giant dwarfs,’ so to say, were
little under the stature of middle-sized people, and so
far as regards size might have passed for members of
any ordinary negro tribe. Still it is highly interesting
to ﬁnd whole tribes whose members are of far shorter
stature than the average of mankind. The striking dif-
ferences observed within the group itself may perhaps be
due to crossings with their Momfu and Mabode neighbors.
The complexion was, in most cases, a dark coffee
brown, that is, the color of the burnt berry, not of the
drink. The members are well-proportioned, though
the oval-shaped head seemed somewhat too large for the
size of the body. In the upper jaw the facial angle
showed a high degree of prognathism, and in those of
lighter complexion the crisp hair was of a dark, rusty-
brown hue. This is certainly one of the most marked
peculiarities of the race, for the hair of all other Negro
peoples, however light-colored they may otherwise be,
is always the deepest black. This is the case even with
the Egyptians themselves. Many had full beards and
hairy breasts, though my observations did not conﬁrm
the statement that many of these pigmies have very
hirsute bodies. Hands and feet are of elegant shape,
the ﬁngers long and narrow, with relatively large nails.
I found no trace of steatopygia and some other features
characteristic of the Hottentots. All things consid-
ered, the Wochua must be regarded as normal (healthy)
members of a wide-spread race of remarkably short
stature, but otherwise fairly well-proportioned and
well-developed. . . . Although grouped in small com-
munities, often of not more than a hundred individuals,
they are feared by all their neighbors, and despite their

thievish habits, permitted to frequent the cultivated
grounds. . ' The women make little half-cone-
shaped huts of foliage in the recesses of the ﬂuvial wood-
lands, while the men occupy themselves with the chase,
remaining in the same place as long as game can be
procured, and then migrating to another district. They
are much feared for their revengeful spirit; but being
skilful bowmen and astute warriors, they are readily
engaged by the local chiefs to join in sudden attacks
on local tribes, and always show themselves willing to
perform such services. They use the bow and arrow,
and occasionally the spear; but,'as already stated, they
procure these weapons from the Momfus and other
tribes, for they occupy themselves with no branch of
industry, unless the preparation of their little bark cos-
tume be regarded as such. They are unrivalled marks-
men, as I could observe even in my Achua servant. When
the arrow misses its mark they are said to ﬂy into a vio-
lent passion, breaking bow and arrows and all. Of
their artful, suspicious, revengeful character, I heard
many a tale. For instance, they stick an arrow in a
bunch of bananas still on the stalk to mark it as their
own when ripe; and such is the dread of their ven-
geance, that the owner never thinks of touching the
fruit so claimed by them.”
()f the natural intelligence and vivacity of
the African dwarﬁsh tribes Dr. Junker formed
a high estimate, and one quite at variance with
that of Prof. Ratzel, who appears to regard
them as a morbid, degenerate people—“a
social rather than a natural race.” Their
turn for mimicry— after all rather a simian
characteristic — is especially marked. A strik-
ing incident of this quality as well as of the
good memory of the race was afforded by an
Achua whom the author had measured in
Rumbek and met four years later at Gambari’s.
This little fellow, whose comical ways made
him the clown of the party, imitated with mar-
vellous ﬁdelity the peculiarities of persons seen
long before. for instance the gestures and facial
expressions of Jussuf Pasha and Haj Halil at
their devotions, as well as of Emin Pasha,
“ with the four eyes ”( spectacles).
“ His imitation of Hawash Elfendi in a towering rage,
storming and abusing everybody, was a great success;
and now he took me off to the life, rehearsing after
four years, down to the minutest details, and with sur-
prising accuracy, my anthropometric performance when
measuring his body in Rumbek.”
VVe cannot attempt to follow 1n detail the
geographical intricacies of Dr. J unker’s jour-
ney from the station at Zemio’s to the Welle-
Makua river, the problem of which he was
unfortunately prevented by the spread of the
Mahdi insurrection from solving. A few
facts, however, concerning the peoples of the
interior may be extracted. During his two
days’ stay on the Welle-Makua, Dr. Junker
came in contact with the A-Bassango island-
ers, and obtained from them specimens of the


1892.]
THE DIAL 211
handiwork of the neighboring tribes that ex-
hibited a surprising degree of taste and skill.
The wood-carvings, especially the spear-shafts,
which are carefully carved in relief while the
upper portion is often embellished with ele-
gant open-work designs, evince an artistic
sense that might put our own industrial crafts-
men to the blush. The iron objects of these
tribes, and even their textile fabrics, show the
same peculiar artistic feeling. Among these
tribes in the interior the author noted many de-
partures from the usual Negro types, the most
curious being the frequent recurrence of a
striking Semitic ca.st—well illustrated by an
accompanying cut of a Zandeh, who, with the
addition of the conventional battered beaver,
the umbrella, the side-curls, and the general
air of seedy abjectness, could easily pass for
one of Mr. Pennell’s Brody or Carlsbad Jews.
From his host Zemio the author gathered some
facts as to the royal marriage etiquette among
the northern Zandehs:
“Amongst other things he told me that the custom
of purchasing a bride with thirty or forty or more
spearheads, paid to the father, was conﬁned to the lower
circles. When a man of princely rank woos the
daughter of a foreign ruler (and all are mostly forei u,
rarely visiting each other), everything is formally
transacted through go-betweens. The wooing must be
preceded by repeated messages, with friendly gifts
for the father, who thus becomes aware of the suitor’s
intentions. If the presents correspond to his expecta-
tions, he sends the girl straight to the bridegroom.
Then should she be rejected for any reason, the dis-
grace falls on the father, who has to return all the
presents. Zemio’s eldest daughter, who had formerly
resided among the Arabs, was at present living near
her father, to whom she caused much annoyance by ob-
stinately refusing to accept a husband at his hands.
She even attempted to commit suicide to escape his
importunities, an extremely rare occurence among the
Negroes.”
For the romancer in search of novelty there
would seem to be here a rather promising ﬁeld.
Dr. Junker learned that although there had
been some curtailment of the cumbrous prim-
itive funeral rites, and some abatement of their
cruelties, the Zandehs of the north still sacri-
ﬁced slaves as expiatory offerings on their
fathers’ graves. Zemio himself admitted that
a few months previously he had immolated a
slave to his deceased father — “ only one,” re-
marked the pious son apologetically, “because
Tikima was surrounded by Arabs, so that it
was impracticable to oﬁer more.”
The following general remarks of the au-
thor touching the past and present of the Afri-
can tribes are suggestive:
“In former ages the records of the native popula-
tions undoubtedly reekcd with blood. It could scarce-

ly be otherwise amongst savage peoples, plunged in
the depths of superstition and slavery, recognizing
only the right of the strongest, and at continual war-
fare with each other. Even in quite recent times it has
been much the same. And this alone justiﬁes, or even
calls upon, the cultured nations to at last lend a hand
to the dark children of Africa, and raise them to a
social state more worthy of our common human nature.
The incessant displacements, dislocations, divisions, and
migrations of countless peoples, of their tribes and sub-
tribes, in the interior of Africa, resemble a chess-board
with innumerable squares, in which the ﬁgures are con-
stantly changing place. As in a many-colored kaleido-
scope, thc fragments again rapidly coalesce in varied
and varying groups. The particular events, the records
of so many peoples, who have perished, reappeared,
and again vanished from the scene, must ever remain a
dark chapter in the history of the human race."
Dr. J unker's narrative is interspersed with
interesting observations as to the ﬂora and
fauna of the interior. At his station at Zemio’s
a great number of specimens were gathered,
and though most of his ethnological and nat-
ural history collections seem to have fallen
into the hands of the Mahdists, enough was
rescued to form a permanent feature in St.
Petersburg and Berlin museums. Of the ani-
mals domesticated at the station some curious
anecdotes are related.
" I had also brought from west of the Makua a pair
of red-tailed gray parrots; their wings being clipped
they were allowed to go about freely in the en-
closure. . . . The actions of gray parrots when in
good spirits are highly comical, while their devotion to
each other is most touching. . . . Unfortunately the
pair came to a tragic end. The king-bird had somehow
fallen from the perch, and received some internal
injury. Seeing him on the ground, bleeding at the
beak, I brought him to my couch, and laid him first
on one side, then on the other, to give him a little ease;
but all to no purpose, and in about an hour he lay dead,
with outstretched wings. Meanwhile the queen parrot,
who had probably witnessed the occurrence, came in,
and began to behave in a most extraordinary manner.
First she imitated to the life all the movements of her
(lying consort; then she crouched at some little dis-
tance, changing her position whenever he did, sighing,
laying her head now on one side, now on the other
_in short, acting exactly as if suffering from the same
injury as her mate. Now I kept my eyes riveted on
the inseparable pair, and my amazement soon changed
to a feeling of deep sympathy. The paroxysm of im-
pulsive imitation lasted long enough to produce a
marked effect on the organic functions of the little
creature. Her grief, or whatever inexplicable inﬂuence
it may have been, caused such a profound disturbance
in the system that the vital action suddenly ceased
whilc yet mourning for the loss of her companion in life.
Vvithout heading the risk, she had drawn so near the
ﬁre that I was obliged at last to remove her to a safe
distance. But the end was already at hand; she refused
the most tempting morsels, and within twenty minutes
of her partner’s death she had breathed her last gasp.”
At the risk of appearing cynical, we venture
to suggest that the parallel symptoms shown


212
THE DIAL
[Oct. 1,

by this unhappy pair might indicate that they
had been surreptitiously testing the ﬂavor of the
good Doctor-’s chemicals.
Mr. A. H. Keane, F. R. G. S., the translator
of this interesting work, has done his part
well, and the publishers have left nothing to be
desired in the way of material make-up. Print,
paper, and illustrations are of excellent quality,
and the route-maps and charts are suﬁicient.
E. G. J.
lI1-ZANING AND Psi: or‘ I)1=:c0nA'rlvi~: An"r.*
Were Mr. Walter Crane’s collection of short
and unpretending essays upon the subject of
ornamental or applied art, recently issued un-
der the title “ The Claims of Decorative Art,”
the ﬁrst and only work from his hand, it would
cause us to look with conﬁdence for vigorous
independent thought and free authoritative
expression in every future product of his pen
or pencil. He grasps either tool with the easy
command of a master, who applies each touch
with tried skill. wasting no force, and making
every stroke tell toward the accomplishment of
a well-considered purpose. Such pronounced
gifts of intelligence and execution give assur-
ance that the source of their supply may be
drawn upon without danger of exhaustion.
It is good that a man of any sort should
make the strongest claims for his craft or call-
ing ; that he should lift it to the highest grade,
soaring with it even into the ideal region. The
effect upon himself and upon it is clearly un-
derstood. Therefore. when a man like Mr.
Crane sets forth the rank and value of the
art he loves and follows, in what may seem to
he an exaggerated light, we acknowledge the
justice of his attitude and grant his arguments
to an undeﬁned extent.
Decorative art he declares to be above pic-
torial art, being capable of greater suggestive-
ness and broader and more diversiﬁed appli-
ca‘ ion. It is the foundation of the latter,—
in fact, the very soil and atmosphere on which
it depends for its life and growth. Painting,
sculpture, architecture, can exist in perfection
only �hen the ornamental arts are in a ﬂourish-
ing condition. All must work together with
mutual respect and a kindred motive, to bring
about sound and successful results. It was
thus that the arts and the crafts combined in
brotherly accord when the great aesthetic cre-
ations of past ages were conceived and wrought

‘Tm: Cums or DECORATIVE Airr.
By Walter Crane.
Boston: Houghton, Miﬂlin & Co.

out; when the cathedrals of the medizeval
time reared their arches and spires heaven-
ward, and their vast spaces and surfaces were
enriched and gloriﬁed by the genius of painter
and sculptor, carver and metal worker, all striv-
ing in harmony to embody ideas of beauty in
form and color, for the beneﬁt of mankind.
There was then one church, one mode of wor-
ship, and, more than this, as Mr. Crane is of
opinion, one single-hearted intention inspiring
and uniting the artist and the handicraftsman,
—to reﬁne the useful by some tender, trans-
forming touch of the beautiful.
The old equality and oneness of aim and
endeavor have been destroyed by the evil
spirit of commercialism, and hence the decay
of true art of every kind in modern times.
The “ ﬁne arts,” using the late prevalent de-
signation, have been unduly promoted, and the
decorative art correspondingly degraded. The
very term art-ist has become the monopoly of
a single class, and its once generous applica-
tion meanly narrowed. Mr. Crane asserts that
all labor rightly done, even that which we
stamp as “ unskilled,” is art in a certain de-
gree; therefore every man who faithfully con-
tributes his part, however small, to the work
of the world, is as worthy of the name of artist
as he who applies colors to a canvas, or carves
marble into the semblance of living ﬁgures.
It is after this manner that art, ethics, and
social economy are mingled in the writings of
Mr. Crane, much as they are in the eloquent
pages of Mr. Ruskin, and, it is to be said, with
a generally wholesome eﬁect. ' Morals should
be inwoven with every discourse, although not
always so conspicuously as in the present case,
where their prominent association with the
most elevating inﬂuences aﬁecting life is nat-
ural and becoming.
Mr. Crane preaches his creed of socialism
fearlessly, but there is nothing alarming in the
most ultra doctrines here presented. \Ve may
not go with him to his utmost conclusions, but
what he says of the importance of cooperation
in all high and humane effort commends it-
self to every kindly sensibility ; while the cou-
ception he suggests of the future community
which society is slowly preparing itself to real-
ize, where each member shall work for the
common good, and equality and fraternity be
insured by a process of levelling upward, is
cheering, and grounded on reason. It is, in
truth, the fulﬁlment of the law of evolution.
The strongest support of Mr. C1-ane’s claims
in behalf of decorative art is furnished by his


1s9-2.]
213
THE DIAL
pencil. The ornamental device heading each
essay is a convincing proof that the claim of the
supplementary arts is deep and lasting. Deco-
rum, balance, harmony, he tells us, are the su-
preme considerations in the form of art he advo-
cates. They are all apparent in every vignette
in the volume, with the addition of a plenti-
tude of thought. The myth of the Hesperides
could not be related more satisfactorily by an
easel picture than it is in the design on page 7.
The illustration on the cover, too, conveys a
whole sermon. Beauty he deﬁnes as “ the
most varied unity, the most united variety.”
Vi/here could it be better exempliﬁed than in
the sketches of this versatile artist and ethical
. ,, ‘
wm’e"' ban». A. HITBBARD.
THE “PLATFORM” 1.\' ENGLA.\'I).*

Mr. Henry Jephson has zeal and industry,
but no sense of humor. We are told in an
advertisement by his publishers that he has
been private secretary to the late Mr. Forster
and to Sir George Otto Trevelyan ; and doubt-
less the capacity for taking pains seriously and
without too keen a perception of the ridiculous
is an excellent quality in a private secretary.
It is not, however, so serviceable an endow-
ment for anthorship,— unless, indeed, there be
genius to elevate it above the commonplace.
Burke was secretary to that lucky man “ Sin-
gle Speech Hamilton ” ; he had a capacity for
taking pains which no man ever surpassed,
and as little sense of humor as an Irishman
could possibly have; but he had a genius for
understanding political subjects, of which no
trace can be found in Mr. Jephson’s useful
volumes. That he has no sense of humor is
evident without opening the book. His “ Plat-
form” is not the American party document,
but the English “stnmp,”— the hustings, in
short; and it gives one"s imagination whim-
sical exercise enough to conceive the “ rise and
progress ” of this structure, its “ birth,” “ sup-
pression,” “ revival,” and “ emancipation.” It
requires a robust tolerance in matters of lan-
guage to endure without wincing the bold im-
agery of such titles, to admit “platforming "
into your mind as a synonym of speech-making,
and to rejoice soberly in its “ultimate triumph.”
The worst of it is, that a man who does not
scrutinize and test his words seldom discrim-
inates in his thought. Mr. Jephson’s careless

I ‘Tris PLATFORM : Its Risa and Progress. Hy Henry Jeph-
son. In two volumes. New York : Macmillan & Co.

audacity in the use of phrases is but a counter-
part of his reckless and superﬁcial manner of
thinking. This is the way he begins:
"A century and a half ago, three, and only three,
great political institutions were in existence in this
country, dividing between them the government of
the kingdom _Crown, Lords, and Commons. In pro-
cess of time there arose the fourth - the Press. . . .
And still later, almost, in fact, within the memory of
living men, there has arisen one more — the Platform.”
“ The Platform ” [he adds] “ is the feature of our polit-
ical constitution which distinguishes us alike from all
the forms of government that the wit of man has con-
trived in the past, or that the civilized states of Europe
have attained to in the present.
This “ institution,” too, is of a. most broad and
general character. “ As a comprehensive deﬁ-
nition,” says our author, “I should say that
every political speech at a public meeting, ex-
cluding those from the Pulpit, and those in
Courts of Justice, comes within the meaning
of ‘ the Platform.’ ” Of course there is a wide
and liberal signiﬁcance much in vogue of late
for the word “institution.” In this catholic
sense afternoon teas are an institution, and
swallow-tailed coats, and silk hats, and prize
ﬁghts. But the word, when used after that fash-
ion, is too big and vague to be of service to any-
one but a newspaper reporter ; and it must sad-
ly discourage Mr. J ephson’s judicious readers
to ﬁnd him upon the very ﬁrst page of his two
volumes speaking as if the Press and the Plat-
form were institutions of the same sort as
Crown, Lords, and Commons,— integral and
organic parts of the political institution of the
kingdom, not playing upon the government,
but themselves constituting part of it. What
place can such crude and shallow reasoning
have in the elucidation of politics Z’ Mr. J eph-
son often quotes Burke, but it is hard to be-
lieve that he has ever read him; quite impos-
sible to believe that he has ever understood
him. If he really knew his Burke, he would
ﬁnd it diﬁicnlt to conceive of occasional public
gatherings of no ﬁxed or certain membership
as forming parts of the ordered constitution of
the kingdom. Let the government be never
so sensitive to public opinion, public opinion
still remains an inﬂuence, — does not itself
become the government. The thermometer is
exceedingly sensitive to temperature,'but the
temperature does not on that account become
the thermometer. The wind sends a ship pros-
perously on her voyage, or disastrously upon
the rocks, without becoming sails and hull and
keel,— such mechanism as the helmsman can
steer. Platform speakers thunder at the gov-
ernment, and more or less directly affect its


214
THE DIAL
"'-re -- -:.-.--L -

action ; but they neither cooperate nor agree:
they may furnish the data for legislation, but
they do not legislate ; they may signal the
steersman, but they do not steer ; they may m-
sist, but they do not conclude.
The real subject of these volumes is the his-
tory of political agitation in England, and of
the intercourse, or rather inter-communication,
between members of Parliament and their con-
stituents on the hustings. Its theories and doc-
trines are foolish, but its material is full, its
treatment consistent, and its usefulness unmis-
takable. The history of the public meeting,
and of the various stages of its legal recogni-
tion, as well as of the slow establishment of a
tolerant feeling towards it as a means of polit-
ical agitation on the part of the ruling juntos
and the conservative class in England, is clear-
ly and intelligently told. The author’s expo-
sition of the legal aspects of the right of pub-
lic meeting and free discussion needs to be
given adequacy and distinctness by the perusal
of such clariﬁed explanations of the same mat-
ters as are to be found in Professor Dicey’s
“ Law of the Constitution,” and his treat-
ment of the public meeting as a factor in En-
glish politics gains proper perspective only
when read in connection with the other phases
of constitutional development during the same
period ; but, if thus corrected and correlated,
his descriptive and explanatory matter is sound
and safe enough.
The book is an English book, and of course
has nothing to do with the American “ Plat-
form,” which one 'would have expected a
thorough writer at least to mention. But Mr.
Jephson says not a word about it. Doubtless
it would have been awkward to mention Amer-
ican public meetings, and the careful docu-
mentary embodiment of their conclusions which
we know as the ‘* Platform,” after committing
himself to the judgment that such meetings
embody the feature of the English constitution
which distinguishes it from all others. His
other conclusions would have been not a little
strengthened if he could have seen far enough
away from home to descry us here upon our
distant continent. The organization of opinion
outside of Congress is probably as perfect here
as he could desire for any thesis that his book
contains. It is in America, no doubt, that pub-
lic opinion comes as near governing, and yet as
subtly differs from the government itself, as
anywhere in the world. But no man who lacks
a sense of humor could considcrately be ad-
viﬁed to Study 118- Woonnow Wn.soi~z.

FREEMAN’S UNFINISHED HISTORY or
SIc1LY.*
The appearance of the third volume of
Professor Freeman’s History of Sicily deep-
ens the feeling of regret that the author was
not longer spared to the world of letters.
Although he died advanced in years, although
he had written voluminously,-— nearly as much
in amount as the combined work of Grote.
Thirlwall, and Gibbon,—these last pages show
no ﬂagging of interest, no waning of powers,
no lack of that keen historical insight charac-
teristic of his earlier writings. He has left a
great work unﬁnished; and while generally
one man drops from the ranks only to give
place to another, it is safe to say that there is
no one living competent to take up the task
here laid down, to carry forward the history
of Sicily to the year 1250 with the breadth
and power of interpretation and presentation
manifested in the part already ﬁnished.
The scope of the present volume is narrow
in years, but includes matter and fact of par-
amount importance. For in the period dealt
with, 433 to 404 B. C., two series of events,
the Athenian expedition against the island and
the second Carthaginian invasion, made Sicily
for the time being the centre of interest in the
ancient world. The former was immortalized
in the sixth and seventh books of Thucydides,
a splendid prose epic with which no other
piece of historical writing has ever been able
to compete; and the latter, though less fortu-
nate in its chronicles, left a lasting impress
on the destinies of the island. These same
movements have been treated at length by
Grote, Arnold, and Thirlwall, and more re-
cently by a German specialist, Holm; but
Mr. Freeman surpasses them all in the_clear-
ness and accuracy with which he reproduces
for the reader the environment of events, and
traces them from cause to climax. The reader
of Thucydides and Diodorus will receive new
light on every chapter, particularly from the
topographical interpretation; and he who can
not avail himself of the original authorities
will ﬁnd this narrative an agreeable and trusty
guide. It is apleasnre to ﬁnd that the author,
after a painstaking examination of the site of
Syracuse, decides that Thucydides must have
known the ground at ﬁrst hand ; notwithstand-
ing the objections of some critics, unprejudiced
readers of the seventh book have always found


‘Tris HISTORY or SICILY, from the Earliest Times. By
Edward A. Freeman. Vol. III. Oxford: At the Claren-
don Press: Macmillan & Co.


1892.]
THE DIAL 215

it hard to believe that the Greek historian
had never seen those positions which he de-
scribes with so great minuteness. One notes
with surprise, however, that Professor Free-
man seems to have retained to the last that
persistent misunderstanding of American in-
stitutions which made it inexpedient for him to
continue his “ History of Federal Government
~to the Disruption of the United States of Amer-
ica ”; he compares the dictatorship of Dionysius
(p. 555) with that of Abraham Lincoln “ dur-
ing the great American Civil War.”
F. W’. KELSEY.
CONVERSATIONS \VITlI '1'1n~: SL\IIANS.*

Mr. R. L. Garner has recently contributed
to various popular periodicals accounts of his
conversations with the Simian family, and now
gathers his narratives and his results into a
small volume entitled “The Speech of Mon-
keys.” The work is extremely unsatisfactory,
and in more than one portion becomes de-
cidedly unscientiﬁc, not to say sensational.
The author had the happy idea of studying
the chatterings of monkeys by recording them
in a phonograph, reproducing there cords be-
fore other monkeys and recording the effect
produced upon them by the sounds; but it is
one thing to have a good idea, and another to
be possessed of the proper ingenuity, patience,
and scientiﬁc habits, to carry it out.
Mr. Garner is so entirely convinced at the
outset that monkeys, and in fact the entire
range of animals, have a language composed
of deﬁnite words with deﬁnite meanings, that
he spends very little time in adducing any
evidences of the fact. We are treated very
generously to Mr. Garner-’s opinions and be-
liefs and suppositions and preferences, but
the number of facts and concrete experiments
is very limited indeed. It is quite clear that
when the phonograph sounds are produced in
the presence of a monkey, the sounds attract
his attention, and in some cases are followed
by deﬁnite gestures and actions. The accounts
of this process are interesting, and, if the ob-
servations are carefully made, of great value;
but it is questionable whether these sounds are
words in the human sense, and Mr. Garner
has hardly done more than guess at the mean-
ing of a handful of these quasi-emotional ges-
tures. At any rate, we are told that it is im-
By R. L. Gamer.

‘Tm: Srm-:cn or Moruuavs. New
York : Charles L. Webster & Co.

possible to write the sounds, and the result is,
as if the monkey meant this, or felt that, or
thought something else. And yet Mr. Gar-
ner tells us that with this meagre linguistic
equipment he was able to chat with his mon-
key friends for hours, interpret their innermost
thoughts and sympathize with their troubles.
Far too much of the book tells of the names,
habits, “ cute doings,” loveable qualities, and
other social virtues, of his pets among the
Simian tribe; and while this is entertaining
enough, and good reading for children, it is
utterly irrelevant in a scientiﬁc book such as
this professes to be. Furthermore, such ex-
periments as are here detailed very frequently
have nothing to do with the speech of mon-
keys, but with their general intelligence ; and,
indeed these are the most valuable in the book.
The method of testing the counting powers of
monkeys is ingenious, and some of the tales
illustrating their successes in adapting means
to ends form welcome contributions to our
stock of observations. The main thesis of the
book, however, is distinctly not proved. No
one doubts that monkeys have some limited
means of sound communication, though few
would use the extravagant language in de-
scribing them in which Mr. Garner indulges;
no one doubts that Mr. Garner’s method of
studying them is an original and most promis-
ing one; but why presume and suppose and
theorize upon an inadequate handful of ill-
deﬁned observations ?
In the second part of the volume, the theo-
ries of speech are treated, and the views pre-
sented, in so far as they are plausible. are com-
monplace, and when not commonplace are
somewhat fanciful and improbable. Mr. Gar-
ner supposes that the man of science is ex-
tremely jealous, surrounds his acquisitions
with a high wall, and repudiates everything
not properly authorized ; he believes, too, that
man is afraid to do justice to the animal world,
and succeeds perfectly well in overthrowing
these men of straw he has thus set up.
When we contrast this contribution to a
most important phase of an important topic, in
style, content, method, and results, with some
such contribution as Sir John Lubbock’s stud-
ies on “Ants, Bees, and Wasps,” we fully real-
ize how imperfectly Mr. Garner appreciates
the patience, the repetition of experiments, the
accurate records, the endless variation of con-
ditions, the ingenious elimination of rival de-
ductions, by which science makes its slow, but
valuable advances. It must be understood,


216
[Oct 1 ,
THE DIAL
in spite of all this, that Mr. Garner’s book con-
tains several ingenious and promising sugges-
tions ; but the suggestions are not clear enough
nor numerous enough to warrant such sweep-
ing deductions as he draws.
Mr. Garner is to go to Africa to continue
his studies upon the monkeys in their native
haunts. He certainly carries with him the
best wishes of all interested in the study of
mental powers. By using proper precautions,
eliminating the possibilities of error, and
utilizing to the fullest the advantages of the
methods he has initiated, some measure of
success surely awaits him. May it be granted
him at some future time to give us a better
insight into the speech of monkeys.
J ossrn J ASTROW.
Bum!-‘s ox N1-:� Booxs.

Ma. POULTNEY B1os1.ow’s new
book. “ Paddles and Politics Down
the Danube” (C. L. Webster & Co.),
contains the rather amusing account of a canoe
trip on the “European Highway," as the author
styles it, from Donaueschek in the Black Forest to
Widin in Bulgaria. Mr. Bigelow's experiences were
of a pleasant, if not very surprising, cl1aracter,—
though perhaps the uniform courtesy shown him by
the dwellers along the banks may seem “ surpris-
ing" enough to the Anglo Saxon mind. Tender-
ness toward the stranger within our gates is not one
of our strong points as a. race. The author, who is
a thorough “ canoeist,” put up at all sorts of out-of-
the-way places en route, fraternized with the boat-
ing men at Vienna, Budapesth, and Ulm, picknicked,
danced, and “ skylarked ” with picturesque peasants
and gypsics, and, in short, had such a good time
generally that the “ Politics ” promised in his title
cut a rather secondary ﬁgure in his text. There
are. however, some interesting observations touch-
ing the relations of Russia to Servia and Bulgaria,
and the chapter on the German Emperor merits at-
tention. Mr. Bigelow is warm in his praise of the
Magyar character, and almost exhausts his adjec-
tives in the effort to do justice to the sprightly
daughters of Hungary. " If I have one of the
gentle sex looking at this page, permit me to say
that the fashionably dressed dames of Piccadilly
and Fifth Avenue appear dowdy-— positively be-
hind the times— compared with the ladies of Buda-
pesth. . . . Then as a housekeeper, what atreasure
is the Hungarianl She can teach her cook every-
thing worth knowing, relieve her when necessary,
manage the house into the bargain, and never once
let her guests suspect that she ever gives it a
thought. Where the Anglo Saxon mistress retires
to her bedroom to cry with vexation. the Hungarian

new sauce to the tune of a tschardasch.” This
sounds like hyperbole. As for the inevitable Jew,
whom everybody everywhere seemed trying to fumi-
gate and drive out and fend off. as if he were the
cholera, Mr. Bigelow paints him in the usual colors :
“ In Russia I heard the Jew characterized by
American and English merchants—to say nothing
of consuls. Their language, when boiled down.
left as residuum the opinion that the Czar had done
but one good thing since he came to power -- name-
ly, abating the Jewish nuisance.” Even the Rus-
sian revolutionist. not usually squeamish. will have
none of them, alleging that “their love of money
was such that they would make a trade of selling
secrets.” The author's drawings, originally intended
to amuse his children, are very primitive and could
be spared.

ENTERTAINING and useful materi-
al for the study of the courts of
“M E"g'”"d' the Czar and of St. James, is fur-
nished by the “ Diary of George Mifflin Dallas"
while United States Minister to Russia (1837 to
1839) and to England (1856 to 1861 ), edited by
Susan Dallas and recently published by the J. B.
Lippincott Co. This work supplements the “' Let-
ters from London, 1856-1860,” edited by Mr. Dal-
las's daughter Julia (1869). Mr. Dallas wrote
with much interest and understanding of the social
life of the diplomatic circles at these courts; and
gives us valuable views of contemporary European
politics as seen through American eyes. Perhaps
one would expect more extended treatment of the
diplomatic affairs of the United States, particularly
in the portion of the diary which treats of London.
In illustration of the relation of American diplo-
macy to the slavery question under Buchanan's a‘d-
ministration. the episode related in the following
passage, under date of July 16,1860, is worth
quotation: “ The International Statistical Con-
gress opened its fourth session to-day in this city.
I had declined being a member when invited a
month ago by the President of the Board of Trade,
Mr. Milner Gibson. On Saturday last the Coin-
mittee of Organization sent special cards to the
members of the Corps Diplomatique, and, in
order to manifest my respect for the Prince
Consort, I went to hear his opening address.
Lord Brougham took the opportunity, after the
delivery of the address, which was really very
good, abruptly to call to me by name, and
hoped I would observe that there was ‘a negro
in the assemblage’! I perceived instantly the
grossness of t_he act, and seeing the black in the
very centre of the philosophers, hadn’t a doubt that
it was a premeditated contrivance to provoke me
into some unseemly altercation with the coloured
personage. I balked that by remaining silent and
composed. The gentleman of colour. however, rose.
and requested permission of the Prince Consort as
chairman. to thank Lord Brougham for his notice,
Glinipsu of court
l(/'2 in Ruuia
An Aineﬁcan
canoeisl down
the Danube.
lady fills the house with her melody, and concoctsa . with an emphatic conclusion, ‘I am a man.’


1s02.]
217
THE DIAL
Query: Is not the government answerable for
this insult? Or, must it be regarded as purely the
personal indecency of Lord Brougham?"
. M. Bnruxm EnwARns's “ France of
To-Day ” (Lovell. Coryell & Co.) is
P°”'“'“'p'°p”“°"' an instructive study, chieﬂy from the
economic standpoint, of the rural population of the
French provinces. The celerity with which France
has thrown oﬁ her late ﬁscal burdens makes the con-
ditions and character of “ Jacques Bonhomme,”
upon whose broad shoulders such burdens ﬁnally
rest, especiall_. worthy of study; and the present
volume, the Wul'k of a scientiﬁc observer who de-
scribes nothing that she has not seen with her own
eyes, leaves little to be desired in the way of gen-
eral information as to the French peasant propri-
etors. For the convenience of those unfamiliar
with French geography, and to avoid the cut-and-
dried manner of a mere compendium, the author
has thrown each section of her work into the form
of a journey, beginning and ending in Paris. Statis-
tics, bibliography, and other extraneous matter, are
given in an appendix, and there is a good introduc-
tory chapter, generally expository of the evolution-
ary and historical phases of the subject. One gets,
on the whole, a very favorable idea of the manners
and morals of the French peasantry — M. Zola to
the contrary notwithstanding. Touching this point
the author says: *‘ The novelist may have seen here
and there types loathsome as those he portrays.
Every population has unhappily its scum, its dregs.
Two facts snﬂice. and more than suffice, to relia-
bilitate the French peasant, and redeem him from
the foul imputations of so-called realistic writers. It
was the uncompromising self-denial, foresight, and
lahoriousness of the peasant that freed French soil
from the conqueror twenty-one years ago. It was
his unerring common-sense, coolness, and love of
peace and liberty, that lately saved France from a
band of reckless spoliators, civil war, and perhaps
Europe from a conﬂagration. The Republic
triumphs, France is saved, Lu. Terre crushingly re-
futed.” Is it then possible that the nastiness of
French “ realism ” is the result of deliberate pick-
ing and choosing?
Ma. R. L. S"rsvs1\'soN’s “ A Foot-
note to History: Eight Years of
Trouble in Samoa ” (Scribner) gains
its interest largely from the author's pleasant, if
at times a little over-calculated, style. The book
is written, in general, in such direct clean-cut Anglo
Saxon that an occasional hint of studied singularity
is the more regrettable. The “Footnote” covers some
320 fair-sized pages, and supplies, beside the story
of the late international tempest in the Samoan tea-
pot, a careful summary of the present status of
affairs in the island, and an analysis of historical
antecedents. There is a. capital description of
Polynesian character and manners, and the story
of the late fatal hurricane in Apia Bay is retold
A reazlahlc and
iuP_ful hook
about Srmmu.

with graphic force. The advent of the European,
the author thinks, is decidedly not an unmixed bless-
ing to the Polynesians — no longer, as heretofore,
permitted to pleasantly enjoy their little provincial
wars and the restful intervals of peace, in “islands
very rich in food,” where “the idleness of the
many idle would scarce matter.” Of the neu-
tral territory near Apia, Mr. Stevenson says:-—
“ Here, then, is a singular state of affairs: all the
money, luxury, and business of the kingdom centred
in one place; that place excepted from the native
government and administered by whites for whites;
and the whites themselves holding it not in common
but in hostile camps,so that it lies between them
like a bone between two dogs, each growling, each
clutching his own end.” The true centre of the
trouble in Samoa would seem to be the German
ﬁrm. “ The ﬁrm, with the indomitable Weber at
its head and the consulate at its ba.ck,— there has
been the chief enemy of Samoa.” But, says the
author, “ even on the ﬁeld of Samoa, though Ger-
man faults and aggressions make up the burthen of
my story, they have been nowise alone. Three
nations were engaged in this inﬁnitesimal aﬁray, and
not one appears with credit. They ﬁgure but as the
three ruﬁians of the elder playwrights. The States
have the cleanest hands, but even theirs are not im-
maculate." On the whole, this Samoan émeute
suggests not remotely the squabble of three pick-
pockets over the coat-tails of an unsophisticated
stranger. Mr. Stevensonfs book is readable, and
is not without descriptive and political interest.
WORKS on philosophy are common-
ly very diﬂicult reading for one un-
versed in metaphysical terminology ;
even those claiming to be elementary are generally
weighted down with words and phrases and allu-
sions to schools of thought to a degree that implies
considerable knowledge of the past history of phil-
osophical inquiry. A happy exception to this rule
is presented by William M. Salter's “ First Steps
in Philosophy ” (C. H. Kerr & Co.). Every system
of philosophy. from the days of the old Greeks to
our own, starts from the same fundamental ques-
tions; all have the same aim — to offer a consistent
theory of the universe,—— yet none, whether theistic,
monistic, or materialistic, can make any advance
without ﬁrst declaring its attitude concerning these
elementary ideas. Mr. Salter's little book takes
two of these fundamental conceptions—namely,
Matter and Duty,— and attempts to arrive at some
clear notion of what we mean by these familiar
words. The method is entirely scientiﬁc and
thorough, yet so simple as to language and illus-
tration that the word ‘-' Philosophy ” seems robbed
of the abstruseness with which it is commonly as-
sociated. Admirable, also. is the justice which
Mr. Salter docs to the theories of others; the
frankness with which he discusses the difficulties
presented by his own views; the courage with
which he looks forward to a humanity perfected
Preliminary
sludies in
Philosophy.


218
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
through a recognition that duty means a harmoni-
ous development of all the faculties and that where-
ever man is there the ends of man shall be accom-
plished. Readers of the -‘ First Steps” will not
shrink from following Mr. Salter in that further
walk which he promises, leading to philosophy
proper and presenting the outlines of a consistent
theory of the universe. \Vhat name he will give it,
he does not yet know. But that it will be the re-
sult of clear and original thinking, this preliminary
work is suﬂicient evidence.
\
A SEASONABLE book for this Colum-
roIume_ of _ bian year is Mr. Clements R. Mark-
P'”“"“" '""'°"y' ham’s“ History of Peru,” the ﬁrst
of a series of histories of the Latin-American re-
publics to be published by Charles H. Serge] & Co.
In point of historic interest Peru stands ﬁrst among
the Spanish commonwealths of the South. ‘- It was
here that the civilization of the red race attained
its highest development. It was in Peru that the
most romantic episodes in the story of Spanish
conquest were enacted; and the Peruvian capital
was the centre of colonial power. Here, too, the
colossal fabric of Spanish domination was ﬁnally
shattered; and in this classical land of the Incas
an emancipated people have, during more than half
a century, been painfully but hopefully struggling
in the face of many difficulties, to establish a na-
tional existence based on well ordered liberty." Mr.
Markham is well qualiﬁed for the work he has un-
dertaken. If his style is sometimes careless, his
scholarship is exact, and the present volume fully
sustains his reputation as the highest living author-
ity on Peruvian history. The work covers the pe-
riod from the Incas to the present day, concluding
with a description of the condition of the people and
literature, and a general view of the resources of
the country, “those rich products which are found
together only in the land of the Incas, and which,
outside Peru, would have to be sought for in every
region of the world." The appendix contains the
constitution of the republic, a list of authorities, and
additional material concerning trade and ﬁnance.
There are numerous maps and illustrations.
A 7| uulh0r|'tal1't'c
IN re arin his " Police and Prison
Cyc.llopiiadia'g’ (Cambridge: The Au-
"""m"'lMl" thor). Mr. George W. Hale. of the
police department of Lawrence, Mass., has labored
under the difficulties attendant upon pioneer enter-
prizes of all sorts. N o work of the kind has pre-
viously been produced in this country, and the au-
thor was obliged to collect his materials by direct
correspondence with the police authorities of this
and other countries. This fact, of course, although
it made the labor of preparation considerable, will
be recognized as a distinct advantage by those who
have occasion to use the work, for the material is
all ﬁrst-hand, and consequently may be taken as
trustworthy. In the preface. Mr. Hale speaks
brieﬂy of the difficulties and delays encountered in

his task. In many cases he had to repeat several
times his request for information, and the authori-
ties of some cities failed to respond to as many as
ﬁve successive demands. Many foreign govern-
ments furnished the information required, but
Germany maintained a sphinx-like silence. Mr.
Hale's work includes deﬁnitions of crimes and
criminal terms, a chapter on the duties and rights
of police officers. a rather inadequate chapter up-
on citizenship and naturalization, a chapter upon
extradition, and a vast amount of classiﬁed statis-
tical information relating to the police depart-
ments of the United States and Europe.
A . A VALUABLE little manual of bibli-
serviceable
manual)/orlllc ographical lore is Mr. J . H. Slate:-'s
I'°°H°'“'°r' “Book-Collecting” (Swan Sonnen-
schein). The amateur who has been seized with
that devouring and incurable disease known as bib-
liomania will ﬁnd here many interesting and curi-
ous bits of information, including stories of book-
hunters in the past, fashions in book-collecting,
references to bibliographical aids to serve him in
his own researches. Here he may learn some of
the reasons that make a book valuable, the mean-
ing of such technical phrases as“ uncut” works.
“made up” copies, “ laid down ” pages; may ﬁnd
what to do with his own volumes when they have
become injured by damp, grease-marks, surface
stains, book-worms, or other pests.
“The Aldine Press," “ The Elzevir Press" and
“ The Early English Presses ” give very complete
accounts of these little-understood subjects, with
fac-similes of their respective title-page devices.
The concluding pages are given to advice on what
to choose and what to avoid when buying books
mainly for their pecuniary value. It seems a little
strange that one who knows so much about good
and bad qualities in book-making should himself
have sent one into the world unprovided with an
index, or even with a table of contents,— adjuncts
valuable to any book and almost indispensable for
one of this nature.
Two handsome volumes, with the
beautiful typography of the Oxford
Clarendon Press, present to us a his-
torical work of great value, entitled “Lancaster
and York.” Sir James . Ramsey is the author,
and the volumes published are but part of a. series
designed “ to supply a veriﬁed connected narrative
of the ﬁrst 1500 years of the history of England."
Since the two volumes before us (which are really
the last of the work, although the ﬁrst to be pub-
lished) only cover the years of the ﬁfteenth century
to the date of Bosworth Field, we must expect that
the entire work will be of no small magnitude. and
we are not surprised when the author tells us that
twenty-one years have been devoted to it, “to the
exclusion of all other tasks.” It is strictly a work
of original research, and the list of authorities con-
sulted is a very lengthy one. It is a constitutional
Fifteen lumdml
years of English
hislory.
Chapters on ,


1892.]
219
THE DIAL
history (in this respect paying due tribute to Bishop
Stubbs), and it is much m_ore. It is a military his-
tory to such an extent that the author expects to be
styled “a. drum and trumpet historian"; it is like-
wise a history of economic and social conditions
and of foreign relations. It is too crowded with
facts to be interesting to the ordinary reader, who
had better rest content with his Green; and it is
lacking in the literary graces. But it is a work of
unquestionable scholarship, and an addition of great
value to the historical library.
G001) biography is perhaps the most
proﬁtable of all reading for the
youthful mind. That it may be made
also some of the most attractive reading, is shown
by Mrs. Bolton in “ Famous Types of \Voman-
hood " (Crowell These “ types." eight in number,
are decidedly various, yet in each case there is in-
spiration in coming to a close acquaintance. They
include such widely differing personalities as Queen
Louise of Prussia, Madame Récamier. Susanna \Ves-
ley, Harriet Martineau, Jenny Lind, Dorothea Dix,
Ann, Sarah, and Emily Judson, Amelia B. Ed-
wards. The portraits accompanying the sketches
are excellent; and the author’s taste and skill in ar-
ranging and condensing material is no less marked
in this volume than in her previous books of this
“ Famous " series.
Same altrnclire
Iriogrupll in of
famous women.
“ MARY l..\xn's Attitude in the Strug-
gle for Canada." by J.\Villiam Black,
Ph.D., is the latest addition to the
Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and
Political Science. *- Maryland failed to do her
duty," says the author, “ in that great international
struggle between the French and English for the
possession of North America; and it was chieﬂy
due, ﬁrst, to the narrow and niggardly policy of
the Provincial Assembly. and, secondly. to the dis-
sensions of the Province with the Proprietary
government for the purpose of limiting and per-
haps overthrowing Proprietary rule." The recent
publication of those portions of the Maryland
archives that relate to this period made it possible
for Dr. Black to undertake the present study.
.\‘huIir.s in //IP
curly Ih'.d0r_r/
(If Jlnrylmul.
AMMIQMHIMIU THE ﬁrst volume of the monthly
n_rr/1_¢=l'1»i|-»m1y1-L'r- periodical, "University Extension,"
'”""‘"""°"""""" published by the American Society
for the Extension of University Teaching. has been
issued in bound form, and offers a valuable collec-
tion of facts and suggestions upon the important
subject with which it deals. Many of the articles
which it contains are by eminent educational writers,
and the entire bent of the discussion is practical.
Anyone wishing to study up the University Exten-
sion movement, both in theory and in its recent
history, could have no better aid than this volume.
Mr. Georgi; F. James. General Secretary of the
Society, is its editor.

BRIEFER MENTION.
'I‘1uu-:1! new volumes of short stories by popular
writers deserve a word of mention. Mr. J. M. Barrie’s
" Auld Licht Idyls ” (Lovell, Coryell & Co.) are stories
of the worthy bnrghers of Thrums. Miss Mary I-I.
Wilkius’s " Young Lucretia and Other Stories ” (Har-
per) takes us, of course, to New England, and is ad-
dressed to a more youthful constituency than her other
volumes. In “ The Doings of Rafﬂes Haw ” (Lovell,
Coryell & Co.) Dr. A. Conan Doyle tells us of a new
Monte Cristo, and of the disastrous results of his
philanthropic activity. Better than this are the two
detective stories that ﬁll out the volume, and in
which our old friend, Sherlock Holmes, has a conspic-
uous part.
TH!-1 three latest issues in the “Town and Country
Library ” of ﬁction (Appleton) round up an even hun-
drcd numbers of that well-selected series. No. 98 is n
clever story of Hungarian life, entitled “Etelka’s
Vow," by Miss Dorothea Gerard. No. 99 is by Miss
Mary Angela Dickens, a grand-daughter of the great
novelist, and is called “ Cross Currents.” It is a story
of English life; readable, but hardly more. No. 100 is
also a story of English life, by Miss Theodora Elmslie,
and is entitled " Ilis Life's Magnet."
“ ROMANCE of Trouville,” from the French of Brehat
by Meta Devere (Bonner); “ L’Evangéliste,” from the
French of Dandet by Miss Mary Neal Sherwood (Neely);
and “ My Uncle Benjamin,” from the French of Tillier
by Mr. Benjamin R. Tucker (Price-McGill Co.), are
three new volumes of foreign ﬁction in English trans-
lation.
"A FAMILY Canoe Trip” is the title of a new addition
to Harper's “ Black and White" Series. Miss Florence
Watters Snedeker is the author, and the trip that she
describes was made in the waters of Lakes George
and Champlain. The narrative is attractive in style,
has several pretty illustrations, and provides practical
hints for those enmlous of following the example set
forth.
APPLETONS’ “ Summer Series ” is brought to a close
for the present season with the three following volumes:
“Gramercy Park,” by John Seymour VVood, is a con-
ventional love-story, only this time the usual estrange-
meut is not followed by the usual reconciliation. “ Peo-
ple at Pisgah,” by Edwin W. Sanboru, is a narrative
that carries humor to the point of burlesque. The
tribulations of a clergyman, who seeks rest in the coun-
try and ﬁnds something quite different, provide the
nuthor with his theme. The closing volume of the
series is a group of ﬁve stories by Colonel Richard Mal-
colm Johnston, entitled, from the first of the collection,
" Mr. Fortnei-’s Marital Claims.” Colonel Johnston’s
stories need no commendation.
“'1-2 have space only for the titles of the following
new novels: “ The Last Tenet Imposed upon the
Khan of Tomathoz" (seemingly a humorous produc-
tion), by “ Hudor Genone " (Kerr); “ Suggestion," by
Miss Mabel Collins (Lovell, Gestefeld & C-0.); “ A
Close Shave " (which discounts by ten days M. Verne’s
romance of travel around the world), by Col. Thomas
W. Knox (Price-McGill Co.); “ Through Pain to Peace,"
by Miss Sarah Doudney (Taylor); “ Constance,” by Mr.
F. C. Philips (Taylor); and “ Out of the Jaws of Death,"
n sensutiomd story of Russia and uihilist conspirators,
by Mr. Frank Barrett (Cassell).


220
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
Ll'1‘ERAll\' NOTES AND News.

Miss Ellen Urauia Clark has a sympathetic study of
Amiel in the " Andover Review " for September.
Mr. H. C. Bunner describes “ The Making of the
Vvhite City," otherwise the Exhibition buildings at Chi-
cago, in “Scribner’s ” for October.
A bibliographical account of “ The Bibles of America,”
by the Rev. John Wright, is to be published at once by
Thomas Whittaker.
Mr. Howard C. Tripp, of the Kingsley (Iowa)
“ Times,” announces for early publication a volume of
his poems.
An interesting article on the London “ Times,” its
history and present management, appears in the Sep-
tember “English Illustrated Magazine.” Mr. Edmund
Vincent is the writer.
The long-promised “ Voltaire,” in the series of
"Grands Ecrivains Franqais,” is at last announced for
publication, the author being M. F. Espinasse, well
known as a Voltairean specialist.
Andrew Lang’s paper on Homer, in "Scribner-’s"
for October, is a stout argument for Homeric unity.
For once, the author abandons triﬂing, and his discus-
sion is both serious and learned.
The municipal council at Rome has authorized the
placing of a commemorative inscription on the Palazzo
Verospi, where Shelley lived when he wrote “ The
Cenci ” and “ Prometheus Unbound."
The October "Popular Science Monthly ” takes for
the subject of its regular portrait and biographical
sketch the late Alexander \Vinchell. Readers of Tm»:
DIAL will remember Professor Winchell as a frequent
and valued contributor.
The latest work upon Ibsen is by a Frenchman, M.
Auguste Ehrhard, and is entitled “ Henrik Ibsen et le
Théiitre Contemporain.” It is a critical study, and
classiﬁes the plays as romantic, modern, philosophic and
symbolic.
Mr. VV. D. Howells, for unspeciﬁed reasons, has ter-
minated his brief connection with the “ Cosmopolitan,"
and his name no longer appears in the magazine as edi-
tor. The " Cosmopolitan ” announces, however, a series
of papers by Mr. Howells, to begin with the November
number, and to be entitled" A Traveler from Altruria.”
Houghton, Mifﬁin & Co. announce the following
books for‘ October 8: Longfellow’s “ Evangeline,”
illustrated by Darley; “ Zachary Phips,” a novel by
Edwin Lasseter Bynner; “ Children's Rights,” by Kate
Douglas Wiggin; “An American Missionary in Japan,”
by M. L. Gordon; and “ Little-Folk Lyrics,” by Frank
Dcmpster Sherman.
The Rev. Stopford A. Brooke's “History of Early
English Literature " is soon to appear (Macmillan)
with American copyright. This volume is the ﬁrst of
the series of four which will form together a con-
nected history of our literature, and two of which (those
by George Saintsbury and Edmund Gosse) have already
appeared. Professor Dowden is, we believe, to write
the closing volume of the series.
Connoisseurs of rare and ﬁne engraved portraits of
literary and other celebrities have long known the mer-
its of the extensive collection of Messrs. Frederick Kep-
pel & Co., of Paris and New York ; and it is gratify-
ing evidence of the growth of popular appreciation also,
to ﬁnd this ﬁrm adding a Chicago house to those already
carried on by them. A large stock of the choicest eu-

gravings, etchings, and watercolors is on exhibition at
their new rooms in the Athemeum Building, and will
well repay inspection.
Mr. Whittier’s will makes cash bequests amounting
to nearly $60,000, and divides the remainder of his
estate into halves ; one of them to be shared by certain
speciﬁed legatees among those to whom the cash be-
quests are made, the other to be divided among three
charitable institutions. Some of the copyrights are as-
signed to Miss Lucy Larcom ; the others go with the
estate of which the disposition above speciﬁed is made.
Of the total value of the estate no estimate can be
made from the terms of the will.
The Goethe-Schiller .-chiv at lveimar is being de-
veloped into a national literary archive for Germany,
having already received the papers of Herder and Wie-
laud. In its new form, the institution will be a place of
deposit for the literary remains of all great German
writers, as well as a workshop for the literary critic
and historian. A special building has already been pro-
vided for, but funds are needed for the expenses of the
library and administration, and all persons interested in
German literature are invited to subscribe. The small-
est amounts will be acceptable, and contributions may
be sent to the banking house of Robert V\'arschaucr &
Co., Berlin.
The death of Professor George Croom Robertson was
announced by cable from London on the 21st of Sep-
tember. He was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, March 10,
1342, and graduated from Aberdeen University in 1861.
He also studied in London, Paris, Berlin, and Gottingcn.
He was assistant professor of Greek iu Aberdeen Uni-
versity from 186-1 to 1866, and was appointed profes-
sor of philosophy of mind and logic in University Col-
lege, London,in December, 1866. He was also philos-
ophical examiner in the universities of London, Aber-
deen, and Cambridge. He edited Grote’s posthumous
work, “ Aristotle," in conjunction with Professor Bain,
and was editor of “Mind,” a quarterly review of psy-
chology and philosophy.
A friend of Maarten Maartens (whose real name is
J. van der Poorsen-Schwartz), thus describes the author
of “Joost Avclingh” and “ A Question of Taste":
“ The novelist is about thirty-seven years of age, is a
Hollander by birth, and resides at Meerlangbrock,
where he lives in a ﬁne chateau or miniature castle. In
appearance he has long dark hair and a pair of equally
dark eyes. He is of medium stature, the most con-
spicuous feature of his personnel being his full, round
face, which gives him the appearance of a man well sat-
isﬁed with the world and life in general. He is easy
of approach, his manners are exceedingly agreeable,
while his literary and artistic tastes are very fully de-
veloped. He is a perfect master of the English lan-
guage, and writes all his novels direct into the English,
which Hollauders naturally do not relish."
From the “Eleventh Annual Report of the Dante
Society” we learn that Professor Charles Eliot Norton
succeeds the late Mr. Lowell as president of that or-
gauization. It was, of course, manifest destiny that
Mr. Norton should be put into the vacant place, and the
Dante Society certainly deserves to be congratulated
upon the list of its presidents to date. The names of
Longfellow, Lowell, and Norton made a noble triad,
and few literary societies can boast of its like. The
Society also deserves to be congratulated upon the ac-
tivity of its members, for both Mr. Butler and Mr.
Norton, the translators of the past year, are found


1892.]
THE DIAL
upon its roll, as well as the lamented .\lr. Latham,
whose edition of the letters of Dante we had occasion
to praise a few months ago. But while congratulating
the Dante Society upon the quality of its member-
ship, which surely leaves nothing to be desired, we
must express some surprise that the number of mem-
bers should be so small. But sixty-ﬁve appear on the
list, including honorary members and those deceased.
“le trust that the Dantean scholarship of the country
is far from adequately represented by any such num-
ber as this. The chief object, moreover, of any such
society is the publication of texts and other aids for
the student, but the fulﬁlment of this purpose obviously
requires larger means than can be at the command of
so small a society as this. The documents already
printed by the Dante Society, in its annual reports,
suﬂ-iciently indicate the importance of the work that
might be done in this direction were the means provided.
Torres IN’ LEADING PERIODICALS.
October, 18.9.3.
American Childhood. H. L. Taylor.
America’s Baptismal Font. lllus. F. H. Mason. Harper.
Arkansas. C. L. Norton. Magazine of.~lm¢1-icnn History.
Bacon and Shakespeare. Elwin Reed. Arena.
Baltimore‘s Public Schools. J. M. Rice. Forum.
Basket Makers. Illus. Jeanne C. Carr. Californian.
Beaumont and Fletcher. J. R. Lowell. Harper.
Buffalo Strike, The. Theodore Voorhees. North .-lmerican.
Business in Presidential Years. North American.
California Plants. Illus. C. H. Shinn. Century.
Campaign Questions. Sen. Vest and Gov. of Oregon. No. Am.
Cholera. Dr. \Vyman and others. North .-lmerican.
Cholera’s Lesson. L. A. Sayre. Forum.
Christianized Chinese. Illus. F. J . Masters. Californian.
Civil Service Reform. L. B. Swift and J. T. Doyle. Forum.
Columbus. S. Ruge. Harper.
Columbus in Romance. O. A. Bierstadt. Ming. .lm. History.

Popular Science.
Columbus. Lotto Portrait of. J . C. Van Dyke. Century.
Columbus's True Character. A. P. Dunlop. Jrena.
Commune. The. lllus. A. Forbes. Century.
Coral. Illus. C. F. Holder. Californian.
Correggio. Illus. ‘V. J . Stillman. Century.
Curtis, George William. J. H. Morse. Mag. .1m. Ilislory.
Dancing. Illus. Lee J. Vance. Popular Science.
Death Masks. Illus. Laurence Hutton. Harper.
Decorative Art. Sara A. Hubbard. Dial.
Education in the \Vest. C. F. Thwing. Harper.
Education of Deaf and Dumb. W. B. Peet. Scribner.
England in America. Alexander Brown. Atlantic.
Englnnd’s Foreign Policy. Henry Labouchere. .\'orth rim.
Freeman’s Unﬁnished History of Sicily. F. W. Kelsey. Dial.
French Art. Illus. W. C. Brownell. Scribner.
French Electoral System. M. Nsquet. North .lmericun.
Frost. A. B. Illus. H. C. Bunner. Ilurprr.
Highways, Our. N. S. Shaler. Atlantic.
Historic Homes. Illus. Mrs. M. J. Lamb. Hing. .'l7I1. Hislory.
Hognn, Gen. James. Walter Clark. Mug. Jmerican History.
Home Rule. \V. E. Gladstone. North American.
Homer. Andrew Lang. Scribner.
Howard,Jno., Relics of. Howard Edwards. Jlag. .lm. Hist.
Indian Homes. Illus. R. W. Schufeldt. Populur Science.
Inebriety Cures. T. D. Crothers. Popular Science.
Jefferson. Thomas. P. L. Ford. Scribner.
Junker, Dr., in Central Africa. Dial.
Language and Brain Disease. H. T. Pershing. Pop. Science.
Literature of the Future. Pierre Loti. Forum.
Loo Angeles, New. Illus. J. R. Henderson.
Lowell, James Russell. R. H. Stoddard. Lippincott.
Mars, Signalling. W. M. Pierson. Californian.
Meteorological Discovery. J. C. Adams. Popular Science.
Money in Politics. J. W. Jenks. Century.
Californian.


Mud as a Building Material. Illus. Popular Science.
Muscle-Building. Edwin Checkley. Lippincott.
Negro Question, The. T. E. \Vat.s0n. Arena.
Packhomes, Alaskan. lllus. E. J . Glave. Century.
Paris along the Seine. lllus. Theo. Child. Harper.
Paris. Old. Illus. S. J. Cauﬂman. Lippincott.
“ Platform " in England. \Voodrow Wilson. Dial.
Pre-Columbians of Mississippi Valley. Illus. Californiun.
Primary, The. D. D. Field. Forum.
Saloons and Excise Laws. Bishop Donne. 'Norlh American.
Simian Conversations. Joseph Jastrow. Dial.
Social Democracy. Jane Addams. Forum.
Sothern. E. H. Illus. Mildred Aldrich. rlrena.
St. Louis's Carnival. Illus. James Cox. Lippincotl.
Sunday and the Exposition. H. C. Potter. Forum.
Tariffand Trade. N. VV. Aldrich and Wm. L. Wilson. Forum.
Tennis in California. Illus. J. J. Archibald. Overland.
Tiger-Hunting in Mysore. R. C. \Voodville. Harper.
University of California. lllus. M. \V. Shinn. Overland.
Venal Voting. J. J. McCook. Forum.
Winchell. Alexander. Popular Science.
Women’s College. Mary A. Jordan. .-lllantic.
VVomen’s Dress. Lady Harberton. and others. .-lrrnu.
\Vorld’s Fair, The. lllus. H. C. Bunner. Scribner.
LIST OF NI-I\V B()Ol{S.
[The following list, embracing S1 titles, includes all books
received by Tm; DIAL since last issu¢.]

PERSO.V.lL (.'()SSIP .‘l.\'D BIOGRAPHY.
Gossip of the Century. Personal and Traditional Me-
moirs, Social, Literary, Artistic. etc. By the author of
" Flemish Interiors.” In ‘Z vols.. profusely illus., 4to..
gilt tops. Macmillan & Co. $10.50.
The Diary and Letters of Madame D'Arbla.y 1Frances
Bnruey). With notes by C. W. \Vard and prefaced b
Macaulay’s essay. In 3 vols., with portraits, 12mo, gi t
tops. F. “larne & Co. $3.00.
The Duchess of Berry and the Court of Louis XVIII. By
Imbert de Saint-Amand ; translated by Elizabeth Gilbert
Martin. \Vith portrait, 12mo, pp. 301. Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons. ~‘Fl.‘.':'>.
Famous Types of Womanhood. By Sarah Knowles Bul-
ton. author of “ Poor Boys Vvho Became Famous."
\Vith portraits, 12mo, pp. 350. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.50.
Mackay of Uganda. By His Sister. Illus., 12mo, pp. .‘;:L~4.
A. C. Armstrong & Son. S1.-'10.
HISTOR Y.
France under the Regency. With a Review of the Ad-
ministration of Louis XIV. By James Breck Perkins.
author of "France under Richelieu.” 12mo, pp. (£015.
gilt top. Houghton, Miﬂlin & Co. 32.00.
The United States: A History from Aboriginal Times lo
the Present l)zE'. By John Clark Ridpath, LL.D. New
“Columbian dition," revised and enlarged, with the
Census of lh'€l0 and other Statistics.
pp. 7811. The U. S. History Co. -‘$3.75.
The Career of Columbus. By Charles Elton, M. P. With
map, limo, pp. 330. Cassell Publishing Co. $1.25.
Writings of Columbus, descriptive of the Discovery and
Occu ation of the New \Vorld. Edited, with introduc-
tion, y Paul Leicester Ford. With portrait, llimo, pp.
25."). C. L. lvebster & Co. T5 cts.
The Columblan Calendar: The Voyage of Columbus. from
the Iird day of August to the Discovery, on the 12th day
of October. By \'illiam Salter. Uvo, pp. 80. Burling-
ton, Ia. 50 cts.
Maryland's Attitude in the Struggle for Canada. By
J. William Black, Ph.D. Svo, pp. 73. Johns Hopkins
Press. Paper, 50 cts.
ETHICS.
The Principles of Ethics. By Borden P. Bovme. 8vo, pp.
30‘). Harper & Bros. $1.75.
Christian Ethics. By Newman Smyth. 8vo, pp
Scribner's " International Theological Library.’
Illus. in color, -lto.
. ma.
$2.50.


222
[Oct. 1,
THE DIAL
LITERARY MISCELLAN Y.
The Gentleman's Magazine Library. Being a classiﬁed
collection of the chief contents of the “Gentlemen’s
Magazine” from 1731 to 1868. Edited by George Lau-
rence Gomme. English Topography, Part II. lCam-
bridgeshira — Cumberland i. tivo, pp. 328, uncut. Hough-
ton, Miﬂlin & Co. 2.50.
The Browning Year Book: Selections from the Writin of
Robert Brownin . By C. M. T. Oblong, pp. 179. . P.
Dutton & Co. 1.00.
A Companion to The Iliad: For En lish Readers. By
Walter Leaf. l‘.'mo, pp. 411. Macmiﬁan & Co. 81.00.
The Bible and English Prose Style: Selections and Com-
ments. Edited, with introduction, by Albert S. Cook.
iﬁmo, pp. 66. 1). C. Heath & Co. 55 cts.
Book Collecting: A Guide for Amateurs. By J. H. Slater,
author of “The Library Manual." Illus., llimo, pp.
Macmillan dz Co. 50 cts.
FICTION.
Typee: A Real Romance of the South Seas. By Herman
Melville, author of “ Mob ' Dick.” \'ith introduction
b Arthur Stedman. i iih portrait, 12mo, pp. Ii-5'0.
nited States Book Co. 81.50.
Omooz A Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas. 1A
sequel to “Ty ee.”) By Herman Melville. With in-
troduction by rthur Stedman. 12mo, pp. 365. United
States Book Co. $1.50.
South Sea Idylls: By Charles Warren Stoddard.
pp. .'l.'i‘.l. Charles Sci-ibner’s Sons. $1.50.
Silhouettes Oi’ American Life. By Bebecca Harding
Davis. llimo, pp. 280. Charles Sci-ibner’s Sons. 81.00.
Mr. Fortner’s Marital Claims, and OtherStories. By Rich-
nrd Malcolm Johnson, author of “ The Primes and their
Neighbors.” liimo, pp. 182. D. Appleton dz Co. 50 cts.
East. and West: A Story of New—Born Ohio. By Edward
E. Hale. limo, pp. 267. Cassell Publishing Co. $1.00.
Out oi’ the Jaws of Death. By Frank Barrett. author of
Eolggs Crime.” l‘.Zmo, pp. 410. Caasell Publishing
0. 1.00.
The Last Tenet Imposed upon the Khan of Tomathoz. B
Hudor Genone. lllus.,1‘.'mo, pp. 165. C. H. Kerr g
Co. $1.25.
Suggestion. By Mabel Collins, author of “ The Confessions
of a Woman.” l‘_’mo, pp. 276. Lovell, Gestefeld &
Co. $1.25.
The Other House: A Study of Human Nature. By Kate
Jordan. Illus., l‘.!mo, pp. 183. Lovell, Coryell dz
Co. $1.25.
N0!‘ W179. nor Maid. By Mrs. Hunger-ford, author of
“ Mollie Bawn." i6mo, pp. 386. Hovendon Co. $1.00.
The Woodman. A Novel. By Jules de Glouvet. Trans-
lated by Mrs. John Simpson (nee Senior». \Vith por-
trait, llimo, pp. ‘.223. Harper & Bros. 81.00. '
Barnaby Rudge. By Charles Dickens. Reprint of ﬁrst
edition. with the illustrations, and introduction by Charles
Dickens the Younger. l2mo, pp. 604. Macmillan &
Co. $1.00.
The Maid of Kileena, and The Marriage of Moira Fergus.
By lvilliam Black. llimo, pp. ‘.297. Harper&Bros. !|0cts.
Cassell's Unknown Library: The Wee Widow’s Cruise in
Quiet lvaters, by An Idle Exile. Oblong, pp. 171).
50 cts.
new vonumss IN THE l'APl-ZR LIBRARIES.
Appletone' Town and Country Library: His l.ii'e’s Mag-
net, by Theodora Elmslie. 50 cts.
Hovendon Company's Metropolitan Series: The Nobler
Sex, by Florence Marryatt, 50 cts.
Lovell's Illustrated Series: Squire Kate, by Robert Buch-
anan, 50 cts.
Lovell's International Series: The Soul of Lilith, by Marie
Corelli, 50 cts.
Loveli’s Westminster Series: Jack's Father, by W. E.
Norris, ‘.25 cts.
Bonner's Choice Series: A Son of Old Harry, by Albion
\'. Ton ée, illus.; Romance of Trouville, tr. from the
French o Brchat, by Meta de Vere, illus. Each, 54') cts.
Lee 8: Shepa.rd's Good Company Series: Dora Darling,
by Jane G. Austin; Nelly Kinnard’s Kingdom, by
Amanda M. Douglas. Each, 50 cts.
ltimo,


Arena Library Series: A S il of Oﬁice, s story of the
modern “rest, by Hamlin arland, 50 cts.
Taylor's Broadway Series: A Modern Dick Whittington,
by James Payn; Throu$h Pain to Peace, by Sarah
Doudney ; Constance, by . C. Philips. Each, 50 cts.
Price-McGi1l Co's. Idle Moments Series: My Uncle Ben-
jamin, by Claude Tillier, tr. by Bengamin R. Tucker,
with sketch of the author by Ludwig fan, 50 cts.
Neely's Library or Choice Literature: L’Evangéliste, by
Alphonse Daudet, tr. by Mary N. Sherwood, 50 cts-
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STUDIES.—FI.-‘VANCE.
The Theory of the State. By J . K. Bluntschli. Author-
ized English translation from the Gth German edition.
lilmo, pp. 550. Macmillan & Co. $3.00.
The Economy of High Wages. By J. Schoenhof, an-
thor of “\Vages and Trade." “ith introduction by
Thomas F. Bayard. 12mo, pp. -ll-i. Putnam’s “Ques-
tions of the Day.” $1.50.
Dictionary of Political Economy. Edited by R. H. Inglis
Pal ve, F.R.S. Third part: Chamherlen to Boards
of onciliation. Svo, pp. 130, uncut. Macmillan & C0.
Paper. $1.00.
The Crisis of a Party. B£Augustus Jacobson.
171. Schulte’s “Ariel ibrary." Paper, 25 cts.
The Case Against Bimetallism. By Robert Giifen. 12mo.
pp. 25-i. Macmillan & Co. $2.00.
1‘2|no, pp.
TRAVEL.
The Danube from the Black Forest t_o the Black Sea. By
F. D. Millet, author of “A Ca illary Cnme.” Illus.,
121110, pp, 328, gilt top. Harper Bros. $2.50.
A Family Canoe Trip. BilFlorenoe ‘Vatters Snedeker.
Illus., 2~imo, pp. 1257. arper's “Black and White
Series.” 50 cts.
NATURE.
Autumn: From the Journal of Henry D. Thoreau. Edited
by H. G. O. Blake. 12mo, pp. 470. Houghton, Miiiim
& Co. $1.50.
The Foot-Path Way. By Bradford Torrey.
2-i.-'1. Houghton, Miﬂlin & Co. $1.25.
liimo, pp.
THEOLOGY AND RELIGION.
History of the Christian Church, A. D. 1-600. B Dr.
W'elbelm Mueller. Trans. b Andrew Rutherford, .l).
Large iivo, pp. 545, uncut. acmillan dz Co. $3.75.
The Central Teaching of Jesus Christ. By Thomas De-
hany Barnard, M.A. 12mo, pp. 416. Macmillan &
C0. 81.50.
A Plea for the Gospel. B Geo e D. Herron. D. D., au-
thor of “The Larger hrist.’ llimo, pp. 108. T. Y.
Crowell & Co. T5 cts.
Christianity between Sundays. By George Hodges.
llimo, pp. ‘.267. Thomas Whittaker. $1.00.
Daily Food for Christians: Being; Promise, and another
Scriptural Portion, for Every y in the Year. Illus.
after the old Masters. T. \ -
Crowell & Co. 75 cts.
Loyalty. By Edwin H. Burgess.
Randolph & Co. Paper, 25 cts.
32mo, pp. 1&2, gilt edges.
l6mo, pp. 54. A. D. F.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
The End oi‘ a Rainbow. By Rossiter Johnson, author of
“Phaeton Rogers." Illus., 12mo, pp. 344. Charles
Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
In Greek Waters: A Story of the Grecian War of Inde-
endence. By G. A. llenty, author of "Beric the
Y3l'lt0Ii.” Illus.. 12mo, pp. 40$. Charles Scribner‘s
Sons. $1.30.
Beric the Briton: A Stor ' of the Roman Invasion. By G.
A. Henty, author of “ n Greek Waters.” Illus., 12n|o.
pp. 3834. Charles Scribner’s Sons. $1.50.
Condemned as a Nihilist: A Story of Fsca
By G. A. Henty, author of “ Berle the riton.” Illus.,
l‘Zmo, pp. -'i.'i‘.’. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50.
Pictures from Roman Life and Story. By Rev. A. J.
Church, M. A., author of “ Stories from Homer." 12mo,
pp. IH4. l). Appleton & Co. $1.50.
from Siberia.


1892.]
DIAL 293
THE
The Thirsty Sword: A Story of the Noise Invasion of
Scotland, \l2G2-—l‘.’.63). B Robert Leighton, author of
“ The Pilots of Pomona." lus., 12mo, pp. JH9. Charles
Sc-ribner’s Sons. $1.50.
The Rovlngs of e. Restless Boy. By Katherine B. Foot,
author of " An Orphan in Japan." Illus., l2mo, pp. ‘Z94.
Cassell Publishing Co. 81.50.
From the Throttle to the President's Chair: A Story of
American Railroad Life. By E. S. Ellis, A. M., author
of “ Lost in Samoa." Illus., lilmo, pp. 37.3. Cassell Pub-
lishing Co. 31.50.
A Ring of Rubles. By L. T. Meade, author of “ A \Vor1d
of Girls." Illus., 12mo, pp. 292. Cassell Publishing
Co.
Fairy Tales in Other Lands. By Julia Goddard, author
of " Ursula’s Stumbling Block. ’ Illus., 12mo, pp. 189.
Can-sell Publishing Co. 8l.%.
Mixed Pickles. By Evelyn Raymond, author of “ Monica,
the Mesa Maiden.” Illus., lilmo, pp. 280. T. Y. Crowell
& Co. $1.25.
The Cadets of Flemming Hall. By Anna Chapin Ray,
author of “ Half a Dozen Girls.” Illus., 12mo, pp. 30:5.
T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.25.
The Rlverpark Rebellion, and A Tale of the Tow Path.
B Homer Greene, author of “ Burnham Breaker.”
llli1s., lﬂmo, pp. 274. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.00.
Leona. By Mrs. Molesworth. 12mo, pp. 332. Cassell Pub-
lishing Co. $1.00.
Gulf and Glacier; or, The Percivala in Alaska. By Willis
Boyd Allen, author of “' Pine Cones.” Illus., l2mo,
pp. 2-lil. D. Lot-hrop C0. $1.01).
Short Studies in Botany for Children. B Harriet C.
Cooper. Illus., 12mo, pp. 19-l. T. Y. Crowe & Co. $1.
Polly Button's New Year. By Mrs. C. F. Wilder, author
of “Sister Ridnour’s Sacriﬁce." lﬁmo, pp. 137. T. Y.
Crowell & C0. T5 cts.
A Close Shave; or, How Major Fl Won His Bet. By
' he Bo Travellers."
Thomas W. Ixnox, author of "
1‘..'.m0,pp. 323. St. Paul: The Price-Mc ill Co. $1.00.
=7\(EW CHICAGO ‘BRANCH
OF A ‘PARIS AND <7\(EW YORK
PICTURE HOUSE.
FREDERICK KEPPEL & C0., dealers in
High-class Engravings, Etchings, and
Water Colors, have just opened their
new store in the Athenzeum Building,
24 Van Buren Street, where all visitors
will be welcome.

$1,000.00 P/no IN PRIZES FOR Poems
ESTERBROOKS PENS.
2 of ‘$100.00 . §300.00
4 of 50.00 200.00
12 if 25.00 301/.uo
30 of 10.00 300.00
48 Amounling to . $1,000.00
CONDl'r101\'s:—Competitora to remit $1.00, for which they
will receive full value in a gross of the new Poet’s Pen and
I’oet’s Pen-holder. Lines not to ave overrl words. “'rite
poem on separate sheet from letter. wards made by com-
petent judges. Poems must be sent in before January 1, 15513.
Send for circular.
THE ESTERBROOK STEEL PEN CO.,
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CASSELL PUBLISHING CO.
HAVE JUST ISSUED:
Br EDWARD EVERETT HALE.
EAST AND WEST.
A Story of New-born Ohio. By Eowann Ev:-zm-:'r'r
HALE, author of “ The Man Without a Country,”
“ Ten Times One Are Ten,” “ In His Name,” “ Sybil
Knox,” etc. 1 vol., 12mo, extra cloth, -$1.00.
A New Volume in the Popular “Unknown” Library.
THE WEE WIDOW’S CRUISE IN QUIET
WA TERS.
By AN IDLE Exlu-:, author of “ In Tent and Bungalow,"
“ Indian Idyls," etc., etc. 1 vol., unique cloth bind-
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THE GREA TEST BOOK OI" THE YEAR.
“ Without a peer in the realms of ﬁction to-day.”—Bl4ﬁ'alo
Com mercull.
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THE ‘DOWNFALL.
(141 Débilcle.)
A Story of the Frmico-Prussian War.
Cloth, wilh eight illustrations, $1.50.
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¢/I HUMAN ‘DOCUMENT.
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THE DIAL, No. 24 Adam: Slreel, Clafcago.

N@.152. OCTOBER 16,1892. Val.XIII.

CONTENT&
ALFRED TENNYSON
ERNEST RENAN
BIOGRAPHY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 'l'ENNY-
SON AND RENAN. . 235
. 231
234
no: ,
THE SILENT SINGER (Poem). Hattie Tyng Griswold 231 T
.2-as:
P
THE SILENT SINGER.

Far aback in the years grown misty,
Far away from the days that be,
Sang a poet of Love and Duty,
Songs that were set to a brave new key.
Trembled the heartstrings as he swept them,
Stirred and trembled at great new words;
Great, but sweet to the ears that listened,
Tender and sweet as the song of birds.
Ever the voice rose high and higher,
Clearer the note and purer the tone;
W'ider the thought and deeper the insight,
Year by year as the songs were sown.
Soon the music the earth had girdled,
Every nation had caught the strain;
Echoes sprang from the highest mountain,
Kindred thought from the farthest plain.
Now at last is the singer silent;
All of the Idylls are said and sung:
Ilis voice is lost from the autumn spaces,
The anthem dies on the harp unstrung.
Death’s bugle has sounded the ﬁnal tourney,
The nations listen, both near and far, -
The last great bard world-crowned with laurel,
\Vorn and weary, has “crossed the bar.”
HATTIE TYNG G1us�0u>.
ALFRED TE; ’NI/SON.
In the most memorable words ever written by a
poet upon the subject of his art, Marlowe speaks
of the unattainable ideal that still hovers before the
poet’s vision, whatever the beauty he may have suc-
ceeded in ﬁxing upon the page, of the

“ One thought, one grace, one wonder, at the least,
\Vhich into words no virtue can digest."
By the critic, no less than the poet, this difficulty
is felt when he seeks to digest into words the varied
thoughts and emotions that have resulted from
, years of communion with the spirit of some great
‘ master of literature, when he endeavors to gather
I into the focus of concise expression all the wonder
‘_ and the love, all the gratitude and the reverence,
y that have grown with the years. with the renewed
CHRONICLE AND COMMENT . . . . . .
Lord Tennyson’s Funeral.—The Vacant Laureate-
ship.—The Theft of the Columbian Ode.—The Chi-
cago University’s Observatory and Great Telescope.
—The Proﬁts of Publishers: Some Interesting
Testimony.— Onr Public Schools, and the attitude
of the Public toward them.
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . 237
Western Indifference to Western Authors: A Re-
viewer’s View. E. J. II.
Neglected Traits in the Character of a Virginia
Statesman. lVilliam Ilenry Smith.
Longfellow’s First Book. Samuel lV|'llurd.
A Proposed Memoir of the late Prof. E. A. Freeman.
Justin Winsor.
GOSSIP OF THE CENTURY. E. G. J. .
THE PRIBENT BATTLE-GROUND OF EVOLU-
TION. I)rw1'¢l SlarrJ0rdan. . . . . . . .242
PICTURES FROM THE PACIFIC. William Lforlon
Payne . . . .
BRIEFS ONNEW BOOKS . . . . . . .
Studying the Classics by means of translations.-
A novel introduction to modern Grcek.—Life and
Art in the land of the Alhambra.~'I'he life and letters
of an illustrator of “Punch.”—Danubian Scenery
pictured by pen and pencil.——The Bible as astudy
in English prose style.—A Peacockian Miscel-
lnny.—A satisfactory and inexpensive edition of
l)ickens.»——\Valt \Vhitman as revealed in his prose
writings.—Columbian edition of Ridpath's History
of the United States.—Populnr discussions of social
and political problems.—Glimpses of England’s an-
cient local life.
BRIEFER MENTION . . .
LITERARY NOTE AND NEWS .
LIST OF NEW BOOKS .
.249
.250
study of familiar works, and with the fresh joy of
acquaintance with new ones. But the delight that
there is in praising (to use Land0r's phrase), how-
ever inadequate the utterance, and the desire to
bear some sort of witness to n. spiritual inﬂuence
that has chastened the passions and ennobled the
ideals, often impels to speech where silence might
. 251 be the ﬁtter tribute.


232
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
"'*I'~-in-n 1-. . ._
It would indeed be diﬂicult within these, or any
reasonable limits, to adequately express T ennyson’s
claim upon the grateful remembrance of his fellow
men, or to estimate, in other than the most general
terms, the magnitude of the loss that has made this
one of the most fatal months of the century. That
he was the greatest English poet of his age is a fact
so beyond the reach of cavil that it seems hardly
worth taking the trouble to state. In the whole of
English literature there are but the names of Shake-
speare and Milton and Shelley worthy to be men-
tioned with his, and the literature of the world can
add but few others to the list of such immortals.
Tennyson was much more than the poet of the Vic-
torian era, just as Virgil was far more than the poet
of the Augustan age. The Englishman, like the
Roman. was one of the few supreme masters of po-
etic expression, and in that fact is the assurance of
an inﬂuence equally enduring. \Ve may freely ad-
mit that he did not, like Pindar, soar to the em-
pyrean, nor, like Dante, put upon record an age of
human history; that he did not, like Shakespeare,
sound all the depths of the soul, nor, like Hugo.
control both the thunders and the lightnings. \Ve
may admit all this, but it still remains true that he
gave a faultless expression to a wide range of noble
thoughts; and no higher praise is known to literary
criticism.
In the astonishing vitality of his genius, Tenny-
son stands alone among our great poets. From the
publication of the volume of 1842 to this very year
of his death — a full half-century — no other poetic
force acting in our literature has been comparable
to his. The work of his old age does not suffer in
comparison with the work of his earlier years; we
cannot point to any particular period of his life and
say that he was then at his prime. The poet of the
second " Locksley Hall” was as truly at his prime
as the poet of the ﬁrst. Indeed, there is about some
of the late poems a beauty that seems almost un-
earthly, the evidence of a prophetic vision clariﬁed
by age, and placing him not only with the artists
but with the seers. That *-' Vision of the VVorld”
dimly revealed to his youth took ever with the ad-
vancing years an outline more deﬁned, and his gaze
penetrated more and more deeply into the heart of
the universe.
“ Upon me ﬂashed
The power of prophesying,”
sings his own Tiresias, and we cannot refrain from
ﬁnding a personal utterance in the phrase, as well
as in this other:
“ But for me,
I would that I were gathered to my rest,
And mingled with the famous kings of old,
On whom about their ocean~islauds ﬂash
The faces of the Gods.”
The prayer has now been granted him; yet at this
time of parting,
“ When that which drew from out the boundless deep
Turns again home,”
we cannot quite control our sorrow, or refrain from

feeling that “ sadness of farewell” which he ex-
pressly urged should have no place in our hearts.
The sense of loss is too recent and too great. In
the calmer after-days, perhaps, we may remember
that
“ Men must endure
Their going hence even as their coming hither,"
we may acquiesce in the view that “ripeness is
all," and that Tennyson was ripe for death as few
men ever are; we may take heart again when we
think that
“ The song that helped our father's souls to live,
And bids the waning century bloom anew,"
is ours forever in all its imperishable beauty.
And how wonderfully rich and varied is the leg-
acy that Tennyson has left us! Let us indicate a.
few of its more salient characteristics,— remember-
ing all the while that in whatever aspect we view
the poems, they constitute as a whole the most
highly-ﬁnished body of work of like volume in our
literature. In dealing with the facts of external
nature, they show a minuteness and a delicacy of
observation that cannot receive suﬁicient praise.
Tennyson’s skies and winds and seas, his mountains
and ﬁelds, his trees and rocks, his birds and ﬂow-
ers, are described with unerring accuracy of sound
and color and season. It has been the experience
of many a reader of Tennyson to come upon some
descriptive verse that has seemed at variance
with ordinary observation, and afterwards to see
exactly that aspect of nature revealed in fact. Mr.
Swinburne offers an illustration of this experience.
He is speaking of a verse of “ Elaine,"
“ And white sails ﬂying on the yellow sea,”
and says: “I could not but feel conscious at once
of its charm, and of the equally certain fact that I,
though cradled and reared beside the sea, had never
seen anything like that. But on the ﬁrst bright
day I ever spent on the eastern coast of England
I saw the truth of this touch at once, and recognized
once more with admiring delight the subtle and sure
ﬁdelity of that happy and studious hand. There,
on the dull yellow foamless ﬂoor of dense discolored
sea, so thick with clotted sand that the water looked
massive and solid as the shore, the white sails ﬂashed
whiter against it and along it as they ﬂed: and I knew
once more the truth of what I had never doubted
-— that the eye and the hand of Tennyson may al-
ways be trusted, at once and alike, to see and to
express the trut .”
Tennyson's intimate familiarity with the best lit-
erature of the world is conspicuous in his work, yet
an uncritical reader gets but an imperfect idea of
the poet's range among the classics of the past. So
entirely has he made his own the thought of his pre-
decessors, so complete has been the process of as-
similation, that it would require a closer analytical
study than has yet been made to indicate, with any
kind of fulness, his indebtedness to others. And,
of course, indebtedness in this sense ceases to be a
real obligation, for it has always been the prerogative


1892.]
THE DIAL 233
of genius to restate. in new and beautiful forms of ex-
pression, the world’s older thought, thus giving it re-
newed currency and force. The work of illustrat-
ing this phase of Tennyson's genius is still to be ac-
complished, and will call for so rare a combination
of scholarship and sympathetic insight that it may
long remain undone. In a fragmentary way, it has
been attempted, with provisional success, by a num-
ber of writers. Mr. Van Dyke’s studies of “ Mil-
ton and Tennyson” and “ The Bible in Tennyson”
are efforts in this direction. In the latter of these
studies we read: “ The poet owes a large debt to the
Christian Scriptures, not only for their formative in-
ﬂuence upon his mind and for the purely literary ma-
terial in the way of illustrations and allusions which
they have given him, but also, and more particu-
larly, for the creation of a moral atmosphere, a
medium of thought and feeling, in which he can
speak freely and with assurance of sympathy to a
very wide circle of readers.” Mr. Van Dyke illus-
trates this thesis by many examples. Of Tenny-
son‘s debt to the Greek and Latin classics, much
yet remains to be said. Such brief poems as the
verses “ To Virgil,” or the “Frater Ave atque
Vale,” inscribed to Catullus, might almost be made
the subject of separate studies; and none but a pro-
found scholar could unravel the close texture of
the “ Lucretius,” and indicate the inspiration of its
every phrase. Upon the idyllic side of his genius,
Mr. Stedman has made a careful study of the rela-
tions between Tennyson and Theocritus, possibly
attaching too much importance to this aspect of the
English poet, yet doing his work with insight and
thoroughness. But the study of what we may call
Tennyson’s allusiveness, or better, perhaps, his lit-
erary ancestr , has possibilities that are practically
inexhaustible, and we may as well leave the subject
at this point.
A word remains to be said of Tennyson's social
and ethical ideals, of his philosophy of life. It has
been too much the fashion to speak of him as merely
reﬂecting the temper of the Victorian epoch. That
he has done this is true enough, but it is also true
that he has done much more than this. His out-
look (at least since the “ In Memoriam ” period)
has extended far beyond the limits of his age, and
has grown wider and wider with the advancing years.
" What hast thou done for me, grim Old Age, save breaking
my bones on the rack ? ”
he asks in his latest volume of verse ; and his answer
is ready :
“ I have climbed to the snows of Age, and I gaze at a ﬁeld in
the Past,
\Vhere I sank with the body at times in the sloughs of a
low desire,
But I hear no yelp of the beast, and the Man is quiet at last
As he stands on the heights of his life with a glimpse of
a height that is higher."
The matter of his song is that which poetry has
found ﬁt in all ages, and the song reﬂects, not merely
the aspirations of a race, but those of all mankind.

The domestic affections and the sanctity of the home,
a patriotism not narrowed into selﬁsh disregard of
other nations, and a religious feeling too broad to
be fettered by any creeds, and too profound to be
agitated by the surface-currents of thought,— these
are some of his themes. A conservative of the
ﬁnest type, he was no reactionary, set upon barring
the steps of progress. A champion of the existing
order only as that order embodies the hard-earned
fruits of the long struggle for light and justice,
which is England’s proudest title to a place in the
foremost page of history, his eye was ever keen to
perceive “ the vision of the world and all the wonder
that should be,” and his mind ever alert in recogni-
tion of the fact that always, in any age not hope-
lessly stagnant, “ the old order changeth, yielding
place to new.” The liberty which is not license,
and the reasonable orderliness of life which accepts
law without chaﬁng, and which is alone made really
possible by its acceptance of law—“ acting the law
we live by without fear,”-— this is the social ideal
which he has persistently proclaimed for more than
half a century. The lesson of " Love and Duty,”
that ‘~ all life needs for life is possible to will,” and
the lesson of the l/Vellington ode,—
“ Not once or twice in our fair island-story,
The path of duty was the way to glory:
He, that ever following her commands,
On with toil of heart and knees and hands,
Thro’ the long gorge to the far light has won
His path upward, and prevail'd,
Shall ﬁnd the toppling crags of Duty scaled
Are close upon the shining table—lands
To which our God Himself is moon and sun,”-
are repeated again and again in his work, until we
ﬁnd them in " Locksley Hall Sixty Years After ”:
" Follow you the Star that lights a desert pathway, yours or
mine -
Forward till yoli see the highest Human Nature is divine.
“ Follow Light, and do the Right — for man can half control
his doom-
Till you ﬁnd the deathless Angel seated in the vacant
tomb."
The picture of the poet's last hour will long re-
main engraved upon our memory. The midnight
time, the full harvest moon streaming in over the
Surrey hills and ﬂooding the chamber with light, the
august head, the features calm save for lips that
murmured——what other words so ﬁt?—
“ Fear no more the heat 0’ the sun,
Nor the furious winter's rages," —-
the faces of the mourners stricken with grief and
awe as that great soul faded “ into the unknown,"—-
nothing could have been more impressive; nothing
could have added to the solemn pathos of the scene.
“ Quiet consunnnation have " was doubtless the un-
spoken prayer of those who loved him best; of the
other verse-—“ And renowned be thy grave "—
thought need hardly have been taken; for England
could offer nothing less to the poet so lately the
greatest of her living sons, than a place beneath the
arches of Westminste1- Abbey.


234
[()ct. 16,
THE DIAL

ERNEST RENAN.
While the mortal remains of Tennyson have
found their ﬁnal resting-place in the abode of En-
gland’s mighty dead, the remains of Renan, pro-
visionally interred in Montmartre. but await the
necessary legislative action to be carried in state to
the Pantheon. It is a singular fatality that has
simultaneously plunged both England and France
into mourning, each for the greatest of its recent
writers. For the position of Renan as the ﬁrst
Frenchman of letters since the death of Hugo is
incontestable. And yet how different the paths by
which the Frenchman and the Englishman attained i
immortality! The one addressed the world solely
in verse; the other, exclusively in prose. The one
reached truth by the intuitive processes of the
poet; the other, by the minute and laborious in-
vestigations of the man of science. This, at least,
is what the visible work of the two men reveals, yet
perhaps the difference is not so great as it seems ;
perhaps it is to be largely explained by the fact
that one chose to record both the operations and
the results, while the other gave expression to the
results only.
In Renan _we see exempliﬁed the highest type of
the modern critical spirit, yet his work presents at
the same time that nice balance of emotion and
intellect too often destroyed by erudition. With
him, neither history nor philosophy was allowed to
grow arid, for the springs of feeling never ran
dry. It is this that has given him a hold upon
contemporary thought unshared by others ef equal
scholarship. He found the world of men intensely
interesting, and he contrived to make his readers
share the interest, however seemingly forbidding
the gateway by which he approached the study of
human affairs. It was by the gateway of philolo-
gy that he chose to make the approach; but the
philologist, in his view. must also be linguist,
historian, archaeologist, artist, and philosopher.
Upon a foundation of the minutest and most con-
scientious study of philological details he built up
the history of the past, and made it real to us be-
cause of the unfailing sympathies that went with
the work, and because “ le vif sentiment des époques
et des races,” the possession of which he attributed
to Thierry, was at least equally his own.
The history, and especially the religious history,
of primitive peoples was the principal subject of
his study, and the great work to which most of his
life was given was a history of the origins of
Christianity, supplemented by a history of the peo-
ple of Israel. This work he lived to complete in
both parts; the ﬁrst, in seven volumes, was ﬁnished
twelve years ago; of the second, three volumes
have appeared, and the remainder is ready for pub-
lication. We see, even in our own day, how much
clerical antagonism is aroused by the scientiﬁc study
of the history of Christianity; but the feeling ex-
cited thirty years ago, when the ﬁrst part of Renan’s
great work was published, was far more general

and more bitter than anything that has been wit-
nessed of late. That ﬁrst part was the famous
“Vie de Jésus," a book having some slight faults of
taste, but on the whole so beautiful and so reverent
that we can only wonder at the bigotry which as-
sailed it. “ \Vhy do we write the life of the gods if
not to make men love the divine that was in them,
and to show that this divine lives yet and will ever
live in the heart of humanity?” But clericalism
was a force that had to be reckoned with in the
France of 1863. It was only the year before. that,
for a reference to Jesus of almost Apostolic rever-
ence, contained in Renan’s opening lecture as pro-
fessor of Semitic languages at the College de France,
his lecture-room had been closed by the govern-
ment, to remain so, as far as Renan was concerned,
for no less than seventeen years.
The religious intolerance that assailed Renan
during the years of his early fame has not yet
wholly subsided, although it has adopted of late
more covert modes of attack, seeking to weaken
his inﬂuence by discrediting his reputation as a
scholar, or, exaggerating the sentimental side of
his character, to suggest that he is not to be taken
very seriously in anything. Matthew Arnold was,
and is still, attacked in a very similar way by En-
glish orthodoxy, and, although his scholarship was
not comparable with that of Renan, he was as clearly
in the right upon all the essentials of the discussion.
Both men possessed the art of being playfully seri-
ous; both had shafts of the keenest irony at their
command; and both contrived to produce in their
heavier-witted assailants the same sort of exasper-
ation. Yet readers of “Literature and Dogma"
and “ God and the Bible” do not need to be re-
minded of how wholly Arnold’s inﬂuence was ex-
erted in favor of the religious temper and of genu-
ine religious belief. How eloquently Renan has
acted as the spokesman of religious feeling may be
illustrated by many passages. He has the Vol-
tairean weapons at his command, but he does not
turn them against religious beliefs. “Voltaire makes
sport of the Bible,” he says, “because he has no
comprehension of the primitive productions of the
human mind. He would have made sport of the
Vedas as well, and should have made sport of
Homer.” It is precisely the possession of the his-
toric sense that gives to Renan’s treatment of reli-
gion a seriousness that no one would now dream of
attaching to Voltaire's. Here, for example, is a
brief but weighty statement upon this subject:
“ False when they seek to demonstrate the inﬁnite,
or to give it bounds, or to make it incarnate, if I may
use the expression, religions are true when they aﬁirm
it. The gravest errors mingled by them with that af-
firmation count for nothing in comparison with the im-
portance of the truth which they proclaim.”
And the following passage gives condensed expres-
sion to the whole of Renan's religious teaching:
“ I have thought to serve religion by transporting it
to the region of the unassailable, away from special
dogmas and supernatural beliefs. \Vhen these crumble


1892J
235
THE DIAL
away religion must not crumble with them, and per-
haps the day will cmne when those who reproach me, as
for a crime, with making this distinction between the
imperishable basis of religion and its transient forms
will be glad to take refuge from brutal attacks within
the very shelter that they have scorned.”
Like all men in whose psychical organization
feeling has its full share, Renan was a man of
moods, although not to so pronounced an extent as
Carlyle and Ruskin. Like those English contem-
poraries a teacher in the highest sense of the term,
he is also like them in the fact that his teaching
does not present absolute consistency. Then the
constant necessity of assuming points of view other
than his own, forced upon him by the study of
those primitive peoples towhose life and thought he
gave the largest share of his attention, developed
in him a certain form of the dramatic instinct, evi-
dences of which may be found in his historical
work no less than in the philosophical dramas of
his later years. Both the facts above noted have
been fruitful in misunderstandings, to say nothing
of those other misunderstandings that always re-
sult from a dulness of perception in matters of the
most reﬁned literary art. To seize the exact shade
of meaning is often essential to any sort of com-
prehension of Renan’s work, and his irony is at
times so delicate that a dull reader will often take
it for sober earnest. It has been stated more than
once, for example, that the tendency of Renan’s
teaching is towards a material and even sensual
view of life. To one who has really penetrated
his meaning and caught the essential spirit of his
work as a whole, no judgment could be more gro-
tesquely false than this. \Ve have mentioned Car-
lyle, and in one point Renan's philosophy of life
comes close to that of the Sage of Chelsea. What
is the object of life? what its inmost purpose?
Both men ask these questions again and again, and
the answers of both are not dissimilar. Carlyle
tells us many times that we have no right to hap-
piness; that something far higher—namely, blessed-
ness--should be the goal of our endeavor. When
Renan exclaims, “I1 ne s'agit pas d’étre heureux,
il s'agit d’étre parfait,” what is this but the same
doctrine? Material well-being is indeed with most
men a necessary condition for the realization of
their higher selves, but it must never be taken as
an end. Material ameliorations of the human lot
“ have no ideal value in themselves, but they are the
conditions of human dignity and the progress of the
individual towards perfection.” Again he says:
" The wisdom of Poor Richard has always seemed to
me a poor enough sort of wisdom.” Such a concep-
tion of life is simply immoral. " Wliat matters it to
have realized, at the close of this brief life. a more
or less complete type of external felicity? \Vhat
really matters is to have thought much and loved
much, to have looked with steadfast gaze upon all
things, to dare criticise death itself in the dying
hour.” And then, in one of those eloquent pass-
ages of which Renan was as great a master as ever

put pen to paper, and that appeal so powerfully to
the intellect because they enlist the emotions upon
their side, he breaks into this beautiful rhapsody:
“ Heroes of the unselfish life, saints, apostles, reclu-
ses, cenobites, ascetics of all ages, sublime poets and
philosophers whose delight was in having no heritage
here below; sages who went through life with the left
eye ﬁxed upon earth and the right eye upon heaven;
and thou above all, divine Spinoza, who chosest to re-
main poor and forgotten the better to serve thy thought
and adore the Inﬁnite, how much better you understood
life than those who take it to be a narrow problem in
self interest, the meaningless struggle of ambition or
of vanity! It had doubtless been better to make your
God less of an abstraction, not set upon heights so dim
that to contemplate him strained the vision. God is
not alone in the sky, he is near each one of us; he is in
the ﬂower pressed by your feet, in the balmy air, in the
life that hums and murmurs all about, most of all in
your hearts. Yet in your sublime exaltation how much
more clearly do I discern the super-sensual needs and
instincts of humanity, than in those colorless beings
upon whom the ray of the ideal never ﬂashed, and whose
lives from their ﬁrst day to their last, were unfolded,
precise and trim, like the leaves of a book of accounts! ”
BIOGRAPHY A1_V_D_BIBLIOGRA PH Y.
Alfred Tennyson was born at Somersby, Lincolnshire,
August 6, 1809. His early education was at home and
at the village school. While at the Louth Grammar
School, he published, in connection with his brother
Charles, “Poems by Two Brothers ” (1827). In 1828
he entered Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1829 he
published “Timbuctoo,” a prize poem. In 1830 he
published a volume of “ Poems, Chieﬂy Lyrical.” In
1832 a volume of “ Poems ” was published, the date of the
title-page being 1833. In the latter year“The Lover's
Tale” was published, and immediately suppressed by
the author. In this year also, his friend, Arthur Henry
Hallam, died in Vienna, a fact important in connection
with " In Memoriam." In 1842 the two-volume edi-
tion of the “ Poems " appeared. Meanwhile he had left
Cambridge without taking a degree, and lived partly at
home and partly in London. In 1845 he received a
Civil List pension of £200 annually. In 1847 ap-
peared “ The Princess,” and “ In Memoriam" in 1350.
In this year also he married, and was made Poet Lau-
reate, sucvceding \Vor(lsw0rth in the office. He now
took up a residence at Twickenham. In 18-'12 he wrote
the “ Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington,”
and in this year his son Hallmn was born. In 1853
he went to live at Farringford, on the Isle of \Vight.
Hcre his second son, Lionel, was horn in 1854. In 1855
he published “ Maud and Other Poems,” and received
the degree of D.C.l.. from Oxford University. In 1859
he published the “Idylls of the King” (the ﬁrst four).
In 1861 he revisited the Pyrenees, where he had trav-
olled as a boy with Arthur Hallam. In 1864 he pub-
lished “ Enoch Arden,” etc. In 1865 and 1868 u bar-
ouetry was offered him, and both times refused. In
1869 he took possession of a new home in Sussex, near
Huslemerc, and was elected Honorary Fellow of Trinity
College, Cambridge. Other volumes were published as
follows: “ The Holy Grail and Other Poems” (1869),
“Gareth and Lynette,” etc. (1872), “Queen Mary”


236
THE DIAL
[Oct. 16,

(1875),"“ Harold " (1877), “ The Lovers’ Tale ” (1879),
" Ballads and Other Poems ” (1880). This latter ycar
he declined the nomination for Lord Rector-ship of Glas-
gow University. Iu 1883 he accepted an offered peer-
age, and became Baron of Aldworth and Farringford
the year following. In 1884 were published " The
Cup and the F alcou ” (performed in 1879 and 1881 re-
spectively , and “ Becket.” Other volumes were as fol-
lows: “ iresias and Other Poems” (1885), “ Locks-
ley Hall Sixty Years After,” etc. (1886) (this volume
included “ The Promise of May,” previously performed
in 1882), “Demeter and Other Poems”(1889), “ The
Foresters ” (1892). He died October 6, 1892, at the
age of eighty-three years and three months.
Joseph Ernest Renan was born February 27, 1823,
at Tregnier, in Brittany. He was ﬁrst educated by the
priests in his native village, then sent (1836) to the
College de St. Nicholas du Chardonnet, at Paris. In
1839 he studied at Issy, an adjunct of St. Sulpice, and
in 1843 entered St. Sulpice itself. Here he studied
Hebrew and Syriac. In 1845 he gave up all idea of
the priesthood, left the seminary, and taught for three
or four years in a Paris school. He obtained a prize
for an essay on the Semitic languages in 1848. In 1849
he published “L’Etat des Esprits,” and was sent on a.
mission to Italy by the Academy of Inscriptions. In
1851 he received an appointment in the Bibliotheque
Imperiale, and in 1852 published “ Averroés et l'Aver-
rotsme.” In 1855 he published his “ Histoire Géuéral
et Systeme Compare des Langues Sémitiques,” and in
1858 some “Etudes d‘Histoire Religieuse." In 1860
he was sent on a mission to Syria, being accom-
panied by his devoted sister Henriette, who died before
returning from the journey. In 1861 he was appointed
professor of Hebrew in the College de France, but the
doors were closed upon him after his ﬁrst lecture, in 1862.
The “ Vie de Jesus ” appeared in 1863. This was the ﬁrst
volume of “ L’Histoire des Origines du Christianisme,”
the others being as follows: “Les Ap6tres " (1866), “ St.
Paul " (1867 , “ L‘Antechrist ” (1873), “ Les Evangiles "
(1877), “ L’ glise Chrétienne ”(1879), " Marc-Aurele "
(1880). In 1870 he was restored to his chair at the
College de France. His remaining works include:
" Mission de Phénicie ” (1865-74), “ Nouvelles Observa-
tions d’Epigraphie Hebrafque ” (1867), “ La Reforme
Intellectuelle et Morale ” (1871), “ Dialogues et Frag-
ments Philosophiques” (1876), “ Spinoza” (1877),
“ Caliban ” (1878), “ L'Eau de Jouvence ” (1880), “ Sou-
venirs d’Enfance et de Jeunesse” (1883), “ Nouvelles
Etudes d’Histoire Religiense,” (1884), “ L’Abbesse de
J ouarre ” (1886). He became a member of the French
Academy in 1878. The last great work of his life was
a “Histoire du Peuple d’Israel,” of which three vol-
umes have been published, and the others are said tobe
completed in manuscript. He died October 2, 1892.

CHRONICLE COJIMENT.
Lord Tennyson’s funeral took place in Westmins-
ter Abbey, October 12. The Archbishop of Canterbury,
assisted by the Dean of Westminster, conducted the
services. Included in them were two anthems: one by
John Frederick Bridge, to the words of “ Crossing the
Bar”; the other by Lady Tennyson, to some unpublished
words of the poet. It was a graceful act on the part of
Lord Hallam Tennyson to invite the Minister of the
United States to act as one of the pull-bearers at the

funeral of the dead Laureate. Mr. Lincoln was unable
to accept the invitation, as he was just about to leave
for America; but his place was taken by Mr. Henry
White, Secretary of Legation. The people of this coun-
try feel that Lord Tennyson belonged to them as well
as to those of England, and he is doubtless as sincerely
mourned on this side of the water as on the other. As
long as the people of the two countries have a common
language and a common literature, the English nation
must mean more to us than any other in the world,aud
little acts of international courtesy like the one above
mentioned serve to strengthen a tie that should remain
as sacred as it is natural.
Many people seem to be exercised by the ques-
tion of the vacant laureateship. There is, of course,
only one English poet whose name can seriously be con-
sidered in that connection. Mr. Swinburne is now as eas-
ily the ﬁrst of living English poets as Lord Tennyson was
but a few days since. The mention of such mcn as Mr.
Alfred Austin, Mr. Lewis Morris, Mr. Robert Buchanan,
or Sir Edwin Arnold, as possible laureates, is simply
amusing. Far better let the ofﬁce lapse entirely than
allow it to settle to the level of Southey, or pcrhaps of
Pye. But with so noble a poet as Mr. Swinburne at
hand, and one who has shown so peculiar an aptitude
for the sort of occasional poetry required of a laureate,
there is no reason why it should not be continued for
another life at least. The succession of VVordsworth,
Tennyson, and Swinburne, is one to which future cen-
turies, when thrones and laureates alike are no more,
may still point with pride when they review the literary
annals of the past. Vi'hatever we may think of Mr.
Gladstone as a politician, he is generally believed to be
personally generous and magnanimous, and he will
hardly be prevented from nominating Mr. Swinburne
because the latter has applied to him the epithet of
“tonguester" and others equally uncomplimentary.
But very likely Mr. Swinburne would not accept the ap-
pointment if offered. There are things in his literary
past that might rise up against him with the persistency
of Banquo’s ghost.
Witli display of the sort of enterprise for which
our newspaper press is only too notorious, a New York
paper, not long ago, surreptitiously obtained a copy of
the poem which Miss Harriet Monroe was commissioned
to write for the dedicatory exercises of the World’s
Columbian Exposition,and printed it in full, accompan-
ied by what was stated to be a portrait of the author.
The poem, although evidently reproduced from an of-
ficial copy, was so full of blunders, and in every way so
vilely printed, that it bore about the same relation to
the original that the alleged portrait bore to the au-
thor. It is unfortunate that this really digniﬁed and
noble piece of work should have been thus treated, from
a literary no less than from an ethical point of view.
From the latter, indeed, the proceeding was disgrace-
ful; aud should Miss Monroe sue the offending news-
paper for violation of copyright, she would have our
best wishes for success. The Chicago newspapers acted
with much courtesy in the matter, refusing to take ad-
vantage of the New York piracy, and unanimously
agreeing to defer publication of the poem until after
the dedicatory ceremonies.
The magniﬁcent offer made by Mr. Charles T.
Yerkes to the University of Chicago is one of the most
notable of recent events in the history either of science
or of education. Mr. Yerkes agrees to equip the Uni-


1892.]
237
THE DIAL
versity with an observatory, and a larger refracting tele-
scope than any now existing. It is stated that he is pre-
pared to devote half a million dollars to this praise- A
worthy purpose. An objective no less than forty-ﬁve
inches in diameter is spoken of, and steps have al-
ready been taken to secure the necessary discs. The
University is certainly fortunate in its friends, and
too much praise cannot well be given to the exhibition
of public spirit on the part of its benefactors. V\'c pre-
sume it to be the wish of Mr. Yerkes that the new ob-
servatory should be erected in or near Chicago, but it is
a serious question whether so large a telescope as that
proposed would have an efficiency at all proportioned to
its cost under the unfavorable atmospheric conditions
necessarily attendant upon such a situation. The superi-
ority of the mountain observatory has been so clearly
demonstrated during the last fe� years by the work of
the staff at Mt. Hamilton and of Professor Pickering at
Arequipa, that we hope both Mr. Yerkes and the in-
stitution to which he makes his generous gift will think
twice before they commit themselves to the erection of
the great instrument in a distinctly unfavorable situa-
tion. It would doubtless be gratifying to have the ob-
servatory where it could be seen by admiring visitors
to the University, but it would not best serve the inter-
ests of astronomical science. It is extremely doubtful
if an objective of more than twenty inches diameter can
be used to advantage in the neighborhood of Chicago;
it is certain that more and better work may be done
with instruments now existing than could possibly be
done with the proposed giant refraetor should it be
pointed skyward through the troubled medium of a
great city’s atmosphere. But in any case, the new Uni-
versity will have the credit of possessing the ﬁnest in-
strument in the world, a credit which likewise, for a
number of years, attached to the original Chicago
University.
General B. F. Butler is now engaged in a law-
suit relating to the publication of his book, and the
proceedings have elicited some interesting testimony
from the publishers called upon as witnesses. A writer
in the New York -“ Critic ” reports the following :
"Mr. H. O. Houghton, of the publishing ﬁrm of Houghtou,
Miﬂlin & Co., declared that nine-tenths of the books
published do not realize proﬁts to the publishers. Books
published by subscription, he said, have a greater sale
than books disposed of to the trade. This point re-
minds me that another witness declared it was the
ability of the canvassers and the amount of pushing
given by the publishers rather than the fame of the au-
thor which regulated the number of copies sold. This
other witness, Mr. Knight of Brooklyn, the manager of
the Methodist Book Concern, testified that his estab-
lishment often sold largely books whose authors were
unknown. ‘ \Ve keep a book carpenter,’ he said‘ whose
business it is to get up books on subjects we select.’ "
A survey of current publications usually affords only
too abundant evidence of the ‘ book carpenter-’s ’ indus-
try, but a more euphemistic form of phrase is generally
used, both by himself and his publishers, in describing
his occupation.
Dr. J. M. R.ice’s series of articles on the public
schools of this country, begun in the October “ Forum,”
promise to be of much value. Dr. Rice has spent sev-
eral months in studying the schools of our principal
cities, and has relied, not upon reports and oﬂicial in-
formation, but upon actual examination of work done
in the class-room. He spent all the school hours of al-

most every school day for nearly six months in this sort
of observation, and witnessed the methods of some
twelve lmndred teachers. Perhaps the weightiest state-
ment made by Dr. Rice in this opening article is of the
attitude of the public toward the common schools. The
citizens of most communities talk agreat deal about the
excellence of their schools and think them (or say they
do) the best in the country; but the pride that thus
ﬁnds expression is, as a rule, “founded neither upon a
knowledge of what is going on in other schools, or even
in their own schools, nor upon the slightest knowledge
of the science of education." The simple fact is that
this notion of our public schools being the best in the
world is a superstition having little or no basis of truth,
and the sooner the public eyes are opened to the fact that
German and French schools are in many ways immeasur-
ably superior to our own, the better it will be for our na-
tional well-being. Dr. Rice’s work is in the right di-
rection, although we think he places too much stress
upon the importance of the superintendent's function in
a public school system.
0 OMM Ugly TIONS.
WIBTERN INDIFFERENCE TO WESTERN AU-
THORS.—A REVIEWER’S VIEW.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Your correspondent J. M., in a recent issue, lays the
blame for \Vestern indifference to \Vestern authors at
the door of“ the gentlemen employed upon the daily and
weekly press” of this city. I happen to be one of the
class referred to; and while I am neither authorized
nor qualiﬁed to speak for my colleagues, I must repel
the accusation of prejudice or timidity in my own case.
To me, at least, it makes no difference whether a bad
book was written in Boston and a good one in Chicago,
or vice versfr. Such critical standards as I possess are
conscientiously applied to all books alike, whatever their
place of origin. Wrong I have often been, no doubt;
but consciously unjust, never.
J. M. throws it in our teeth that we praise books
which have already received the approval of Eastern
reviewers. As I understand it, he does not blame us for
praising “Zury,” let us say, or “ The Chevalier of Pen-
sicri Vani,” but only for letting Eastern critics praise
them ﬁrst. Unfortunately, we cannot help ourselves.
The two books named, like many other books by
\'estern writers, were published at the East. N ow it
constantly happens that new books are reviewed in
Eastern journals a week before they come into our
hands. Some of the best-known Eastern houses make
a practice of sending editorial copies of new publica-
tions to local Chicago agents for distribution. These
books are not forwarded by express, but are shipped
as freight by slow routes, and the reviewer often has to
apply in vain for copies of works that are actually on
sale in New York or Boston. But a “ Chicago boo ,”
I suppose, is a book that has been published, as well as
written, in Chicago. Perhaps the Western reader de-
fers buying a Chicago book until he is reassured as to
its moral tone; for some of our publishers are not as
careful in that particular as they ought to be. It is cer-
tain, too, that but few Chicago books can compete in
general attractiveness with the publications of the best
Eastern houses. The apparel oft proclaims the book,
and in these days of competition our publishers should


238
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
_'—".'= -u-\--1
see to it that their wares are displayed to the best ad-
vantage.
It is happily true that “ the ‘Vest has a literature of
its own —strong, vigorous, and racy of the soil.” But
what proportion does that literature bear to the whole
mass? Newspaper readers want to keep informed of
all that is best in current English literature, wherever
published. Now a critic receives, let us say, about
1500 books for review in a given year. Half of them are
below mediocrity, and these are dismissed unnoticed.
But of the remaining 750, how many are published in Chi-
cago‘? Fifty is a high estimate, I think. And among
the ﬁfty how many are entitled to a half-column review,
when but three or four columns a week are allotted to
the critic ? I will leave the answer to J. M. himself.
For my part, I think J. M. overestimates the inﬂu-
ence of reviewers. Our power to work harm, like that
of other demons, is vilely restricted, alas! W'e cannot
kill a really good book, even when it comes from Chi-
cago. We can only gnash our teeth in impotent rage,
like old Giant Pope in the Valley of Humiliation, while
the virtuous pilgrim passes on to fortune, fame, and
Vanity Fair. ‘ E. J. II.
Chicago, October 3, 1892.
NEGLECTED TRAITS IN TI-IE CHARACTER
OF A VIRGINIA STATI§MAN.
(To the Editor of Tun DIAL.)
As a stndcnt of American political history, I have
been much interested in the lately published Life and
Works of George Mason, reviewed in TI-IE DIAL for
Sept. 16. It seems to me, however, that two of the
most notable traits of Mason's character were over-
looked by your reviewer, and were, indeed, inadequately
brought out by the biographer. I refer to the perfect
sincerity and logical fearlessness of Mason’s character
_-qualities in which he was a shining contrast to some
of the distinguished men around him, and which cannot
be too strongly emphasized in these days of political
expediency and insincerity. Mason’s convictions were
deep and strong, and were always avowed with such
frankness, courage, and modesty, as to command respect
and win support. One might question the sincerity of
Jeﬁerson-a theorist in democracy as well as every-
thing else,--bnt never that of Mason. His Virginia
Bill of Rights, immortal because it expressed the prin-
ciples upon which a free govemmeut must rest, and dig-
niﬁed the character while increasing the responsibili-
ties of the citizen, takes high rank as a state paper.
All power is " vested in and consequently derived from
the people.” This is the very essence of democracy.
Mason followed his democratic principles to their log-
ical conclusion. He did not believe liberty was for the
white man alone. He did not believe that a country
fostering slavery could represent the highest form of
civilization. His remarks in the Constitutional Con-
vention on this subject have for us great historical in-
terest, and should be read in connection with his life, if
one would look into the very soul of the Inan. Mason
opposed the clause in the Bill of Rights permitting the
importation of slaves,_ “ infernal traffic ” is what he dc-
scribed it to be. “ Slavery," said he, “discourage arts
and manufactures. The poor despise labor when per-
formed by slaves. They prevent the emigration of
whites, who really enrich and strengthen a country.
They produce the most pernicious effect on manners.
Every master of slaves is born a petty tyrant. They
bring the judgment of Heaven ona country. As nations


cannot be rewarded or punished in the next world they
must be in this. By an inevitable chain of causes and
effects, Providence punishes national sins by national
calamities.” He lamented that some of our Eastern
brethren had, from a lust of gain, embarked in this ne-
farious trafﬁc. As to the States being in possession
of the right to import, this was the case with many
other rights, now to be properly given up. He held
it essential in every point of view, that the general gov-
ernment should have power to prevent the increase of
slavery.
It was ﬁtting that such sentiments should be uttered
by the man who drafted the declaration of the rights of
the members of society. But Mason was a broad-
minded statesman. His contentiqn that new States
should be admitted on an equality with the original
States; that local interests should be intrusted to the
States to deal with; that the presidential term should
he seven years, and the incumbent ineligible for a sec-
ond term,— all prove his liberality and statesmanship.
WILIJAM HENRY SMITH.
Lake Forest, Ills., October 7, 189:3.
LONGFELLOW’S FIRST BOOK.
(To the Editor of Tue DIAL.)
The writers of school-books are, we shall agree, really
an important and inﬂuential class of authors. The
quality of their work is important, sincc it aﬁects the
minds of our youth in their period of special training.
For the most part, they are so far below literature that
Tm-3 DIAL knows naught of them; even the omnivorous
Allibone has neglected them. Their name is legion, and
a notable share of them are dullards_0r cranks!
I have a copy of what I believe to he Longfellow’s
ﬁrst book, written while he was Professor of Modern
Languages at Bowdoin. It is a translation and adapt-
ation of L’Ho1nond’s “ Elements of French Grammar”; it
was copyrighted in 1834 by Gray & Bowen; but my
copy, of the fourth edition, was published at Hallowell,
Me., by Glazier, Masters & Smith, 1837; and the author
is described as Professor of Modern Languages and
Belles Lettres at Harvard. Longfellow wrote also (in
French) a grammar of the Italian language about the
same time; I have no copy, but remember it as a thin
octavo, which had a companion volume of tales in Ital-
ian prose; I think each volume was of less than one
hundred pages. Allibone fails to mention any one of
these three, and gives as his ﬁrst book “Coplas de Don
Jorge Manrique " a translation from the Spanish, 1833.
Chicago October 5 1892. SAMUEL WILLARD‘
A PROPOSED MEMOIR OF THE LATE
PROF. E. A. FREEMAN.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Mr. Stephens has sent the following paragraph to me,
with the‘ request that I submit it for publication in
some literary journal in the United States:
A memoir of the late Professor of Modeml History at
Oxford, Mr. E. A. Freeman, is about to be taken in
hand. Friends who may be willing to contribute letters,
reminiscences, or other biographical materials, are in-
vited to forward them as soon as possible to the Revd.
Prebendnry Stephens (\‘\"oolbcding Rectory, Midhurst,
Sussex), who at the request of Mr. Freeman's family
has undertaken to edit the work. JUSTIN “vmsOR_
Harvard College Library,
Cambridge, Mass., October 18, 1893.


THE DIAL 239
Wallace has been upset by the not inconsider-
able testimony to the contrary of Sir Richard
Vvallace himself). Vllhile our author has writ-
GO5-ell’ 01" Tm‘? ('E~\"1‘l-'l“'-* ten, as we have said, off-hand, he has, never-
Somoono (was it Bog-ehot?) has assorted, I theless, carefully classiﬁed his material; the
with a pleasant touch of Hibernianism, that alrellgemellt ls excellent» end gTealil.Y e“l"meee
the people who ooh write are mostly those who the convenience and practical usefulness of the
have nothingto tell—or something to that with- l)e°l‘l' A weld sllellld be added as to the ad‘
ering effect. This irreverent dictum certainly mll'_eble way "1 whlell the Pllllllsllere have ‘lone
does not apph, to the author of the two matto,._ their part. The volumes are throughout nota
ful, sumptuously-appointed volumes before us. ble eXl_‘mPle5 ef e°l'l'eet~ elegant l’°°l*'mel*ml§~
S0 far from having nothing to ton, he may, in and might well allure one to the perusal of mat-
a way, he said to have had too mooh ; for ho toh_ ter less interesting than that they contaip. The
taliziiigly informs us in the closing chapter that text ls ellllveflell by a great ““ml’el'_ of lll‘l5tl'a'
his “ best and most interesting reminiscences ” tlollsv P°l'_l"m_ll"5» cuts frfllll Tare Pl'llll'Si et_e-v a
are those ho has been “ohhgod to reserve for ﬁne frontispiece portrait of Monckton Milnes
another volume.” For this reservation the one of Waltel' Scott as a ellllll belllg es‘
writer probably has personal reasons, sound Peelally l1°ee“'°1'l7l‘.Y-
and suﬁicient—to which the fact that the vol- The ﬁrst Planet of magllltlllle lillat swam lute
uines issued contain a minimum of “gossip” as 0"!‘ (llarlstls ken was Hle Majesty George IV-,
to people now living furnishes, P91-haps_ the styled by some the “ﬁrst gentleman,” by others
clue. The work as it stands, good as it is, the “ﬁ1'5ll)laekg‘lm'd ll Pf El1_1‘°Pe§ a_l1d9-!1l"11-
would, howevel-_ have been materially st;-eng-th_ ber of anecdotes are given illustrative of the
ened by the omission of some of the lesser chit- ewe mall‘ Phases ef l"ll_e l'°Yal ellal'aete_l'- The
chat in favor of the weightier matter withheld. anther remembers belflg taken by ll_le father
The narrative is written, very properly, cur- in 1829 to ebtalll a gllmllse ef the Klllg as he
renfe calamo, with the single purpose of setting ‘ll'°"e bY l
before the reader as (lil-ecﬂy and as pleasantly “ Leaning back in the carriage and nearly covered by
as possible the authoris personal recollections the leather apron, were two gentlemen enveloped in
. . fur-lined coats; for beside the King sat the unpopular
of men and women notable for the“ social rank’ Duke of Cnmberlaiid, his couutenaiice strongly unpre-
ability. or personal singularity, during the first possessing, and his defective eye plainly diseei-nable.
seventy Odd years of the present century. The The King’s face, though bloated, wore a pleasant ex-
W1-iter has wisely abstained from diluting his pression, and he bowed courteously, with a bland smile,
- - _ _ when my father lifted his hat. Both princes were
recital with moral or othel ext! aneous comment’ muffled up in those wonderful rolls of neck-cloth, hav-
the reader belng handsomely cre(llte(l through‘ ing the effect of bandages round the throat, and ap-
Ollt With intelligence enough to note a bearing parently requiring throats of peculiar length to suit
or to draw an inferencg for him5elf_ The in- them; but the fur collars in this case concealed a good
terest of the book rests solely in the interest of Pm‘ °l this “°“" “"t“1““t°‘l "“"'°'”
its matter. The author is merely the 1-acontrur, A curious delusion of George IV.’s later
treating his material objectively, without eﬁort years was that he had been present at Water-
at style, and without those piquant displays of loo and had himself gained the battle ; indeed,
personal temper—or ill-teniper—which furnish one day at a dinner not long before his death,
the zest, one may almost say the substance, of he not only re-asserted this, but appealed to the
so many similar works. Most of the stories Duke of Welliiigton for conﬁrmation. The
given are, to the best of our recollection, fresh, Duke discretely replied, ‘i I have heard your
though the reader familiar with Greville and Majesty say so before.”
other diarists will recognize here and there an So notorious were Geoi-ge’s habits of gal-
old favorite. Like the recently-reviewed“Diary laiitry, says the author, that people were
of an Englishman in Paris,” the “Gossip of the scarcely surprised to ﬁnd after his death that—
Celltllrll” ls lssllell a"°".Y"1"11-Sly» (allll we may "H0 had had sixteen accredited mistresses, and the
take occasion to say Of the former work that the packets of billet-dour, gloves, garters, locks of hair,
surmise o1.o(]]'ting it to tho pen of Sh. Richard I faded ﬂowers, etc., found stowed away, bore testiniouy
__ _ - . . to the multiplicity of his adventures in the ‘pays du
°Gossn- OF "rue CENTURY! Personal and Traditional l 1611111?-'”
Memo:-ii-s —— Social, Literary, Artistic, etc. By the uiithor of l - - I _ - -
“Flemish Interiors." In two volumes, illustrated. New Among other Olldltles (ll leloped by thls llberal
York: Macmillan & Co. L Lothario was a raven-like proclivity for hiding
THE New BOOKS.


240
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
.."".1r—-1:1-nu -s
-1-‘ _-. -- -

things away. Despite his usually reckless and
extravagant ways, a secret hoard of cast-off
clothing was found in his wardrobe that might
have moved the envy of Wardour Street ; and
more than ﬁfty pocketbooks were found scat-
tered about in odd nooks, each containing
money in smaller or larger amounts, the entire
sum amounting to £10,000. Sir Thomas Ham-
inond, who was aware of the King’s hoarding
propensities, stated that he must have saved up
in this way at least £600,000 during his reign.
George IV. was by no means without cultiva-
tion, and proved himself a competent patron of
art, and a skilled connoisseur of articles of
virtir, of which he had one of the ﬁnest collec-
tions ever made by an individual. He was
not devoid of wit and good-feeling, and the
author remembers hearing in his youth of the
following incident illustrative of both qualities :
“Driving one day through the Avenue in VVindsor
Park, he met a coarse, blustering fellow, one of those
who entertained no admiration for Royalty; on being
told by a companion who sat beside him that the
King’s phaeton was approaching and that he must un-
cover, he replied with an oath, and loud enough to be
heard by His Majesty, ‘ I won’t take off my hat to any-
body.’ The King drew up, lifted his own hat, and said
with a smile worthy of ‘ Prince Florizel,’ ‘ I would take
off mine to the meanest of my subjects.’ The man was
dumbfounded, but by the time he had sufficiently re-
covered himself to return the salute, the King had
driven off."
A still neater example of the royal retort court-
eous was that on the occasion of the King’s
visit to Dublin in 1821.
“ At a court held there, Lord Kinsale thought ﬁt to
air his ancient hereditary privilege of remaining covered
when before the Sovereign. George IV., whose sense
of propriety was wounded by this breach of good taste
on the part of the Irish peer, said to him, ‘ My,Lord of
Kiusale, we recognize your privilege to wear your hat
in the presence of your King, but it does not appear
whence you draw your authority for covering your head
in the company of ladies.’ ”
Among the amusing stories related of
George’s family, the following of the Duke of
Cambridge -- who had inherited his royal
father’s habit of repeating three times, ingeni-
ously described by Walpole as “ triptology ”—-
is worth reprinting. The Duke, who habitu-
ally attended the Sunday morning services at
St. Paul’s, Knightsbridge, often audibly ex-
pressed his approbation of the proceedings, to
the great delight of the irreverent ; and the au-
thor remembers on one occasion, when the cler-
gyman had pronounced the exhortation “ Let
us pray,” hearing the Duke cheerfully respond
from his pew—“Aye, to be sure; why not?
let us pray, let us pray, let us pray ! ” Again,

while the commandments were being read, he
was heard to remark approvingly—“ Steal!
no, of course not; musn’t steal, musn’t steal,
musn’t steal.” The Duke of Brunswick, brother
of Queen Caroline, and son of “ Brunswick’s
fated chieftain ” who, at Vi/Yaterloo —
“ Rushed to the ﬁeld, and, foremost ﬁghting, fell "-
was a still more eccentric specimen.
“ The detail of his unconventional practices and habits
would require a volume to itself. . . . He possessed a
collection of silk wigs of various hues, but all consist-
ing of small tire-bouchon curls ; his face was liberally
painted with both red and white, and his toilet was pain-
fully elaborated, while diamonds of the finest water
glittered upon his garments wherever they could pos-
sibly be applied. Of course when he wore evening dress
he had a better opportunity for displaying these genus,
of which he had the largest and ﬁnest collection in the
world. It is said that one night in Paris, being at a
fashionable soirée, the ladies crowded round him to an
extent which at ﬁrst ﬂattered his vanity considerably ;
but at last their persistent curiosity became troublesome,
and to one of the fair bevy who remarked, ‘llfais, mun
Dieu, Blonseigneur, vouz en ave: parlour." he replied,
‘ Oui, ﬂladame, jusque sur man calecon; voulez vou que je
vous les fasse voir?’ . . . His diet was as curious as
the rest. It was wonderful how he would go into one
confectioner’s after another, if anything in the étalage
took his fancy, and he would eat daintily, but plenti-
fully, of bonbons and pelils fours at any hour of the day.
He was constantly to be seen at Tor-toni's, where he
would consume an unlimited number of ices, and when
there, instead of ordering up any speciﬁed confection-
ary, preferred lounging into the store-rooms, and tast-
ing here and there, often as much to kill time as to in-
dulge his palate."
Yet, strange to say, this begemmed and be-
painted fop, this ringletted devourer of sweets,
had, in point of personal bravery, the heart of
a Paladin—-bearing out the Duke of Welling-
ton’s experience that the dandies in his army
made the best soldiers. The warlike episodes
and hair-breadth ’scapes in which the Duke of
Brunswick ﬁgured, his gallant attempts to re-
gain his lost principality and his political stand-
ing, read more like fable than reality. He was
a dangerous man to affront. Shortly after
coming of age he conceived an intense hatred
for Count Miiuster (“ Le Jllonstre,” he styled
him), vowing nothing would satisfy him but
taking that minister-’s life. VVhile awaiting
his opportunity, he had an efﬁgy made of the
Count, and spent two hours daily in the Quilp-
like diversion of ﬁring at it with a pistol. In
1827 he sent a cartel, of which the Count very
properly took no notice, his semi-royal chal-
lenger having selected, as his second, Tattersal
the horse-dealer.
Our author’s “ Court Gossip ” occupies only
about a third of Volume 1., the remainder of it


1892.]
241
THE DIAL
being devoted to social, political, and literary ce-
lebrities, and the liberal professions, while Vol-
ume II. is wholly given over to recollections of
the stage and the atelier. “re may here leave
the menagerie of royal and noble personages,
and pass on to people whose claims are less ad-
ventitious.
That vigorous character, John Horne Tooke,
had a strong repugnance to matrimony, and he
often tried to inspire his friends with his own
sentiments on the subject. One of them, bent
upon perpetrating the fatal blunder, received
from Tooke some sagacious advice as to prelim-
inaries :
“ This consisted in urging upon him the absolute
necessity of obtaining from reliable sources every pos-
sible detail of his intended wife’s antecedents, moral,
material, and ﬁnancial, and then of devoting as long a
period as possible to the most scrutinizing personal vig-
ilance, in order to ascertain the exact truth for himself ;
when absolutely satisﬁed on every point, the only allow-
able course for him was to provide himself with a ﬂeet
horse, to be ready saddled and bridled on the wedding-
day, and to ride away from the church as swiftly as
possible before the ceremony took place."
When Tooke was on trial for high treason,
he suddenly resolved that he would speak in
his own defense, and sent word to that effect
to his counsel, Erskine :
“ ‘ I'll be hanged if I don’t,’ said Tooke, by way of
emphasizing his intention. “ ‘ You'll certainly be hanged
if you do,” was the smart retort.
Though our author never saw Byron’s Coun-
tess Guiccioli, his friends who had furnished
him with data for a very unﬂattering portrait:
“ One of these gentlemen assured uie that her com-
plexion reminded him of boiled pork ( l) and another
asserted that her ﬁgure was absolutely sliapeless; that
she was not beautiful, and that so far from possessing
any grace or elegance of style she had the appearance
of a short bolster with a string around its middle.
Worse than this, it seems that the Guiccioli waddled
like a duck; her feet, which were as large and flat as
Madame de Sta.el’s—immortalized by her enemy Napo-
leon, when he described her as standing on her ‘grand
pied de Stael ’_aiding in the suggestion of this siniile.”
We are sorry to add that our author, incited
thereto perhaps by Napoleon’s example, com-
ments upon Byi-on’s “ in-fat-nation” for his
stout charmer!
Some interesting facts are furnished as to
George Eliot, in a description given of that
rather abnormal establishment, The Priory,
where the great novelist and her “friend”
George Henry Lewes entertained so many liter-
ary and artistic notabilities and their Miecenases.
The text, we may add, is accompanied by an
especially hideous portrait of “Mrs.” Lewes,
inspiring one with a higher opinion of George

Henry’s hardihood than of his taste. George
Eliot, says the writer,——
“ \Vas by no means sparkling in conversation, indeed
her social attributes were rather of the heavier, almost
J ohnsonian, order, and her remarks were often senten-
tious, though apparently not designedly so, for there
was obviously no intentional arrogation of superiority,
though perhaps an almost imperceptible evidence of
self-consciousness. The impression she left was that of
seriousness and solid sense, iiiiteinpered by any ray of
humor, scarcely of cheerfulness—-Lewes, on the other
hand, was really witty, interspersing his conversation
with natural ﬂashes of humor, quite spontaneous in
character, which would continually light up his talk;
even when he said bitter things he had it way of putting
them ainusingly."
Toward Dickens, the writer is anything but
friendly, animadverting severely upon his
“heartlessness,” his “ recognized, lack of the
instincts of a gentleman,” his “immoral life,”
etc., etc. He and Dickens were once chance
fellow-travellers on the Bonlogne packet:
“ Travelling with him was a lady not his wife, nor his
sister-in-law, yet he strutted about the deck with the air
of a man bristling with self-importance; every line of -
his face and every gesture of his limbs seemed haught-
ily to say-‘ Look at me ; make the most of your
chance. I am the great, the only Charles Dickens;
whatever I may choose to do is justified by that fact.’ "
This description is coupled with an anecdote
that, to our thinking, rather takes the sting
out of it:
“ A friend of mine whose countenance-perhaps it was
the cut of his beard-might by a stretch of imagina-
tion be said to bear some resemblance to that of Charles
Dickens, told me that having lunclied at a Station re-
freshmentrbar one day, he had drawn out his purse to
settle the account, when the ‘young lady’ of the counter,
with bashful gestures, absolutely declined accepting any
payment; she had shown herself obsequiously attentive,
and now begged he would freely help himself to any-
thing he required ‘ free, gracious (sic), for nothing.’ His
astonishment was great, and was not diminished when
he found that he had been actually mistaken for Charles
Dickens, and in that character was not required to
liquidate his expenses! "
It may be needless to add that the “Station
refreshment-bar ” in question was not the cel-
ebrated one at “Mugby Junction.” The writer
has not much to say of Carlyle, but quotes with
evident relish Greville’s curt dismissal of that
pseudo-philosophei--who may be said to have
kept his philosophy, as Heine kept his bril-
liancy, for the printer:
“ Dined at the Ashburton’s, where met Carlyle, whom
I had never seen before. He talks the broadest Scotch,
and appears to have coarse manners, but might perhaps
be amusing at times.”
Assuredly, in the “ diarist,” Death has an added
sting for notable people.
The second volume —- considerably the larger
of the two, by the way - is devoted, as we have


242
[()ct. 16,
THE DIAL
-.-r-I: -—-a-—-=
said, to the stage and the studio, the painters
taking up rather more than a third of it. To
this portion of our author’s ren1iniscences——
rich in memories of Brahani, Malibran, Vestris,
Lablache, Liston, Macready, Paganini, Vernet,
Turner, Landseer, and a throng of names
scarcely less brilliant-—we shall not attempt
to do justice in the way of extracts. The de-
scription of Paganini is especially graphic. Be-
tween this “Michael Angelo of Music” and
the great Mme. Malibran an amusing tilt once
took place. It was once reported to Paganini —
“ That the great songstress, while recognizing in him a
'violiniste au deli: de la premiere force’ had added:
‘ mais il ne fait pas chanler son instrument.’ Deep was
the maestr0’s indignation: ‘Ha, ha!’ said lie; ‘c’est
comme ca; attendez que je lni fasse voir’; and he forth-
with challenged his fair critic to perform a duet with
his violin which should take either part, and that with
the limited resources of one string. Malibran thought
it prudent to decline this contest, but the violinist could
not thus swallow the affront. Shortly after, both were
to perform in the same concert. Malibran was down
for Di piacer, one of her most splendid successes; Pa-
ganini was to follow; he chose the same music, and di-
vesting his violin before the public, of all but one string,
he called forth all his genius, all his skill, and so mar-
vellously simulated the prima dmma’s voice and execu-
tion, that the audience, mystified beyond expression,
were persuaded that the tones could only be vocal, and
that Paganini was not simply an instrumentalist of
magic power, but a vocalist who, moreover, owned a
splendid falsetto. . . .”
Thomas Gray once said that “ if anyone were
to form a book of what he has seen and heard,
it must form a. most useful and entertaining
record.” It might be added that the record will,
caeteris paribus, gain interest as the men and
things seen and heard are more important;
and that those who have enjoyed unusual op-
portunities in this way have incurred thereby
a debt to posterity. Our author has been one
of these, and he has handsomely discharged his
obligation. E. G. J.
T1111: PIIESEXT BAT'1‘LE-GROUND or
EVOLUTION. *
In the literature of Evolution, Dr. August
W'eismann occupies an unique position. VVith
the single exception of Herbert Spencer, no
other of the followers of Darwin has shown
such boldness of hypothesis or originality in
discussion. The writings of no one else have
been so freely criticised, or have in such a de-
gree acted as a stimulus to research.


*EssAYs Urox Hsrmnrrr AND Kmnar-:n BIOLOGICAL
PROBLEMS. By Dr. August Weismaun. Edited by Edward
B. Poulton and Arthur E. Shipley. Authorized translation.
Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. New York: Macmillan
& Co.

‘"1 . -
In two series of essays,\Veismann has treated
the subject of Heredity and its relations to
Evolution. In the ﬁrst series the author chal-
lenged the truth of certain doctrines in Biology
which had in greater or less degree been taken
for granted by previous authors. The so-called
Lamarckian principles of the inheritance of ac-
quired characters, lveismann denied -in toto.
This principle has been admitted by Darwin as
a large factor in Evolution. It was recognized
by Herbert Spencer as one of the foundation-
stones in his system of philosophy, while many
of the later evolutionists, especially in France
and America, had emphasized it even to the
degree of belittling or ignoring the “ Darwin-
ian principle ” of Natural Selection. While the
tendency to Lamarckism was at its height, and
the greatest stress laid on the inherited results
of use and disuse, eﬁects of environment, habit
and experience, the absolute denial of the ex-
istence of any evidence of such inheritance on
the part of a trained naturalist and able writer
could not fail to produce a decided sensation.
At the same time Dr. Weisiiiann gave a de-
nial of two still older dogmas,— the ﬁrst, that
natural death is a necessary attribute of all
living beings; and the second, that the pur-
pose or essence of the process of fertilization
is a process of vitalization or rejuvenescence,
or in any way a process to which these meta-
phorical terms could properly apply. These
negative assertions accompanied a most remark-
able piece of constructive work,— the develop-
ment of a theory of the physical basis of he-
redity, of which all these negations form a part.
This theory is so simple and so beautiful as to
create the impression that, if not true, it must
lie in the direction of the truth. At the same
time, the testing of its validity opens a multi-
tude of new ﬁelds for investigation, some of
which have already yielded most important re-
turns.
Omitting minor matters and technical de-
tails, the theory of \Veismann may be stated as
follows,—the ﬁrst two paragraphs being given
in his own language:
“Organic bodies are perishable, while Life main-
tains the appcarance of immortality in the constant
succession of similar individuals, the individuals them-
selves passing away. A single cell out of millions is
specialized as a sexual cell. It is thrown off from the
organism and is capable of reproducing all the peculi-
I arities of the parent body, in the new individual which
springs from it by self-division and the complex pro-
cess of differentiation.”
Experiments show that the laws and meth-
ods of heredity are essentially the same in all


1892.]
243
THE DIAL
organized beings. They show also that the
physical basis of heredity is located in certain
parts of the plasm of the germinal cell, being
conﬁned to certain structures in the nucleus of
the cell. The continuity of the germ-plasm from
generation to generation is the basis of heredity.
The process of fertilization is essentially the
mingling of the germ-plasm of two reproduct-
ive cells. Its essential purpose is the produc-
tion of variation through the mingling of two
strains of ancestral qualities.
The continuity or immortality of the germ-
cells is comparable to the “immortality” of
one-celled organisms. These undergo change
by cell-division, one animal splitting into two
or four creatures similar to itself, the orig-
inal organism disappearing in the process but
not dying. These organisms are not subject
to natural death, as to die involves the leav-
ing behind of a dead body or corpse, while
their cell-division and change leaves only live
products. Accidental death as a result of in-
jury or mutilation could of course come to all
living structures. A one-celled organism must
be wholly well or wholly ill, as it is a single
life-unit. A many-celled organism may suffer
loss,or injury in one organ while others are in
a normal condition. So natural death may
come to compound organisms as the result of
gradual wearing away of important organs.
The new organism is “ made up bit by bit
of inherited structures, as a new house is made
up of fragments of an old one.” A large part
of our heritage is unused, and may remain lat-
ent for one or more generations, and is yet sus-
ceptible of being transmitted.
The process of conjugation among Infusoria
(the sexual union of two like organisms fol-
lowed by an interchange of nuclear substance)
is not for purposes of “ rejuvenescence ” but
for the purpose of producing variation. From
this simple process arises sexual reproduction
(called by Weismaun “ Amphimixis,” double
crossing), as a specialized condition of the same
process, and existing for the same purpose of
the production of variation.
Differentiation of sex in the process of spe-
cialization is to the advantage of the species,
the sexes and the sex-cells (ova and sperma-
tozoa) having been primitively alike.
“ Wliate~ve1' is useful becomes necessary as
soon as it is possible.”
Whatever (structure, instinct, habit, or qual-
ity) ceases to become useful shrinks away un-
til it is harmless. The process of “ Panmixia ”
(universal crossing) or cessation of selection

largely accounts for this disappearance of struc-
ture no longer useful.
Parthenogenesis (the development of eggs
without fertilization) exists wherever for any
reason Amphimixis is not useful to the species,
as where (among plant-lice, etc.) very many
similar individuals should appear at one time
and “ on short notice.”
Natural death is a necessary result of com-
plexity of structure and specialization of cells
into organs with different functions. It be-
comes necessary so soon as it is useful to the
species. Thus, in the process of Evolution of
the higher forms, simplicity, ignorance, and
immortality have been exchanged for special-
ization, sensibility, pain, and death.
Thus far the views of \Veismann may be ac-
cepted as in possible accord with the results of
most workers in this ﬁeld at present. But the
following propositions have been strongly con-
troverted by able writers, and the discussion
of their truth or falsity is the present battle-
ground of Evolution:
The germ-cells are fundamentally different
from the cells which make up the body. While
the body-cells in the multicellular organisms
(ontogenetic or somatogenic cells) change and
disappear, the germ-cells (phylogenetic) _per-
sist unchanged, and from them is built up the
next generation. They are analogous to the
immortal bodies of one-celled organisms. These
germ-cells are sheltered from outside inﬂuences
within the body (sonia) to which they give
rise. They are in no way affected by the en-
vironment of the soma or body, and they re-
main unchanged by any incident in its expe-
rience. Consequently, “ Acquired characters
are never inherited.”
It is generally admitted that the inherit-
ance of acquired characters has been taken
for granted, rather than proved, by Darwin
and Spencer, and their followers. It is ad-
mitted that the evidence for such inherit-
ance is comparatively scanty, and most of it
susceptible of interpretation on the basis of
the Darwinian principle of Natural Selection.
On the other hand, there are many cases of
Evolution which seem to be more naturally ex-
plained by inherited experience, or the “ trans-
mission of reaction tendencies,” in accord with
the Lainarckian principle, rather than by the
hypothesis of Natural Selection. However few
the cases of such transmission may be, a sin-
gle one would prove the contention. If inher-
ited characters are even once transmitted, it
cannot be true that the process is imaginary.


244
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
~ -=-‘\"*_1 \-<1 \-.__.

With the present interest in this discussion,
and activity in these studies, we may reason-
ably hope before many years to know the truth.
Just now, naturalists are nearly equally divided
between the N eo-Darwinians, as the associates
of Weismann have been called, and the Neo-
Lamarckians, who believe that the “soma”
and its experiences play some part in Hered-
ity. The majority of English writers are now
ranged upon the former side; while in Amer-
ica and France the Lamarckians are in the
ascendency, and the same side has probably a
numerical majority in Germany. Herbert
Spencer observes:
"Considering the width and depth of the eﬁects
which the acceptance of one or the other of these hypo-
theses must have on our views of Life, Mind, Morals,
and Politics, the question, Which of them is true ‘I de-
mands beyond all other questions whatever the atten-
tion of scientiﬁc men."
The views of Wveismann have been styled
the “ Gospel of Despair” by some of those
who see the key to the elevation of the human
race in the direct inheritance of the results of
education, training, and ethical living. This
does not, however, seem to me a just criticism.
Whatever is true is true, and our philosophy
must adjust itself to it. The gradual advance
of higher types is a fact accomplished, whether
it be through Natural Selection alone, or
whether it be by the joint action of Natural
Selection with the supposed more rapid pro-
cess of inherited experience. The single agency
would seem to demand longer time, but there
is time enough in a universe in which “ Time
is as long as Space is wide.” Civilization is
not so much a change in human nature as a
storing up of human achievements. It has
been deﬁned as “the sum of those contriv-
ances which enable human beings to advance
independent of Heredity.”
The ﬁrst essay in Weismann’s second volume,
“ Retrogressive Development in Nature,” is a
popular account of the process of degeneration
in Evolution from the Darwinian standpoint,
the kiwi or wingless bird of New Zealand being
taken as an illustration. The second essay, on
the “ Musical Sense in Animals and Men," is
an attempt to explain the development of mu-
sical ability, without supposing the results of
its cultivation to be inherited. The third essay,
on “ Certain Problems of the Day,” is chieﬂy
a defense of VVeismann’s own position against
Lamarckian critics. The fourth essay, the
longest and most important of the series, is
devoted to the explanation of “ Amphimixis,

or the essential meaning of Conjugation and
Sexual Reproduction.” This essay is a highly
interesting resumé of discoveries in the process
of fertilization, and the bearing of these discov-
eries on W'eismann’s theory of heredity.
In general, this work cannot be too highly
praised. It contains, however, some evidence
of striving to make a point, by reasoning in
what seems to be a circle. It is evident that
many phenomena here discussed do not yet
admit of a satisfactory explanation. Profes-
sor H. F. Osborne, one of our highest Amer-
ican authorities on Heredity, has predicted that
the publication of this essay will mark the de-
cline of Weismann’s inﬂuence on naturalists,
and the consequent re-advance of the principle
of Lamarck. Be this as it may, we recognize
in Weismann’s work the utterance of an honest,
clear-headed, thoroughly trained worker, and
his theory of Heredity marks an epoch in the
history of Evolution.
DAVID STARR Jonnsn.
PICTURES 1=n0.\1 THE Pscn-'1c.*

Every now and then, some world-weary soul,
tired of civilization and its restraining conven-
tionalities, conscious of the resurgence of prim-
itive instincts and no longer seeking to hold
them in abeyance, chooses to_take ﬂight,
“ Far from the msdding crowd’s ignoble strife,”
and ﬁnds in the sea rightly called Paciﬁc some-
thing of the peace that comes from communion
with nature an.l association with the unspoiled
types of humanity. Now it is Herman Mel-
ville or Charles Warren Stoddard; now it is
“Pierre Loti” or Robert Louis Stevenson.
And of the isles in which such wanderers ﬁnd
a haven we may say, as the poet says of the
fancied isles of his imagination,
" Faithful reports of them have reached me oft,”
for these men have taken the world into the
secret of their contest, and have told us, not
“ in charactery dim,” how well they succeeded
in that return to nature of which Rousseau and
Virordsworth yearniugly and eloquently wrote,
but effected only imperfectly and in part.
High among the classics of the literature
that records such experiences must be placed
* SOUTH SEA I1)YL1.s. By Charles VVarz-en Stoddard. New
York : Charles Scrihner’s Sons.
TYPEE. AReal Romance of the South Seas. By Herman
Melville. New York : United States Book Co.
OM00. By Herman Melville. New York: United St-at-es
Book Co.


1892.]
245
THE DIAL
the romantic tales of the late Herman Melville
and the idyllic sketches of Mr. Charles War-
ren Stoddard. These works, by a curious co-
incidence, have just found a simultaneous re-
production in tasteful editions, and make their
appeal to a new generation of readers. VVhile
it can hardly be said that they have been for-
gotten, they have become dusty memories to
many who once delighted in them, and to
most younger readers they must come with all
the charm of novelty.
The sketches included in Mr. Stoddard’s
“South Sea Idylls” were published in book
form (some of them having previously appeared
in the “Atlantic Monthly ”) in 1873. An
English edition published at the same time was
entitled “ Summer Cruising in the South Seas.”
The American edition had no great success (a
fact which Mr. Howells, in a letter now pre-
facing the sketches, attributes to the immi-
nence of the panic of 1873), and the English
edition was disﬁgured by hideous illustrations,
grotesquely in contrast with the delicate taste of
the text. The edition now published omits the
preface and epilogue of the earlier one, substi-
tutes a new sketch -“ A Tropical Sequence ”—
for.“ The Last of the Great Navigators ” (why
could we not have both ?), and adds a new
sketch —' “ Kahele’s Foreordination ”— to the
original group of three that conferred literary
immortality upon the young Hawaiian of the
title.
Mr. Howells, in the letter already mentioned,
characterizes these idylls as “ the lightest, sweet-
est, wildest, freshest things that ever were writ-
ten about the life of that summer ocean,” and
adds that “ no one need ever write of the South
Seas again.” This is high praise, but is hardly
more than just. In their happy combination of
humor and poetic feeling, in their graceful
style, and in their simple human sympathy, the
sketches are so satisfactory that we cannot im-
agine the thing being better done. In the au-
thor’s original preface (here unpublished) he
thus states what he has attempted to do: “ The
experiences recorded in this volume are the re-
sult of four summer cruises among the islands
of the Pacific. The simple and natural life of
the islander beguiles me; I am at home with
him; all the rites of savagedom ﬁnd a respon-
sive echo in my heart; it is as though I recol-
lected something long forgotten; it is like a
dream dimly remembered, and at last realized
— it must be that the untamed spirit of some
aboriginal ancestor quiekens my blood. I have
sought to reproduce the atmosphere of a people

who are wonderfully imaginative and emotional;
they nourish the ﬁrst symptoms of an aﬁinity,
and revel in the freshness of an affection -as
brief and blissful as a honeymoon.” Perhaps
the best illustration of this text is offered by
the sketch called “ Chumming with a Savage,”
and its pathetic sequel illustrates the author’s
further observation that to these islanders “our
civilization is a cross, the blessed promises of
which are scarcely sufficient to compensate for
the pain of bearing it, and they are inclined to
look upon our backslidings with a spirit of pro-
found forbearance.” In the amusing new story
of “Kahele’s Foreordination,” Mr. Stoddard
describes his own book as “ the chronicle of my
emotional adolescence,” and refers the reader to
“ the valedictory, which was written in the days
of my enthusiasm, while the almond tree ﬂour-
ished, ere the stars were darkened, and before
the grasshopper had become a burden and all
the daughters of music were brought low.”
Since the “ valedictory” referred to is provok-
ingly absent from the new edition, we have a
double pretext for quoting its closing words:
“ The night falls suddenly; the air grows cool and
moist; a great golden star sails through the sky, leaving
a wake of ﬁre. 0 Island Home! made sacred with a
birth and with a death! haunted with sweet and solemn
memories! \Vhat if thy rocking palm boughs are as
muﬁled music and thy reef a dirge‘? The joy bells
that have rung in the happy past shall ring again in the
hopeful future, and life grows rosy in the radiance of
the Afterglow.”
lvhen Herman Melville died at his home in
New York, a little more than a year ago, the
feeling most widely aroused by the news was
one of surprise that he had been so recently
among the living. To most men of this gen-
eration his name is a memory of boyhood, of
the time when the Islands of the Paciﬁc ﬁrst
touched the youthful imagination in the pages of
“Typee” and “Omoo,” when the mystery of the
“taboo” ﬁrst sent a delightful shudder through
the frame. The four novels that made Melville
famous were published between 1846 and 1851,
and, although his pen was at intervals active
for a long time afterwards, he did nothing to
attract any considerable share of attention dur-
ing the last forty years of his life, becoming,
during the latter period, more and more of a
recluse-._ Mr. Arthur Stedman, who has edited
the new edition of the four great novels, thus
writes of his later years :
" His evenings were spent at home with his books, his
pictures, and his family, and usually with them alone. .
. . More and more, as he grew older, he avoided every ac-
tion on his part, and on the part of his family, that might
tend to keep his name and writings before the public. His


246
[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL

favorite companions were his grandchildren, with whom
he delighted to pass his time, and his devoted wife, who
was a constant assistant and adviser in his literary work,
chieﬂy done at this period for his own amusement. . .
Various efforts were made by the New York literary
colony to draw him from his retirement, but without
success.”
Of the new edition of Melville’s novels,
“Typee” and “Omoo” have been issued;
“ Moby Dick ” and “ White Jacket ” are yet
to come. These are the only ones of the au-
thor’s books that are likely to live, and their
vitality is due to the fact that they were writ-
ten in the flush of youth, and largely relate the
writer's own stirring experience. Dr. Titus
M. Coan, of New York, states that his father,
the Rev. Titus Coan, “personally visited the
Marquesas group, found the Typee Valley, and
veriﬁed in all respects the statements made in
‘ Typee ’ ”. The fact is, we are for the most
part reading real autobiography when we turn
the pages of these fascinating South Sea ro-
mances, and knowledge of this may give them
a charm that they did not have even for the
boy. It is worth noting that the present edi-
tion of “ Typee ” restores certain passages, sup-
pressed in earlier editions, relating to South
Sea missionaries and their peculiar methods.
While Melville's novels have always had a
steady if moderate sale, both in this country
and in England, it is fortunate that renewed
attention should have been called to them by
the present attractive issues. They are classics
of their kind, and the world cannot afford to
fmget them‘ Wi1.LIAi\1 Moarou PAYNE.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.

Smdyhgm THE‘ question of the study of the
('lu.¢:1’r.sl/yjnenna classics through translations IS one
“I "'“"“l“"°""‘ which scholars can no longer ignore.
It is forced upon them by the educational condi-
tions of an age which imperatively demands the
culture of Greek literature but has no room for
philological niceties on the programmes of its sec-
ondary schools. If Greek scholars will not show
the public how to use the translations, the University
Extension lecturer and the Hegelian allegorist will,
and the last state of the “college fetich” will be
worse than the ﬁrst. In recognition of this demand,
Mr. VValter Leaf, favorably known to Homer stu-
dents as the author of the best edition of the Iliad,
has prepared under the title of “A Companion to
the Iliad” (Macmillan) a selection of exegetic notes
which will enable the English reader to study his
“Lang, Leaf. and Myer" with something of the crit-
ical attention which the scholar bestows on the orig-
inal. The notes are mainly devoted to the elucida-

tion of the plot and structure of the Iliad. and il-
lustrations of the life and manners depicted in the
Homeric poems. The archzeological notes are ad-
mirably succinct and simple, and are brought down
to date by frequent references to Schuchhardt’s
Schliemann, Helbig. Miss Agnes Clerke’s “Familiar
Studies in Homer,” and other recent aids. But we
think that too much space has been given to the
critical discussion of the plot. Matthew Arnold wisely
advises the translator of Homer to have nothing to do
with the “ Homeric question” which has been dis-
cussed with learning, with acumen, with genius even,
but labors under the insuperable difficulty that there
really exist no data for deciding it. This advice
may well be extended to the readers of translations
of Homer. Mr. Leaf is conﬁdent that he can dis-
tinguish three ~* Strata" in the Iliad and demon-
strate the conditions under which each wa.s—depos-
ited. But he has not convinced Andrew Lang or
the Provost of Oriel, who are quite as good Hom-
erids as himself. He urges that a working theory
of the plot will in any case stimulate interest in the
study of the poem. This is unfortunately only too
true. But it is the wrong kind of interest—an in-
terest like that awakened by reconstructions of Mac-
beth as a Greek play, for example. It will not
help the English reader to a joyous appreciation of
the supreme poetic beauty of the Iliad, to the emo-
tional uplifting which Keats. himself a student of
translations, felt and compared to the thrill that stirs
the watcher of the skies when a new planet swims
into his ken. Mr. Leaf. like many other scholars,
believes that this cannot be taught, and somewhat
inconsistently argues that it is an insult to the
reader’s intelligence to point out to him beauties
which he can discern for himself. But this is a
serious error. The majority of us in our unregen-
erate state, with the natural man’s taste for bathos
still strong within us, are almost wholly wanting in
the sense for distinctive literary beauty. But the
development of this sense can be fostered by the
right kind of teaching and interpretation of a great
classic, as it can be checked and suppressed by the
wrong. A companion to the Iliad should omit the
Homeric question and ﬁll up the space so gained
with poetry.
N EOHELLENICA (Macmillan), an in-
troduction to modern Greek in the
form of dialogues arranged in par-
allel columns, Greek and English, by Professor
Michael Constantinides and Major-General H. T.
Rogers, is very interesting reading. Incidentally
A not-el intro-
duction lo
Modem Greek.
it will convince any Greek student who undertakes.
its perusal of the truth of the assertion made in the
preface that one who has a competent knowledge
of ancient Greek can learn the modern language in
a month. But let no rash disciple of Professor
Blackie imagine that the reverse relation holds good.
The dialogues are cast in the form of a. continued
conversation, on a journey from London to Athens,
between a hypothetical Professor of Greek whose


1892.]
247
THE DIAL
progress in the modern idiom is astounding, and a
cultivated modern Greek who is the fortunate pos-
sessor of a phenomenal memory and a well-ﬁlled
note-book. The obliging Greek beguiles the tedium
of the journey by producing from the storehouse of
his memory or note-book selections that illustrate
the gradual evolution of the language from the
third century B. c. to our own day. Gibbon has
told us how even “ In their lowest depression the sub-
jects of the Byzantine throne were still possessed of
a musical and proliﬁc language that gives a soul to
the objects of sense and a body to the abstrac-
tions of philosophy.” And Mrs. Browning has said
many beautiful things of the “language that lived
so long and died so hard,—pang by pang, each
with a dolphin color,— yielding reluctantly to that
doom of death and silence which must come at last
to the speaker and the speech.” But the mere titles
of the extracts in this book are more impressive than
the eloquence of the historian and the poetess. Here
is the ﬁrst chapter of Genesis in the version made
by the Seventy for King Ptolemy and the students
of Alexandria, and also in the version which Ameri-
can Protestant missionaries distribute in the bar-
racks of the Greek army today. Here is a letter of
the Emperor Julian describing the Latin Quarter
of Paris and the Island of the Seine as they ap-
peared 1500 years ago; here is aletter from the great
modern Greek scholar Corais, describing as an eye
witness the events of the “ d. ys of October " in the
French Revolution; and here a letter of Cardinal
Bessarion written thirteen years after the capture
of Constantinople by the Turks, concerning the edu-
cation in Italy of the nephews of the last Constan-
tine. Specimens are also given of an old transla-
tion of Guarini’s ‘- Pastor Fido" with the Italian
text for comparison; of a translation of Dante by
Constantine Musurus, sometime Turkish embassador
at London; of Byron's “Giaour” and of “ Ham-
let” in the versions which are still meditated by in-
genious aspirants for literary glory at the Univer-
sity of Athens; and passages of the “ Odyssey ” are
presented in the original, in modern Greek and in
Butcher and Lang’s English. There are Greek
songs which are still sung among the peasantry of
Greece, songs collected and transliterated by Italian
savants among the surviving Greek population of
Calabria. ballads and satires of the Middle Ages,
ballads of the Greek \Va.r of Independence, and
modern lyrics composed on the approved Byronic
models by the sophisticated young Greeks of to-day.
And accompanying all these are copious historic ex-
tracts from the chronicles of every age, in which
the experiences of the Greek people, in ancient
Greece, under the domination of the Romans and
of the Turks, in modern Italy, and in the liber-
ated Greece of our time, are recounted by them-
selves. And all this is written in a dead language
which the thoroughly trained American student of
Demosthenes and Plato can learn to read in a
week.

CHARLES Aucusrus Sronnxnrfs
“Spanish Cities” (Scribner) is a
pleasantly-written narrative, with an
epistolary ﬂavor, of the author's recent trip to lead-
ing Spanish cities and points of interest. Gibraltar
and Tangier were included. Mr. Stoddard has in-
terlarded the record of his personal experience with
apposite historical and descriptive citations, so that
his book, aside from its general readableness, makes
a fair guidebook to the route traversed. Spain is
justly becoming a point of increased interest to
European tourists desirous of getting away from
the beaten track. Its picturesque civilization, re-
taining through the conservatism of its people so much
of the atmosphere and the material shell or exuviaa of
the past, its ﬁne natural scenery, and, above all, its
art treasures, amply repay tourists willing to brave
the rather primitive arrangements of Spanish hotels
and railroads; and these, as our author testiﬁes,
are not so black as they have been painted. The
gallery at Madrid is perhaps the ﬁnest in the world,
and has the important distinction that its gems are
undoubtedly authentic, the most important of them
having been painted by special order for the pal-
aces of Spain, whose inventories designate them un-
mistakably by number and description. The Ma-
drid gallery boasts forty-six paintings by Murillo,
sixty-four by Velasquez, ﬁfty-eight by Ribera, ten
by Raphael, forty-three by Titian, twenty-ﬁve by
Veronese, sixty by Rubens, ﬁfty by Teniers, and
twenty-two by Van Dyck. The Raphaels are all
noteworthy, and Titian is nowhere more character-
istically represented. Our author's notion of a bull-
ﬁght is amusing, and probably not wide of the mark:
“ I have no special sympathy for the bull as an an-
imal ; but if I cared to see him dextrously killed,
I would choose a brawny Chicago butcher, who hits
the bull with his club, and kills him in a minute, in
preference to the splendidly decorated iron-incased
blackguards, called picaclores and espadas, who
worry the unfortunate animal for twenty minutes,
allow him to disembowel a dozen horses, and then
plunge a rapier into his heart, all for the amusement
of a crowd of cowards, who, if the bull leaps the
railing, as he sometimes does, run shrieking from
the onset." The descriptions of street incidents,
palaces, cathedrals, and picture galleries, the Es-
corial and the Alhambra, are lightly yet graphic-
ally done, and there are several fair illustrations
from photographs. The book makes a good sup-
plement to Mr. Finck's “ Spain and Morocco."
Life and Art
in the land of
lhe Alhambra.
THE “Life and Letters of Charles
Samuel Keene,” whilom illustrator
of “Punch," is the title of a work
prepared by Mr. George Somes Layard, and pub-
lished (Macmillan) in a royal octavo volume of
marked beauty. The illustrations are very numer-
ous, and here do the artist more credit than their
publication in “ Punch,” for the natural reason that
much of their character was lost in the process of
The Iv;/‘e and lelters
Of an illuslralor
of “I’um-Ii."


248
[()ct. 16,
THE DIAL
3-‘Ya ~_ :=‘- “_
\u--- -- -- '___

wood-engraving. In this volume they are photo
graphically reproduced from the original pen-and-
ink drawings, and in one case the woodcut is printed
upon the opposite page for comparison. Mr. Lay-
ard’s text is made up mostly of Keene’s letters, but
he draws also upon the reminiscences of friends, and
supplies not a little connective tissue of his own.
Keene knew a. great many interesting people in the
course of his life, and the book is ﬁlled with inter-
esting personalia. The following anecdote about
Edward Fitz Gerald relates to a subject that Keene
was urged to put into a drawing, but refused to
handle on the score that it might be thought
painful. The story is told by one of the artist’s
oldest friends. “ \Vhile yachting one day with my
brother and myself, Fitz Gerald was jerked over-
board by a sudden ‘ jibe,’ a mishap which he had
been warned might very likely happen. He was
calmly reading a Greek play at the time, and when
we ﬁshed him inboard the book was held still in
his hand, and he quietly resumed his reading. I
fear I may have hinted that reading a Greek play
was deemed rather dry work, but washardly so in
his case; and I remember he declined a proffered
change of clothes, saying no harm could be done by
a ducking in salt water.”
stand for the many with which these charming
pages are ﬁlled. Mr. Layard’s memoir is sym-
pathetic; we extract from it two or three of the
closing sentences. “ To the public his work was so
‘ easy ’ and so ‘coarse ’ that there seemed to them
nothing wonderful in it at all. It would have as-
tonished them, and does indeed now astonish them,
to be told that there is not, nor indeed has b-een,
according to the opinion of some competent to judge,
since the days of the elder Holbein, another who
could give us work equal in delicacy to that of
Charles Keene." His ‘f was a plain, unvaruished life,
and in these pages it has been the endeavor to tell
a plain, unvarnished tale in keeping therewith.
The keynotes to his character seem to have been his
unaffected love of all that was true, and honest, and
pure, as he saw it, combined with what Mr. George
Meredith, in writing to me of him, has aptly called
‘ his transparent frankness.’ ”
F. D. MILLET’s “ The Danube From
the Black Forest to the Black Sea ”
(Harper) is the literary and artistic
result of a Danubian canoe trip planned by Mr.
Poultney Bigelow (author of “Paddles and Poli-
tics,” reviewed in our last number,) and Messrs.
Alfred Parsons and F. D. Millet, the well-known
artists. According to the original design, Mr. Bige-
low was to have supplied the text of the volume,
and Messrs. Parsons and Millet the drawings—
the former doing the landscape and the latter the
ﬁgures ; but Mr. Bigelow leaving the party after pass-
ing the Iron Gates, the literary task devolved upon
Mr. Millet, who has acquitted himself thereof with
much credit. The narrative is fuller and the treat-
ment more serious than in Mr. Bigelow’s sketchy
Danubian some-ry
pictured by
pen and '
This -anecdote must-

book, and it is perhaps needless to say that the 'l-l-
lustrations possess an artistic value rare in publica-
tions of the kind. Mr. Millet’s drawings are spir-
ited and graphic, and many of Mr. Parsons’s bits of
landscape and waterscape recall his charming illus-
trations to Wordsworth. The trip was made in
three canoes as nearly alike in dimensions and ﬁn-
ish as the skill of a famous East River builder could
make them. They measured ﬁfteen feet in length,
thirty inches in width, and about eighteen inches
in extreme depth, and the whole weight in cruising
trim is placed by the author at two hundred pounds.
The party embarked at Donaueschingen, and Mr.
Millet gives a detailed account of the voyage, which
was accomplished, happily, without any more seri-
ous mishap than the ignominious “ blowing-up ” and
severe humiliation of Mr. Bigelow (the self-consti-
tuted cook of the party) by a. coffee-machine of his
own invention. Mr. Bigelow has, we think, mod-
estly passed over this incident in his own book.
IT is something of a novelty to deal
with chapters from the Bible solely
as masterpieces of literature and to
consider them exclusively as examples of literary
style. Such, however, is the point of view of Prof.
Albert S. Cook in “T he Bible and English Prose
Style" (Heath); and the work has been exceedingly
well done. In the Introduction, Prof. Cook claims
that one of the chief agencies in the continually
growing enrichment and ennoblement of the En-
glish language has been and is the inﬂuence, direct
and indirect, of the Bible. This has been accom-
plished not only through the employment of its
passages in direct quotation and allusion, but through
the model it presents of a style of noble naturalness.
It appeals to human nature in all its divisions,—
to sensibility, to intellect, to the imagination, to the
will. The best English prose style to-day is the one
which presents most of the Biblical qualities in mod-
ern guise. Following the Introduction are illus-
trative comments consisting of citations from nu-
merous authors on such subjects as Rhythm of the
Bible, Rhetorical Features of the Biblical Language,
its English Imitators, etc. The Biblical Selections
occupy sixty pages, being just half the number in
the little volume, and consist of the twenty-six chap-
ters which the mother of John Ruskin required him
to learn by heart, and by which he feels that she
" established his soul in life.”
T he Bible as
11 study in
English prose style.
Ds. Rrcusnn Gsnsrzrrs charming
edition of the works of Thomas Love
Peacock, published by Macmillan 8.:
Co., is now completed by a supplementary volume
of miscellanies. After an editorial introduction,
the volume opens with a brief paper in which Sir
Edward Strachey, Bar-t., has jotted down some
personal recollections of Peacock, whom he knew in
the India House over sixty years ago. The rest of
the volume is Peacock's own, and includes “ Some
Recollections of Childhood,” the romantic fragment
A Peacockian
M iscelluny.


1s92.]
249
THE DIAL
“Calidore” (never before printed), “The Four
Ages of Poetry" (which “long ago soared into im-
mortality in the eagle grasp of the rejoinder which
it provoked from Shelley"), three papers collect-
ively styled “ Horas Dramaticaa ” (attempted restor-
ations of as many fragments of classical drama).
and “ The Last Day of Vilindsor Forest,” a paper
probably the last of Peacock’s composition. Finally,
there is an index of the ﬁrst lines of the lyrics
contained in all the nine volumes of the edition. Of
the contents of this volume, the “ recollections” are
the most interesting feature ,and they throw numer-
ous_side-lights upon the romances. For example,
it is interesting to know that Peacock himself, when
a young man, gave up the use of sugar as a protest
against slavery, just like his own Mr. Forester in
“ Melincourt.”
T0 Macmillan’s dollar edition of the
novels of Dickens, “Martin Chuzzle-
wit,” “Barnaby Rudge,” and “The
“ Old Curiosity Shop ” have now been added, the pre-
vious issues being “ Pickwick,” “ Oliver Twist,” and
“ Nicholas N ickleby.” These volumes are accurate
reprints, illustrations and all, of the ﬁrst editions,
and each has an interesting introduction by Mr.
Charles Dickens the younger. The volumes have
the merit of being inexpensive, and they are highly
attractive in appearance. In spite of the many
forms in which Dickens is already oﬁered to
the public, we should be glad to see this edition
made a complete one, for it has few'equals at any
price, and none at the price actually placed upon
these volumes. Mr. Chapman, the English publisher
of the novels, has recently made some interesting
statements about the undiminished popularity of
Dickens. He says, among other things, that “ Pick-
wick" has been produced by no less than eleven
London publishers since it emerged from copyright,
and that the original publishers have sold over half
a million copies of the novel during the past twenty
years. This news should be broken very gently
to Mr. Howells; others will be glad to hear it, and
perhaps will not ﬁnd it particularly surprising.
LOVERS of \Valt \Vhitman will wel-
come a little volume entitled “Auto-
biographia.” published with the poet's
approval by C. L. \Vebster & Co., in which he is
made to tell his own life-story in selections from
" Specimen Days,” “ November Boughs,” and “ Good
Bye my Fancy.” As Tun DIAL has indicated re-
cently, to know “the good gray poet” thoroughly
one must become familiar with his prose writings,
in which so much of his personality is revealed. In
a convenient volume these scattered glimpses of the
man who has been so misunderstood have been
made easily accessible, and it is to be hoped that
the public which rails so freely will now read and
inform itself. These pages, so full of the subjective
revelation of self, so full of a poet’s joy in nature,
have a decided ﬂavor of Thoreau, whom Whitman
resembled in several strong phases of his character.
A .mli.r/arlory
and inn-pa-n.n're
edition of Dickens.
Wall 1I'In'lman
as revealed in
Iulsprose zrrlfingr.

complete indexes of names and subjects.
DR. JOHN CLARK R1n1>A'rn’s “ Uni-
R|'dfu!h’:_H1'x!m*_|/ ted States” (United States History
"1' °”""“’*'"'"*o<>.), in its new “Colnmbian” edi-
tion, is a thick octavo with many illustrations, some
of them in colors. It covers the entire period of
our annals, from the days when the Indian held
undisputed possession of the soil down to the pres-
ent year. The author has endeavored “ to avoid
all partiality, partisanship, and -prejudice, as things
dangerous, haneful. and wicked,” and seems to have
been fairly successful in the endeavor. One of the
chapters contains an elaborate account of the Cen-
tennial at Philadelphia, probably to give readers
some slight foretaste of what the greater glories of
the Columbian Exposition will be like. An appen-
dix contains the Constitution and the other regula-
tion documents that usually go with such books.
Cotrzmbinn edition
THE “Evolution Series” puts in
P 1 4‘ - .
=-igii.if¢i_lrrm';iac'isand pamphlet form a number of “Studies
*°°'”w'”l”°”"'”‘ in Applied Sociology,” on Man and
the State (Appleton), being lectures and discus-
sions before the Brooklyn Ethical Association.
These little pamphlets, each containing the presen-
tation of opposing views on social problems, are
most valuable for popular reading. Four numbers
before us are “The Race Problem in the Sout ,"
by Prof. Joseph Le Conte and Mr. James A. Skil-
ton; “Education as Related to Citizenship,” by
Rev. John W. Chadwick and Mr. W. H. Maxwell;
“ The Republican Party,” by Roswell G. Horr and
Joseph C. Hendrix ; and “ The Democratic Party,”
by Edward M. Shepard and Stewart L. “’o0dford.
They will be welcome to the teacher of political
history. MM
Gumpm of THE latest volume of “The Gentle-
England’: nrlvielll man's Magazine Library” (Hough-
1°“! hf" ton) continues the subject of “En-
glish Topography” throngh Cambridgeshire, Che-
shire, Cornwall, and Cumberland, and provides
It is very
rich in materials relating to family history. “ The
ancient local life of England is departing." says the
editor, “ and if we cannot altogether regret this, we
can still look back upon glimpses of it with some
degree of affection and a. great deal of interest. It
was solid, true, and picturesque. Timbered houses,
surrounding a church, with cultivated grounds
stretching all around, is the normal physical feature.”
This volume affords many of the glimpses here men-
tioned; to offer anything like a connected survey is
not within its scope.
BRIEFER IIIENTION.
THE “ Coming of the Friars, and Other Historic Es-
says," by that charming writcr, Dr. Augustus Jessopp,
is published in a new edition with ﬂexible cloth covers,
just the thing to put in the pocket when starting on a
journey. The chapters on “The Black Death in East
Anglia” and “ Daily Life in a ltlediieval Monastery "
are historical papers as important as they are interest-


250
THE DIAL
"""<-1- —\—:=<‘;t._

ing, and no page of the volume is without its contribu-
tion of quaint out-of-the-way information. (Putnam).
THAT old-time favorite, “ The Initials,” by the Bar-
oness Tautphceus, has just been republished in a neat
two volume edition (Putnam), and should ﬁnd many
readers, both new and old, in this attractive form.
Among other new editions, we note “The Maid of Kil-
leena” by Mr. \Villiam Black (Harper), and “ Nelly
Kinnard’s Kingdom” by Miss Amanda M. Douglas
(Lee & Shepard).
MR. J. K. ELLw00D’S “ Table Book and Test Prob-
lems in Mathematics” (American Book Co.) is an ex-
ceedingly useful little book for the teacher's desk. It
includes a collection of 78 “theorems, rules, and form-
ulas,” a set of logarithmic tables, and a great variety of
carefully selected problems in arithmetic, algebra, and
geometry.
“QUAKERS in Pennsylvania” is the title of the latest
number in the " Johns Hopkins University" Studies in
Historical and Political Science." Dr. Albert C. Ap-
plegarth is the author, and his discussion embraces three
chief subjects,__-the customs and laws of the Quakers,
their attitude towards the Indians, and their position
upon the question of slavery.
MR. A. M. CO0K’s “Shorter Latin Course,” adapted
for the use of American schools by Dr. J. C. Egbert,
has just been published by the Macmillans. It is neat
in appearance, and, within its limits, very complete.
The same publishers send us an edition of Ctesar’s “ Hel-
vetian War,” adapted, like the grammar already men-
tioned, from an English text-book.
Da. D. VV. JACKSON publishes a pamphlet entitled
“A Discussion of the Drainage and \Vater Supply of
Chicago” (Rand, McNally & Co.) He tells us that he
voted for the adoption of the present drainage act, and
afterwards came to the conclusion that he had made a
mistake. He now urges its repeal, and describes an-
other method of providing for the sewage of the city,
a method which he claims will prove equally effective,
and cost only a small fraction of what it is intended to
spend upon the canal now being constructed.
Mr-nu: Mention must suffice for the following new
novels : “The \Vee “'idow’s Cruise in Quiet VVaters ”
(Cassell) is by “ an idle exile,” and is published in the
“ Unknown” library. “ East and West," by the Rev.
Edward Everett Hale (Cassell), is a story of just one
hundred years ago, and recounts the adventures of the
Ohio pioneers. “ Nor Wife, nor Maid” (Hovendon) is
the latest product of Mrs. Hungerford’s popular and
proliﬁc pen. Miss Kate Jordan, who is responsible
for “The Other House" (Lovell, Coryell & C0.) ap-
pears to be a new writer. Mrs. Molesworth’s “Leona”
(Cassell) is a story not for youth only, but one that
may be enjoyed by older persons as well.
LI'1‘ERARY NOTES AND Nrzws.
Lord Tennyson’s posthumous volume will be entitled
“ Akbar’s Dream and Other Poems.”
Mr. E. C. Stedmau’s essays on “ The Nature and
Elements of Poetry ” are concluded in the October " Cen-
tury,” and are soon to appear in book form.
Ibsen’s “ A Doll Home " was played this suunner in
the Khedival theatre at Cairo, and is reported to have
had great success.
“The Overland Monthly” for October has an inter-


esting article by Miss Milicent VV. Shinn, on "The
University of California. ”
A ﬁrm of Swiss publishers announce a new series of
guide-books, of which “Chicago in \Vort und Bild ”will
be the ﬁrst number.
Mr. Richard Henry Stoddard has an article, remin-
iscent in vein, upon the late Mr. Lowell, in “Lippin-
cott's ” for October.
The letters of Charles Dickens will soon be published
in a single volume, uniform with the Macmillan dollar
edition of the novels.
Mr. Bliss Carmau, the Canadian poet, is now engaged
in editorial work upon “ Current Literature,” having ter-
minated his connection with the New York “ Indepen-
dent.”
The death of Xavier Marmier, October 11, makes a
vacancy in the French Academy, and another opportun-
ity for the persistent M. Zola. Marmier was an ar-
chaeologist of wide reputation.
The Putnams will begin the publication this fall of
the “ Ariel Edition ” of Shakespeare’s lvvorks. There
will be thirty-nine small pocket volumes, bound in
ﬂexible leather, with some 500 illustrations by Frank
Howard.
The Macmillans are to publish Coleridge in a one-
volume edition, uniform with those of Tennyson, \Vords-
worth, Arnold, and Shelley. This will really supply :1
long-felt want.
A series of three historical novels from the German
of C. Falkenhorst are announced by the \'Vorthing-
ton Company. “ With Columbus in America,” “ With
Cortez in Mexico," and “With Pizarro in Peru ” are the
titles.
The R-ev. Samuel Longfellow died October 3, in Port-
laud, Me., at the age of seventy-three. The biography
of his more famous brother, and numerous hymns, con-
stitute his claim to literary remembrance.
F. J. Schulte & Co. announce two volumes of ﬁction;
one being short stories by Mr. Roswell M. Field, the
other a novel, the joint production of Mr. Ambrose
Bierce and Dr. J. A. Danziger, and partly adapted
from the German.
The Scribners have in pressa new volume of essays by
Richard Henry Stoddard, “Under the Evening Lamp."
The papers, which are biographical and anecdotal as
well as critical, relate to Peacock, Blake, Fitz Gerald,
Lord Houghton, and other authors.
“ The Beautiful Land of Nod,” an illustrated volume
of poems, songs, stories, and allegories, by Mrs. Ella
Wheeler Wilcox, is an interesting addition to the ju-
venile announcements of the season. It will be pub-
lished by Morrill, Higgins 85 Co.
A volume of prose essays, entitled " Excursions in
Criticism,” by Mr. Willialii Watsoii, will soon be pub-
lished in England. If Mr. \Vatson is as good a critic as
poet (which would, perhaps, be expecting too much),
the book will be an important one.
“ The United States Investor ” of Boston offers $1000
in prizes for essays on American cities and towns. The
best essay on any American city or town will receive
half the above sum. Messrs. Henry Cabot Lodge,
Charles F. Crisp, and Julius C. Burrows will actas the
judges.
Mr. Samuel T. Pickard, 44 Exchange St., Portland,
Maine, who is Mr. VVhittier’s literary executor, desires
the loan of any of the poet’s autograph letters that may


1s92.]
251
THE DIAL
be of help to him in preparing the poet's biography.
All letters sent him will be promptly copied and re-
turned to their owners.
A ﬁrm of English publishers announce a series of
volumes, to be called " The Bookman’s Library,” con-
sisting partly of reprints and partly of original matter.
The ﬁrst two, to appear in November and December,
will be “The Poetry of the Dial,” arranged under the
names of the authors, according to a copy marked by
Emerson in the possession of Mr. Alexander Ireland;
“ The Complete \Voi-ks of Emily Bronte," that is to
say, “ \"uthering Heights,” and the poems, both being
reprinted from their ﬁrst editions, together with a
prefatory essay attempting to trace the sources of the
novel.
A writer in “The Book Buyer” tells the following
amusing story : " One of the eﬂ"ects of the publication
of the works of any old author seems to be the arous-
ing of the bureaus of press-clippings to activity. Ihave
seen letters from two diﬁerent ﬁrms, which have been
sent to the care of Messrs. Roberts Brothers, addressed
to Jane Austen, and containing offers to furnish her
with reviews of her book at so much a hundred. Very
likely other ﬁrms could tell the same sort of story; but
one cannot help smiling at the astonishment of Miss
Austen had one of these epistles really reached her in
the ﬂesh."
The second (July) number of “ The Knight Errant ”
has an exquisite frontispiece in photogravure, repro-
ducing Mr. lvalter Crane’s “La Belle Dame sans
Merci." Mr. Crane also signs an article, “ Of Esthe-
tic Pessiniism and the New Hope." A study of Ver-
laine, two original sonnets, a translation from Leopardi,
and a valuable article on typography, make up the
chief contents of this beautiful publication. The ar-
ticle last mentioned is illustrated by examples from the
books published by Mr. Vvilliam Morris at the Kelm-
scott Press.
“ The Harvard Graduates’ Magazine," a beautifully
printed quarterly, is the latest addition to the period-
ical list. The ﬁrst issue is dated October, and contains
176 pages. The price is one dollar annually, which
can hardly cover the cost of manufacture, unless the
subscribers are very numerous indeed. It is published
by the Harvard Graduates Magazine Association, Bos-
ton, and is edited, under the direction of a council of
sixteen, by Messrs. \Villiam R. Thayer and Frank
Bolles. The opening number contains articles by Presi-
dent Eliot, Professor A. I’. Peabody, Mr. Theodore
Roosevelt, Mr. VV. P. Garrison, Professor VV. J . Tucker,
and others, besides a large amount of miscellaneous
matter of interest mainly to Harvard students past and
present.
Professor Edward Cone Bissell, of Chicago, has pub-
lished, under the title of “Genesis Printed in Colors,”
the English text of Genesis, according to the Revised
Version, in ink of no less than seven different colors,
in order to show the different sources from which the
book is supposed to have been compiled. The scheme
of analysis adopted is that of Kautzsch and Socin, as
given in the second edition of “ Die Genesis mit Aeusserer
Unterscheidung der Qnellenschriften,” which does not
materially differ from the views generally accepted by ad-
vanced critics. The London “Academy” says of this
publication: “ The general result is certainly to give
colour to the witty remark that the book of Genesis, if
not by Moses, is at any rate a mosaic.”


LIST OF NEW Booxs.
[The following list, embracing 105 titles, includes all books
received by THE DIAL since last i'ssue.l
HISTOR Y.
Three Episodes oi’ Massachusetts History: The Settle-
ment of Boston Bay, The Antimonian Controvers , and
A Study of Church and Town Government. By arles
Francis Adams. In two vols., 12mo, gilt top. Hough-
ton, Miﬂlin & Co. $4.00.
Itinerary of General Washington, From June 15, 1775, to
December 23, 1783. With portrait, 4to, pp. 335, gilt top,
uncut edges. J . B. Lippincott Co. $2.50.
A French Ambassador at the Court oi‘ Charles H.
From his Unpublished Correspondence. B J. J. Jus-
serand. With portraits. Bvo, pp. 259. G. Putnam’s
Sons.
The Eve oi’ the French Revolution. B Edward J.
Lowell, author of “The Hessians in the evolutionary
War.” 8vo, pp. 408. Houghton, Miﬁin & Co. 52.00.
The Coming of the Friars and other Historic Essays. By
Rev. Augustus Jessopp, D.D. 12mo, pp. 344. G. P.
Putnam’s Sons. $1.25.
Quakers in Pennsylvania. B Albert C. Applegarth,
Ph.D. Svo, pp. 84. Johns Hopkins University Studies. 75c
Historical Essays of Macaulay. Edited by Samuel Thur-
ber. l‘2mo, pp. 39-}. Allyn & Bacon. 80 cts.
BIOGRAPHY.
The Diplomatic Remlniscenoes of Lord Au stus Loftus,
P.C., 1837-1862. In 2 vols., with portrait, Bvo, uncut.
CassellPublishingCo. 86.00.
Lives of the Queens oi’ England from the Norman Con-
quest. Compiled, from oﬁicisl records and other authen-
tic documents, by Agnes Strickland. New revised and
enlarged edition, in S vols., illus.,8vo, gilt tops. J. B.
Lippincott Co.‘ $16.00.
Autoblographla; or, The Story of a Life. By Walt Whit-
man. (Selected from his prose writings.) lﬁmo, pp. 205.
C. L. Webster & Co. 75 cts.
A Life of Grover Cleveland. with a Sketch of Adlai E.
Stevenson. By George F. Parker. 12mo, pp. 332. Cas-
sell’s "Sunshine Series.” 50 cts.
Life of General Jackson. By Oliver Dyer, author of
“ Great Senators of the United States.” lllus., 12mo, pp.
378. Bonner’s “Choice Series." 50cts.
Mark Twain: The Storyof his Life and \Vork. By \Vill
M. Clemens. 3rd edition, liimo, pp. 211. Clemens Puli-
lial1ingCo. Paper, 50 cts.
POE TR Y.
The Merrimac River: Hellenics and Other Poems. By
Benjamin VV. Ball. 12mo, pp. 426. G. P. Putnam’s
Sons. $2.00.
Mexican and South American Poems 1Spanish and En-
lish l. Translated by Ernest S. Green and Miss H. Von
owenfels. 12mo, pp. 400. San Diego, Cal., Dodge dc
Burbeck. $2.00.
Selected Poems of Robert Burns. \Vith Biogra hical
Sketch and Notes by Nathan Haskell Dole. llus-.
18mo, pp. 303, gilt top. T. Y. Crowell & Co. $1.00.
Songs of Sunrise Lands. B Clinton Scollard. ltimo,
pp. 118. Houghton, Miﬂlin
Notes for the Nile:
of Ancient
Co. $1.00.
A Metrical Rendering of the Hymns
lkypt. etc. By Hardwicke D. Rawnsley,
M.A. 12mo, pp. 5524. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.50.
The Dream of Art, and Other Poems. By Espy Williams.
liimo, gilt top, pp. 99. G. P. Putnam’s Sons. T5 cts.
FICTION.
The Initials: A Story of Modern Life. B Baroness Tant-
plhuaus, author of “Quits." In two vo ., 12mo. G. P.
utiiam's Sons. 82.:'>0.
Englishman's Haven. By ‘V. J. Gordon, author of “The
Captain-General.” Illus., sq. 12mo, pp. 238. D. Ap-
pleton & Co. $1.50.
Maid Marian and Robin Hood: A Romance of Old Sher-
wood Forest. By J. E. Muddock, author of "Storm-
light.” Illus., 12mo, pp. 326. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1.25.


252
THE DIAL
[Och 16,
raves» w.—=-“-5
w_—__-_- _____,

Axel Ebersen, the Graduate of U sala. By A. Laurie, au-
thor of “ Maurice Kerdic." I us., 1‘Zmo. pp. 286. J. B.
Lippincott Co. $1.50.
The Chatelaine oi‘ la. Trinité. By Henry B. Fuller, au-
thor of “The Chevalier of Pensieri-Vani.” Illus., 16mo,
pp. 176, gilt top. The Century Co. $1.25.
Belhaven Tales, Crow's Nest. and King David. By Mrs.
Burton Harrison, author of " The Anglo-Maniacs.” Illus.,
lﬁmo, pp. 212, gilt top. The Century Co. $1.25.
Old Ways and New. Stories by Viola Roseboro’.
pp. 216, gilt top. The Century Company. $1.25.
Mr Witt's Widow: A Frivolous Tale. By Anthony Hope.
author of “ Father Stafford.” 12mo, pp. 243. United
States Book Co. $1.25.
The Island of Fantasy: A Romance. By Fergus Hume,
author of “The Man Who Vanished.” 12rno, pp. 453.
Lovell, Gestefeld & Co. $1.25.
Catmur’s Cave. Bv Richard Dowliug, author of “The
Mystery of Killard.” 12mo, pp. 26-1. National Book
Co. $1.25.
Cousin Phillis: A Stor of English Love. By Mrs. Gas-
kell. ltiino, pp. 222, gi ttop. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.00.
Marianelaz A Ste of Spanish Love. Translated from
the Spanish of . Perez Galdos, by Helen W. Lester.
16mo, pp. 243, gilt top. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.00.
Other Things Being Equal. By Emma Wolf. llimo, pp.
‘Z75. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1.00.
Jane Austen's Novels: Northanger Abbey, 1 vo1.; Per-
suasion, 1 vol. Each with Frontispiece, 16mo, gilt top.
Roberts Brothers. Per vol., $1.25.
Under the Water-Oaks. By Marian Brewster. Illus.,
16mo, pp. 319. Roberts Brothers. $1.25.
Esther Vanhomrich. By Margaret L. Woods, author of
“ A Village Tragedy." lflmo, pp. 380. Hovendon
Co. $1.00.
Joshua Wray: A Novel. By Hans Stevenson Beattie.
1‘lmo, pp. 307. United States Book Co. $1.25.
The Woman Who Dares. By Ursula N. Gestsfeld. 12mo,
16mo,
pp. Lovell. Gestefeld & Co. $1.25.
Tales of a Garrison Town. By Arthur W. Eaton and
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New


1892.]
253
THE DIAL
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[Oct. 16,
THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
5 .S:mi=ﬁHunt¥JIg Ialuurnal uf ititzrarg Qﬂritirimn, Eisrussion, am: Enfurmatiun.
TIIE DIA L (founded in 1880)1’:publ1'shed on the let and 16th ojeach
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THE DIAL, No. 2-1 Arlams Street, Chicago.
Na. 153. NOVEMBER 1, 1892. Vol. XIII. ‘
CONTENTS.
PAGE
THE SCARLET LETTER lPoeml. William Morton
Payne . . 1'63
THE HIGHER ASPECTS OF THE COLUMBIAN
EXPOSITION.............W
TEDZNYSONIANA. (Tributes in prose and verse from
England and America) . . ‘.265
A PROSE DITHYRAMB BY RENAN. |Translation
of the famous Prayer at the Acropolis) . 267
COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . 269
The Ills of Anthorship.—A Study in Literary Pathol-
Mistakes about Tennyson. Eugene Parsons.
The Decline of Ibsenism. Daniel Kilham Dodge.
Longfellow’s Filst Book. A. J. Bozrden.
A FRENCHMAN AND HIS NOTE-BOOK AT AN
ENGLISH COURT. E. G. J. . 271
THOREAIFS SEASONS. Louis J. Block . 274
THE EVOLUTION OF THE CRITICAL FAC-
ULTY. lllarian Jlead . ‘Z7
BRIEFS ON NEVV BOOKS . . . . . . . . . . 279
A Delightful Volume of Out-of-door Essays.—Ram-
bles and Observations of a Naturalist.—“ A Vagrant
Chronicle of the Earth and Sky/'~— Salient phases
of for-western life and mn.nners.— A Blockade run-
ner’s Story of his Adventures.— A sensible and use-
ful edition of Goethe‘s Faust.— Famous \'omen of
the French Court.~ Provencal games and religious
festivals.
BRIEFER MENTION . 281
LITERARY NOTPB AND NEWS . . ‘Z82
TOPICS IN NOVEMBER PERIODICALS . 283
LIST OF NEW’ BOOKS 284
\
\
1
\
Rnurrrnicrs should be by check, or by express or postal 1
THE SCARLET LETTER.
\_Vithiu this book is writ the tale of sin
And solemn expiation. From a soil
Virgin it sprang, the ﬁrst-fruit of the toil
\Vhereof a nation new-create should win
Harvest of art immortal; herewithin
VVe read how memory, like a serpent’s coil,
Clings round the guilty soul, which ﬁnds no foil
Against the fangs that strike still deeper in.
The glowing letter on the sable ﬁeld
Burned to her heart, whose passion here revealed,
Strong both to err and to atone, deep burns
Into the mind, and holds in all men's sight
The law that sin committed ever earns
The bitter sorrow for the brief delight.
\Vn.x.1AM Monron Perm-:.
THE HIGHER ASPECTS OF THE
COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
The great exhibition which is to crown four cen-

1 turies of civilization upon the American continent
i ture to the approval of man.

has now been formally dedicated to its noble pur-
‘ pose, and the dedication was in many ways sin-
. gularly impressive.
The loveliest of Indian Sum-
mer weather seemed to add the benediction of na-
For three days the
business of Chicago was suspended, and citizens of
all csllings joined with the hosts of their visitors in
celebrating the occasion. The streets of the city,
I richly decorated for the festivities, offered a ﬁtting
‘ objective counterpart to the festal feeling of the
hundreds of thousands by which they were thronged.
And, in the magical \Vhite City, sprung from the
waste, like Aladdin’s palace, in a. single night, the
largest building in the world gave shelter to the
greatest concourse of people ever assembled under
one roof, and witnessed the exercises that gathered
into one focal hour the richly colored expression of
the aspiration and the achievement of four hundred
years.
On this occasion, as never before, Chicago in-
dulged to the full in the somewhat irrational pas-
, sion for bigness which has been one of her most
marked cha.ra.cteristics since her ambition in that
direction was aroused by the biggest ﬁre known to
history. And on this occasion, more nearly than
usual, she was justiﬁcd in her exultation. The
amount of work yet necessary for the completion
of the exhibition is very great, but that which has
already been done removes all fear concerning
what is still unaccomplished, and no intelligent


264
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
observer of the present condition of affairs can doubt
that the exhibition will fulﬁl its promise of being
the largest and most comprehensive yet attempted.
The work of organization, judged by the results
already reached, must be pronounced a success, and
to the executive ability that has presided over the
work there is due a very high degree of praise.
Those who have watched the work in its develop-
ment have, indeed, seen many things to regret.
There has been a great deal of unseemly wrangling,
the result of the peculiar system of dual control.
There have been all sorts of petty squabbles among
directors and other oﬁicials. There has been one
very humiliating episode, in which a distinguished
Kentuckian is the chief ﬁgure— for which responsi-
bility rests somewhere. although it is diflicult to say
exactly upon whom. There have been absolute mis-
takes, also, great and small. If the famous dis-
coverer of electro-magnetism were to revisit these
pale glimpses, he would ﬁnd his name carved in
huge letters of stone upon one of the buildings —
and misspelled. This is one of the small mistakes.
A greater one is that of the expenditure of a large
sum of money for a purpose afterward abandoned
as not consonant with good taste. The greatest
mistake of all, of course, is that made by the na-
tional part of the management when it was de-
cided to close the exhibition one day of every p
week, and that day the one upon which, above all
others, it is desirable that the gates should be open.
This mistake, fortunately, there is yet time to rec-
tify. But, making all due allowance for errors of
judgment that have marred the work, and for
quarrels that have impeded its progress, the great
fact remains that it has gone on at an unprece-
dented rate, and has to-day reached a point at which
it fairly commands the admiration of the world.
And the credit of having been responsible for this
splendid achievement surely outweighs whatever in-
cidental discredit may attach to such features in
the performance of the work as have been men-
tioned.
Our subject at present, however. is not the Co-
lumbian Exposition as a whole. but its non‘-material
aspect: the appeal which it is to make to taste and
intelligence, the extent to which it is likely to repre-
sent the interests of thought and culture. In a cer-
tain sense, of course, a material exhibit makes an
intellectual appeal; the exhibited thing embodies
the thought of its maker, and that thought is really
�hat we recognize and appreciate. But this is only
it metaphysical subtlety that tends to do away with
a real and important practical distinction. We all
know what is meant by the intellectual and aesthetic
tastes, and we all know that they are not gratiﬁed,
to any considerable extent. by exhibits of cattle and
of machinery, by either the processes or the pro-
ducts of manufacturing. These things are all of
the utmost importance in their way, but they do not
engage the higher faculties. Their interest for
most people has a predominant element of prac-
" ""'- '“-\'�».\;_n-1‘------._

ticality, and the practical is what we do not now
wish to consider. Walt Whitnian would doubtless,
could he view it, ﬁnd intellectual stimulus in the
exhibit of manufactures, and the inscription *‘ Tin
Ware, Enamelled \Vare, Hardware. etc.,” carved
above the portal of the Manufactures Building, might
find its way verbatim into the work of such a poet.
But the majority of on-lockers at the manufacturing
and agricultural and transportation displays will
view them about as they would view a well-ﬁlled
shop-window, and carry away about the same sort
of impressions.
\Vhat, then, will be the reward of a visitor to
the exhibition over and above the satisfaction of his
curiosity about matters that bear upon his practical
interests? Many things would have to be said to
afford anything like an adequate answer to this
question, and we can attempt but a few of the more
important. In the ﬁrst place, he will have an
almost unparallelled oportunity for what Pope
called “ the proper study of mankind.” Humanity,
numerous and varied, will greet his eye, not only in
the throngs of visitors bent, like himself, upon pleas-
ure, but also in the race groups of Cairenes and
Esquimaux, of Japanese and South Sea islanders,
forming part of the exhibition, and displaying their
costumes, their customs. and their manner of life.
So instructive a lesson in cosmopolitanism will alone
repay a long journey. Then there will be the view
of the grounds themselves and all that they con-
tain; the noble architecture of the buildings, studied
in detail or seen down the long vistas opened by
the lagoons; the resources of the landscape gar-
dener's art, displayed in graceful arrangement of
flower and tree, of grassy lawn and shadowed walk,
of wooded island and lily-covered lake; and, flank-
ing all this rich and varied beauty. the great in-
land sea. wonderful whatever its mood, making
this exhibition unique among all with which com-
parison may be sought. Then there will be works
of sculpture, among others the colossal ﬁgure of the
Republic and the great central fountain; galleries
of paintings, and halls where, at almost any hour
of the day, choral or orchestral music may be heard.
Finally, in the soft summer evenings, when the
buildings are closed, but illuminated without by
countless thousands of electric lamps, and when
strains of music, borne over lake and shore, ﬁll the
air, many a weary sight-seer will think these hours
the best of all, as the mingled beauty of sight and
sound casts its spell upon him, and he yields him-
self to its subduing inﬂuence.
“Te have thus far spoken only of the aesthetic
features of the exhibition, or of those features which
at least associate the sense of beauty with the per-
ceptions of the intellect. The strictly intellectual
aspect of the undertaking remains to be discussed.
On the grounds themselves this aspect will be illus-
trated in many minor ways, but chieﬂy in the build-
ing devoted to the interests of Education. Not long
ago, it seemed as if the list of mistakes to be charged


1892.]
THE DIAL 265

against the management were to include an inex-
cusable neglect of educational affairs. The space
originally assigned for their exhibit was so reduced
by the constant pressure of manufacturing interests.
that it became utterly inadequate for its purpose.
Fortunately, the educators of this country are an
energetic body of men and women, not disposed
calmly to accept treatment so manifestly unfair, and
they made a protest so strong as to be effective. It
was threatened to withdraw the educational exhibit
altogether unless suitable space were provided, and
this threat has resulted in the tardy decision to do
what should have been planned from the start —— to
erect a special Educational building. If properly
managed, no exhibit will exceed in importance that
which this building, of which we are now reason-
ably assured. will contain. It will not, of course,
be an exhibit of the actual work of education (al-
though so preposterous a suggestion has been made),
but will illustrate in the greatest possible detail the
educational methods of all kinds of schools in every
country of importance. A comparative display of
this sort is much needed in a country which has
hitherto been content to establish schools in great
numbers. but has not taken much pains to make
them conform to pedagogic requirements of the
more reﬁned sort.
ever, of the intellectual side of the exhibition will
be found, not in the grounds of the exhibition proper,
buf in the heart of Chicago. and in the building
now rising there upon the Lake Front. In establish-
ing the \Vorld’s Congress Auxiliary, the manage-
ment has done something hitherto unattempted in
connection with a universal exhibition. “ Not
things, but men” is the motto of the Auxiliary, and
exactly describes its purpose. Under its auspices
representatives of every department of thought will
assemble in a series of congresses, to which the pub-
lic will be admitted as far as practicable, and will
discuss the problems that still await solution. as well
as those that have succumbed to the onward march
of thought. To sum up the achievements of the
intellect to date, and to indicate the lines of future
progress, is the ambitious programme of the Auxil-
iary, and its various congresses promise to bring to-
gether from all parts of the world an assemblage of
scholars that will be quite as notable in its way as
the collection of material things made by the exhi-
bition proper. Upon nearly every day of the six
months there will be ﬁfty or more meetings, large
and small, in the great Auxiliary Building; meet-
ings of specialists in various departments for dis-
cussion of the subjects which they represent. More
detailed account of the work planned by the Aux-
iliary must be reserved for a future article ; we will
here content ourselves with saying that this part of
the general work of the exhibition is that which
comes most distinctly within the province of Tm-:
DIAL, and that to it we intend to devote a consid-
erable share of our attention during the coming
year.
The fullest expression, how- ‘

TENNYSONIANA.
More than one volume might be made of the
various tributes to Tennyson, in prose and verse,
that have already been called forth by his death,
and the volumes would be of no mean value, either
as criticism or as poetry, if some care were taken
in the selection of their contents. We have col-
lected (mostly from the English papers) a few of
the more noteworthy of these tributes, and here
oﬂ’er them to our readers.
“ The Saturday Review ” bears the following
weighty testimony to the rank of the dead Laureate
among English poets:
" The death of the Poet Laureate is something more
than a momentous national event. It is an event the
like of which has not yet occurred in this country
within the memory of any but very old men, and
does not seem likely to repeat itself even in the lives
of the youngest among us. Seventy years have
elapsed since the last English poet entitled to rank
with Lord Tennyson as a singer passed away; and if we
may admit that any voice of equal sweetness is still un-
silenced among us, we shall hardly assert that in range
and compass, in variety of modulation, in ‘ sympathetic ’
quality, it will bear comparison with that which death
has so lately lmshed. To the great majority of En-
glishmen, therefore, the melancholy event of Thursday
last is an absolutely new experience, and one with which
the people of any nation may for long periods together
remain unacquninted. They now know what it is to
witness the extinction of one of those beacon-lights of
humanity which often remain uukindled for genera-
tions, and, when extinguished, leave as long a darkness
behind them. The illuminant has in this case burned
so long, and with so steady a power, that we have been
apt to take its rays for granted ; and the_ loss, though
it will be felt with the more suddenness of shock on
that account, will be in its ﬁrst freshness, perhaps, the
less easily measured. It will take some little time to ac-
custom us to the thought that the one great English poet
of our age—the one poet of the last three-quarters of
a century whose place is clearly and indisputably among
the Immortals— has been taken from us."
Mr. Joseph Jacobs, writing in the London “ Acad-
emy,” says of Tennyson’s later work:
“ Since Sophocles there has been nothing in all litera-
tnrc like that St. Martin's Summer of Tennyson’s muse.
The old age of Goethe was devoted to science; the vi-
tal portions of the second part of ‘Faust’ were written
years before they were published. The vigor and vir-
ility of the volume of ‘Ballads,’ the ‘Teiresias’ vol-
umc, the ‘New Locksley Hall,’ and the ‘ Demeter’ vol-

‘ ume were astounding; ‘Rizpah,' ‘ vastness,’ ‘The Bal-
lad of the Revenge,"Teiresias,’to mention some of the
more striking, were achievements of the ﬁrst order in
poetic force. There was no want of the rush of inspir-
ation behind the verse; there was rugged vigor, sublime
incoherence. The metrical forms could no longer bear
the fulness of the poetic fervor. There was no over-
niceness of precision, even the metre had grown less
smooth, more Michaclnngelesque. It was am if the
frost of eld was sending spikes of ice across the sur-
face of the stream of verse."
The most important article yet evoked by the


266 THE
[l\'ov. 1,
DIAL
~death of Tennyson is doubtless that contributed to
“‘ The Athenaaum ” by Mr. Theodore \'atts, who
knew and loved the dead poet. Speaking of Ten-
~nyson’s charm, he says:
“ It lay in a great veracity of soul—iu a simple sin-
gle-mindeduess so childlike that unless you had known
him to be the undoubted author of his exquisitely artis-
tic poems, you would have supposed that even the sub-
tleties of poetic art must be foreign to a nature so de-
'void of all subtlety as his. Homer, you would have
said, might have been such a man as this, for Homer
worked in a language which is Poetry’s own voice. But
Tennyson works in a language which has to be moulded
into harmony by a myriad subtleties of art."
The following passage is of value as correcting a
common misunderstanding concerning Tennyson:
" What has been called his exclusivencss is entirely
mythical. He was the most hospitable of men. It
was very rare indeed for him to part from a friend
at his hall door or at the railway station without
urging him to return as soon as possible, and gen-
erally with the words, ‘Come whenever you like.’
The fact is, however, that for many years the strangest
notions seem to have got abroad as to the claims of the
public upon men of genius. There seems now to be
scarcely anyone who does not look upon any man who has
passed into the purgatory of fame as his or her common
property. The unlucky victim is to be pestered by letters
upon every sort of foolish subject, and to be hunted
down in his walks and insulted by senseless adulation.
Tennyson resented this, and so did Rossetti, and so
ought every man who has reached eminence and res-
pects his own genius."
Of a biography of T ennyson, Mr. Watts says:
“There is but one man who is fully equipped for
such an undertaking, and fortunately that is his own
son -_-a man of great ability, of admirable critical acn-
men, and of quite exceptional accomplishments."
One or two American selections may be included
in this collection. The Rev. Henry Van Dyke
opens an article in the New York “ Critic” as fol-
lows :
“ Not of the man, whose death has brought sorrow to
so many hearts, but of the poet, whose songs have
brought comfort to so many sorrows, I am to, write to-
day. Yet one word must be said, in simple justice, of
the harmony between the poet and the man. There was
no double personality in Tennyson; there was no dis-
crepancy between his character and his work. He was
genuine and sincere. He kept his life clean and high,
he guarded it from the distracting inﬂuences of rivalry
and partisanship and worldly strife, in order that he
might ‘do his work as quietly and as well as possible.’
He was like a man who receives precious seed and de-
votes all his care to providing it with good ground and
9. serene air to grow in. He dwelt apart from artiﬁcial
society in order that he might keep near to nature and
to real humanity. Few men are fortunate enough to be
able to do this ; fewer still are wise and brave enough
to resolve to do it. Two in our-century, VVordsworth and
Tennyson, have had the courage to live entirely for po-
etry, and have found in it their exceeding great reward.
“ It would be a vain thing to claim that all of Tenny-
son’s work is of equal worth ; that would be highly im-
probable. lt would be idle to say that all of it will en-
dure the test of time and live iu other ages; that is
impossible. Elsewhere I have tried to make a careful
and comparative study of his poetry and to form some
estimate of its value as a whole. But what I want to
say no� is simply this : Tennyson has left behind him
a body of poetical work which has enduring qualities,
and which seems to me in general excellence, in truth,
in beauty, in the lofty level of its art, to be surpassed
by the work of only two other English poets."
The following extract is from an interview with
Mr. E. C. Stedman, published in the New York
“ Tribune,” and answers, if it requires any answer.
a common but very foolish question:
“ In spite of my extreme Americanism and republic-
anism, I confess that I have never been able to compre-
hend why solne of our most honored literary friends
have deplored his acceptance of an hereditary title _
have declared that it lessened either his independence
or his greatness. For Tennyson was not a democrat,
but a liberal conservative. He was not a republican,
but a constitutional monarchist ; not an American, but
an Englishman. All that he was, he was by birth, breed-
ing, conviction. As a liberal yet conservative English-
man, attached to the Government of his own realm,
why should he not accept the highest mark of eminence
which the realm could bestow upon him ? Vvhy should
not a poet be the founder of his house, under the system
to which his countrymen are loyal, as well as a. soldier
or a statesman? The acceptance of a title, snobbish
and disloyal as it would be on the part of an American,
was perfectly consistent with Tennyson’s relf-respect as

an Englisluuan, a Laureate, and a constitutional mon-
archist.”
In making a selection from the many tributes
in the form of verse, we are confronted by an em-
barrassment of wealth, and do not need to draw
upon the poor stuff that was sent to the newspapers
by such possible -— or rather impossible— laureates
as Sir Edwin Arnold, Mr. Alfred Austin, Mr.
Lewis Morris. and Mr. Robert Buchanan. Mr.
Theodore TVatts, who has before dedicated several
beautiful sonnets to his friend, includes the follow-
ing in the “Athenreum” article already quoted
from :
" A friend of his, who, visiting him on his birthday,
discovered him thus standing at the door to welcome
him, has described his unique appearance in words
which are literally accurate at least :-
“ A poet should be limned in youth, they say,
Or else in prime. with eyes and forehead beaming
Of manhood’s noon — the very body seeming
To lend the spirit wings to win the bay;
But here stands he whose noontide blooms for aye,
“dross eyes, where past and future both are gleaming
With lore beyond all youthful poets’ dreaming,
Seem lit from shores of some far—glittering day.
" Our master‘s prime is now — is ever now ;
Our star that wastes not in the wastes of night
Holds Nature's dower undimmed in Time’s despite ;
Those eyes seem T-Visdom's own beneath that brow,
“'here every furrow Time hath dared to plough
Shines a new bar of still diviner light.”
I " The Athenzeum " also publishes some verses by
. Mr. Austin Dobson. simple. exquisite, and true.


THE DIAL 967
“ Grief there will be, and may,
W'hen King Apollo’s buy
Is cut midwise ;
Grief that a song is stilled,
Grief for the unfulfilled
Singer that dies.
" Not so we mourn thee now,
Not so we grieve that thou,
“aster, art passed,
Since thou thy song didst raise,
Through the full round of days,
E’en to the last.
“ Grief there may be, and will,
Wlieii that the singer still
Sinks in the song;
“Then that the winged rhyme
Fails of the promised prime,
Ruined and wrong.
“ Not thus we mourn thee — �e -
Not thus we grieve for thee,
Master and Friend ;
Since, like u clearing ﬂame,
Clearer thy pure song came
E’en to the end.
“ Nuy—nor for thee we grieve
E‘en as for those that leave
Life without name ;
Lost as the stars that set,
Empty of men’s regret,
Empty of fame.
“ Rather we count thee one
Who, when his race is run,
Layeth him down
Calm —~ through all coming days
Filled with a nation’s praise,
Filled with renown.”
The liou’s share of Tennysonian poetry has fallen
to “ The London Illustrated News,” which publishes
verses by Mr. Richard Garnett, Mr. Andrew Lang,
and Mr. VVilliam Watson. Here are Mr. Gu.rnett's
lines:
“ \Vouldst know my place and stature among men ?
Answered be thou as he who asks of lvren,
And reads engraven on the sacred ground,
‘Seeker, thou ncedest but to look around.’
T hon, though with sight discomﬁted, survey
The various vision of Victoris’s day ;
New thoughts, new arts, new laws, new lore behold,
Yet the same mind indwelling as of old ;
All in my song’s vast harmony embraced,
The new enthroned, nor yet the old displaced ;
Fields to thy view by hosts contending trod
Calm unto mine as to the eye of God;
Set then my soul that spacious scene beside,
And by its measure mine he certiﬁed;
I through the Spirit of that world alone,
He through me only truly to be known.”
Mr. Lang's verses, which we next reproduce, have
an apologetic strain that their beauty makes quite
unnecessa.r_v. They are entitled ‘-A Plea for Silence.”
“ Silence! ‘ The best ’ l'he said J ' are silent now’
That younger bearer of the laurel bough,
Who with his Thyrsis, kindred souls divine,
Harps only for Sicilian Proserpine ;
For Arnold died, and Browning died, and He —
The oldest, wisest, greatest of the three — —
Dies. and what voice shall dirgc for Him to-day ‘.'
For the Muse went with Him the darkling way,
And left us mute. Peace! who shall rhyme or rave 1’
The violet blooms not on the new-made grave,

And not in this ﬁrst blankness of regret
Are eyes of men who mourn their Master wet.
New grief is dumb : Himself through many a year
\'ithheld the meed of His melodious tear.
when Hallam slept. But no ! The moment ﬂies,
And rapid rhymere, when the Poet dies.
\Vail punctual, and prompt, and unafraid,
In copious instant ditties ready made.
Uh. peace 1 Ye do but make our loss more deep,
\Vho wail above His unawaking sleep.”
But Mr. Watson's poem sec-ins to us the best of
all, and we only regret that its length is such as to
permit of quotation but in part. It is entitled “ l.ach-
rynne Musarum,” and we reproduce the opening and
the close.
“ Low. like another-‘s, lies the laurelled head :
The life that seemed a perfect song is o’cr:
Carry the lust great bard to his last bed.
Land that he loved, thy noblest voice is mute.
Land that he loved, that loved him l nevermore
“endow of thine, smooth lawn or wild sen-shore,
Gardens of odorous bloom and tremnlous fruit,
Or woodlands old, like l)rnid couches spread,
The master’s feet shall tread.
Death's little rift hath rent the faultless lute I
The singer of undying songs is dead.
“ Lo, in this season pensive~hued and grave,
\'hile fades and falls the doomed, reluctant leaf
From withered Earth ’s fantastic coronal,
\Vith wandering sighs of forest and of wave
Mingles the murmur of a people's grief
For him whose leaf shall fade not, neither fall.
He hath fared forth, beyond these suns and Sl1U\'ul‘:i.
For us, the autumn glow, the autumn ﬂame.
And soon the winter silence shall be ours :
Him the eternal spring of fadeless fame
Crowns with no mortal ﬂowers.
“ The seasons change, the winds they shift and ye:-r.
The grass of yesteryear
Is dead ; the birds depart, the groves decay :
Empires dissolve and peoples disappear:
Song passes not away.
Captains and conquerors leave a little dust,
And kings a dubious legend of their reign ;
The swords of Caesars, they are less than rust:
The poet doth remain.
Dead is Augustus, Mare is alive;
And thou. the .\Iantuan of our age and clime.
Like Virgil shalt thy race and tongue survive,
Bequeathing no less honeyed words to time,
Embalmed in amber of eternal rhyme,
And rich with sweets from every Muse’s hive ;
\Vhile to the measure of the cosmic rune
For purer ears thou shalt thy lyre atiune,
And heed no more thc hum of idle praise
In that great calm our tumnlts cannot reach,
Master who crown’st our immelodious days
With ﬂower of perfect speech.”
A Pb’ OSE DI TH YRA MB B Y REXA N.
The following composition. published in Ren:in's
" Souvenirs d’Enfance et de Jeunesse ” (1883). hut
there stated to have been written at some cal-ller
date, is a. characteristic example of the author's
genius on its poetic side. and, at the same time. an
illustration of some of the leading ideas of his phil-
osophy. It is also (in the original) a beautiful,
. although not a typical, example of Renan's style,


268
[Nov. 1,
THE DIAL
1—<1-. AYI “,‘._-g ___;e_‘___
and it is hoped that some suggestion of its poetic
quality has been transferred into the English text
here for the ﬁrst time printed:
Prayer that I Uttered upon the Acropolis when I had
Attained to the Comprehension of its Perfect Beauty:
O Nobility! 0 beauty simple and true! goddess whose
worship signiﬁes reason a.nd wisdom, thou whose tem-
ple is an eternal lesson in ﬁdelity and sincerity, I
come late to the threshold of thy mysteries, I bring to
thy altar much remorse. It has cost me endless toil
to find thee. The initiation that thou, by a smile,
didst conifer upon the Athenian at birth, I have won it
by the stress of thought, at cost of prolonged elfort.
I was born, blue-eyed goddess, of barbarian parents,
among the good and virtuous Cimmerians who dwell
upon the shore of a sombre sea, rugged with rocks,
storm-beaten ever. The sun is hardly known there;
the ﬂowers are sea-mosses,algac, and the colored shells
found in the recesses of solitary bays. There the
clouds seem colorless, and even joy is a little sad, but
springs of cold water ﬂow from the rocks, and the
eyes of maidens are like those green pools in which,
upon a background of undulating grasses, is mirrored
the sky.
My fathers, for as far back as we can go, were de-
voted to distant journeyings in seas unknown of thy
Argonauts. I heard, when I was young, the songs of
polar voyages; I was cradled among memories of ﬂoat-
ing icebergs, of milky fog-wrapped seas, of isles peo-
pled with birds that sing in their season, and, all taking
ﬂight together, darken the heavens.
Of an alien cult, sprung from the Syrians of Pales-
tine, the priests took charge of my youth. These
priests were wise and holy. They taught me the long
tale of Cronos, who made the world, and of his son,
who sojonrned, it is said, upon earth.
Their temples are thrice higher than thine, O Enrhy-
thmia, and like unto forests; but they are not substan-
tial; they fall into ruins after ﬁve or six hundred years;
they are phantasies of barbarians, who imagine that
things may be well done by other rules than those by
thee laid down to thy inspired, O Reason. But these
temples pleased me; I had not studied thy divine art;
I found God in them. Songs were sung in them that
I remember yet: “Hail, star of the sea,-qiieen of
those who weep in this vale of tears,” or these: “Mys-
tic rose, tower of ivory, house of gold, morning star.”
Why, goddess, when I recall those songs, my heart
melts, I almost turn apostate. Forgive me these ab-
surdities; thou canst not picture the charm the bar-
barian magicians have put into those verses, and how
much it costs me to follow the naked truth.
And then, couldst thou but know how hard it has be-
come to serve thee! All nobility has vanished. The
Scythians have conquered the world. A republic of
free men is no more; there are but kings of a sluggish
blood, majesties at which thou wouldst smile. Heavy
Hyperboreans call those who serve thee frivolous. A
formidable pambéolie, a league of foolishness, covers
the world with a leaden lid, beneath which men stiﬂe.
Even those who honor thee, how pitiful to theo they
must seeml Dost remember that Caledonian who, ﬁfty
years ago, shattered thy temple with lnumner-blows,
that he might bear it off to Thulé ‘? Thus are they all.
I have written, after some of the rules dear to thee,
O Theonoe, the life of the young god whom I served
in my childhood; they treat me as an Euhelnerus; they

write to ask of me what purpose I had in view; they
esteem naught save what serves to make fruitful the
tables of their money-changers. Yet why, O heavens!
do we write the life of the gods if not to make men
love the divine that was in them, and to show that this
divine lives yet, and will ever live in the heart of
humanity ?
Dost thou recall that day, under the archonship of
Dionysidorus, when a plain little Jew, speaking the
Greek of the Syrians, came hither, trod thy courts un-
derstanding thee not, read thy inscriptions all awrong,
and thought to find within thy inclosure an altar ded-
icated to the unknown god? \Vell, that little Jew has
triumphed; fora thousand years they have treated thee
as an idol, O Truth ; for athousand years the world has
been a desert in which no ﬂower might spring. For all
that time thou wast silent, O Salpinx, clarion of thought.
Goddess of order, image of celestial steadfastness, to
lovc thee was guilt, and now that we have succeeded
to-day, by means of conscientious toil, in again draw-
ing near thee, we are charged with crime against the
soul of man for breaking the chains that Plato needed
not.
Thou alone art young, O Kore; thou alone art pure,
O Virgin; thou alone art holy, O Hygeia; thou alone
art strong, O Victory. The cities, thou watchest over
them, O Promachos; thou hast enough of Mars, O Area;
peace is thy goal, O Paciﬁc. Legislatress, source of just
constitutions; Democracy, thou whose fundamental
dogma. is that all good comes from the people, and that,
where there is no people to cherish and inspire genius,
there is naught, teach ||s to extract the diamond from
the impure mob. Providence of Jupiter, divine worker,
mother of every industry, protectress of toil, O Ergaué,
thou who art the nobility of the civilized laborer, and
settest him so far abovethe indolent Scythian; Wisdom,
thou to whom Zeus, after taking deep thought, after
drawing along breath, gave birth; thou who dwellest
in thy father, wholly one with him in essence; thou who
art his consort and his conscience; Energy of Zeus,
spark that kindlest and maintainest the ﬁre of heroes
and men of genius, make thou us rich in spiritual
gifts. That day when Athenians and Rhodians cou-
tended for the sacriﬁce, thou didst choose to dwell with
the Athenians, for they were the wiser. But thy father
sent Plutus down upon the city of the Rhodians in a
golden cloud, for they too had paid homage to his
daughter. The Rhodians were rich, but with the Athen-
ians dwelt the Spirit, which is true joy, eternal cheer-
fulness, the divine childhood of the heart.
The world may be saved but by coming back to thee,
by breaking the bonds that link it to barbarism. How
fair will be that day when all the cities which have
taken the fragments of thy temple, Venice, Paris, Lull-
don, Copenhagen, shall atone for their thefts, shall or-
ganize sacred deputations to restore the fragments they
possess, saying: “ Forgive us, goddess, it was but to save
them from the evil spirits of darkness,” and shall once
more build up thy walls to the sound of the ﬂute, ex-
piating the crime of the infamous Lysanderl Then
will they go to Sparta and curse the soil where stood
that mistress of dark error, and insult her that she is no
more.
Steadfast in thy strength, 1 will resist my fatal coun-
sellors; thc scepticism that makes me doubt the people;
the restlessness of mind which, the truth once found,
sets me in search of it once more; the fancy that, even
when reason has spoken, keeps me from rest. O Ar-


1s92.]
THE DIAL
chegetes, ideal made incarnate in the masterpieces of
genius, rather will I be the last in thy household than
the ﬁrst elsewhere. Ay, I will cling to the style-
hate of thy temple, I will forget every rule but thine,
I will be a stylite upon thy columns, my cell shall
be upon thy architrave. For thy sake, I will
make myself, if I can, intolerant, partial, a still more
difficult task. I will love but thee. I will learn thy
speech, unlearn the rest. I will be unjust towards what
does not concern thee; I will make myself the servant
of the least of thy sons. The dwellers upon earth whom
thou gavest to Erectheus, I will exalt them, I will praise
them. I will endeavor to love their very faults; Iwill
persuade myself, O Hippia, that they descended from the
horsemen who celebrate, high upon the marble of thy
frieze, their eternal festival. I will pluck from my
heart all that is not reason and pure art. I will cease
to cherish my disease, to delight in my fever. Sustain
my steadfast purpose, O Giver of Salvation; help me,
0 thou that savest!
Yet how many are the difficulties I foresee!
many the habits of mind I must change! How many
the exquisite memories I must pluck from my heart! I
will endeavor, but I am not sure of myself. I have
known thee late, perfect beauty. I shall have relapses,
moments of weakness. A philosophy, doubtless per-
verse, has led me to believe that good and evil, pleas-
ure and pain, the beaptifill and the hideous, reason and
madness, pass into one another by shades as impercep-
tible as those upon the neck of the dove. Thus it be-
comes wisdom to love naught, nor to hate an ght absolutely.
Had one societ_v, one philosophy, one religion possessed
absolute truth, that society, that philosophy, that religion
would have overcome all others and would alone live to-
day. All who, thus far, have believed themselves in the
right have but (leceived themselves; this we clearly see.
May we believe, without the extravagance of madness,
that the future will fail to judge us as wejudge the past ?
These are the blasphemies suggested by my profoundly
perverted mind. A literature like thine, sane at every
point, would to-day bring us only weariness.
D0513 tl10ll Slllllﬁ Ht my frankness ? Yes, weariness.
\Ve have been corrupted; what is to be done? I will
go still farther, orthodox goddess. I will tell thee the
depravity of my own heart. Reason and good sense
do not suffice. There is poetry in the ice of Strymon
and in the intoxication of Thrace. Ages are to come
in which thy disciples will be held as disciples of the
wearisome. The world is wider than thou thinkest.
Hadst thou seen the polar snows and the mysteries of
the austral heavens, thy brow, O goddess, ever calm,
would not be thus serene; thy broader vision would em-
brace other kinds of beauty.
Thou art true, pure, perfect; thy marble has no stain;
but the temple of Hagia Sophia, which is at Byzantium,
that too, with its bricks and plaster, has a divine effect.
It images the vault of heaven. It will indeed crumble,
but, were thy cella wide enough to contain a throng,
it too would crumble.
A mighty ﬂood of oblivion drags us towards a name-
less gulf. O Abyss, thou art the one God. The tears
of all the peoples are real tears; the dreams of all the
wise enfold ashare of truth. All is but symbol and
dream here below. The gods pass as men, nor were it
well that they should be eternal. The faith once held
should never be a chain. Our obligation to it is ful-
‘ﬁlled when we have enwrapped it with care in the pur-
plc shroud of the dead gods.
How
COJ[]l[Ul_VICA TIONS.
THE ILLS OF AUTHORSHIP.—A STUDY
EN LITERARY PATHOLOGY.
( To the Editor of Tnz Dun.)
I feel deeply (as who that has human sympathies
must not ?) with the ills of authors as lately set forth
in your columns, both in the plaints of those whose books
remain unread at home, and of those whose sadder fate
it is to have their books remain unborn. \"hat, it may
well be asked, is the cause of the evils that afflict these
unhappy ones, and what the proper remedy ? Let me
suggest one possible direction for the search.
VVe often hear it said of the workers in unprofitable
ﬁelds, that they are victims of the competitive system
of industry; that competition has ruined them. N ow
in what possible calling does this demon of Competition
do his deadliest and worst, if not in the calling of au-
thorship ? Other workers have to struggle with living
competition only; but the literary worker, by the very
nature of his calling, must compete not alone with the
living,— his hardest competition is with the dead. The
novelist or poet of to-day must take his chances of pub-
lic favor not only with his contemporaries, but also with
generations of authors who have long since rested from
their labors, but whose works-—-unfortunately for him
—have not followed them. There is something dread-
ful in this struggle with dead-and-gone competitors -
the man of ﬂesh and blood, with a body demanding
food and warmth and clothing while he works, perhaps
with the added tragedy of wife and weans to care for,
pitted against the author who asks neither promises nor
payment, who has no need of food or ﬁre, who has for-
ever “ta’en his wages " and closed his asking palm. It
is s. conﬂict of mortals with immortal spirits, as hopeless
even though as valorous as those described by Milton.
But dreadful as it is, is it not inevitable ? and are not
such the hard conditions imposed upon the devoted fol-
lowers of the literary calling_not alone in Chicago,
but everywhere ? Is there any remedy for the case ?
Can some means be found for putting an embargo upon
repeated editions of old authors, and thus giving freer
chance to the new‘? Shall we try to dissuade or pre-
vent publishers from reprinting endlessly the literary
favorites of our fathers and grandfathers, in order that
the possible favorites of our own ﬁn du siécle may have
a little show. Can a public sentiment be awakened in
behalf of living authors, suﬂicient to enact a prohibitory
tariff on the works of authors who are dewd 7 Shall the
cure come by making legal copyright, now becoming
world-wide, time-long as well‘? Or can some simpler
and more heroic way be found, in the suppression or
“removal” of publishers who persist in bringing out
enticing editions of old books, to the neglect and dis-
advantage of the new? These are timely questions,
for the evil was never greater than at present, when the
re-issues of Dickens and Bulwer, of Thackeray and
Scott, of Jane Austen and Jane Porter, of Herman
Melville and Captain Marryat, of Mrs. Gaskell and
(for aught we know) Martin Tnpper, ﬂood the hook-
market and load the dealer's shelves. Are the publish-
ers wholly to blame for this ? Shall they be charged
with inhumanity for leaving living authors to starve
while they reprint the works of dead ones? \Vould
they not, rather, show themselves unhunmn were they
to fail to sec the advantages of their position—or su-
perhuman if, seeing them, they were able to repress


THE DIAL
[Nov. 1,
_ """" “ ‘=‘=:_._.§;.@- - ~_ -4:.-on...--__._
those raptorial instincts whose play is so essential a fac-
tor in successful business, and refuse on “ sentimental "
or moral grounds to avail themselves of these advan-
tages of their trade ‘I The theme widens with the dis-
cussion; and I must be content with having perhaps
drawn attention to some of the difficulties of the prob-
lem, leaving to others suggestions for its most promis-
ing solution. H_ “r_ E_
St. Louis, October 20, 189?.
MISTAKES ABOUT TENNYSON.
(To the Editor of Tar: DIAL.)
In THE DIAL for October 16 there are two or three
misstatements concerning Tennyson to which I call at-
tention. Yon say: “ While at the Louth Grammar School,
he published, in connection with his brother Charles,
‘ Poems by Two Brothers ’ (1827 .” Substantially the
same statement was made by dmund Gosse three
years ago, in his article on the Laureate’s eightieth
birthday; and other writers have fallen into the same
error. It is worth while, therefore, to have the exact
facts known.
Alfred Tennyson became a pupil of Louth Grammar
School in December 1816,— to be more exact, at Christ-
mas; he relnained there precisely four years, leaving
at Christmas, 1820. Nothing in Tennyson chronology
is more deﬁnitely and positively settled than this. Pro-
fessor Church, in Chapter III. of “ The Laureate’s
Country,” says: " In 1816 Alfred Tennyson went to the
Grammar School of Louth. . . . He remained there
till the end of 1820, learning, as far as he remembers,
but very little. The substance. of his education was
given him by his father, a man of large attainments and
varied accomplishments, during the following eight
years. Much, of course, was self-acquired, for he was
always a great reader.” It may be said, incidentally,
that the Tennyson children were unusually well edu-
cated for that time, for their father employed private
teachers to give them instruction at the rectory. The
rector and his wife were both highly cultured, and care-
fully attended to the training of their numerous family.
One of the leading Tennyson scholars in England.
Mr. C. J. Caswell, of I-Iorncastle, thoroughly investi-
gated the accounts of Alfred’s school-days on the ground.
He talked with one of the Laureate’s ﬁrst teachers, and
consulted the records which still exist. He ascertained,
beyond a doubt, that the period of Alfred Tennyson’s
school life at Louth was four years (1816-1820). Dr.
Van Dyke, in his “Poetry of Tennyson ” (p. 323,
second ed.), gives the same dates.
Although the ﬁrst edition of “ Harold ” was dated
1877, it was published in 1876.
The Patent (dated January, 24, 1884), creating Al-
fred Tennyson, Esquire, a peer of the United Kingdom,
is worded as follows: “ Baron Tennyson of Aldworth in
Sussex, and of Freshwater [not Farringfordjin the Isle
°f lwght-" Eco!-ms Paasoxs.
Chicago, October .95, 189.3.
THE DECLINE OF IBSENISM.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
A recent copy of the Danish illustrated paper, “Punch,”
contained a cartoon that is especially suggestive as com-
ing from a Scandinavian country. It represents Ibsen
as a Sphinx, with a Ben Butler eye sarcastically cocked
in the air, while half-a-dozen pigmies clamber over him,

clipping off pieces with their little geologist’s hammers.
Beneath is a verse which intimates that the great poet
does not quite mean all that his admirers try to get out
of his works. One more impression: At the ﬁrst per-
formance of “Hedda Gabler ” at the Royal Theatre in
Copenhagen, the director was compelled to interfere in
order to prevent a riot among the audience ; while at a
rendering of “ The lvild Duck " in Rome, six months
ago--Ibsen’s ﬁrst appearance in Italy,— the specta-
tors were driven almost wild by the eccentric text.
Ibsen is undoubtedly a great poet ; his " Peer Gynt ”
may perhaps be compared to “ Faust,” and his “ Pre-
tenders ” to “Julius Caasar”; but in his latest produc-
tion he has succeeded so perfectly in concealing his
greatness that his most undiscriminating admirers would
ﬁnd it diﬂicult to prove the sanity of the heroine of that
dismal drama, to say nothing of that of the author.
when a man makes himself ridiculous he is lost. From
the moment that Danish after-dinner speakers used the
meaningless phrases of Hedda as materials for witti-
cisms, Ibsen’s power over the Danes wm gone. Ibseu's
social reforms may be very desirable from the Ibsen
standpoint, but they are not acceptable in this country,
however artistically they may be presented. \Ve still
cherish an old-fashioned regard for marriage, and most
of us prefer more solid comfort and less talk than the
Ibsen conception of married life would seem to bring
with it. \"e also have a leaning towards other social
customs which the Northern Sphinx appears to ﬁnd
wholly lacking. We still believe that there is some
honor in men, some real affection in women. We dis-
approve of wives that commit forgery to give their hus-
bands a. trip South for their health, even though Nora
says that a hundred thousand women have done the
same; nor can we wholly admire women that marry
for no particular reason, and then shoot themselves with
their fathel-’s revolver in order that they may “ die in
beauty.”
Since this was written the welcome news has come
from Copenhagen that Ibsen is at work on a satirical
drama of an entirely different character from that of his
recent productions. The scene is said to be laid in Co-
penhagen,-- that cheeriest of European capitals,—- and
the subject-matter to be of a correspondingly bright
nature. In his earlier work, “ The Comedy of Love,”
Ibsen showed himself a master of light social satire. If
this report of his return to his early love be true, he
will live to earn the general recognition and popularity
that his skill as a dramatic artist deserves.
DANIEL KILHAM Doves.
Cbampaign, Ill., October 52, 1893.
LONGFELLOW’S FIRST BOOK.
(To the Editor of Tm: DIAL.)
In Mr. W'illard’s communication under the above
caption, in your last issue, 1834 is given as the date
of copyright of the book referred to _“ The Elements
of French Grammar." According to Leon’s “ Catalogue
of First Editions," it was publishedin 1830 ; and in the
same year was issued “French Exercises, by an In-
structor,” “ Manuel dc Proverbs," and “ El Serrano de
las Alpujarres,” the latter published at Brunswick,
Maine. In all, Leon mentions ten books issued up to
1833 credited to Longfellow _ including “ Poems from
the U. S. Literary Gazette," issued in 1826, and contain-
ing fourteen poems by Longfellow. A_ J_ BowDEN_
New York City, October 18, 18.9.3.


1892.]
271
THE DIAL
THE New Bo0|<s.

A FREXCIIMAN AND His N0'rr:-B001: AT
AN ENGLISH COUn'r.*

When the unique and indispensable Samuel
Pepys went home at night he secretly conﬁded
in cipher to his note-book his impressions of
what he had seen in the day. So, in Pepys’s
gossiping time, were foreign ambassadors in
England (then relatively a term incogmta to
politer continental nations) wont to write to
their kings from day to day scarcely less se-
cretly and circumstantially of English manners,
court festivals, civic banquets, court scandals,
etc., seasoning the whole with much Pepys-
ian tattle as to subjects now disregarded in
ambassador-ial reports. As the whimsical Ad-
miralty Clerk recorded for future reference
such weighty events as that he had that day
kissed his wife or ordered a new puce-colored
waistcoat, so did the French or the Spanish
ambassador at Charles II.’s court recount for
his sovereign at home some fresh instance of
insular barbarism, or regale his royal ears with
the latest unspeakability touching “ Old Row-
ley” and my Lady Castlemaine or la belle
Stewart.
Both secrets now lie open: eavesdropping
posterity has long been chuckling at Mr.
Pepys’s key-hole; and the venerable volumes,
bound in red morocco and stamped with the
royal cipher and crown of the “ Correspond-
ence d’Anglcterre ” at the French Foreign
Office, are freely opened to the espials of his-
torian and essayist. Heretofore, authors have
treated this rich and various official depository
as a mine from which, on occasion, to ﬁsh out
here and there an apposite fact or .eitation
touching the historical topic they happened to
be discussing. Writers like Mignet or Ma-
caulay have drawn thence what scraps and an-
ecdotes they needed to further a view or light
up a theme, were it the succession in Spain or
the English revolution; but it has not, we be-
lieve, heretofore occurred to the hard-pressed
book-maker to accept a portion of the secret
ambassadorial correspondence of the period as
a whole, to publish it altogether as it stands
in the original, with due topical classiﬁcation,
and with a connecting thread of editorial com-
ment and elucidation. Such a record has ob-
viously much to commend it. It serves as a

" A FRENCH Axsassanoa AT rm: Couur or Cnanuzzs II.
From his Unpublished Correspondence. By J. J. Jusserand.
Illustrated. New York : G. P. Putnmn’s Sons.

mirror,— clouded and ﬂawed a little, doubt-
less, by the personal piques, preferences, and
limitations of its maker,— in which the reader"
may view almost at ﬁrst hand something of the
ﬂitting phenomena of a court and period so
eminently rich in happenings of the more
piquant, one may perhaps say of the more
“ gamey,” savor- a savor for which most of
us, if we mean to be perfectly frank with our-
selves. will perhaps own to a sneaking relish.
The Memoirs of Court Gramont and the
sprightly narrative of Anthony Hamilton have
not been the least salable books in the world.
Such a record, too, enables us, as our author
notes, to form an estimate of what foreigners
of education and with the best means of in-
formation wondered at when coming to Lon-
don; what they considered especially notice-
able; aud at the same time it gives us an in-
sight into the tastes, the wants, and the curi-
osities of the royal recipient of the letters ; in
the present instance, of his Sunlike Majesty
Louis Quatorze.
This experiment in bookmaking has been
tried by the author (editor, perhaps, is the
more ﬁtting term) of the work in hand, Jus-
serand’s “ A French Ambassador at the Court
of Charles II.,” and with fairly satisfactory
results. The book is readable and not too
large, piquant yet well within the bounds of
Podsnappian propriety, and it has the solid
merit of throwing in here and there a fresh
touch to our already pretty complete picture of
English politics and manners at the time of
the Restoration. M. Jusserand has selected
for treatment the period (1661-66) covered
by the Embassy to England of the Comte dc
Cominges, the oﬁicial successor of that Comte
d’Estrade whose bloody affray in the London
streets with Baron Watteville, the Spanish
Envoy, is chronicled by the ubiquitous Pepys,
who, siding with the Spanish, notes with de-
light that “ the F reneh were at least four to
one in number, and had near one hundred
cases of pistols among them; which is for
their (the Spaniards’) honor fo