, and this may grow into a habit and
book. It is true that such views seem some-
serve as a sufficient basis for right conduct until
what commonplace to those who are at all
the growing intelligence substitutes “I ought
conversant with educational literature on this for “I must.” Henceforward the individual
side of the water, but it is nevertheless also becomes a law unto himself. Such is the out-
true that a vast number of the intelligent and come in all cases where a healthy nature is
thinking people of this country have not thor- brought up under proper influences, and the
oughly grasped them, and are often clamoring teacher is to proceed upon the assumption that
for something “more practical” in our schools
the conditions are normal until the contrary is
that is to say, for the technical and profes- found to be true.
sional element away down in the primary In discussing Intellectual Instruction, only
departments. They fail to discriminate be-
those subjects are treated which by almost uni-
tween Intelligence and Information. It is versal consent belong to common-school educa-
instruction that imparts information; while tion. The common school is chiefly and
education, using the materials furnished by properly confined to the instrumentary branches
instruction, produces intelligence. It is fair which, with very little forcing of language,
and rational to demand that the instruction may be included under the heads of “Reading,
which is the basis of mind-training shall be writing, and Arithmetic.'
useful in itself, but it is neither fair nor rational
“ The school must prepare the pupil for life. What-
to demand that the subject-matter of instruction
ever else it teaches, it must teach these; and it fails in
shall be selected solely with reference to its its first duty to society if it does not teach them effect-
supposed usefulness irrespective of its adapta-ively. If the pupil leaves school with only the knowl-
tion for mental training. The true basis of edge of these, he has the means of supplying all his
defects at his leisure; if he leaves it unprovided with
character is ethical; and that system of educa-
them, he is without the means of acquiring further
tion--if system it can be called—that overlooks knowledge, and his chances of afterward obtaining the
or neglects moral training, begins to build in means are exceedingly small."
the air without a foundation. A thorough and These at least are the subjects of first im-
felicitous discussion of the conditions and portance, and if other branches are introduced
objects of moral education form an important it must be justified either upon the ground of
portion of this book.
the insufficiently educative power of these, or
The school follows and supplements the because there is sufficient time. This view will
home. It is the teacher's province to carry on not seem so narrow when we take into consid-
the development of both the moral and the eration that under the head of Reading and
intellectual faculties from the point reached by Writing may be included Grammar, Geography,
home, training. The child enters school with Composition, History, Singing, and Drawing--
considerable acquisitions for which the school though the last two are placed by themselves


104
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
as being “instrumentary” not so much to the to be hopelessly shut out from success in the contest.
intellect as to taste and sentiment, which fac-
This defect in the system of prizes is still more weighty
when we come to speak of conduct as contrasted with
ulties, says our author
attainment. Good conduct should be rewarded ; but it
“Are parts of our nature as truly as intellect itself :
is gravely objectionable to single out one or two pupils
capable, under judicious cultivation, of elevating its
who are supposed to have most distiaguished them-
tone through the medium of pure and refreshing recrea-
selves by their good conduct."
tions, but certain, if ignored, to lower it by running
Mr. Currie's work is a positive addition to the
out after such as are of a debasing sort. Education
should fit a man for enjoyment as well as for work.”
educational literature of the day. It treats
The subject of Method, in its special appli- with which it professes to deal, and brings into
methodically and minutely the whole subject
cation to the various branches to be taught, is
the pages of a single volume the whole scope
quite fully treated in the third part of the
of the common
non-school teacher's work. It strikes
work. The suggestions are minute and practi- the happy medium between brevity and pro-
cal, and embody the experience of the most
successful teachers. While little in this part teacher who is seeking inspiration and aid in
lixity. It is full and minute enough for the
will be new to the class of teachers who are
the finest details of his work, and it is written in
likely to read such a book, the thoughts are ex-
ceedingly helpful and strengthening. It often general reader. It is a book quite as well
such clear and judicious style as to attract the
happens that a teacher with a strong instinct adapted to the family as to the desk. Nothing
for the wisest methods, and with comparatively could do more towards unifying the work of
little opportunity for observation, will feel
greatly stimulated and encouraged to find his parent and teacher, and bringing them into
own ways and means presented as the thought mon task of training the rising generation,
hearty and intelligent sympathy in their com-
of a wise and eminent teacher, one who without
than the wide-spread circulation of this admira-
dogmatism or self-assertion sets forth in clear
ble treatise.
J. B. ROBERTS.
terms his methods, their reasons and results.
Of more importance, however, than his method,
is the teacher himself, who by “a cheerful,
earnest, and judicious management of his pu JEVONS'S STUDIES IN CURRENCY AND
pils, will secure success for himself, whether
FINANCE.*
his method be true or false."
Discipline and management are the great
Just two years have passed since the death
factors by which the ends of true education are
of William Stanley Jevons, at the age of forty-
secured. These depend upon the teacher's seven, cut short a career full of promise and
tact in controlling the forces about him, his own hope to those interested in the development of
economic science. The direction of his life-
character, and the respect which he is able to
win from his pupils through his manners and study was probably determined by his appoint-
acquirements. Firmness, kindness, and pru-
ment, at the age of nin after having com-
dence, are the most important qualities that he pleted his education in the University College,
can exhibit in his immediate relations to the London, to a position in the Australian royal
In 1866
school, while the various motives that avail with mint, which he held for five years.
children in their successive stages of intellect-
he became professor of logic and mental and
ual development may all in turn be played moral philosophy, and Cobden lecturer on po-
upon by his skilful touch. Physical punish: There he gave special attention to economic
economy, in Owens College, Manchester.
ment is admissible, and sometimes needful; but
it will be resorted to in rare and exceptional problems, and published the results of his in-
cases, and should only be used for the correc-
vestigations from time to time in papers and
tion of offenses against morality, such as "false-
books which soon came to be regarded as au-
He had
hood, dishonesty, impurity of speech, and the thorities on the subjects treated of.
The spirit of emulation is natural, and planned and partly written a comprehensive
may properly be used; but the giving of prizes, Treatise on Economics, designed to embody the
which can be secured by but two or three of a
store of classified materials which he had ac-
class, is condemned as inadequately fulfilling cumulated. As preliminary to that great work,
the conditions of effective reward. The ob-
for
In the
vious objections to this sort of stimulus are reprinting of his scattered papers.
midst of his labor, he was taken away. But
thus clearly and forcibly stated:
the last-named part of the work was so far ad-
“ They (the prizes] are not within reach of all who
vanced that Mrs. Jevons was able last year to
deserve them; so that their influence is limited. A class
very soon comes to see which of its members have the publish a volume on social questions.
chance of obtaining prizes. On that small number the
* INVESTIGATIONS IN CURRENCY AND FINANCE. By W. Stanley
effect is doubtless strongly stimulant; but the bulk of the Jevons. Illustrated by twenty diagrams. Edited, with an Intro-
class is quite unaffected by their knowing themselves duction, by H. S. Foxwell, M.A.
like.”
London: Macmillan & Co.


1884.]
105
THE DIAL
The volume before us, issued by Mrs. Jevons X. An ideally perfect System of Currency.
assisted by Mr. Foxwell, carries out the plan
XI. Gold and Silver; a Letter to M. Wolowski.
XII. The Silver Question.
and brings together several papers on currency XIII. Bimetalism.
and finance, the most of which originally ap XIV. Sir Isaac Newton and Bimetalism.
peared in journals of societies and as magazine
This list of subjects shows clearly how well
articles, but had been revised by their author
before his death, with a view to publication in
Mr. Jevons apprehended the nature of the most
one collection. His intended introduction was
difficult problems of finance, and the methods
not completed; but Mr. Foxwell, availing him by which they are to be solved, if a solution is
self of the author's fragmentary notes, has pre- tions of prices, the alternations of over-sanguine
possible. The variations of values, the fluctua-
pared an introduction which meets the exigency speculations on the one hand, and insane pan-
with all needed explanations. Mr. Jevons him-
ics on the other, as involved in commercial
self thus describes the contents of the volume:
crises,-- these are the disturbing elements whose
“ The papers fall into two groups, the first compris. complicated and subtle workings make the
ing papers I. to VIII., treating of prices, commercial
fluctuations, crises, etc.; while the second, comprising
whole subject of Finance seem a chaos with-
papers IX. to XIV., treat more strictly of currency, in-
out system or law or order. Mr. Jevons has
cluding the lapsed subject of International Currency, boldly entered the field and grappled with the
the burning question of Bimetalism, and technical ques difficulties in an attempt to digest thoroughly
tions relating to the age, weight, and cost of the gold the facts spread over considerable periods of
metallic currency."
time, and carefully to analyze relations of cause
Obviously the subjects of these two groups and effect, discriminating by a method of aver-
of papers are very closely related to each other, ages, quite peculiar, between accidental and tem-
and for the most part admit of exact statistical
porary fluctuations and those which are more
treatment, a point which Mr. Jevons regarded radical and periodic. His processes and con-
of the highest importance. His chief aim is
His chief aim is clusions, modestly put forth, show plainly that
thus expressed in his own words:
these fluctuations are governed by laws fixed
“ These papers are, throughout, an attempt to sub and uniform, that their mazes may be traced
stitute exact inquiries, exact numerical calculations, out and their causes discovered so as to open a
for guess-work and groundless argument~to investi-
gate inductively the intricate phenomena of trade and
way for the investigation of their disastrous ef-
industry.”
fects. He does not reach results which we can
Accordingly, one most important and valua- regard as final, or which are altogether satis-
ble feature of these papers is the tables and factory to himself. But he has made a good
diagrams, prepared with great care and im- beginning, and has furnished a compilation of
mense labor, not so much to illustrate and con-
data of great value to those who may follow
firm a preconceived theory as to furnish the au-
him in this line of investigation. All students
thor himself with trustworthy means of inves- of economic science will need to have the book
tigation, as he feels his way after conclusions to
at hand for ready reference.
be settled by “facts carefully marshalled.” The
Scattered here and there through the discus-
author thus leads us on with himself through sions, we meet with epigrammatic statements
the very process of inquiry, and we are invited of principal facts and truths which may be
Thus we read:
to scrutinize closely all the data for a sound adopted as maxims.
judgment, rather than to accept anything on “Value is the most invisible and impalpable of
his own assertion.
A simple presentation of ghosts, and comes and goes unthought of, while the
visible and dense matter remains as it was.”—“Gold is
the topics of the fourteen papers, as they are one of the last things which can be considered wealth
announced, will illustrate the author's spirit of in itself, and in its most useful employment as money,
inquiry and at the same time inform our read the very scarcity of gold is its recommendation.".
ers more particularly of the contents of the “Prices temporarily may rise or fall independently of
volume.
the quantity of gold in the country; ultimately they
must be governed by this quantity."_“It is credit or
I. On the Study of Periodic Commercial Fluctuations. the creation of prospective gold which allows prices to
II. A Serious Fall in the Value of Gold ascertained, continue rising for a time while gold is decreasing.".
and its Social Effects set forth.
“Prices and credit mutually inflate each other."-—“An
III. The Variation of Prices and the Value of the expansion of currency occurs one or two years pre-
Currency since 1782.
vious to a rise of prices.”
IV. The Depreciation of Gold.
V. On the Frequent Autumnal Pressure in the
The consideration of the value of gold fills
Money Market and the Action of the Bank of England. the largest place in the book.
The author ex-
VI. The Solar Period and the Price of Corn.
presses his conviction respecting the change
VII. The Periodicity of Commercial Crises, and its
that has come since the gold fields of Califor-
Physical Explanation.
VIII. Commercial Crises and Sun-Spots.
nia and Australia were opened, thus:
IX. On the Condition of the Gold Coinage of the “I think it not improbable that a depreciation of
United Kingdom with reference to the question of In some 15 per cent. has already occurred, though I do not
ternational Currency.
positively assert it.”—“I believe that the most sudden


106
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
and serious part of the fall that can be expected to oc inating, and the manner of treatment by the
cur, has occurred while almost all the world were either
various authors has as a rule accorded admir-
without thought of such an event, or altogether in
doubt about it."
ably with the plan and purpose of the enter-
The titles, “The Solar Period and the Price prise. Thus far seven volumes have been pub-
of Corn,” and “Commercial Crises and Sun- lished, presenting in compact space, and with
Spots,” might lead some to think that the vaga- satisfactory completeness, the lives of as many
ries of the old astrology had possessed the au-
gifted women whose influence has been of pro-
thor's mind. But the tables only indicate that nounced importance to the world. With those
good or bad harvests determine the price of yet to come, and of equal promise, they will
corn,-that this affects all other prices, and so
form a valuable library of biography, possess-
is connected with commercial crises; and that ing the distinctive and desirable feature of
there is a striking coincidence between the cycle economy in dimensions and cost.
of bad harvests and the cycle of greatest sun-
In the latest number of the series, a surview
spots as defined by astronomers-each including of the character and career of the great prison
a period of about eleven years.
In concluding
philanthropist, Elizabeth Fry, is furnished by
his discussion of this topic, the author says:
Mrs. E. R. Pitman. The book is but a con-
“I am aware that speculations of this kind may seem
densation of previous memoirs, which have left
somewhat far-fetched and finely-wrought; but financial
no new material for a biographer at the present
collapses have recurred with such approach to regularity day. It gives us a less vivid portrait of the
in the last fifty years that either this or some other ex-
woman than we might wish, yet there is no fail-
planation is needed.”—“It would be a curious fact, if
the pseudo-science of astrology should foreshadow the
ure in the impression it conveys of the devout,
triumphs which precise and methodical investigations humble, self-denying, and laborious humanita-
may yet disclose, as to the obscure periodic causes af rian. We see with clear vision the spirit of
fecting our welfare, when we are least aware of it." pure and unselfish benevolence which animated
The papers were written in England, and the the entire life of the reformer, and view with
tables and diagrams are made up largely from reverent amazement the vast amount of good
facts in the history of English commerce and she was enabled to accomplish. She deserved
finance. But these are world-wide in their op more than the name of "the female Howard,”
eration, and illustrate general fundamental which has been sometimes applied to her, for
economic truths, which all peoples may study neither man nor woman before or since has
with profit. England is probably the only surpassed her in the inauguration of works for
country whose records for years and centuries the benefit of the human race.
would furnish the materials for such digests. Elizabeth Fry was one of the twelve children
Yet it is much to be desired that some like forming the numerous household of John Gur-
labor might be expended on the collation of ney, of Norwich, England. Her father was
facts concerning our American trade and the descendant of an ancient family, ranking
finances. It would have the effect to scatter with the nobility in the time of William Rufus;
the illusions which mislead the judgment of and both her parents had received as an heri-
many of our people, and to show how absurd tage, through several generations, the tenets
was the assumption of the distinguished sena- peculiar to the society of Friends. They were
tor who confidently affirmed that he thoroughly not what was called "plain Quakers," for
understood the subjects of finance and currency though adhering to the upright principles of
because he had studied them for two weeks. their sect, they discarded the rigid Quaker cos-
Not the least valuable part of this book is tume and the use of “thee” and “thou” in
the “Bibliography of Writings on Money and their speech, while they allowed their children
Prices,” which occupies the last fifty pages. It to be taught music and dancing. The little
gives the most complete list hitherto published Elizabeth, whose birth occurred in 1780, was a
of books and papers on those, subjects, with a shy, sensitive, delicate child, afraid of the dark
statement of the leading topics discussed in in childhood and suffering from constitutional
each, and is an example of the industry and timidity all her life. She had a strong will
thoroughness characterizing all of Mr. Jevons's and much independence of character, but no
work.
A. L. CHAPIN. special precocity of intellect. By the death of
her mother, she was deprived, at the age of
MRS. FRY AND ENGLISH PRISON REFORM.* twelve, of a most wise and tender counsellor
and guide.
The good judgment exercised in the manage When seventeen years old, the whole tide of
ment of the “Famous Women Series ” has her being was turned toward the duties of a
secured to it a quite uniform standard of excel-Christian, by a sermon which she heard from
lence. The choice of subjects has been discrim- | the distinguished Quaker preacher, William
Savery. From that date, as she remarked a
* ELIZABETH Fry. By Mrs. E. R. Pitman. ("Famous Women
Series,") Boston: Roberts Brothers.
few days before her death, she never wakened


1884.]
107
THE DIAL
*
*
from sleep, in sickness or in health, by day or this period the sanguinary laws of England
by night, without the first waking thought prescribed the penalty of death for a list of
being how best she might serve the Lord. It nearly three hundred crimes, among
which were
was her desire to conform immediately with the such trivial offenses as robbing a hen-roost,
strictest practices of Quakerism ; but her cutting down a tree, and setting fire to a hay-
father required as a test of this resolution that rick. The result of this Draconian severity
she should experience a season amid the gay was the crowding of the jails and prisons of
eties of London. She passed through the the kingdom with hordes of wretched felons.
trial with purpose unchanged, and at its No provision was made for feeding or clothing
close put aside the fashions and pleasures of the the miserable helpless multitude, or for afford-
world and assumed the garb and the habits ing them the commonest necessities of living.
of a "plain Quaker.” It was “a dreadful
“At Newgate, in rags and dirt, without bedding, they
cross," she confessed in her journal, to wear the slept on the floor, the boards of which were in part
close white cap and neckerchief, and to use
raised to supply a sort of pillow. In the same rooms,
the “thee” and “thou” which would mark her
they lived, cooked, and washed. * In Bedford jail,
the dungeons for felons were eleven feet below the
conspicuously even in her own family; but here, ground, always wet and slimy, and upon these floors
as in every succeeding incident in her existence, the innates had to sleep. At Nottingham, the jail
there was no drawing back from the deed her stood on the side of a hill, while the dungeons were cut
At Salisbury, the prisoners
conscience dictated. Her first work of public in the solid rock.
were chained together at Christmas time and sent out
charity was to open a school in her father's
to beg. In some of the jails, open sewers ran through
house for poor children, in which there were corridors and cells, so that the poor inmates had to
soon gathered seventy pupils. Her control over fight for their lives with the vermin which flourished
there."
these undisciplined and wayward creatures was
considered wonderful; yet she wrote in her Into these prisons the untried and the con-
journal:
demned, the innocent and the guilty, the old
“I don't remember ever being at any time with one
and the young, were crowded together indis-
who was not extremely disgusting, but I felt a sort of criminately and left to the tender mercies of
love for them, and I do hope I would sacrifice my life jailors and turnkeys. In the women's depart-
for the good of mankind.”
ment at Newgate, about three hundred inmates
When a little beyond twenty, Elizabeth was were confined in a space which allowed each
married to Joseph Fry, of London, a Quaker an area of from eighteen inches to two feet in
merchant of wealth and standing. Little chil-width to lie down upon at night. Children
dren quickly multiplied in the new home were incarcerated with their unhappy mothers,
there were twelve, as time passed on, to whom and all existed in an indescribable condition of
she bore the blessed name of mother, and misery and filth. Strangers and friends were
domestic cares of many kinds pressed heavily allowed access to the prisoners, and upon these
upon her; yet she engaged actively in systema- they depended for the means of satisfying their
tic deeds of benevolence. At the death of her daily needs. Liquors were kept on tap in the
father in 1809, she yielded to “the inward prison, and, supplied to such as could pay for
voice” which had long prompted her to preach them, helped to render the place a veritable
in meeting, and thenceforth she was accepted pandemonium.
as a “minister" in her denomination.
Mrs. Fry felt as though “she were going
Her home at Plasket House in Essex, is into a den of wild beasts," when the door of
described as “a depot of charity.” “Calicoes, Newgate first opened to admit her; but in ten
flannels, jackets, gowns, and pinafores, were months' time so wonderful a change had been
kept in piles to clothe the naked; drugs suited wrought in the scene, through her agency, that
to domestic practice were stored in a closet, for all London was astonished at it. She won the
healing the sick; an amateur soup-kitchen for hearts of the degraded women at the outset, by
feeding the hungry was established in a roomy caring for their hapless children. A school
out-building, * * whilst copies of Testa was formed, and then a work-room; a system
ments were forthcoming on all occasions, to of rules and rewards was established, and grad-
teach erring feet the way to Heaven.” Again, ually order grew out of the chaos, and the pos-
she established a school of seventy girls, which sible amelioration of the state of a sinning yet
was still sustained within very recent years. much abused and suffering class of fellow-
In every way her aid was extended to the desti- beings was demonstrated. The subject of
tute and afflicted of every race and creed within prison discipline had been considered by a few
reach of her generous hand. In 1813 her first philanthropists in London before Mrs. Fry
visit was made to Newgate; but it was not came to the work, but no such energetic or
until 1817 that she was able to pursue continu- effective measures had been projected as she
ously the great work of prison reform with now steadily and successfully pursued. “An
which her name is immortally associated. At Association for the Improvement of the Female


108
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
600 pages.
Prisoners in Newgate" was founded, eleven of should have decided were bad; yet Mrs. Fry assured me
its twelve members being Quakeresses. Every Mrs. Fry often says an extempore prayer; but this day
that all those women had been of the worst sort. * *
day, for months, one or more of these ladies visit-
she was quite silent; whilst she covered her face with
ed the prison; and soon the rumor of the extraor her hands for some minutes, the women were perfectly
dinary work they were performing attracted silent, with their eyes fixed upon her; and when she
representatives of every class, from royalty said, “ You may go, they went away slowly.”
downward, to see its beneficent results. Par Mrs. Fry had suffered much from delicate
liament took up the matter, and Mrs. Fry was
health, and as age came on her strength speed-
called to relate her experience before commit- | ily declined. Still, her charitable labors were
tees of the House of Commons and the House continued unto the very last. She died Octo-
of Lords. Queen Charlotte requested an inter-
ber 13, 1845, and her monument will be visible
view with her, which tɔok place in a hall of for ages in the history of prison reforms.
the Mansion House.
SARAH A. HUBBARD.
“Her Majesty's small figure, her dress blazing with
diamonds, her courtesy and kindness as she spoke to
the now celebrated Quakeress, who stood outwardly calm
in the costume of her creed, and just a little flushed
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
with the unwonted excitement, attracted universal hom-
The State of Maryland is doing a noble work in
age. Around her stood several bishops, peers and peer printing its colonial archives from 1637 to 1783.
esses; the hall was filled with spectators, while outside
the crowd surged and swayed as crowds are wont to do.
The first volume, which brings the records down to
For a few minutes the two women spoke together; then
1664, has appeared in an elegant quarto of nearly
the strict rules of etiquette were overcome by the enthu-
The printing was authorized by the
siasm of the assembly, and a murmur of applause, fol General Assembly in March, 1882; and instead of
lowed by a ringing English cheer, went up. This cheer leaving the execution of the work to the political
was repeated by the crowd outside, again and again, state officials, it was wisely committed to the super-
while the most worldly butterfly that ever buzzed and
fluttered about a court learnt that day that there was in
vision of the Maryland Historical Society, which has
goodness and benevolence something better than fashion appointed Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, Librarian of the
and nobler than rank."
Johns Hopkins University, as the chief editor, and
Mr. John W. M. Lee, the Secretary of the Society, as
This was the beginning of a long series of his assistant. The early records have all been turned
honors paid to the friend of the prisoner by over to the Society, and are now deposited in its fire-
the crowned heads of England and Europe. proof vault at Baltimore, where they have been care-
When reforms had been introduced in the jails fully collected, arranged, and are in the process of
and penitentiaries of Great Britain, Mrs. Fry being accurately copied for the printers. Missing
extended her investigations to the penal insti-
documents are being supplied from the State-Paper
tutions of the continent, visiting many of the appreciation of the value of old documents and
office in London. Public officials seldom have any
principal cities and everywhere receiving the records. The Maryland papers were found scattered
coöperation of officials and social attentions about in offices no longer used, in cupboards,
from the distinguished. Her journeys were like beneath staircases, in lofts and cellars, in heaps of
“ triumphal progresses,” but the heart of the waste, and in the stairway leading to the dome of
devoted philanthropist was unmoved by the
the State House. The public records of a state are
homage of the great
. To relieve the sorrowing the basis of its history; and until now the records
and distressed was the controlling desire of her
of Maryland have been practically inaccessible.
life. A spectator at one of her morning ser-
Before the year 1664, more than three hundred laws
vices at Newgate, Maria Edgeworth, has left printed in 1765, contained the full text of only six
were enacted; yet Bacon's “ Laws of Maryland,”
the following sketch of the interesting scene: of them. The colonial history of Maryland, as it
“Enter Mrs. Fry, in a drab-colored silk cloak, and
was one of the original thirteen states, is of spec-
plain borderless Quaker cap; a most benevolent coun ial importance to the American student, and there
tenance; Guido Madonna face, calm, benign.
have been disputed questions concerning it-
one of
The prisoners came in, and in an orderly manner which is Catholic toleration — which have not yet
ranged themselves on the benches. All quite clean been settled. When this series of volumes, which may
faces, hair, cap, and hands. On a very low bench in extend to a dozen or twenty in number, is completed,
front, little children were seated, and watched there
by their mothers. Almost all these women, about
we shall have the means of knowing as much about
thirty, were under sentence of transportation; some
the laws, manners and customs, genealogy and
few only were for imprisonment. * ** She opened
social condition of Maryland in its early years as we
the Bible, and read in the most sweetly solemn, sedate do of the early years of Massachusetts and New
voice I ever heard, slowly and distinctly, without any York. Something occurs on every page illustra-
thing in the manner that could distract attention from
ting these points. It appears, for instance, that
the matter. Sometimes she paused to explain, which
she did with great judgment, addressing the convicts, business was transacted. An act passed in 1638
tobacco was the circulating medium with which all
We have felt! We are convinced! They were very
attentive, unexpectedly interested, I thought, in all she
made the fee for executing the patent of a freehold,
said, and touched by her manner.
I studied sixty pounds of tobacco; for a commission or license,
their countenances carefully, but I could not see any
twenty pounds; for a pass, five pounds; for whipping
which, without knowing to whom they belonged, I a malefactor, twenty pounds; for burning in the


1884.)
109
THE DIAL
M.
hand, or mutilation of a member (cutting off the in the past, and with heliotypes of early bank notes
ears), fifty pounds, for inflicting pains of death, one and checks. One of the checks, dated May 21,
hundred pounds, to be paid out of the estate of the 1795, for twenty-five dollars, is signed "C. M. de
party punished. Among the rules of the house of talleyrand.” M. de. Talleyrand having been pro-
burgesses, 1642, were the following: “Any one of the scribed by Robespierre, and driven out of England
house not appearing upon call after the third beat- by Pitt, was then in New York engaged in commer-
ing of the drum shall forfeit 100 lbs. tobacco; the cial pursuits. The same year the decree against him
drum to beat as near as may be to sun-rising, and was repealed and he returned to France. The busi-
half an hour's distance between each beating.” As ness of banking one hundred years ago was quite
the session was held in July, this would bring the unlike that of our time. There is a letter to the
meeting of the house at the early hour of 5:45 directors of the Bank of New York, dated January
o'clock, A. On March 7, 1638, appears this 25, 1795, from Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the
reproof of tardiness: “ Captain Cornwaleys amerced United States Treasury, showing the financial distress
for tardie 20 lbs. tobacco.” The salary of the burgesses of the government and the poverty of the nation.
was 40 lbs. of tobacco per day. Assemblies for He asks the directors to extend the payment of a
assessing taxes corresponding to the New England government loan of $200,000, on the ground that
town meeting, were called in the parishes, and every " it will be a great convenience to the Department;'
freeman not appearing at the third beating of the and he thanks them for their “ support of my admin-
drum was fined twenty pounds of tobacco. More busi istration (of the Treasury]. It has made a lasting
ness would be done in the House of Representatives impression on my heart." Personal and emotional
at Washington some of these rules were adopted. considerations fortunately have no place in the sys-
tem on which the United States Treasury is now
The imprint of a strong genius is perceptible in
conducted - although the main features of keeping
the brief tale named 66 Annouchka,” by Ivan Serg-
accounts and doing the business of the department
heievitch Turgenef, Mr. Abbott's translation of which begun by Hamilton have not been changed to this
is published by Cupples, Upham & Co. The story has day, The Bank of New York is still young, and is
the feeling and action of real life. It is intense and good for another century. Its average annual divi-
dramatic, and at the same time simple and unstrained.
dends for a hundred years have been nine and one-
It has, too, the original unique favor of the Russian tenth per cent.
nationality, which gives it a peculiar fascination. Yet
A LADY who veils her personality under the initials
there are traces of carelessness in it, as though the
author regarded it as a trifle not worth serious super-
E. J. L., has given the publicity of print to some
vision. The story is related by the chief character,
passages from her correspondence or journal, and
endowed them with the title of “ Ten Days in the
who begins with a curiously abrupt sentence. A
little later he declares that he does not care the least Jungle”. (Cupples, Upham & Co.). The particular
in the world for the beauties of nature, yet in all his jungle thus specified lies in the state of Perang, in
the northern portion of the island of Singapore, and
statements thereafter reveals a delicate sensitiveness
was traversed by E. J. L. in the month of December,
to their charm. These are slight evidences of haste
1883. It is a district difficult of access, of almost
or carelessness, and do not relate to the construction
of the story, which is artistic and effective. An- primeval wildness, and, exhibiting the novel and won-
derful features of a tropical wilderness, it affords
nouchka is the daughter of a Russian gentleman and
his serf, Tatiana. At seventeen her parents are both
material for the most enticing narratives. Miss Bird,
an unusually adventurous and intelligent tourist, has
dead, and she is travelling in Europe with her half-
brother, Gaguine. She is beautiful, emotional, and
given a charming description of it in “The Golden
Chersonese.” E. J. L. had the pluck to follow Miss
unsophisticated, and quickly yields to an attraction
for the unnamed narrator of the tale, who contracts exploration, and the ambition to give an account of
Bird in a dangerous and out-of-the-way line of
a warm friendship for her brother. Her experience
of love is impassioned and absorbing, and deeply herself to render her story interesting, or even intel-
her enterprise to the world. But she has not troubled
excites the reader's sympathy. This is all that need
ligible. It is written in an unfinished manner,
be said of the work. Its interest should not be
impaired by hinting at the denouement.
which, excusable in notes taken hurriedly on the
spot, is unpardonable in matter deliberately com-
mitted to print. It conveys, moreover, so scanty an
A VOLUME issued by Putnam's Sons, entitled “A amount of information on every point touched, that
History of the Bank of New York,” by Henry W. the reader is in doubt as to the aim of the author in
Domett, is an interesting contribution to the finan- publishing the work.
cial literature of the country. The bank is the old-
est in the city, and having been founded in 1784, has MR. AUGUSTUS J. C. HARE's two new volumes,
a centennial record. Alexander Hamilton was one “ Venice" and “Florence (Routledge & Sons),
of its original directors. Starting one year after need few words of introduction to the intelligent
peace with England was declared, in a period of the reader. The name of their author is a guaranty
deepest commercial and financial distress, the bank of the highest excellence attained by works of
has had an eventful history, which Mr. Domett has their kind. His previous books, leading strangers
set forth with excellent judgment and literary taste. through all interesting walks lying in and around
Mr. Domett was formerly a resident of Boston, where famous cities in England and Italy, have estab-
he is well known as a skilled writer on financial and lished his reputation as a faithful and skilful guide.
literary topics. The volume is illustrated with sev These last books are formed on the same plan as
enteen steel portraits of eminent New York bankers those describing London and Rome. They are


110
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
supplied with maps and illustrations, and are contemplate. And they are too weak to sustain the
filled with pertinent extracts from poets and prose interest in a narrative of nearly 500 pages. Poor
writers who have delineated in word-pictures the Frances bears the poverty of her lot bravely, but
finest scenes visible in these old cities or transcribed our sympathy receives a blow when she is made to
in the pages of their history. It seems, in turning act the mean part of a beggar in order to furnish a
over the volumes, that we have never before gained fat meal for the visiting Bishop. Miss Johnson
so clear an idea of the situation and the distinctive writes gracefully, and, taking the present work as
features of Venice and Florence. The author com proof, can keep a numerous company in action for a
bines in his work the fruits of wide reading, refined long while; but she does not endow them with suf-
literary taste, and an intimate knowledge of the ficient dignity to win the good feeling of the specta-
places set forth.
tor. (Charles Scribner's Sons.)
The first requisite of a school-book is a clear and The three stories comprised in the latest volume
correct style. The student should have no difficul of Bret Harte exhibit the choice diction and the rare
ties put in his way by obscure and ambiguous lan art in scene-painting which characterize this author,
guage, and the teacher is out of place who canno but the fresh and vigorous gift of invention which
express the ideas he aims to convey in pure and we look for in his writings is absent. He has been
unmistakable phraseology. Had Mr. Shaler's working a mine which for the moment was barren or
"First Book of Geology" (Ginn, Heath, & Co.) exhausted. The incident in the tales is so bald, we
every other claim to approval, it could not escape might liken it to a skeleton clothed with a drapery
grave criticism for its confused and inelegant diction. of beautiful words. The locality in each case is set
It is hard work to discern the meaning of the author “On the Frontier,” hence the title under which the
in many of his sentences, and in many others there sketches are collectively ranged. It is a cause for
are faults of syntax not to be overlooked in a pro- regret that Mr. Harte should, in response to any
duction claiming to be scholarly. The following pressure, use his pen when his mind is not in a cor-
passage (from p. 64) is a fair example of the awk- responding condition of activity. It is a pain to
ward wording which mars the entire book: “ All over learn that we are not secure from disappointment
the ocean bottom a host of fixed animals are living when taking up a new book by a favorite author.
which are fed by the water and the things the water (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.)
brings to them; dying, these animals build their
bodies into the rocks. Floating wood and seaweed
LADY CALLCOTT's “Little Arthur's History of
rots and becomes water-logged; then sinks to the England” (Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.) was written
bottom to mingle with the mud and the remains of
for a real little Arthur, the author tells us in her pre-
animals, the whole being built into rocks."
face, and she tried to set it down in just the words
she would have used had the boy been listening to
The last of Mr. W. P. Atkinson's three lectures the story. It is but an outline, simple in all its
"On History and the Study of History" (Roberts parts, with the fewest possible encumbrances in the
Brothers) contains the pith of the volume. In the
way of names and dates.
A young child would be
first two, the writer beats about the bush in so tire interested and amused, and, what is better, instructed
some a fashion that when his thought is reached it by it, for it gives a clear and continuous account of
does not pay for the expenditure in getting at it. the great events which shaped the life of the English
The final discourse, however, is full of marrow-the nation. After saying so much, it is superfluous to
concentrated store of a man of large experience and add that the book is one of the best to place in the
wise reflection concerning the best methods of edu hands of little people, or to read to those who cannot
cation. His topic affords opportunity for observa follow its pages by themselves. It has all the attrac-
tions on many different questions, regarding all of tion of fiction and the advantage of communicating
which he expresses himself with broad liberality and essential learning.
sound common-sense. He is untrammelled by con-
servative and conventional ideas, and still has not
discarded the old reverence for the religious impulses
of mankind. He considers history as properly tho
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
story of the evolution of the social organization, and
MR. CLARK RUSSELL is engaged upon a new sea-
in order to understand it one must study the devel-
story, to be called A Strange Voyage.”
opment of human thought through all the ages past.
Only general hints for the pursuit of this study are
ROUTLEDGE'S “Railway Library," composed of
presented, but these are suggestive and helpful. novels issued at from one shilling to half-a-crown
each, has just reached its thousandth volume. The
THE “Fainalls of Tipton," as portrayed by Vir-
series was begun in 1848, by the publication of the
ginia W. Johnson, are a peculiarly disagreeable lot
novels of Fenimore Cooper; and has included most
of people. There is not a noble or attractive quality Marryatt, James, Ainsworth, Dumas, Scott, Mayne
of the popular modern novelists-Bulwer, Lytton,
possessed by a single personage bearing the name,
if we except the beauty which is the sole virtue of Reid, Dickens, Hawthorne, Mrs. Burnett, and others.
the young scapegrace Walter. Mr. Brockelbank, A “Baco-SHAKESPEAREAN society," to be com-
the rector of Tipton, is a pleasant gentleman, and posed of members believing in an other than Shakes-
his daughter Frances is a pretty girl; but they are pearean authorship of the plays and poems, has
the only characters in the rather large collection lately been formed in London. The society proposes
included in the story which it is at all gratifying to to hold regular meetings, and to print the papers
66


1884.]
111
THE DIAL
read before it. Among the members are Mr. Apple-ored plates, will be published by Cassell & Company.
ton Morgan, Mrs. Henry Pott, and Mr. R. M. Theo- | A folio volume of specimens of French etchings,
bald.
uniform with the “Score of Etchings” of last year,
HARPER & BROTHERS send out, in their Franklin
will be issued by Dodd, Mead & Co., who announce
also several new Parts of the new edition of Bryan's
Square Library, Part I. of Stormonth's Dictionary of
White,
the English Language. The earlier editions of this
“ Dictionary of Painters and Engravers."
work have been greatly expanded and thoroughly Stokes & Allen will offer a rich portfolio collection of
revised, and in its new form it enters the field as a
new etchings by American artists.
competitor of the leading English Dictionaries. The
In History, Biography, etc., there will be the
Franklin Square issue is from plates furnished by of the United States," the fifth volume of the revised
second volume of McMaster's “ History of the People
the British publishers, and will complete the work in
about twenty-three weekly parts, at 25 cents each.
edition of Bancroft's “History of the United States,"
There will be in all about 1,200 pages, imperial and the autobiography of Dr. Marion Sims, (all by
the biography of Louis Pasteur, from the French,
octavo. Bindings will be furnished by the publishers. Appleton & Co.); Von Ranke's " Universal History
The London “ Athenæum,” which we had hitherto (Harper & Brothers ); Our Great Benefactors,”
supposed to be an exponent of British philistin- by Samuel Adams Drake, a series of biographies of
ism, makes the surprising observation, in a lengthy eminent men and women, (Roberts Brothers ); F.
review of Miss Robinson's “New Arcadia," that M. Holland's “ History of Free Thought" (Holt &
civilization such as ours -- a civilization which, per- Co.); “Carlyle's Life in London, from 1834 to his
mitting as it does inequalities of fortune whose great- death in 1881,” by J. A. Froude; “ Icaria, a Chapter
ness bewilders the imagination, sanctioning as it does in the History of Communism,” by Albert Shaw,
a neglect of the primal duties of man such as appalls and “Life and Times of Gustavus Adolphus,” by
the soul — is perhaps the most barbaric structure that the Hon. John L. Stevens, late U. S. Minister to
all history can show;" and that “the England of the Sweden, published by Putnam's Sons.
Heptarchy, the England of Edward the Confessor,
The new Books of Travel, etc., will include:
was in some ways in advance of the England of to “ Life and Travel in India," by Mrs. Leonowens,
day.” Has the “ Athenæum” added to its staff of author of “ The English Governess at a Siamese
writers Mr. Matthew Arnold ?
Court,” to be issued by Porter & Coates. “ The
Three Prophets : Chinese Gordon, Mohammed-
The lists of books for Fall publication, so far as Ahmed, Araby Pasha; Events before, during, and
announced by the leading firms, while perhaps more after the Bombardment of Alexandria,” by Colonel
unpretentious than in some recent years, do not Chaille Long, ex-Chief of Staff to Gordon in Africa,
appear to indicate stagnation in this branch of busi ex-United States Consular Agent in Alexandria, is
There is a tendency toward caution and con announced by Appleton & Co.; and, by the same
servatism, which is a part of the commercial tendency firm, “ The Cruise of the Alice May," by S. G. W.
of the time ; but considering the sensitiveness of the Benjamin, with illustrations. Harper & Brothers
book trade to anything like general financial depres- have “Sketching Rambles in Holland,” illustrated,
sion, and the quiet naturally following a period of by Geo. H. Boughton and E. A. Abbey. “ The Land
great productivenoss like that of the past half-dozen of Rip Van Winkle" (Putnam) will contain the nar-
years, the outlook may be said to be fairly satisfac rative of a tour through the romantic parts of the
tory. The season is likely to prove one of average Catskills, together with their legends and traditions,
prosperity to the trade, and will witness the publica- | by A. E. P. Searing; with fiſty illustrations. “Sunny
tion of some good and substantial books. We men Spain; its Peoples, Places, and Customs,” by Phillis
tion below many of the more important items in the Browne, and "Rambles Round London Town," by
announcements thus far received. Several of the C. L. Mateaux, are to be issued by Cassell & Coin-
publishers' lists are incomplete, and a few are not yet pany.
at hand.
In Fiction, we are to have a good number of new
Some important new Art works are announced, books from Appleton & Co., Noble Blood,” by
among which a new volume by Mr. Philip Gilbert Julian Hawthorne; “ The Black Poodle and other
Hamerton, promising to rank in interest with his Stories,” by F. Anstey, author of Vice-Versa; “ Allan
Graphic Arts,” is conspicuous. The title will be Dare and Robert le Diable," a romance; and “Doc-
“ Landscape," and the work will contain some forty tor Grattan,” by W. A. Hammond. From Harper
etchings and engravings on copper, many of them & Brothers - "Nature's Serial Story," by E. P. Roe;
original, with some minor illustrations. Among the “ Judith Shakespeare," by Wm. Black; “Left Be-
etchers will be Hamerton, Lalanne, and Pennell. The hind, or Ten Days a Newsboy,” by James Otis;
work is to be issued in two limited editions, a portion Miss Tommy, a Medieval Romance,” and
of each being reserved for the United States. There House-Boat, a Journal,” by the author of “ John
is also to be published (Roberts Brothers) a work Halifax.” From Holt & Co. — “Dark Days,” by
by Mr. Hamerton, on Paris, illustrated with twelve Hugh Conway, and “Callirrhoë, Fair Rosamund,”
large etchings and many wood-cut engravings. Henry by Wickall Field. From Dodd, Mead & Co. — “At
Blackburn's " English Art in 1884” (Appleton & Any Cost,” by Edward Garrett, and “A Young
Co.) will consist of sketches, with descriptive text, Girl's Wooing,” by E. P. Roe. From White, Stokes
of pictures in the Royal Academy, Grosvenor Gal & Allen “A Matter of Taste," by George H.
lery, Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colors, Picard. From Roberts Brothers — “ Almost a Duch-
Royal Institute of Painters in Oils and Water-Colors, ess” (New “No-Name"); Ramona," by H. H.;
and other Exhibitions in 1884. Frederick Taylor's “Suwanee River Tales," by Sherwood Bonner; “ The
“Studies of Animal Painting," with eighteen col- | Making of a Man,” by W. M. Baker; “A Sea
ness.
66
66
In a


112
[Sept.,
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66
1
!
65
66
Change," by Miss F. L. Shaw; and “Tip Cat," by Lewis's “ American Sportsman " (Harpers ); a new
the anthor of “Miss Toosey's Mission” and “Lad edition of Barton's “ History of a Suit in Equity"
die." From Putnam's Sons -- "The Bassett Claim," (Robert Clarke & Co.); a new edition, limited to
a story of life in Washington, by Henry R. Elliot. 500 copies, of Hamilton's Works, in five volumes
From White, Stokes & Allen 6. The Shadow of John (Putnam's Sons); a new edition of “Smith's Bible
Wallace," by L. Clarkson.
Dictionary” (Porter & Coates), in one volume,
Many important Illustrated Books will doubtless revised and adapted to the present use of Sunday
come later in the season; but among those already School Teachers and Bible Students, by Rev. F. N.
announced must be mentioned first the “ Zuyder- and M. A. Peloubet; new editions of Lady Brassey's
Zee Edition" of De Amicis' “Holland and its Peo "Sunshine and Storm in the East” and “Voyage in
ple,” with illustrations in etching, photogravure, and the Yacht Sunbeam," each in two volumes 16-mo.,
wood-a limited edition, published by Putnam's Sons, by White, Stokes & Allen; and a new edition of
who also issue “Half a century of English History," Major's " Walton's Complete Angler," by Crowell
represented in a series of 147 cartoons from “ Punch.” & Co.
Admirers of Edwin Arnold's “Light of Asia” will Among Compilations, there will be a volume of
soon be offered an illustrated edition of this poem, “ American Orations" selected by Prof. Johnston of
the illustrations to be taken from photographs of the College of New Jersey, and a companion volume
Buddhist sculptures in ancient Indian ruins, in which of · British Orations” selected by Prof. Adams of
have been found sculptures and frescoes supposed to the University of Michigan, both published by Put-
illustrate scenes in the life of Gotama Buddha, the nam's Sons; “Representative German Poems, Ballad
hero or subject of the poem. Crowell & Co. will offer and Lyrical,” German text, with English versions
an “illustrated holiday edition" of George Eliot's by various authors, edited by Karl Knortz, published
complete poems, in royal octavo, with sixteen full by Holt & Co.; selections of humorous papers from
page illustrations drawn expressly for the work, by “ Life," by White, Stokes & Allen; “Daily Strength
Taylor, Andrew, Schell, and Harper. Cassell & Com for Daily Needs," a selection for every day in the
pany will have “Character Sketches from Dickens, | year, with “ The Three Festivals,” a collection of
Second Şeries," containing six plates from original poems for Christmas, New Year, and Easter, — both
drawings by Frederick Barnard, in portfolio; and a the latter volumes published by Roberts Brothers;
translation of Chateaubriand's “Atala," with Doré's "The Nutshell Series,” containing the best thoughts
illustrations. Porter & Coates - From Green of the best writers, edited by Helen Kendrick John-
land's Icy Mountains,” by Bishop Heber, illustrated son, published in six 32-mo. volumes, by Putnam's
with twenty-two engravings from original drawings Sons; and, by the same firm, “The Pearl Series of
by Frederick B. Schell; and Alfred Tennyson's Choice Selections."
Lady Clare," illustrated with the same number of Of Educational works, Appleton & Co. present a
plates from drawings by Fredericks, Church, Fenn, full list, including “Education in Relation to Man-
Schell, Garrett, and Perkins. Dutton & Co. — “Vio ual Industry,” by the Hon. Arthur MacArthur; a
lets Among the Lilies," by Miss Clarkson, author of new series of · Standard Arithmetics"; “A Com-
"Indian Summer," etc. White, Stokes & Allen pend of Geology,” by Prof. Joseph LeConte; an
a new edition, from new plates, of “Paradise Lost," Elementary Zoology," by Dr. J. B. Holder and
with Doré's illustrations; new volumes by Miss C. F. Holder; etc., etc. Holt & Co. will have two
Skelding, “Heartsease” and “Flowers from Glade new works by Newcomb—“ Analytic Algebra” and
and Garden," with illustrations in color, and poems “ The Essentials of Trigonometry." Putnam's Sons
selected from leading authors; several new volumes _“ A High-School Grammar of the German Lan-
in the “ Flower-Song Series," with colored illustra guage," by H. C. G. Brandt, Professor of German
tions; a volume of " Wheel-Songs" (poems on bicyc- in Hamilton College; “A Reader of German Litera-
ling), by S. Conant Foster, with fifty illustrations; ture,” edited with notes by W. H. Rosenstengel,
and three new calendars, the “ Macdonald Calendar," Professor of German in the University of Wisconsin;
the “ Pansy Calendar," and the “Crescent Calendar." “Outlines of Roman Law," comprising its historic
Of New Editions of standard works there will be: growth and general principles, by Wm. C. Morey,
In poetry – Harper's one-volume edition of Tenny- Ph.D., Professor of History and Political Science in
son, revised and complete, with illustrations and por the University of Rochester; "Tableaux de la Révo-
trait; Dodd, Mead & Co.'s five-volume 16-mo. edi lution Française," edited for the use of students in
tion of Mrs. Browning's poems, from new American French, with explanatory and critical notes by Pro-
plates; a three-volume 16-mo. edition of Percy's fessors T. F. Crane and O. G. Brun.
· Reliques of Ancient Poetry,” published by White, In Scientific and Technical works, Putnam's Sons
Stokes & Allen, and, by the same firm, a new edition will present an important contribution to the study
of “Heine's Book of Songs,” translated by Martin of American archæology, in the Marquis de Nadil-
and Bowring; twelve new volumes added to Crowell's lac's " Prehistoric America,” translated by N.
“ Favorite Illustrated Edition" of the popular poets, d'Anvers, and edited with notes by W. H. Dall.
and ten new volumes in the series of “Red-Line The same firm will have a number of new medical
Poets,” by the same publisher. In prose — the books, including “The Brain and the Nerves," by
“Friendly Edition” of Rolfe's Shakespeare, in Thos. Stretch Dowse; “ The Student's Manual of
twenty volumes (Harpers); “ Milton's Prose Writ Practical Electro-Therapeutics,” by R. W. Amidon,
ings,” in Appleton's Parchment Series " ; a ten M.D.; - The Student's Manual of Technical Micro-
volume 12-mo. edition of “ Pepys' Diary” (Dodd, scopy, for Use in Medical and Pathological Investi-
Mead & Co.); the “ Franklin Square" edition (Har- gation," by Carl Friedlander, M.D.; " Myths in
pers) of Stormonth's English Dictionary, in twenty- Medicine, or Old-Time Doctors," a series of essays
three weekly parts; a revised and enlarged edition of on the History of Medical Practice, by A. C. Gar-


1884.)
113
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65
ers -
rett, M.D. Jansen, McClurg & Co. will publish Dr. trations by John Tenniel ; “The Floating Light of
N. S. Davis's - Theories and Practice of Medicine," the Goodwin Sands,” by R. M. Ballantyne ; and
in one volume of about 900 pages. Holt & Co. “ Cook's Voyage Around the World.” Putnam's
“ Botany,” by C. E. Bessey, and “The Elementary Sons __“Herodotus for Boys and Girls” (a compan-
Human Body," by H. Newell Martin. Appleton & ion to the “ Plutarch”) edited by J. S. White ; and,
Co. · Dr. O. W. Wight's “Maxims of Public uniform with these two, a new edition of Bayard
Health.” Lippincott & Co.—Prof. John C. Cut- Taylor's “Views Afoot, or Europe Seen with Knap-
ter's "
Comprehensive Anatomy, Physiology, and sack and Staff." Crowell & Co. -- "Little Arthur's
Hygiene.”
History of England,” by Lady Callcott ; “ What
The Juvenile announcements appear in a profusion Fide Remembers,” by Faye Huntington ; “ The Dove
sufficient to appall expected purchasers and cata Series ” and “Georgey's Menagerie,” six volumes
loguers. We enumerate as far as space will admit : each ; and August Stories” and “ June Stories,''
Cassell & Company — “ The Sunday Scrap-Book," four volumes each, by Jacob Abbott. Roberts Broth-
with about 1,000 illustrations of Bible Scenes and ers --- “ The Hunter Cats of Connorloa,” by Helen
Incidents ; “Children of all Nations, their Homes, Jackson (“H. H.”), illustrated ; “ Jack Archer, a
Schools, and Playgrounds," illustrated ; “Hither and Tale of the Crimea,” by G. A. Henty, both
Thither,” by Mary D. Brine, illustrated ; “Duncans books illustrated ; and “ Spinning-Wheel Stories,”
on Land and Sea," by Kate Tannatt Woods, illus- by Louisa M. Alcott. Holt & Co. — “Captain Phil,”
trated ; “What We Little Ones Saw,” illustrations a boy's experience in the Western army during the
on every page ; “ Bo-Peep" for 1884, etc. etc. Rout war of the Rebellion, by M. M. Thomas ; and
ledge & Sons —"A Popular Natural History,” by “ Ralph the Drummer-Boy," a story of the days of
Rov. J. G. Wood, profusely illustrated ; “A Museum Washington, by Louis Rousselet, both books illus-
of Wonders” explained in pictures by F. Opper ; trated. White, Stokes & Allen “ The Mary-Jane
Laboulaye's “ Illustrated Fairy Tales,” new edi. Papers," by Miss Plympton, illustrated by the
tion ; “Illustrated Poems and Songs for Young author ; and “ Christmas Rhymes and Stories,”
People," edited by Helen Kendrick Johnson ;“Sports original and selected, illustrated.
and Pastimes for American Boys,” by Henry Chad In addition to the above classifications, Appleton
wick ; " A Picture-Book of Wild Animals” and “A & Co. announce the “Essays and Speeches of Jere-
Picture-Book of Domestic Animals,” each with col miah S. Black," edited by the Hon. Chauncey F.
ored illustrations ; and three new volumes by Kate Black; “Elements of English Speech," by Isaac
Greenaway, • Language of Flowers," with colored Bassett Choate; and “A Naturalist's Rambles About
illustrations, Almanac for 1885, and her edition of Home," by Dr. Charles C. Abbott. Harper & Broth-
“Mavor's Spelling.” Harper Brothers — “ The Voy · Supplement to McClintock and Strong's
age of the Vivian' to the North-pole and beyond,” | Cyclopædia.” Robert Clarke & Co. — New Ameri-
by Thomas W. Knox, author of “The Boy Travel can edition of “Cook's Synopsis of Chess Open-
lers in the Far East,” illustrated ; Drake's “ Indian ings,” edited by Mr. J. W. Miller, with a supplement
History for Young Folks,” illustrated ; and Ernest containing American openings or innovations, and
Ingersoll's “Country Cousins, Short Studies in the analyses, and also a list of the chess clubs in the
Natural History of the United States." Dodd, Mead United States and Canada. Roberts Brothers -
& Co. — “The very Joyous, Pleasant and Refresh Human Intercourse,” by Philip Gilbert Hamerton,
ing History of the Good Knight, without Fear and the complement of his “ İntellectual Life”; “Eupho-
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66
65


114
[Sept.,
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
BAYARD TAYLOR. Horatio N. Powers
- 125
HERBERT SPENCER AS A PROPHET OF SOCIETY. J. A.
Jameson -
127
THE "ODYSSEY" IN RHYTHMIC ENGLISH PROSE. Paul
Shorey
129
A NOVELIST'S THEORY OF THE ART OF FICTION,
Melville B. Anderson
132
A PIONEER HISTORIAX.
133
135
SWINBURNE'S POEMS.
William Morton Payne
- 136
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
139
- 142
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS -
BOOKS OF THE MONTH
144
VOL. V. OCTOBER, 1884. No. 54. to the public not as a poet, the only title I
covet, but as one who succeeded in seeing
Europe with little money; and the chief merits
CONTENTS.
accorded to me, are not passion and imagina-
tion, but strong legs and economical habits.
Now this is truly humiliating.” Almost every
moment of leisure that he earned through a
life crowded with pressing work, he devoted to
the muse.
His "Rhymes of Travel, Ballads
and Poems," “ Poems of the Orient," "The
Poet's Journal,” “ Picture of St. John,” the
Wm. Henry Smith
translation of “Faust” (which was equal in
A COLD-BLOODED REFORMER. George Batchelor
intellectual strain to the production of a long
poem), “The Masque of the Gods," "
," “ Lars,
* Prince Deukalion," and, added to these, his
Von Ranke's Universal History: the Oldest Historical
Phi Beta Kappa poem at Harvard, the Gettys-
Group of Nations, and the Greeks.- Réville's The Native
Religions of Mexico and Peru (Hibbert Lectures for burgh ode, the ode at the unveiling of Ward's
1884). -Parton's The Captains of Industry.--Howland's statue of Shakspeare, ode for the centennial
Æneid in the Original Metres.-Crane's and Brun's Tab celebration of the Fourth of July, and others,
leaux de la Revolution Française.--Mrs. Rich's A Dream
show the versatility and opulence of his poetic
of the Adirondacks, and Other Poems.--Barneby's Life
and Labor in the Far, Far West.-Aldridge's Life on a
production. The greatest of his poems, one of
Ranch.--The Boy's Workshop.-Thomas's Captain Phil. the great poems of this century, “Prince Deu-
Trowbridge's The Principles of Perspective.--Hepworth's kalion," is known yet only to a small circle of
Photography for Amateurs.--Melodies of Verse (Selec-
readers, but I predict that it is destined to en-
tions from Bayard Taylor). -- Text and Verse for Every
Day in the Year, from Writings of J. G. Whittier.
during fame.
Among the letters of the first volume of the
present work are those that chronicle the affect-
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS FOR OCTOBER 145 ing episode of his youthful attachment and
bereavement. All through them breathe the
highest aspirations for noble life and achieve-
BAYARD TAYLOR.*
ment. The literature of early love contains
Bayard Taylor was a born poet. Poetry was
nothing more manly and womanly than these
the passion and delight of his life. It was on
letters of Bayard Taylor and Mary Agnew.
his accomplishment in this field that he wished
To this young lady he was betrothed while a
his reputation to rest. He submitted patiently youth, and he married her on her death-bed.
to a great deal of distasteful intellectual drudg. She was a person of rare loveliness, and the
ery, and the most exhausting toil, that he might hope of being united to her in wedlock was an
gain opportunity for the practice of the art to unfailing inspiration and support to the poet
which he consecrated his life. It was as a
during the severe struggles of his early
handsome, daring, gifted youth, about whose
His bereavement was excruciating,
name was an air of romance brought from ad-
and the very consolation that his friends
ventures in strange lands and association with
tendered him only aggravated his grief.
remote peoples, that the public for a long time
But his fortitude and resignation were admira-
were accustomed to think of him, and not as
ble. He plunged into travel again, and his
an eager, passionate poet. It required years long Egyptian journey proved most beneficial
of the most serious devotion to letters, and ex-
to his wounded heart and broken health. On
traordinary literary accomplishment, to fix the returning to Cairo he writes to his friend Bo-
popular regard upon his truest self, his real
ker: “I have found a peace as new as it is
genius. Before he died, however, he had the grateful a peace which does not reproach
satisfaction of knowing that he was fast win-
my love, while it takes away the bitterness of
ning a new constituency those who esteemed | my sorrow. I felt its approaches as we do
him for what he was, and not merely for what he those of sleep, but cannot tell when nor how it
After his return from his successful
descended
upon me. I only know that I am
journey to Nubia, at the age of twenty-seven, changed ; that the world looks bright and life
he writes to George H. Boker: "I am known cheerful ; that the capacity of being happy is
restored to me ; that I look forward hopefully
Edited by Marie
Hansen-Taylor and Horace E. Scudder. In two volumes.
to the future ; and, better than all, that no
ton: Houghton, Mifflin & Company.
memory of the past is less sacred.” About the
career.
had seen.
* LIFE AND LETTERS OF BAYARD TAYLOR.
Bos-


126
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
more
even
same time, in a note to James T. Fields, he says: keenest satisfaction consisted in the opportu-
“Life again begins to look cheerful, and I have nity now afforded of soon carrying out the
wholly recovered my perfect trust in God darling wish of his heart. Years before this,
that prop without which I was drifting so help he had exchanged views with Carlyle about
lessly.” This reference to his religious frame Goethe, at an interview which he described to
prompts the statement, from personal knowl me as peculiarly pleasant; and while in London,
edge, of the high spiritual quality of Bayard on his way to Berlin, he met Carlyle again, by
Taylor's character. He lived in communion appointment, for further conference concerning
with the unseen universe. To him, God was some knotty points in Goethe's history. This
the supreme verity. I never knew a man meeting was mutually agreeable, and the part-
whose convictions of immortality were ing a touching one. In Paris, Taylor spent an
positive and exultant.
evening with Victor Hugo, whose manner he
Bayard Taylor's place in the world of letters found charming. Bismarck had desired and
naturally brought him into intimate relations prophesied his appointment as American Min-
with eminent characters at home and abroad. ister, and his reception was most cordial at
His frankness, sincerity, generous and noble court and among the literati of Germany; but
spirit, and brilliant intellectual qualities, made in less than eight months after his arrival, the
him especially attractive in the highest circles. imperial wreath was laid upon his coffin, and
Many became deeply attached to him ; and, of the poet Auerbach gave expression to the uni-
distinguished foreigners, none more ardently versal grief at his death in tender and truthful
than Thackeray, who loved him as a brother. eulogy beside his bier.
Thackeray was the fortunate possessor of Bayard Taylor literally wore himself out by
Schiller's dress-sword, and this he bequeathed incessant toil. Giving himself hardly any relax-
to Bayard Taylor as the friend most deserving ation after the most strenuous and
of the interesting relic of the great poet. exhausting exertion, and trusting to a robust
Bayard Taylor's familiarity with German constitution inherited from vigorous and
life and literature, as well as the esteem in healthy parents (they celebrated their golden
which he was held in Fatherland, is well known; wedding sixteen years ago, and are still liv-
and one prime object of his ambition was to ing), his life was an illustration of energetic
produce an adequate and authoritative life of and continuous mental occupation that has
Goethe. This project had been long formed; few parallels in literary history. Only two or
and important progress in the collection of three days after he had confessed to a friend
materials for the work, and in the interpreta that he was suffering excessive fatigue, and
tion of the illustrious poet, had been made, that he hardly knew how he had been kept for
when his appointment as American Minister to the year past from utterly breaking down," he
Germany was announced.
Nothing could have received one evening two thick volumes of Vic-
been more opportune or more gratifying to his tor Hugo's 'La Légende des Siècles,' and the
desires. While serving his country as its am next evening delivered to the printer copy
bassador, he could, without any detriment to which fills eighteen pages of his posthumous
the public service, employ his leisure in per volume of Essays and Literary Notes,' and
fecting his studies for his great work, on the contains five considerable poems,” which are
ground where it was necessary they should be most admirable translations in the metre of the
pursued. It is greatly to the credit of Presi original. In the mean time, he also delivered
dent Hayes, whose scholarly tastes and strong one of his lectures in the course on German
sympathies with elegant literature have never literature, in Chickering Hall.
This pressure
received the recognition they deserve, that in of strenuous toil for many successive years,
making the nomination of Bayard Taylor as added to the incessant excitement and effort
Minister to the German Court, he had promi. attending many banquets and receptions just
nently in view the furtherance of his facilities previous to his final departure from the coun-
for writing the life of Goethe, and that he as try, laid the foundation of his fatal illness: his
sured him that if any relief from official cares strong constitution finally succumbed to the
that interfered with his undertaking was desired, preternatural strain.
it should be ungrudgingly afforded him. It In October, 1857, Bayard Taylor married
was the privilege of the writer to dine privately Marie, daughter of Hansen, the eminent as-
with Taylor and his family the last evening but tronomer. The incident that led to their ac-
one before his departure for his mission; and quaintance is interesting. In his journey to
the profound interest that he exhibited in prose Khartoum in 1852, he was accompanied by Mr.
cuting this literary undertaking will never be Butleb, a rich and cultivated citizen of Gotha,
forgotten. While he expressed a proper sense who became passionately attached to the young
of the unsought honor which had come to him, poet, and who extracted the promise from him
and the great responsibility attending it, his that he would visit him in his German home.


1884.]
127
THE DIAL
It was on this visit that began his acquaintance have been more worthy, from weight of
with Marie, the niece of Mrs. Bufleb, which re- reasoning and affluence of illustration, to arrest
sulted in a perfect marriage. Mrs. Taylor was the attention of thoughtful men, than the four
every way suited to be the poet's wife, uniting articles comprised in this volume.
If they
admirable domestic qualities with thorough in- embody a critical estimate of present institu-
tellectual cultivation and poetic sympathies. tions and policies, and an attempt to forecast
Her literary ability has ample illustration in their future, they are not the rash specula-
the preparation of these volumes, in which she tions of an incompetent dreamer, but the
was ably assisted by Mr. Horace E. Scudder. mature judgments of a singularly lucid and
In this handsomely - printed work, the salient powerful thinker, trained to accurate and
points in Bayard Taylor's career are vividly patient observation, and bringing to his theme
sketched, and the selection and arrangement of a wider and more sagacious induction than has
the letters are excellent. In these letters his ever before been applied to social problems.
inner life has charming portraiture. As they
Hence no one, however content he may be with
refer to interesting incidents of his travels, de the present condition of society, but must be
scribe his literary experiences, the motives and appalled at many of the verdicts he records
principles of his conduct, and are written in touching subjects of highest interest to the
his lively and engaging style, they will be found citizen.
very entertaining and stimulating by the sympa Of these four essays, all variations upon a
thetic reader. Indeed, no one will read them single theme, the substance only can here be
without the conviction that the character of stated, and that briefly. There have been, the
their writer was nobly serious and exalted; that author declares, two conditions of society: one
he took satisfaction in no work or life that was in which the people constituted an organized
not genuine and sincere ; that he measured camp, subordinated to a single head, and having
himself by the loftiest standards, and that the such rights only as were conceded by that head
ends he sought were such as reflect lustre on as their military superior; and one in which the
his country and on human kind. It was truly many had all rights, save as they consented to
a national bereavement that removed from the part with the present exercise of them for the
republic of letters and the service of the com common good, themselves forming the basis of
monwealth this noble-bearted, pure-minded, the social structure, and their so-called rulers
enlightened patriot, and this true, gifted, and being but their ministers. The former condi-
honored poet.
HORATIO N. POWERS. tion, that of militancy, was characterized by the
prevalence of status, the latter, that of indus-
trialism, by the prevalence of contract. Al-
though the condition of militancy is generally
HERBERT SPENCER AS A PROPHET OF thought to have been finally superseded by that
SOCIETY.*
of industrialism, it is really returning to plague
mankind. Hence the epithet • The New
The judgments which make up the body of Torvism," the author identifying with that
the Synthetic Philosophy of Mr. Spencer are discredited abstraction a régime increasingly
based upon a wide induction of the facts of
characterized by state coercion, as opposed to
experience; and, therefore, that treatise may
the freedom of the individual, which marks the
with propriety be denominated an historical
work: it constitutes a physiological, psycho- tled “The New Toryism,” accordingly, the
régime of true liberalism. Of the article enti-
logical, and biological history. In the little
volume entitled “The Man versus The State,
principal feature is its array of facts to prove
that eminent philosopher appears in a new rôle :
that the tendency of modern society in the
leading states is to revert to the policy and
that not only of critic of existing institutions-
methods of toryism. The thesis of the second
to which rôle he has not before been an entire
article, entitled
“ The Coming Slavery,” is that
stranger-but of prophet of their ultimate fate,
and of that of society as affected by them.
the world is suffering from too much legisla-
It
tion ; that it is unduly restricted in its natural
need not be said that the new function is dis-
freedom of action by laws meddling with
charged with remarkable ability, or that,
whether convinced or not, the reader is com-
men's personal habits, trades, and industries,
and, as the author more than intimates, with the
pelled to listen, as though to refuse to hear
might be to invite calamity to his own house criminal
, to suffer the penalties nature has
deserved fate of the poor, the ignorant, and the
hold. Indeed, of all the social and politi- affixed to their several conditions. Thus, he
cal writings published since Aristotle, none
arraigns with great severity the “Poor Laws,"
* THE MAN VERSUS THE STATE. Containing “The New Tory- by which individuals are taxed, against their
ism," " The Coming Slavery," "The Sins of Legislators," and
will, that that may be done through corporate
"The Great Political Superstition." By Herbert Spencer.
York: D. Appleton & Co.
action which ought to be done, if at all, only
New


128
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
through private charity. This illegitimate tax- novel and striking views, many of which our age
ation, as to the purpose and extent of which would do well to adopt, and some of which it
the taxpayer is not consulted, carried to the would perhaps be wise wholly to reject or to
length now threatened, is what the author hold in suspense until time shall have ripened or
stamps as the coming slavery. From this, in have reversed existing tendencies. In passing
the third lecture, on The Sins of Legisla- judgment upon these articles, we must, as al-
tors," Mr. Spencer passes to paint the evils ready hinted, distinguish in many points be-
arising from uninstructed legislation. After tween our own country and England, for which
stating that of eighteen thousand public acts they were principally prepared. In others,
passed by the legislature with which he is most they are as applicable to America as to the
familiar- the English Parliament, a large mother country from which she derived her
proportion were repealed after a short trial, spirit and her institutions. American legisla-
either as unnecessary, because the evils they tors are guilty of many of the sins charged
sought to remedy had passed away, or as ill. against those of England. They are generally
adapted to effect their object, or as having more uninstructed, and the codes adopted by
proved positively mischievous, Mr. Spencer them are proportionately as voluminous, as tran-
from these facts infers that this disastrous re sient and mischievous as the worst English
sult is due mainly to the ignorance of the specimens. How could it be otherwise, when
makers of English laws; to the insane idea that our state legislatures are filled with ambitious
any young man of fair education, though with youths, the scum of our town and ward pol-
out special training or experience, is competent itics, or briefless lawyers, deigning, to the
to sit as a legislator. Among the laws pro- disgrace of their profession, to enter the legis-
nounced most mischievous are those for the latures as the paid lackeys of corporations ?
protection of trade and industry as opposed to Ascending to the national legislature, if a
free trade; sumptuary laws; laws interfering slight improvement is discernible it is due to
with the interest of money, with the price of the more conspicuous position and the broader
labor or of food; with the acts of engrossing or field afforded by national politics, by which a
forestalling the market; and even, by reason of rather higher type of men is induced to seek
their complexity, uncertainties, and contradic seats in it; and perhaps those chosen are a lit-
tions, so well-intended laws as those for the tle sobered by the greater responsibility of their
prevention of shipwrecks. When the evils of position. In all alike there is great and in-
such legislation have become intolerable, the creasing pandering to corporate interests, inso-
remedy applied is not, as it should be, the much that thoughtful men would despair of
abandonment of the vicious system, but the the republic but for our judiciary, generally
enactment of more laws, so devoted is the stanch and incorruptible, seemingly the last
public mind to legislature-worship, which he hope, outside of the homes of the people, of
compares to fetish-worship, though for the latter liberty amongst us. And yet, with all the sins
he finds greater excuse. This leads the author of our legislators, it is the delinquencies of the
to his final article, “The Great Political Super- | administrative authorities of our great cities
stition,” which is, in short, that Parliament, or that most menace the existence of our govern-
the legislature, is omnipotent; or, going back to ments: an evil which for long periods threat-
the sources of authority, that the majority ened England also, but which seems there to
have the right not only to govern, as politically have been largely remedied. Strange that pop-
the sovereign, but to do whatever they will. ular government should be better administered
To this doctrine, in all its forms, Mr. Spencer by a monarch than by the people ; that cor-
refuses to assent. Whatever may be thought ruption and corporate greed should be most
of the English Parliament, which, it has been rampant here, where they who are to suffer
declared, could do anything but make a man a from them, though they are the rulers, yet
woman, nobody claims such powers for legisla seem powerless to check or to punish them! In
tures in America. It is in relation to the doc- respect to many kinds of laws reprobated by
trine of political sovereignty, as inherent in Mr. Spencer, it is early, certainly in America,
the people as an organic whole, taught in this to speak decisively, since their effect is still a
volume, though more fully expounded in other subject of experiment, and what may be de-
works of his, that Mr. Spencer has exhibited manded for one age or society may be unsuited
most clearly the profoundness of his insight to another. Among these are laws for the pro-
into the problems of political philosophy, and tection of industry, which Mr. Spencer de-
has best earned the gratitude of America, to
as aggressions against individual
which a sound doctrine of sovereignty is of rights. The same holds true emphatically as
great concern.
to the whole class of relief laws. Conceding
Thus, in the compass of a little over one that the abuses growing out of them may be
hundred pages, Mr. Spencer has propounded more pronounced in a country of vast wealth,
nounces


1884.]
129
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like England, where the contrast in social con Mr. Spencer is commonly numbered, in respect
ditions increases the need for them, and where to the exercise of the legislative power by soci-
the tendency to rely wholly upon corporate acety for the repression of crime, and of the
tion for relief is proportionately great, and temptations to crime, by caring for the erring
there may, therefore, be strong reasons for crit and undeserving poor, it were better to fall into
icising them, yet Mr. Spencer's strictures upon the hands of the co-religionists of Mr. Freder-
them, and especially the alternatives which he ick Harrison, believers in the "religion of hu-
insists society shall adopt, are, in respect to manity," whom Mr. Spencer has lately taken
America, wholly inadmissible. If it be consis much pains to refute. They, at least, have
tent with his religious faith to pronounce the faith in the essential nobleness of human na-
sufferings of the poor and the criminal to be ture, in its reformability, and would refuse, as
the deserved penalty for their improvidence the better sentiment of the heathen civiliza-
and their crime, and to refuse to mitigate them tions came finally to do, to refine and elevate
in order to give effect to the supposed law of society by exposing to perish, without pity or
nature that only the fittest shall survive and assistance, such of its members as are weak in
the unfit shall perish, it is not consistent with mind or body. Making all deductions for this
Christianity, and a people must cease to be sentiment of Mr. Spencer, from which we are
Christian before they can subscribe to such a constrained to dissent, and for those parts of
doctrine. Mr. Spencer concedes that individ the volume in which, judging from our own
ual benevolence may step in between the unde- country, the evils and dangers painted seem to
serving poor and the punishment they have be overdrawn, there is a large residuum deserv-
earned But what, then, would become of the ing of unqualified approbation. As a whole,
desired survival of the fittest, and extinction of the volume is heartily commended to all who
the unfit, if the charity of individuals is per are interested in the high themes brought under
mitted to arrest both ? And if poverty and discussion by the author. J. A. JAMESON.
crime are the products, as they too often are,
of organized and licensed abuses, shall the law
not be allowed to check the progress of evils it
has itself occasioned: Mr. Spencer says No;
THE “ ODYSSEY " IN RHYTHMIC ENGLISH
for the reason that when the law intervenes to
PROSE.*
care for the undeserving poor, the deserving
poor are taxed. “ As, under the old Poor Law,
Professor Palmer has for some years been
he says, "the diligent and provident laborer in the habit of translating the first twelve books
had to pay that the good-for-nothings might of the "Odyssey” in the Harvard evening read-
not suffer, until frequently under this extra bur- ings, and now gives his translation to the world,
den he broke down and himself took refuge in in the hope of luring the lawyers, ministers,
the workhouse,
so, in all cases, the
physicians, and business men of the country,
policy is one which intensifies the pains of those
back to the studies of their youth. If any book
most deserving of pity, that the pains of those could be expected to revive the interest of the
least deserving of pity may be mitigated. In practical man in these much abused studies, it
short,” he continues, “men who are so sympa would be this charmingly gotten-up volume, in
thetic that they cannot allow the struggle for which Mr. Palmer's faithful version offers at
existence to bring on the unworthy the suffer-
every instant a sure guide to the Greek text on
ings consequent on their incapacity or miscon-
the opposite page.
But it is to be feared that
duct, are so unsympathetic that they can, with-
the practical Anglo-Saxon mind is just now too
out hesitation, make the struggle for existence
much absorbed in the message it has to “yawp
harder for the worthy, and intlict on them and
over the roofs of the world,” in the fine phrase
their children artificial evils in addition to the
natural evils they have to bear.” (Pp. 71-72). harken to the distant echoes of the Grecian lyre.
of its self-proclaimed laureate, to pause and
How it may be in England, we do not know ;
weary, careworn men” to whom Mr.
but the idea that amongst us the deserving Palmer appeals care more to hear of the whale
poor suffer from taxation to support the unde that is said to have lived in the North sea than
serving poor, would excite universal derision.
of
In general, it is the well-to-do, the landed pro “Antiphaten Scyllamque et cum Cyclope Charybdin,"
prietors, and they alone, who pay the taxes by and they follow with keener interest the fortunes
which our schools, our churches, and our pub- of the maiden called Little Buttercup, than
lic charities are supported ; and those persons those of the maiden Nausicaa. Homer himself
who in England are described as likely to be has said it : “ The song mankind most heartily
driven by such taxation to take refuge in the
workhouse, with us pay no taxes at all. If such
is the position of the agnostics, among whom
The 65
* THE ODYSSEY OF HOMER. Book I.-XII. The Text, and an
English Version in Rhythmic Prose. By George Herbert Palmer.
Boston: Houghton, Miffin & Co.


130
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
ears.
applaud is that which rings the newest in their high” to “the exalted one.” “Swing-paced,
And again :
The bards are not to crook-horned oxen" is a very happy rendering
blame, but rather Zeus, who gives to toiling of those puzzling epithets, one of which a
men even as he wills to each.”
character in “Middlemarch" stigmatizes as
It is obviously impossible to examine Mr. "poetical slang,” and translates “leg-plaiters.”
Palmer's version in detail here, nor can I follow The line, “But as the sun declined toward
Homer and Mr. Stillman on the track of Ulys- stalling time," offers another happy hit in verse
ses, even with the incitement of such dis as good as the corresponding vaguer line of
coveries as reward the reviewer in “ The Atlan- Bryant,
tic," who has found in the “Odyssey," what no "But when the sun was sloping towards the west."
man ever found there before, Ulysses dropping The translator of Homer, however, has the
in on “the restored domesticity of Helen and defects of his qualities, and, in endeavoring to
Menelaus.” The text of this edition is sub. bring the “Odyssey” nearer to one class of
stantially that of La Roche, and is carefully re readers, Mr. Palmer has perhaps missed some-
printed, misprints being contined to an occa thing of the nobility and poetic charm he might
sional tritie as the nominative for the dative, have secured for others. - • Thou' does not
in VIII. 425. That the translation is accurate stand alone,” he tells us; "it carries a long train
and scholarly, goes without saying. We may after it.” But to many readers the associa-
regret that Mr. Palmer follows Merry’s render tions of the English Bible and of our poetical
ing in I. 19, that he employs “speedy-comer” literature, the phrases even of those bookish
for the characteristic epithet of Hermes, and men Virgil and Milton will seem more fitly
makes Athene keen-eyed rather than grey-eyed; representative of the true spirit of Homer than
we may doubt the propriety of the epithets the language of the modern newspaper, the
"heavenly goddess" applied to Calypso, and of essay, and conversation. Such readers will
the rendering potent” for “potnia,” which is miss the poetic vocabulary; they will prefer
a frequent epithet of mother.
But these are "cruse" to "oil-flask," "raiment" (sometimes)
all questions on which difference of opinion is to "clothing," and a “goodly golden ewer” to a
permitted.
“ beautiful pitcher made of gold” (VII. 172).
In the suggestive preface, the importance of They will wish Athene to say (VI. 25), “Nau-
the personal equation, or special standpoint sicaa, how hath thy mother so heedless a maiden
from which the interpreter regards Homer, is to her daughter ?" rather than, “Nausicaa, how
Mr. Palmer's personal equation did vour mother ever have a child so heedless P”
is a strong sense of the directness and sim- They would rather have Calypso promise
plicity, not to say homeliness, of Homer. This, Ulysses to “make him know not death nor age
together with his happy renderings of Homeric for all his days,” than to “make him an immor-
epithets, used to give a special raciness and reali- tal young forever” (VII. 257); and they would
ty to his readings, and perhaps constitutes the have Telemachus hold, possess, or dwell on his
note or cachet of this translation. Those who fear demesne in peace, rather than “farm it” (XI.
a "classic" and are repelled by “standards 185). It might also be urged that by the in-
will undoubtedly get from this plain vocabu- sistence on the etymological equivalence of
lary of every-day life a stronger sense of the proper names more is lost of sonority and vague
reality of the marvellous fairy tale than they poetical charm than is gained in intelligibility:
would from a language tinged with poetical or “ Hyperion” is more pleasing than “the exalted
biblical associations. Such being the distinctive one," and "the Highlands” is somewhat mis-
service rendered by this version, it is perhaps leading as a rendering of “Hypereia.” Such
to be regretted that Mr. Palmer has, in defer differences of opinion and taste, however, will
ence possibly to the criticism of colleagues, always exist, resulting from different theories
abandoned some of the raciest of his old render of translation or different views of Homer; and
ings. Whipped up to start" is certainly since no translation can ever be adequate, all
nearer the Greek, and is not more prosaic than lovers of Greek literature must welcome a
"cracked the whip to start," which has sup- work that is a scholarly and able presentment
planted it as a translation of the expression of one theory and one point of view.
more freely rendered by Butcher and Lang, In another matter my dissent from Mr. Pal-
"touched the mules to start them.” Perhaps it mer is more serious. The movement of his
would not do in print to ask Nausicaa where sentences is sometimes unpleasant ; they are
she “picked up" the stranger Ulysses, but I too often jerky, abrupt, saccadé; there are too
confess to some regret at the substitution of many dashes and too many short clauses in
“ Telemachus, lofty of tongue,” for our old apposition; there is too litile employment of
friend Telemachus, the “tall-talker,” and, if the few connecting particles we possess, es-
the etymological force of Helios Hyperion must pecially of the repeated "and" of our old story-
be rendered, I prefer the “sun who moveth on tellers — almost our only means of representing
dwelt upon.


1884.]
131
THE DIAL
verse
the loose but subtle connections in Greek nar tense delight cannot regard such lawless inter-
rative. This defect, if it be one, is not caused mixtures as artistic, and will regret that Mr.
by imperfect execution, but is the result of a Palmer has laid so much stress on the least
fatally wrong theory of the limits of prose and valuable portion of his work.
It is to be regretted that Mr. Palmer In conclusion, I have a word to say concern-
has adopted the dangerous heresy of rhythmic ing Mr. Palmer's apparent estimate of the
prose. All good prose has its rhythm, but it poetic genius of Homer. In his preface, he
is not the rhythm of verse. A tertium quid, touches on the various interests and aspects
for which the dubious authority of Walt Whit which the "Odyssey" has presented to its nu-
man is cited, is generally an unanalyzed mix merous interpreters. What he himself enjoys
ture of both. It is not difficult to reduce Mr. most in Homer is the peculiar psychology, the
Palmer's tertium quid, so far as it is rhythm at “unique ethical attitude,” the fact that the poet
all, to very definite feet; and the result is not "seems to confront the world like a child." It
pleasant when set against the "stateliest meas seems that Homer's constructions are coördi-
ure moulded by the lips of men.” Mr. Palmer nate, not subordinate, as that master of style,
characterizes his rhythm as “loose iambics," Mr. Herbert Spencer, would have them; "to
and a slight scrutiny of his work suffices to find language equally free in our time we must
show that the rhythmic effects are produced by seek it in the mouth of Uncle Remus”; he has
an intermixture of all known forms of iambic all the child's delight in "saying it again.”
measure with each other and with prose. In Pursuing this train of thought, Mr. Palmer
short sentences and detached clauses, we find discriminates Homer from the "bookish” poets,
the monometer "then check myself," the tripody | Virgil and Milton. With them, “personality
"thus did he speak and pray,” the penthemim- counts for more; the idea of moral obligation
eris “my heart impels me," the dimeter “and I has arisen; grief has become more pro-
was eight years on the way,” the dimeter cat- found; human life ... has acquired an in.
alectic “a wicked crew betrayed me.” Clauses finite significance and pathos. But Homer
of moderate length and recurring formulæ fre knows nothing of all this.” Now, while recog-
quently fall into the iambic pentapody, or En- nizing the qualifications by which these views
glish heroic verse, as in IV. 123-1, “For her, are limited in Mr. Palmer's mind, I must state
Adrastê placed a well-wrought chair; Alkippe that, so expressed, they are essentially mislead-
brought a carpet of soft wool"; and in the ing, and call for uncompromising protest from
formula, “ Then answered him discreet Tele every lover of the poet. It is time our critics
machus.” Among longer measures, the hep- ceased regarding Homer as a naive barbarian,
tapody often occurs: “Dear children, surely and endeavoring to realize the conditions under
mortal man could never vie with Zeus;' which the poems were composed by the mis-
“ Through many wars and wanderings I taken analogies of artless improvisatori de-
brought it to my ships.” The most character- lighting with their rude chants a primitive
istic of Mr. Palmer's longer measures, how people. Of the actual genesis of the Homeric
ever, is the tetrameter catalectic, the most poems, we know nothing; but it is historically
familiar example of which is, "A captain bold conceivable, as Curtius has shown, that they
of Halifax, who lived in country quarters.” were the product of a refined civilization on
Compare I. 315, “Do not detain me longer the coasts of Asia Minor.
Be this as it may,
now when anxious for my journey”; and, for Homer is for us neither a child nor a barbarian
two successive lines, I. 264: “If as he was nor a primitive man, but the “poeta sovrano”
that day Odysseus now might meet the suitors, the “Ionian father of the rest,” first in that
they all would find quick turns of fate and bit- band in which Dante's modesty assigned him-
ter rites of marriage.” These definite forms self the sixth place. He may be less literary
of iambic measure are combined in a variety than some later poets, but compared with bal-
of ways with each other and with prose. The lad-mongers, simple story-tellers, and primitive
closing cadence of the tetrameter is frequently minstrels, Milton is his double, as Matthew Ar-
employed to close a sentence: “Each man de-
nold truly says.
His language, with its artis-
parted homeward"; "and question royal Nes- tic blending of the resources of several dialects,
tor.” Occasionally other verse-forms are found, was no more a colloquial tongue than is Lord
as the dactylic hexameter in I. 96, “Saying Tennyson's in the United States to-day. His
this, under her feet she bound her beautiful grand and flawless rhythm will never be found
sandals,” but they are rare, and contribute lit- in any primitive poet; and it is often con-
tle to the general effect. This question is per- sciously adapted to the thought expressed with
haps of little moment to the average reader, an art which is the despair of modern imita-
who does not feel rhythmic language very tors. He employs alliteration, not with the in-
keenly, even when printed as avowed verse; sistent monotony of early Germanic poets, but
but the few to whom genuine rhythm is an in with an art that equals, a temperance that sur-


132
[Oct.,
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passes, Mr. Swinburne's own. His repetitions, painting, sculpture, music, and poetry. The
if sometimes in the story-teller's manner, have second must be given in his own words:
not infrequently the suggestiveness of a Wag-
" That it is an art which, like them, is governed and
nerian Leit-Motiv, or the literary charm of Mil directed by general laws; and that these laws may be
ton's “fallen on evil days, on evil days laid down and taught with as much precision and
though fallen and evil tongues."
His mat-
exactness as the laws of harmony, perspective, and
ter is
proportion.”
as far above primitive simplicity
as his manner. We have all learned from The third proposition is that, like the other
Alfred de Musset and Mr. Symonds the differ-
fine arts, fiction cannot be taught, as can the
ence between the ancient and modern spirits; mechanical arts, to those unendowed with the
but such generalizations are very misleading if natural gifts.
they are taken to mean more than that the Most of this is indisputable; but it would
greatest of the ancients are, like Shakspeare
seem that, in the second part of the second pro-
and Milton, free, not from the sentiment but position, Mr. Besant errs fundamentally. He
from the sentimentality of the lesser of the ignores the fact that the body of rules and pre-
moderns. In truth, I cannot understand how cepts which has been dignified by the name of
it can be held that there is nothing tragic in “the science of rhetoric” is utterly unscientific
Homer, or that it was reserved for after poets and empirical. Unlike “the laws of harmony,
to discover the significance of life. I should perspective, and proportion,” the innumerable
not know where to look in later literature for vague and fluctuating rules of rhetoric are
a more unutterable anguish than that of Priam, handicapped by limitations, shackled by excep-
as he bows to kiss the hand of the slayer of tions, hamstrung by audaciously successful vio-
his son; for a more poignant remorse than the lations. The literary craft is so conditioned by
desolate self-reproach of Helen at the pyre of considerations of subject matter, aim, audience,
Hector; for a more pathetic portrayal of the and especially by the incalculable element of
mystery of innocent suffering than Androma- personality in the author's talent or genius,
che's presage of the orphanage of her child, that all but a few broad rules, so obvious as to
and the banquet at which his lips would be be truisms, are subject to the most alarming
moistened but not his palate; for a more infinite infractions.
yearning of human tenderness than the speech Coming to speak of the laws which govern
of Ulysses' mother in the Shades; for a more this art, the author lays down the following:
overwhelming embodiment of the destiny that “ First, and before everything else, there is the rule
seems to make us its sport than the Homeric that everything in fiction which is invented, and is not
gods, who have interwoven evil in the woof of
the result of personal experience and observation, is
worthless."
human life but themselves live at ease, “where
falls not rain nor hail nor any snow.”
This rule, as a practical one for the guidance
In
Homer, as in later literature, the issue of sin is
of young writers, is admirable; bu this is not
sorrow and the issue of sorrow is song:
• The
the point. Mr. Besant is aiming at the preci-
gods decreed it; they ordain destruction to the
sion and absoluteness of pure science. He for-
sons of men, a theme of song thereafter.” gets that an artistic precept is far from being
(VIII. 579.) Surely these things are a part of
a scientific principle. Insisting as it does
the poet, no less than the simple truth of per-
upon the necessity of thorough familiarity with
ception, and sunny serenity of spirit that made your facts, the rule is as important as it is
him “ clearest-souled of men.”
ancient and obvious. It is only in the attempt
PAUL SHOREY.
to postulate it as a law which “may be laid
down and taught with as much precision and
exactness as the laws of harmony, perspective,
and proportion,” that the error lies. One need
go no further than to the autobiography of
A NOVELIST'S THEORY OF THE ART OF Anthony Trollope, for striking testimony to the
FICTION.*
unscientific nature of this rule. One of Trol-
It was worth the while of the audience of the lope's most finished and life-like creations, the
archdeacon in “The Warden"_“who," says
Royal Institution to listen to this lecture, and
it is worth our while to read it. It is an inter.
the novelist, with the pride of a parent, “has
esting and useful, if a somewhat inconclusive,
been declared by competent authorities to be a
real archdeacon down to the very ground”-
contribution, from a novel point of view, to the
very empirical art of rhetoric. Mr. Besant
was, as he phrases it, the simple result of an
effort of the author's moral consciousness,
begins by advancing three propositions; the
first being that fiction is a fine art, the peer of
“I have been often asked in what period of my early
life I had lived so long in a cathedral city as to have
*THE ART OF FICTION. By Walter Besant. Boston: Cupples, become intimate with the ways of a close. I never
Upham & Co.
lived in any cathedral city, except London, never knew


1834.]
133
THE DIAL
anything of any close, and at that time had enjoyed no application. In other words, there is an art of
peculiar intimacy with any clergyman.”
fiction in the same sense in which there is an
With such facts before his mind, the reader of art of writing sermons, essays, popular lectures,
Mr. Besant's essay is tempted to adopt the
newspaper leaders.
somewhat extreme conclusion that it is not
In spite of these strictures, and others that
Trollope's excellent creation, but Besant's "sci might easily be made, the reader of this agree-
ence falsely so called,” which is “worthless."
able essay cannot fail to have a very high sense
This failure to take cognizance of the ele of its possible practical value. Mr. Besant's
mentary distinction between science and art rules are, as far as they go, good, and, if taken
pervades the whole essay. Thus, at p. 17: to heart, will do good. They will do good, for
* Perhaps, after all, the greatest psychologist one thing, because they will in a measure
is not the metaphysician, but the novelist.”' exercise a prohibitory or deterrent effect upon
Imagine a critic of what Mr. Besant claims as
the production of novels. If they should be
the sister-art of painting - for example, Mr. followed to the letter, what a clearing of the
Hamerton - responsible for such a deliverance! decks we should witness! Strenuously insist-
"Perhaps, after all, the greatest anatomist of ing, as they do, upon experience, systematic
the seventeenth century was not Harvey, but observation, wide and delicate sympathies, and
Rembrandt.” Not even Mr. Ruskin himself the inborn story-telling faculty on the part of
ever said a thing more «absurd. It is with the novelist, they would, if absolutely imposed
entire respect for Mr. Besant that the suggestion upon writers, enhance the quality of current
is made that he really ought to consider, with fiction in proportion as they diminished its
Mrs. Browning, whether a larger metaphysics volume.
MELVILLE B. ANDERSON.
would not help his physics.
It is a great pleasure to note that Mr. Besant
is not bitten with the mania of “naturalism”
now raging in France, which is doing much to
A PIONEER HISTORIAN, *
justify the rooted Anglo-Saxon prejudice against
the “scrofulous French novel”.
The French occupation, romantic and shad-
owy, of the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, has
Simply glance at it, you grovel
Hand and foot in Belial's gripe."
received elaborate attention from gifted histor-
He holds to the sound and sane moral tradi-
ical writers, who have created a poetic senti-
tions of English art.
But whether his percep-
ment rivalling in depth that produced by the
tions have been blunted by the dust and din of tales of the deeds of chivalry in the East;
this noisy“ naturalistic school, or be the whereas, the more prosaic enterprises — enter-
reason what it may, he makes common cause
prises that tried the courage, endurance, pa-
with them in depreciating, or at least ignoring,
tience and humanity of men in the highest
that supreme artistic gift of intuitive insight
degree — of the subjects of George III. and
and creative imagination, to which mystery we
their successors, the free citizens of independ-
give the name of genius a gift so rare that,
ent America, who were the pioneers of civiliza-
in these days of scientific analysis, many theo-
tion in this section, have received but scant
rists would relegate it to the limbo of popular attention. The reason is obvious enough. But
superstitions.
we may hope that the efforts of the various his-
On the whole, then, Mr. Besant's rules are,
torical societies of the West, and of the patri-
from the nature of the case, too largely rule-of-
otic and intelligent publisher, Mr. Robert
thumb to be called scientific.
That an
« art of Clarke, in the collection and preservation of
fiction” exists, will be conceded ; that it
material, may ere long inspire the pen of some
may
have a definite body of rules and precepts, is competent writer to put into permanent form
admitted as possible. But that all of the rules
the real story of the conquest, occupancy and
here laid down are based upon inductions suf-
government of this centre of the American con-
ficiently wide, or that they will be implicitly tinent and new garden of the world.
accepted and adhered to by novelists, we can
A manuscript in my possession, written under
hardly believe.
the direction of a Mr. Stewart, who was cap-
Our author does not define his
art; he does not distinguish it from poetry; he tured by Indians in Western Pennsylvania in
does not show in what important respect, if in 1754, to show the British Government how the
any, the rules for the art of fiction differ from Ohio Valley could be occupied and held against
those to which the epic, narrative, or dramatic
the French, sets forth the richness of the soil,
poet must submit. Probably it will appear
the healthful climate and the importance of the
that, wherever the rules of this art differ from
situation for future empire, which subsequently
those laid down by the rhetorician for the * JOHN FILSON, THE FIRST HISTORIAN OF KENTUCKY. An ac-
general practice of literature, such rules will be count of his life and writings, principally from original sources.
Prepared for the Filson Club. By Reuben T. Durrett. Cincinnati :
personal and occasional, rather than of general | Robert Clarke & Co.


134
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
mar
attracted the attention of the hardy pioneers long enough to procure a canoe in which to
who poured out their blood like water for its make his way down the Ohio and up the Wa-
possession. The British once hoped to unite bash as far as Post St. Vincent, back again to
this agricultural region to Canada, even after the Falls, and a second time down the Ohio
they had lost the seaboard. They had a higher and up the Wabash, reaching the old French
appreciation of it than some Yankee statesmen, town about Christmas. It is certain that, dur-
who, narrow and provincial, thought it unwise ing the winter, he visited the Illinois country.
to create new states west of the mountains. As he was descending the Wabash on his re-
Virginia was the true mother of the western turn to the Falls, his boat was attacked by In-
country, although, fortunately, the majority of dians, two of his companions were killed, his
settlers came from beyond her northern bound property destroyed, and he escaped after en-
ary. Before the close of the Revolutionary during great hardships. Towards the close of
War, thousands pushed on to the banks of the the year 1786, he rode, solitary and alone, from
Ohio, to catch a glimpse of the promised land Louisville through the silent forests and over
which they longed to possess. For years, Col- the rugged mountains to his old home on the
onel Broadhead and Generals Irvine and Har- Brandywine. While here, he made his will,
were employed in driving back these bequeathing his property, and, as the sequel
adventurers. The result was a more rapid set- shows, his troubles also, to his brother Robert.
tlement of Kentucky than would otherwise We find him back again in Kentucky in 1787,
have been possible.
and in the year following advertising his pur-
Among those who settled on the south bank pose to open an academy at Lexington, which
of the Ohio was John Filson, the story of whose plan was frustrated by the ridicule which his
life is told in the book before us. It is the life own ignorance provoked. In the same year, he
of an ambitious young man who served as ped was persuaded to take an interest in a notable
agogue, civil engineer, geographer and histo- real estate enterprise on the north bank of the
rian, and whose usefulness was suddenly cut Ohio. Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, had
short in a most mysterious manner. John Fil- purchased eight hundred acres of land of Judge
son was born in the valley of the Brandywine, Symmes, on the Ohio opposite the mouth of
in southeastern Pennsylvania, in about the Licking river, and he invited John Filson and
year 1747, and received such education as the Robert Patterson to join him in laying out a
limited means of the country afforded. He town, each to have an equal share. Filson was
seems to have been proficient in surveying, and to be the surveyor. He actually did lay out a
ambitious to make a reputation as an explorer. road from Lexington to the mouth of the Lick-
The West was the inviting field for young men, ing, so direct that later engineers have not
and hither came Filson before the close of the changed it; and did plat a town on the high
Revolutionary War. The year of his arrival is bank on the north side of the Ohio, to which
not known. It is said that he was teaching he gave the absurd name of Losantiville. No
school in Lexington in 1782, and that in 1783 he other record remains of this restless soul ; for
entered several thousand acres of land. During on the 1st of October, 1788, he went into the
these years he was actively engaged in inter forest stretching to the Great Miami, and never
viewing the first settlers, making observations, again came out into the light of the world.
running lines, and preparing for the press an This, in brief, is the story of the life of one
accurate description and map of the country. of the pioneers of the Great West, ending, as
In the summer of 1784, with his precious man did the life of many another less useful and
uscripts carefully secured, he crossed the conspicuous, in a tragedy. His associates trans-
mountains to find a publisher. “When I vis ferred his rights to another surveyor named
ited Kentucky,” he says in his preface, “I Ludlow (also a conspicuous figure in those
found it so far to exceed my expectations, al- days), who made a new plat of the town, and
though great, that I concluded it was a pity did all that he could to blot out the memory of
that the world had not adequate information of John Filson. In a few months Major General
it. I conceived that a proper description of it, Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Northwestern
and a map of it, were objects highly interesting Territory, one of the heroes of the Revolutionary
to the United States ; and therefore, incredible War, and President of the Thirteen Colonies,
as it may appear to some, I must declare that landed on the spot with much ceremony, organ-
this performance is not published from lucra- ized local government, and officially substituted
tive motives, but solely to inform the world of Cincinnati for Losantiville. Thus was founded
the happy clime and plentiful soil of this a great city.
favored region.” The following year he sold There yet remained a monument to John
his Brandywine farm, and returned to Ken Filson, despite the evil attempted by those who
tucky, with the intention of locating there per survived him.
survived him. The curious little book he had
manently ; but he stopped at the Falls barely had printed by James Adams, of Wilmington,


1884.]
135
THE DIAL
Delaware, found its way into the great marts the buffaloes and adopted by the pioneers, are laid
of the world, was translated into French and down with such accuracy that the position of the old
historic places may be ascertained at this distant day
published by Parraud of Paris, copied entire by measurements from known objects whose positions
into other larger works, with credit, stolen have not changed."
piecemeal without credit, widely read and
Collectors have instituted a keen search for
talked about, until at the close of one hundred this map, and doubted whether it had ever been
years it is held by collectors to be among the published, as the copies of Filson's book offered
rarest of Americana. It numbered barely one for sale did not contain it. But a copy was
hundred and eighteen small octavo pages, and found in the Harvard College collection, and
yet a copy in the Brinley collection was knocked from this photo-lithographic fac-simile copies
down at one hundred and twenty dollars---more have been made for the use of the Filson His-
than a dollar a page--and was deemed cheap at
torical Society, under whose auspices this work
that. The contents of the book are: A de-
has been published.
scription of Kentucky, including an introduc-
In his account of the reprints of Filson's de-
tion to the topography and natural history of scriptions of Kentucky, Mr. Durrett overlooks
that rich and important country; a narrative of the London edition of 1793-a thin volume of
the adventures of Colonel Daniel Boone; an
sixty-eight pages, “printed for John Stock-
account of a Council held with the Piankashaw dale, Piccadilly.” A copy lies beföre me.
The
Indians at Fort St. Vincent, April 15, 178+; title-page is changed somewhat from the origi-
history of the Indian nations within the limit nal, and new matter, “just received from one
of the United States ; the distances between of the most accurate writers in America'-such
Philadelphia and the Falls of the Ohio; and a
is the language of the advertisement—is added.
map of Kentucky. Those notable pioneers, If the new edition which is promised could be
Colonels Daniel Boone, Levi Todd, and James made to include the manuscripts left by Filson
Harrod, in an introductory card commend
which are now in the collection of the Wiscon-
the work to the public. Many curious things sin Historical Society, it would be justly
are to be found in its pages, not the least of
regarded as a valuable contribution to Western
which are the predictions, some of which time history.
WM. HENRY Suith.
has justified. “I have reason to believe,”
-Filson says, with enthusiasm, “that the time is
not far distant when New Orleans will be a
great trading city, and perhaps another will be
built near Mantchac, at Iberville, that may in
time rival its glory.” Referring to the difficult A COLD-BLOODED REFORMER.*
navigation of the Mississippi, he adds, “but
The unknown author of the latest exposition
the rapidity of these (shoal] places will be no
of reforms must write for the pleasure of writ-
inconvenience to the newly-invented mechanical
ing and publish without hope of reward. For
boats, it being their peculiar property to sail it is impossible that any man shall have a large
l'est in smart currents? an allusion to the circle of enthusiastic readers, if he commits
steamboat projected by Rumsey. This was
himself to no party, tests critically all specifics,
tiiree years before Fitch's experiments on the
and coolly attempts to set forth both the de-
Delaware.
fects and excellences of all methods of reform.
Boone's narrative is familiar to every Ameri-
Partisans like a partisan, and will listen to
can, although few know that John Filson wrote
none other. Reformers, committed to any spe-
it. The map, all things considered, is a re-
cial course of action, are impatient of criti-
markable piece of work. A striking feature of cism, and, being quite convinced that the
it is, says Mr. Durrett,
methods they employ are right, easily suspect
" the number of forts laid down upon it and indicating the moral character of their critics. What
the circumscribed life of the pioneers. In the tri-
treatment, then, must be expected by an author
angular space bounded by a line drawn from the Falls
of the Ohio to the great bend of the Licking, in which
who, writing about political economy, affirms
the battle of the Blue Licks was fought, thence south that the phenomenal success of Henry George's
wardly through Boonesborough to the old English books is due “to the too great prevalence, in
station towards the headwaters of Dicks River, and
our times, of financial cannibalism"; that Her-
thence through Bardstown and back to Louisville, more
than fifty fortifications are exhibited. In these forts
bert Spencer is not conclusive authority; that
the thirty thousand inhabitants of Kentucky were then Mr. Holyoake's scheme of coöperation is imprac-
shut up, something like cattle in pens, for protection ticable; that neither monopolists nor grangers
against the wily savage. There was no going out from
have absolute justice on their side; and that
the pickets which surrounded these block-houses during
what was called the Indian season without danger. The
the only way out of the conflicts of labor and
crop was cultivated within range of the rifles of the
* REFORMA: THEIR DIFFICULTIES AND POSSIBILITIES.
By the
fort, some keeping guard while others hoed the corn
author of "Conflict in Nature and Life." New York: D. Apple.
and weeded the vegetables. The roads, first made by
ton & Co.


136
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
He re-
capital is neither through anarchy or legal re-
SWINBURNE'S POEMS,*
straint, but through the straight and narrow
way of sobriety, prudence, industry, economy, Swinburne during the past six months is an
The appearance of two American editions of
self-restraint, and intelligence ? How can an
author expect an enthusiastic welcome, who, in his genius and of the claim of his work to a
interesting indication that the recognition of
the year of a political campaign, criticises and high place in English poetry is no longer con-
condemns all parties and all policies, who bids
fined to a narrow circle of scholars and men of
for the support of no party, and does not even
letters, but is coming to be as widespread as
take sides with the bolters and dissenters ?
that which is accorded to the endwing names
Our author sees good in the scientific educa-
of the great writers of the past. The main
tion of farmers, but does not hope for much
reason why this general recognition has been
result. He believes in the education of women, delayed so long is to be found in the fact that
but thinks it often results in harm rather than
good. How can such a writer expect to get tions, contained in so many volumes that the
his poetical work has been, in all previous edi-
the ear of the men and women who are intent reader whom love and admiration have not
upon their various plans for the guidance and prompted to procure all or the greater part of
control of society?
them has based his judgment upon the volume
Probably he has no such expectation. He
or two which may have fallen in his way; and
seems to be a man singularly cool, quiet, pa-
tient, and deliberate, in his treatment of the imperfect an acquaintance is necessarily pro-
a judgment based upon so fragmentary and
“burning questions” of the time.
visional. American readers have been particu-
studied and pondered long, and does not look larly unfortunate in this respect, for the volume
for great results from instant action. In his
which has become best known to them the
shrewd, patient way, he often puts his finger only one, in fact, which has until recently been
upon the very point where, in the working of a
is the first vol-
philanthropic scheme, weakness will be found very widely known to them
or the friction will use up
* Poems and Ballads,” consist-
the
ume of the “
power.
minds one of an examiner of patents, testing
ing entirely of pieces written when the poet
schemes for producing perpetual motion. His taining the unfortunate although great poems
was hardly more than a boy in years, and con-
book is one which, without being profound or
learned, is still valuable for the new light it whereby was created the impression, so unjust
throws upon many questions which very nearly
and yet so hard to efface, that the writer was
one who treated mainly of repulsive themes,
concern our national salvation. To those who
and whose influence was a corrupting one; an
are willing to see their own ideas controverted
in a fair spirit, and are capable of looking upon
impression based upon a judgment about on a
par with that which calls French literature
two sides of a question even after they are
committed to one side, enough will be gained
immoral (whatever that may be), and, with
in the reading to make it worth the while. For righteous horror, warns the unwary against its
example, advocates of women's rights would do pernicious influence. It is not within our pres-
ent purpose to write a defense of the “Poems
well to ponder the fact that education tends to
and Ballads;" the author himself has done
the reduction of the number of children, and that, and has emphatically declared that they
“ that, while the highly qualified mothers are
having their fewer children, the non-qualified
were not intended as milk for babes; but what-
ever the faults with which they have been fairly
mothers are making society swarm with their
abundance of children.” In like manner, the
or unfairly charged, no one has attacked the
later volumes of the poet upon similar grounds,
advocates of government control of the rail-
roads and telegraphs would do well to study of his title to fame.
and these later volumes furnish the chief part
the problems of controlling the civil service,
now confessedly tending to corrupt practices, American editions is what it should be.
It is matter of regret that neither of these
The
after the growth of population has increased
first of them is, while reasonably complete,
an hundred fold the opportunities for favorit-
so carelessly printed that it contains hardly a
ism and fraud.
The end to which the thoughts of our author page that does not exhibit the most outrageous
tend is the conclusion that *** the slow way is misprints — whole words being in many cases
the only sure way,” and his conclusion is dropped, making blundering prose or blank
nonsense out of the faultless verse of the orig-
strengthened by numerous considerations which
inal work.
he confesses are “ not calculated to inspire selection edited by Mr. Stoddard is compara-
From these defects at least, the
laborers and philanthropists with buoyancy of
expectation.' The book is nevertbeless inter * THE POETICAL WORKS OF A. C. SWINBURNE. Complete edition.
esting and suggestive beyond most of its class.
GEORGE BATCHELOR.
New York: John D. Williams.
SELECTIONS FROM THE POETICAL WORKS OY A. C. SWINBURNE.
Edited by R. H. Stoddard. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co.


1884.]
137
THE DIAL
And truant in hand as in tongue;
The eldest are young."
a
tively free; but the selection itself calls for
* Some sang to me dreaming in class-time,
grave criticism. Before proceeding to discuss
For the youngest were born of boy's pastime,
this, however, Mr. Stoddard's introduction de-
mands attention. This is written in his pleas- And yet Mr. Stoddard falls into the error of
ant but discursive style, and has rather more to supposing that these pieces which Swinburne
say about English poetry in general than about distinctly characterizes as
Mr. Swinburne. The particularly dramatic
“My verses, the first-fruits of me,"
quality of Swinburne's genius leads the writer
to consider English dramatic poetry at some
were written subsequently to "Atalanta.” “It
length, and especially the work of Marlowe,
was in his genius to write them and live; but
between whom and Swinburne there is evidence
not to regain the health, the strength, the san-
of close kinship. “The career of Marlowe,” ity, that were his when he wrote Atalanta in
Mr. Stoddard says,
“ was more illustrious, it Calydon.?" The only excuse for this error is
seems to me, than that of
to be found in the fact that the publication of
other English
any
poet; for no other English poet, so far as I
“Atalanta” preceded, by one or two years, that
of the “Poems and Ballads."
remember, ever surpassed all his contem-
It is in Mr. Stoddard's nature to write dis-
poraries at so early an age as he, or ever
achieved so much distinction by his first work." cursively upon such a theme as that which he
High as this praise is, it is no more than the
here handles, but it was hardly necessary for
just due of the poet whose genius seems to
him to go out of his way to administer a gratu-
have been kindled anew for the nineteenth cen-
itous insult to the memory of Shelley. Speak-
tury in the soul of Swinburne. “What most ing of the poets “who command respect for
impresses me in the poetry of Marlowe
what they were, as well as for what they wrote,”
feeling of prodigality, a sense of daring, the be says: “We find, in this small group of
splendor of a fiery spirit, - I find in no poet the stern figure of Milton, the thoughtful figure
immortals, the gracious figure of Shakspeare,
since, save in Algernon Charles Swinburne.''
Of this fellowship of soul, no one is more con-
of Wordsworth. We do not find Burns there,
scious than Swinburne himself, who has on
nor Byron, nor Shelley.” Without stopping to
many occasions striven to do adequate honor inquire what he knows about the character of
to the poet whose hand he has clasped across Shakspeare, or the title of Browning's "Lost
the lapse of centuries.
Leader” to a place in this group of immor-
tals,” and without criticising the harshness of
“Son first-born of the morning, sovereign star!
the judgment here rendered concerning Burns
Soul nearest ours of all that wert most far,"
he calls him, and in the magnificent poem allusion to the poet who might best of all
and Byron, we must protest against such an
“In the Bay,” he thus invokes the spirit of poets, making due allowance for time and place,
Marlowe:
be called what Whitman calls Lincoln: “the
"Then in her green south fields, a poor man's child,
Thou hadst thy short sweet fill of half-blown joy,
sweetest, wisest soul of all my days and lands;"
That ripens all of us for time to cloy
of whom Symonds says: "His life has, there-
With full-blown pain and passion ; ere the wild
fore, to be told, in order that his life-work may
World caught thee by the fiery heart, and smiled
To make so swift end of the god-like boy.
be rightly valued; for, great as that was, he,
“For thou, if ever god-like foot there trod
the man, was somehow greater; and noble as
These fields of ours, wert surely like a god,
it truly is, the memory of himself is nobler;"
Who knows what splendor of strange dreams was shed
of the man who impressed “observers so essen-
With sacred shadow and glimmer of gold and red,
From hallowed windows, over stone and sod,
tially different as Hogg, Byron, Peacock, Leigh
On thine unbowed, bright, insubmissive head!
Hunt, Trelawny, Medwin, Williams, with the
“The shadow stayed not, but the splendor stays,
conviction that he was the gentlest, purest,
Our brother, till the last of English days.
bravest, and most spiritual being they had ever
No day nor night on English earth shall be
met,” and to whom Swinburne has addressed
Forever, spring nor summer, Junes por Mays,
But somewhat as a sound or gleam of thee
this passionate invocation:
Shall come on us like morning from the sea.”
"O heart whose beating blood was running song,
In his estimate of Swinburne's genius, Mr. O sole thing sweeter than thine own songs were,
Stoddard, like so many other critics, lays an Help us for thy free love's sake to be free,
True for thy truth's sake, for thy strength's sake strong."
undue stress upon the first volume of the
“Poems and Ballads." Swinburne's own words, Mr. Stoddard's estimate of Swinburne is full
in the dedication of this volume, should have of inconsistencies. Speaking of his appear-
averted this.
ance on the stage of English poetry, he tinely
"Some scattered in seven years' traces,
says:
As they fell from the boy that was then;
“It was neither moonrise nor sunset when Swinburne
Long left among idle green places,
Or gathered but now among men,"
came, but the full splendor of noontide - the noontide
of which the genius of Tennyson was the golden light,
he says of the poems;
and again:
and the genius of Browning the concou rse of circum-


138
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
come
rosa
ambient clouds. Between the fleeting shadow of these some reason for the omission of such poems as
clouds and the girdling spaces of sunshine he stepped
Anactoria” and “Dolores," but none for that
forth 1 -- a slight figure in the garments of the Greek
priesthood youthful but for the grave, far-off look in
of "The Triumph of Time" and "Hesperia."
his eyes, and passionate but for the cold severity of his
And if such omissions are without excuse, what
mien. Young priest of an old religion, he rekindled shall we say when we look in vain for the poem
the fire upon its antique altar, and restored the worship which, all things considered, is possibly the
of its imperious gods. Such was the coming of Swin-
burne with · Atalanta in Calydon.'"
greatest, certainly one of the three or four
Speaking of his blank verse, he further says:
greatest, that Swinburne has ever written ?:
“One needs to be a poet in order to comprehend the
The “Hymn to Proserpine” is not merely one
difficulties it overcomes, and the triumphs it achieves, of the chiefest glories of Swinburne's own
the art, in short, of which it is so magnificent an work, but of all English poetry; yet it is not,
example."
here, while in its stead we have “The Garden
But elsewhere we across such state-
of Proserpine," a beautiful poem, but unintel-
ments as this: “He has great poetic gifts, but | ligible except as
taken in connection with
he is not a great poet." And this: “He has “Dolores” and “Hesperia," between which it.
written no line that lingers in the memory, and forms a sort of interlude. The second series
has uttered nothing that resembles a thought.” of the “Poems and Ballads” is better repre-
Of his language, he says in one place that “it sented than the first. The sonnet on Cyril
is the best, the strongest, the most poetic, with Tourneur, which is omitted, should have taken
which the vocabulary of any modern poet was its place among the sonnets on the English
ever enriched," and in another: “He appears to dramatists; and we miss the dedications both
have a great command of words; but when one of this and of the first series.
looks into his manner carefully, one is struck The “Songs before Sunrise,” which is prob-
with the really small number at his command.”ably the finest of Swinburne's miscellaneous
There is revealed a certain incongruity, when volumes, is well represented, but by few poems.
such statements as these are placed side by The finest poem in the volume, the “Hymn of
side, which would seem to warrant the inference Man," a poem only less great than the "Hymn
that the critic has grappled with a subject which to Proserpine,” is not given, but we have at
is too large for him to handle.
least “The Pilgrims," and the “ Mater Dolo-
But enough has been said of the introduction, and "Mater Triumphalis," and "Siena"
and it remains to briefly criticise the selection and “Tiresias.” The “Songs of Two Nations
itself. In their English editions, the poetical are represented by "A Song of Italy." The
works thus far published by Mr. Swinburne are “Dirie," which include Swinburne's finest son-
contained in fourteen volumes, six of which nets, are not given. The noble poem of “Tha-
contain the dramatic work alone. To reprint lassius” is chosen from the 6 'Songs of the
all of this in a single volume would seem Springtides," and the “Studies in Song
to be hardly desirable, so bulky would that vol. represented by several poems, including “By
ume of necessity be. The best solution of the the North Sea." The volume entitled “Tris-
difficulty would be to print the dramatic and tram of Lyonesse
tram of Lyonesse" is represented only by the
miscellaneous romantic work in two separate sonnets, which include the series on the English
volumes, which would not differ greatly in size dramatists, but which are not Swinburne's best.
or artistic value. In Mr. Stoddard's selec- The glorious poem “ Athens” is what we chiefly
tion, we have the entire dramatic work, except- miss from this volume ; although some of the
ing only the early dramas of “The Queen poems of childhood, the sweetest our language
Mother” and “Rosamond," and this occupies contains, might surely have been given. The
three-fourths of the space. It is obvious that “Century of Roundels” is not represented at all.
the other one-fourth is inadequate to fairly rep-
Attention has thus been called to the most
resent the eight volumes of miscellaneous poetry marked defects of this selection. These are so
remaining
great as to make it a highly unsatisfactory one,
Of the first volume of the “Poems and Bal but we must be content with it until we can
lads," rather more than half the contents are have a better one or, what is most desirable,
given; but the selection made is an amazing a complete edition; and we can the better con-
It would seem as if Mr. Stoddard had sole ourselves with the present volume in that
made it with particular reference to his thesis it contains the “Atalanta in Calydon” and the
that the writer “has great poetic gifts, but he “Erechtheus," and all of the great trilogy
is not a great poet,” so careful he is to include wherein the fortunes and the fate of Mary
all those pieces which display talent, such as Stuart are made sure of a memory as enduring
the studies in strange metres and of mediæval as poetry can confer.
forms, and so careful he is to exclude the The limits of this paper do not allow a con-
poems which are the real glory of the volume. sideration of the place which Swinburne will
Much as it may be regretted, there is perhaps ultimately occupy in men's esteem. That place
are
one.


1884.]
139
THE DIAL
*
will undoubtedly be a high one, and the English Albert Réville, Professor of the science of religions at
poetry of our age has but one name that can the Collège de France. The course included six lec-
tures on
dispute with his for the highest place. To
“ The Native Religions of Mexico and
claim precedence for either of these two is Poru,” and presents an able, compact, yet compre-
perhaps an idle task. In power of expression, torical standpoint, the author carefully refraining
hensive review of the subject, chiefly from the his-
the Laureate is the greater master; and, if this
from theological or dogmatic discussion. The his-
be the sole or the chief test of poetic excellence, tory of religion he regards as a revelation of the
the greater poet. But in range, in grasp of aspiration of humanity toward a supreme reality in
life and thought, and in power over men's accord with its ideals, and a prophecy of the direc-
minds and sympathies, as well as in the posses tion which its impulses will continue to pursue.
In
sion of the technical qualities of imagination his opinion, religion is a natural property and ten-
and harmony, Swinburne is the greatest English
dency, and consequently an innate need of the human
poet of this age, and one of the greatest of the
spirit. This tendency and need imply the actual
existence of its object,
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
even if that sacred object
century.
should withdraw itself from our understanding
behind an impenetrable veil, even could we say
nothing concerning it save this one word : It is!
* Religious history, by bringing clearly into
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
light the universality, the persistency, and the pro-
Ever since the publication of the first volume of digious intensity of religion in human life, is there-
von Ranke's Weltgeschichte, we have hoped that
fore, to my mind, one unbroken attestation to God."
Dr. Réville rejects the theory that the religions of
some English or American scholar would undertake
Mexico and Peru were borrowed from the Old
its translation; for it is pot merely a great book by
World. In some features they have an astounding
a distinguished historian -- it may fairly be called a
resemblance to religions native among Oriental peo-
unique book, written by the only person of our gen-
ples ; but this be accounts for by the similarity in
eration capable of writing such a book. Most uni-
versal histories are, by the necessity of the case,
the lines along which the primitive mind everywhere
advances in its moral development. In acknowl-
either superficial sketches at second hand, or, more
edging the authorities from which he has drawn the
commonly, bundles of national histories. Probably
no man living, except Ranke - and he only as the
materials for these discourses, the learned professor
crowning achievement of a long life-time of pro- croft's work on
mentions, with particular commendation, Mr. Ban-
** The Native Races of the Pacific
found studies — has the requisite knowledge of
States of North America." Dr. Réville delivered his
details, joined with the philosophic appreciation of
lectures in French ; they are translated by Philip H.
larger relations, to write a history of the world which
shall not be in reality a history of Greece, Rome,
Wicksteed, and published by Charles Scribner's Sons.
England, Germany and other nations, glued together
into a tolerably continuous narative. We think at WHATEVER literary work James Parton sets his
once of Mr. Freeman as having, if anybody, the hand to is sure to be earnest, engaging, and estima-
knowledge required; but what a labyrinth of names ble. The principles which govern him in authorship
and dates his “ General Sketch " is! Possibly von are enunciated in a passage from his latest book,
Ranke errs in the other direction, in assuming too “ The Captains of Industry” (Houghton, Mifflin &
much knowledge on the part of his readers; certainly Co.), where, in speaking of an humble yet exquisite
we should be grateful, here and there, for an explana- product of thought and labor, he says: “If it had
tory note, which the translator might have added. been a picture I should have had it framed and
But we have here, what exists nowhere else, a true hung over my desk, a perpetual admonition to me to
history of mankind which is not primarily a history do my work well ; not too fast ; not too much ; not
of the several nations. Every lover of historical lit with any showy, false polish ; not letting anything
erature must earnestly desire that the veteran histo go till I had done all I could to make it what it
rian shall live to add to the three volumes which now should be.” A writer of ability abiding by rules
contain the best compendious history of antiquity, like these cannot fail to win the confidence of the
three more which shall contain that of modern times
public, as Mr. Parton has proved. The book which
a far more difficult task in itself, but one in which he now offers to "young Americans" is a collection
the author is even more at home than in antiquity. of brief sketches of men who have honored and served
It would seem, from the title of the translation, that the world by the practice of such sterling virtues as
the translator felt doubtful of encouragement to con industry, fidelity, generosity, and humanity. Many
tinue his work; for this is announced, not as Vol. I. of them lived retired, even obscure lives, and all
of the Universal History, but as a special history of were devoted to business in some form, to commerce,
the Oriental nations and the Greeks. We cannot manufactures, or the handicrafts. But all were
think that a book like this will fail to receive a large alike in this — they were not above their business,
sale. The translation is admirable, and the volume, they were faithful to it, and they earned the highest
in all respects, attractive as well as valuable. (Harper order of success by the honesty and thoroughness
& Brothers.)
with which they did what it was given them to do.
The sketches, written originally for the columns of
THE “ Hibbert Lectures on the Origin and Growth a newspaper, are brief — too brief often to satisfy
of Religion,” which are of annual occurrence in the interest they excite ; still they accomplish their
London, were delivered in the year 1884 by Dr. purpose of showing how nobly men can fullfil the


140
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
Rock."
duties of the human being in every place or station and S. J. Brun, both connected with Cornell Uni-
in which their lot may be cast. The book is one of versity, of extracts from a great variety of sources;
the best for young readers, both for its moral and these being arranged in the order of the events with
educational influence.
which they deal, and giving a very fair picture of
the revolution up to and including the 9th thermidor
and the death of Robespierre. The Vendean insur-
MR. GEORGE HOWLAND, whose translation of the rection and the wars of the republic with its exter-
first six books of Virgil's "Æneid” was noticed in nal enemies are not dealt with, but no other impor-
THE Dial of June, 1881, has completed his loving tant phase of the revolution, from its inception to the
task, and the last six books are just issued, in uni- end of the reign of terror, is omitted. The chief
form style, by D. Appleton & Co. Mr. Howland interest of the book is due to the fact that many of
aims high in attempting to translate the “Æneid” the selections which go to make it up are of a kind
line for line in the meter of the original. Apart which lie outside the path of the general reader -
from the question of rhythm, his version is a marvel such as passages from contemporary memoirs, ac-
of ingenious fidelity, though, for this very reason, counts of eye-witnesses, and extracts from the
he necessarily misses something of Virgil's supreme Parisian press of the time of the revolution. Presi-
literary elegance. His method achieves its greatest dent White, of Cornell, has one of the largest col-
triumphs when he succeeds in matching well-known lections in existence of original materials for the
lines with good English hexameters:
illustration of the history of the revolution, and
“Shaking the dust-covered plain with the sound of their animals' this has been freely drawn upon, the result being a
hoof-beate.
book which the reader who has once taken it up will
"All that the tomb has of honor; whatever of solace interment.» hardly put down again until he has read it from be-
"Lifting to heaven his eyes, in death he remembers sweet Argos."
“Sweeping along the banks and cutting its ways through the
ginning to end.
fertile
Fields, the Cerulean Tiber, the stream most pleasing to heaven." FIRST of the autumnal offerings of the poets, whose
"Long as the house of Æneas shall dwell by the capital's steadfast
leaves of song will soon descend on the reviewer's
table as thick as leaves of Vallombrosa on its brooks,
“Each has his own set time; a brief irretrievable portion
Falls to the life of all."
is a chastely-printed little volume by Helen Hinsdale
“Either the violet soft or the drooping hyacinth's blossom."
Rich, with the title, "A Dream of the Adirondacks,
and Other Poems" (Putnam). Mrs. Rich has been
Such lines almost reconcile us to the “ pestilent
heresy” of the English hexameter. But what shall
long before the public as lecturer and as writer of
reconcile us to such dactyls as “shrill-sounding,"
essays, poems, and stories, and her work and worth
such spondees as “purple," "of a," "flower,” or to
are presented in an introduction, written by Mr.
such hexameters as
Whiting, of the Springfield (Mass.) “Republican."
The poems are some sixty in number, and are chiefly
Paphus is yours and Idalium yours and Cythera”!
lyrical. The one which begins the volume, selected
And yet what a charm the familiar cadence lends to doubtless for its title, seems to us less pleasing
the familiar phrases: "Lausus the tamer of steeds”; than others in the collection. We much prefer the
“Rosean fields of Velinus”; “placable altar of piece called “Die, Sweet June," and as this is quite
Dian”; “Nisus was guard at the gate.” To write short, it may be quoted as fairly representing its
English hexameters is to enter upon an unequal con author :
test with the genius of the English tongue; yet
“Ring all thy lily bells, thy colors fly,
what translator may hope to surpass in any metre
Sweet June, and die!
Mr. Howland's version of the roll of Clausus' men ?
The burden of her flowery state she bore,
Till heart could bear no more
“With him the great Amiternian troop and the ancient quirites,
The revelry of golden throats, perfumes
All the force of Eretum and olive-bearing Mutuscæ;
Of all the dear, dead Junes.
Who in Nomentum dwell and the Rosean fields of Velinus.
The phantom rose-leaves drifting faint and wan,
Slow fading in the sun,
They whom the Allia, ominous name, flows between and divides
Remembered kisses by the pansy bed,
them;
Vows that wero said,
Numerous all, as the billovos that roll on the Libyan waters
Soft, dreaming eyes of loved ones passed away,
Haunt the still day.
When in the wintry waves the stormy Orion is buried,
Or like the clustering ears that in early summer are withered,
The vanished sighs, the thrilling touch of hands,
In death's far lands,
Either on Hermus's plains or in Lycia's yellowing grain-fields,
All the impassioned loveliaess that smiled
Shields resound, and the earth by the tramp of feet is
On thee, fair child.
affrighted.”
O rose-crowned daughter of a deathless sire,
Too fierce the fire
That poured its amber tide along thy veins,
ONE of the chief problems with which systems of
Too strong the chains
education have to deal is that of making of reading
That bound thy spirit to the unburied past :
Peace, June, at last !"
something more than a vocal exercise. Happily,
this problem is already well in the way of solution,
and every year witnesses an increase in the latitude The portly volume entitled “Life and Labor in
allowed in this important department of school work. the Far, Far West,” by W. Henry Barneby, contains
The average old-time “reader was about as worth notes from the journals transcribing the travels of
less, from a literary point of view, as it well could be; the author across the American continent in the
but we are doing much better in this regard of late. spring and summer of 1883. In company with two
The little volume called "Tableaux de la Revolution of his countrymen from Hertfordshire, England, Mr.
Française" (Putnam) is a French reader and some Barneby visited portions of the farming and fruit
thing more. It is a compilation, by T. F. Crane | growing districts of California, British Columbia,
*
*
*
#


1881.]
141
THE DIAL
sense
was over.
and the states and territories of the Northwest, with teaches the use and care of tools, and the methods
a special view of ascertaining the promise they hold by which a multitude of useful and pretty objects
out to foreign capitalists, agriculturists, and laborers. may be manufactured in the least expensive manner,
The facts which he obtained, together with the inci- by making ingenuity and manual skill serve in the
dents befalling his journey, were carefully committed place of money. The value of such a book is not to
to his diary; and later, to print, for the benefit of the be stated in words. Its influence over the boy who
English public. They comprise a mass of minute puts it to practical use is lasting as his life, giving
and statistical information relating to the regions | him a training in thorough and skilful workmanship
traversed, which is in the main well understood by which is of unlimited benefit. It helps to supply a
intelligent Americans, but is probably unknown to need in the education of our youth which is too uni-
the great body of residents in the British Islands. versally ignored by parents and instructors.
Mr. Barneby is candid and sensible in his judg-
ments, disclosing the breadth of vision and the
absence of prejudice which become a cultivated and A CAPTIVATING book for youthful readers is the
travelled English gentleman. There is “no non-
story of “ Captain Phil,” by M. M. Thomas. It
in his book--that is, no imagination or en-
relates the experience of a lad of fourteen years,
thusiasm; but he appreciates the fine sunsets, the who, fired with patriotism at the outbreak of our late
grand scenery, the valuable products, and the stirring civil war, was permitted to accompany a regiment in
progress of the great West, and states the same in
which an older brother served, and to share its for-
an honest fashion. The work has a substantial value tunes in camp and field until the peril to the Union
for readers who may like a more exact knowledge of
In detailing the history of the boy during
the country recently penetrated by the Northern and
this period, a tolerably correct account of the career
Canadian Pacific Railroads. (Cassell & Company.)
of the Western army is presented, concluding with
the march of Sherman's brave battalions through
the heart of the enemy's country. It is a pleasant
MR. REGINALD ALDRIDGE, a successful stock-raiser
way for young folks to acquire some understanding
on the Western plains, has written a succinct history of the grim realities of war, and of the special cir-
of his “ Life on a Ranch,” which is published in cumstances which characterized the long and deadly
“Appleton's Popular Series.” It is a plain, straight- struggle between the North and the South. Children
forward narrative, framed for the purpose of supply- who are repelled by the sober face of history will
ing useful information concerning a business which
devour with eagerness a narrative as lively and
he has profitably pursued, for the benefit of others attractive as this, which blends fact and fiction with
who may desire to make a similar venture. Seven
no small degree of skill. The work is one of a series
years ago Mr. Aldridge, then a civil engineer recently descriptive of the great American wars, published by
started in his profession, finding the avenues for em Henry Holt & Co.
ployment in his native England too few and narrow
for his requirements, turned to the broad prairies of
MR. GEORGE TROWBRIDGE's treatise on
" The
America in search of a proper opening. He began
life on a ranch in Kansas, and subsequently pursued Principles of Perspective," as applied to model-draw-
the ranchman's vocation in Colorado, the Indian Ter- ing and sketching from nature, deserves recom-
ritory, and Northern Texas. His experience is that of
mendation to teachers and pupils in this branch of
art. The method which the author follows in his
many young Englishmen of enterprise, who have in-
vested their
means in the wild lands of America, and, elucidation is a correct and useful one.
It simpli-
assuming the labors and hardships of a frontiers-
fies a study which, as usually taught, is beset with
man on the outposts of civilization, have earned a
unnecessary difficulties. The fact that Mr. Trow-
rich recompense in contentment and good for bridge is head-master of the Government School of
tune. Mr. Aldridge owns herds numbering many
Art in Belfast, Ireland, certifies that he has skill in
thousands, which range over extensive ranches in
the science he attempts to demonstrate, and experi-
various localities. How he attained this condition of
ence in the best means of bringing it within the
prosperity, and what steps need to be taken to follow comprehension of others. The text of his work is
in his course, are briefly and pleasantly related in his copiously illustrated, twenty-three full page plates
little volume.
forming an appendix to it. (Cassell & Company.)
THE father who wishes to make the heart of his A new manual of “Photography for Amateurs,"
boy glad, and furnish his mind and hands with plenty an English work by T. C. Hepworth, seems to be
of lasting, useful, delightful employment, should an improvement upon the two American manuals
give him the book entitled “The Boy's Workshop," which have been lately noticed in The Dial. It is
published by D. Lothrop & Co. It professes to be described as a "non-technical manual for the use of
written by "A Boy and His Friends," but the all,” is neatly printed, is small and well-written, and
“Friends” must have had a large share in its com is clear and concise in its statements and directions.
position, or the "Boy" is remarkably clever, for the The formulas given are mostly simple; the pyro-
style of the work is perfect in its way. It is like the gallic acid and ferrous oxalate systems of develop-
talk of a bright companion, who speaks unpretend- ment are both described, but as a rule a confusing
ingly, never wastes a word, and sends each one multiplicity of formulas is avoided. This is wise, as
directly to the point. The book contains direc for the amateur one set of well-tested formulas is as
tions for the equipment of an amateur work- good as another; the principal thing is to learn to
shop, to be fitted up, as far as the carpentry is con perform the processes skilfully. (Cassell & Com-
cerned, by the young owner himself.
It also pany.)


142
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
lion.'
The little volume of selections from the poems of the Vivian to the North Pole and Beyond," is just
Bayard Taylor, entitled “ Melodies of Verse," is one issued by the same house ; also, “ The Ice Queen,"
of the gems for which the house of Houghton, Mif- by Ernest Ingersoll.
Ain & Co. is famous. Here we have some of the
airiest, most melodious and exquisite of Bayard Tay-
ROBERTS BROTHERS have just issued a number of
new books
lor's poems, printed on the finest, thickest, most
- among them, Sherwood Bonner's “Su-
wanee River Tales;" Helen Jackson's "The Hunter
sumptuous paper, and bound in vellum. The beau-
tiful volume contains, among other delicious verses,
Cats of Connorloa ;" Henly's “ Jack Archer, a Tale
of the Crimea;" Flora L. Shaw's “A Sea Change;"
some of the wonderful lyrics from “Prince Deuka-
and “ Tip Cat," by the author of “ Miss Toosey's
It is a delight to the eye, the touch, and the
Mission" and "Laddie."
heart.
Anna L. Ward's compilation of songs and poems
A CURIOUS study of the Biblical allusions in the of the sea, entitled “ Surf and Wave,” is just pub-
poetry of Whittier is afforded in the little volume lished by T. Y. Crowell & Co. The same firm issue
prepared by Gertrude W. Cartland, entitled “ Text also a volume of “Red Letter Poems by English
and Verse for Every Day in the Year” (Houghton, Men and Women," a red-line edition of Miss Mu-
Mimin & Co.) It traces many of these poetical allu lock's poetical works, and the poems of George
sions to their Scriptural source, and places corres Eliot in a handsome illustrated edition.
ponding passages side by side. The work is very
cleverly done, and the book strikingly illustrates the
The late publications of Charles Scribner's Sons
religious tendency of Whittier's mind and his fond-
include “ Teachings and Counsels,” twenty baccalau-
reate sermons by Mark Hopkins;
ness for religious themes.
In Partnership,”
by Brander Matthews and H. C. Bunner; " The Story
of Viteau,” by Frank R. Stockton ; Queer Stories
for Boys and Girls," by Edward Eggleston; and the
sixth volume of “Stories by American Authors."
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS.
Putnam's Sons have just ready, of their Fall
It is announced by the London “Atheneum "
books, “The Boys and Girls' Herodotus," by
J. S. White; “Songs and Lyrics," by George
that a new poem by Lord Tennyson will soon be
Ambrose Dennison ; Brandt's “Grammar of the
published.
German Language," and Rosenstengel's “ Reader of
MR. STEVENSON's new novel, “Prince Otto," to German Literature ;” and “The True Issue," a dis-
be issued shortly, is described as a “ fantastic and cussion of the tariff, by E. J. Donnell.
humorous study of modern manners.”
AN “Electrician's Pocket-Book,” prepared from
Julian HAWTHORNE's long-expected biography of Hospitalier's famous “Formulaire," by Mr. Wigan,
his father will be published in November, with the of the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electri-
title, “Nathaniel Hawthorne and his Wife.”
cians of London, will soon be published by Cassell &
The new London magazine, the “International,"
Company. They announce also a new series of
"The World in Pictures,” in three
will be devoted to " contemporary biography, records juvenile books,
of travel, enterprises at home and abroad,” and gen- profusely illustrated volumes - “ All the Russias,"
eral literature.
* Chats About Germany,” and “Land of the Pyra-
mids."
J. R. Osgood will produce, as a holiday book,
Scott's “Marmion,” with over one hundred new
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & Co. announce as their leading
illustrations by leading American artists, in the holiday book, Shakspeare's “Seven Ages of Man,
style of “The Lady of the Lake,” issued last year.
illustrated by American artists, and published in
three different editions. They have in press also,
The success of the novels of Mrs. Clara Louise “Young Folks’ Ideas,” a story, by Uncle Lawrence;
Burnham has led her publishers, H. A. Sumner & "Our Young Folks' Josephus," uniform with “Our
Co., to issue “ Dearly Bought,” the most recent of Young Folks’ Plutarch”; “Marjorie Huntingdon," a
them, in handsome new printing and binding, for novel, by Harriett Pennawell Belt; and “A Review
the Fall season.
of the Holy Bible," by Edward B. Latch.
MACMILLAN & Co. have just issued, in three vol The success of English editions of leading Amer-
umes, Coupland's authorized translation of von
ican magazines naturally stimulates English pub-
Hartmann's*** Philosophy of the Unconscious.” The lishers of periodicals to make the most of the
work will be more fully reviewed in a subsequent market on this side. There are already American
number of THE DIAL.
editions of the “English Illustrated Magazine,"
We are glad to note the signs of interest, in this "Cassell's Family Magazine," "The Magazine of
country, in that sterling periodical, Cassell's “ Mag- Art,” etc.; and arrangements are being made for an
azine of Art.” The American edition has an Amer-
American edition of the “Illustrated London News,"
to
ican editor, who gives full American notes at the end appear simultaneously with its issue in London.
of the magazine; the articles and illustrations are
D. APPLETON & Co. have just issued the First
international in their interest.
Part of Admiral Porter's romance, “Allan Dare and
HARPER's Franklin Square edition of Stormouth's Robert le Diable,” to be published in the odd form
English Dictionary has reached part VI. (“ex of fortnightly parts, nine in all, and illustrated. The
change”). New numbers are added weekly. Mr. same firm have published volume V. of Bancroft's
Knox's new illustrated juvenile, “ The Voyage of revised History of the United States ; Julian Haw-


1884.]
143
THE DIAL
thorne's new novel, “ Noble Blood ;" “ The House books, the formation of libraries, courses of reading,
on the Marsh," a novel ; “ The Black Poodle," a col etc. The author is Prof. James Baldwin, author of
lection of stories by F. Anstey ; the “Life and “ The Story of Siegfried” and several works on En-
Labors of Lewis Pasteur," from the French edition ; glish literature. There will be, besides the regular
“Dr. Grattan,” another novel by Dr. Hammond ; the edition of the book, a limited one on large paper.
autobiography of Dr. Marion Sims ; “ A Natural The announcements of Houghton, Miffin & Co's
ist's Rambles About Home," by Dr. Abbott ; and Fall publications, received too late for the Septem-
“ The Three Prophets,” by Col. Chaille Long. ber Dial, include among their interesting features
LITTLE, BROWN & Co. announce for this Fall :
the following: The large folio edition of the “Ru-
“ Montcalm and Wolfe,” by Francis Parkman, in
baiyát of Omar Khayyam,” with some sixty illustra-
two volumes, with portraits and maps; "Studies iu
tions, 11}x9] inches, from the designs which Mr.
Elihu Vedder has had for several years in prepara-
Wordsworth,” by Henry N. Hudson; the second
(concluding ) volume of ** The Water Birds of North tion; a new volume (Persia) of Johnson's "Oriental
America,” by Professors Baird, Brewer, and Ridg-
Religions," completing the work ; " The Algonquin
way, with some 250 illustrations, in plain and water. Legends of New England,” by Charles G. Leland; a
color editions; and an entirely new edition, in one
holiday collection of Holmes's poems, with illustra-
volume, of Bacon's " Essays and Wisdom of the
tions from designs by a dozen or more American art-
Ancients."
ists ; the works of Christopher Marlowe, in three
CUPPLES, UPHAM & Co. will publish this season:
volumes, to be followed by the works of others of
“Heidi, Her Years of Wandering and Learning, a
the Elizabethan dramatists, in handsome library form;
the first two volumes of a classified collection,
Story for Children and Those Who Love Children,"
intended to make fourteen volumes in all, of the
translated from the German of Johanna Spyri, by chief contents of the famous “ Gentleman's Maga-
Louise Brooks; “ Rambles in Old Boston," by the
zine Library”; a quarto volume of “ Portraits of
Rev. Edward G. Potter, illustrated by George R. Thirty Famous American Authors," with brief biog-
tion into verse of the first three Sonatas by Beethoven, raphies; “ Choy Susan, and Other Stories,” by W.
by Miss Clara L. Wells; “ Sibylline Leaves, Wherein
H. Bishop ; “An American Politician,” a novel, by
Marion Crawford; a volume of poems, “Songs of the
are to be Found the Omens of Fate,” illustrated;
Silent Land,” by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps; “ The
and “Star-Drift's Birthday Book.”
Viking
Bodleys," by Horace E. Scudder ; " In the
A Boston correspondent calls attention to a sup-
Lena Delta," by George W. Melville ; “In War-
posed error in the review of Chinnock's “ Arrian's Time," by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell; “ Two Compton
Anabasis,” in the September Dial, in which the date Boys,” by Augustus Hoppin; “Twenty Letters from
of publication of Rooke's translation of Arrian is England," by Florence Kelley; “Fresh Fields,” by
given as 1814, instead of 1729. The latter date un John Burroughs; “ American Comments on Euro-
doubtedly is the correct one, and is that given in the pean Questions,” by Dr. Joseph P. Thompson; "The
copy in the British Museum; but there is a copy in Destiny of Man, viewed in the Light of his Origin"
the library of the University of Michigan bearing
by John Fiske; “Esoteric Buddhism,” by A. P. Sin-
the date 1814. This must be a reprint of the earlier nett; a translation of Reuss' “ History of the
edition, though there is nothing to indicate it in the Sacred Scriptures of the New Testament “Some
book itself.
Heretics of Yesterday,” by Rev. S. E. Herrick; "Con-
THE “Atlantic Monthly” next year will be strong
tinuity of Christian Thought,” by Prof. A. V. G.
in serial stories -- these being announced from Mr.
Allen; Occident” and “ Orient," by Joseph Cook ;
James, Mrs. Oliphant, Miss Jewett, and Mr. Crad-
new editions of the works of Björnson, Hans Chris-
dock. The “Century” will have a series (beginning
tian Andersen, and Fenimore Cooper; “Household
in November) called “ Battles and Leaders of the
Editions” of Emerson, Stedman, and Lucy Larcom;
Civil War," illustrated, and including articles from
* Wayside Edition" (24 volumes) of Hawthorne,
Grant, Beauregard, McClellan, Rosecrans, Porter,
and a new holiday edition of his “Wonder Book.”
and other prominent officers from both sides. It
To the “ American Men of Letters” series will be
promises also new stories by Howells and James.
added volumes on Emerson, by Dr. Holmes : Ed-
"St. Nicholas” announces stories from Trowbridge,
mund Quincy, by S. H. Gay ; Poe, by G. E. Wood-
Stockton, Roe, “H. H.” and others; and its com-
berry; Bryant, by John Bigelow; N. P. Willis, by
petitor, “ Wide-Awake," an increased variety of mat-
H. A. Beers ; Hawthorne, by J. R. Lowell; Bay-
ter and illustrations.
ard Taylor, by J. R. G. Hassard ; William Gil-
more Sims, by George W. Cable ; and Franklin, by
THE “Life of Abraham Lincoln,” by the late Isaac John Bach McMaster. To the “ American States-
N. Arnold, will be published this Fall
, by Jansen, series -- John Adams, by John T. Morse;
McClurg & Co. Mr. Arnold was closely engaged James Madison, by S. H. Gay; Martin Van Buren,
upon this task for several years, finishing it but a by William Dorsheimer; Henry Clay, by Carl
few weeks before his death in May last. His early Schurz; and Samuel Adams, by John Fiske. To the
acquaintance with Lincoln in Illinois and intimacy “ American Commonwealths" series — Maryland, by
with him in public life, together with the thorough Dr. Wm. Hand Browne ; Kentucky, by Prof. N. S.
ness with which he has collected and studied his Shaler; California, by Dr. Josiah Royce; Kansas, by
material, are expected to give the work a high perma Prof. L. W. Spring ; Connecticut, by Prof. A. John.
pent value.--The same firm will issue also, this Fall, ston ; South Carolina, by Hon. W. H. Trescott;
* The Book-Lover,” a small volume containing selec Pennsylvania, by Hon. Wayne Mac Veagh; Tennes-
tions from the best short sayings about books, inter see, by Dr. James Phelan; New York, by Hon. Ellis
spersed with practical suggestions on the use of 'H. Roberts; Michigan, by Hon. T. M. Cooley.
men


144
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
1
BOOKS OF THE MONTII.
[The following List includes all New Books, American and Foreign,
received during the month of September, by MESSRS. JANSEN,
MCCLURG & Co., Chicago.)
4to, PP.
HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY.
Universal History. The Oldest Historical Group of Nations
and the Greeks. From the German of Leopold Von Ranke.
8vo., pp. 494. $2.50.
No historian has ever had so large a grasp as Ranke of the
fundamental principles of history. * * The value of his work
cannot be overestimated."--Contemporary Review, London.
Life and Letters of Bayard Taylor. Edited by Marie
Hansen-Taylor and H. E. Scudder. 2 vols. Portrait. $1.
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1884.]
145
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146
[Oct.,
THE DIAL
DODD, MEAD & COMPANY'S
ANNOUNCEMENTS FOR AUTUMN, 1884.
Sir W. Scott
A YOUNG GIRL'S WOOING. By E. P. Roe. Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers.
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Cloth, $24.
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PEPYS' DIARY.
of Painters and Engravers," which was issued in 1849, the publi-
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larly in Italy and in the Netherlands, has furnished many new
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THE DIAL
HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN.
Hjalmar H. Boyesen
159
W'm.
MR. GAY'S BIOGRAPHY OF JAMES MADISON.
Henry Smith
162
THE SOCIALISM OF TO-DAY.
W. F. Allen
166
- 168
SOME RECENT FRENCH NOVELS. James B. Runnion
- 170
MORE OF CARLYLE'S MEMOIRS.
Sara A. Hubbard
172
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS
175
About Home.--Vernon Lee's Life of the Countess of
Herrick's Some Heretics
LITERARY NOTES AND NEWS -
- 178
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS FOR NOVEMBER
. 178
BOOKS OF THE MONTH
179
VOL. V. NOVEMBER, 1884. No. 55. poetic treasure. Boots, who kills the ogre and
marries the princess the typical lover in
fiction from the remotest Aryan antiquity down
CONTENTS.
to the present time appears in Andersen in a
hundred disguises, not with the rudimentary
features of the old story, but modernized,
individualized, and carrying in his shield an
unobtrusive little moral. In “ Jack the Dull-
ard” he comes nearest to his primitive proto-
type, and no visible effort is made to refine
PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION. J. B. Roberts
him. In “The Most Extraordinary Thing
he is the vehicle of a piece of social satire, and
narrowly escapes the lot which the Fates seem
especially to have prepared for inventors, viz. :
to make the fortune of some unscrupulous
Browne's Maryland, the History of a Palatinate.-Leland's
The Algonquin Legends of New England.-Long's The
clown while they themselves die in poverty.
Three Prophets, Chinese Gordon, Mohammed-Ahmed, In “ The Porter's Son” he is an aspiring artist,
Arabi Pasha.--Selections from Milton's Prose Writings full of the fire of genius, and he wins his
(Parchment Series).-Abbott's A Naturalist's Rambles
princess by conquering that many-headed ogre
Albany.-Porter's Protection and Free-Trade To-Day.-
with which every self-made man has to battle
Fiske's the Destiny of Man Viewed in the Light of his the world's envy, and malice, and contempt for
Origin.-Sayce's The Ancient Empires of the East. a lowly origin. It is easy to multiply examples,
Shaw's Icaria, a Chapter in the History of Communism.--
but these may suffice.
Working Men Coöperators.
of Yesterday.
In another species of fairy-tale, which
Andersen may be said to have invented, inci-
dent seems to be secondary to the moral pur-
pose, which is yet so artfully hidden that it
requires a certain maturity of intellect to detect
it. In this field Andersen has done his noblest
work and earned his immortality. Who can
HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN.* read that marvellous little tale, “The Ugly
Hans Christian Andersen was a unique figure
Duckling," without perceiving that it is a
in Danish literature, and a solitary phenomenon subtle, most exquisite revenge which the poet
in the literature of the world. Superficial
is taking upon the humdrum Philistine world,
critics have compared him with the Brothers
which despised and humiliated him before he
Grimm; they might with equal propriety have lifted his wings and flew away with the swans,
compared him with Voltaire or with the man
who knew him as their brother? And yet, as a
in the moon.
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
child, I remember reading this tale with ever
were scientific collectors of folk-lore, and
fresh delight, though I never for a moment
The hens and the ducks
rendered as faithfully as possible the simple suspected its moral.
language of the peasants from whose lips they and the geese were all so delightfully individ-
gathered their stories. It was the ethnological
ualized, and the incidents were so familiar to
and philological value of the fairy-tale which my own experience, that I demanded nothing
stimulated their zeal ; its poetic value was of
more for my entertainment. Likewise in " The
quite secondary significance. With Andersen Goloshes of Fortune ” there is a wealth of
the case was exactly the reverse. He was as
amusing adventures, all within the reach of a
innocent of scientific intention as the hen who
child's comprehension, which more than suffices
finds a diamond on a dunghill is of mineralogy.
to fascinate the reader who fails to penetrate
It was the poetic phase alone of the fairy-tale beneath the surface. The delightful satire,
which attracted him; and what is more, he saw
which is especially applicable to Danish society,
poetic possibilities where no one before him
is undoubtedly lost to nine out of ten of the
had ever discovered them. By the alchemy of author's foreign readers, but so prodigal is he
genius (which seems so perfectly simple until
both of humorous and pathetic meaning, that
you try it yourself) he transformed the common every one is charmed with what he finds, with-
neglected nonsense of the nursery into rare
out suspecting how much he has missed.
“ The Little Sea-maid” belongs to the same
order of stories, though the pathos here pre-
from the Danish. New Edition in Ten Volumes. Boston: Hough-
ton, Mimin & Co.
dominates, and the resemblance to De la Motte
* THE WORKS OF HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN.
Translated


160
[Nov.
THE DIAL
Fouqué's “Undine” is rather too striking of compassion soon becomes wearisome, and
But the gem of the whole collection, I am not the worthiest object in the world can keep
inclined to think, is “ The Emperor's New one's charity interested through four hundred
Clothes,” which in subtlety of intention and pages. Antonio, in “ The Improvisatore," is
universality of application rises above age and too much of a milk-sop to be agreeable, and
nationality. Respect for the world's opinion without being agreeable he cannot, outside of
and the tyranny of fashion have never been Zola's novels, aspire to the part of a hero.
satirized with more exquisite humor than in That the book nevertheless remains unfailingly
the figure of the emperor who walks through popular, and is even yet found in the satchel
the streets of his capital in robe de nuit, of every Roman tourist, is chiefly due to the
followed by a procession of courtiers, who all poetic intensity with which the author absorbed
go into ecstasies over the splendor of his at and portrayed every Roman sight and sound.
tire.
Italy throbs and glows in the pages of “The
It was not only in the choice of his theme Improvisatore”- the old vagabond Italy of
that Andersen was original. He also created pre-Garibaldian days, when priests and bandits
his style, though he borrowed much of it from and pretty women divided the power of church
the nursery “It was perfectly wonderful,” and state. Story's " Roba di Roma,” Augustus
“You would scarcely have believed it,” “ One Hare's “Walks in Rome," and all the other
would have supposed that there was something descriptions of the Eternal City, are but dis-
the matter in the poultry-yard, but there was guised guide-books, feeble and pale per-
nothing at all the matter," —such beginnings formances, when compared with Andersen's
are not what we expect to meet in dignified beautiful romance.
literature. They lack the conventional style The same feminine sentimentality which in
and deportment. No one but Andersen has spite of its picturesqueness makes “ The Im-
ever dared to employ them. But then, no one provisatore" unpalatable to many readers is
has ever attempted, before him, to transfer the still more glaringly exhibited in “0. T." and
vivid mimicry and gesticulation which accom “ The Two Baronesses.” In “The Story of
pany a nursery tale to the printed page. If My Life” the same quality asserts itself on
you tell a child about a horse, you don't say every page in the most unpleasant manner.
that it neighed, but you imitate the sound; and The author makes no effort to excite the
the child's laughter or fascinated attention reader's admiration, but he makes constant
compensate you for your loss of dignity. The appeals to his sympathy. Nevertheless this
more successfully you crow, roar, grunt and autobiography rivals in historic and poetic
mew, the more vividly you call up the image worth Rousseau's “ Confessions” and Benve-
and demeanor of the animal you wish to repre nuto Cellini's “Life.” The absolute candor
sent, and the more impressed is your juvenile with which Andersen lays bare his soul, the
audience. Now, Andersen does all these things complete intentional or unintentional self-
in print: a truly wonderful feat. Every vari- revelation, gives a psychological value to the
ation in the pitch of the voice, -I am almost book which no mere literary graces could
tempted to say.every change of expression in bestow. I confess, until I had the pleasure of
the story-teller's features — is contained in the making Andersen's acquaintance, "The Story
text. He does not write his story, he tells it; of My Life” impressed me most unpleasantly.
and all the children of the whole wide world After I had by personal intercourse possessed
sit about him and listen with eager, wide-eyed myself of the clue to the man's character, I
wonder to his marvellous improvisations. judged differently. Andersen remained, until
In reading Andersen's collected works (which the day of his death, a child. His innocence
Messrs. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. have just pub was more than virginal; his unworldliness sim-
lished in ten handsome volumes), one is par- ply inconceivable. He carried his heart on his
ticularly impressed with the fact that what he sleeve, and invited you to observe what. a soft,
did outside of his chosen field is of inferior tender and sensitive heart it was. He had the
quality -- inferior, I mean, judged by his own harmless vanity of a child who has a new
high standard, though in itself often highly frock on. He was fidgety and unhappy if any.
valuable and interesting. “The Improvisa- body but himself was the centre of attraction;
tore," upon which, next to “The Wonder- and guilelessly happy when he could talk, and
Tales,” his fame rests, is a kind of disguised be admired and sympathized with. His talk
autobiography which exhibits the author's mor was nearly always about himself, or about the
bid sensibility and what I should call the kings and princes and lofty personages who
unmasculine character of his mind. To appeal had graciously deigned to take notice of him.
to the reader's pity in your hero's behalf is a He was a tuft-hunter of a rare and curious
daring experiment, and it cannot, except in sort; not because he valued the glory reflected
brief scenes, be successful. A prolonged strain upon himself by royal acquaintances, but


1884.]
161
THE DIAL
wel'e
92
my Life.”
because the pomp and splendor of a court sat was the child's world, in which there is but
isfied his thirst for the marvellous. A king one grand division into good and bad, and the
seemed to him, as to the boy who reads his innumerable host that occupies the middle-
fairy-tales, something grand and remote; and ground between these poles is ignored. Those
in invading this charmed sphere, he seemed to who praised what he wrote were good people;
have invaded his own fairy-tales, and to live those who did not were a malignant and black-
actually in the fabulous region of wonders in hearted lot who would get come up with on
which his fancy revelled. He conceived of his the Judgment Day.
life as a fairy-tale, and delighted in living up to We may smile at this simple system; but
his own ideal of living. The very title of his we all remember the time when we
biography in Danish (“ Mit Livs Eventyr,") addicted to a similar classification. That it is
shows this conclusively; and it ought to have a sign of immaturity of intellect is undeniable;
been rendered in English “ The Fairy-Tale of and in Andersen's case it is one of the many
“The Story of my Life," as Mr. indications that intellectually he never outgrew
Scudder has translated it, would have been in his childhood. He never possessed the power of
the original “ Mit Livs Historie," a very com- judgment that we expect in a grown-up man.
mon title, by the way, for an autobiography, His conversation was always personal and sin-
while "Mit Livs Eventyr” is entirely unique. gularly naïve. His opinions on social and
The feeling of the marvellous pervades the political questions were quite worthless. And
book from beginning to end. The prose facts yet in spite of all these limitations he was a
of life had but a remote and indistinct exist-poet of rare power; nay, I may say in conse-
ence to the poet, and he blundered along miser-quence of them. The vitality which in other
ably in his youth, supported and upheld by a authors goes toward intellectual development,
dim but unquenchable aspiration.
He com-
produced in him strength and intensity of im-
miserated himself, and yet felt that there was agination. Everything which his imagination
something great in store for him because of touched it invested with life and beauty. It
his exceptional endowment. Every incident divined the secret soul of bird and beast and
in his career he treated as if it were a miracle, inanimate things. His hens and ducks and
which required the suspension of the laws of donkeys speak as hens and ducks and donkeys
the universe for its performance. God was a would speak if they could speak. Their tem-
benevolent old man with a long beard who sat peraments and characters are scrupulously
up in the skies and spent his time chiefly in respected. Even shirt-collars, gingerbread
managing the affairs of Hans Christian men, darning-needles, flowers, and sunbeams,
Andersen as pleasantly as possible; and Hans he endowed with rational physiognomies and
Christian was duly grateful, and cried on every speech, consistent with their ruling character-
third or fourth page of his autobiography at istics. This personification, especially of in-
the thought of the goodness of God and man. animate objects, may at first appear arbitrary;
Sometimes, for a change, he cried at the but it is part of the beautiful consistency of
wickedness of the latter, and marvelled with Andersen's genius that it never stoops to mere
the naïveté of a spoiled child that there should amusing and fantastic trickery. The character
be such dreadful people in the world, who of the darning-needle is the character which a
should persist in misunderstanding and mis- child would naturally attribute to a darning-
representing him. Those who were good to needle, and the whole multitude of vivid per-
him he exalted and landed to the skies, no mat- sonifications which fills his tales is governed
ter how they conducted themselves toward the by the same consistent but dimly apprehended
rest of humanity. Some of the most infamous | law. Of course, I do not pretend that he was
princes, who had paid him compliments, he conscious of any such consistency; creative
embalmed in prose and verse.
Frederick VII. processes rarely are conscious. But he needed
of Denmark, whose immorality was notorious, no reflection in order to discover the child's view
was, according to Andersen, “ a good, amiable of its own world. He never ceased to regard
king,"
," “sent by God to Danish land and folk," the world from the child's point of view, and
than whom “
no truer man the Danish language his personification of an old clothes-press or a
spoke.” And this case was by no means ex darning-needle was therefore as natural as that
ceptional. The same uncritical partiality to of a child who strikes the chair against which
ward the great and mighty is perceptible in it bumped its head. In the works of more
every chapter of “The Fairy-Tale of My ambitious scope, where this code of conduct
Life." It was not, however, toward the great would be out of place, Andersen was never
and mighty alone that he assumed this atti- wholly at his ease. As lovers, his heroes
tude; he was uncritical by nature, and had too usually cut a sorry figure; their milk-and-
soft a heart to find fault with anybody except water passion is described, but it is never felt.
those who did not like his books. His world They make themselves a trifle ridiculous by


162
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
moon.
their innocence, and are amusing when they which substitutes a government of unlimited
themselves least suspect it. Likewise, in his powers for one of enumerated powers, and creates
autobiography, he is continually exposing him a sovereignty distinct from that of the people;
self to ridicule by his naïve candor, and his hears the prophecy of the subversion of civil
inability to adapt himself to the etiquette liberty through centralization, and the abandon-
which prevails among grown-up people. Take ment of the agency of local government; and
as an instance his visit to the Brothers Grimm, witnesses the evidence of disappointment and
when he asked the servant girl which of the grief when at last the fact is made plain that
brothers was the more learned, and when she the presiding genius is the genius of Hamilton.
answered “ Jacob,” he said “Then take me to It is not the statesmanship of Madison, "Father
Jacob." The little love affair, too, mentioned of the Constitution," but the statesmanship of
on page 69, seems to have been of the kind Hamilton, that is exalted by the historians who,
which one is apt to experience during the in their zeal, have transferred to their hero
pinafore period; a little more serious, perhaps, even a part of the glory of one who was
but yet of the same kind.
It is in this vague
"Great in his triumphs, in his retirement great."
and impersonal style that princes and princesses The change is radical as well as general.
love each other in the fairy-tales; everything The power of the centripetal force touches
winds up smoothly, and there are never any everything, and the Hamiltonians most truly
marital disagreements to darken the honey- represent the new order. This is the test; by
It is in this happy, passionless realm this standard are our historical characters
that Andersen dwells, and here he reigns judged. To the influence of this revolution
supreme. For many years to come the fair and drift of opinion, rather than to “inscrutable
creatures of his fancy will continue to brighten fate," must be attributed the selection of one
the childhood of new generations. No rival trained in the new school to write a biography
has ever entered this realm; and even critics of Madison. If any object that it is an oppo-
are excluded. Nevertheless, Andersen need nent who sits in judgment, let him show that
have no fear of the latter; for even if they belief is essential to good work, or forever after
had the wish, they would not have the power,
hold his peace.
Has not modern journalism
to rob him of his laurels.
exploded that old-fashioned notion? Do not
HJALMAR H. BOYESEN.
the critical requirements of the present age
exclude sympathy and the opinion that man is
ever moved by patriotic and unselfish motives?
At the risk of being thought an old fogy, let
MR. GAY’S BIOGRAPHY OF JAMES
me say that I believe that the prevalent method
MADISON.*
is open to the objection that, in striving for the
form, something of the spirit of truth is sacri-
If it were possible for the ghost of James ficed. “History," we are told by Cervantes,
Madison to return to the shores of America and “is a sacred subject, because the soul of it is
be the honored guest at a banquet presided truth; and where truth is, there the divinity
over by Mr. Sidney Howard Gay, his toast will reside." But without belief in principles,
would doubtless be, “Our friends, the enemy.” without sympathy with a subject, and without
If impressed that the measure of his own fame faith in man, how can one find out the invisible,
had been lessened by the assaults of an opposi that internal sense of justice of which princi-
tion strengthened by hostile time, yet the ples are born? The absence of these in histori-
courtesy born of a gentle spirit would constrain cal writers of the critical school, yields only
him to tip his glass with dignified cordiality. seeming impartiality which is after all decep-
Further than this, the companionship of the tive and too often unjust.
brilliant writers of the prevailing political These prefatory remarks perhaps sufficiently
school could scarcely move him. He could not indicate the ground of objection to this new
mistake the character of his surroundings, or biography. The judgment is the judgment of
of the revolution that had brought into promi- an opponent. Base motives are attributed to
nence the political theories of a great rival, Madison in political action after he had
and consigned to the dust-bin of the ante incurred the displeasure of Hamilton. Before
rebellion past the doctrines that he and his that, his great services to his country in pre-
friend Jefferson had formulated and incorpor paring the way for a more perfect Union, in
ated in the democratic text-book of the United the formation of the Constitution, and in recom-
States. The imagination follows him as he mending it to the people, are fairly and judi-
studies the present; hears the emphatic dissent ciously set forth. But later, the statesman
from the recent construction of the Constitution Madison is made to give place to the ambitious
and insincere politician Madison. We are pre-
By Sidney Howard Gay. (American
Statesmen Series). Boston: Houghton, Mimin & Co.
pared for the change by an expression of
* JAMES MADISON.


1884.]
163
THE DIAL
His was
several ways.
*
doubt as to the depth of Madison's convictions wealth, and was charged in his representative
on the subject of removals from office. He capacity with the duty of presenting the claims
held that the power of removal from office of his constituents, in order that they might share
belonged to the President, and expressed the equitably in the adjustment of the claims of the
opinion that the abuse of the power in “the States and of the general creditors.
wanton removal of meritorious officers would the genius of a man of action; Madison's, of a
subject the President to impeachment and philosopher who loved the paths of peace.
removal from his own high trust." The com Thus differing, it was inevitable that, when
ment of the biographer is, that “Mr. Madison parties were formed after government was
believed, at least, that he believed," in these inaugurated, they should separate and go their
lofty principles; but he fails to refer to any act
That old friends who had found
that impeaches the sincerity of the belief. Mr. points of agreement in theory when they had
Madison is also charged with insincerity and a common purpose very much at heart, should
political trickery in the recommendation of in the heat of party warfare misjudge each
Freneau to appointment to a clerkship. But other, was to be expected; but it is not the
the entire letter to Governor Randolph, from duty of a biographer to approve and perpetu-
which Mr. Gay quotes, does not justify the ate an unjust judgment.
criticism.
This alleged change in Madison's political
The reader of Mr. Gay's book will not fail to opinions and associations is commented on
see that the opinion which the author entertains through many pages. The following passages
of Madison is pretty much the same as that invite our attention:
entertained by Hamilton during the fifteen “The Anti-Federal party was growing gradually
years of fierce party warfare that followed the stronger in Virginia as in all the Southern States;
organization of the government under the Con-
most of Madison's warmest personal friends, as well
as Jefferson, were of that party. What chance would
stitution. Liberal quotations are made from
he have in the public career he had marked out for
the great Federalist to sustain his views. We himself if his path and theirs led in opposite direc-
are told that
tions? *
* The appointment of Freneau to office
at Madison's request, followed by the almost imme-
“ Up to the time of the meeting of the First Con diate appearance of a violent party organ, edited by
gress, there had always been perfect accord between this clerk in Mr. Jefferson's department, was quite
them, and Hamilton accepted his seat in the Cabinet enough to raise an outcry among the Federalists; and
• under the full persuasion,' he said, “that from similar Madison's explanation, when it came to be known, of
ity of thinking, conspiring with personal good will, I
his share in that business, did not add to his reputation
should have the firm support of Mr. Madison in the
either for frankness or political rectitude. Perhaps it
general course of my administration. But when he was at first more the seeming want of frankness that
found in Madison his most determined opponent,
disgusted his old friends. They could have more
either open or covert, in the most important measures readily forgiven him had he openly declared that he
he urged upon Congress--the settlement of the domes had gone over to the enemy, instead of professing to
tic debt, the assumption of the debts of the States,
find in the Constitution sufficient ground for hostility
and the establishment of a national bank, — he was
to their measgres. These constitutional scruples they
compelled to seek for other than public motives for sometimes thought so thin a disguise of other motives
this opposition. It had been,' he declared, 'more
as to be better deserving of ridicule than of argument.”.
uniform and persevering than I have been able to
(Pp. 182–3.)
resolve into a sincere difference of opinion. I cannot “ He may have really believed that the holders of a
persuade myself that Mr. Madison and I, whose
large public debt and the owners of a great national
politics had formerly so much the same point of bank, through which the monetary affairs of the coun-
departure, should now diverge so widely in our try could be controlled, were aiming to lay hold of the
opinions of the measures which are proper to be government. If all this were true, imminent peril was
pursued.'”
impending over republican institutions. The incon-
sistency of which Hamilton accused Madison
Beyond coöperation in an effort to strengthen therefore not necessarily a crime. It might even be a
government under the Confederation, and in virtue, etc.
He seemed, at any rate, to be
advocating the Constitution before the people, animated by something more than the proverbial zeal
of the new convert.
there was no warrant for Hamilton's accusation.
If it was not always shown in
debate, it lurked in his letters. Anything that came
He believed in a monarchial form of govern from the Secretary, or anything that favored the Sec-
ment; Madison, in a republican. He abated retary's measures, was sure to be opposed by him."
none of his admiration for England, her insti-
(Pp. 188-9.)
tutions, and the political methods of her public
And again:
men; Madison disliked these, and, grateful to “ There had been no change of political principles
our allies in the hour of sore distress, bestowed
either in the party he had left or the party he had
his affections upon the French. His training adapt the old doctrines to the altered condition of
joined; but each was striving with all its might to
had been in the marts of commerce; Madison's, affairs under the new Union. The change was wholly
in the midst of an agricultural people. His
in Mr. Madison. That which had been white to him
birth and early education made him cosmopoli-
was now black; that which had been black was now as
the driven snow. Why was this? Had he come to see
tan; Madison, though American in spirit, had
that in all these years he had been wrong? Or had he
before him the traditions of a great common suddenly learned, not that he was wrong, but that he
was


164
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
had mistaken a straight and narrow path for the broad shown by his correspondence with Mazzei,
road which would lead to the goal he was seeking ?
Governor Randolph, and others, was to avoid
These are not pleasant questions. He had served his
the “inconveniences of relaxed government”
country well; one does not like to doubt whether it was
with a selfish rather than a noble purpose. But of any and the dangers of power in the hands of few.
public man who changed front as he changed, the “ It is of infinite importance to the cause of
question always will be what moved him? Not to
liberty,” said he, “ to ascertain the degree of
ask it in regard to Madison is to drop out of sight the
it which will consist with the purposes of
turning-point of his career; not to consider it is to
leave unheeded essential light upon one side of his society.” He thought this could best be done
character. For his own fortunes the choice he made
by a mildly conservative administration; Hamil-
was judicious, if to gain the whole world' is always ton, by force.
the wisest and best thing to do. He gained his world,
and was wise and virtuous in his generation according
One will search the speeches and letters of
to the vote of a large majority. * * But history, Mr. Madison, during the administration of
in the long run, weighs with even scales; and the ver Washington, in vain for any utterance incon-
dict on Madison's character usually comes with that
sistent with patriotic motives. He certainly
pitiful recommendation to mercy from a jury loth to
condemn.” (Pp. 191-2.)
was regarded as the chief statesman of the
day, and, as such, received the highest proofs
It would be much more to the purpose to of Washington's confidence. “ He is our first
cite chapter and verse in proof of the alleged man,” wrote Fisher Ames -and this when he
change of political opinion. But our author and Ames were in opposition daily on the
is superior to any claims of fair dealing; he questions of revenue which receive so much
prefers to dogmatise — to color the glass after attention from Mr. Gay. His views conformed
his own mind. It is true that Madison classed with those expressed by him before and during
himself as a Federalist in 1787–8, when the the sitting of the Constitutional Convention;
work of forming and adopting a Constitution and in this fact there is no warrant for the
was in hand, in contradistinction to those who charge of desertion of party. Mr. Madison
were opposed to the Constitution and to a exerted himself to the limit of his great powers
national government. But it is also true that to shape legislation in accordance with his
this change I am considering is based upon views of public policy, but was defeated through
his refusal to support the financial views of the the skillful management of Hamilton. The
Secretary of the Treasury. The questions dire distress on the one hand, and the indiffer-
were questions of policy, about which men ence of foreign powers to the new Republic
might honestly differ. They arose after the on the other, were conditions that proved to be
Federal government was inaugurated, when a powerful aids to the Secretary of the Treasury.
new system was to be adapted to a Constitution Madison's speeches show his ability, and his
which nearly one-half of the people believed correspondence the spirit that actuated him.
would ultimately subvert their liberties. “We Mr. Gay's charge invites a reference to his
are in a wilderness," wrote Madison, in July, letters:
1789, “without a single footstep to guide
It is consequently necessary to explore ployed of late on the Report of the Secretary of the
" The House of Representatives has been chiefly em-
the
way
with great labor and caution.” This
Treasury. * The plan which it proposes is in
language is the key to his course. Shall he general well-digested, and illustrated and supported by
be charged with inconsistency because he re very able reasoning. It has not, however, met with
fused to follow, as a guide, Hamilton, who was
universal concurrence in every part. I have myself
been of the number who could not suppress objections.
a monarchist in theory and had little faith in
I have not been able to persuade myself that the trans-
the Constitution as it stood ? He had a better actions between the United States and those whose ser-
right than the other to declare the meaning of vices were most instrumental in saving their country
the fundamental law. It was important to
did, in fact, extinguish the claims of the latter on the
justice of the former; or that there must not be some-
disarm the disunionists in the beginning - to
thing radically wrong in suffering those who rendered
reconcile a powerful minority to the new gov a bona fide consideration to lose seven-eighths of their
ernment. Therefore he took early opportunity dues, and those who have no particular merit towards
their country to gain seven or eight times as much as
to bring forward amendments to the Constitu-
they advanced. In pursuance of this view of the sub-
tion which provoked the sneers of Fisher
ject, a proposition was made for redressing, in some
Ames and other Federalists. They “may degree,
may | degree, the inequality. After much discussion a large
serve,” said he, “the double purpose of satisfy- majority was in the negative.
ing the minds of well meaning opponents, and
“ The subject at present before a committee of the
whole is the proposed assumption of the State debts.
of providing additional guards in favor of On
On this, opinions seem to be pretty equally divided.
liberty.
Whenever there is an in Virginia is endeavoring to incorporate with the meas-
terest and power to do wrong, wrong will gen ure some effective provision for a final settlement and
erally be done, and not less readily by a
payment of balances among the States. Even with
this ingredient, the project will neither be just nor
powerful and interested party than by a power palatable if the assumption be referred to the present
ful and interested prince.' His policy, as
epoch, and by that means deprives the States who have
us.


1884.]
165
THE DIAL
done most of the benefit of their exertions. We have government, as composed of limited and enu-
accordingly made an effort, but without success, to
merated power,” he said. And later, when it
refer the assumption to the state of the debts at the
close of the war. This would probably add one-third
had succeeded: “Of all the shameful circum-
more to the amount of the debts, but would more than
stances of this business, it is among the great-
compensate for this by rendering the measure more est to see the members of the Legislature who
just and satisfactory. A simple, unqualified assump-
were most active in pushing this job openly
tion of the existing debts would bear particularly hard
on Virginia.
The payment of the balances grasping its emoluments.
Schuyler is to be
among the States will be a fresh source of delay and put at the head of the Directors, if the weight
difficulties. The merits of the plan, independently of of the New York subscribers can effect it.
the question of equity, are also controvertible, though Nothing new is talked of here. In fact, stock-
on the other side there are advantages which have con-
siderable weight.” (Letter to Edmund Pendleton, jobbing drowns every other subject. The Cof-
March 4, 1790).
fee-House is in an eternal buzz with the Gam-
blers." Since these primitive days, legislators
Three days later, referring to these schemes
have followed the getting of money and power
in a letter to Dr. Rush, he said:
by such schemes with even greater ardor, and
“ Indeed, it seems scarcely possible for me even to perhaps few public men share in Madison's
be persuaded that there is not something radically im-
disgust.
moral, and consequently impolitic, in suffering the
rewards due for the most valuable of all considera-
Hamilton's report on Domestic Manufactures,
tions, the defence of liberty, to be transferred from which first advanced the view that Congress
the gallant earners of them to that class of people had power, under the clause in the Constitu-
who now take their places. It is equally inconceivable, tion relative to the general welfare, to raise
if the new Constitution was really calculated to attain
more perfect justice, that an exposition of it can be
taxes and appropriate money for their promo-
right which confirms and enforces the most flagrant tion, provoked the wrath of his political
injustice that ever took place under the old.”
opponents. Mr. Madison wrote:
April 17, 1790, to James Monroe:
“It broaches a new Constitutional doctrine of vast
consequence, and demanding the serious attention of
"The Eastern members talk a trong language on
the public. I consider it myself as subverting the
the subject. They avow, some of them at least, a de fundamental and characteristic principle of the govern-
termination to oppose all provision for the public debt
ment; as contrary to the true and fair, as well as the
which does not include this, and intimate danger to the
received construction, and as bidding defiance to the
Union from a refusal to assume. We shall risk their
sense in which the Constitution is known to have been
prophetic menaces if we should continue to have a
proposed, advocated and adopted. If Congress can do
majority.”
whatever in their discretion can be done by money,
It was given out that the deferred debt was
and will promote the General Welfare, the government
is no longer a limited one, possessing enumerated
to be taken up, and the speculators, who had
powers, but an indefinite one, subject to particular
already amassed fortunes at the expense of the exceptions."
poor holders, sent their agents into the remote
Thus the differences between the two leaders
sections to buy up the certificates.
were radical and irreconcilable.
and other abuses," said Mr. Madison, “make The French Revolution added to the political
it a problem whether the system of the old complications, and intensified the feeling be-
paper under a bad government, or of the new
tween the contending leaders. The relations
under a good one, be chargeable with the
between Jefferson and Madison, always cordial,
greater substantial injustice. The true differ-
now became closer than ever before. “Madi-
ence seems to be, that by the former the few
son," wrote Ames, as early as 1789, " is
very
were the victims to the many; by the latter, much Frenchified in his politics,” and the
the
many
to the few."
echoes from the shores of France several years
Mr. Hamilton's scheme for a bank met with later, when the people were revenging the
most determined opposition from Madison and tyranny and crimes of ages, strengthened his
bis friends. * “The arguments in favor of the sympathy for our gallant allies. Republicans
measure rather increased my dislike to it, and Federalists were moved by party passions
because they were founded on remote implica- to commit political blunders which are still
tions which strike at the very essence of the fruitful topics of discussion to historians and
*"I wished to hear the debates of the House of Representatives,
statesmen. The Resolutions of 1798 had a
and went down and found Madison up. He had got through the wider influence and led to more disastrous
introductory part of his speech, which was said to be elegant.
The ground I found him on, was the equity power of govern results than the Alien and Sedition Laws, but
ment in regulation of property, which he admitted in the fullest
manner, with this exception, when the State was no party. The an impartial mind will not credit their authors
United States owe justly and fairly the whole amount of the
with less patriotism than their opponents. Mr.
Federal debt. The question then is, to whom do they owe it? In
this question they are not interested, as the amount is the same, Madison lived long enough to explain his own
The case of the original holder admits
of no doubt. But what of the speculator, who paid only a trifle
part to the satisfaction of his countrymen.
for the evidences of debt? The end, however, of his speech pro-
The patriotism that distinguished his public
duced a resolution to the following effect: That the whole should
he funded ; but that in the hands of speculators at the highest career, and the language of his correspondence
market price only, and the surplus to the original holder who
performed the service."-- William Maclay.
when he was living in retirement, disprove the
66 These
let who will receive it.


166
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
statement of Mr. Gay that “he was a Virginian in the quality of judgment. He is possessed of a sound
before he was a Unionist.”
judgment, which perceives truth with great clearness,
and can trace it through the mazes of debate without
Judged by the standard of this biographer, losing it. He is admirable for this inestimable talent.
the most prominent leaders of the different As a reasoner, he is remarkably perspicuous and
parties, and especially many of the eminent methodical. He is a studious man, devoted to public
leaders of the great anti-slavery party of which
business, and a thorough master of almost every public
question that can arise, or he will spare no pains to
he was a member, could be charged with gross
become so, if he happens to be in want of information.
inconsistency and disloyalty to the Union, if What a man understands clearly, and has viewed in
the assertion of the Rights of the States im- every different point of light, he will explain to the
admiration of others, who have not thought of it at
plies that.
It is not necessary to particularize.
all, or but little, and who will pay in praise for the
The fact is, there is a wide difference between
pains he saves them. His clear perception of an argu-
a party in opposition and a party charged with ment makes him impressive, and persuasive sometimes.
the responsibility of administering the govern It is not his forte, however. Upon the whole, he is a
ment, which the philosophical reader of history useful, respectable, worthy man, in a degree so eminent
that his character will not sink. He will continue to be
is pretty apt to keep in mind when determining
a very influential man in our country. Let me add,
the character of a party as well as when form without meaning to detract, that he is too much attached
ing his estimate of men. It has not been my to his theories for a politician. He is well versed in
purpose to consider the relative merits of the public life, was bred to it, and has no other profession.
Yet, may I say it, it is rather a science, than a business,
policies respectively advocated by Hamilton with him."
and Madison, but merely, within the space
assigned to me, to comment dispassionately on
Turning from this faithful pen-picture by a
the partizan bias and injustice that seriously generous and manly opponent, to the scenes in
impair the value of this new biography. That which James Madison was so conspicuous, I
Mr. Madison had defects of character that un-
fail to find in word or deed of his any justifica-
fitted him for executive responsibilities of great the verdict on Madison's character usually
tion for the statement of our biographer that
magnitude, and that a false theory as to the
relations of the United States to foreign govern-
comes with that pitiful recommendation to
ments, shared in common by him and Jefferson,
mercy from a jury loth to condemn.” On the
brought this government into grave complica- historical writers, his fame is untarnished and
contrary, despite the adverse judgment of recent
tions at home as well as abroad when they were
in power, are generally accepted facts. But
secure, even as described in the quaint lines of
the famous old bard which crowd upon the
that he was unpatriotic in his ambition, and
memory:
guilty of chicane, no candid student of history
will accept as true.
I am moyed to add a few words from a de-
scription of Madison by that eminent Federalist,
Of folke, that had afore great fames
of old time, and yet they were
Fisher Ames, valuable as the estimate of a
contemporary who was a devoted adherent of
The self day, or that houre
Hamilton. They were both members of Con-
That I on hem gan to poure."
gress and participated in the debates on the
WM. HENRY SMITH.
financial measures proposed by the Secretary
of the Treasury:
“Madison is cool, and has an air of reflection, which
is not very distant from gravity and self-sufficiency.
THE SOCIALISM OF TO-DAY.*
In speaking, he never relaxes into pleasantry, and
discovers little of that warmth of heart which gives Adolf Held, one of the leading “Socialists
efficacy to George Cabot's reasoning, and to Lowell's.
of the Chair” of Germany, gave this as the
His printed speeches are more faithful than any other
person's, because he speaks very slow, and his discourse fundamental principle of Socialism: “That
is strongly marked. He states a principle and deduces duties of the individual towards the oommun-
consequences with clearness and simplicity. Some- ity, even in the field of political economy, must
times declamation is mingled with argument, and he
find expression in law (zum gesetzlichen Aus-
appears very anxious to carry a point by other means
than addressing their understandings. He appeals to
drucke kommen).” Mr. Rae appears at first
popular topics, and to the pride of the House, such as sight to add another idea to this definition,
that they have voted before, and will be inconsistent.
when he says (p. 19): “It is not only a theory
I think him a good man and an able man, but he has
of the state's action, but a theory of the
rather too much theory, and wants that discretion which
men of business commonly have.”
state's action founded on a theory of the
“He is probably deficient in that fervor and vigor of laborer's right.” The two definitions are not
character which you will expect in a great man. He is
so far apart, however, as they seem. Professor
not likely to risk bold measures, like Charles Fox, nor
Held does not make it include all legal control
even to persevere in any measures against a firm oppo-
sition, like the first Pitt. He derives from nature an * CONTEMPORARY SOCIALISM. By John Rae, M.A. New York:
excellent understanding, however, but I think he excels
“For on that other side I sey
Of that hill which northward ley,
How it was written full of names
As fresh as men had written hem there
Charles Scribner's Sons.


1884.]
167
THE DIAL
are
of economical relations, but the control of intelligible. The relation of socialism to econ-
economical duties by law. And as these duties omical discussion is better elaborated in the
are for the most part - but not all — the admirable chapter upon “Socialism and the
duties of employers to employed, of capitalists Social Question”; but if this had been clearly
to laborers, of rich to poor, Mr. Rae's defini- stated at the outset, it would have materially
tion is near enough correct. As a practical aided the special discussions which follow, and
question, and in the minds of the majority of might have saved some repetitions.
people, socialism is a form of labor movement; The defect here noted is still more serious
it would hardly be too much to say that in the from an historical point of view. The relation
minds of most, socialism and the labor move of the two great prophets of socialism — Las-
ment are identical.
salle and Marx,- is wholly obscured by the
The different phases or forms of this move singular arrangement which places first in
ment are discussed by Mr. Rae in the several order the one who came last in time. Of
chapters of his book; three of them Lassalle we read: (p. 60) “German socialism
devoted to the three leading exponents of is — it is hardly too much to say — the crea-
socialism — Lassalle, Marx, and Carl Marlo tion of Ferdinand Lassalle.” Perhaps this is
(Winkelblech); three others respectively to the true of the socialism of the present generation;
“socialists of the chair," the Christian Social for this brilliant man seems to have had the
ists, and Russian Nihilism: the discussion is most fertile mind, and to have exercised the
summed up in a chapter entitled “Socialism most powerful influence of all socialistic writers.
and the Social Question”; while the closing Nevertheless, the next chapter shows that Karl
chapter is devoted to the theories of Henry Marx was actively engaged in socialist propa-
George, although he is not a Socialist, “because gandism long before Lassalle entered the field
his doctrines are in many respects closely allied at all. The career of Marx overlapped that of
with those of socialism, and because he has Lassalle at both ends. But no intellectual con-
done more than any other single person to stir nection is pointed out between them. Perhaps
and deepen in this country (England) an agita- there was none. Perhaps both were alike
tion which, if not socialistic, at least promises children of the “ Young Hegelian” movement.
to be a mother of socialism."
But at any rate it would have been well, it
In these chapters we note a certain lack of would seem, to place that movement first which
consecutiveness; which results no doubt from was first in time. Indeed, the three first chap-
the fact that (as is stated in the preface) some ters are so lacking in interdependence, that we
of them are reprinted from the “Contemporary should advise the reader to begin (after the
Review” and the “ British Quarterly." For introduction) with the chapter upon Marx,
even if more than two-thirds of the work which is earliest in time, and which likewise
appear now for the first time, there is neverthe- gives most information as to the philosophical
less a certain disadvantage in the necessity of genesis of the movement; then to read the
incorporating in a treatise which is both sys- interesting chapter upon “ The Federalism of
tematic and historical, papers which were writ- Carl Marlo' a wholly new subject to most of
ten independently, each having a completeness us; after which he will be better prepared to
and unity of its own. The result is a treatise understand Lassalle, whose active career came
which lacks unity whether in a systematic in 1861-4. Better even than this it would have
an historical point of view. It contains been, if Mr. Rae had not given his chapters
nearly all that we should desire, and the several these personal headings, but had traced the
parts are admirable in expression and thought; successive stages of the socialistic movement,
but the reader fails to get from it as a whole first in the young Hegelian philosophy and the
a clear idea of the historical growth of social- early years of Marx; then in the works of
ism, or of its philosophical character and rela- Marlo; then in the career of Lassalle; after
tion to political economy.
which the later career of Marx, and the history
For example, we have several allusions to the of the “International” would have come in
growth of socialism out of the philosophy of appropriately. The two chapters which fol-
the “ Young Hegelians”; and in the chapter on low, upon the Socialists of the Chair, and the
Karl Marx this idea is elaborated at some Christian Socialists, are so special in their
length. It is a very interesting point, and one character that no harm is done by their stand-
which a communication from Mr. Rae in the ing outside of the main historical sketch.
London "Academy" shows to be original with It is rather ungracious, however, to find fault
him. Nevertheless, the nature of this filiation with a book which has treated the subject so
is not distinctly brought out,-- it is nowhere fully and with such sound judgment, because
stated who the Young Hegelians were, or what it follows a different arrangement from that
were their distinctive doctrines: so that their which we should prefer. Apart from what we
development of these into socialism is not made may call its theoretical portion -- the chapter
or


168
[Nov.,
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sprang from
above mentioned, and that on Russian Nihil. PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION.*
ism - the two closing chapters contain a very
A practical treatise upon mental science, to
sound and serviceable discussion of the present
one familiar only with the books of former
phase of the question.
The question is asked, in the Introduction, generations on this subject, may well seem a
whether socialism is allied to democracy; and paradox. Speculative philosophy – and most
mental science has been of this nature — has a
it is shown (p. 20) that American democracy strong fascination for mature minds of a certain
has no affinity with socialism.
“Democracy cast, but it has not seemed to have any very
has been in full bloom in America for more
than a century, and there are no traces of its devotees have been looked upon as curious
near or direct bearing upon human affairs, and
socialism there except among some German dreamers, or as spinners of theories too fine to
immigrants of yesterday.” European demo: be woven into fabric for creatures more tangi-
cracy, on the other hand, which“
ble than disembodied spirits. It is but a short
very different antecedents, and possesses a very
different character,” “ has a tendency only too
time since experimenters in electricity were but
natural towards socialism.” It is a serious ques- force, that would play weird pranks for the
mere toyers, with a strange, subtle, elusive
for ,
of the English type, is not being gradually and delight of the curious. Electrical apparatus
insidiously infected with the virus of Contin-
was but a collection of playthings. Still, all
this playing and curious experimenting was
ental democracy; and in view of the probable but preliminary to many useful applications of
growth of that phase of democracy which is
this universal force. And thus is it with the
likely to be accompanied by socialism, the want abstract thinkers who have been analysing and
begins to be felt among us“ of a rational and classifying the faculties of the human soul. It
discriminating theory of the proper limits and
may now, without great impropriety, be said
sphere of public authority” (p. 11).
that Psychology is an art as well as a science.
Here we must recognize at the start that
The practical phase of this inquiry into the
there can never be hard and fast lines of defini-
soul life, however, has sprung up somewhat
tion in practical politics. There will always, recently, from the utterance of certain extreme
in every free state, be a Federalist party, which
views that savored not a little of heresy. Most
believes in a vigorous exercise of state power; writers have looked upon the soul as having an
and a Democratic party, which would narrow
existence so distinct from that of the body,
the exercise of this power as much as possible; that the seeming reflex action of bodily upon
and true statesmanship will follow a path which
mental states was only seeming, not real. The
fluctuates between these extremes.
old maxim of 66 sana mens in corpore sano
therefore be satisfied for the present with
was occasionally quoted with approbation, but
the judgment expressed in the following chiefly as a text for the advocates of physical
excellent passage, with which we will close
culture. Of late, however, there has sprung
(p. 370):
up a school of physiological psychologists, ex-
“ In fact, a State cannot divest itself of a distinct tremists in the opposite direction, who trace all
social mission, and we need not be surprised that this psychical phenomena to fibrous vibrations of
mission should have extended its operations as indus the nervous system and brain; making thought
trial society has got more complex and interdependent, like heat, only a mode of motion. This material-
and the growing democratic spirit has forced the con-
istic view has been put by Huxley and some
dition of the people into more constant public consid-
other English physicists in a rather forcible
eration. Many persons seem to be puzzled and alarmed
by the prevalence of this tendency in our recent legis-
way; and while vigorously controverted by
lation. They are ready to condemn it as socialistic for
thinkers and writers no less able and distin.
no better reason than that it interferes with absolute guished, the discussion has thrown new light
freedom of contract, or of property, or of competition, upon the whole subject.
in the interest of the poorer orders of society; but in It is now generally conceded that no proper
reality it is broadly separated from socialism by the and thorough study of the mind can be made
fact that it has never sought to substitute the political without taking into account its relation to the
providence of the State for the keen and responsible
and instructed providence of individuals themselves; the soul, that the soul can only manifest itself
body. The fact that the body is the home of
that it has always placed individual responsibility
rather than social and political organization in the through the bodily organs, and that physical
front of its ideal, and has put restraints on freedom conditions promote, retard, and direct the soul's
only as exceptional and occasional correctives designed activities, can no longer be ignored. A purely
to elicit rather than supersede the personal industry, speculative philosophy, dealing with the ab-
thrift, and responsibility of the classes in whose behalf stractions of space, time, cause, and the other
it intervened.”
* OUTLINES OF PSYCHOLOGY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
W. F. ALLEN.
THEORY OF EDUCATION. A text-book for colleges. By James
Sully, M.A. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
We may


1884.]
169
THE DIAL
elements of thought, may be a pleasant and process of education. So great has been the
healthy occupation for persons of leisure whose diversity of opinions as to the extent to which
tastes run that way, but it can have little to do this faculty should be cultivated, that the
with the hard facts of daily life or with the true young teacher may well be excused who falls
growth and healthy action of a human being into some perplexity in regard to it. In the
Body and mind must be studied together, and Chinese system, it is made the chief, if not the
in their relation to each other, if we are to only, object to train the memory to the highest
know much about either. Mental science has degree possible; while in our system the mem-
come to be thought essential to the teacher, ory is left largely to look out for itself, the
but it should be the science of both body and great effort being to sharpen the powers of
mind, for the teacher can only reach the soul observation and to train the reasoning faculties.
of his pupils through their bodily senses, and Both ideas are right, and both are wrong.
it is only by bodily acts that he can read their Education is not the training of one faculty.
mental condition.
The product of such training is not develop-
Mr. Sully, in his “Outlines of Psychology," ment it is skill, and skill is mechanical. It is
treats the subject from this stand-point, recog- true, however, that if either faculty is to be
nizing the dual nature of man. The work is ignored in methods of education, the memory
not controversial, nor does it incline to extremes. is more likely than the reasoning faculty to
That the soul has its own free and self-deter-
grow spontaneously. In other words, it is im-
mined element of existence, is recognized; and possible to do anything whatever for the mind's
at the same time its intimate, and in many development, without, incidentally at least,
respects inseparable, relation to the body is giving some training to the memory, though
assumed. He thus cautiously states his ground: this training may be very unmethodical and
“While following the traditional lead in claiming for inadequate. Kant observes: “The understand-
psychology a place apart from the physical sciences, ing has as its chief auxiliary the faculty of
as the fundamental moral science, I follow the modern reproduction.” The elements of a judgment,
tendency to supplement the properly psychological or those employed in a process of reasoning,
study of mind by the physiological study of its nervous
must be brought out by the reproductive im-
condition and concomitants."
agination (i. e., the memory). So there can be
Psychology is classed as a theoretical, as no reasoning without memory. But, as our
distinguished from a practical, science, since author observes, this is not what we mean when
a theoretic science concerns itself about things we talk of a subject exercising the memory.
as they are, and their genesis, whether natural “We refer to those subjects which have to do
or historical In the practical sciences, we mainly with the particular and the concrete,
consider how things should be or how we would and which appeal but little to the understand-
have them to be. But as the artist and the ing. Such subjects are natural science, in its
artisan must know something of the real nature simpler or descriptive phase, geography, his-
of the material in which they are to work, so tory, language, and the higher departments of
those “practical sciences which aim at guiding literature.” Hence these subjects should be so
or influencing our thoughts, feelings, or actions, treated as to give the memory systematic and
must have their footing in psychology.” Hence needed training. Their value as culture studies
there is a close relation between the theoretic lies largely in their adaptability to this purpose.
and practical.
At the same time, we are to bear in mind that
The functions of the human soul are Know " to acquire any amount of knowledge respect-
ing, Feeling, and Willing. If these are not ing the particular and concrete is not to be
purely automatic functions, which none but educated. Perfect knowledge implies the
extreme materialists hold, then there must be a taking of the particular or concrete into the
science which affords a basis for their guidance. general, the connecting of a variety of particu-
Psychology is that science. Hence the orator,
Hence the orator, lars under a universal principle. It follows
the legislator, and the educator should know that memory may be over stimulated.” The
the properties and laws of the human mind. great difference in the natural abilities of
Particularly is this true of the educator, for his pupils requires careful attention, and the finest
is the only science " which is engaged in guid- exercise of judgment is required in determining
ing or controlling the whole of mind.”
how much time and energy should be given in
The work bears strongly upon the subject of individual cases to pure memory work.
education, and keeps the teacher constantly in There is, however, a rational basis for mem-
view. Every theoretic chapter is followed and ory that in these latter days has largely super-
made complete by a succinct statement of the seded the old methods by systems of mnemonics,
bearing of the principles enunciated upon edu- rhymes, alliteration, etc., and that is the appre-
cation. Of special importance to the teacher hended relations between the facts or the ideas
is a just view of the place of memory in the I learned. “The more things are connected in


170
[Nov.,
THE DIAL
their natural relations, the less will be the task bidding in many works of this kind. Nominal-
imposed on the verbal memory.
So the wise ism, realism, and conceptualism, are relegated
teacher not only exercises the pupils by re to a brief page of historical review. While the
quiring concentration and repetition, but he work cannot be read without close and pains-
will exercise his own skill in grouping and taking thought, it is one that may do much
arranging. He will economize attention by towards promoting a more general interest in a
selecting what is important and overlooking subject that has been hitherto confined chiefly
what is unimportant, and he will lead the chil. to the class-room and cloister.
dren to make such selections for themselves.
J. B. ROBERTS.
Much has been made of late years of the
“ natural method” of teaching various subjects,
more especially languages. It consists chiefly
in an effort to follow the method of discovery," SOME RECENT FRENCH NOVELS.*
that is to say, the way in which a child learns,
beginning in his infancy, or the way in which
Daudet, Feuillet, Claretie, Ohnet and Belot
the race may be supposed to have attained its
make up a list of names which represents fairly
the modern school of French fiction. If Zola's
present state of knowledge. Like many other
new and useful thoughts, it has been carried to
name were added, it would be almost a com-
an extreme from which the inevitable reaction plete enumeration of the conspicuous popular
will be too apt to carry it back to the opposite writers who turn out novels for the Paris boule-
extreme. The true corrective for all partial or
vards, the “ American colony” and that class of
irrational methods of instruction lies in a pro-
students who pretend to read them for the
found study of the mind as it actually works purpose of learning colloquial French and in
out its ends, and of the historical development order to familiarize themselves with the man-
of systems. How far the inductive and how
ners and customs of the country. The editions
far the deductive